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jane's addiction nothing's shocking album cover			Nothing 's Shocking	nothing's shocking	Nothing 's Shocking is the first major - label studio album by the American rock band Jane 's Addiction , released on August 23 , 1988 through Warner Bros. Records . Nothing 's Shocking was well received by critics upon release , though it peaked at number 103 on the Billboard 200 . The single `` Jane Says '' reached number six on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks in 1988 . The album was ranked # 312 on Rolling Stone 's `` 500 Greatest Albums of All - Time . '' Nothing 's Shocking is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .	Contents 1 Recording 2 Music 3 Packaging , release and reception 3.1 2012 Remaster 4 Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Charting positions 6.1 Album 6.2 Singles 7 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Recording ( edit ) Warner Bros. gave Jane 's Addiction a list of producers to choose from . They chose Dave Jerden , whose work as engineer on David Byrne and Brian Eno 's My Life in the Bush of Ghosts frontman Perry Farrell appreciated . Jerden said he `` jumped '' at the chance to work with the group . `` I had a demo tape of eighteen songs , '' Jerden recalled , `` and I listened to it every night all summer . I picked nine songs from the tape and put them in an order . And then I said to the band , ' Let 's do these nine songs . You 'll rehearse them in this order , and we 'll record them in this order . ' And that 's what we did . '' During the recording sessions , Farrell stated he wanted 50 % of the band 's publishing royalties for writing the lyrics , plus a quarter of the remaining half for writing music , adding up to 62.5 % . Bassist Eric Avery said he and the other members -- guitarist Dave Navarro and drummer Stephen Perkins -- were stunned by these demands . Farrell refused to compromise . One day Jerden drove to the studio to find Farrell , Navarro , and Perkins leaving ; Farrell told him the band had broken up and there would be no record . Warner Bros. called an emergency meeting to resolve the situation . Farrell got the percentage he sought , and the other members received 12.5 percent each . Avery said the incident had a profound effect on the band , creating an internal fracture . Not long after the royalties dispute , Farrell and Avery -- who had cofounded the band -- had a falling - out . This was the result of Avery 's newfound sobriety as well as an incident in which Farrell believed the bassist had drunkenly tried to pick up his girlfriend . `` Unfortunately , '' Farrell recalled , `` the tensions between Eric and I affected the whole family . Some people were asked to take sides , and others just moped about because they did n't know what was going on . '' Perkins , however , is reported to have got along with Navarro , Avery and Farrell . Music ( edit ) The writing process varied from song to song . `` Some came from Eric 's bass lines , '' noted Navarro , `` some from guitar , some came from Perry , some came from drum riffs , and some just came from free - form jams . There was really no formula . '' Eric Avery wrote several songs , including `` Mountain Song '' , `` Had a Dad '' , `` Jane Says '' , and `` Summertime Rolls '' ( the latter two of which he also created the guitar parts for ) . For his songs , Avery came up with lyrical concepts that Perry Farrell would create actual lyrics for ; for example , `` Had a Dad '' dealt with Avery discovering he had a different biological father . `` Jane Says '' and `` Pigs in Zen '' , which first appeared on the band 's self - titled 1987 debut , were rerecorded for Nothing 's Shocking . The later version of `` Jane Says '' features a steel drum while the spoken interlude in `` Pigs in Zen '' is completely different . `` Mountain Song '' -- originally released in 1986 on the soundtrack for the film Dudes -- was also rerecorded . Musically similar to the original , it is sung in a higher key , to be consistent with the rest of the record . The 1986 original saw a more widespread release when it was included on the band 's 1997 outtake / alternate / live and new compilation Kettle Whistle . Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea played on `` Idiots Rule '' . `` I knew that Flea loved the trumpet and did n't get to play it too often , '' recalled Farrell . `` So I invited him down one of the Nothing 's Shocking sessions . He did n't yet have those tough lips that trumpet players need . I 'd go , ' Are you ready ? ' and this poor kid would go ( makes mournful parping noise ) . That 's when I realised he needed a rest . '' Packaging , release and reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Collector 's Guide to Heavy Metal 10 / 10 Encyclopedia of Popular Music Kerrang ! Los Angeles Times The Philadelphia Inquirer Rolling Stone The Rolling Stone Album Guide The Village Voice B − Farrell created the cover image , which features a sculpture of nude female conjoined twins on a rocking chair with their heads on fire . He hired Warner Bros. employees to create the sculpture , but -- after learning how to create sculptures by watching them closely -- fired them and created the artwork himself . `` The idea came from a dream I had , '' he recalled . `` There were these two women swinging back and forth . They were joined at the hip and shoulder , and their hair was on fire . I just went from there , and ( girlfriend ) Casey ( Niccoli ) assisted me . We had a fellow come and do a plaster body - casting of her , then we made the twins ' hair and head gear from pipe cleaners . You 'll notice the chair rocks from side to side , as opposed to back and forth , so we had to have that made specially . We also went shopping for fake eyeballs . '' Owing to the cover , nine of the eleven leading record store chains refused to carry Nothing 's Shocking . It was issued covered with brown paper . `` Mountain Song '' was released as a single ; however , MTV refused to air the song 's music video owing to a scene containing nudity . Farrell decided to release the video commercially , adding twenty minutes of live footage to create the Soul Kiss home video . Lack of airplay on MTV and modern rock radio meant Nothing 's Shocking sold only 200,000 to 250,000 copies in its first year . It went on , however , to sell over one million and is certified Platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA . In a retrospective review , AllMusic 's Greg Prato called Nothing 's Shocking `` a must - have for lovers of cutting - edge , influential , and timeless hard rock . '' In 2006 , Q magazine placed it at # 32 in a list of the `` 40 Best Albums of the ' 80s '' . 2012 remaster ( edit ) A remastered edition of Nothing 's Shocking was released on June 19 , 2012 on a 24 karat gold disc . Other than the addition of remastering production credits and a cardboard slipcase over the standard jewel case , the liner notes and artwork are almost identical to the original release . Likewise , the track list remained unchanged . The most notable artwork difference between the original and the remaster is in the color of band name typeface on the cover : the original is rendered in a deep teal color with black outline while the remaster features a light grey type with purple outline . Produced by Audio Fidelity , the remaster had a limited production run of 5,000 units . Each pressing came individually numbered . Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Perry Farrell ; all music composed by Jane 's Addiction . No . Title Length 1 . `` Up the Beach '' 3 : 00 2 . `` Ocean Size '' 4 : 20 3 . `` Had a Dad '' 3 : 44 4 . `` Ted , Just Admit It ... '' 7 : 23 5 . `` Standing in the Shower ... Thinking '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Summertime Rolls '' 6 : 18 7 . `` Mountain Song '' 4 : 03 8 . `` Idiots Rule '' 3 : 00 9 . `` Jane Says '' 4 : 52 10 . `` Thank You Boys '' 1 : 01 11 . `` Pig 's in Zen '' 4 : 30 ^ * Does not appear on the vinyl edition of the album . ^ * * Also known as `` Sex Is Violent '' . Contains a quote from Ted Bundy . Personnel ( edit ) Jane 's Addiction Perry Farrell -- vocals , piano Dave Navarro -- electric and acoustic guitars Eric Avery -- bass , acoustic guitar Stephen Perkins -- drums , percussion Additional musicians Angelo Moore -- saxophone Flea -- trumpet Christopher Dowd -- trombone Recording personnel Dave Jerden -- production , mixing , & recording engineer Perry Farrell -- production , mixing Ronnie S. Champagne -- recording engineer Andy Harper -- recording engineer Jeff Piergeorge -- second recording engineer Steve Hall -- mastering ( original album ) Kevin Gray -- mastering ( 2012 remastered album ) Additional personnel Perry Farrell -- album design , sculpture and photography Casey Niccoli -- art assistant , photography Kevin Westenberg -- band photography Kim Champagne -- art hostess Paul Fisher -- castings Roberta Ballard -- production coordinator ( 2012 remastered album ) Charting positions ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1988 Billboard Top 200 103 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Position 1988 `` Jane Says '' Modern Rock Tracks 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 United States ( RIAA ) 1 × Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Loud Love : Soundgarden and the Heyday of Alternative Metal - Noisey '' . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , David ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Jane 's Addiction Performing Full ' Nothing 's Shocking ' Shows '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Nothing 's Shocking -- Jane 's Addiction '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 165 Jump up ^ musicradar.com/news/guitars/production-legend-dave-jerden-on-13-career-defining-records-586973 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 166 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 168 Jump up ^ Halbert , James ( August 2001 ) . `` Nasy habits '' . Classic Rock . No. 30 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 169 -- 71 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 167 Jump up ^ Halbert , James ( August 2001 ) . `` Nasy habits '' . Classic Rock . No. 30 . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Popoff , Martin ( November 1 , 2005 ) . The Collector 's Guide to Heavy Metal : Volume 2 : The Eighties . Burlington , Ontario , Canada : Collector 's Guide Publishing . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894959 - 31 - 5 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music ( 5th concise ed . ) . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilding , Phil ( 20 August 1988 ) . `` Jane 's Addiction - ' Nothing 's Shocking ' '' . Kerrang ! . No. 202 . Jump up ^ Cromelin , Richard ( August 28 , 1988 ) . `` Jane 's Hard and Soft Edges '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( September 22 , 1988 ) . `` Jane 's Addiction : Nothing 's Shocking ( Warner Bros . ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 20 , 1988 ) . `` Nothing 's Shocking '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Steve ( 2004 ) . `` Jane 's Addiction '' . In Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian . The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 4th ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . pp. 421 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( March 14 , 1989 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 177 Jump up ^ Halbert , James ( August 2001 ) . `` Nasy habits '' . Classic Rock . No. 30 . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 178 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 179 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 180 Jump up ^ Mullen , p. 190 Jump up ^ Q August 2006 , Issue 241 Jump up ^ `` Jane 's Addiction : Nothing 's Shocking '' . Audio Fidelity . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Jane 's Addiction -- Nothing 's Shocking '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Nothing 's Shocking in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Jane 's Addiction -- Nothing 's Shocking '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Bibliography Mullen , Brendan . Whores : An Oral Biography of Perry Farrell and Jane 's Addiction . Da Capo , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81347 - 5 External links ( edit ) Nothing 's Shocking ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net ( streamed copy where licensed ) Jane 's Addiction Perry Farrell Dave Navarro Stephen Perkins Chris Chaney Eric Avery Martyn LeNoble Flea Duff McKagan Dave Sitek Studio albums Nothing 's Shocking Ritual de lo habitual Strays The Great Escape Artist Live albums Jane 's Addiction Live in NYC Compilations Live and Rare Kettle Whistle Up from the Catacombs Box sets A Cabinet of Curiosities Singles `` Jane Says '' `` Mountain Song '' `` Stop ! '' `` Three Days '' `` Been Caught Stealing '' `` Classic Girl '' `` Ripple '' `` Just Because '' `` End to the Lies '' `` Irresistible Force '' Videos Gift Related articles Bands Psi Com Porno for Pyros Deconstruction The Panic Channel Satellite Party Banyan Polar Bear Camp Freddy Red Hot Chili Peppers Other Discography Lollapalooza NINJA 2009 Tour Sampler Three Days Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothing%27s_Shocking&oldid=848336003 '' Categories : 1988 debut albums Jane 's Addiction albums Albums produced by Dave Jerden Warner Bros. Records albums Obscenity controversies in music Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 08 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%2527s%20Shocking	107,913
how many terms may a modern-day president of the united states serve			William Henry Harrison	william henry harrison	William Henry Harrison Sr. ( February 9 , 1773 -- April 4 , 1841 ) was an American military officer , a principal contributor in the War of 1812 , and the ninth President of the United States ( 1841 ) . He was the last president born before the American Revolution , and died of pneumonia just 31 days into his term , thereby serving the shortest tenure in United States presidential history . He was the first president to die in office , and his death sparked a brief constitutional crisis . Its resolution left unsettled Constitutional questions as to the presidential line of succession until the passage of the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967 . Harrison was a son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and in turn was the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , the 23rd United States President ( 1889 -- 1893 ) .	Before election as president , Harrison served as the first congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory and the first Governor of Indiana Territory . He gained national fame for leading U.S. forces against Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname `` Old Tippecanoe '' . He was promoted to major general in the subsequent War of 1812 , and served in the Battle of the Thames the following year . This battle resulted in the death of Tecumseh and the dissolution of the Indian coalition which Tecumseh had led . After the war , Harrison moved to Ohio , where he was elected to the United States House of Representatives . In 1824 , the state legislature elected him to the United States Senate . He served a truncated term after being appointed as Minister Plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia in May 1828 . In Santa Fe de Bogotá , he spoke with president Simón Bolívar , urging Bolívar to guide his nation toward American - style democracy . Harrison returned to private life on his farm in Ohio until he was nominated for the presidency as one of several Whig Party candidates in the election of 1836 . He received more votes than any other Whig , but was defeated by Democrat Martin Van Buren , and returned again to his farm . Van Buren soon became a major target of criticism from the Whigs following the Panic of 1837 . Seeking to run a non-controversial and less ideological war hero who could defeat Van Buren based on popularity , a unified Whig Party nominated Harrison over party founder Henry Clay and fellow general Winfield Scott . John Tyler of Virginia was selected as his running mate , and Harrison and Tyler defeated Van Buren in the 1840 election . At the time , he was the oldest president ever elected . However , Harrison died of pneumonia in April 1841 , at the age of 68 , a month after taking office . Tyler then assumed the presidency , setting a major precedent . Due to the short length of Harrison 's presidency , scholars and historians often forgo listing him in rankings of U.S. presidents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Early military career 1.3 Marriage and family 2 Political career 2.1 U.S. Congress 2.2 Indiana territorial governor 3 Army general 3.1 Tecumseh and Tippecanoe 3.2 War of 1812 4 Postwar life 4.1 Public office 4.2 Private citizen 4.3 1836 presidential campaign 4.4 1840 presidential campaign 5 Presidency ( 1841 ) 5.1 Shortest presidency 5.2 Administration and cabinet 6 Death and funeral 6.1 Impact of death 7 Legacy 7.1 Historical reputation 7.2 Honors and tributes 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Coat of Arms of William Henry Harrison Early life and education ( edit ) William Henry Harrison , the seventh and youngest child of Benjamin Harrison V and Elizabeth Bassett Harrison , was born on February 9 , 1773 , at Berkeley Plantation , the Harrison family home in Charles City County , Virginia . He was a member of a prominent political family of entirely English descent , whose ancestors had been in Virginia since the 1630s . Harrison was also the last U.S. president born as a British subject before the American Revolution . William 's father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the Continental Congress ( 1774 -- 1777 ) and who signed the Declaration of Independence . The senior Harrison also served in the Virginia legislature , and as the fifth governor of Virginia ( 1781 -- 84 ) in the years during and after the American Revolutionary War . William 's older brother , Carter Bassett Harrison , represented Virginia in the U.S. House ( 1793 -- 99 ) . Harrison was tutored at home until age 14 when he entered Hampden -- Sydney College , a Presbyterian college in Virginia . He remained there for three years , receiving a classical education that included Latin , Greek , French , logic , and debate . Harrison 's Episcopalian father removed him from the college , possibly for religious reasons , and he then briefly attended a boys ' academy in Southampton County , before his father had him transfer to Philadelphia for medical training in 1790 . He boarded with Robert Morris and entered the University of Pennsylvania , where he studied medicine under Doctor Benjamin Rush. ; Harrison later told his biographer that he did not enjoy the subject . In the spring of 1791 , shortly after he began his medical studies , his father died . When the eighteen - year - old Harrison , who was left in the guardianship of Morris , discovered that his family 's financial situation left him without funds for further schooling , he abandoned medical school in favor of a military career . Early military career ( edit ) Governor Henry Lee III of Virginia , a friend of Harrison 's father , learned of William 's situation and persuaded him to join the military . Within twenty - four hours of meeting Lee , eighteen - year - old Harrison was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Army , 1st Infantry Regiment . He was initially assigned to Fort Washington , the present - day site of Cincinnati , in the Northwest Territory , where the army was engaged in the ongoing Northwest Indian War . Harrison was promoted to lieutenant after Major General `` Mad Anthony '' Wayne took command of the western army in 1792 following a disastrous defeat under Arthur St. Clair , its previous commander . In 1793 he became Wayne 's aide - de-camp and learned how to successfully command an army on the American frontier ; he participated in Wayne 's decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20 , 1794 , which brought the Northwest Indian War to a successful close . Harrison was a signatory of the Treaty of Greenville ( 1795 ) as witness to Wayne , the principal negotiator for the U.S.. Under the terms of the treaty , a coalition of Native Americans ceded a portion of their lands to the federal government that opened two - thirds of present - day Ohio to settlement by European Americans . Following his mother 's death in 1793 , Harrison inherited a portion of his family 's Virginia estate , including approximately 3,000 acres ( 12 km ) of land and several slaves . Harrison , who was serving in the army at the time , sold his land to his brother . Marriage and family ( edit ) In 1795 , at age 22 , Harrison met Anna Tuthill Symmes of North Bend , Ohio . She was a daughter of Anna Tuthill and Judge John Cleves Symmes , who served as a colonel in the American Revolutionary War , as a representative to the Congress of the Confederation , and became a prominent figure in Ohio . Harrison asked the judge for permission to marry Anna but was refused -- the pair waited until Symmes left on business , eloped and were married on November 25 , 1795 , at the North Bend home of Doctor Stephen Wood , treasurer of the Northwest Territory . The couple honeymooned at Fort Washington since Harrison was still on military duty . Two weeks later , at a farewell dinner for General Wayne , Judge Symmes confronted his new son - in - law for the first time since the wedding , sternly demanding to know how Harrison intended to support a family . Harrison responded , `` by my sword , and my own right arm , sir . '' Afterward , still concerned about Harrison 's ability to provide for Anna , Judge Symmes sold the young couple 160 acres ( 65 ha ) of land in North Bend . Symmes did not come to accept Harrison until he had achieved fame on the battlefield . William and Anna Harrison had ten children : Elizabeth Bassett ( 1796 -- 1846 ) , John Cleves Symmes ( 1798 -- 1830 ) , Lucy Singleton ( 1800 -- 1826 ) , William Henry ( 1802 -- 1838 ) , John Scott ( 1804 -- 1878 ) father of future U.S. President Benjamin Harrison , Benjamin ( 1806 - 1840 ) , Mary Symmes ( 1809 -- 1842 ) , Carter Bassett ( 1811 -- 1839 ) , Anna Tuthill ( 1813 -- 1865 ) , James Findlay ( 1814 -- 1817 ) . Anna , who was frequently in poor health during the marriage , primarily due to her many pregnancies , outlived William by twenty - three years . She died on February 25 , 1864 , at age eighty - eight . In a biography of Walter Francis White -- African - American civil rights leader and N.A.A.C.P president -- historian Kenneth Robert Janken indicates that White 's mother Madeline Harrison was said to have traced some of her mixed - race white ancestry to Harrison in Virginia . According to Janken , she opined that Dilsia , a female slave belonging to William Henry Harrison , had six children by him , born into slavery . Four were said to be sold to a planter in La Grange , Georgia , including a daughter , Marie Harrison . Marie was said to be Madeline 's mother . No evidence corroborating these assertions has been discovered . Political career ( edit ) Harrison began his political career when he resigned from the military effective June 1 , 1798 . and campaigned among his friends and family for a post in the Northwest Territorial government . With the aid of his close friend Timothy Pickering , who was serving as U.S. Secretary of State , Harrison received a recommendation to replace Withrop Sargent , the outgoing territorial secretary . President John Adams appointed Harrison to the position in July 1798 . Harrison frequently served as acting territorial governor during the absences of Governor Arthur St. Clair . U.S. Congress ( edit ) Harrison had many friends in the eastern aristocracy , and quickly gained a reputation among them as a frontier leader . He ran a successful horse - breeding enterprise that won him acclaim throughout the Northwest Territory . Harrison became a champion of lower land prices , a primary concern of settlers in the Territory at the time . The U.S. Congress had legislated a territorial land policy that led to high land costs , which many of the territory 's residents disliked . In October 1799 , after it had been determined that the Northwest Territory 's population had reached a sufficient number to have a delegate in the U.S. Congress , Harrison ran for election . He campaigned to encourage further migration to the territory , which eventually led to statehood . Engraved portrait print c. 1800 of William Henry Harrison at age 27 as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory At - Large , by Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint - Mémin , 1770 - 1852 . Note the misspelling of the name . In 1798 , at age twenty - six , Harrison defeated Arthur St. Clair Jr. , the son of the territorial governor , by one vote to become the Northwest Territory 's first congressional delegate , and served in the Sixth United States Congress from March 4 , 1799 , to May 14 , 1800 . As the Northwest Territory 's delegate to Congress , he had no authority to vote on legislative bills , but he was permitted to serve on a committee , submit legislation , and engage in debate . Harrison became chairman of the Committee on Public Lands and successfully promoted passage of the Land Act of 1800 , which made it easier to buy land in the Northwest Territory in smaller tracts at a low cost . The sale price for public lands was set at $2 per acre . This became an important contributor to rapid population growth of the Northwest Territory . Harrison also served on the committee that decided how to divide the Northwest Territory into smaller sections . The committee recommended splitting the territory into two segments . The eastern section , which continued to be known as the Northwest Territory , comprised the present - day state of Ohio and eastern Michigan ; the western section was named the Indiana Territory and consisted of the present - day states of Indiana , Illinois , Wisconsin , a portion of western Michigan , and the eastern portion of Minnesota . The two new territories were formally established in 1800 following the passage of 2 Stat. 58 . On May 13 , 1800 , President John Adams appointed Harrison as the governor of the newly established Indiana Territory , based on his ties to the west and seemingly neutral political stances . Harrison , caught unaware , was reluctant to accept the position until he received assurances from the Jeffersonians that he would not be removed from office after they gained power in the upcoming elections . After Harrison 's governorship was confirmed by the U.S. Senate , he resigned from Congress to become the first Indiana territorial governor in 1801 . Indiana territorial governor ( edit ) See also : History of slavery in Indiana and Indiana Territory Harrison arrived at Vincennes , the capital of the newly established Indiana Territory on January 10 , 1801 , to begin his duties . U.S. presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , both of whom were members of the Democratic - Republican Party , reappointed Harrison as the Indiana territorial governor in 1803 , 1806 , and 1809 -- Harrison was among the few Federalist appointees to so retain his post . On December 28 , 1812 , Harrison resigned his position as territorial governor to continue his military career during the War of 1812 . In 1804 , while serving as the Indiana territorial governor , Harrison was assigned additional duties to administer the civilian government of the District of Louisiana , a part of the Louisiana Territory that included land north of the 33rd parallel . In October 1804 , when a civilian government went into effect , Harrison served as the Louisiana district 's executive leader . Harrison administered the district 's affairs for five weeks , until the Louisiana Territory was formally established , effective July 4 , 1805 , and Brigadier General James Wilkinson assumed the duties of the Louisiana territorial governor . In 1805 Harrison built a plantation - style home near Vincennes that he named Grouseland , alluding to the birds on the property ; the thirteen - room home was one of the first brick structures in the territory . During his term as territorial governor , Harrison 's home served as a center of social and political life in the territory . The farm has been restored and is a popular , modern - day tourist attraction . After the territorial capital was moved to Corydon in 1813 , Harrison built a second home at nearby Harrison Valley . In addition to his duties as territorial governor , Harrison founded Jefferson University at Vincennes in 1801 . The school was incorporated as Vincennes University on November 29 , 1806 , and is one of two U.S. colleges founded by a U.S. President ; the other is the University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson . Governor Harrison had wide - ranging powers in the new territory , including authority to appoint territorial officials and the legislature , as well as authority to divide the territory into smaller political districts and counties . One of his primary responsibilities was to obtain title to Indian lands that would allow future settlement and increase the territory 's population , a requirement for statehood . Harrison was eager to expand the territory for personal reasons as well ; his political fortunes were tied to Indiana 's eventual statehood . On February 8 , 1803 , when President Jefferson reappointed Harrison as the Indiana territorial governor , he also granted Harrison the authority to negotiate and conclude treaties with the Indians . Between 1803 and 1809 , Harrison supervised eleven treaties with Indian leaders that provided the federal government with large tracts of land ( more than 60,000,000 acres ( 240,000 km ) ) that included the southern third of present - day Indiana and most of present - day Illinois for further settlement . The Treaty of St. Louis ( 1804 ) with Quashquame required the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes to cede much of western Illinois and parts of Missouri to the federal government . Many of the Sauk , especially Black Hawk , greatly resented this treaty and the loss of lands , a primary reason the Sauk sided with the United Kingdom during the War of 1812 . Harrison thought the Treaty of Grouseland ( 1805 ) appeased some of the Indians , but tensions remained high along the frontier . The Treaty of Fort Wayne ( 1809 ) raised new tensions when Harrison purchased land from the Miami tribe , who claimed ownership of the land , more than 2.5 million acres ( 10,000 km2 ) of land inhabited by the Shawnee , Kickapoo , Wea , and Piankeshaw peoples . Harrison rushed the treaty process by offering large subsidies to the tribes and their leaders so that the treaty would be in force before President Jefferson left office and the administration changed . Although Harrison 's pro-slavery position made him unpopular with the Indiana Territory 's antislavery supporters , he used his political power to make several attempts to introduce slavery into the territory . His efforts were ultimately unsuccessful due to the territory 's growing anti-slavery movement . In 1803 , Harrison lobbied Congress to vote in favor of a petition to suspend Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance for ten years , a move that would allow slavery in the Indiana Territory . At the end of the suspension period citizens in the territories covered under the ordinance could decide for themselves whether to permit slavery . Harrison claimed the suspension was necessary to encourage settlement and would make the territory economically viable , but Congress rejected the idea . In 1803 and 1805 Harrison and the appointed territorial judges enacted territorial laws that evaded the provisions outlined in Article VI of the Ordinance , authorized indentures , allowed slaves to be brought into the territory , and gave their masters authority to determine the length of indentured servitude . The pro-slavery laws caused a significant stir in the territory . In 1809 , after the separation of the western portion of the Indiana Territory to create the Illinois Territory , elections were held to select members of territorial legislature 's upper and lower houses for the first time . ( Previously , lower - house members were elected , but the territorial governor appointed members to the upper house . ) Harrison found himself at odds with the legislature after the antislavery faction came to power and the eastern portion of the Indiana Territory grew to include a large , antislavery population . When the Indiana Territory 's general assembly convened in 1810 , its antislavery faction immediately repealed the indenturing laws enacted in 1803 and in 1805 . After 1809 Harrison 's political authority declined as the Indiana territorial legislature assumed more authority and the territory advanced toward statehood . By 1812 Harrison had moved away and resumed his military career . President Jefferson , the primary author of the Northwest Ordinance , had made a secret compact with James Lemen to defeat the proslavery movement led by Harrison . Although he was a slaveholder , Jefferson did not want slavery to expand into the Northwest Territory , as he believed the institution should eventually end . Under the `` Jefferson - Lemen compact '' , Jefferson donated money to Lemen to found churches in Illinois and Indiana to stop the proslavery movement . In Indiana , the founding of an antislavery church led to citizens ' signing a petition and organizing politically to defeat Harrison 's efforts to legalize slavery in the territory . Jefferson and Lemen were both instrumental in defeating Harrison 's attempts in 1805 and 1807 to secure approval to expand slavery in the territory . Army general ( edit ) Tecumseh and Tippecanoe ( edit ) Main articles : Tecumseh 's War and Battle of Tippecanoe An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing through the leadership of the Shawnee brothers , Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa ( The Prophet ) . The conflict became known as Tecumseh 's War . Tenskwatawa convinced the native tribes that they would be protected by the Great Spirit and no harm could befall them if they would rise up against the white settlers . He encouraged resistance by telling the tribes to pay white traders only half of what they owed and to give up all the white man 's ways , including their clothing , muskets , and especially whiskey , which was becoming known as evil for American Indians . 1915 version of a depiction of Tecumseh believed to have been sketched c. 1808 In August 1810 , Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors down the Wabash River to meet with Harrison in Vincennes . As the warriors were dressed in war paint , their sudden appearance at first frightened the soldiers at Vincennes . The leaders of the group were escorted to Grouseland , where they met Harrison . Tecumseh insisted that the Fort Wayne Treaty was illegitimate . He argued that no one tribe could sell land without the approval of the other tribes ; he asked Harrison to nullify it and warned that Americans should not attempt to settle the lands sold in the treaty . Tecumseh informed Harrison that he had threatened to kill the chiefs who signed the treaty if they carried out its terms , and that his confederation of tribes was growing rapidly . Harrison said the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose . He rejected Tecumseh 's claim that all the Indians formed one nation . He said each tribe could have separate relations with the United States if they chose to . Harrison argued that the Great Spirit would have made all the tribes speak one language if they were to be one nation . Tecumseh launched an `` impassioned rebuttal '' , but Harrison was unable to understand his language . A Shawnee friendly to Harrison cocked his pistol from the sidelines to alert Harrison that Tecumseh 's speech was leading to trouble . Some witnesses reported that Tecumseh was encouraging the warriors to kill Harrison . Many of the warriors began to pull their weapons , representing a substantial threat to Harrison and the town , which held a population of only 1,000 . Harrison pulled his sword . Tecumseh 's warriors backed down after the officers had pulled their firearms in defense of Harrison . Chief Winnemac , who was friendly to Harrison , countered Tecumseh 's arguments and told the warriors that since they had come in peace , they should return home in peace . Before leaving , Tecumseh informed Harrison that unless the treaty were nullified , he would seek an alliance with the British . After the meeting , Tecumseh journeyed to meet with many of the tribes in the region , hoping to create a confederation to battle the United States . In 1811 , while Tecumseh was traveling , Harrison was authorized by Secretary of War William Eustis to march against the nascent confederation as a show of force . Harrison led an army of more than 1,000 men north , to intimidate the Shawnee into making peace . Instead , the tribes launched a surprise attack on Harrison 's army early on November 7 , in what became known as the Battle of Tippecanoe . Harrison defeated the tribal forces at Prophetstown , next to the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers . Harrison was hailed as a national hero and the battle became famous . However , his troops had greatly outnumbered the attackers , and suffered many more casualties during the battle . When reporting to Secretary Eustis , Harrison informed him the battle occurred near the Tippecanoe River ( which led to its naming ) , and he feared an imminent reprisal attack . The first dispatch did not make clear which side had won the conflict , and the secretary at first interpreted it as a defeat . The follow - up dispatch made the U.S. victory clear . When no second attack came , the defeat of the Shawnee was more certain . Eustis demanded to know why Harrison had not taken adequate precautions in fortifying his camp against attacks . Harrison countered by saying he had considered the position strong enough . The dispute was the catalyst of a disagreement between Harrison and the Department of War that continued into the War of 1812 . The press did not cover the battle at first , and one Ohio paper misinterpreted Harrison 's dispatch to Eustis to mean he was defeated . By December , as most major American papers carried stories on the battle , public outrage over the Shawnee attack grew . At a time of high tensions with the United Kingdom , many Americans blamed the British for inciting the tribes to violence and supplying them with firearms . In response , Congress passed resolutions condemning the British for interfering in American domestic affairs . A few months later , on June 18 , 1812 , the U.S. government declared war against United Kingdom . Shortly thereafter , Harrison left Vincennes to seek a military appointment . War of 1812 ( edit ) This portrait of Harrison originally showed him in civilian clothes as the congressional delegate from the Northwest Territory in 1800 , but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812 . The outbreak of war with the British in 1812 led to continued conflict with Indians in the Northwest . Harrison briefly served as a major general in the Kentucky militia until the U.S. government commissioned him to command the Army of the Northwest , on September 17 , 1812 . Although Harrison received federal military pay for his service , he also collected a territorial governor 's salary from September until December 28 , 1812 , when he formally resigned as governor and continued his military service . After the American defeat in the Siege of Detroit , General James Winchester , who became the commander of the Army of the Northwest , offered Harrison the rank of brigadier general . Harrison also wanted sole command of the army . In September 1812 , after President James Madison removed Winchester from command , Harrison became commander of the fresh recruits . Initially , the British and their Indian allies greatly outnumbered Harrison 's troops . During the winter of 1812 -- 13 Harrison constructed a defensive position along the Maumee River in northwest Ohio and named it Fort Meigs in honor of the Ohio governor Return J. Meigs Jr ... After receiving reinforcements in 1813 , Harrison took the offensive and led the army north to battle the Shawnee and their British allies . Harrison won victories in the Indiana Territory and in Ohio and recaptured Detroit , before invading Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) . Harrison 's army defeated the British on October 5 , 1813 , at the Battle of the Thames , in which Tecumseh was killed . This pivotal battle is considered to be one of the great American victories in the war , second only to the Battle of New Orleans . In 1814 U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong divided the command of the army , assigning Harrison to a `` backwater '' post and giving control of the front to one of Harrison 's subordinates . ( Armstrong and Harrison had disagreed over the lack of coordination and effectiveness in the invasion of Canada . ) In May , following Harrison 's reassignment , he resigned from the army ; his resignation was accepted later that summer . After the war ended , Congress investigated Harrison 's resignation and determined that Armstrong had mistreated him during his military campaign and that his resignation was justified . Congress awarded Harrison a gold medal for his services during the War of 1812 . Following the defeat of the British and their Indian allies in western Canada , Harrison and Lewis Cass , governor of the Michigan Territory , were delegated the responsibility for negotiating a peace treaty with the Indians , known as the Treaty of Greenville ( 1814 ) . In June 1815 , at President Madison 's request , the U.S. government appointed Harrison to serve as one of the commissioners responsible for negotiating a second postwar treaty with the Indians that became known as the Treaty of Spring Wells ( 1815 ) . Both treaties were advantageous to the United States . In the Spring Wells treaty the tribes ceded a large tract of land in the west , providing additional land for American purchase and settlement . Postwar life ( edit ) Public office ( edit ) After John Gibson replaced Harrison as Indiana territorial governor in 1812 and Harrison 's resignation from the army in 1814 , he returned to his family in North Bend . Harrison cultivated his land and enlarged the log cabin farmhouse , but he soon returned to public life . In 1816 Harrison was elected to complete the term of John McLean of Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives , where Harrison represented the state from October 8 , 1816 , to March 3 , 1819 . In 1817 Harrison declined to serve as Secretary of War under President Monroe . In 1819 he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and served until 1821 , having lost the election for Ohio governor in 1820 . In 1822 he ran for a seat in the U.S. House , but lost by 500 votes to James W. Gazlay . In 1824 Harrison was elected to the U.S. Senate , where he served until May 20 , 1828 . Fellow westerners in Congress called Harrison a `` Buckeye '' , a term of affection related to the native Ohio buckeye tree . He was an Ohio presidential elector in 1820 for James Monroe and for Henry Clay in 1824 . Appointed in 1828 as minister plenipotentiary to Gran Colombia , Harrison resigned from Congress and served in his new post until March 8 , 1829 . He arrived in Bogotá on December 22 , 1828 and found the condition of Colombia saddening . Harrison reported to the Secretary of State that the country was on the edge of anarchy , including his opinion that Simón Bolívar was about to become a military dictator . While minister in Colombia , Harrison wrote a rebuke to Bolívar , stating `` the strongest of all governments is that which is most free '' . He called on Bolívar to encourage the development of a democracy . In response , Bolívar wrote , `` The United States ... seem destined by Providence to plague America with torments in the name of freedom '' , a sentiment that achieved fame in Latin America . When the new administration of President Andrew Jackson took office in March 1829 , Harrison was recalled so the new president could make his own appointment to the position ; he returned to the United States in June . Private citizen ( edit ) After Harrison returned to the United States from Colombia , he settled on his farm in North Bend , Ohio , his adopted home state , living in relative retirement after nearly four decades of government service . Having accumulated no substantial wealth during his lifetime , he subsisted on his savings , a small pension , and the income produced by his farm . Harrison cultivated corn and established a distillery to produce whiskey . After a brief time in the liquor business , he became disturbed by the effects of alcohol on its consumers , and closed the distillery . In a later address to the Hamilton County Agricultural Board in 1831 , Harrison said he had sinned in making whiskey , and hoped that others would learn from his mistake and stop the production of liquors . In these early years , Harrison also earned money from his contributions to a biography written by James Hall , entitled A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison , published in 1836 . That year , he made an unsuccessful run for the presidency as a Whig candidate . Between 1836 and 1840 , Harrison served as Clerk of Courts for Hamilton County . This was his job when he was elected president in 1840 . About this time , Harrison met African - American abolitionist and Underground Railroad conductor George DeBaptiste who lived in nearby Madison . The two became friends , and DeBaptiste became his personal servant , staying with Harrison until his death . By 1840 , when Harrison campaigned for president a second time , over a dozen books had been published on his life . He was hailed by many as a national hero . 1836 presidential campaign ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 Chromolithograph campaign poster for William Henry Harrison Harrison was the Northern Whig candidate for president in 1836 , one of only two times in American history when a major political party intentionally ran more than one presidential candidate ( the Democrats ran two candidates in 1860 ) . Vice President Martin Van Buren , the Democratic candidate , was popular and deemed likely to win the election against an individual Whig candidate . The Whig plan was to elect popular Whigs regionally , deny Van Buren the 148 electoral votes needed for election , and force the House of Representatives to decide the election . They hoped the Whigs would control the House after the general elections . ( This strategy would have failed , as the Democrats retained a majority in the House following the election . ) Harrison ran in all the free states except Massachusetts , and the slave states of Delaware , Maryland , and Kentucky . Hugh L. White ran in the remaining slave states except for South Carolina . Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts , and Willie P. Mangum in South Carolina . The plan narrowly failed , as Van Buren won the election with 170 electoral votes . A swing of just over 4,000 votes in Pennsylvania would have given that state 's 30 electoral votes to Harrison , and the election would have been decided in the House of Representatives . 1840 presidential campaign ( edit ) Main article : William Henry Harrison presidential campaign , 1840 Poster of Harrison 's accomplishments Harrison was the Whig candidate and faced the incumbent Van Buren in the 1840 election . He was chosen over more controversial members of the party , such as Clay and Webster , and based his campaign on his military record and on the weak U.S. economy , caused by the Panic of 1837 . In a ploy to blame Van Buren for the depressed economy , the Whigs nicknamed the latter `` Van Ruin '' . The Democrats ridiculed Harrison by calling him `` Granny Harrison , the petticoat general '' , because he resigned from the army before the War of 1812 ended . When asking voters whether Harrison should be elected , the Democrats asked what Harrison 's name spelled backwards would be : `` No Sirrah '' . They also cast Harrison as a provincial , out - of - touch , old man who would rather `` sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider '' than attend to the administration of the country . This strategy backfired when Harrison and John Tyler , his vice presidential running mate , adopted the log cabin and hard cider as campaign symbols . Their campaign used the symbols on banners and posters , and created bottles of hard cider shaped like log cabins , all to connect the candidates to the `` common man '' . 1840 Electoral Vote Map Although Harrison had come from a wealthy , slaveholding Virginia family , his campaign promoted him as a humble frontiersman in the style popularized by Andrew Jackson . In contrast , the Whigs presented Van Buren as a wealthy elitist . A memorable example was the Gold Spoon Oration that Pennsylvania 's Whig representative , Charles Ogle , delivered in the U.S. House . The speech ridiculed Van Buren 's elegant , White House lifestyle and lavish spending . A Whig chant in which people would spit tobacco juice as they chanted `` wirt - wirt , '' also exhibited the difference between candidates from the time of the election : Old Tip he wore a homespun coat , he had no ruffled shirt : wirt - wirt , But Matt he has the golden plate , and he 's a little squirt : wirt - wirt ! The Whigs boasted of Harrison 's military record and his reputation as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe . The campaign slogan , `` Tippecanoe and Tyler , Too '' , became one of the most famous in American politics . Harrison won a landslide victory in the Electoral College , 234 electoral votes to Van Buren 's 60 , although the popular vote was much closer . Harrison received 53 percent of the popular vote to Van Buren 's 47 percent , with a margin of less than 150,000 votes . Presidency ( 1841 ) ( edit ) Shortest presidency ( edit ) William Henry Harrison ( Bass Otis , 1841 ) When Harrison came to Washington , he wanted to show both that he was still the steadfast hero of Tippecanoe , and that he was a better educated and thoughtful man than the backwoods caricature portrayed in the campaign . He took the oath of office on Thursday , March 4 , 1841 , a cold and wet day . He wore neither an overcoat nor hat , rode on horseback to the ceremony rather than in the closed carriage that had been offered him , and delivered the longest inaugural address in American history . At 8,445 words , it took him nearly two hours to read , although his friend and fellow Whig Daniel Webster had edited it for length . After becoming the first head of state to have his photograph taken , Harrison then rode through the streets in the inaugural parade , and that evening attended three inaugural balls , including one at Carusi 's Saloon entitled the `` Tippecanoe '' ball , which at a price of US $10 per person ( equal to $237 today ) attracted 1,000 guests . The inaugural address was a detailed statement of the Whig agenda , essentially a repudiation of Jackson and Van Buren 's policies . Harrison promised to reestablish the Bank of the United States and extend its capacity for credit by issuing paper currency ( Henry Clay 's American system ) ; to defer to the judgment of Congress on legislative matters , with sparing use of his veto power ; and to reverse Jackson 's spoils system of executive patronage . He promised to use patronage to create a qualified staff , not to enhance his own standing in government . As leader of the Whigs and a powerful legislator ( as well as a frustrated presidential candidate in his own right ) , Henry Clay expected to have substantial influence in the Harrison administration . He ignored his own platform plank of overturning the `` spoils '' system . Clay attempted to influence Harrison 's actions before and during his brief presidency , especially in putting forth his own preferences for Cabinet offices and other presidential appointments . Harrison rebuffed his aggression , saying `` Mr. Clay , you forget that I am the President . '' The dispute intensified when Harrison named Daniel Webster , Clay 's arch - rival for control of the Whig Party , as his Secretary of State , and appeared to give Webster 's supporters some highly coveted patronage positions . Harrison 's sole concession to Clay was to name his protégé John J. Crittenden to the post of Attorney General . Despite this , the dispute continued until the President 's death . Clay was not the only one who hoped to benefit from Harrison 's election . Hordes of office applicants came to the White House , which was then open to all who wanted a meeting with the President . Most of Harrison 's business during his month - long presidency involved extensive social obligations -- an inevitable part of his high position and arrival in Washington -- and receiving visitors at the White House . They awaited him at all hours and filled the Executive Mansion . Harrison wrote in a letter dated March 10 , `` I am so much harassed by the multitude that call upon me that I can give no proper attention to any business of my own . '' Nevertheless , Harrison sent a number of nominations for office to the Senate for confirmation during his month in office . The new 27th Congress had convened an extraordinary session for the purpose of confirming Harrison 's cabinet and other important nominees , since a number of them arrived after Congress ' March 15 adjournment ; however , John Tyler would ultimately be forced to renominate many of Harrison 's selections . Harrison took his pledge to reform executive appointments seriously , visiting each of the six executive departments to observe its operations and issuing through Webster an order to all departments that electioneering by employees would henceforth be considered grounds for dismissal . BEP engraved portrait of President Harrison As he had with Clay , Harrison resisted pressure from other Whigs over partisan patronage . When a group arrived in his office on March 16 to demand the removal of all Democrats from any appointed office , Harrison proclaimed , `` So help me God , I will resign my office before I can be guilty of such an iniquity ! '' Harrison 's own cabinet attempted to countermand the president 's appointment of John Chambers as Governor of Iowa in favor of Webster 's friend , General James Wilson ; when Webster attempted to press this decision at a March 25 cabinet meeting , however , Harrison asked him to read aloud a handwritten note ( which said simply `` William Henry Harrison , President of the United States '' ) , then announced that `` William Henry Harrison , President of the United States , tells you , gentlemen , that , by God , John Chambers shall be governor of Iowa ! '' Harrison 's only official act of consequence was to call Congress into a special session . Henry Clay and he had disagreed over the necessity of such a session , and when on March 11 Harrison 's cabinet proved evenly divided , the president vetoed the idea . When Clay pressed Harrison on the special session on March 13 , the president rebuffed his counsel and told him not to visit the White House again , but to address him only in writing . A few days later , however , Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing reported to Harrison that federal funds were in such trouble that the government could not continue to operate until Congress ' regularly scheduled session in December ; Harrison thus relented , and on March 17 proclaimed the special session in the interests of `` the condition of the revenue and finance of the country '' . The session was scheduled to begin on May 31 . Administration and cabinet ( edit ) Official White House portrait by James Reid Lambdin The Harrison Cabinet Office Name Term President William Henry Harrison 1841 Vice President John Tyler 1841 Secretary of State Daniel Webster 1841 Secretary of Treasury Thomas Ewing 1841 Secretary of War John Bell 1841 Attorney General John J. Crittenden 1841 Postmaster General Francis Granger 1841 Secretary of the Navy George E. Badger 1841 Death and funeral ( edit ) Death of Harrison , April 4 , 1841 On March 26 , 1841 , Harrison became ill with a cold -- according to the prevailing medical misconception of that time , his illness was believed to be caused by the bad weather at his inauguration , but the illness did not arise until more than three weeks afterwards . Harrison tried to rest in the White House , but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers . His extremely busy social schedule also made rest time scarce . Harrison 's doctors tried several cures , such as applying opium , castor oil , leeches , and Virginia snakeweed , but the treatments only made Harrison worse and he became delirious . He died nine days after becoming ill , at 12 : 30 a.m. on Sunday , April 4 , 1841 . Harrison 's doctor , Thomas Miller , diagnosed Harrison 's cause of death as `` pneumonia of the lower lobe of the right lung '' . A medical analysis made in 2014 , based on Dr. Miller 's notes and records of the White House water supply being downstream of public sewage , concluded that he likely died of septic shock due to enteric fever . Harrison became the first United States president to die in office . His last words were to his doctor , but they were assumed to be directed at Vice President Tyler : `` Sir , I wish you to understand the true principles of the government . I wish them carried out . I ask nothing more . '' Harrison served the shortest term of any American president : March 4 -- April 4 , 1841 , 30 days , 12 hours , and 30 minutes . The President 's body was borne through Washington . Solomon Northup gave an account of the procession in Twelve Years a Slave : The next day there was a great pageant in Washington . The roar of cannon and the tolling of bells filled the air , while many houses were shrouded with crape , and the streets were black with people . As the day advanced , the procession made its appearance , coming slowly through the Avenue , carriage after carriage , in long succession , while thousands upon thousands followed on foot -- all moving to the sound of melancholy music . They were bearing the dead body of Harrison to the grave ... I remember distinctly how the window glass would break and rattle to the ground , after each report of the cannon they were firing in the burial ground . Harrison 's funeral took place in the Wesley Chapel in Cincinnati , Ohio , on April 7 , 1841 . His original interment was in the public vault of the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. , but his remains were later buried in North Bend , Ohio . The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial was erected at the gravesite in his honor . Impact of death ( edit ) The William Henry Harrison Memorial in North Bend , Ohio Harrison 's death was a disappointment to Whigs , who hoped to pass a revenue tariff and enact measures to support Henry Clay 's American system . John Tyler , Harrison 's successor and a former Democrat , abandoned the Whig agenda , effectively cutting himself off from the party . Due to the death of Harrison , three Presidents served within a single calendar year ( Martin Van Buren , Harrison , Tyler ) . This has happened on only one other occasion , 40 years later in 1881 , when Rutherford B. Hayes was succeeded by James A. Garfield , who was assassinated later that year . With the death of Garfield , Chester A. Arthur stepped into the presidency . Harrison 's death revealed the flaws in the U.S. Constitution 's clauses on presidential succession . Article II of the Constitution states : `` In Case of the Removal of the President from Office , or of his Death , Resignation , or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office , the Same shall devolve on the Vice President ... and ( the Vice President ) shall act accordingly , until the Disability be removed , or a President shall be elected '' . Scholars at the time disagreed whether the Vice President would become president or merely acting President . The Constitution did not stipulate whether the Vice President could serve the remainder of the President 's term , until the next election , or if emergency elections should be held . Harrison 's cabinet insisted that Tyler was `` Vice President acting as President '' . After the cabinet consulted with the Chief Justice Roger Taney , they decided that if Tyler took the presidential Oath of Office , he would assume the office of President . Tyler obliged and was sworn into office on April 6 , 1841 . Congress convened in May , and after a short period of debate in both houses , it passed a resolution that confirmed Tyler as president for the remainder of Harrison 's term . Once established , this precedent of presidential succession remained in effect until the Twenty - fifth Amendment was ratified in 1967 , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the succession of Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency in 1963 . The Twenty - fifth Amendment dealt with the finer points of succession , defining the situations in which the Vice President would serve as acting President , and in which situations the Vice President could become President . Legacy ( edit ) Historical reputation ( edit ) Harrison ( on left ) at Tippecanoe County Courthouse , Lafayette , Indiana Among Harrison 's most enduring legacies is the series of treaties that he either negotiated or signed with Native American leaders during his tenure as the Indiana territorial governor . As part of the treaty negotiations , the native tribes ceded large tracts of land in the west that provided additional acreage for purchase and settlement . Harrison 's chief presidential legacy lies in his campaigning methods , which laid the foundation for the modern presidential campaign tactics . Harrison was the first sitting ( incumbent ) President to have his photograph taken . The image was made in Washington , D.C. , on his inauguration day in 1841 . Photographs exist of John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , and Martin Van Buren , but these images were taken after they left office . The Harrison image was also the first presidential photograph . The original daguerreotype of Harrison on his inauguration day has been lost -- although at least one early photographic copy exists in the archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . Harrison died nearly penniless . Congress voted his wife , Anna , a presidential widow 's pension of $25,000 , one year of Harrison 's salary ( equivalent to about $593,065 in today 's dollars , depending on the formula used ) . She also received the right to mail letters free of charge . Harrison 's son , John Scott Harrison , represented Ohio in the U.S. House of Representatives between 1853 and 1857 . Harrison 's grandson , Benjamin Harrison of Indiana , served as the 23rd U.S. president from 1889 to 1893 , making William and Benjamin Harrison the only grandparent -- grandchild pair of U.S. presidents . Honors and tributes ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to William Henry Harrison 2009 Presidential Dollar of William Henry Harrison On February 19 , 2009 , the U.S. Mint released the ninth coin in the Presidential $1 Coin Program , bearing Harrison 's likeness . A total of 98,420,000 coins were minted . Statue of Harrison on horseback in Cincinnati Several monuments and memorial statues have been erected in tribute to Harrison . There are public statues of him in downtown Indianapolis , Cincinnati 's Piatt Park , the Tippecanoe County Courthouse , Harrison County , Indiana , and Owen County , Indiana . Numerous counties and towns also bear his name . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) Curse of Tippecanoe List of Governors of Indiana List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who died in office Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schuessler , Jennifer ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Found : Oldest Known Photo of a U.S. President ( Socks and All ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . A startlingly lifelike daguerreotype showing Harrison , made by the Boston photography studio Southworth and Hawes around 1850 and now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art , is a reproduction of an oil portrait , not of a photograph . Jump up ^ Buescher , John . `` Tippecanoe and Walking Canes Too '' . TeachingHistory.org . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence , New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 6 . p. 206 Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Lyle Emerson . American Presidents Year by Year . I. p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` William Henry Harrison Biography '' . About The White House : Presidents . whitehouse.gov . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ; Riley , Edward M. , eds. ( 1978 ) . Benjamin Harrison and the American Revolution . Virginia in the Revolution . Williamsburg , VA : Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission . pp. 59 -- 65 . OCLC 4781472 . Jump up ^ Barnhart & Riker 1971 , p. 315 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bassett Harrison '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . U.S. Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Henry Harrison : Life Before the Presidency '' . American President : An Online Reference Resource . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . The boy enjoyed a solid education -- tutored at home , then three years at Hampden - Sydney College in Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 14 , 22 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 21 , 27 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Bob Dole , Great Presidential Wit , 2001 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 40 . 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Jump up ^ Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Peck , J.M. ( June 4 , 1851 ) . The Jefferson - Lemen Compact . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , pp. 158 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Langguth 2007 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , pp. 164 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , pp. 167 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 219 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Owens 2007 , pp. 221 , 223 . ^ Jump up to : Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Langguth 2007 , pp. 268 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , pp. 291 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Langguth 2007 , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barnhart & Riker 1971 , pp. 407 -- 08 . ^ Jump up to : Barnhart & Riker 1971 , pp. 409 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Fred ( 2003 ) . Ohio 's Founding Fathers . iUniverse , Inc . pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 9780595293223 . Jump up ^ Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Taylor & Taylor 1899 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Taylor & Taylor 1899 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Bolívar 1951 , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Hall 1836 , pp. 301 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Burr 1840 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia M. Clancy -- Clerk of Courts : History of the Clerk of Courts Office '' . Courtclerk.org . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tobin , Jacqueline L. From Midnight to Dawn : The Last Tracks of the Underground Railroad . Anchor , 2008 . pp. 200 - 209 Jump up ^ Burr 1840 , pp. 257 - 58 . ^ Jump up to : United States Congress ( 1837 ) . Senate Journal . 24th Congress , 2nd Session , February 4 . pp. 203 -- 204 . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Shepperd , Michael . `` How Close Were The Presidential Elections ? 1836 '' . Michigan State University . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lorant , Stefan ( 1953 ) . The Presidency . New York : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ `` Historical Election Results '' . National Archives . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` The Time Machine : 1840 , One Hundred And Fifty Years Ago '' . American Heritage . April 1990 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Carnes & Mieczkowski 2001 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gugin & St. Clair 2006 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison 's Inauguration '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 21 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harrison 's Inauguration ( Reason ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Senate ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Inaugural Ball '' . inaugural.senate.gov . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison Inaugural Address '' . Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States . Bartleby.com. 1989 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' I Do Solemnly Swear ... `` : Presidential Inaugurations '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Borneman 2005 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Letter from Harrison to R. Buchanan , Esq. , March 10 , 184 1 Jump up ^ http://aprg.web.unc.edu/files/2011/10/Michael-Gerhardt-APRG.pdf Jump up ^ Woollen , William Wesley ( 1975 ) . Biographical and historical sketches of early Indiana . Ayer Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 06896 - 6 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 1997 ) . Daniel Webster : The Man and His Time . W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 520 -- 521 . Jump up ^ `` American History Series : The Brief Presidency of William Henry Harrison '' . Voice of America News . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis ( 2004 ) . The American Presidency . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 38273 - 6 . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison 's Proclamation for Special Session of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Official Portraits of the U.S. Presidents '' . The White House . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cleaves 1939 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Cleaves 1939 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Jane ; Mackowiak , Philip A. ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` What Really Killed William Henry Harrison ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McHugh , Jane ; Mackowiak , Philip A. ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` Death in the White House : President William Henry Harrison 's Atypical Pneumonia '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 59 ( 7 ) : 990 -- 995 . doi : 10.1093 / cid / ciu470 . PMID 24962997 . Jump up ^ `` President Harrison Dies -- April 4 , 1841 '' . Events in Presidential History . Miller Center , University of Virginia . 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ed. : Robert A. Diamond ... Major contributors : Rhodes Cook ... ( 1976 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections . Congressional Quarterly Inc. p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87187 - 072 - 8 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Twelve Years a Slave : Narrative of Solomon Northup , a Citizen of New - York , Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841 , and Rescued in 1853 Jump up ^ `` '' Presidential Funerals '' -- White House History `` . whha.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Tomb '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . senate.gov . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Martin . `` Tecumseh 's Curse and the US Presidents : Coincidence or Something More ? '' . About.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution , Article II '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution , Amendment XXV '' . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Madison & Sandweiss 2014 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Green 2007 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` The Met Collection Database '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Damon , Allan L. ( June 1974 ) . `` Presidential Expenses '' . American Heritage . 25 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Biography : Anna Harrison '' . First Ladies. 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison , John Scott , ( 1804 -- 1878 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Calhoun 2005 , pp. 43 -- 49 . Jump up ^ `` The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program '' . www.usmint.gov . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Circulating Coins Production Figures : usmint.gov '' . www.usmint.gov . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , pp. 12 , 164 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of William Henry Harrison - Cincinnati , Ohio - American Guide Series on Waymarking.com '' . www.waymarking.com . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Greiff 2005 , p. 206 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barnhart , John D. ; Riker , Dorothy L. , eds. ( 1971 ) . Indiana to 1816 : The Colonial Period . The History of Indiana . I. Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Bureau and the Indiana Historical Society . Bolívar , Simón ( 1951 ) . Bierck , Harold A. Jr. , ed . Selected Writings of Bolívar. II . New York : Colonial Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60635 - 115 - 4 . compiled by Lecuna , Vicente , translated by Bertrand , Lewis Borneman , Walter R. ( 2005 ) . 1812 : The War That Forged a Nation . New York : HarperCollins ( Harper Perennial ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 053113 - 3 . Burr , Samuel Jones ( 1840 ) . The Life and Times of William Henry Harrison . New York : R.W. Pomeroy . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Calhoun , Charles William ( 2005 ) . Benjamin Harrison : The 23rd President 1889 -- 1893 . The American Presidents . 23 . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6952 - 5 . Carnes , Mark C. ; Mieczkowski , Yanek ( 2001 ) . The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Campaigns . Routledge Atlases of American History . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 92139 - 8 . Cleaves , Freeman ( 1939 ) . Old Tippecanoe : William Henry Harrison and His Time . New York : C. Scribner 's Sons . Funk , Arville ( 1969 ) . A Sketchbook of Indiana History . Rochester , IN : Christian Book Press . Green , Meg ( 2007 ) . William H. Harrison . Breckenridge , CO : Twenty - First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 1511 - 1 . ; for children Greiff , Glory - June ( 2005 ) . Remembrance , Faith and Fancy : Outdoor Public Sculpture in Indiana . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press . ISBN 0 - 87195 - 180 - 0 . Gugin , Linda C. ; St. Clair , James E. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The Governors of Indiana . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press and the Indiana Historical Bureau . ISBN 0 - 87195 - 196 - 7 . Hall , James ( 1836 ) . A Memoir of the Public Services of William Henry Harrison , of Ohio . Philadelphia , PA : Key & Biddle . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Langguth , A.J. ( 2007 ) . Union 1812 : The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 3278 - 1 . Madison , James H. ; Sandweiss , Lee Ann ( 2014 ) . Hoosiers and the American Story . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 363 - 6 . Owens , Robert M. ( 2007 ) . Mr. Jefferson 's Hammer : William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3842 - 8 . Taylor , William Alexander ; Taylor , Aubrey Clarence ( 1899 ) . Ohio statesmen and annals of progress : from the year 1788 to the year 1900 ... 1 . State of Ohio . Further reading ( edit ) Booraem , Hendrik ( 2012 ) . A Child of the Revolution : William Henry Harrison and His World , 1773 -- 1798 . Kent State University Press . Jortner , Adam ( 2012 ) . The Gods of Prophetstown : The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976529 - 4 . Pirtle , Alfred ( 1900 ) . The Battle of Tippecanoe . Louisville : John P. Morton & Co. / Library Reprints . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7222 - 6509 - 3 . as read to the Filson Club . Shade , William G. `` ' Tippecanoe and Tyler too ' : William Henry Harrison and the rise of popular politics . '' In Joel H. Silbey , ed. , A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 ( 2013 ) , pp. 155 -- 72 . Skaggs , David Curtis . William Henry Harrison and the Conquest of the Ohio Country : Frontier Fighting in the War of 1812 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 ) xxii . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWilliam Henry Harrisonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata White House biography United States Congress . `` William Henry Harrison ( id : H000279 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . William Henry Harrison Papers - Library of Congress William H. Harrison at Ohio History Central Papers of William Henry Harrison , 1800 -- 1815 , Collection Guide , Indiana Historical Society Announcement of William Henry Harrison Impending Death William Henry Harrison ALS , March 10 , 1841 : Harassed by the Multitudes William Henry Harrison 's Personal Correspondence While in Office Shapell Manuscript Foundation Essays on Harrison , each member of his cabinet and First Lady William Henry Harrison Biography and Fact File Biography by Appleton 's and Stanley L. Klos William Henry Harrison : Young Tippecanoe `` Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 10 , 1999 Offices and distinctions Political offices Preceded by Winthrop Sargent Secretary of the Northwest Territory 1798 -- 1799 Succeeded by Charles Willing Byrd New office Territorial Governor of Indiana 1800 -- 1812 Succeeded by John Gibson Acting Territorial Governor Preceded by Amos Stoddard as Commandant of the District of Louisiana Governor of the District of Louisiana 1804 -- 1805 Succeeded by James Wilkinson as Governor of Louisiana Territory Preceded by Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1841 Succeeded by John Tyler U.S. House of Representatives New constituency Member of the House of Representatives from Northwest Territory 's At - large congressional district 1799 -- 1800 Succeeded by William McMillan Preceded by John McLean Member of the House of Representatives from Ohio 's 1st congressional district 1816 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas R. Ross Ohio Senate Preceded by George Torrence State Senator from Hamilton County 1819 -- 1821 Served alongside : Ephraim Brown Succeeded by Benjamin Piatt U.S. Senate Preceded by Ethan Allen Brown United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from Ohio 1825 -- 1828 Served alongside : Benjamin Ruggles Succeeded by Jacob Burnet Preceded by Andrew Jackson Chairman of the Senate Military Affairs Committee 1825 -- 1828 Succeeded by Thomas Hart Benton Diplomatic posts Preceded by Beaufort Watts United States Minister to Colombia 1828 -- 1829 Succeeded by Thomas Patrick Moore Party political offices New political party Whig nominee for President of the United States 1836 1 , 1840 Succeeded by Henry Clay Notes and references 1 . The Whig Party ran regional candidates in 1836 . Harrison ran in the Northern states , Hugh White ran in the Southern states , and Daniel Webster ran in Massachusetts . Articles related to William Henry Harrison Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book United States Whig Party Presidential Nominees 1836 William Henry Harrison / Daniel Webster / Hugh Lawson White / Willie Person Mangum 1840 William Henry Harrison 1844 Henry Clay 1848 Zachary Taylor 1852 Winfield Scott 1856 Millard Fillmore 1860 John Bell United States Senators from Ohio Class 1 Smith Meigs Worthington Kerr Ruggles Morris Tappan Corwin Ewing Wade Thurman Sherman Hanna Dick Pomerene Fess Donahey H. Burton Huffman K. Taft Bricker Young R. Taft , Jr . Metzenbaum DeWine S. Brown Class 3 Worthington Tiffin Griswold Campbell Morrow Trimble E. Brown Harrison Burnet Ewing Allen Chase Pugh Chase Sherman Matthews Pendleton Payne Brice Foraker T. Burton Harding Willis Locher T. Burton McCulloch Bulkley R. Taft , Sr . Burke Bender Lausche Saxbe Metzenbaum Glenn Voinovich Portman Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio 's 1st congressional district McLean Harrison Ross Gazlay Findlay Lytle Storer ( father ) Duncan N. Pendleton Duncan Faran Disney Day G. Pendleton Eggleston Strader Perry Dodds Sayler Butterworth Follett Butterworth Storer ( son ) C. Taft Shattuc Longworth Bowdle Longworth Hollister Dixon Elston Scherer Rich Gilligan R. Taft Jr . Keating T. Luken Gradison T. Luken C. Luken Mann Chabot Driehaus Chabot Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio 's 23rd , 24th , at - large , and the Northwest Territory 's congressional districts Ohio 23 George H. Bender ( 1953 -- 1954 ) William Edwin Minshall Jr. ( 1955 -- 1974 ) Ronald M. Mottl ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Ohio 24 Buz Lukens ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Walter E. Powell ( 1971 -- 1973 ) Ohio At - large Jeremiah Morrow ( 1803 -- 1813 ) Robert Crosser ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Charles V. Truax ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Daniel S. Earhart ( 1936 -- 1937 ) John McSweeney ( 1937 -- 1939 ) Harold G. Mosier ( 1937 -- 1939 ) George H. Bender ( 1939 -- 1949 ) L.L. Marshall ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1941 -- 1943 ) Stephen M. Young ( 1949 -- 1951 ) George H. Bender ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Robert Taft Jr. ( 1963 -- 1965 ) Robert E. Sweeney ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Northwest Territory At - large William Henry Harrison ( 1799 -- 1800 ) William McMillan ( 1800 -- 1801 ) Paul Fearing ( 1801 -- 1803 ) Governors of Indiana Territorial ( 1800 -- 16 ) Harrison Gibson ( acting ) Posey State ( since 1816 ) Jennings Boon W. Hendricks Ray Noble Wallace Bigger J. Whitcomb Dunning Wright Willard Hammond Lane Morton Baker T. Hendricks Williams Gray Porter Gray Hovey Chase Matthews Mount Durbin Hanly Marshall Ralston Goodrich McCray Branch Jackson Leslie McNutt Townsend Schricker Gates Schricker Craig Handley Welsh Branigin E. Whitcomb Bowen Orr Bayh O'Bannon Kernan Daniels Pence Holcomb See also : Governor of Indiana United States Ambassadors to Colombia Gran Colombia Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Anderson Watts ( chargé d'affaires ) Harrison Moore Republic of New Granada Chargé d'affaires McAfee Semple Blackford Bidlack Foote King Green Minister Resident Bowlin Jones United States of Colombia Minister Resident Burton Sullivan Hurlbut Scruggs Dichman Maney Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Scruggs Jacob Republic of Colombia Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary Maury Abbott McKinney Hart Beaupre Russell Barrett T. Dawson Northcott DuBois Thompson Philip Piles Caffery Whitehouse W. Dawson Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Braden Lane Wiley Beaulac Waynick Schoenfeld Bonsal Cabot McIntosh Freeman Oliver Carlson Vaughn Saccio Vaky Sanchez Asencio Boyatt Tambs Gillespie McNamara Busby Frechette Kamman Patterson Wood Brownfield McKinley Whitaker Cabinet of President William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) Secretary of State Daniel Webster ( 1841 ) Secretary of the Treasury Thomas Ewing ( 1841 ) Secretary of War John Bell ( 1841 ) Attorney General John J. Crittenden ( 1841 ) Postmaster General Francis Granger ( 1841 ) Secretary of the Navy George E. Badger ( 1841 ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services Military Affairs Committee ( 1816 -- 1947 ) J. Williams Troup J. Williams Jackson Harrison Benton Preston Crittenden Benton Cass Benton Davis Shields Weller Davis Johnson Wilson Logan Spencer Randolph Logan Sewell Hawley Walthall Hawley Proctor Warren du Pont Johnston Chamberlain Wadsworth Reed Sheppard Reynolds Thomas Naval Affairs Committee ( 1816 -- 1947 ) Tait Sanford Pleasants Lloyd Hayne Dallas Southard Rives R. Williams Mangum Bayard Fairfield Yulee Gwin Mallory J. Hale Grimes Cragin Sargent McPherson Cameron McPherson Cameron E. Hale Perkins Tillman Swanson Page F. Hale Trammell Walsh Armed Services Committee ( 1947 -- present ) Gurney Tydings Russell Saltonstall Russell Stennis Tower Goldwater Nunn Thurmond Warner Levin Warner Levin Warner Levin McCain Indiana in the War of 1812 People William Henry Harrison Zachary Taylor Tecumseh John Tipton William Wells Indiana Rangers Places Eel River Fort Knox Fort Wayne Fort Vallonia Pigeon Roost Battles / Raids Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Mississinewa Spur 's Defeat Tipton 's Island See also : Tecumseh 's War and Battle of Tippecanoe ( 1832 ← ) United States presidential election , 1836 ( 1840 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate Biography portal Government of the United States portal Indiana portal Ohio portal Politics portal VIAF : 18022085 LCCN : n85345431 ISNI : 0000 0000 9412 643X GND : 118982788 SUDOC : 030429161 BNF : cb12184486w ( data ) ULAN : 500341031 NLA : 35298795 US Congress : H000279 SNAC : w6v69m7n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Henry_Harrison&oldid=826758891 '' Categories : William Henry Harrison 1773 births 1841 deaths 18th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians American military personnel of the War of 1812 American people of English descent American people of the Northwest Indian War American slave owners Burials in Ohio Carter family of Virginia Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths from pneumonia Deaths from sepsis Delegates to the United States House of Representatives from the Northwest Territory Democratic - Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Governors of Indiana Territory Hampden -- Sydney College alumni Harrison family of Virginia History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) Indiana Democratic - Republicans Infectious disease deaths in Washington , D.C. Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio National Republican Party United States Senators Ohio Democratic - Republicans Ohio Whigs People from Charles City County , Virginia People from Vincennes , Indiana Presidents of the United States Presidents of the United States who died while in office United States Army generals United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States presidential electors , 1824 United States Senators from Ohio University of Pennsylvania people University and college founders Whig Party Presidents of the United States Whig Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 21 . 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where does beta oxidation take place in the cell	In biochemistry and metabolism , beta - oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl - CoA , which enters the citric acid cycle , and NADH and FADH , which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain . It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group . Beta - oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein , an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane , although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes .	cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes	Beta oxidation	beta oxidation	In biochemistry and metabolism , beta - oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl - CoA , which enters the citric acid cycle , and NADH and FADH , which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain . It is named as such because the beta carbon of the fatty acid undergoes oxidation to a carbonyl group . Beta - oxidation is primarily facilitated by the mitochondrial trifunctional protein , an enzyme complex associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane , although some fatty acids are oxidized in peroxisomes .	The overall reaction for one cycle of beta oxidation is : C - acyl CoA + FAD + NAD + + H 2O + CoA → C - acyl CoA + FADH 2 + NADH + H + + acetyl CoA Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Activation and membrane transport 3 General mechanism 4 Even - numbered saturated fatty acids 5 Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids 6 Unsaturated fatty acids 7 Peroxisomal beta - oxidation 8 Energy yield 9 History and discovery 10 Clinical significance 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Fatty acid catabolism consists of : Activation and membrane transport of free fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A . Oxidation of the beta carbon to a carbonyl group . Cleavage of two - carbon segments resulting in acetyl - CoA . Oxidation of acetyl - CoA to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle . Electron transfer from electron carriers to the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation . Activation and membrane transport ( edit ) A diagrammatic illustration of the process of lipolysis ( in a fat cell ) induced by high epinephrine and low insulin levels in the blood . Epinephrine binds to a beta - adrenergic receptor in the cell wall of the adipocyte , which causes cAMP to be generated inside the cell . The cAMP activates a protein kinase , which phosphorylates and thus , in turn , activates a hormone - sensitive lipase in the fat cell . This lipase cleaves free fatty acids from their attachment to glycerol in the fat stored in the fat droplet of the adipocyte . The free fatty acids and glycerol are then released into the blood . A diagrammatic illustration of the transport of free fatty acids in the blood attached to plasma albumin , its diffusion across the cell membrane using a protein transporter , and its activation , using ATP , to form acyl - CoA in the cytosol . The illustration is , for diagrammatic purposes , of a 12 carbon fatty acid . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . A diagrammatic illustration of the transfer of an acyl - CoA molecule across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion by carnitine - acyl - CoA transferase ( CAT ) . The illustrated acyl chain is , for diagrammatic purposes , only 12 carbon atoms long . Most fatty acids in human plasma are 16 or 18 carbon atoms long . CAT is inhibited by high concentrations of malonyl - CoA ( the first committed step in fatty acid synthesis ) in the cytoplasm . This means that fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid catabolism can not occur simultaneously in any given cell . A diagrammatic illustration of the process of the beta - oxidation of an acyl - CoA molecule in the mitochodrial matrix . During this process an acyl - CoA molecule which is 2 carbons shorter than it was at the beginning of the process is formed . Acetyl - CoA , water and 5 ATP molecules are the other products of each beta - oxidative event , until the entire acyl - CoA molecule has been reduced to a set of acetyl - CoA molecules . Free fatty acids can not penetrate any biological membrane due to their negative charge . Free fatty acids must cross the cell membrane through specific transport proteins , such as the SLC27 family fatty acid transport protein . Once in the cytosol , the following processes bring fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix so that beta - oxidation can take place . Long - chain - fatty - acid -- CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate , plus inorganic pyrophosphate , which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl - CoA ester and AMP . If the fatty acyl - CoA has a long chain , then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized : Acyl - CoA is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I , located on the cytosolic faces of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes . Acyl - carnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase , as a carnitine is shuttled outside . Acyl - carnitine is converted back to acyl - CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II , located on the interior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane . The liberated carnitine is shuttled back to the cytosol , as an acyl - carnitine is shuttled into the matrix . If the fatty acyl - CoA contains a short chain , these short - chain fatty acids can simply diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane . General mechanism ( edit ) Once the fatty acid is inside the mitochondrial matrix , beta - oxidation occurs by cleaving two carbons every cycle to form acetyl - CoA . The process consists of 4 steps . A long - chain fatty acid is dehydrogenated to create a trans double bond between C2 and C3 . This is catalyzed by acyl CoA dehydrogenase to produce trans - delta 2 - enoyl CoA . It uses FAD as an electron acceptor and it is reduced to FADH . Trans - delta2 - enoyl CoA is hydrated at the double bond to produce L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA by enoyl - CoA hydratase . L - 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated again to create 3 - ketoacyl CoA by 3 - hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase . This enzyme uses NAD as an electron acceptor . Thiolysis occurs between C2 and C3 ( alpha and beta carbons ) of 3 - ketoacyl CoA . Thiolase enzyme catalyzes the reaction when a new molecule of coenzyme A breaks the bond by nucleophilic attack on C3 . This releases the first two carbon units , as acetyl CoA , and a fatty acyl CoA minus two carbons . The process continues until all of the carbons in the fatty acid are turned into acetyl CoA . Fatty acids are oxidized by most of the tissues in the body . However , some tissues such as the red blood cells ( which do not contain mitochondria ) , and cells of the central nervous system ( because fatty acids can not cross the blood - brain barrier into the interstitial fluids that bathe these cells ) do not use fatty acids for their energy requirements , but instead use carbohydrates or ketone bodies . Because many fatty acids are not fully saturated or do not have an even number of carbons , several different mechanisms have evolved , described below . Even - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) Once inside the mitochondria , each cycle of β - oxidation , liberating a two carbon unit ( acetyl - CoA ) , occurs in a sequence of four reactions : Description Diagram Enzyme End product Dehydrogenation by FAD : The first step is the oxidation of the fatty acid by Acyl - CoA - Dehydrogenase . The enzyme catalyzes the formation of a double bond between the C - 2 and C - 3 . acyl CoA dehydrogenase trans - Δ - enoyl - CoA Hydration : The next step is the hydration of the bond between C - 2 and C - 3 . The reaction is stereospecific , forming only the L isomer . enoyl CoA hydratase L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA Oxidation by NAD : The third step is the oxidation of L - β - hydroxyacyl CoA by NAD . This converts the hydroxyl group into a keto group . 3 - hydroxyacyl - CoA dehydrogenase β - ketoacyl CoA Thiolysis : The final step is the cleavage of β - ketoacyl CoA by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A . The thiol is inserted between C - 2 and C - 3 . β - ketothiolase An acetyl - CoA molecule , and an acyl - CoA molecule that is two carbons shorter This process continues until the entire chain is cleaved into acetyl CoA units . The final cycle produces two separate acetyl CoAs , instead of one acyl CoA and one acetyl CoA . For every cycle , the Acyl CoA unit is shortened by two carbon atoms . Concomitantly , one molecule of FADH , NADH and acetyl CoA are formed . Odd - numbered saturated fatty acids ( edit ) In general , fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are found in the lipids of plants and some marine organisms . Many ruminant animals form a large amount of 3 - carbon propionate during the fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen . Chains with an odd - number of carbons are oxidized in the same manner as even - numbered chains , but the final products are propionyl - CoA and succinyl - CoA . Propionyl - CoA is first carboxylated using a bicarbonate ion into D - stereoisomer of methylmalonyl - CoA , in a reaction that involves a biotin co-factor , ATP , and the enzyme propionyl - CoA carboxylase . The bicarbonate ion 's carbon is added to the middle carbon of propionyl - CoA , forming a D - methylmalonyl - CoA . However , the D conformation is enzymatically converted into the L conformation by methylmalonyl - CoA epimerase , then it undergoes intramolecular rearrangement , which is catalyzed by methylmalonyl - CoA mutase ( requiring B as a coenzyme ) to form succinyl - CoA . The succinyl - CoA formed can then enter the citric acid cycle . However , whereas acetyl - CoA enters the citric acid cycle by condensing with an existing molecule of oxaloacetate , succinyl - CoA enters the cycle as a principal in its own right . Thus the succinate just adds to the population of circulating molecules in the cycle and undergoes no net metabolization while in it . When this infusion of citric acid cycle intermediates exceeds cataplerotic demand ( such as for aspartate or glutamate synthesis ) , some of them can be extracted to the gluconeogenesis pathway , in the liver and kidneys , through phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase , and converted to free glucose . Unsaturated fatty acids ( edit ) β - Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids poses a problem since the location of a cis bond can prevent the formation of a trans - Δ bond . These situations are handled by an additional two enzymes , Enoyl CoA isomerase or 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase . Beta oxidation ( Unsaturated fatty acid ) Whatever the conformation of the hydrocarbon chain , β - oxidation occurs normally until the acyl CoA ( because of the presence of a double bond ) is not an appropriate substrate for acyl CoA dehydrogenase , or enoyl CoA hydratase : If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ bond , then cis - Δ - Enoyl CoA isomerase will convert the bond to a trans - Δ bond , which is a regular substrate . If the acyl CoA contains a cis - Δ double bond , then its dehydrogenation yields a 2 , 4 - dienoyl intermediate , which is not a substrate for enoyl CoA hydratase . However , the enzyme 2 , 4 Dienoyl CoA reductase reduces the intermediate , using NADPH , into trans - Δ - enoyl CoA . As in the above case , this compound is converted into a suitable intermediate by 3 , 2 - Enoyl CoA isomerase . To summarize : Odd - numbered double bonds are handled by the isomerase . Even - numbered double bonds by the reductase ( which creates an odd - numbered double bond ) Peroxisomal beta - oxidation ( edit ) Fatty acid oxidation also occurs in peroxisomes when the fatty acid chains are too long to be handled by the mitochondria . The same enzymes are used in peroxisomes as in the mitochondrial matrix , and acetyl - CoA is generated . It is believed that very long chain ( greater than C - 22 ) fatty acids , branched fatty acids , some prostaglandins and leukotrienes undergo initial oxidation in peroxisomes until octanoyl - CoA is formed , at which point it undergoes mitochondrial oxidation . One significant difference is that oxidation in peroxisomes is not coupled to ATP synthesis . Instead , the high - potential electrons are transferred to O , which yields H O. It does generate heat however . The enzyme catalase , found exclusively in peroxisomes , converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen . Peroxisomal β - oxidation also requires enzymes specific to the peroxisome and to very long fatty acids . There are three key differences between the enzymes used for mitochondrial and peroxisomal β - oxidation : The NADH formed in the third oxidative step can not be reoxidized in the peroxisome , so reducing equivalents are exported to the cytosol . β - oxidation in the peroxisome requires the use of a peroxisomal carnitine acyltransferase ( instead of carnitine acyltransferase I and II used by the mitochondria ) for transport of the activated acyl group into the mitochondria for further breakdown . The first oxidation step in the peroxisome is catalyzed by the enzyme acyl - CoA oxidase . The β - ketothiolase used in peroxisomal β - oxidation has an altered substrate specificity , different from the mitochondrial β - ketothiolase . Peroxisomal oxidation is induced by a high - fat diet and administration of hypolipidemic drugs like clofibrate . Energy yield ( edit ) The ATP yield for every oxidation cycle is theoretically a maximum yield of 17 , as NADH produces 3 ATP , FADH produces 2 and a full rotation of the citric acid cycle produces 12 . In practice it 's closer to 14 ATP for a full oxidation cycle as in practice the theoretical yield is n't attained - it 's generally closer to 2.5 ATP per NADH molecule produced , 1.5 for each FADH Molecule produced and this equates to 10 per cycle of the TCA ( according to the P / O ratio ) , broken down as follows : Source ATP Total 1 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 1.5 ATP ( Theoretically 2 ATP ) 1 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 2.5 ATP ( Theoretically 3 ATP ) 1 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 10 ATP ( Theoretically 12 ATP ) TOTAL = 14 ATP For an even - numbered saturated fat ( C ) , n - 1 oxidations are necessary , and the final process yields an additional acetyl CoA . In addition , two equivalents of ATP are lost during the activation of the fatty acid . Therefore , the total ATP yield can be stated as : ( n - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = total ATP or 14n - 6 ( alternatively ) For instance , the ATP yield of palmitate ( C , n = 8 ) is : ( 8 - 1 ) * 14 + 10 - 2 = 106 ATP Represented in table form : Source ATP Total 7 FADH x 1.5 ATP = 10.5 ATP 7 NADH x 2.5 ATP = 17.5 ATP 8 acetyl CoA x 10 ATP = 80 ATP Activation = - 2 ATP NET = 106 ATP For sources that use the larger ATP production numbers described above , the total would be 129 ATP = ( ( 8 - 1 ) * 17 + 12 - 2 ) equivalents per palmitate . Beta - oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids changes the ATP yield due to the requirement of two possible additional enzymes . History and discovery ( edit ) In 1904 , the German chemist Franz Knoop elucidated the steps in beta - oxidation by feeding dogs odd - and even - chain ω - phenyl fatty acids , such as ω - phenylvaleric acid and ω - phenylbutyric acid , respectively . The mechanism of beta - oxidation , i.e. successive removal of two carbons , was realized when it was discovered that the odd - chain ω - phenylvaleric acid was metabolized to hippuric acid , and that the even - chain ω - phenylbutyric acid was metabolized to phenaceturic acid . At this time , any reaction mechanism involving oxidation at the beta carbon was as yet unknown in organic chemistry . Clinical significance ( edit ) There are at least 25 enzymes and specific transport proteins in the β - oxidation pathway . Of these , 18 have been associated with human disease as inborn errors of metabolism . See also ( edit ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty - acid metabolism disorder Lipolysis Krebs cycle Omega oxidation Alpha oxidation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Houten , Sander Michel ; Wanders , Ronald J.A. ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) . `` A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β - oxidation '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 33 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 477 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 010 - 9061 - 2 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 2950079 . PMID 20195903 . Jump up ^ Stahl , Andreas ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` A current review of fatty acid transport proteins ( SLC27 ) '' . Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology. 447 ( 5 ) : 722 -- 727 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 003 - 1106 - z . PMID 12856180 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Courtney M. ; Stahl , Andreas ( April 2013 ) . `` SLC27 fatty acid transport proteins '' . Molecular Aspects of Medicine . 34 ( 2 - 3 ) : 516 -- 528 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mam. 2012.07. 010 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Charney , Alan N. ; Micic , Ljubisa ; Egnor , Richard W. ( 3 December 1997 ) . `` Nonionic diffusion of short - chain fatty acids across rat colon '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 274 ( 3 Pt 1 ) : G518 -- 24 . PMID 9530153 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nelson , D.L. & Cox , M.M. ( 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry , 4th Edition . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , pp. 648 - 649 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 6 . Jump up ^ King , Michael . `` Gluconeogenesis : Synthesis of New Glucose '' . Subsection : `` Propionate '' . themedicalbiochemistrypage.org , LLC . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh I ( February 1997 ) . `` Biochemistry of peroxisomes in health and disease '' . Mol . Cell. Biochem. 167 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006883229684 . PMID 9059978 . Jump up ^ G. Gordon Gibson ; Brian G. Lake ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) . Peroxisomes : Biology and Importance in Toxicology and Medicine . CRC Press . pp. 69 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 48151 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lazarow , Paul B. ( 10 March 1978 ) . `` Rat liver peroxisomes catalyze the beta oxidation of fatty acids '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry ( 253 ) : 1522 -- 1528 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Knoop , Franz ( 1904 ) . `` Der Abbau aromatischer Fettsäuren im Tierkörper '' . Beitr Chem Physiol Pathol. 6 : 150 -- 162 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Houten , Sander Michel ; Wanders , Ronald J.A. ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β - oxidation '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 33 ( 5 ) : 469 -- 477 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 010 - 9061 - 2 . PMC 2950079 . PMID 20195903 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Tein , Ingrid ( 2013 ) . `` Disorders of fatty acid oxidation '' . Handbook of Clinical Neurology . 113 : 1675 -- 1688 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 444 - 59565 - 2.00035 - 6 . External links ( edit ) The chemical logic behind fatty acid metabolism at ufp.pt JEREMY M. BERG , JOHN L. TYMOCZKO and LUBERT STRYER Biochemistry , 2002 Animations at brookscole.com Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism map Carbon Fixation Photo - respiration Pentose Phosphate Pathway Citric Acid Cycle Glyoxylate Cycle Urea Cycle Fatty Acid Synthesis Fatty Acid Elongation Beta Oxidation Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation Glyco - genolysis Glyco - genesis Glyco - lysis Gluconeo - genesis Decarb - oxylation Fermentation Keto - lysis Keto - genesis feeders to Gluconeo - genesis Direct / C4 / CAM Carbon Intake Light Reaction Oxidative Phosphorylation Amino Acid Deamination Citrate Shuttle Lipogenesis Lipolysis Steroidogenesis MVA Pathway MEP Pathway Shikimate Pathway Transcription & Replication Translation Proteolysis Glycosy - lation Sugar Acids Double / Multiple Sugars & Glycans Simple Sugars Inositol - P Amino Sugars & Sialic Acids Nucleotide Sugars Hexose - P Triose - P Glycerol P - glycerates Pentose - P Tetrose - P Propionyl - CoA Succinate Acetyl - CoA Pentose - P P - glycerates Glyoxylate Photosystems Pyruvate Lactate Acetyl - CoA Citrate Oxalo - acetate Malate Succinyl - CoA α - Keto - glutarate Ketone Bodies Respiratory Chain Serine Group Alanine Branched - chain Amino Acids Aspartate Group Homoserine Group & Lysine Glutamate Group & Proline Arginine Creatine & Polyamines Ketogenic & Glucogenic Amino Acids Amino Acids Shikimate Aromatic Amino Acids & Histidine Ascorbate ( Vitamin C ) δ - ALA Bile Pigments Hemes Cobalamins ( Vitamin B ) Various Vitamin B 's Calciferols ( Vitamin D ) Retinoids ( Vitamin A ) Quinones ( Vitamin K ) & Carotenoids ( Vitamin E ) Cofactors Vitamins & Minerals Antioxidants PRPP Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Proteins Glycoproteins & Proteoglycans Chlorophylls MEP MVA Acetyl - CoA Polyketides Terpenoid Backbones Terpenoids & Carotenoids ( Vitamin A ) Cholesterol Bile Acids Glycero - phospholipids Glycerolipids Acyl - CoA Fatty Acids Glyco - sphingolipids Sphingolipids Waxes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Neurotransmitters & Thyroid Hormones Steroids Endo - cannabinoids Eicosanoids Major metabolic pathways in metro - style map . Click any text ( name of pathway or metabolites ) to link to the corresponding article . Single lines : pathways common to most lifeforms . Double lines : pathways not in humans ( occurs in e.g. plants , fungi , prokaryotes ) . Orange nodes : carbohydrate metabolism . Violet nodes : photosynthesis . Red nodes : cellular respiration . Pink nodes : cell signaling . Blue nodes : amino acid metabolism . Grey nodes : vitamin and cofactor metabolism . Brown nodes : nucleotide and protein metabolism . Green nodes : lipid metabolism . Metabolism : lipid metabolism / fatty acid metabolism , triglyceride and fatty acid enzymes Synthesis Malonyl - CoA synthesis ATP citrate lyase Acetyl - CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthesis / Fatty acid synthase Beta - ketoacyl - ACP synthase Β - Ketoacyl ACP reductase 3 - Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase Enoyl ACP reductase Fatty acid desaturases Stearoyl - CoA desaturase - 1 Triacyl glycerol Glycerol - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase Thiokinase Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Carnitine - acylcarnitine translocase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase ( ACADL ACADM ACADS ACADVL ACADSB ) Enoyl - CoA hydratase MTP : HADH HADHA HADHB Acetyl - CoA C - acyltransferase Unsaturated Enoyl CoA isomerase 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase Odd chain Propionyl - CoA carboxylase Other Hydroxyacyl - Coenzyme A dehydrogenase To acetyl - CoA Malonyl - CoA decarboxylase Aldehydes Long - chain - aldehyde dehydrogenase Inborn error of lipid metabolism : fatty - acid metabolism disorders ( E71. 3 , 277.81 -- 277.85 ) Synthesis Biotinidase deficiency Degradation Acyl transport Carnitine Primary II - acylcarnitine Adrenoleukodystrophy Beta oxidation General Acyl CoA dehydrogenase Short - chain Medium - chain Long - chain 3 - hydroxy Very long - chain Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency : Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Unsaturated 2 , 4 Dienoyl - CoA reductase deficiency Odd chain Propionic acidemia Other 3 - hydroxyacyl - coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency To acetyl - CoA Malonic aciduria Aldehyde Sjögren -- Larsson syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_oxidation&oldid=815198379 '' Categories : Cell biology Metabolic pathways Fatty acids Citric acid cycle Cellular respiration Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 10 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20oxidation	18,149
where did the movie players club take place	The story is presented as a memory of Diana Armstrong ( LisaRaye ) sparked by her arrival at the scene of the raunchy , dysfunctional Players Club . She explains that she used to work at the club , beginning working there after getting pregnant with her son and getting into a heated argument with her father , prompting her to move out of her parents ' home . Initially , Diana ends up working at a shoe store . There she meets Ronnie ( Chrystale Wilson ) and Tricks ( Adele Givens ) , who work for Dollar Bill ( Bernie Mac ) at The Players Club . They convince Diana she would make better money stripping , saying , `` Use what you got to get what you want . ''	Players Club	The Players club	the players club	The Players Club is a 1998 American comedy / drama film written and directed by Ice Cube in his directorial debut . The film stars Bernie Mac , Monica Calhoun , Jamie Foxx , John Amos , A.J. Johnson , Alex Thomas , Charlie Murphy , Terrence Howard , Faizon Love and LisaRaye in her first starring role .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 3.1 Box office 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The story is presented as a memory of Diana Armstrong ( LisaRaye ) sparked by her arrival at the scene of the raunchy , dysfunctional Players Club . She explains that she used to work at the club , beginning working there after getting pregnant with her son and getting into a heated argument with her father , prompting her to move out of her parents ' home . Initially , Diana ends up working at a shoe store . There she meets Ronnie ( Chrystale Wilson ) and Tricks ( Adele Givens ) , who work for Dollar Bill ( Bernie Mac ) at The Players Club . They convince Diana she would make better money stripping , saying , `` Use what you got to get what you want . '' Dollar Bill gives Diana a job and the name Diamond . Her job initially goes well . However , four years later her younger cousin Ebony Armstrong ( Monica Calhoun ) comes to live with her after leaving Ohio . After listening to Dollar 's rendition of `` The Strippin ' Game '' , she starts working at the club . Ebony is soon out of control - drinking excessively , staying out all night , and influenced more and more by Ronnie and Tricks , who encourage Ebony to do more out - of - club parties for groups of men . Diana tries to warn Ebony to stay away from Ronnie and Tricks and to quit doing house parties , but Ebony rebels against being told what to do and ignores Diana 's advice . After a heated confrontation with Ebony , Diana has a flashback to a time when she was at a private party with Ronnie and Tricks . Diamond passes out on the bed drunk , and the men at the party offer to pay Ronnie to perform cunnilingus on Diamond . Ronnie accepts the offer and proceeds to assault Diamond . The flashback encourages Diana to continue to try to protect Ebony . Clyde ( Alex Thomas ) and Reggie ( Ice Cube ) - two watchmen who work for a drug lord named St. Louis - offer Ebony money to come off and have sex with them , but Diana intervenes . Meanwhile , Dollar Bill gets confronted by a man who works for St. Louis , a drug lord to whom Dollar Bill owes $60,000 . He warns Dollar Bill if he does n't make a payment of $10,000 to St. Louis , he will hunt him down . That same night , St. Louis comes to his club to collect . L'il Man , the doorman of the club , tells St. Louis that Dollar Bill is not at the club ; St. Louis and his men leave . The next day as Dollar Bill tries to leave the club , St. Louis ' men Brooklyn ( Charlie Murphy ) and KC ( Terrence Howard ) confront him . They beat him unconscious and throw him into the back of his car . Luckily for him , they are stopped by Freeman ( John Amos ) and Peters ( Faizon Love ) , two crooked cops . Dollar Bill is found in the trunk and is arrested on warrants ; he is later bailed out and returns to the club . The following night rapper Luther `` Luke '' Campbell comes to the strip club , Reggie and Clyde discuss him . When Dollar Bill is notified that Luke is at his club , he alerts the strippers via a money alarm , believing he will make a fortune . Clyde attempts to meet Luke , but Luke 's bodyguard ( Michael Clarke Duncan ) informs Clyde that Luke is trying to relax and not meet with fans . Clyde insults the bodyguard , causing him to hit Clyde in the back of his head as he starts to walk away . The bodyguard , Luke and the others in the VIP section all laugh . In retaliation , Reggie grabs a chair , smashes it over the bodyguards head and beats down the bodyguard and belligerently fights against Luke and his friends , only for him to be gang - beaten and thrown into a glass window . The dazed Reggie opens fire wildly before being knocked out by the bouncer XL ( Tiny Lister ) . Clyde then gets up and begins throwing punches himself . Further tension develops between Ebony and Diana when Diana returns home one night after fleeing her obsessive customer Myrin , who admitted to stalking her and then tried to force entry to her apartment , to find Ebony in bed with her boyfriend Lance . Diana chases Lance out with her gun , shooting at him several times . Diana threatens and taunts Ebony . When Diana feigns leaving , Ebony is hit when she opens the door and is thrown out the apartment . Diana then begins dating Blue ( Jamie Foxx ) , a DJ at the Player 's Club . Meanwhile , Ebony is offered a gig to dance at Ronnie 's brother Junior 's ( Samuel Monroe Jr . ) bachelor party , under the pretense from Ronnie that other girls from the club will be dancing there as well ( In actuality , Ronnie lied to use her as a way out of stripping for her brother 's friends at the party so Ebony can strip for them instead ) . When Ebony realizes that she will be the only woman in a hotel room full of horny men , she desperately tries calling Diana to come and pick her up , but to no avail . Reggie and Clyde , both feeling insulted by Diana and Ebony from a previous encounter ( she tells them she 's not interested anymore ) , tell Junior that Ebony will have sex with him , claiming that they `` ran a train '' on her . Excited , Junior bursts in on Ebony while she is changing . Ebony resists , prompting Junior to brutally beat and rape her , leaving his friends to listen to it in full disgust and disbelief . Soon , Reggie , Clyde and the other guests leave , wanting no further involvement with Junior . When Ronnie discovers Ebony unconscious , she and Junior flee the hotel room as she scolds him . Later , Diana has a change of heart and she and Blue decide to check up on Ebony at the hotel , only to discover her bloodied and unconscious body on the bed . Furious , Diana grabs her gun and goes to the Players Club , where Ronnie and Tricks are hiding out . After scaring the other strippers away by firing a warning shot , Diana gives the gun to Blue to cover her while she gets into a brutal fistfight with Ronnie , leaving Ronnie badly beaten . She punches Tricks , Dollar Bill fires Diana , She quits and She leaves along with Blue . Ronnie and Tricks are arrested by the police on charges of the rape of Ebony , and Junior had been arrested moments before . Later that night , Diana 's timing proves to be perfect when St. Louis , comes to collect . He personally shoots up the club ( though he does give warning to the customers beforehand , allowing them to leave ) . As he desperately tries to escape , Dollar is captured by Reggie , Clyde , and St. Louis ' associate , whom Dollar Bill met earlier . Later , one of St. Louis ' men Brooklyn destroy the club with a LAW rocket . Ebony , still sporting the bruises from her rape , now has a job working at the shoe store . Having been berated by two strippers who work at a new club , called Club Sugar Daddy 's , with the same slogan that influenced her to strip , she firmly stands her ground . In the end , Diamond narrates that Ebony moved back to Tallahassee , FL to be with her mother . Blue is a top DJ at a radio station , and that he and Diamond are moving further in their relationship . Ronnie and Tricks got jobs at Club Sugar Daddy 's after their release from jail . Junior is serving time in prison for raping Ebony , and that he never got married . Reggie and Clyde were last seen at the Freaknik in Atlanta . St. Louis is still `` running the South '' along with his hired guns , Brooklyn and KC . Peters and Freeman are still harassing people all day . Little Man is managing a different strip club in Chicago . Dollar Bill was never heard from again ( Notwithstanding , it can be safely assumed that he was murdered by St. Louis ' men for his debts as he was last seen being stuffed into the trunk of their car ) . Diana becomes a successful reporter , having put the past behind her to move on to a new life with her son and boyfriend . Cast ( edit ) LisaRaye as Diana `` Diamond '' Armstrong : a college student and aspiring journalist who is gets a job at The Players Club to raise money for her college tuition . Diana has a rivalry with Ronnie and Tricks ; her rivalry is indirectly related to the climax of the film . Bernie Mac as Dollar Bill : the dim owner of The Players Club who is threatened by a loan shark named St. Louis , as Dollar Bill is deeply in debt to him . At one point earlier in the film , he is captured by Brooklyn and K.C. but escapes death when the two loan sharks are arrested . At the end , he is re-captured by St. Louis ' men and is presumed to be murdered after . Monica Calhoun as Ebony : Diamond 's younger cousin who becomes out - of - control after getting a job at The Players Club . She befriends Ronnie and Tricks , who manipulate her throughout . the film . In the end , she begins working at a shoe store after being beaten and raped by Ronnie 's younger brother . Jamie Foxx as Blue : the club 's radio disc jockey and Diamond 's love interest of the film . John Amos as Officer Freeman : a crooked police officer who harasses suspects . Chrystale Wilson as Ronnie : A stripper at The Players Club with a rivalry with Diamond and Ebony . Ronnie is later beaten up by Diamond due to her indirect responsibility for Ebony 's beating and rape . Adele Givens as Tricks : A stripper at The Players Club and a right - hand of Ronnie . She is arrested at the end of the film . Anthony Johnson as L'il Man : the club 's doorman who is frequently taunted and harmed by St. Louis and his crooks when he covers up for Dollar Bill 's absences . Ice Cube as Reggie : A henchman working for St. Louis . Reggie is sent to the Players Club to look over Dollar Bill 's business and has affection towards Ebony . Alex Thomas as Clyde : Reggie 's best friend who , like Reggie , has an affection towards Ebony and works for St. Louis . Tiny Lister as XL the Bouncer : a tall , muscular bouncer of the club . Larry McCoy as St. Louis : a wheelchair - using gangster to whom Dollar Bill owes money . Charlie Murphy as Brooklyn : St. Louis ' main henchman . Terrence Howard as K.C. : St. Louis ' secondary henchman and Brooklyn 's partner in crime . Faizon Love as Officer Peters : another police officer who harasses suspects . Samuel Monroe Jr. as Junior : Ronnie 's younger brother . Luther Campbell as Luke : a rapper who visits the club . Michael Clarke Duncan as Bodyguard : the tall , muscular bodyguard for Luke . Montae Russell as Lance : Diamond 's boyfriend who she ended her relationship with due to his attraction towards Ebony . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Players Club ( soundtrack ) A successful soundtrack was released on March 17 , 1998 , peaking at # 10 on the Billboard 200 and # 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . It featured artists such as the film 's star , Ice Cube , DMX , Master P and Jay - Z , among others . Box Office ( edit ) The movie debuted at No. 5 . It went on to gross $23,047,939 domestically , and $213,546 in foreign markets for a total lifetime gross of $23,261,485 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Budget '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` City of Angels ' Takes Wing in Heavenly Opening Weekend '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Players Club Domestic Box Office '' . Han_Man . External links ( edit ) The Players Club at Box Office Mojo The Players Club at Rotten Tomatoes The Players Club on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Players_Club&oldid=824895820 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s comedy - drama films Hood films Films directed by Ice Cube Films produced by Ice Cube Directorial debut films Screenplays by Ice Cube American comedy - drama films Stripping in film Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 05 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Players%20Club	44,157
what channel is pop music on directv tv			Pop ( U.S. TV Network )	pop ( u. s. tv network )	Pop is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is operated as a joint venture between CBS Corporation and Lionsgate Entertainment . It is a general entertainment channel , focusing primarily on programs pertaining to popular culture .	The network was originally conceived in 1981 as a barker channel service providing a display of localized channel and program listings for cable television providers . Later on , the service , branded Prevue Channel or Prevue Guide and later as Prevue , began to broadcast interstitial segments alongside the on - screen guide , which included entertainment news and promotions for upcoming programs . After Prevue 's parent company , United Video Satellite Group , acquired the entertainment magazine TV Guide in 1998 ( UVSG would in turn , be acquired by Gemstar the following year ) , the service was relaunched as TV Guide Channel ( later TV Guide Network ) , which now featured full - length programs dealing with the entertainment industry , including news magazines and reality shows , along with red carpet coverage from major award shows . Following the acquisition of TV Guide Network by Lionsgate in 2009 , its programming began to shift towards a general entertainment format with reruns of dramas and sitcoms . The network was renamed TVGN following the acquisition of a 50 % stake in the network by CBS Corporation . At the same time , as its original purpose grew obsolete because of the integrated program guides offered by digital television platforms , the network began to downplay and phase out its program listings service ; as of June 2014 , none of the network 's carriage contracts require the display of the listings , and they were excluded entirely from its high definition simulcast . In 2015 , the network was rebranded as Pop . Pop is available to 73.8 million households in America as of January 2016 . Contents 1 History 1.1 1980s 1.1. 1 Electronic program guide 1.1. 2 Split - screen electronic program guide 1.1. 3 Prevue Guide 1.2 1990s 1.2. 1 Prevue Channel 1.2. 2 TV Guide Channel 1.3 2000s 1.3. 1 TV Guide Network 1.4 2010s 1.4. 1 TVGN 1.4. 2 Pop 2 Color schemes 2.1 Genre color - coding 2.2 Grid color history 3 Programming 4 Related service 4.1 Sneak Prevue 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( January 2015 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1980s ( edit ) Electronic program Guide ( edit ) Electronic Program Guide ( EPG Sr ) . Launched in 1981 by United Video Satellite Group , the network began its life as a simple electronic program guide ( EPG ) software application sold to cable system operators throughout the United States and Canada . Known simply as the Electronic Program Guide , the software was designed to be run within the headend facility of each participating cable system on a single , custom - modified consumer - grade computer supplied by United Video . Its scrolling program listings grid , which cable system operators broadcast to subscribers on a dedicated channel , covered the entire screen and provided four hours of listings for each system 's entire channel lineup , one half - hour period at a time . Because of this , listings for programs currently airing would often be several minutes from being shown . Additionally , because the EPG software generated only video , cable operators commonly resorted to filling the EPG channel 's audio feed with music from a local FM radio station , or with programming from a cable television - oriented audio service provider such as Cable Radio Network . EPG Jr. unit featuring an Atari 130XE . By 1985 and under the newly formed Trakker , Inc. unit of United Video Satellite Group , two versions of the EPG were offered : EPG Jr. , a 16 KB EPROM version which ran on various Atari models including the 130XE and 600XL , and EPG Sr. , a 31⁄2 bootable diskette version for the Amiga 1000 . Raw program listings data for national cable networks , as well as for regional and local broadcast stations , were fed en masse from a mainframe based in Tulsa , Oklahoma to each EPG installation via a 2400 baud data stream on an audio subcarrier of WGN by United Video ( which was also the satellite distributor of the WGN national superstation feed ) . On some installations of the EPG , a flashing dot next to the on - screen clock would indicate proper reception of this data . By cherry - picking data from this master feed for only the networks that its cable system actually carried , each EPG installation was able to generate a continuous visual display of program listings customized to its local cable system 's unique channel lineup ( data describing the unique channel lineup each EPG was to display also arrived via this master feed ) . Both the EPG Jr. and EPG Sr. allowed cable operators to further customize their operation locally . Among other functions , the listings grid 's scrolling speed could be changed and local text - based advertisements could be inserted . Each text - based advertisement could be configured to display as either a `` scroll ad '' ( appearing within the vertically scrolling listings grid between its half - hour cycles ) or as a `` crawl ad '' ( appearing within a horizontally scrolling ticker at the bottom of the screen ) . If no advertisements were configured as `` crawl ads , '' the bottom ticker would not be shown on - screen . The on - screen appearances of both the Jr. and Sr. versions of the EPG software differed only slightly , due primarily to differences in text font and extended ASCII graphic glyph character rendering between the underlying Atari and Amiga platforms . Because neither version of the EPG software was capable of silent remote administration for its locally customizable features , cable company employees were required to visit their headend facilities in order to make all necessary adjustments to the software in person . Consequently , EPG channel viewers would often see its otherwise continuous listings interrupted without warning each time a cable company technician brought up its administrative menus to adjust settings , view diagnostics information , or hunt - and - peck new local text advertisements into the menus ' built - in text editor . The Atari - based EPG Jr. units were encased in blue rack enclosures containing custom - made outboard electronics , such as the Zephyrus Electronics Ltd . UV - D - 2 demodulator board , which delivered data decoded from the WGN data stream to the Atari 's 13 pin Serial Input / Output ( SIO ) handler port ( the EPG Jr. software 's EPROM was interfaced to the Atari 's ROM cartridge port ) . Split - screen Electronic program Guide ( edit ) By the late 1980s , a software upgrade `` option '' was offered by United Video for the Amiga 1000 - based EPG Sr . This updated version featured a program listings grid identical in appearance to that of the original EPG Sr. version , but confined it to the lower half of the screen . In this new split - screen configuration , which was the forerunner to Prevue Guide , the upper half of the screen displayed static or animated graphical advertisements and logos created locally by each cable system operator . Up to 64 such ads were supported by the software , which ranged from ads for local and national businesses to promotions for cable channels carried by the local system . Locally created text - based advertisements were still supported , however , they now also appeared in the top half of the screen -- support for showing them within the listings grid as scrolling ads , or beneath it as crawling banner ads , had been removed . Although most cable systems kept the original , full - screen EPG in operation well into the early 1990s , some systems with large numbers of subscribers opted for this upgraded version of EPG Sr. in order to exploit the revenue potential of its graphical local advertising capabilities . The Atari - based EPG Jr. was never afforded this split - screen upgrade and fell out of favor during the late 1980s as cable systems migrated to the full - or split - screen Amiga 1000 - based EPG Sr. , and later to the Amiga 2000 - based Prevue Guide . However , the EPG Jr. remained in service as late as 2005 on a few small cable systems , as well as on a number of private cable systems operated by various hotel chains and certain housing and apartment complexes . Prevue Guide ( edit ) In 1988 , United Video Holdings ' Trakker , Inc. unit was renamed Prevue Networks , Inc . The split - screen version of the EPG Sr. software was further updated and renamed `` Prevue Guide '' . Now running on the Amiga 2000 , it displayed a split - screen listings grid visually identical to the upgraded EPG Sr. 's , but also supported -- along with up to 128 locally inserted top - screen graphical advertisements -- the display of video with accompanying sound in the top half of the screen , primarily promos for upcoming television shows , films and special events . These videos appeared in either the left or right halves of the top portion of the screen , coupled with supplementary information concerning the advertised program in the opposing halves ( program title , channel , air date and time ) . Prevue Guide Amiga 2000 unit ( decommissioned ) . Making the video integration possible were the Amiga 2000 's native video compositing capabilities . All video ( and associated audio ) content was provided live by Prevue Networks via a special analog C - band satellite backhaul feed from Tulsa . This feed contained a national satellite listings grid in the bottom half of its picture ( strictly as a courtesy for the era 's C - band dish owners ) , with the top half of its picture divided horizontally in two , both halves showing promos for unrelated telecasts on different networks ( sound for each half was provided in monoaural on the feed 's respective left and right audio channels ) . Within each cable system 's headend facility , meanwhile , the Amiga 2000 - powered Prevue Guide software overlaid the bottom half of the satellite feed 's video frame with its own , locally generated listings grid . It also continuously chose which of the two simultaneously available promos in the top half of the satellite feed 's picture to let local cable subscribers see , patching its audio through to them while visually blocking out the other promo ( usually with text promoting the program 's next airtime and cable channel ) . During periods where both of the satellite feed 's simultaneous promos were for cable networks not carried by a local cable system , the local Prevue Guide software blocked out both , filling the entire top half of the screen with a local text or graphical advertisement instead ( either an ad for a local or national business , or a promotion for a channel that the cable provider carried -- displaying that channel 's logo and supplementary information on the opposing sides in the upper half ) . The satellite feed 's national scheduling grid was never meant to be seen by cable subscribers . On occasion , however , when a cable system 's local Prevue Guide software crashed into Amiga Guru Meditation mode , subscribers would be exposed to the satellite feed 's full video frame , letting them see not only the two disparate promos simultaneously running in its upper half , but perhaps more confusingly , the satellite transponder - oriented national listings grid in its lower half . Commercials -- often for psychic hotlines -- and featurettes produced by Prevue Networks , such as Prevue Tonight , that were voiced by Larry Hoefling ( who served as the network 's announcer from 1989 to 1993 ) , were also delivered via this satellite feed . For commercials , as well as overnight and early morning infomercials , the top half of the feed 's video frame would be completely filled out , with local cable system Prevue Guide installations letting it show through in full in a pillarboxed anamorphic widescreen format ( some direct response ads that were compartmentalized to one area of the video frame featured contact information in the opposing feed that was blocked out , in addition to that provided in the advertisement ) . The satellite feed also carried a third audio channel containing Prevue Guide theme music in an infinite loop . Local Prevue Guide installations would switch to this audio source during the display of local top - screen advertising , and when they crashed . Prevue Guide could additionally signal cable system video playback equipment to override the Prevue Networks satellite feed entirely with up to nine minutes of local , video - based advertising per hour . Few cable systems utilized this feature , however , owing to the need to produce special versions of their local advertisements wherein , as with the satellite feed itself , all action occurred only within the top half of the video frame . Other features of Prevue Guide that were unavailable in the earlier full - and split - screen EPG Sr. versions were colorized listings backgrounds and program - by - program channel summaries . Between its already colored grid lines , which alternated blue , green , yellow and red with each half - hour listings cycle , each cable operator could choose to enable either red or light blue ( rather than black ) background colors for multiple channels of their choice . These backgrounds were usually used to highlight premium channels and pay - per - view services . Additionally , program - by - program channel summaries with light grey backgrounds , for up to four channels of each cable operator 's choice , could be included within the scrolling grid . Appearing between each four - hour listings cycle , the names of channels ( rather than times ) would scroll up and slide into the grid 's header bar one at a time ( similar to the time bar that scrolled into the header at the start of each listings cycle ) , each followed by up to four hours worth of program - by - program listings for that channel alone . Prevue Guide could also display graphical weather icons , accompanied by local weather conditions , within its scrolling grid ( as part of a segment known as Prevue Weather ) . These inserts were available to cable operators for an additional fee and appeared after each four - hour listings cycle . By the early 1990s , United Video began encouraging cable systems still using either the full - or split - screen versions of the Amiga 1000 - based EPG Sr. to upgrade to the Amiga 2000 - based Prevue Guide . Active support for the Amiga 1000 - based EPG Sr. installations was discontinued in 1993 . Like the Amiga 1000 - based EPG Sr. , Prevue Guide also ran from bootable 31⁄2 diskettes , and its locally customizable features remained configurable only from the local keyboard , subjecting viewers to the same on - screen maintenance - related interruptions by local cable company employees as before ( silent remote administration of locally customizable features would not be added until the `` yellow grid '' appeared shortly after the beginning of the TV Guide Channel era , when the Amiga platform was fully abandoned ) . To support Prevue Guide 's new , satellite - delivered video and audio , each Amiga 2000 featured a UV Corp . UVGEN video / genlock card for the satellite feed 's video and a Zephyrus Electronics Ltd model 100 rev. C demodulator / switching ISA card for manipulating the feed 's audio . Also included were a Zephyrus Electronics Ltd. model 101 rev. C demodulator ISA card for the WGN data stream , and a Great Valley Products Zorro II A2000 HC + 8 Series II card ( used only for 2 MB of Fast RAM with SCSI disabled ) . The 101C fed demodulated listings data at 2400 baud from a DE9 RS232 serial connector on its backpanel to the Amiga 's stock DB25 RS232 serial port via a short cable . The 101C also featured connection terminals for contact closure triggering of external cable system video playback equipment . 1990s ( edit ) Prevue channel ( edit ) Prevue Channel used from 1993 to 1999 . Beginning in late March 1993 , Prevue Networks overhauled the Prevue Guide software , this time to modernize its appearance . Still operating on the same Amiga 2000 hardware , the old grid 's black background with white text separated by colored lines gave way to a new , embossed - looking navy blue grid featuring 90 minutes of scheduling information for each channel . Arrow symbols were added to listings for programs whose start or end times stretched beyond that timeframe , and for viewer convenience , local cable operators could now configure the grid 's scrolling action to momentarily pause for up to four seconds after each screenful of listings . Additionally , local cable operators could enable light grey sports and movie summaries within the grid . Appearing between each listings cycle , these showed all films and sporting events airing on any channel during the next 90 minutes . The light grey program - by - program summaries for individual channels , red and light blue channel highlighting , and graphical `` Prevue Weather '' forecasts that were previously available to cable systems as optional grid features and inserts remained available in the same manners as before . Closed captioning , MPAA movie rating and VCR Plus+ logos were additionally introduced by this version of the software , and unlike in prior versions , large graphical Prevue Guide logos appeared within its grid , between listings cycles . The old , synthesized interstitial music that had been used since 1988 was also replaced with a more modern piece called `` Opening Act , '' from the defunct James & Aster music library . By late 1993 , Prevue Guide was rebranded as `` Prevue Channel , '' and an updated channel logo was unveiled to match . Beginning in early 1994 and up until its first couple of years as the TV Guide Channel , the network licensed production music ( first at one - minute lengths , later at 15 - and 30 - second lengths ) from several music libraries for use as interstitial music . The vast majority of these music tracks were licensed from the Killer Tracks and FirstCom production music libraries , both of which are subsidiaries of Universal Music Publishing Group . In 1996 , the Prevue Channel logo was given a new eye - like design , and two years later , the classic Dodger - style typeface its logo had incorporated since 1988 was replaced with an italicized lower - case Univers , though Sneak Prevue continued to use the original logo font until it shut down in 2002 . In 1997 , Prevue Channel became the first electronic program guide to show formalized TV ratings symbols for Canada and the United States , which appeared alongside program titles within the listings grid , as well as in the supplementary scheduling information overlaid accompanying promo videos in the top half of the screen . During the mid-1990s , Prevue Networks also expanded beyond its Prevue Channel operation . In 1996 , Prevue Networks introduced its first set top terminal - integrated digital IPG , Prevue Interactive , designed for the General Instruments DCT 1000 . It was launched as part of Tele - Communications , Inc . ( TCI ) 's first digital cable service offerings . In 1997 , Prevue Networks and United Video Satellite Group also launched Prevue Online , a website providing local television listings , audio / video interviews and weather forecasts . Another website , PrevueNet , was also launched to provide more history and useful information for the Prevue Channel , as well as for Sneak Prevue , UVTV , and superstations WGN / Chicago and WPIX / New York City . The new navy blue grid version of the Prevue Channel software was as crash - prone as previous ones . Flashing red Amiga `` guru meditation '' errors ( with the raw satellite feed 's dual promo windows and national satellite listings grid showing through from behind them ) remained a frequent sight on many cable systems throughout the United States and Canada . While Prevue Networks ' software engineers released regular patches to correct bugs , it simultaneously became clear that an entirely new hardware platform would soon be needed . New Amiga 2000 hardware was no longer being manufactured by Commodore , which filed for bankruptcy in 1994 , and Prevue Networks began resorting to cannibalizing parts from second - hand dealers of used Amiga hardware in order to continue supplying and maintaining operational units . During periods where Amiga 2000 hardware availability proved insufficient , newer models such as the Amiga 3000 were used instead . However , as those models ' stock cases would not accept the company 's large existing inventory of Zephyrus ISA demodulator cards , only their motherboards were used , in custom - designed cases with riser card and backplane modifications . Towards the end of the decade , on February 9 , 1998 , Prevue Channel 's programming was entirely revamped . New short - form `` shows '' were introduced to replace Prevue Tonight , FamilyVue and Intervue . These included Prevue This , Prevue Family ( which like FamilyVue , focused on family - oriented programming ) , Prevue Sports ( focusing on sports events and also included schedules for the day 's games and tournaments ) , Prevue TV , Prevue News and Weather ( featuring national and international news headlines , and local weather forecasts ) and Prevue Revue . Each segment lasted only a couple of minutes , but were shown twice every hour . TV Guide channel ( edit ) On June 11 , 1998 , News Corporation sold TV Guide to Prevue Networks parent United Video Satellite Group for $ 800 million and 60 million shares of stock worth an additional $1.2 billion ( this followed an earlier merger attempt between the two companies in 1996 that eventually fell apart ) . At midnight on February 1 , 1999 , the Prevue Channel was officially renamed to the `` TV Guide Channel , '' and new graphics were implemented . With the rebranding , the hourly segments featured on the channel were revamped , with some being retitled after features in TV Guide magazine -- including TV Guide Close - Up ( which profiled a select program airing that night ) , TV Guide Sportsview ( which maintained the same format as Prevue Sports , making the segment more similar in format to the listings section 's sports guide than the color column of that name in the magazine ) , and TV Guide Insider ( a segment featuring behind - the - scenes interviews ) . TV Guide Channel unit ( WinNT PC - based ) . On October 5 , 1999 , Gemstar International Group Ltd. purchased United Video Satellite Group . Finally , throughout December of that year on cable systems nationwide , a new , modernized yellow grid began replacing the navy blue grid that had presented channel listings to viewers for the past six years . The old navy blue grid was completely phased out by early January 2000 . With the arrival of TV Guide Channel 's yellow grid , all remaining vestiges of Prevue Channel had been eliminated : its Amiga - based hardware infrastructure was decommissioned , and purpose - built , Windows NT / 2000 PCs employing custom - designed graphics / sound expansion cards were installed . With this new infrastructure additionally came the ability for local cable companies to perform silent remote administration of all their installations ' locally customizable features , making live , on - screen guide maintenance interruptions by cable system technicians a thing of the past . The yellow grid also eliminated the optional red and light blue background colors that local cable operators were previously able to assign to various channels of their choices . In their place , universal , program genre - based background colors were introduced . Sporting events appeared with green backgrounds , and movies on all networks were given red backgrounds . Pay - per - view events additionally appeared with purple backgrounds . The light grey backgrounds which had formerly appeared in channel - and program genre - based summaries were also eliminated , with the aforementioned red , green , and purple color - coding now applying to those summaries as well . Despite its elimination as the branding for the cable channel , the Prevue brand continued to exist in Canada in the form of various Prevue Interactive services -- most of which were simply rebranded versions of TV Guide Interactive products -- as well as on the channel 's pay - per - view barker service Sneak Prevue . 2000s ( edit ) TV Guide Channel with its second blue grid ( 2003 - 2004 ) . A few years after Prevue Channel completed its transition to TV Guide Channel , the programming it featured changed drastically . Full - length shows were added , moving away from the typical model of showing television previews and other information . Starting in 2005 , Joan Rivers and her daughter Melissa Rivers began providing coverage for televised awards ceremonies such as the Emmy Awards and the Academy Awards . In 2007 , the mother - daughter duo were unceremoniously dropped by TV Guide Channel in favor of actress / host Lisa Rinna . Later , in 2007 , Rinna was joined by fellow Dancing with the Stars alumnus ( and former N * SYNC member ) Joey Fatone during awards coverage . On July 29 , 2009 , TV Guide announced that Rinna and Fatone had been replaced by the hosts of the channel 's entertainment news program Hollywood 411 , Chris Harrison ( host of The Bachelor ) and Carrie Ann Inaba ( who serves as a judge on Dancing with the Stars ) . Also with the transition from Prevue Channel to TV Guide Channel , the nature of the service 's scrolling listings grid began to change . During broadcasts of the channel 's original primetime series as well as during red carpet awards ceremony coverage , programming started appearing almost entirely full - screen , with a translucent , non-scrolling , two - line version of the channel 's regular listings grid occupying only the extreme bottom of the frame . Semi-regular stylistic redesigns of the grid also occurred , and support was added for the display of locally inserted provider logos and graphical advertisements within it . Starting in 2004 , light blue backgrounds began to appear on listings for children 's programming , complementing the red , green and purple background colors already applied to listings for films , sporting events , and pay - per - view programming respectively . Because of Gemstar - TV Guide 's dominant position within the television listings market , listings for TV Guide Channel 's own original programming began to appear on the topmost lines of most television listings websites to which the company provided listings data , regardless of which channel number any given cable system carried it on . This also became the case with the print version of TV Guide ( which had first begun including the channel in its log listings upon the 1999 rebrand to TV Guide Channel , before moving it exclusively to the grids in 2004 , where it remained after the magazine switched to national listings the following year ) . Rather than purchasing TV Guide Channel carriage rights , some services such as Optimum and Bright House Networks created their own scrolling listings grids , with Optimum 's occasionally being interrupted by full - screen commercials , and otherwise featuring banner ads accompanied by music . Bright House 's version featured a video inlay of a local news station instead of banner ads , with its overall on - screen presentation otherwise matching that of Optimum 's . Other cable providers that did not carry TV Guide Channel carried a similar television listings channel provided by entertainment and listings website Zap2It . DirecTV did not begin carrying the TV Guide Channel until 2004 , and began carrying it in an entirely full - screen format ( without the bottom listings grid ) in 2005 . This was also the case with Dish Network , which aired the network in full - screen format to avoid duplication of its set top receiver - integrated IPG , also provided by Gemstar - TV Guide ( another satellite provider , Primestar , had also carried the channel with the grid included , until it merged with DirecTV in 1999 shortly after the rebrand to TV Guide Channel ) . TV Guide Network ( edit ) On April 30 , 2007 , Gemstar - TV Guide announced that beginning on June 4 , 2007 , TV Guide Channel would be rebranded as the `` TV Guide Network '' . According to its press release , the move was intended to reflect `` the continued evolution of the Channel from primarily a utility service to a more fully - developed television guidance and entertainment network with a continued commitment to high quality programming . '' On May 2 , 2008 , Gemstar - TV Guide was acquired by Macrovision ( now TiVo Corporation ) for $2.8 billion . Macrovision , which purchased Gemstar - TV Guide mostly to boost the value of its lucrative VCR Plus+ and electronic program guide patents , later stated that it was considering a sale of both TV Guide Network and the TV Guide print edition 's namesake to other parties . On December 18 of that year , Macrovision announced that it had found a willing party for TV Guide Network in private equity firm One Equity Partners . The transaction included tvguide.com , with Macrovision retaining the IPG service . At the beginning of January 2009 , the print edition of TV Guide quietly removed its listings for TV Guide Network ( and several other broadcast and cable networks ) over what the magazine 's management described as `` space concerns '' . In actuality , the two entities had been forced apart by their new , individual owners , with promotions for the network ending in the magazine , and vice versa . TV Guide magazine journalists also no longer appeared on TV Guide Network . The top - line `` plug '' for the network did , however , remain intact on the websites of internet - based listings providers using TV Guide 's EPG listings . TV Guide Network 's program listings returned to TV Guide magazine in June 2010 , with its logo prominently placed within the grids . On January 5 , 2009 , Lionsgate announced its intent to purchase TV Guide Network and TV Guide Online for $255 million in cash . Lionsgate closed the transaction on March 2 , 2009 . The following April , Lionsgate announced plans to revamp the network into a more entertainment - oriented channel , including plans to discontinue the bottom - screen scrolling program listings grid that has been a part of the channel since its inception in late 1981 ; this was partly because internet - based TV listings websites , mobile applications and the on - screen interactive program guides ( IPGs ) built directly into most modern cable and satellite set - top terminals ( such as TV Guide 's own IPG software , TV Guide Interactive , which is visually similar in its presentation to the channel 's pre-2015 listings grid ) as well as into digital video recorders like TiVo eliminated the need for a dedicated television listings channel by providing the same information in a speedier manner , and often in much more detail and with greater flexibility . Even so , the channels that were listed in the grid , long after many providers began offering digital cable service , were usually limited to those within their expanded basic tier , with only select channels on its digital service appearing in a separate grid towards the end of the listings cycle . Following the announcement , Mediacom announced that it would be dropping the network ; Time Warner Cable also dropped the network from its Texas systems . 2010s ( edit ) Former TV Guide Network logo , used from March 2010 to April 14 , 2013 ; ' Channel ' was used on the bottom banner from 2007 until March 2010 . On July 1 , 2010 , TV Guide Network 's scrolling grid was given an extensive facelift ; the grid was shrunk to the bottom one - quarter of the screen , the channel listings were reduced from two lines to one ( with the channel number now being placed to the right of the channel ID code ) , the color - coding for programs of specific genres ( such as children 's shows , movies and sports ) was removed , synopses for films were dropped and much like with the featured included in the Amiga 2000 - generated grid , a four - second pause for the grid 's scrolling function was added after each listed row of four channels . Despite the change , the non-scrolling grid ( which was the same height as the restyled scrolling grid ) continued to be used for primetime programming for a time . Later that month on July 24 , TV Guide Network introduced a new non-scrolling grid used for primetime programming , which was later dropped with providers using the scrolling grid during the time period . On August 3 , 2010 , the scrolling grid was changed again , with the pausing function being applied to each channel , and size of the listing rows returning to two lines ( in some areas , the grid with remained three lines , thus cutting off half of the second listing ) . On October 17 , 2010 , the color of the scrolling grid was changed to black the listing rows reverting to one line ( although some cable systems still used the previous grid as late as 2014 ) . By May 2009 , 35 % of households carried the network 's programming without the grid ; by late 2011 , 75 % of the systems carrying the channel were showing its programming full - screen . By January 2013 , that number increased to 83 % , and it was expected that by the following year , 90 % of households will be viewing the network in full - screen mode , without the grid listings . Some cable systems that abandoned use of the grid on TV Guide Network began moving the channel from their basic service ( where it was carried at minimum on a `` limited basic '' programming tier , alongside local broadcast stations and public , educational , and government access channels ) to their digital tiers . This also resulted in the phase - out of its use as a default Emergency Alert System conduit for transmitting warning information applicable to the provider 's local service areas ( some providers also previously used TV Guide Network 's channel space for an alternate or overflow feed of a regional sports network for sports rights conflicts , though as dedicated HD channels have launched for the RSNs and new carriage agreements with the channel precluded EAS or RSN overflow use , this use was negated ) . In 2011 , TV Guide Network dramatically overhauled its programming , abandoning most of its original shows ( with the exception of original specials and red carpet coverage ) and switching its focus to reruns of programming primarily from the 1990s and 2000s , along with select 1980s series and films . In January 2012 , upon Lionsgate 's acquisition of film studio Summit Entertainment , it was announced that the channel was up for sale . That year , CBS Corporation considered buying the network . In March 2013 , CBS and Lionsgate entered into a 50 / 50 joint venture to operate the network , to coincide with the former firm 's intention to buy One Equity Partners ' share of its other TV Guide interests . The deal , worth $100 million , closed on March 26 , 2013 . TVGN ( edit ) TVGN logo , used from April 15 , 2013 to January 14 , 2015 . In January 2013 , it was announced that TV Guide Network would be renamed TVGN . The name change and new logo , which de-emphasizes the channel 's ties to TV Guide magazine took effect on April 15 , 2013 . The immediate effect of the purchase by CBS saw the summer series Big Brother After Dark move from Showtime 2 to TVGN , along with same - day repeats of The Young and the Restless moving to the network from Soapnet , which ceased operations in December 2013 . Fellow CBS soap The Bold and the Beautiful soon also joined the TVGN lineup , along with eventual same - week repeats of Survivor and The Amazing Race , and repeats of CBS event programming such as the Grammy Awards . CBS Television Distribution 's syndicated newsmagazine Entertainment Tonight began to package and produce all of TVGN 's red carpet coverage as a cable extension of that program , though the network 's existing programming agreements with competing program / website PopSugar continue to be maintained . A high definition simulcast feed of the network ( broadcasting in the 1080i format ) was also launched that year ; it was added to various providers through the renewals of TVGN 's existing carriage contracts . The high definition feed only carries the channel 's entertainment programming , with no overlays or hardware used to provide listings information . The final agreements with providers which specified that the channel carry a listings scroll ended in June 2014 . Some providers , such as the municipally - owned cable system in Frankfort , Kentucky , continue to carry the scroll without any video programming on a separate channel ( such as a local origination channel ) for customers who subscribe to the provider 's analog service . Pop ( edit ) On September 18 , 2014 , CBS and Lionsgate announced that TVGN would be relaunched as Pop in early 2015 , with the rebranding later announced to occur on January 14 of that year . with its focus shifting toward programming about pop culture fandom . The network would carry 400 hours of original programming following the rebrand , including a reality show starring New Kids on the Block and the Canadian co-production Schitt 's Creek . Pop was made available on AT&T U-verse on March 1 , 2016 . On November 19 , 2015 , it was announced that Impact Wrestling , the flagship show of what was then known as TNA Wrestling , would move from Destination America to Pop beginning January 5 , 2016 . It was on Pop that the show was later renamed Impact , while the promotion was re-branded as Impact Wrestling . Color schemes ( edit ) Genre color - coding ( edit ) On TV Guide Network until July 1 , 2010 and currently in Gemstar - TV Guide 's set top box - integrated EPG service TV Guide Interactive , program genres are indicated on - screen by color : General programming : Gray ( displayed as dark blue in the EPG ) Children 's shows : Light blue Sports programming : Green Movies : Purple on pay - per - view channels ; red on broadcast stations , basic and premium channels ( displayed as purple in the EPG , for all channels ) TV Guide Network used various colors to differentiate different types of programming . Here , green indicates a NASCAR sports program while purple denotes a film , The Faculty . On TVGN itself , during the weeks prior to the Emmys , shows that have been nominated were also highlighted in gold . The same gold highlighting could be seen during the lead - up to the Academy Awards to denote past Oscar - winning movies . Titles for other special programs used various types of graphical treatment within the grid cells ; for example , programs aired as part of the Discovery Channel 's Shark Week event had a bubbly water graphical scheme ; during the lead - up to Halloween , horror movie titles featured spiderwebs in their schemes , and holiday movie titles listed during December were shaded in blue and snow - covered . Similar important shows and / or premieres have had other special graphical schemes added to their grid cells . Due to a restructuring of TV Guide Network 's scrolling grid on July 1 , 2010 that saw the grid being shrunk to the lower third of the screen , grey began to be used as the color code for all programming with genre - based color - coding being relegated exclusively to the TV Guide Interactive IPG service . Grid color history ( edit ) On the TVGN channel , in its various iterations , the following colors have been used for the listings grid : Black ( during the Amiga - based EPG and Prevue Guide years prior to mid-1993 ) Navy blue + Gray ( during the Amiga - based Prevue Guide , Prevue Channel and TV Guide Channel years of 1993 -- 2000 ) Yellow ( during the TV Guide Channel years of 2000 -- 2003 ) Blue ( during the TV Guide Channel years of 2003 -- 2004 ) Teal ( during the TV Guide Channel years of 2004 -- 2005 ) Grey ( during the TV Guide Channel , TV Guide Network and TVGN years of 2005 -- 2015 ) Between the late 1980s and 1999 , local cable operators could configure listings for certain channels to appear with alternate background colors ( either red or light blue , depending the provider 's preference ) . Light grey backgrounds were additionally used for channel - and program genre - based listings summaries , when enabled by local cable operators . Beginning with the introduction of the yellow grid in 1999 , all such coloring was discarded in favor of program genre - based coloring which affected all channels and summaries . Listings for movies featured red backgrounds , pay - per - view events bore purple backgrounds , and sporting events featured green backgrounds . Starting in 2004 , light blue backgrounds were additionally applied to listings for children 's programming . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by Pop ( U.S. TV network ) Related service ( edit ) Sneak Prevue ( edit ) Main article : Sneak Prevue In 1991 , Prevue Networks launched Sneak Prevue , a spin - off barker channel that was exclusively used to promote programming on a provider 's pay - per - view services ; it displayed full - screen promos ( augmented by graphics displaying scheduling and ordering information ) and a schedule of upcoming films and events airing on each pay - per - view channel based on either airtime or genre . The channel was also driven by Amiga 2000 hardware , and its software was as crash - prone as the Prevue Guide software itself . TV Guide Network ceased operations of Sneak Prevue in 2002 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` Video : Electronic Program Guide ( full - screen Sr. version ) operating normally with scroll ads '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Video : Electronic Program Guide ( full - screen Sr. version ) operating normally with crawl ads '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Video : Electronic Program Guide ( full - screen Jr. version ) operating normally with scroll and crawl ads '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Video : Electronic Program Guide ( full - screen Sr. version ) interrupted by local cable technician adding text advertisement '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Video : Prevue Guide operating normally '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Video : Prevue Guide crashed , then rebooting , exposing raw satellite feed video '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Local business owner familiar with book biz '' . Tulsa World . November 22 , 2006 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Prevue Guide interrupted by local cable technician adding text advertisement '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Forum posting : Prevue Guide Amiga 2000 hardware specifications '' . amiga.org . Jump up ^ `` Forum posting : Prevue Guide Amiga 3000 hardware sighting '' . amiga.org . Jump up ^ `` Prevue Channel 1998 Promo '' . Jump up ^ `` News Lite : TV Guide Deal Sets Up Broadcast Opportunity '' . Los Angeles Daily News . HighBeam Research . June 12 , 1998 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The $2 Billion Acquisition of TV Guide '' . Folio . HighBeam Research . January 1 , 1999 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Video , News Corp. call the whole thing off ; TV Guide , Preview Guide merger collapses '' . Broadcasting & Cable . HighBeam Research . September 2 , 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Rival To Buy TV Guide '' . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research . October 5 , 1999 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prevue Interactive 's `` i - Guide '' `` . The Internet Archive. 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Macrovision to purchase TV Guide Gemstar fetches $2.8 billion '' . Oakland Tribune . HighBeam Research . December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Macrovision finds willing partner for TV Guide Network in One Equity Partners '' . Macrovision . October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Macrovision , Allen Shapiro and One Equity Partners Announce Agreement for Sale of TV Guide Network '' . Macrovision . BusinessWire . December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : Dave on Demand : ' Mentalist ' showed powers only in ratings '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . January 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` TV Guide drops CW , MTV listings '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate , Macrovision Close TV Guide Network Deal '' . Multichannel News . March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Channel to Ditch the Scroll : Revamp Includes Original Programming for TV Fans '' . Advertising Age . April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Channel Plans Original Programming '' . MediaPost. April 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Channel Expands Mandate With Series , Movies '' . TV Week . April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cable will drop Dubuque TV guide '' . TH Online . Jump up ^ `` Time Warner drops TV Guide Channel '' . Beaumont Enterprise . April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mike Reynolds ( December 18 , 2011 ) . `` TV Guide Network to Bow ' Hollywood Moms Night , ' ' Wilson Phillips ' Reality Series in 2012 '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Guide 's Mike Mahan Steps Down as Prez Joins Board , Network to Be Renamed TVGN '' . Deadline Hollywood . January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide is shown the gate '' . New York Post . January 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` CBS Poised To Buy Half Of TV Guide , Partner With Lionsgate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Official : CBS Acquires Half Of TV Guide , Partners With Lionsgate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Jason Lynch ( January 13 , 2014 ) . `` TV Guide Network Relaunches as Pop , With Original Shows and No Annoying Scroll ; Rebranding targets ' modern grown - ups ' '' . AdWeek . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Network to Debut on Wednesday January 14 , 2015 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TVGN Rebrands as Pop , Shifts Focus on Fans '' . Deadline Hollywood . September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` TV Guide Network to Relaunch In Early 2015 As POP '' . Variety . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` CBS , AT&T Reach Carriage Deal After All - Night Negotiations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Gets Into Ring With Impact Wrestling To Become New TV Home '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website PrevueNet in the Internet Archive Pop original programming Current Big Brother : After Dark ( since 2013 ) Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark ( since 2018 ) Entertainment Tonight Live at / from ... ( since 2013 ) PopSugar Now ( since 2014 ) Impact ! ( since 2016 ) This Just In ( since 2016 ) Nightcap ( since 2016 ) Hollywood Darlings ( since 2017 ) Hot Date ( since 2017 ) Let 's Get Physical ( since 2018 ) Former America 's Next Producer ( 2007 ) Making News : Texas Style ( 2007 -- 08 ) Hollywood 411 ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Hollywood Girls Night ( 2011 -- 12 ) Nail Files ( 2011 ) Standup in Stilettos ( 2012 ) Wilson Phillips : Still Holding On ( 2012 ) Unusually Thicke ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Return of the Mac ( 2017 ) Lionsgate Founder Frank Giustra Key personnel Jon Feltheimer Michael Burns Lionsgate Motion Picture Group Lionsgate Films Lionsgate Home Entertainment Pantelion Films * Roadside Attractions * Summit Entertainment Codeblack Films Lionsgate Premiere Good Universe Vestron Pictures Vestron Video Television production and distribution Debmar - Mercury Lionsgate Television Other Lionsgate UK U.S. networks Pop * Starz Inc . Starz Starz Encore MoviePlex Celestial Tiger Entertainment * International Networks Celestial Movies Kix Thrill cHK Former / defunct assets and predecessors Artisan Entertainment Epix Fearnet Mandalay Pictures Mandate Pictures Maple Pictures Redbus Film Distribution Trimark Pictures Overture Films * Starz Animation / Arc Productions * Film Roman * Anchor Bay Entertainment * Joint venture CBS Corporation Corporate directors David R. Andelman Joseph A. Califano Jr . William S. Cohen Charles K. Gifford Leonard Goldberg Bruce S. Gordon Arnold Kopelson Leslie Moonves Doug Morris Shari Redstone Sumner Redstone Broadcast TV assets CBS The CW ( co-owned with Warner Bros . ) Decades ( co-owned with Weigel Broadcasting ) Network Ten Eleven One Spree TV Network facilities CBS Building CBS Broadcast Center CBS Studio Center CBS Television City Ed Sullivan Theater CBS Television Studios CBS Productions CBS Television Distribution Big Ticket Entertainment KWP Studios Broadcast stations CBS Television Stations CBS / DEC O&O KCBS KCNC KDKA KOVR KPIX KTVT KYW WBBM WBXI - CD WBZ WCBS WCCO WFOR WJZ WWJ CW O&O KBCW KMAX KSTW WKBD WPCW WPSG WTOG WUPA Other stations Ind . KCAL KTXA WLNY - TV MyNetworkTV WBFS WSBK Network Ten TEN ATV TVQ ADS NEW Cable channels Showtime Networks CBS Sports Network Pop ( 50 % with Lionsgate ) AXS TV ( minority stake ) CBS Studios International CBS Action CBS Drama CBS Europa CBS Reality Horror Channel Ten Network Holdings CBS Interactive CBS Interactive Brands CBS All Access CBSNews.com CBS MoneyWatch CBSSports.com 247Sports.com MaxPreps.com Scout.com Chowhound CNET Download.com FindArticles GameFAQs GameSpot GameRankings Giant Bomb Comic Vine Last.fm Metacritic mySimon TVGuide.com TV.com UrbanBaby ZDNet TechRepublic Channels CBSN CBS Sports HQ CNET Video Staff , current Dan Ackerman Bridget Carey Brian Cooley Jeff Gerstmann Jim Lanzone Daniel Terdiman Staff , former Matthew Barzun Veronica Belmont Esther Dyson Ina Fried Richard Hart James Kim Declan McCullagh Tom Merritt Halsey Minor Natali Morris Rafe Needleman Andrew Nusca Ryan Seacrest Molly Wood Contributors , current Violet Blue Christopher Dawson David Gewirtz Jason Perlow Contributors , former Harry McCracken Simon & Schuster Atria Publishing Group Howard 37 INK Gallery Publishing Group Pocket Threshold Scribner Simon & Schuster Simon & Schuster Audio Publishing Pimsleur Simon & Schuster Children 's Publishing Aladdin Atheneum Radio networks CBS News Radio CBS Sports Radio Miscellaneous assets CBS Consumer Products CBS Records Westinghouse Electric CBS Home Entertainment CBS Films CBS News CBSN CBS Sports CBS Sports HQ Defunct properties CBS Cable CBS Paramount Domestic Television CBS Paramount Network Television CBS Radio Free FM Paramount Stations Group Spelling Television UPN Westinghouse Broadcasting Worldvision Enterprises See also Viacom ( original ) National Amusements Westinghouse Electric Corporation Gulf and Western Industries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pop_(U.S._TV_network)&oldid=853909653 '' Categories : American television networks CBS Corporation subsidiaries Lionsgate subsidiaries Television channels and stations established in 1981 TV Guide English - language television stations in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2015 Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles that may be too long from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from January 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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football players who have played for the most clubs			List of footballers with the most official appearances	list of footballers with the most official appearances	This is a list of the 50 footballers who have played at least more official matches than anyone else .	Updated on 26 November 2017 . Rank Name Position Appearances Goals Seasons Period Teams Peter Shilton 1,390 31 1966 -- 1997 348 Leicester City , 121 Stoke City , 272 Nottingham Forest , 242 Southampton , 211 Derby County , 43 Plymouth , 2 Bolton Wanderers , 10 Leyton Orient , 125 England , 13 England U23 Rogério Ceni 1,234 129 25 1990 -- 2015 20 Sinop , 1198 São Paulo , 16 Brazil Roberto Carlos 1,130 + 113 + 21 1991 -- 2011 2015 61 + União São João , 160 Palmeiras , 34 Inter Milan , 527 Real Madrid , 104 Fenerbahçe , 61 Corinthians , 28 Anzhi Makhachkala , 3 Delhi Dynamos , 125 Brazil , 23 Brazil Olympic football team , 5 Brazil U20 Ray Clemence 1,118 − 23 1965 -- 1988 48 + Scunthorpe United , 665 Liverpool , 330 Tottenham Hotspur , 61 England , 4 England U23 Javier Zanetti D / M 1,114 31 22 1992 -- 2014 33 Talleres RE , 66 Banfield , 858 Inter Milan , 145 Argentina , 12 Argentina U23 6 Pat Jennings 1,089 23 1963 -- 1986 52 Watford , 590 Tottenham Hotspur , 327 Arsenal , 119 Northern Ireland , 1 Northern Ireland U23 7 Xavi 1,088 132 20 1997 -- 61 Barcelona B , 767 Barcelona , 70 Al Sadd , 133 Spain , 6 Spain U23 , 25 Spain U21 , 6 Spain U20 , 10 Spain U18 , 10 Spain U17 8 Tony Ford D / M 1,082 120 25 1975 -- 2001 490 Grimsby , 9 Sunderland , 135 Stoke , 128 West Bromwich Albion , 7 Bradford City , 91 Scunthorpe United , 116 Mansfield Town , 104 Rochdale , 2 England B 9 Djalma Santos 1,065 44 23 1947 -- 1970 434 Portuguesa , 501 Palmeiras , 32 Atlético Paranaense , 98 Brazil 10 Raúl 1,063 462 21 1994 -- 2015 8 Real Madrid C , 1 Real Madrid B , 741 Real Madrid , 98 Schalke 04 , 61 Al - Sadd , 32 New York Cosmos , 102 Spain , 4 Spain Olympic football team , 9 Spain U21 , 5 Spain U20 , 2 Spain U18 11 Gianluigi Buffon 1,056 − 22 1995 -- 220 Parma , 637 Juventus , 175 Italy , 4 Italy U23 , 11 Italy U21 , 3 Italy U18 , 3 Italy U17 , 3 Italy U16 12 Iker Casillas 1,056 − 19 1999 -- 26 Real Madrid C , 4 Real Madrid Castilla , 725 Real Madrid , 93 Porto , 167 Spain , 5 Spain U21 , 2 Spain U20 , 4 Spain U18 , 10 Spain U17 , 19 Spain U16 , 1 Spain U15 13 Alan Ball , Jr . 1,053 222 24 1960 -- 1984 7 Ashton United , 126 Blackpool , 251 Everton , 217 Arsenal , 4 Hellenic , 161 Southampton , 33 Philadelphia Fury , 31 Vancouver Whitecaps , 38 Blackpool , 73 Southampton , 3 Floreat Athena , 12 Eastern , 17 Bristol Rovers , 72 England , 8 England U23 14 David Seaman 1,046 − 22 1982 -- 2004 106 Peterborough Utd , 84 Birmingham City , 175 Queens Park Rangers , 564 Arsenal , 26 Manchester City , 75 England , 6 England B , 10 England U21 15 Frank Lampard 1,044 315 22 1995 -- 2017 187 West Ham United , 9 Swansea City , 648 Chelsea , 38 Manchester City , 31 New York City FC , 106 England , 1 England B , 19 England U21 , 5 England U18 16 Paolo Maldini 1,041 45 25 1984 -- 2009 902 Milan , 126 Italy , 1 Italy Olympic football team , 12 Italy U21 17 Ryan Giggs 1,036 183 24 1990 -- 2014 963 Manchester United , 64 Wales , 4 Great Britain Olympic football team , 1 Wales U21 , 3 Wales U18 , 1 Wales U16 18 Graham Alexander 1,025 107 21 1991 -- 2012 202 Scunthorpe United , 183 Luton Town , 178 Burnley , 421 Preston North End , 40 Scotland , 1 Scotland B 19 Noel Bailie 1,024 11 22 1989 -- 2011 1013 Linfield , 1 Northern Ireland U23 , 2 Northern Ireland U21 , 1 Northern Ireland U17 , 7 Northern Ireland U16 20 David James 1,023 − 25 1989 -- 2014 98 Watford , 277 Liverpool , 85 Aston Villa , 102 West Ham , 100 Manchester City , 158 Portsmouth , 84 Bristol City , 19 AFC Bournemouth , 23 ÍBV , 12 Kerala Blasters , 53 England , 2 England B , 10 England U21 21 Andoni Zubizarreta 1,020 − 19 1980 -- 1998 7 Bilbao Athletic , 239 Athletic Bilbao , 410 Barcelona , 184 Valencia , 126 Spain , 1 Spain Olympic football team , 23 Spain U23 , 17 Spain U21 , 1 Spain U19 , 12 Spain U18 22 Clarence Seedorf 1,016 159 22 1992 -- 2013 90 Ajax , 34 Sampdoria , 159 Real Madrid , 92 Inter Milan , 432 Milan , 81 Botafogo , 87 Netherlands , 1 Netherlands U21 , 21 Netherlands U19 , 12 Netherlands U17 , 6 Netherlands U16 , 1 Netherlands U15 23 Timmy Simons D / M 1,015 93 22 1994 -- 88 KTH Diest , 71 Lommel , 218 PSV , 110 1 . FC Nürnberg , 434 Club Brugge , 94 Belgium 24 Ian Callaghan 1,002 + 51 + 22 1960 -- 1982 870 Liverpool , 20 Fort Lauderdale Strikers , 76 + Swansea City , 9 + Canberra City , 2 + Cork United , 0 Sandefjord , 15 + Crewe Alexandra , 4 England , 4 England U23 25 Tommy Hutchison 1,000 67 29 1965 -- 1994 68 Alloa Athletic , 165 Blackpool , 359 Coventry City , 25 Seattle Sounders , 46 Manchester City , 92 Burnley , 178 Swansea City , 73 Merthyr Tydfil , 17 Scotland 26 Romário 994 772 22 1985 -- 2007 352 Vasco da Gama , 148 PSV , 66 Barcelona , 215 Flamengo , 12 Valencia , 75 Fluminense , 3 Al - Sadd , 26 Miami FC , 4 Adelaide United , 1 America - RJ , 70 Brazil , 8 Brazil Olympic football team , 11 Brazil U20 Thierry Henry 994 450 20 1994 -- 2014 19 Monaco B , 141 Monaco , 20 Juventus , 377 Arsenal , 121 Barcelona , 135 New York Red Bulls , 123 France , 6 France U21 , 11 France U20 , 9 France U19 , 13 France U18 , 11 France U17 , 8 France U16 28 Neville Southall 993 − 20 1980 -- 2000 49 Bury , 751 Everton , 9 Port Vale , 9 Southend United , 12 Stoke City , 9 Doncaster Rovers , 61 Torquay United , 1 Bradford City , 92 Wales football team 29 Lothar Matthäus D / M 987 251 22 1979 -- 2001 222 Borussia Mönchengladbach , 410 Bayern Munich , 153 Inter Milan , 23 MetroStars , 150 Germany , 4 Germany B , 15 Germany U21 , 10 Germany U19 30 Luís Figo 985 182 20 1989 -- 2009 163 Sporting CP , 249 Barcelona , 242 Real Madrid , 140 Inter Milan , 127 Portugal , 7 Portugal U21 , 12 Portugal U20 , 21 Portugal U18 , 6 Portugal U17 , 15 Portugal U16 31 Teddy Sheringham 981 355 25 1983 -- 2008 248 Millwall , 5 Aldershot , 21 Djurgårdens IF , 56 Nottingham Forest , 277 Tottenham Hotspur , 153 Manchester United , 38 Portsmouth , 87 West Ham United , 20 Colchester United , 51 England , 1 England U21 Neil Redfearn 981 198 24 1982 -- 2006 41 Bolton Wanderers , 114 Lincoln City , 54 Doncaster Rovers , 65 Crystal Palace , 36 Watford , 74 Oldham Athletic , 338 Barnsley , 33 Charlton Athletic , 21 Bradford City , 31 Wigan Athletic , 46 Halifax Town , 58 Boston United , 9 Rochdale , 61 Scarborough 33 Asa Hartford 973 64 24 1967 -- 1991 271 West Bromwich Albion , 321 Manchester City , 3 Nottingham Forest , 98 Everton , 40 Norwich City , 101 Bolton Wanderers , 52 Stockport County , 7 Oldham Athletic , 30 Shrewsbury Town , 50 Scotland 34 Stuart McCall 972 84 23 1982 -- 2005 443 Bradford City , 132 Everton , 265 Rangers , 90 Sheffield United , 40 Scotland , 2 Scotland B 35 Zé Roberto 972 92 22 61 Portuguesa , 21 Real Madrid , 24 Flamengo , 150 Bayer Leverkusen , 248 Bayern Munich , 48 Santos , 72 Hamburger SV , 18 Al - Gharafa , 118 Grêmio , 128 Palmeiras , 84 Brazil 36 Steve Perryman 968 39 21 1969 -- 1990 866 Tottenham Hotspur , 17 Oxford United , 67 Brentford , 1 England , 17 England U21 37 Bobby Moore 967 + 26 21 1958 -- 1978 646 West Ham , 150 Fulham , 24 San Antonio Thunder , 7 Seattle Sounders , 9 Herning Fremad , 108 England , 8 England U23 38 Denis Irwin 961 48 21 1983 -- 2004 82 Leeds United , 204 Oldham Athletic , 529 Manchester United , 85 Wolverhampton Wanderers , 56 Republic of Ireland , 1 Republic of Ireland B , 1 Republic of Ireland U23 , 3 Republic of Ireland U21 39 Yasuhito Endō 957 150 22 1998 -- 1 Kagoshima Jitsugyō H.S. , 20 Yokohama Flügels , 64 Kyoto Purple Sanga , 702 Gamba Osaka , 152 Japan , 7 Japan U-23 , 11 Japan U-20 40 Dino Zoff 957 − 22 1961 -- 1983 40 Udinese , 134 Mantova , 190 Napoli , 479 Juventus , 112 Italy , 3 Italy U21 Rivaldo 957 426 25 1989 -- 2015 48 Paulista , 26 Santa Cruz , 31 Mogi Mirim , 22 Corinthians , 97 Palmeiras , 46 Deportivo La Coruña , 235 Barcelona , 40 Milan , 10 Cruzeiro , 94 Olympiacos , 44 AEK Athens , 77 Bunyodkor , 46 São Paulo , 21 Kabuscorp , 19 São Caetano , 11 Mogi Mirim , 74 Brazil , 7 Brazil U23 , 9 Brazil U20 42 Robbie James 955 161 23 1972 -- 1994 554 Swansea City , 56 Stoke City , 101 Queens Park Rangers , 28 Leicester City , 108 Bradford City , 62 Cardiff City , 47 Wales 43 Mick Mills 953 33 23 1965 -- 1988 744 Ipswich Town , 123 Southampton , 44 Stoke City , 42 England 44 Phil Neal 951 95 21 1968 -- 1989 187 Northampton Town , 650 Liverpool , 64 Bolton Wanderers , 50 England 45 Edwin van der Sar 950 20 1990 -- 2011 312 Ajax , 88 Juventus , 154 Fulham , 266 Manchester United , 130 Netherlands Sandy Jardine 950 45 22 1965 -- 1988 674 Rangers , 238 Hearts , 38 Scotland 47 Andrea Pirlo 949 111 23 1994 -- 30 Reggina , 40 Inter , 10 Brescia , 401 Milan , 164 Juventus , 62 New York City , 116 Italy , 9 Italy Olympic football team , 37 Italy U21 , 18 Italy U18 , 4 Italy U17 , 6 Italy U16 , 3 Italy U15 48 Oswaldo Sánchez 948 − 22 1993 -- 2015 87 Club Atlas , 103 Club América , 315 Guadalajara , 340 Santos Laguna , 99 Mexico national football team , 4 Mexico U20 49 Terry Paine 944 175 + 21 1957 -- 1980 808 Southampton , 19 England , 6 England U23 50 Kenny Dalglish 939 369 22 1968 -- 1990 322 Celtic , 515 Liverpool , 102 Scotland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton '' . footballdatabase.eu . Jump up ^ `` Peter Shilton '' . 11v11.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogério Ceni '' . footballdatabase.eu . Jump up ^ LFChistory.net . `` Liverpool career stats for Ray Clemence - LFChistory - Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . www.lfchistory.net . Jump up ^ `` Ray Clemence - tottenhamhotspur.com '' . www.tottenhamhotspur.com . Jump up ^ `` Javier Adelmar Zanetti '' . inter.it . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watford players archive '' ( PDF ) . watfordarchive.com . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Jennings '' . tottenhamhotspur.com . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Jennings '' . arsenal.com . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Ireland Under - 23 Internationals '' . nifootball.blogspot.it . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Games played by Tony Ford in 2001 / 2002 '' . Soccerbase . Centurycomm . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.palmeiras.com.br/historia/idolos/308 Jump up ^ `` Everton Results '' . evertonresults.com . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball '' . Arsenal.com . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASL Soccer - North American Soccer League Players - Alan Ball '' . nasljerseys.com . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Seaman '' . Soccerbase.com . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Maldini '' . footballdatabase.eu . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs - Official Manchester United Website '' . manutd.com . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacopo Gerna ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Champions , Giggs a quota 1000 presenze da professionista '' . La Gazzetta dello Sport . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gretige Giggs richt pijlen na duizendste duel op FA Cup '' ( in Dutch ) . Voteball International . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Il dato si riferisce al solo campionato . Jump up ^ `` Linfield 1 - 0 Portadown '' . BBC Sport. 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special presentation to Noel Bailie '' . Linfieldfc.com. 30 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland Under - 21 Internationals '' . nifootball.blogspot.it . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Ireland Under - 16 / 17 Line - Ups ( 1985 - 2001 ) '' . nifootball.blogspot.it . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David James - Football stats '' . Soccerbase.com . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inghilterra - D. James - Profile '' . Soccerway.com . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club ficha jugador - Andoni Zubizarreta '' ( in Spanish ) . Athletic-club.net . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jugadores con más partidos oficiales ( a 18 de mayo de 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ficha de jugador : Andoni Zubizarreta '' ( in Spanish ) . ciberche.net . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf '' . inter.it . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seedorf : Sempre a testa alta '' . acmilan.com. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Nederlands eftal '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Jong Oranje '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Jeugd onder 19 '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Jeugd onder 17 '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Jeugd onder 16 '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clarence Seedorf - Kies een team Jeugd onder 15 '' ( in Dutch ) . onsoranje.nl . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Le presenze con Swansea City , Canberra City , Cork United e Crewe Alexandra sono riferite al solo campionato . Jump up ^ Pur avendo firmato per il club nella stagione 1981 non è mai potuto scendere in campo in quanto non ha ottenuto il permesso di lavoro `` Ian Callaghan - The Marathon man '' . lfchistory.net . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everton Results '' . evertonresults.com . Jump up ^ `` England - U-23 International Results - Details '' . www.rsssf.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_footballers_with_the_most_official_appearances&oldid=817757260 '' Categories : Association football records and statistics Lists of association football players Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 11 : 17 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20footballers%20with%20the%20most%20official%20appearances	107,914
when did the 3 point shot come into play			Three - point field goal	three - point field goal	A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw .	The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , introduced in its inaugural 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first three - point field goal in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 , a game more noted for the debut of Larry Bird ( and two new head coaches ) . Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets , in his final season , also made one in the same game , and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , and as far away as 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) in the Big Sky . Used only in conference play for several years , it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986 -- 87 season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , effective with the 2008 -- 09 season , and the women 's line was moved to match the men 's in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) in 2018 . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 33 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 22 feet 2 inches ( 6.76 m ) 4 feet 1 inch ( 1.24 m ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American high school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the 3 - Pointer - iHoops '' . Web.archive.org. 16 December 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bird only ' so - so , ' but Celts win over Houston '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . UPI . October 13 , 1979 . p. 4A . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , 114 - 106 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5C . Jump up ^ `` NBA standings ( and boxscores ) '' . Deseret News . ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . October 13 , 1979 . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( November 29 , 1982 ) . `` It will be one testy season '' . Sports Illustrated : 42 . Jump up ^ `` Monson not so high on the 3 - point shot '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . ( Idaho ) . wire services . November 11 , 1982 . p. 6B . Jump up ^ `` Debate over 3 - pointer Continues '' . Web.archive.org. 26 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( January 5 , 1987 ) . `` The three - point uproar '' . Sports Illustrated : 40 . Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Bonagura , Kyle ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` NIT to experiment with new rules this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ NBA League Averages - Basketball Reference Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' . FIBA . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball Outline of basketball General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=854765869 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Scoring ( sport ) 1961 introductions Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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are dennis and dee related in real life			List of it 's always Sunny in Philadelphia characters	list of it's always sunny in philadelphia characters	The following is a list of recurring characters from the FX television series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia .	Contents ( hide ) 1 The Gang 1.1 Charlie Kelly 1.2 Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald 1.3 Dennis Reynolds 1.4 Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds 1.5 Frank Reynolds 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Artemis Dubois 2.2 Brad Fisher 2.3 Carmen 2.4 Duncan & Z 2.5 Da Maniac 2.6 Ernie 2.7 Gladys 2.8 Josh Groban 2.9 Jack Kelly 2.10 The Lawyer 2.11 Lil Kev 2.12 Korean busboy 2.13 Rickety Cricket 2.14 Dr. Larry Meyers 2.15 Principal Brian McIntyre 2.16 The McPoyles 2.17 Ingrid `` Fatty Magoo '' Nelson 2.18 Nick 2.19 Bill Ponderosa 2.20 Maureen Ponderosa 2.21 Rex 2.22 Peter `` Schmitty '' Schmidt 2.23 Ben Smith 2.24 The Unknown Actor 2.25 The Waitress 3 Parents 4 References The Gang ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Charlie Kelly Charlie Day Main Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald Rob McElhenney Main Dennis Reynolds Glenn Howerton Main Deandra `` Dee '' Reynolds Kaitlin Olson Main Frank Reynolds Danny DeVito Main Charlie Kelly ( edit ) Main article : Charlie Kelly ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ) Charlie ( Played by Charlie Day ) is the former co-owner at Paddy 's and a childhood friend of Mac and Dennis . Frank is his roommate and possible biological father . Charlie is the janitor at the pub , and a known illiterate . Charlie is also an alcoholic and chronic inhalants user who suffers from various psychological problems including but not limited to anger management issues and possible borderline personality disorder . Charlie often screams to get his point across and refers to the dirty work of the bar as `` Charlie work '' . His intentions are often pure , but his plans almost always end up affecting the entire plotline in a negative way . Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( edit ) Main article : Mac ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ) Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . He is a co-owner of Paddy 's and its bouncer . He brags about his incredible hand - to - hand combat skills , strength , and general athletic ability though it is quite obvious he lacks any real skill or even a proper sense of balance . His full name is revealed to be Ronald McDonald in the seventh - season episode `` The High School Reunion '' , though his last name involving `` Mac '' had been established since the introduction of his father . It is heavily implied throughout the series that Mac is gay , even momentarily coming out of the closet in season 11 , and again in season 12 , although this time permanently . He also displays anti-semitic views , driven by his Catholic upbringing . He is played by Rob McElhenney . Dennis Reynolds ( edit ) Dennis is Deandra 's twin brother and co-owner of Paddy 's . He is narcissistic , selfish , histrionic and vain , perpetuated by his Ivy League education at the University of Pennsylvania . Dennis is repeatedly implied to be a sociopath , and in one episode was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and prescribed medication . His sense of self - worth is entirely dependent on what others think of his appearance and he often suggests the best way to sleep with a woman is to make her think she may be raped or by using his personal system , the D.E.N.N.I.S. system ( a satire of seduction community techniques for bedding women ) . Some episodes hint that Dennis may be a serial killer and rapist , though this remains ambiguous , with one episode suggesting that he collects suitcases made of human skin . He even threatens to kill his sister , cut her body into small pieces , and put those pieces into a glass box and put it on display . He is revealed to be an atheist in the season 7 episode `` Sweet Dee Gets Audited . '' Multiple episodes have shown Dennis to be bisexual , often as a result of his pandering to attention or his need to `` get off '' no matter the situation . He is also a big fan of the music of Rick Astley and Steve Winwood . He is played by Glenn Howerton . Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( edit ) Deandra ( usually called Dee or Sweet Dee ) is Dennis ' twin sister , main bartender at Paddy 's , and show 's main female character . She is most often subject to ridicule from The Gang in many different forms : they call her extremely ugly ( resembling a bird in a negative and humorous way ) , lazy , and completely talentless . They do n't count her as one of the gang , but rather as just someone who works for them . Dee dreams of becoming an actress even though she has no acting experience and no talent ; however , she deludes herself into falsely thinking she is a talented actress , comedian , and singer . Like her brother , Dee is egocentric and often states that she thinks she is talented and pretty , although she is constantly told otherwise ; as an example , she has been told she is `` a disgusting whore '' and `` looks like a Holocaust victim '' . She is played by Kaitlin Olson . Frank Reynolds ( edit ) Frank is the legal ( but not biological ) father of twins Dennis and Dee , and possibly the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He constantly carries a gun with him and frequently pulls it out for any number of situations . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations ( such as running sweat shops and drug - dealing ) and dealings with sordid characters . Though he is fairly wealthy and has the money to live elsewhere , he chooses to live in squalor with Charlie in order to add excitement to his life following his split from his ex-wife Barbara , who he frequently refers to as his `` whore wife '' . This lifestyle choice involves eating cat food , living on about five dollars a week , keeping a mini meats fridge in his apartment , as well as sausages in his shirt pocket and sharing a bed with Charlie , which is also their couch . He is the only member of the gang to involve himself with politics , frequently ranting about how bad liberals are . He does n't believe in or trust psychiatrists , and was admitted into a school for clinically insane children for a short while as a child , before he was cleared of any legal mental issues and received a certificate stating that he did not have donkey brains . He is frequently seen in strip clubs , and sleeping with prostitutes ( even becoming engaged to a `` crack whore '' in the season 7 premiere ) . He is portrayed by Danny DeVito . Recurring characters ( edit ) Character Actor Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 The Waitress Mary Elizabeth Ellis Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Ernie David Zdunich Recurring Bonnie Kelly Lynne Marie Stewart Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Liam McPoyle Jimmi Simpson Guest Recurring Guest Guest Ryan McPoyle Nate Mooney Guest Recurring Guest Guest Artemis Dubois Artemis Pebdani Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Carmen Brittany Daniel Guest Guest Recurring Barbara Reynolds Anne Archer Recurring Matthew Mara David Hornsby Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Mrs. McDonald Sandy Martin Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Margaret McPoyle Thesy Surface Guest Recurring Guest Guest Guest Luther McDonald Gregory Scott Cummins Guest Recurring Guest Guest Guest The Lawyer Brian Unger Guest Recurring Guest Guest Guest Duncan David Gueriera Guest Recurring The Waiter Michael Naughton Guest Guest Recurring Ben Smith Travis Schuldt Recurring Guest Brad Fisher Nick Wechsler Guest Recurring Maureen Ponderosa Catherine Reitman Recurring Guest Guest Bill Ponderosa Lance Barber Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Z Chad Coleman Recurring Guest Guest Brian McIntyre Dave Foley Recurring Guest Nick Windell Middlebrooks Recurring Old Black Man Wil Garret Guest Recurring Artemis Dubois ( edit ) Artemis Dubois ( Artemis Pebdani ) is one of the more frequently recurring secondary characters , introduced in `` Charlie Gets Cancer '' as Dee 's friend from her acting classes who acts out a scene from Coyote Ugly ( a film that featured Kaitlin Olson in a small part ) . Artemis is overly serious about her craft and displays bizarre habits and outbursts . She is very open about her sexuality and often offers to perform in the nude , even when it is unnecessary . Recently , she was involved in a sexual relationship with Frank and the two shared a food fetish . She likes having sex with bacon bits in her hair because it `` makes her feel like a cobb salad . '' She and Frank once had makeup sex in a dumpster behind Wendy 's , where she incorporated a bun . She has openly proclaimed that she has a `` bleached asshole '' . In the Season 11 episode `` Being Frank '' it is shown that Artemis ' family is Jewish . Brad Fisher ( edit ) Brad Fisher ( Nick Wechsler ) is first introduced as the Waitress ' fiance in the season 5 episode `` The Waitress Is Getting Married '' . Brad dated both Dee and the Waitress in High School but both dumped him because of his acne . He rekindles both relationships in a plot to humiliate them . Charlie gives Brad a wedding gift of a box full of hornets . Brad returns in the season 7 episode `` The High School Reunion '' where his face is scarred from the hornet stings . He gets `` revenge '' on Charlie for this by attempting to give him a wedgie when Charlie has passed out from huffing chemicals in a restroom , but is horrified when Charlie 's filthy underwear splinters into shreds in his hands . Carmen ( edit ) Carmen ( Brittany Daniel ) is a trans woman who was dating Mac . She first appears in the season 1 episode `` Charlie Has Cancer '' , then reappears in the season 3 episode `` Mac Is a Serial Killer '' . She is attractive but displays an obvious bulge in her pants . She keeps Mac interested in her with promises of undergoing sexual reassignment surgery and with constant flattery of Mac 's physique . In `` Mac Fights Gay Marriage '' , she has had genital reassignment surgery and has gotten married to Nick , much to Mac 's dismay . In `` Dee Gives Birth '' it is revealed that Carmen is the father of Dee 's baby ( she had her sperm frozen before she had GRS ) and that they used an anonymous egg donor and Dee was merely a surrogate . Dee gave the baby to Carmen and her husband Nick to raise . In the unaired pilot Carmen is portrayed by Morena Baccarin . Duncan & Z ( edit ) Duncan ( David Gueriera ) and his right - hand man , Z ( Chad Coleman ) , are Frank 's bizarre friends that he met under a bridge . They appear in `` Charlie Kelly : King Of The Rats '' where Frank wants the gang to invite them to go to the gang 's luau . They later appear in `` Dee Gives Birth '' to provide music for their party / interrogation of Dee 's potential baby 's daddies . Z also makes a brief appearance in `` The Gang Tries Desperately to Win an Award , '' as The Gang attempts to show that they are a diverse crowd ; the episode then makes a pointed reference to the no - Emmy wins - ever show Coleman formerly starred on , The Wire when Dennis flatly states that `` black bars do n't win awards . '' Z appeared in the season 12 premiere , `` The Gang Turns Black . '' Da Maniac ( edit ) Da Maniac ( Roddy Piper ) is a deranged , homeless wrestler . The gang enlists him for their wrestling act in season five , and he drifts into both their timeshare scam and pyramid scheme in season 9 , the latter of which he proves surprisingly adept at . Da Maniac is legitimately disturbed , with Dennis noting that `` his mania is NOT confined to the ring . '' He is seen reacting violently over a fifteen dollar debt , foraging chestnuts for food , and displaying extreme PTSD . When the guys suggest that he adopt a terrorist - themed persona for a match , his response is simply to repeat the phrase `` I 'm ... da Maniac '' until it is clear he will not respond to anything else . When asked if he has children , he ominously replies , `` Naw ... not anymore . '' He also claims to love the members of the gang , `` even with ( their ) feathers , '' all while calling Mac the N - word behind his back . Despite his mental illness , da Maniac is a competent wrestler , with props , determined rates , and a sense for wrestling trends . He also displays marked skills as a salesperson in `` Mac and Dennis Buy a Timeshare '' , far outselling all other Invigaron distributors . Ernie ( edit ) Ernie ( David Zdunich ) is the `` Barfly '' who is commonly seen in the background in the bar . He is in every single episode that is shot in the bar , but he is noticed in the episode `` Paddy 's Pub : The Worst Bar in Philadelphia . '' handing over the paper to the `` gang '' for them to see the journalist 's article as well as `` Sweet Dee is Dating a Retarded Person '' in which he sets up Mac , Frank and Charlie 's band equipment . David Zdunich died in 2009 . A portrait of Ernie ( David ) is hung behind the bar in memoriam . Gladys ( edit ) Gladys ( Mae Laborde ) is a senior citizen the gang calls upon who has a penchant for long rambling stories . She played the piano during Charlie 's play in the season 4 finale `` The Nightman Cometh '' . Dennis pretends she is his grandmother to win back a former girlfriend in `` The D.E.N.N.I.S. System '' . She claims she was friends with Calvin Coolidge and that her grandmother was the lesbian lover of Susan B. Anthony . Josh Groban ( edit ) Josh Groban ( himself ) is a famous singer . Dee and Artemis are huge Groban fans , calling themselves `` Grobanites '' . Dee 's love of the singer leads her to self - tan and wear white shorts , explaining `` Josh Groban likes his ladies to pop '' . Dee and Artemis get backstage passes to a Groban show , but Dee is unable to attend because Frank had poisoned her and tied her up . In the season nine episode `` The Gang Saves the Day , '' Groban appears in a fantasy of Dee 's . In the fantasy , Dee is a celebrity who achieves fame after entering witness protection through her portrayal of an English butler character , in an allusion to the 1980s television series Mr. Belvedere . She marries Groban , but their marriage lasts only 17 minutes with Dee divorcing Groban for Brad Pitt . Jack Kelly ( edit ) Uncle Jack Kelly ( Andrew Friedman ) is Charlie 's uncle ( the brother of Charlie 's mother Bonnie ) and a lawyer . He first appeared in the season 1 finale `` Charlie Got Molested '' wherein Charlie 's family gives him an intervention to get him to admit he had been molested by his elementary school teacher ( this belief was fostered by the scam the McPoyles were running to extort money from the school system ) . Uncle Jack appears again in the season 5 episode `` The Great Recession . '' When Charlie tries to move back in with his mother after Frank kicks him out of their apartment , she reveals that she sublet Charlie 's room to Uncle Jack to earn extra money . Jack insists they share the room and spend time wrestling there . In the season 6 episode `` Dennis Gets Divorced , '' Charlie and Frank call in Jack , who is revealed to be a lawyer , to handle their divorce . Later , Dennis and Mac use him to try to get their apartment back from Dennis ' ex-wife , only to find that she hired The Lawyer . Jack proves to be incompetent , getting the apartment back in exchange for Dennis taking his wife 's $90,000 debt . Jack has a bizarre fixation on the size of his hands , constantly worrying that they may appear to be too small . It is heavily implied that Uncle Jack is a pedophile and wants to have sex with his nephew . Charlie has mentioned how , as a child , he would stay awake at night because Uncle Jack would want to sleep in his bed . Coincidentally , Charlie 's lyrics to `` Nightman '' seem to revolve around a man sneaking into his room at night and raping him . The lawyer ( edit ) The Lawyer ( Brian Unger ) is first seen in `` Dennis and Dee 's Mom Is Dead '' where The Gang mistake him for having personal involvement as the executor of Barbara Reynolds ' will . He returns in Season 5 , eager to personally stop Frank -- he represents a family that Frank is trying to force out of their house . After Charlie makes an attempt to prove that he 's more legally apt than the actual lawyer , he challenges him to a duel ; the lawyer immediately accepts , claiming to have a loaded gun in his office desk . He also appears again in `` Paddy 's Pub : Home of the Original Kitten Mittens '' when The Gang goes to him to get patents for products that they have created . He later tricks them into signing a document that grants him all the profits from the products as well as imposing a restraining order on them . He is also present at the end of `` Dennis Gets Divorced '' where he works pro-bono for Maureen Ponderosa , securing a deal with Charlie 's Uncle Jack Kelly , who is a lawyer , where Dennis can keep his apartment in exchange for assuming $90 K of Maureen 's debt . In Season 11 he represents one of the McPoyles in a lawsuit against Bill Ponderosa over a bird attack that cost his client an eye , but in addition to being hit with nonsensical anti-Semitic baiting from Frank and Dee ( even though he 's not Jewish ) , he ends up injuring one of his eyes in another bird attack that leads to Bill 's acquittal . Lil kev ( edit ) Kevin Gallagher ( Kyle Davis ) a potentially retarded rapper who dates Dee in `` Sweet Dee Is Dating A Retarded Person '' . Dennis convinces Dee to dump Kevin because he 's retarded only for her to later discover he is n't . He later returns as one of Dee 's baby 's potential fathers in `` Dee Gives Birth '' . Korean Busboy ( edit ) The Korean Busboy ( Maxie J. Santillan Jr . ) worked at the Korean restaurant that threatened to steal business away from Paddy Pub 's in `` The Gang Solves The North Korea Situation '' . Dee sleeps with him to get information about their secret microbrew recipe . He gives her a note written in Korean purportedly containing the recipe , but when the Gang has it translated it turns out to read `` Bony American is dirty dirty whore . She bring much shame to herself and country . '' He later returns as one of Dee 's potential baby 's fathers in `` Dee Gives Birth '' . Rickety Cricket ( edit ) Rickety Cricket ( David Hornsby ) , also commonly known as Street Rat . Formerly known as Father Matthew Mara , a Roman Catholic priest who becomes defrocked , destitute , abducted , assaulted ( both non-sexually and sexually ) , threatened , hunted , severely injured and addicted to cocaine all directly or indirectly resulting from the influence or action of Dee , Dennis , Charlie , Frank and Mac . As a boy he suffered from a medical condition that required the use of very conspicuous complex leg braces which inspired the pejorative nickname `` Rickety Cricket '' . He first appears in `` The Gang Exploits a Miracle '' where it is revealed that he has continued to harbor a high school crush on Deandra ( who at the time used an elaborate semi-permanent aluminum medical back brace earning her the moniker `` The Aluminum Monster '' ) . He admits he was convinced to eat horse feces for a chance to kiss Dee , which she refused since , as she says , `` his breath smelled like shit '' . Mac and Dennis have been teabagging Cricket at every opportunity since high school . Dennis claims that he has a shoebox full of pictures of him and Mac doing this , and pictures are surfacing on the Internet . One recurring theme in the series is Cricket 's downward spiral ; due to his involvement with the Gang he leaves the priesthood , supports himself by grifting or panhandling , becomes addicted to crack cocaine , has his legs broken by members of the Philadelphia Mafia , has his throat sliced by Frank in a wrestling match , is hunted by Mac and Dennis for sport , and suffers a gunshot wound when he is trespassing at Paddy 's and Frank accidentally shoots him . He is then left bleeding in the car by Frank and Dee while they go into a store full of hurricane - panicking people , and he ends up driving through the doors of the place and further injuring himself . He has since carried a vendetta against The Gang and attempts to get his revenge in various episodes , but consistently fails to do so . He shows up in `` Mac 's Big Break '' , when he appears on Dennis and Dee 's inaugural podcast , remarking about his life as a homeless person - during this episode he reveals that he stopped believing in god since `` a Chinaman stole my kidney '' . He also shows up in `` Dee Gives Birth '' because Frank was trying `` to cast a wider net '' in finding out the identity of Dee 's baby 's father and he considered Rickety Cricket to be `` the wildcard '' . He shows up at his high school reunion claiming to have returned to being a priest but actually uses the opportunity to steal jewelry from the other alumni . The other alumni mock him and physically eject him when it is discovered he has ring worm , but his rants about how Dee loved and left him leads the cool crowd to reject her . In the season eight premiere , `` Pop -- Pop : The Final Solution '' , he is working at a local pound for community service . He has a new scar over his now - blind left eye , which he says was from a `` skirmish '' with a stray chocolate lab , in which he paralyzed the dog ; later on he makes numerous references to either raping or being raped by feral dogs . He claims to be a dog executioner , but then admits he 's a janitor . In Season 9 , he suffers horrific facial burns when he 's locked in Mac and Dennis 's apartment during `` The Gang Squashes Their Beefs '' when a fire breaks out ( ironically , he was not even invited because the Gang did n't consider him someone they 'd wronged ) , leaving the entire left side of his head covered in scar tissue . In Season 10 when Charlie and Mac seek him out to help make their old friend Psycho Pete crazy and fun again , he is fully homeless and describes in disgusting detail the sex acts he must perform to earn money for alcohol and other drugs ( frequently remarking that it will cost `` a whole sixer '' ( a six pack of beer ) for him to perform oral sex ) . Also from Season 10 onwards his crack - addicted life on the streets has resulted in him losing many of his teeth . By Seasons 10 and 11 he often casually appears in the bar to use its bathroom to smoke PCP in , and / or to perform sex acts for money . After having half of his head nearly burned off , he also stops giving any thought whatsoever to his physical appearance , with long , filthy , matted hair and scraggly beard . While he occasionally gives himself wipe - down showers in the bar 's bathroom , he is almost always covered in an extensive coating of dirt and grime . In Season 11 's `` Dee Made a Smut Film '' , Cricket says that a cat bit off one of his toes at some point , and describes in exacting detail how he was involved in a dog orgy ( almost bragging about it ) . In Season 12 , the gang casually mention that they injected a GPS pet tracking chip into Cricket 's body , without his knowledge . Dr. Larry Meyers ( edit ) Dr. Larry Meyers ( Rene Auberjonois ) is the high - school drama teacher who taught Dee . He appeared in The Gang Gets A New Member in which , Dee and The Gang open a time capsule and in it was a check from Dee to him for a million dollars . Dee goes back to her high - school to talk to Dr. Meyers . He tells her that he was an alcoholic and that she must give up . He also reminds her of a musical she was in , Frankenstein . Later he trips and gets injured as a result of Charlie becoming a member of the school 's custodial staff and waxing Dr. Meyers 's classroom . He does not appear again in the series due to the injury . Dee takes over as a substitute . Principal Brian McIntyre ( edit ) Principal Brian McIntyre ( Dave Foley ) is the high school principal who hires Dee as a substitute teacher and Charlie as a janitor in `` The Gang Gets A New Member '' . He fires both of them in the next episode `` Dee Reynolds : Shaping America 's Youth '' because Dee took her students on a field trip to Paddy 's Pub to watch Mac and Dennis 's Lethal Weapon 5 movie and because Charlie 's mentoring of a student named Richie led to him dressing up in blackface after watching the movie . The principal laments that he probably wo n't be employed at the school much longer either due to their shenanigans . Principal McIntyre appears again in the episode `` Gun Fever Too : Still Hot '' , where he is now the principal of a middle school . It is revealed that because of tenure , rather than being terminated , he was reassigned . The McPoyles ( edit ) Brothers Liam ( Jimmi Simpson ) and Ryan McPoyle ( Nate Mooney ) are creepy former elementary - school classmates of Mac and Charlie . They are introduced in `` Charlie Got Molested '' when they falsely accuse a former teacher of pedophilia and Charlie and the rest of the gang foil their plan and turn them in to the police , which sparks the McPoyles ' antipathy toward the Paddy 's Pub gang . Their clan is built entirely from inbreeding and Liam and Ryan have an incestuous relationship with each other and their deaf - mute sister Margaret ( Thesy Surface ) . As seen in `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' , they have at least 14 other siblings and family members , who all sport the McPoyle unibrows , acne , and eczema . The most notable relative is Doyle McPoyle ( Bob Rusch ) , an aspiring football player who lost his chance to play for the Philadelphia Eagles when a hallucinating Frank accidentally shot him in the leg . Ryan , Liam , and Margaret avenge this in the episode `` The Gang Gets Held Hostage '' by faking a raid on the bar . Ryan seems to have a strange addiction of inhaling Pledge furniture cleaner , and all the McPoyles seem to exclusively drink milk and to prefer warm , clammy conditions , which explains their constant sweaty appearance . Liam later becomes engaged to Maureen Ponderosa in the episode `` The Maureen Ponderosa Wedding Massacre '' however the marriage does not occur , after Dennis sleeps with her again . During the events of the wedding Liam loses his right eye as the result of a riot triggered by Bill Ponderosa spiking the McPoyles ' milk with bath salts . Ryan and Liam later reappear in the episode `` The Gang Squashes Their Beef '' as part of an ensemble invited to Dennis and Mac 's apartment to make amends for past transgressions . During the events of the episode Liam displays immense difficulty adapting to his disability , relying on Ryan for assistance in most situations , as well as insecurity surrounding his missing eye prominently sporting a flesh - colored eye - patch and later painting on an eye in the hopes of making his injury less visible . As retribution for Liam 's disfigurement the brothers demands a new eye from Dennis and Mac to no avail . As the episode ends Frank manages to set fire to Dennis and Mac 's apartment , the McPoyles along with the other guests are locked inside the burning apartment by the gang but seemingly escape unharmed . The McPoyle family return in the episode `` McPoyle vs. Ponderosa : The Trial of the Century '' pursuing legal action against Bill Ponderosa for spiking the milk at the wedding and the subsequent mutilation of Liam . Though many members of the family are present at the trial ( including Margret McPoyle ) Liam and Ryan do not attend , as it transpires Liam contracted pink eye after pouring `` healing milk '' into his eye . The legal case is later thrown out of court due to a revelation made by Charlie and his self - proclaimed in - depth knowledge of `` bird law '' that the true culprit responsible for Liam 's injury was Royal McPoyal , the pet Poconos Swallow of Pappy McPoyal ( Guillermo del Toro ) the standing patriarch of the McPoyal family . Ingrid `` Fatty Magoo '' Nelson ( edit ) Ingrid Nelson AKA Fatty Magoo ( Judy Greer ) was a high school friend of Dee 's who appeared in the season 3 episode `` The Aluminum Monster Vs. Fatty Magoo '' . In High School Dee wore a back brace and was dubbed the Aluminum Monster while Ingrid was morbidly obese and was given the name Fatty Magoo . Dee would always build herself up and put Ingrid down . Ingrid grew up to be a rich and successful fashion designer . Dee , feeling threatened by Ingrid 's success , tried to get the Gang 's help in destroying Ingrid while Dennis tried to sell his dress design to her , even going so far as to wear it himself . Ingrid later returns in the season 7 finale `` The High School Reunion : The Gang Gets Revenge '' . Nick ( edit ) Nick ( Windell Middlebrooks ) is Carmen 's portly African - American husband . Mac is initially annoyed that Carmen had moved on to Nick instead of calling him after she had her penis removed . Mac does not agree with gay marriage and quotes the Bible verse Romans 1 : 27 to Nick , to which Nick responds with the Bible quote Exodus 21 : 20 endorsing slavery . Nick later appears in `` Dee Gives Birth '' where it is revealed that Dee is a surrogate for the couple since Nick can not have kids but Carmen had frozen her sperm before her operation . Bill Ponderosa ( edit ) Bill Ponderosa ( Lance Barber ) first appears in `` Mac Fights Gay Marriage '' and the follow - up episode `` Dennis Gets Divorced '' as Dee 's high school crush and the brother of Dennis 's high school girlfriend Maureen Ponderosa . He has put on a lot of weight since high school . Dee eventually becomes his mistress when Dee thinks he bought her a new car when in fact the car belongs to another of Bill 's mistresses . Bill returns to his wife . Bill later returns in `` Dee Gives Birth '' as one of Dee 's potential baby 's daddies . Bill reveals that he tells girls he 's had a vasectomy so he does n't have to use a condom . He appears in the episode `` The Maureen Ponderosa Wedding Massacre '' where he spikes a punch bowl with bath salts and it is revealed that Frank is his AA sponsor . He also displays an affinity for cocaine . Ponderosa also appears in the Season 11 episode `` Being Frank , '' where it is revealed that he and Frank have developed a friendship based on hard partying and other social activities , and Frank has nicknamed him `` Pondy . '' Frank borrows Ponderosa 's car to help the rest of the Gang spring Dennis ' Land Rover from a city impound lot without paying , dropping Ponderosa off at a roller rink where he ends up being brutally beaten by a group of men for hitting on underage girls . Ponderosa also makes a brief appearance in the season 12 episode `` Making Dennis Reynolds a Murderer , '' where in an interview he implies that he does not miss his dead sister and that Dennis `` did us all a favor . You ever seen a grown woman take a dump in a sandbox ? '' He states that Dennis did not kill Maureen , who `` died three years ago , '' he killed Bastet , a reference to Maureen having come to identify as a cat and begun transitioning , having renamed herself after the Egyptian cat goddess . Maureen Ponderosa ( edit ) Maureen Ponderosa ( Catherine Reitman ) is Dennis 's high school girlfriend and the sister of Bill Ponderosa . Dennis eventually gets back in touch with Maureen and marries her in `` Mac Fights Gay Marriage '' . She has a dead tooth that makes her breath `` smell like she nibbled on little pieces of shit '' . Dennis gets tired of Maureen fairly quickly and in `` Dennis Gets Divorced '' she hires the Lawyer as her divorce attorney , ending up in a total demolition of Dennis where he has to assume her tens of thousands of dollars in debt as well as pay her monthly alimony . She later appears in `` The High School Reunion '' and reveals she 's spending her alimony money on a diamond for her dead tooth . Maureen eventually got her dead tooth removed , as well as getting a breast enhancement sometime between seasons 7 and 8 . She became engaged to Liam McPoyle but on the day of the wedding , upon seeing Maureen 's new body , Dennis sleeps with her again . By Season 10 she has undergone a series of bizarre plastic surgeries into order to turn herself into a literal `` cat lady '' and in Season 11 she says in a courtroom that he wants to be referred to as just a `` cat '' , period . She dies in a Season 12 episode and Dennis is the prime suspect ( considering the aftermath of their divorce ) , until it 's revealed neither he nor anyone else murdered her ; she was trying to walk along the edge of a roof like a cat and fell off it , landing in an alley headfirst where she broke her neck and died . Despite these revelations , Charlie and Mac try to paint Dennis as the killer via a Making a Murderer - style documentary . Rex ( edit ) Rex ( T.J. Hoban ) first appears in `` America 's Next Top Paddy 's Billboard Model Contest '' as one of the male models vying for the spot on Paddy 's Pub 's billboard . Although an early favorite of Frank 's eventually Frank himself appears on the billboard . He also appeared in the season 5 episode , `` Dee Gives Birth '' as a potential father of Dee 's baby although it is later revealed that Dee was acting as a surrogate for Carmen and her husband Nick . Rex also appears briefly in the season 9 episode `` The Gang Saves the Day '' as an angel in part of Mac 's fantasy . Rex also made an appearance in the finale of season 10 , `` Ass Kickers United : Mac and Charlie Join a Cult '' . Peter `` Schmitty '' Schmidt ( edit ) Peter Schmidt aka Schmitty ( Jason Sudeikis ) A former member of the gang back in high school . Mac and Dennis kicked Schmitty out of the gang ( and a moving car ) to make Charlie happy . Charlie and Schmitty used to be roommates and Charlie always feels upstaged by Schmitty . The gang kicks Charlie out and welcomes Schmitty back in the season 6 episode `` The Gang Gets A New Member '' but he quickly earns their ire when he upstages Mac and Dennis and is kicked out again . He returns in the Season 7 finale `` The High School Reunion : The Gang Gets Revenge '' and appears right at the end of the reunion , seemingly now forgiving the gang , to take the Waitress up on her drunken offer to bang ' the next guy who talks to her ' , ( just seconds before Charlie can utter a word ) . Ben Smith ( edit ) Ben Smith aka Ben the Soldier ( Travis Schuldt ) is first introduced in `` The Gang Wrestles for the Troops '' as Dee 's online chat buddy `` soldier of fortune '' . Dim - witted and genial , he served as an American soldier in Iraq . He is mistaken as a handicapped person while getting off a bus from the airport in a wheelchair . Dee reluctantly says he was talking to Artemis over the internet , due to him being handicapped but soon discovers he is n't ; he just twisted his knee getting off a plane in Germany . Ben is seen again in the episode `` The D.E.N.N.I.S system '' as Dee 's boyfriend . He dumps her , calling her a `` mean person '' and goes for a pharmacist that dumped Dennis after the latter `` Dennis - ed '' her . Ben resurfaces again in season six with the episode `` Mac 's Big Break . '' Ben is seen chiefly wearing the jean shorts Frank purchased for him as a welcome - home gift . He appears again in `` Dee Gives birth '' as a potential father of Dee 's . He is again seen wearing the jean shorts , and breaks down in tears when discussing Dee 's manipulative behavior towards him . The Unknown actor ( edit ) The Unknown Actor ( Geoffrey Owens ) first appears in the episode `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' when the gang tries out for the Philadelphia Eagles . He pretends to be Donovan McNabb doing a plug for McDonald 's but the gang calls him out , recognizing him as `` that guy from The Cosby Show '' who played `` Sondra 's husband Alvin . '' Owens was indeed on The Cosby Show as Sondra 's husband Elvin . In the season 7 episode `` Frank 's Pretty Woman '' he appears , claiming to be Tiger Woods paying Frank 's hooker girlfriend for her services , revealing that he 's into `` foot shit . '' Dee calls him out for not being Tiger Woods and recognizes him as that actor who pretended to be Donovan McNabb . He then claims to be actor Don Cheadle , but Dee does n't fall for it either . It 's implied that Dee does take him up on his offer to pay her to play with her `` bizarrely huge '' feet . The Waitress ( edit ) The Waitress ( Mary Elizabeth Ellis ) is the most frequently recurring character outside of The Gang . Introduced in the first episode , `` The Gang Gets Racist , '' as the object of Charlie 's affections , she works at a coffee shop near Paddy 's . She has absolutely no interest in Charlie but has managed to sleep with Charlie in season 12 `` Dennis ' Double Life '' and all of the other three lead male characters . She harbors an unrequited crush on Dennis , who slept with her in the episode `` Charlie Has Cancer '' . Attempting to make Dennis jealous , she `` banged '' Frank in `` Mac Bangs Dennis ' Mom '' and grinds on a homeless man in `` The Gang Dances Their Asses Off '' . She nearly has relations with Mac in `` Mac 's Banging the Waitress '' . She spent a night with Charlie at the Jersey Shore while she was high on Ecstasy ; in the morning she was sickened and fled from Charlie after accusing him of raping her , but Charlie was just happy he got to spend that time with her . Charlie goes to great lengths to woo her , while she goes to great lengths to attract Dennis ' attention . Frequently , her infatuation with Dennis causes her to make decisions against her better moral judgment and often end up the victim of The Gang 's manipulative schemes . She is a recovering alcoholic , a fact first referenced in `` The Gang Gives Back , '' when she becomes Charlie 's Alcoholics Anonymous sponsor , and then in `` Who Pooped the Bed '' and `` The Waitress Gets Married . '' As a running gag , her real name is never mentioned ; she is simply referred to as `` The Waitress , '' and directly as `` Waitress . '' It was hinted Charlie may know her name in `` The Gang Sells Out '' when he chides her for liking Dennis when he does n't even know her real name . The only clues to her name are that it does not start with `` W '' and is not `` Beautiful , '' the name Dennis guessed when he was accused of not knowing it . In `` The Waitress Is Getting Married , '' it is revealed that she went to high school with the Gang , where she and Dee dated the same guy ( a retcon after not knowing Dee when they ' first meet ' in the second episode of the series ) . She attends the high - school reunion with the Gang , where her name tag is missing ( further implying her status as ' easily forgettable ' , a theme in that episode ) , preventing her name from being revealed . Many fans assumed her name was Nikki Potnick when Frank showed up with a stolen tag bearing that name . However , Glenn Howerton specified on Twitter that this is not the case . Nikki Potnik is mentioned by Charlie in the episode `` Underage Drinking a National Concern '' when he reminisces how the gang crashed Potnick 's car into a tree during a night of underage drinking . In a tongue - in - cheek online special feature for Season 10 , Ellis is filmed making a promotional video and about to reveal her name when and Glenn Howerton arrives . Ellis begins to allude to bad things happening to her and when she does not understand , he reveals her real - life husband Charlie Day pointing a sniper rifle at her . She whispers in his ear what she believes to be her name , but Howerton says it is wrong and calls off Charlie . After the men leave , she tried to report the crime but screams when she is asked for her name and does not know it . Parents ( edit ) Barbara Landgraf Reynolds ( Anne Archer ) was Frank 's gold - digging ex-wife and Dennis and Dee 's mother whom Frank always refers to her as `` my whore wife . '' She was a cold , cruel and selfish woman with little affection for her family ( besides Dennis ) . Barbara tricked Frank into raising the twins because she thought he was wealthier than their biological father , Bruce Mathis . When she meets Bruce again , she 's startled to learn he 's actually wealthy . She died of a botched neck lift in the third season . An ecstatic Frank delivers the news of her death to The Gang smoking a cigar and popping a champagne bottle . Frank later tricks the gang into exhuming her body to teach them a lesson ( having convinced them that she had faked her own death and buried her jewelry in her grave ) , leaving Dee and Dennis horrified . Bruce Mathis ( Stephen Collins ) is Dennis and Dee 's biological father . The antithesis of Frank , Bruce devotes his time and money to charities and philanthropic efforts , including adopting several suffering children in Africa . He reconnects with his twins through Dee 's MySpace page , but they are unable to have a successful relationship with him because of his good nature clashing with their selfish ways . Bruce had always been wealthy but never mentioned it to Barbara who assumed he was poor and was thus surprised to learn about his wealth years later . After Barbara 's death , he inherits Barbara 's fortune ( including her house , which originally went to Dennis until Mathis films evidence of Frank 's presence in the house , which was against the terms of Barbara 's will ) and calls The Gang `` the most horrible people alive . '' Bonnie Kelly ( Lynne Marie Stewart ) is Charlie 's mom . She is a sweet and timid woman who is attracted to cruel men . She had a one - night stand with Frank Reynolds 30 years ago , possibly making him Charlie 's biological father . She later reconnects with Frank , enjoying his harsh treatment becoming his `` bang maid , '' but she quickly transfers her affections to Mac 's intimidating father Luther after meeting him at a dinner party thrown by Mac and Charlie . Quite neurotic and emotional ( possibly suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder ) , she is prone to dramatic episodes . There is evidence that Bonnie may have once been a prostitute , which is later revealed to be true , a fact which greatly upsets Charlie . In `` Mac 's Mom Burns Her House Down '' , Mac 's mother accidentally burns her house down and moves in with Bonnie . At first they ca n't stand each other , but they eventually bond over their mutual racism and xenophobia . Luther McDonald ( Luther Mac ) ( Gregory Scott Cummins ) is Mac 's father and a convicted felon . He is tall , has numerous tattoos , and never blinks resulting in a very intimidating appearance . Out of fear , he is one of the few people The Gang does not immediately try to manipulate or exploit . The warm and gentle Bonnie Kelly is attracted to Luther 's aloof behavior and criminal past . In his first appearance ( `` Dennis and Dee Get a New Dad '' ) , he attempts to get Mac and Charlie ( who have come to visit him in prison to bond with him ) to smuggle heroin into the prison in their rectums . In `` Dennis Looks Like a Registered Sex Offender '' , he is out on parole and convinces Mac to help him `` take care of some people '' he has listed , including former witnesses in his trial and the judge who sentenced him . Charlie and Mac become convinced that he is using them as drivers while making the rounds to murder the people on his list ( similar to the movie Collateral ) and try to get Luther sent back to prison . They fail to do so and Mac is initially relieved when Luther is arrested for violating the parole on his own . However , Mac is horrified to learn that Luther was apologizing to the people on his list and did n't harm any of them , and his parole violation occurred when Luther made proscribed plane reservations to leave the state and take Mac and Charlie to the Baseball Hall of Fame . Luther calmly tells Mac he had no plans to hurt him before , but once he gets out of prison again , he 's definitely going to murder him and Charlie . When he is paroled anew , Mac and Charlie fake their deaths to escape what they believe is his unstoppable wrath . Luther forgives Mac for this in a note where he tells his son that he loves him and always had and to stay away from him for the rest of their lives . In `` Mac Kills His Dad '' , Luther is the suspect in the beheading of a state official . Mac learns that the murder was committed by Luther 's presumed lover Eduardo Sanchez and reveals this to Bill Ponderosa who goes to the police intending to confess the crime himself , but decides at the last minute to rat on Eduardo . This leads to the other inmates in the jail to think Luther is the rat and it is implied that Luther is attacked by the other inmates as a result . Mrs. McDonald ( Mrs. Mac ) ( Sandy Martin ) is Mac 's mom . She is always portrayed smoking and usually watching television apathetic of what 's going on around her , and openly states that she hates both Mac and Luther . When Mac and Charlie fake their deaths , she falls asleep at her son 's `` funeral '' with a portable TV on her lap . She often communicates through unenthused grunts which Mac translates . She accidentally burns her house down and moves in with Bonnie Kelly , the two bonding over their mutual racism . Mac claims that she is a skilled mechanic , having worked all the way up to the position of manager at a Jiffy Lube , which , despite Charlie 's skepticism , she demonstrates by repairing Bonnie 's ceiling fan . Heinrich `` Pop Pop '' Landgraf ( Tom Bower ) is Dennis and Dee 's maternal grandfather who is languishing in a nursing home and is rarely visited by relatives . He is a former Nazi of whom Dennis is the spitting image . Charlie leads him to believe he 's Dennis when he and Dee visited him in The Gang Finds a Dead Guy . Charlie find a box with Pop Pop 's old Nazi uniform and a painting done by Hitler . In `` Pop -- Pop : The Final Solution '' , The Lawyer informs Dennis and Dee that they are the next of kin and must decide whether they want to pull the plug on Pop Pop . After the two of them could not come to a decision they turn power of attorney to The Lawyer . He tells the doctor to pull the plug , but Pop Pop begins to breathe on his own . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howerton , Glenn . `` Twitter '' . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK0MqlJz3zI ( hide ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Mac Dennis Reynolds Charlie Kelly Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_characters&oldid=800480510 '' Categories : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters Lists of American television series characters Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who plays baby ray in the fifth element			Milla Jovovich	milla jovovich	Milica Bogdanovna Jovovich ( / ˈjoʊvəvɪtʃ / YOH - və - vich ; born December 17 , 1975 ) is an American actress , model and musician . She has appeared in numerous science fiction and action films , leading the music channel VH1 to deem her the `` reigning queen of kick - butt '' in 2006 . In 2004 , she was the highest - paid model in the world according to Forbes .	Born in Kiev , Jovovich emigrated with her parents to London when she was five and subsequently immigrated to Sacramento , California , settling in Los Angeles seven months later . In 1987 , she began modeling at the age of 12 when Herb Ritts photographed her for the cover of the Italian magazine Lei . Richard Avedon featured her in Revlon 's `` Most Unforgettable Women in the World '' advertisements . In 1988 , Jovovich had her first acting role in the television film The Night Train to Kathmandu , and that year also appeared in her first feature film , Two Moon Junction . Jovovich gained attention for her role in the explicit 1991 romance film Return to the Blue Lagoon , as she was then only 15 . She was considered to have a breakthrough with her role in the 1997 French science - fiction film The Fifth Element written and directed by Luc Besson . She and Besson married that year , but soon divorced . She starred as the heroine and martyr in Besson 's The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) . In 2002 , Jovovich starred in the science fiction horror film Resident Evil , adapted from the video game series of the same name . She reprised her role in five sequels , all in the apocalyptic fiction action horror genre , made between 2004 and 2016 . Despite consistent negative reviews , the Resident Evil film series was commercially successful ; with six films released , it is the highest - grossing film series to be based on video games of all time , having grossed over $1.233 billion worldwide . Jovovich released an album , The Divine Comedy , in 1994 . She continues to release demos for other songs on her official website and contributes to film soundtracks . In 2003 , she and model Carmen Hawk created the clothing line Jovovich - Hawk . Jovovich has her own production company , Creature Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Modeling career 3 Acting career 3.1 Early work ( 1985 -- 1993 ) 3.2 Breakthrough ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 3.3 International success ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 3.4 Recent and future roles ( 2007 -- present ) 4 Music career 5 Fashion design 6 Media personality 7 Personal life 7.1 Relationships and marriage 8 Discography 8.1 Soundtrack appearances 8.2 Compilation appearances 9 Filmography 9.1 Film 9.2 Television 9.3 Video games 10 Awards and nominations 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early life and family ( edit ) Milla Jovovich was born in 1975 in Kiev , Ukrainian SSR , the daughter of Galina Loginova , a Russian actress , and Bogich Jovovich , who is Serbian . Her maternal ancestors were from the Russian city of Tula . She spent most of her early childhood in Moscow , Russian SSR , where her mother was from . In 1980 , when Jovovich was five years old , her family left the Soviet Union for political reasons and immigrated to London . They subsequently immigrated to Sacramento , California , settling in Los Angeles seven months later . Milla 's parents divorced soon after their arrival in Los Angeles . In 1988 , her father had a relationship with an Argentine woman , and they had a son , Marco Jovovich . Due to her parents ' divorce years before , Jovovich saw little of her half brother . In Los Angeles , her mother tried to get acting jobs , but found little success because of language barriers , and eventually resorted to cleaning houses to earn money . Both parents served as cooks and housekeepers for director Brian De Palma . Milla 's father was convicted and imprisoned for participating in an illegal operation concerning medical insurance ; he was given a 20 - year sentence in 1994 , but was released in 1999 after serving five years . According to Jovovich , `` Prison was good for him . He 's become a much better person . It gave him a chance to stop and think . '' Jovovich attended public schools in Los Angeles , becoming fluent in English in three months . In school , she was teased by classmates for coming from the Soviet Union : `` I was called a commie and a Russian spy . I was never , ever , ever accepted into the crowd . '' At age 12 , Jovovich left seventh grade to focus on modeling , which she had started at age nine . She has said she was rebellious during her early teens , engaging in drug use , shopping mall vandalism , and credit - card fraud . In 1994 , she became a naturalized U.S. citizen at the age of 19 . Modeling career ( edit ) It was Jovovich 's early work with Ritz , Richard Avedon and Peter Lindbergh that led to her success in advertising , bringing the young model contracts and covers for both Vogue and Cosmopolitan . Since then , she has been featured on more than 100 magazine covers , including all the major fashion magazines in the US . She has been part of campaigns for Banana Republic , Christian Dior , Damiani , Donna Karan , Gap , Versace , Calvin Klein , DKNY , Coach , Giorgio Armani , H&M , and Revlon . Since 1998 , Jovovich has been an `` international spokesmodel '' for L'Oréal cosmetics . She was referred to in a minor cameo in Bret Easton Ellis ' novel Glamorama , a satire of society 's obsession with celebrities and beauty . Jovovich was said to be designer Miuccia Prada 's muse in 2002 ; a 2003 article claimed she was Gianni Versace 's `` favourite supermodel '' . In 2004 , Jovovich topped Forbes magazine 's `` Richest Supermodels of the World '' list , earning a reported $ 10.5 million . In 2006 , Jovovich was picked up by Mango , a Spanish clothing line , as their new spokesmodel and is featured in their ad campaigns ; she can also be seen in ads for Etro . She has noted that `` Modeling was never a priority '' and that the money she earns enables her `` to be selective about the creative decisions ( she ) make ( s ) '' . In 2012 , Jovovich was hired as the new `` face '' of a global advertising campaign for wristwatch and jewelry retailer Jacob & Co . Acting career ( edit ) Early work ( 1985 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) Jovovich 's mother had `` raised ( her ) to be a movie star . '' In 1985 , Galina enrolled Jovovich at the age of 10 in acting classes , and when her acting jobs picked up , she started attending school for young actors rather than regular school system . In 1988 , Jovovich appeared in her first professional role as Lily McLeod in the made - for - television film The Night Train to Kathmandu . Later that year , she made her debut in a feature film as Samantha Delongpre in the romantic thriller Two Moon Junction . She had several roles in television series , including Paradise ( 1988 ) , Married ... with Children ( 1989 ) and Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose ( 1990 ) . At age 15 , she was cast as the lead as Lilli Hargrave in Return to the Blue Lagoon ( 1991 ) , opposite Brian Krause . Given her age and beauty , she was often compared to Brooke Shields , another child model - turned - actress who had starred in the original Blue Lagoon . The role was controversial , as Jovovich appeared nude in the film , as had Shields in The Blue Lagoon ... For this role , Jovovich was nominated both for `` Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture '' at the 1991 Young Artist Awards , and `` Worst New Star '' at the 1991 Golden Raspberry Awards . In 1992 , Milla Jovovich co-starred with Christian Slater in the comedy Kuffs . Later that year , she portrayed Mildred Harris in the Charlie Chaplin biographical film Chaplin . In 1993 she acted in Richard Linklater 's film Dazed and Confused . She played Michelle Burroughs , on - screen girlfriend to Pickford ( played by her then - boyfriend Shawn Andrews ) . Strongly featured in promotions for the film , Jovovich was upset to find her role much reduced in the released film . Discouraged , she took a hiatus from acting roles , moving to Europe . She started to work at music . Breakthrough ( 1997 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Jovovich at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival Jovovich returned to acting in 1997 with a lead role in the French science fiction action film The Fifth Element , alongside Bruce Willis and Gary Oldman . This was written and directed by Luc Besson . She portrayed Leeloo , an alien who helps to save the planet . Jovovich said she `` worked like hell : no band practice , no clubs , no pot , nothing '' to acquire the role and impress Besson . They married on December 14 , 1997 , but later divorced . Jovovich co-created and mastered an alien fictional language of over 400 words for her role . She wore a costume that came to be known as the `` ACE - bandage '' costume ; the body suit designed by Jean - Paul Gaultier was made of medical bandages . The Fifth Element was selected as the opening film for the 1997 Cannes Film Festival and its worldwide box office gross was over $ 263 million , more than three times its budget of $80 million . The Fifth Element was often praised for its visual style ; critic James Berardinelli wrote , `` Jovovich makes an impression , although her effectiveness has little to do with acting and less to do with dialogue '' . Jovovich was nominated for `` Favorite Female Newcomer '' at the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards and `` Best Fight '' at the MTV Movie Awards . The film inspired a video game and a planned Leeloo action figure , but the figure was never released due to licensing problems . In a 2003 interview , Jovovich said Leeloo was her favorite role . In 1998 , Jovovich appeared in Spike Lee 's drama He Got Game , as abused prostitute Dakota Burns ; she acted with Denzel Washington and Ray Allen . In 1999 , she appeared in the music video for the song `` If You Ca n't Say No '' by Lenny Kravitz . That year she returned to the action genre playing the title role in The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc , under direction of Luc Besson . She cut her hair short and wore armor in several extensive battle scenes . Jovovich received generally good reviews for her performance , although she also received a Razzie Award nomination for `` Worst Actress '' . The historical drama did moderately well at the box office , gaining $66 million worldwide . In 2000 , Jovovich appeared as the troubled Eloise in The Million Dollar Hotel , a film based on a concept story by Bono of the band U2 and Nicholas Klein . Directed by Wim Wenders , Jovovich starred alongside Jeremy Davies and Mel Gibson ; she provided vocals on the film 's soundtrack . That year she also played bar owner Lucia , in the British western film The Claim ( 2000 ) . This was followed by a supporting role as the evil Katinka in the comedy Zoolander ( 2001 ) . International success ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) Jovovich at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival In 2002 , Jovovich starred in the horror / action film Resident Evil , released in the United States on March 15 , 2002 and based on the CAPCOM video game series of the same name . She portrayed Alice , the film 's heroine , who fights a legion of zombies created by the Umbrella Corporation . Jovovich had accepted the role because she and her brother Marco had been fans of the video game franchise . Jovovich had performed all the stunts required in the film , except for a scene that would involve her jumping to a cement platform , which her management deemed too dangerous , and had trained in karate , kickboxing , and combat - training . The film was commercially successful , grossing $17 million on its opening weekend , and gaining $40 million domestically and $102 million worldwide . Later , she portrayed the manipulative gang wife Erin in No Good Deed ( 2002 ) , Nadine in the romantic comedy You Stupid Man ( 2002 ) , punk rocker Fangora ( `` Fanny '' ) in Dummy ( 2003 ) , and provided a guest voice on the television series King of the Hill . The role of Fangora in Dummy allowed Jovovich to act in film with Oscar - winning Adrien Brody , who was a friend prior to filming . Jovovich found it easy to identify with this role because she felt Fangora possessed similar qualities to the actress ' own life . In 2004 , Jovovich reprised the role of Alice in the sequel to Resident Evil , Resident Evil : Apocalypse . The role required her to do fight training for three hours a day , in addition to the three months prior to filming in which she had `` gun training , martial arts , everything '' . Apocalypse received even more negative reactions from the critics than the first film , but it was an even greater commercial success , ranking number one at the box office unlike the first film . Following the release of the film , Jovovich was unhappy with the critical results and director Alexander Witt 's effort . She noted during an interview that year that her large action films take care of the commercial part of her career , while she acts in `` independent little films that never come out '' to appease her artistic side , and `` It 's a good balance '' . The following year , she was featured in Gore Vidal 's faux trailer remake of Caligula , as Drusilla . In 2006 , Jovovich 's film , the science fiction / action thriller Ultraviolet , was released on March 3 . She played the title role of Violet Song jat Shariff , a role that also involved heavily choreographed fight sequences . It was not screened for critics , but when reviewed , it was critically panned , grossing $31 million worldwide . That year , Jovovich also starred in . 45 , as Kat , the revenge driven girlfriend of an illegal gun and drug dealer with Scottish actor and DJ Angus Macfadyen . Recent and future roles ( 2007 -- present ) ( edit ) In 2007 , Jovovich reprised her role as Alice in Resident Evil : Extinction , the third of the Resident Evil series . The film grossed an estimated $24 million in 2,828 theaters on its opening weekend , topping the box office gross for that week . It opened stronger than its predecessor , Resident Evil : Apocalypse , which opened with $23 million in 3,284 theaters ( over 450 more theaters than Extinction ) . In a March 2006 interview , Jovovich said that she would not appear in another action film `` for a long time '' , expressing a desire to portray more diverse roles , but she added that talks of another sequel in the Resident Evil franchise were a `` real possibility '' . Jovovich speaking at WonderCon 2012 about Resident Evil In 2009 , Jovovich starred in David Twohy 's A Perfect Getaway with Kiele Sanchez , Timothy Olyphant , and Steve Zahn . The film is a thriller about a newlywed couple ( Milla and Zahn ) on their honeymoon in Hawaii . She played Cydney Anderson . Jovovich played Lucetta , the wife of a jailed arsonist ( played by Edward Norton ) in Stone , a psychological thriller starring Robert De Niro . Filming began in May 2009 at the recently closed Southern Michigan Correctional Facility in Jackson , Michigan . Jovovich played the role of Dr. Abigail Tyler in the science - fiction thriller The Fourth Kind and starred in the psychological thriller Faces in the Crowd , which was written and directed by Julien Magnat ; in the latter film , she plays the survivor of a serial killer 's attack that leaves her suffering from a condition called prosopagnosia , which renders her unable to recognize faces . Jovovich returned as Alice in the fourth movie of the Resident Evil series , Afterlife , which was directed by her husband , Paul W.S. Anderson . She had a role in Dirty Girl , which premiered on September 12 , 2010 at the Toronto Film Festival , opposite Juno Temple , William H. Macy , Mary Steenburgen , and Tim McGraw . Jovovich starred in Paul W.S. Anderson 's The Three Musketeers , as Milady de Winter , in 2011 . Jovovich is set to star in David R. Ellis ' horror film Bad Luck , based on a screenplay by David J. Schow . She appeared in Famke Janssen 's directorial debut film Bringing Up Bobby , which also stars Marcia Cross . Lucky Trouble , also stars Jovovich . It was her film debut in Russian . Jovovich was set to portray Amalia Bezhetskaya in The Winter Queen in 2007 ; however , with the announcement of her pregnancy early that year , the film was postponed . In the spring of 2011 , Seven Arts and GFM Films announced they would be merging their distribution operations . The joint venture is expected to release The Winter Queen under the direction of Fyodor Bondarchuk . She returned to her role as Alice in the fifth installment of Resident Evil for Resident Evil : Retribution , which was released on September 14 , 2012 . and the sixth and final film , Resident Evil : The Final Chapter , in 2016 . Music career ( edit ) Jovovich had begun working on a music album as early as 1988 , when she was signed by SBK Records after the company heard a demo she recorded . In August 1990 , she asserted in an interview that the then - forthcoming album would be `` a mix between Kate Bush , Sinéad O'Connor , This Mortal Coil , and the Cocteau Twins '' . After it was initially presented by SBK strictly as a pop album , Jovovich protested , insisting on using her personal poetry for lyrics and recording her own instrumental material . Jovovich had written the songs when she was fifteen , with the exception of a Ukrainian folk song , `` In a Glade '' , that she covered . In April 1994 , billed under her first name , she released The Divine Comedy , a title that was a reference to the epic poem by Dante Alighieri of the same name . Jovovich had chosen the title after seeing Russian artist Alexis Steele 's proposed cover artwork sketch for the then untitled album . Jovovich found that the sketch had `` all the struggle that I 'm singing about . It IS the divine comedy '' . The Divine Comedy was well received by critics , and featured pop - infused traditional Ukrainian folk songs that led to comparisons with musicians Tori Amos and Kate Bush . John McAlley of Rolling Stone called the album `` remarkable '' , `` strikingly mature and rich in invention '' , and as featuring `` angst - laced poetry with vivid melodies and arrangements that find a common spirit in synth pop , European folk and psychedelic dream rock '' . Jovovich released the track `` Gentleman Who Fell '' , with an accompanying music video , as the sole single from the album . The music video was originally directed by Lisa Bonet and featured Harry Dean Stanton , but Jovovich was unsatisfied with the results and decided to film another version . The second version of `` Gentleman Who Fell '' , a homage to Maya Deren 's short film Meshes of the Afternoon ( 1943 ) , was subsequently played on MTV . Jovovich toured the United States during most of 1994 to promote the album , opening for Toad the Wet Sprocket and Crash Test Dummies , as well as playing smaller acoustic sets . Jovovich had opted to perform in smaller and more intimate settings , turning down a musical appearance on Saturday Night Live . Jovovich has also been collaborating musically with longtime friend and musician Chris Brenner , who co-wrote with her on the Divine Comedy Album and who was the musical coordinator for the supporting tour . She and Brenner met in 1993 and have since worked together on several ventures . Following The Divine Comedy , she expressed interest in releasing a second album , having had ten songs ready for a future recording that was intended for a Summer 1996 release . Despite the appearance of a lo - fi field recording The People Tree Sessions in 1998 , Jovovich has yet to release a second album . In May 1999 , Jovovich along with Chris Brenner formed an experimental band called Plastic Has Memory , in which she wrote the songs , sang , and played electric guitar . The band was `` ( m ) uch heavier and darker than the vaguely Ukrainian folk - sounding elements of her first album '' and had a similar sound to a grunge and trip hop Portishead . Plastic Has Memory played about a dozen shows in Los Angeles and New York City for a potential Virgin Records album release , one of which Mick Jagger had attended . Though Plastic Has Memory was featured on Hollywood Goes Wild , a benefit celebrity compilation album , the group never formally released a record and is no longer together . Jovovich has contributed tracks to several of her film soundtracks , including The Million Dollar Hotel ( 2000 ) and Dummy ( 2002 ) , and has also provided songs for the soundtracks of films in which she has not acted such as Underworld ( 2003 ) produced by musician Danny Lohner who was the bass player in Nine Inch Nails for many years . Her song `` The Gentlemen Who Fell '' was featured on The Rules of Attraction soundtrack in 2002 . In 2001 , Jovovich was one of many celebrities whose vocals were featured in a cover of `` We are Family '' to raise money for the American Red Cross . She has appeared as guest vocalist on the song `` Former Lover '' on Deepak Chopra 's album , A Gift of Love II : Oceans of Ecstasy ( 2002 ) and Legion of Boom ( 2004 ) by The Crystal Method . Since 2003 , Jovovich has worked with musician Maynard James Keenan , of Tool and A Perfect Circle , on his Industrial side project Puscifer , contributing vocals to the track `` REV 22 : 20 '' , which was featured on various film soundtracks in its original or a remixed form . As of January , 2009 , she can be heard collaborating with Maynard and Danny Lohner on the Puscifer track called , `` The Mission . '' She also performed the song at the first live Puscifer performance on February 13 , 2009 in Las Vegas , Nevada . Danny Lohner , and longtime music collaborator Chris Brenner currently continue to record and perform with Jovovich who has made several highly praised appearances in recent years . Jovovich continues to write songs which she refers to as `` demos '' , and which are provided for free in MP3 format on her official website . She provides license to freely download and remix the tracks , but reserves the right to sell and issue them . A new single called Electric Sky was released on May 18 , 2012 . The song was presented at the Life Ball in 2012 . Fashion design ( edit ) Jovovich and fellow model Carmen Hawk launched a line of clothing called Jovovich - Hawk in 2003 . The pair opened a showroom in New York City 's Greenwich Village on September 13 , 2005 , and the line lasted for four years . All of the dresses for Jovovich - Hawk line were designed by herself and her partner Carmen Hawk , in The atelier is based in Los Angeles , but pieces could be found at Fred Segal in Los Angeles , Harvey Nichols , and over 50 stores around the world . Vogue has praised the line for its `` girl - about - town cult status most designers spend years trying to achieve . '' In November 2006 , the Council of Fashion Designers of America ( CFDA ) and US Vogue nominated Jovovich - Hawk for the CFDA / Vogue Fashion Fund Award . Jovovich - Hawk was nominated as a finalist , although Doo - Ri Chung took the top prize . In 2007 , Jovovich and Hawk designed the costume for Jovovich 's character in Resident Evil : Extinction . The shorts Alice , her character , wears are a variation on the ' Alice Star ' Shorts from the Spring 2007 collection . In late 2007 , Jovovich - Hawk signed a deal to design a diffusion collection for Target 's Go International campaign , following in the footsteps of Luella , Paul & Joe and Proenza Schouler . In late 2008 , Jovovich and Hawk mutually agreed to end the business due to increased demands on their time . Jovovich explained , `` I 'm an artist . I 'm not someone who can deal with shipping rates and taxes '' . Media personality ( edit ) Jovovich and Ali Larter promoting Resident Evil : Afterlife at Comic Con 2010 . Jovovich has been noted for her careers as a model , singer and actress . Music channel VH1 has referred to her as the `` reigning queen of kick - butt '' for her roles in various sci - fi and action films and Rebecca Flint Marx of Allmovie said that despite the negative critical response for the Resident Evil films , the franchise has turned Jovovich into an `` A-list action star '' . Her action roles have given her a geek following for which MTV said she was `` Every Geek 's Dream Girl '' . In 2004 , Jovovich was ranked No. 69 on Maxim magazine 's `` Top 100 Hot List '' , ranked No. 82 in 2005 and ranked No. 21 in 2010 . Maxim also named her No. 11 on their list of `` Hottest Nerd Crushes '' . In 2008 , she was ranked No. 90 on Ask Men 's Top 99 Women of 2008 List . In 2011 , Jovovich attended and sang at the birthday celebration of Mikhail Gorbachev . The actress also gave a speech in which she thanked Gorbachev , saying that when she and her family left the Soviet Union in 1980 they were sadly sure that they would never see their relatives again and that thanks to him they have been reunited . Personal life ( edit ) Jovovich was born in Ukraine when it was part of the Soviet Union to a Serbian father -- a doctor , and a Russian mother -- an actress , but grew up mostly in Moscow , Russia , where her mother had come from . While she has no memories of her early years in Ukraine , Milla says she `` remembers a lot '' about her life in Russia . In addition to English , she is fluent in French and partly in Russian . She was raised in a Russian household and referred to the role the Russian culture played in her life when she stated in 2005 : `` I have a Russian mother , she was a famous actress in the USSR ( Galina Loginova ) . And the first books , which I read , were in Russian . I was raised in the atmosphere of the Russian classical theatre school . The art , built on the system of Stanislavsky -- that 's the most realistic art . And the modern cinema stands on the same principle . A Russian person wants to find the truth . This is the base of the Russian culture . I never forget it , especially since I have Russian roots '' . When asked if she still feels Russian , after having left Russia at a young age , Milla replied , `` Definitely . I still speak Russian . I speak it with my daughter . I read her Russian stories and poems . My roots are very important -- they make me who I am '' . Jovovich established a charitable foundation in 2005 to help Ukrainian children . At the time she referred to herself : `` I am a strong Ukrainian girl , that is why I work a lot '' . However , later , in an interview for the Ukrainian version of the Vogue magazine , Milla stated she does n't actually consider herself Ukrainian . Expressing her disagreement with several newspapers that presented Jovovich as a `` Ukrainian actress '' , her mother Galina said , `` They may say whatever they want . My parents are Russian , from Tula . Milla is half Russian , half Montenegrin . But , I think , she considers herself of Russian descent '' . In addition to being a former smoker , Jovovich has advocated the legalization of cannabis , and appeared in a spread and on the cover for High Times . In an article published in 1994 , she admitted that her only vices were cigarettes and cannabis . She practices yoga and meditates often in attempts to live a healthy lifestyle ; although not affiliating with any specific religion , she prays and considers herself a `` spiritual person '' . She avoids junk foods and prefers to cook for herself . She practices Brazilian Jiu - Jitsu in addition to other varieties of martial arts . Jovovich also enjoys playing the guitar , and writing poems and lyrics for songs . Relationships and marriage ( edit ) Jovovich currently resides in homes in Los Angeles and New York with her husband , film writer and director Paul W.S. Anderson , whom she married on 22 August 2009 . The two met while working on the 2002 film Resident Evil , which Anderson wrote and directed , and in which Jovovich starred . Anderson proposed to Jovovich in 2003 , but the two separated for a period of time before becoming a couple again . On November 3 , 2007 , Jovovich gave birth to their first child , daughter Ever Gabo . The child was born at Cedars - Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles , California . Their second child , daughter Dashiel Edan , was born on April 1 , 2015 . Prior to her relationship with Anderson , Jovovich married on - screen boyfriend Shawn Andrews in 1992 while filming Dazed and Confused together . Andrews was 21 , while Jovovich was 16 ; the marriage was annulled by her mother two months later . Shortly after the annulment , Jovovich moved to Europe with her friend and musician Chris Brenner where she met and then lived with her new boyfriend , ex-Jamiroquai bassist Stuart Zender , in London from May 1994 to October 1995 . From 1995 to 1997 , she dated photographer Mario Sorrenti . In Las Vegas , she married The Fifth Element director Luc Besson in 1997 where they went skydiving directly after the ceremony ; they divorced in 1999 . Between 1998 and 2001 , she befriended the young poet and musician , Anno Birkin , and each was the other 's inspiration behind many of their compositions . Jovovich became involved with Birkin romantically just before his death in a car accident on November 8 , 2001 . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums 1994 : The Divine Comedy 1998 : The People Tree Sessions Singles 1994 : `` Gentleman Who Fell '' 1994 : `` Bang Your Head '' 1994 : `` It 's Your Life '' 2012 : `` Electric Sky '' Compilations , soundtracks and albums featuring Jovovich Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) Year Song Soundtrack 2000 `` Satellite of Love '' ( with the MDH Band ) '' The Million Dollar Hotel : Music from the Motion Picture 2002 `` The Gentleman Who Fell '' The Rules of Attraction -- Soundtrack `` Shein VI Di l'Vone '' ( with Botanica Bulgar Ensemble ) Dummy -- Soundtrack `` Mezinka '' ( with Botanica Bulgar Ensemble ) 2003 `` Rocket Collecting '' ( with Danny Lohner ) Underworld Soundtrack 2009 `` Underneath the Stars ( Renholder Mix ) '' ( feat . Maynard James Keenan , cover of The Cure ) Underworld : Rise of the Lycans -- Soundtrack `` The Mission '' ( `` M '' Is for Milla Mix ) ( feat . Puscifer & Renholder ) Blood into Wine -- Soundtrack Compilation appearances ( edit ) Year Song Soundtrack 2001 `` On the Hill '' ( with her band , Plastic Has Memory ) Hollywood Goes Wild 2002 `` Former Lover '' ( with Deepak Chopra ) A Gift of Love II : Oceans of Ecstasy `` I Know It 's You '' ( with The Crystal Method ) Legion of Boom 2008 `` The Mission '' ( feat . Puscifer & Renholder ) `` C '' Is for ( Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here ) 2011 `` Introduction '' ( feat . Scroobius Pip ) Distraction Pieces Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1988 Two Moon Junction Samantha Delongpre 1991 Return to the Blue Lagoon Lilli Hargrave 1992 Kuffs Maya Carlton 1992 Chaplin Mildred Harris Dazed and Confused Michelle Burroughs Fifth Element , The The Fifth Element Leeloo de Sabat 1998 He Got Game Dakota Burns 1999 Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc , The The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc 2000 Claim , The The Claim Lucia 2000 Million Dollar Hotel , The The Million Dollar Hotel Eloise 2001 Zoolander Katinka Ingabogovinanana 2002 Resident Evil Alice / Janus Prospero 2002 You Stupid Man Nadine 2003 Dummy Fangora `` Fanny '' Gurkel 2003 No Good Deed Erin Resident Evil : Apocalypse Alice / Janus Prospero 2005 Gore Vidal 's Caligula Julia Drusilla Trailer / Short film 2006 Ultraviolet Violet Song Jat Shariff 2006 . 45 Kat 2007 Resident Evil : Extinction Alice / Janus Prospero 2008 Palermo Shooting Herself 2009 Perfect Getaway , AA Perfect Getaway Cydney Anderson 2009 Fourth Kind , The The Fourth Kind Dr. Abigail `` Abbey '' Tyler Stone Lucetta Creeson Resident Evil : Afterlife Alice / Janus Prospero Dirty Girl Sue - Ann Edmondston 2011 Lucky Trouble Nadya Russian film 2011 Bringing Up Bobby Olive 2011 Three Musketeers , The The Three Musketeers Milady de Winter 2011 Faces in the Crowd Anna Marchant 2012 Resident Evil : Retribution Alice / Janus Prospero 2014 Cymbeline The Queen 2015 Survivor Kate Abbott 2015 A Warrior 's Tail Savva Voice only ( English version ) 2016 Zoolander 2 Katinka Ingabogovinanana 2016 Resident Evil : The Final Chapter Alice / Janus Prospero 2017 Shock and Awe Vlatka Filming 2019 Hellboy ( upcoming film ) Nimue , The Blood Queen Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1988 Night Train to Kathmandu , The The Night Train to Kathmandu Lily McLeod TV film 1988 Paradise Katie Episode : `` Childhood 's End '' Married ... with Children Yvette Episode : `` Fair Exchange '' Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose Robin Fecknowitz Episode : `` Pilot '' 2002 King of the Hill Serena Shaw Episode : `` Get Your Freak Off '' 2009 Project Runway Herself Episode : `` Around the World in Two Days '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice 1998 The Fifth Element Leeloo de Sabat Awards and nominations ( edit ) Jovovich has been nominated for numerous awards . In 1992 , she was nominated for Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture at the Young Artist Awards for her role in Return to the Blue Lagoon . She was also nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst New Star for her role in this film . In 1998 , she was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in The Fifth Element , the Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best New Actress , and the MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Scene ( between her and aliens ) for the role as well . Conversely she also received a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for the same role . She received a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc , in 2000 . In 2002 , she received a nomination for the Saturn Best Actress Award for her role as Alice in Resident Evil and won Best Actress in a sci - fi / action film for Resident Evil : Extinction from the Scream Awards in 2008 . She was also nominated for Best Horror Actress at the 2010 Scream Awards for her performance as Dr. Abigail Tyler in The Fourth Kind , and won the Hollywood Spotlight Award for Best Actress at the 14th Annual Hollywood Awards Gala for her role as Lucetta in the 2010 film Stone . In 2011 , she won the Scream Award for Best Science Fiction Actress for Resident Evil : Afterlife and in 2012 she received a nomination for Choice Movie Actress : Action from the Teen Choice Awards . In 2013 , she was nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performance in Resident Evil : Retribution . Year Award Award ceremony Film Result 1992 Best Young Actress Starring in a Motion Picture Young Artist Awards Return to the Blue Lagoon Nominated 1998 Best Supporting Actress Saturn Award The Fifth Element Nominated 1998 Favorite Female Newcomer Blockbuster Entertainment Awards The Fifth Element Nominated 1998 Best Fight ( her vs the aliens ) MTV Movie Awards The Fifth Element Nominated 2003 Best Actress Saturn Awards Resident Evil Nominated 2008 Best Science Fiction Actress Scream Awards Resident Evil : Extinction Won Best Actress Hollywood Spotlight Award Stone Won Best Horror Actress Scream Awards The Fourth Kind Nominated 2011 Best Science Fiction Actress Scream Awards Resident Evil : Afterlife Won 2012 Choice Movie Actress : Action Teen Choice Awards The Three Musketeers Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Milla Jovovich has no second name `` Nataša '' ; that is a journalist 's mistake . Nataša is her cousin 's name . Jump up ^ Serbian Cyrillic : Милица Јововић ; Russian : Милица Йовович ; Ukrainian : Милиця Йовович References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Milla Jovovich 's mother ( August 23 , 2005 ) . `` Галина Логінова : Сьогодні Київ , наче весела дiвчина , гарно вбрана i нафарбована '' ( Interview ) ( in Ukrainian ) . Україна Молода . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Official Site '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. Bottomley , Milla Jovovich : Building a Perfect Action Star , March 2 , 2006 , VH1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla : The world 's richest model '' . Forbes . 2004 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millaj : Purple Love '' . Purple magazine . MillaJ.com. 1990 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leon , Sarah ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Magazine Cover , 1987 : A Look Back '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Maggie ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Milla Jovovich 's Paper Covers , a Retrospective '' . Paper . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Filmography '' . MillaJ.com . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Afterlife Back to 2010 '' . CraveOnline Media , LLC . ShockTilYouDrop.com . January 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference guinness was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla 's Tale '' . Harpers & Queen . January 2003 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mila Jovović peva zanimljive pesme '' . Glas Javnosti ( in Serbian ) . 2000 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50 facts about Milla Jovovich : speaks fluent Russian , Serbian , and French '' . 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Milla Jovovich - Milla 's crossing '' . www.scotsman.com . ^ Jump up to : Galina Loginova ( December 2006 ) . `` Милла Йовович вернулась к режиссеру Андерсену '' ( Interview ) ( in Russian ) . Interview with Nadezhda Repina . Экспресс газета Online . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milla Jovovich ( 2009 ) . `` Milla Jovovich '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Olivier Zahm . Purple . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lopusina , Marko ( 1998 ) . `` Holivud je srpsko selo '' . Svi Srbi sveta ( in Serbian ) . Belgrade : Princip . ISBN 86 - 82273 - 07 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Milla Jovovich ( July 2002 ) . `` Milla Jovovich '' ( Interview ) . Interview with J. Rentilly . Gallery . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich '' . E !. Archived from the original on December 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , Jen . `` Thoroughly Modern Milla '' . California Style . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morton , Roger ( June 1999 ) . `` The Real Life of Angels '' . Dazed & Confused . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paperny , Vladimir ( May 2000 ) . `` Honest Milla '' . Vogue ( Russia ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Rumbold , Judy ( 2007 - 08 - 04 ) . `` A Slav to love '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Anne ( March 1988 ) . `` Dressed to Kill '' . Star . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cushing , Colin ( 1996 ) . `` Just Milla , please '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Milla Jovovich ( 1994 ) . `` Jovovich , Milla -- supermodel , actress , singer , songwriter '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Dominick A. Miserandino . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tyer , Brad ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Milla in 3 - D '' . Houston Press . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Milla Jovovich '' . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beale , Steve ( July 2002 ) . `` Wonder woman '' . Arena . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Catherine ( 1997 ) . `` Milla 's Melody : Multiple - Media - Threat Milla Jovovich Discusses Modeling , Music And Money '' . Oneworld . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Dolly ( 2006 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Milla for Mango '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Milla Jovovich Website : : Allure June 1999 '' . MillaJ.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Scenes Style ! Milla Jovovich Models For Jacob & Co . '' . RadarOnline.com . Radar Online . Jump up ^ `` Lookout '' . People . June 1988 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Lisa ( September 1988 ) . `` Milla '' . Model . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla Jovovich Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dazed and Confused ( 1993 ) '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brill , Amy ( May 1997 ) . `` Hollywoodland '' . Premiere . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Modeling / Picture Gallery '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1997 ) . `` The Fifth Element '' . reelreviews.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Element ( 1993 ) '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Peter ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Even zombie killers are insecure '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil ( 2002 ) '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Resident Evil DVD commentary ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Bradberry , Grace ( July 2002 ) . `` Modern Milla '' . InStyle ( UK ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grove , David ( September 2004 ) . `` Alice Get Your Guns '' . Film Review ( UK ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Milla Jovovich ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Resident champions '' ( Interview ) . Interview with CM Punk . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultraviolet '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultraviolet '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Extinction ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil : Apocalypse '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( 23 September 2007 ) . `` ' Resident Evil ' rules weekend box office '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Milla Jovovich Goes To Chateau Marmont On Friday Night on YouTube Jump up ^ `` De Niro , Norton film at Jackson prison '' . Detroit Free Press . 20 May 2009 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Gets Shattered in ' Faces in the Crowd ' Promo Art ! '' . Bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Sees Faces in the Crowd '' . Dreadcentral.com. 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich to Topline the Very Cool ' Faces in the Crowd ' '' . Bloody-disgusting.com. 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich FACES new terrors '' . Fangoria.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Tweeting from Resident Evil : Afterlife Set '' . Dreadcentral.com. 2009 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Begins Tweeting from ' Resident Evil : Afterlife ' Set '' . Bloody-disgusting.com. 2009 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David R. Ellis on War Monkeys , Genesis Code and Bad Luck '' . Moviehole.net. 2010 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Arts Announces New Distribution Venture With GFM Films '' . Bloomberg . Hollywood . Marketwire. 31 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . The Venture will formally launch at this year 's Cannes Film Festival focusing its efforts on Seven Arts ' upcoming titles including `` The Winter Queen '' to be directed by Fedor Bonderchuk and starring Milla Jovovich and `` Neuromancer , '' the sci - fi epic based on the best selling novel by William Gibson which will be directed by Vincenzo Natali . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( 2011 - 08 - 16 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 5 ' To Shoot In Toronto '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Final Resident Evil Movie `` Much More Gritty and Raw , '' Milla Jovovich Says `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla 's Music '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla '' . Rolling Stone ( Australia ) . August 1990 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McAlley , John ( April 1994 ) . `` The Divine Comedy '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , Mickey ( Summer 1994 ) . `` Generation Oxymoron '' . Paper . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lessing , Pieter ( June 1999 ) . `` West Hollywood , California June 17 , 1999 review '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( June 1999 ) . `` Review from Richard Lewis ' Concert Calendar '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ehrman , Mark ( 1999 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Milla goes Luna '' . Los Angeles Times Magazine . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manning , Kara ( 1999 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Milla Jovovich On The Bono - Mick Jagger Connection '' . MTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Plastic Has Memory '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James Maynard Keenan Cooks Up New Side Project Puscifer '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Collecting '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Current Demos '' . millaj.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Sky -- Single '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vogue ( September 11 , 2006 ) . `` JOVOVICH HAWK SPRING / SUMMER 2007 '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jones , Dolly . `` Fashion choices '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward , Chris . `` Up close : milla jovovich '' . Wizard Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Helen . `` Jovovich - Hawk to design a collection for Target '' . SASSYBELLA.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Find It , Keep It '' . Town & Country . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flint Marx , Rebecca . `` Milla Jovovich Biography '' . Allmovie . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla Jovovich and Ali Larter : Ask ' Resident Evil : Extinction ' Stars a Question '' . Cinematical.com. 2007 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( 2006 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Makes Her Case For Being Every Geek 's Dream Girl '' . MTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Maxim ' Top 100 Hot list 2004 '' . USA Today . 2004 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAXIM MAGAZINE Unveils Their ` ` Hot 100 for 2005 ; Eva Longoria Crowned # 1 This Year '' . Business Wire. 2005 - 05 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest Nerd Crushes on Maxim '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Top 99 Women of 2008 '' . Ask Men . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eclectic Gala Held for Soviet Leader '' . The Moscow Times . 2011 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mila Jovovic is from Vasojevici , Montenegro '' . Kurir. 2014 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Я мечтаю сыграть Анну Ахматову . russiannightsfest.com ( in Russian ) . April 11 , 2005 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Milla Jovovich ( October 2016 ) . `` Интервью c Миллой Йовович для октябрьского Vogue UA '' ( Interview ) ( in Russian ) . Interview with Darya Slobodyanik . Vogue . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopusina , Marko ( 1998 ) . `` Holivud je srpsko selo '' . Svi Srbi sveta ( in Serbian ) . Belgrade : Princip . ISBN 86 - 82273 - 07 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Srpski nikada nije dobro naucila , ruski joj je ostao maternji jezik Jump up ^ Milla on Die Harald Schmidt Show ( March 19 , 2002 ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Milla Jovovich ( 1997 ) . `` Milla 's Melody : Multiple - Media - Threat Milla Jovovich Discusses Modeling , Music And Money '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Catherine Kelly . Oneworld . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milla Jovovich opens foundation for disabled children in Ukraine '' . English pravda.ru. 2005 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jovovich , Milla ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` @ ViniciusZini I quit smoking ! I hve an e cig now and I 'm already downed my nic levels by more than half ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zubtsova , Jana ( October 2003 ) . `` Milla , You 're No Angel '' . Domvoy ( Russia ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla 's Sense of ... '' . Celebrity ( Germany ) . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Callender , Cat . `` Milla 's crossing '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Von Judith Bonesky ( 2009 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Milla Jovovich : Hochzeit in Los Angeles '' . Bild.de . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Gives Birth to Baby Girl '' . US Magazine . 2007 - 11 - 04 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Milla '' . millaj.com. 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Milla '' . millaj.com. 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich Instagram photos and videos '' . millajovovich. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Milla Jovovich '' . newfaces.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Musto , Michael ( 1994 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Another Model with Aspirations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thirteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . Young Artist Foundation . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin , Sarachik ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Milla Jovovich Blasts Summit Entertainment for Ignoring ' Three Musketeers ' '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 1996 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Nominees Announced . Billboard ( magazine ) . January 17 , 1998 . p. 64 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Note : Click on the ' Winners ' tab . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Archive '' . Golden Raspberry Award . August 23 , 2000 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milla Jovovich Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milla Jovovich . Official website Milla Jovovich discography at Discogs Milla Jovovich at AllMovie Milla Jovovich on IMDb Milla Jovovich at the Fashion Model Directory VIAF : 85546108 LCCN : no98129196 ISNI : 0000 0001 1476 6152 GND : 130895326 SUDOC : 059298294 BNF : cb14026673f ( data ) MusicBrainz : 39f96cb8 - fe7e - 499f - 820c - 676267b617e6 NKC : xx0039299 BNE : XX1398518 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milla_Jovovich&oldid=804122622 '' Categories : 1975 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses of Russian descent Actresses of Serbian descent American people of Serbian descent American people of Russian descent American people of Soviet descent American child actresses American child models American female models American female singers American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Kiev Soviet emigrants to the United States Ukrainian emigrants to the United States Ukrainian people of Serbian descent Ukrainian people of Russian descent Hidden categories : Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Pages with reference errors CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Pages with broken reference names CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली მარგალური مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 22 : 07 . 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cast lemony snicket's a series of unfortunate events netflix			A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series )	a series of unfortunate events ( tv series )	Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season .	The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Season two of A Series of Unfortunate Events is as gothic , twisted and absurd as the first , to the delight of moody tweens of all ages . '' Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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what made up 95 of rome's population			Social class in ancient Rome	social class in ancient rome	Social class in ancient Rome was hierarchical , but there were multiple and overlapping social hierarchies , and an individual 's relative position in one might be higher or lower than in another . The status of freeborn Romans during the Republic was established by :	ancestry ( patrician or plebeian ) ; census rank ( ordo ) based on wealth and political privilege , with the senatorial and equestrian ranks elevated above the ordinary citizen ; attainment of honors ( the novus homo or self - made man established his family as nobilis ( `` noble '' ) and thus there were noble plebeians ) ; and citizenship , of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges . For example , men who lived in towns outside Rome ( such as municipia or colonies ) might hold citizenship , but lack the right to vote ( see ius Latinum ) ; free - born Roman women were citizens , but could not vote or hold political office . There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights , such as peregrini . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no rights as such . However , some laws regulated slavery and offered slaves protections not extended to other forms of property such as animals . Slaves who had been manumitted were freedmen ( liberti ) , and for the most part enjoyed the same legal rights and protections as free - born citizens . Roman society was patriarchal in the purest sense ; the male head of household ( paterfamilias ) held special legal powers and privileges that gave him jurisdiction ( patria potestas ) over all the members of his familia -- a more encompassing term than its modern derivative `` family '' that included adult sons , his wife ( but only in Rome 's earlier history , when marriage cum manu was practiced ) , married daughters ( in the Classical period of Roman history ) , various dependent relatives , and slaves . The patron - client relationship ( clientela ) , with the word patronus deriving from pater ( `` father '' ) , was another way in which Roman society was organized into hierarchical groups , though clientela also functioned as a system of overlapping social networks . A patron could be the client of a socially superior or more powerful patron ; a client could have multiple patrons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Patricians and plebeians 2 Property - based classes 3 Citizenship 3.1 Women 3.2 Latin Right 3.3 Peregrini 3.4 Slaves 3.5 Freed men 4 References Patricians and plebeians ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Patrician ( ancient Rome ) and Plebs The Patrician Torlonia bust believed to be of Cato the Elder . 1st century BC Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll , from Herculaneum , 1st century CE In the Roman Kingdom and the early Roman Republic the most important division in Roman society was between the patricians and the plebeians . The patricians were a small elite whose ancestry was traced to the first Senate established by Romulus , who monopolised political power . The plebeians comprised the majority of Roman citizens ( see below ) . Adult males who were not Roman citizens , whether free or slave , fall outside this division . Women and children were also not citizens , but took the social status of their father or husband , which granted them various rights and protections not available to the women and children of men of lower rank . The common assumptions that the patricians and the Roman elite were one and the same throughout the history of ancient Rome , and that all plebeians were of non-elite status throughout the history of ancient Rome , are entirely incorrect . From the Late Republic era onward many members of the elite , including an increasing proportion of senators , came from plebeian families . The first Roman Emperor , Augustus , was of plebeian origin , as were many of his successors . By the Late Empire , few members of the Senate were from the original patrician families , most of which had died out . Rome continued to have a hierarchical class system , but it was no longer dominated by the distinction between patricians and plebeians . Originally , all public offices were open only to patricians , and the classes could not intermarry . Plebeians and Patricians were always at odds due to the fact that Plebeians wanted to increase their power . A series of social struggles ( see Conflict of the Orders ) saw the plebs secede from the city on three occasions , the last in 297 BC , until their demands were met . They won the right to stand for office , the abolition of the intermarriage law , and the creation of office of tribune of the plebs . This office , founded in 494 BC as a result of a plebeian secession , was the main legal bulwark against the powers of the patrician class , and only plebeians were eligible . The tribunes originally had the power to protect any plebeian from a patrician magistrate . Later revolts forced the Senate to grant the tribunes additional powers , such as the right to veto legislation . A tribune 's person was sacrosanct , and he was obliged to keep an open house at all times while in office . Some patricians , notably Clodius Pulcher in the late 60s BC , petitioned to be assigned plebeian status , in order to accumulate the political influence among the people that the office of tribune afforded . The conflict between the classes came to a climax in 287 BC when patricians and plebeians were declared equal under the law . Following these changes the distinction between patrician and plebeian status became less important , and by the Late Republic the only patrician prerogatives were certain priesthoods . Over time , some patrician families declined , some plebeian families rose in status , and the composition of the ruling class changed . A plebeian who was the first of his line to become consul was known as a novus homo ( `` new man '' ) , and he and his descendants became `` noble '' ( nobiles ) . Notable examples of novi homines are the seven - time consul Marius , and Cicero , whose rise was unusual in that it was driven by his oratorical and intellectual abilities rather than , as with Marius , military success . During the Empire , patricius became a title of nobility bestowed by emperors . A young woman sits while a servant fixes her hair with the help of a cupid , who holds up a mirror to offer a reflection , detail of a fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii , c. 50 BC Property - based classes ( edit ) Further information : Roman Senate and Equestrian order The census divided citizens into six complex classes based on property . The richest were the senatorial class , who during the Late Republic had to be worth at least 400,000 sestertii , the same as the equites ; when Augustus reformed the senate during the first years of the Principate , he raised the property requirement to 1,000 , 0000 sestertii . The wealth of the senatorial class was based on ownership of large agricultural estates , and by custom members did not engage in commercial activity . Below the senatores in rank , but above others were the equites ( `` equestrians '' or `` knights '' ) , with 400,000 sestertii , who could engage in commerce and formed an influential business class . Certain political and quasi-political positions were filled by equites , including tax farming and , under the Principate , leadership of the Praetorian Guard . Below the equites were three more classes of property - owning citizens ; and lastly the proletarii , whose property was valued below 11,000 asses . Analysis of Roman Centuriate Organisation 509 - 241 BC * Class Census property rating money ( property ) Electoral assembly votes per person Military Equipment ( self - supplied ) Patricians ( historical aristocracy ) Senatores 400,000 sestertii ( 1,000 , 0000 sestertii ) Equites * * 400,000 sestertii Horse , ... Plebeians ( commoners ) First 100,000 As ( 100 iugera ) Helm , round shield , cuirass , greaves , sword , and spear . Second 75,000 As ( 75 iugera ) Helm , round shield , greaves , sword and spear . Third 50,000 As ( 50 iugera ) Helm , oblong shield , sword and spear . Fourth 25,000 As ( 25 iugera ) Oblong shield , Spear or Sword , Javelin Fifth 11,000 As ( 11 iugera ) 12,500 As ( 12 iugera ) Slings or Javelins ( velites ) Proles ( landless poor ) Proletarii below 11,000 asses Fleets ( oarsmen ) * This was the system of the Centuriate Assembly and was the practice of the Servian constitution . Information arranged by Tim Cornell based on the works of Livy , Polybius , and Dionysius of Hallicarnasus . For a contrasting version of the same or similar data , see the table in the Equites article . * * The equites class was available for both plebeians and patricians , and favored by ambitious young men in both groups . At the period this was valid 1 Denarius was worth about 10 As ; Luuk de Ligt puts the value of an iugerium at 1,000 As or 100 denarii as a recommended baseline because values fluctuate a lot and because of many factors . Citizenship ( edit ) Main article : Roman citizenship The Orator , c. 100 BC , an Etrusco - Roman bronze sculpture depicting Aule Metele ( Latin : Aulus Metellus ) , an Etruscan man wearing a Roman toga while engaged in rhetoric ; the statue features an inscription in the Etruscan alphabet Women ( edit ) Free - born women in ancient Rome were citizens ( cives ) , but could not vote or hold political office . The form of Roman marriage called conubium , for instance , requires that both spouses be citizens ; like men from towns granted civitas sine suffragio , women eligible for legal marriage were citizens without suffrage . The legal status of a mother as a citizen affected her son 's citizenship . The phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) indicates that a Roman woman was regarded as having citizen status , in specific contrast to a peregrina . Latin right ( edit ) The Latin Right was a form of citizenship with limited rights . It was conferred originally on the allied towns of Latium in the Republican era , and gradually extended to communities throughout the Empire . Latin citizens had rights , but not the vote , although their leading magistrates could become full citizens . Peregrini ( edit ) Free - born foreign subjects were known as peregrini , and special laws existed to govern their conduct and disputes . These distinctions continued until 212 AD , when Caracalla extended full Roman citizenship to all free - born men in the empire . Slaves ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome Slaves ( servi ) were not citizens , and lacked even the legal standing accorded free - born foreigners . For the most part , slaves descended from debtors and from prisoners of war , especially women and children captured during sieges and other military campaigns in Greece , Italy , Spain , and Carthage . In the later years of the Republic and into the Empire , more slaves came from newly conquered areas of Gaul , Britain , North Africa , and Asia Minor . Many slaves were created as the result of Rome 's conquest of Greece , but Greek culture was considered in some respects superior to that of Rome : hence Horace 's famous remark Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ( `` Captured Greece took her savage conqueror captive '' ) . The Roman playwright Terence is thought to have been brought to Rome as a slave . Thus slavery was regarded as a circumstance of birth , misfortune , or war ; it was defined in terms of legal status , or rather the lack thereof , and was neither limited to or defined by ethnicity or race , nor regarded as an inescapably permanent condition . Slaves who lacked skills or education performed agricultural or other forms of manual labor . Those who were violent or disobedient , or who for whatever reason were considered a danger to society , might be sentenced to labor in the mines , where they suffered under inhumane conditions . Slaves subjected to harsh labor conditions also had few if any opportunities to obtain their freedom . Since slaves were legally property , they could be disposed of by their owners at any time . All children born to female slaves were slaves . Some slave owners , as for instance Tacitus , freed slaves whom they believed to be their natural children . Slaves who had the education or skills to earn a living were often manumitted upon the death of their owner as a condition of his will . Slaves who conducted business for their masters were also permitted to earn and save money for themselves , and some might be able to buy their own freedom . Over time , legislation was passed to protect the lives and health of slaves . Although many prostitutes were slaves , for instance , the bill of sale for some slaves stipulated that they could not be used for commercial prostitution . Freed men ( edit ) Freed men ( libertieu ) were freed slaves , whose free - born children were full citizens . The status of liberti developed throughout the Republic as their number increased . Livy states that freedmen in the Early Republic mainly joined the lower classes of the plebeians . Juvenal , writing during the Empire when financial Freedmen were often highly educated and made up the bulk of the civil service during the early Empire . The Augustan poet Horace was himself the child of a freedman from Venusia in southern Italy . Many became enormously wealthy as the result of bribes , fraud , or other forms of corruption , or were given large estates by the Emperor they served . Other freedmen engaged in commerce , amassing vast fortunes often only rivalled by those of the wealthiest nobiles . Many of the Satires of Juvenal contain angry denouncements of the pretensions of wealthy freedmen , some ' with the chalk of the slave market still on their heel ' . Juvenal saw these successful men as nouveaux riches who were far too ready to show off their ( often ill - gotten ) wealth . Another famous caricature is seen in the absurdly extravagant character of Trimalchio in Satyricon . The majority of freedmen , however , joined the plebeian classes , and often worked as farmers or tradesmen . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koenraad Verboven. ( 2007 ) . The Associative Empire . Athenaeum 95 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Carlin A. Barton . ( 1993 ) . The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans : The Gladiator and the Monster , pp. 176 -- 177 . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Livy , Ab Urbe Condita 1 : 8 Jump up ^ McKay , John P. ( 2013 ) . Study guide for a History of World Societies , Volume A : To 1500 , 51 . Content Technologies . Jump up ^ `` patricians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` plebeians . '' World History : Ancient and Medieval Eras . ABC - CLIO , 2011 . Web . 16 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Garnsey & Richard Saller. ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture , pp. 112f . Berkeley : University of California . Jump up ^ Joseph Wells , A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus ( Plymouth : William Brendan and Sons , 1896 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Based on Livy 1.43 ; Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV , 16 - 18 . First referenced by Cornell , T.J. ( 1995 ) . The Beginnings of Rome : Italy and Rome from Bronze Age to the Punic Wars 1000 - 264 BCE , 179 . Jump up ^ Ligt , Luuk / de ; Northwood , S.J. ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . People , Land , and Politics : Demographic Developments and the Transformation of Roman Italy 300 BC - AD 14 . BRILL . ISBN 9004171185 . Jump up ^ Bruce W. Frier & Thomas A.J. McGinn. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 , et passim . Oxford University Press : American Philological Association . Jump up ^ See Frier and McGinn , passim , and A.N. Sherwin - White . ( 1979 ) . Roman Citizenship , pp. 211 & 268 . Oxford University Press. online ( on male citizenship as it relates to marrying citizen women ) et passim . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) . Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome , p. 293 . Oxford University Press . 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what are sandy hazards on a golf course	A bunker is a depression near the green or fairway that is usually filled with sand . It is difficult to hit the ball out of the bunker and entering it is therefore considered punitive to a golfer who misses the target with the previous shot . A club called a `` sand wedge '' is designed for extracting the ball from a bunker , a process requiring well - developed skill . After a player is done using the bunker , it is the job of either the player or that player 's caddie to rake the area of the sand disturbed during play . Specific rules of golf govern play from a bunker . For example , a player may not ground one 's club in a bunker ; that is , the club can not touch the ground prior to the swing .		Hazard ( golf )	hazard ( golf )	A hazard is an area of a golf course in the sport of golf which provides a difficult obstacle , which may be of two types : ( 1 ) water hazards such as lakes and rivers ; and ( 2 ) man - made hazards such as bunkers . Special rules apply to playing balls that fall in a hazard . For example , a player may not touch the ground with his club before playing a ball , not even for a practice swing . A ball in any hazard may be played as it lies without penalty . If it can not be played from the hazard , the ball may be hit from another location , generally with a penalty of one stroke . The Rules of Golf govern exactly from where the ball may be played outside a hazard . Bunkers ( or sand traps ) are shallow pits filled with sand and generally incorporating a raised lip or barrier , from which the ball is more difficult to play than from grass .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Bunker 1.1 Types of bunkers 2 Water hazard 2.1 Types of water hazards 3 References 4 External links Bunker ( edit ) A golfer hitting from a greenside bunker A bunker is a depression near the green or fairway that is usually filled with sand . It is difficult to hit the ball out of the bunker and entering it is therefore considered punitive to a golfer who misses the target with the previous shot . A club called a `` sand wedge '' is designed for extracting the ball from a bunker , a process requiring well - developed skill . After a player is done using the bunker , it is the job of either the player or that player 's caddie to rake the area of the sand disturbed during play . Specific rules of golf govern play from a bunker . For example , a player may not ground one 's club in a bunker ; that is , the club can not touch the ground prior to the swing . Types of bunkers ( edit ) There are three types of bunkers used in golf course architecture and all are designed to be impediments to the golfer 's progress toward the green . Fairway bunkers are designed primarily to gather up wayward tee shots on par 4 and par 5 holes ; they are located to the sides of the fairway or even in the middle of the fairway . Greenside bunkers are designed to collect wayward approach shots on long holes and tee shots on par 3 holes ; they are located near and around the green . Waste bunkers are natural sandy areas , usually very large and often found on links courses ; they are not considered hazards according to the rules of golf , and so , unlike in fairway or greenside bunkers , golfers are permitted to ground a club lightly in , or remove loose impediments from , the area around the ball . Water hazard ( edit ) A water hazard on the Shell Point Golf Course in Iona , Florida Water hazards , like bunkers , are natural obstacles designed to add both beauty and difficulty to a golf course . Water hazards are typically either streams or ponds , situated between the teeing ground and the hole . They are known also as water traps ( as can be seen in the rules signs in mini golf courses of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . Types of water hazards ( edit ) Two types of water hazards exist : `` lateral '' water hazards ( marked with red stakes around the perimeter of the hazard ) and water hazards ( marked with yellow stakes ) . Lateral hazards are usually adjacent to the fairway being played ( along the side ) , while water hazards generally cross the fairway being played forcing the player to hit over the water hazard . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pelanda , Brian . `` What 's a ' Bunker ' ? : The Curious Case of How Dustin Johnson Lost the 2010 PGA Championship and Why the PGA Must Revise the Now Infamous Local Rule at Whistling Straits '' . Entertainment , Arts and Sports Law Journal . 22 ( Fall / Winter 2011 ) : 67 . SSRN 1909575 . Jump up ^ `` USGA Explanation On Status Of `` Waste Bunkers '' `` . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) United States Golf Association - water hazard rules ( hide ) Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazard_(golf)&oldid=830016710 '' Categories : Golf terminology Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 06 : 15 . 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heavy is the head that wears he crown			Heavy lies the crown	heavy lies the crown	`` Heavy lies the crown ... '' is a misquote of the line `` Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown '' , from Shakespeare 's play Henry IV , Part 2 .	Heavy Lies the Crown may also refer to : Contents ( hide ) 1 Music 1.1 Albums 1.2 Songs 2 Other uses Music ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Heavy Lies the Crown , a 2007 album by metalcore band Full Blown Chaos Heavy Lies the Crown , a 2010 album by the funk jazz band Zen Robbi Heavy Lies the Crown ( Army of the Pharaohs album ) Songs ( edit ) `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by Doomriders from the album Darkness Come Alive `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by Draconian from the album Sovran `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by In Fear and Faith from the album Imperial `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by A Loss for Words `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by King 810 from the album La Petite Mort or a Conversation with God `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by Machine Head from the album Catharsis `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by Orange Goblin `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by The Scene Aesthetic from their self - titled album `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , a song by The Showdown from the album Blood in the Gears `` Violence '' , as part of the lyrics , by A Day To Remember Other uses ( edit ) `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' , an episode of the television series The 100 `` ' Heavy lies the crown ... ' sort of thing '' , a quote by the character Frank Costello in the film The Departed Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Heavy Lies the Crown . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heavy_Lies_the_Crown&oldid=823493396 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Articles with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 16 : 27 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20Lies%20the%20Crown	107,916
who is the author of every child is special			Taare Zameen Par	taare zameen par	Taare Zameen Par , titled Like Stars on Earth internationally , is a 2007 Indian drama film produced and directed by Aamir Khan . Darsheel Safary stars as 8 - year - old Ishaan , and Khan plays his art teacher . Creative director and writer Amole Gupte initially developed the idea with his wife Deepa Bhatia , who served as the film 's editor . Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy composed the film 's score , and Prasoon Joshi wrote the lyrics for many of the songs . Principal photography took place in Mumbai and in Panchgani 's New Era High School , and some of the school 's students make appearances .	The film explores the life and imagination of Ishaan , an 8 - year - old dyslexic child . Although he excels in art , his poor academic performance leads his parents to send him to a boarding school . Ishaan 's new art teacher suspects that he is dyslexic and helps him to overcome his disability . The film made its theatrical debut in India on 21 December 2007 , and UTV Home Entertainment released a DVD for Indian audiences in 2008 . Disney 's later release of the international edition DVD marked the first purchase of distribution rights for an Indian film by a global company . Taare Zameen Par has received numerous awards , including the Filmfare Award for Best Film for 2008 and the 2008 National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare . It was India 's official entry for the 2009 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film , but did not progress to the short - list . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Title and translation 3.3 Filming 3.4 Children 3.5 Art and animation 3.6 Musical sequences 3.7 Background music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Protests in Gujarat 4.3 International Dyslexia Association 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Scholarly response 5.3 Public response 5.4 Accolades 5.4. 1 2009 Academy Awards submission and Slumdog Millionaire 5.5 Home media 6 Soundtrack 7 See also 8 Citations 9 DVD references 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi is an 8 - year - old boy who dislikes school and fails every test or exam . He finds all subjects difficult , and is belittled and berated by his teachers and classmates . But Ishaan 's internal world is full of wonders that he is unable to convey to others , magical lands filled with colour and animated animals . He is an artist whose talent is unrecognised . Ishaan 's father , Nandkishore Awasthi , is a successful executive who expects his children to excel . His mother , housewife Maya Awasthi ( Tisca Chopra ) , is frustrated by her inability to educate her son . Ishaan 's elder brother , Yohaan ( Sachet Engineer ) , is an exemplary scholar and athlete , which Ishaan is frequently reminded of . After receiving a particularly poor academic report , Ishaan 's parents send him to a boarding school . There he sinks into a state of fear and depression , despite being befriended by Rajan Damodharan a physically disabled boy and one of the top students in the class . He even contemplates suicide by climbing up the fence in a terrace , which Rajan manages to save him from . Ishaan 's situation changes when a new art teacher , Ram Shankar Nikumbh , joins the school 's faculty . An instructor at the Tulips School for young children with developmental disabilities , Nikumbh 's teaching style is markedly different from that of his strict predecessor , and he quickly observes that Ishaan is unhappy and contributes little to class activities . He reviews Ishaan 's work and concludes that his academic shortcomings are indicative of dyslexia . On his day off , Nikumbh sets off to Mumbai , to visit Ishaan 's parents . Nikumbh is surprised to learn that Ishaan is passionate about painting , and shows great talent in art . Nikumbh then asks Mr Awasthi as to why he sent Ishaan to a boarding school . Mr Awasthi replies that Ishaan was an ill - mannered boy and was a poor student . Nikumbh shows Ishaan 's mother her son 's notebooks and gives an analysis of the script . Nikumbh deduces that Ishaan has severe difficulty in understanding letters and words . Mr Awasthi tries to dismiss it as a mere excuse for Ishaan 's laziness . Nikumbh demonstrates what Ishaan experiences every day at school . He states that Ishaan has dyslexia as well as he may be having other conditions , which make him a difficult child . Mr Awasthi bluntly categorizes it as mental retardation , but Nikumbh criticizes him . Nikumbh argues that Ishaan is an above average child and processes information differently . He further states that Mr Awasthi failed to understand Ishaan and as a result the latter is facing low self - esteem and no longer paints , and Mr Awasthi regrets everything he did to Ishaan . Nikumbh returns , and subsequently brings up the topic of dyslexia in class , and offers a list of famous people who were dyslexic . Later , Nikumbh reveals to Ishaan , that he too is a dyslexic and faced problems similar to Ishaan . Nikumbh then visits the school 's principal and obtains his permission to become Ishaan 's tutor . He attempts to improve Ishaan 's reading and writing by using remedial techniques developed by dyslexia specialists ; Ishaan soon develops an interest in language and mathematics , and his grades improve . Towards the end of the school year , Nikumbh organises an art fair for the staff and students . The competition is judged by artist Lalita Lajmi . Ishaan , with his strikingly creative style , is declared the winner and Nikumbh , who paints Ishaan 's portrait , the runner - up . The principal announces that Nikumbh has been hired as the school 's permanent art teacher . When Ishaan 's parents meet his teachers on the last day of school they are left speechless by the transformation they see in him . Overcome with emotion , Ishaan 's father thanks Nikumbh . As Ishaan gets into the car to leave with his parents for summer vacations , he turns around and runs toward Nikumbh , who gives him a hug and tells him to return next year . The film ends with a freeze - frame shot of Nikumbh tossing Ishaan into the air . Cast ( edit ) Darsheel Safary 's initial screentest lacked dialogue . When Aamir Khan saw the expression in his eyes and face , however , he instantly knew , `` That 's the child . He is Ishaan . '' Darsheel Safary as Ishaan Nandkishore Awasthi : In looking for an actor to play the central figure of Ishaan , writer Amole Gupte turned to Shiamak Davar 's Summer Funk workshops . Gupte had several boys informally audition by explaining to him how they would react to scripted situations from the film . Of his decision to cast Darsheel Safary , Gupte recalls that `` it was a tough call . But Darsheel has the mischief in his eyes to be Ishaan . Everyone just naturally gravitated towards him . '' Aamir Khan as Ram Shankar Nikumbh ( `` Nikumbh Sir '' ) : Gupte , who based the character on his art teacher Ramdas Sampat Nikumbh , initially asked Akshaye Khanna to play the role . Tanay Chheda as Rajan Damodran : Ishaan 's classmate at New Era High School . Sachet Engineer as Yohaan Nandkishore Awasthi ( `` Dada '' ) : Ishaan 's elder brother . Tisca Chopra as Maya Awasthi ( `` Maa '' ) : Ishaan 's mother , who gave up her career to raise her children . Chopra tended to speak softly during filming and was subsequently required to re-record some scenes using automated dialogue replacement . Vipin Sharma as Nandkishore Awasthi ( `` Papa '' ) : Ishaan 's `` strict , hard , dominating father '' . Part of the reason for Sharma 's casting was his `` extremely strong and dominating '' face that `` exudes harshness . '' Described by Khan as `` naturally polite '' and sensitive , Sharma was instructed to lower his voice to sound `` harsh '' and `` dominating '' . Girija Oak as Jabeen , Nikumbh 's co-worker Bugs Bhargava and Shankar Sachdev as Sen Sir and Tiwari Sir : Two teachers at New Era High School , whose attitude towards Ishaan softens as his grades improve and he wins the art contest . The roles are caricatures of teachers in general . M.K. Raina as the principal of New Era High School . Lalita Lajmi as herself in a cameo role . It was her first appearance as an actor . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The husband and wife team of Amole Gupte and Deepa Bhatia developed the story that would eventually become Taare Zameen Par as a way of understanding why some children can not conform to a conventional educational system . Their initial work began as a short story that evolved into a screenplay over seven years . Deepa Bhatia later stated in an interview with The Hindu that her original inspiration was not dyslexia but rather the childhood of Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa , who performed poorly in school . Her goal was thus to explore the story of `` a child who did not fit into the school stream . '' She referenced a specific moment in Kurosawa 's biography where he began to excel after meeting an attentive art teacher , and noted that this scene `` became the inspiration for how a teacher could transform the life of a student '' . In developing the character of a young boy based on Kurosawa , Bhatia and Gupte explored some possible reasons why he failed in school . Their research led them to groups such as the Maharashtra Dyslexia Association and Parents for a Better Curriculum for the Child ( PACE ) . Dyslexia eventually became the central topic and theme of the film . The pair worked with dyslexic children to research and develop the screenplay , basing characters and situations on their observations . Bhatia and Gupte carefully concealed the children 's identities in the final version of the script . `` While Amole has written what I think is a brilliant and moving script , his contribution towards the film is not limited to that of a writer . The entire pre-production was done by him including the most important task of creating the music ... he has been present on set throughout the shooting as the Creative Director , and has been a big support and strong guiding force in my debut as a director . I thank him for that , and more so for having the faith in me by entrusting to me something that is so close to him . '' -- Aamir Khan Khan and Gupte first met in college . Khan has said that he admired Gupte 's abilities as an actor , writer , and painter . Three years before the film 's release Gupte brought Khan to the project as a producer and actor . Gupte himself was to direct , but the first week 's dailies were a great disappointment to Khan , who `` lost faith in Amol and his capability of translating on screen what he had so beautifully written on paper '' . Khan was on the verge of withdrawing his participation in the film because of these `` creative differences '' , but Gupte kept him onboard by stepping down as director . Contrary to Khan 's claim , Gupte lashed out saying that after the wrap - up party , Khan announced that he was the director of the film , despite Gupte acting as director . Had it been necessary to hire a third party , production would have been postponed for 6 -- 8 months as the new director prepared for the film . Keen to keep Safary as Ishaan -- the actor might have aged too much for the part had production been delayed -- Khan took over the role of director . Taare Zameen Par was Khan 's first experience in the dual role of actor and director . He has admitted that the transition was challenging , stating that while he had always wanted to direct a film , it was unknown territory for him . Gupte remained on set , `` guiding ( Khan ) and , at times , even correcting ( him ) '' . Title and translation ( edit ) Initially the film was to retain the short story 's title of `` High Jump '' , because of Ishaan 's inability to achieve the high jump in gym class . This subplot -- filmed but later cut -- tied into the original ending for the movie . In this rendition , a `` ghost image '' separates from Ishaan after the art competition and runs to the sports field ; the film would end on a freeze frame of Ishaan successfully making the leap . Khan , however , was unhappy with that proposed ending and convinced Gupte to rewrite it . With the working title no longer relevant , Khan , Gupte , and Bhatia discussed several alternatives , eventually deciding on Taare Zameen Par . Possible translations of this title include Stars on the Ground and Stars on Earth . According to Khan : Taare Zameen Par is a film about children and it is a film which celebrates the abilities of children . Taare Zameen Par is a title which denotes that aspect . It is a title with a very positive feel to it . All the kids are special and wonderful . They are like stars on earth . This particular aspect gave birth to the title . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the film took place in India over five months . Khan spent his first two days as director blocking the first scene to be filmed -- Ishaan returning home from school and putting away his recently collected fish -- and becoming comfortable with his new responsibilities . Believing that the audience should not be aware of the camera , he chose a simple shooting style for the film that involved relatively little camera movement . At the same time , Khan also made use of illusory camera tricks . For example , the opening scene of Ishaan collecting fish outside his school was shot on location and at Film City . Shots focusing on Ishaan took place at the former , while those involving the gutter terrarium were filmed at a water tank at the latter . The tank 's water often became murky because the mud would rise to the top , forcing production to constantly empty and refill it . Due to this hindrance , the scene took eight hours to film . The film 's next sequence involved Ishaan playing with two dogs . To compensate for the `` absolutely petrified '' Safary , most joint shots used a body double , though other portions integrated close - up shots of the actor . Ishaan 's nightmare -- he becomes separated from his mother at a train station and she departs on a train while he is trapped in a crowd -- was filmed in Mumbai on a permanent railway - station set . To work around the train set piece 's immobility , production placed the camera on a moving trolley to create the illusion of a departing train . For the sequences related from the mother 's point of view -- shot from behind the actress -- Chopra stood on a trolley next to a recreated section of the train 's door . All the school sequences were filmed on location . The production team searched for a Mumbai school with an `` oppressive '' feel to establish the `` heaviness of being in a metropolitan school '' , and eventually chose St. Xavier 's School . As the school is situated along a main road filming took place on weekends , to minimise the background noise , but an early scene in which Ishaan is sent out of the classroom was filmed on the day of the Mumbai Marathon . The production staff placed acrylic sheets invisible to the naked eye on the classroom windows to mask the sounds of nearby crowds and helicopters . New Era High School served as Ishaan 's boarding school . The change of setting was a `` breath of fresh air '' for the production crew , who moved from Ishaan 's small house in Chembur to the `` vast , beautiful environs '' of Panchgani . Production relied on stock footage for the brief scene of a bird feeding its babies . Khan carefully selected a clip to his liking , but learned three weeks before the film 's release that the footage was not available in the proper format . With three days to replace it or else risk delaying the release , Khan made do with what he could find . He says that he `` cringes '' every time he sees it . Children ( edit ) Real schoolchildren participated throughout the movie 's filming . Khan credited them with the film 's success , and was reportedly very popular with them . Furthermore , Khan placed a high priority on the day - to - day needs of his child actors , and went to great lengths to attend to them . The production staff made sure that the students were never idle , and always kept them occupied outside of filming . New Era Faculty Coordinator Douglas Lee thought the experience not only helped the children to learn patience and cooperation , but also gave them a better understanding of how they should behave towards children like Ishaan who have problems in school . Because filming at New Era High School occurred during the winter holiday , those portraying Ishaan 's classmates gave up their vacation to participate . To fill out the campus background , students from nearby schools were also brought in . A total of 1,500 children were used for wide - shots of the film 's art - fair climax ; medium shots only required 400 students . New to acting , the children often made errors such as staring into the camera , and Khan resorted to unorthodox methods to work around their rookie mistakes . For example , an early scene in the film featured a school assembly ; Khan wanted the students to act naturally and to ignore the principal 's speech , but recognised that this would be a difficult feat with cameras present . First Assistant Director Sunil Pandey spoke continuously in an attempt to `` bore the hell out of ( them ) '' , and they eventually lost interest in the filming and behaved normally . A later scene involved Nikumbh enlightening his class about famous people who suffer from dyslexia , and the children 's responses to his speech were the last portion to be filmed . Having already spent 3 -- 4 days hearing the dialogue the children 's reactions were `` jaded '' . Khan opted to film them while he recited a tale , and manipulated his storytelling to achieve the varying spontaneous reactions . The following scene had the children playing around a nearby pond . Horrified when he learned that the water was 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) deep , Khan recruited four lifeguards in case a child fell in . Khan found it important that the audience connect the film to real children , and had Pandey travel throughout India filming documentary - style footage of children from all walks of life . Those visuals were integrated into the end credits . Art and animation ( edit ) While claymation has been used in Indian television commercials , the film 's title sequence -- a representation of Ishaan 's imagination -- marked its first instance in a Bollywood film . Khan gave claymation artist Dhimant Vyas free rein over the various elements . The storyboarding took one and a half months and the shooting required 15 days . The `` 3 into 9 '' sequence , in which Ishaan delves into his imagination to solve a math problem , was originally conceived as a 3D animation . Halfway through its creation , however , Khan felt it was not turning out as he had envisioned it . Khan scrapped the project and hired Vaibhav Kumaresh , who hand - drew the scene as a 2D animation . Artist Samir Mondal composed Ishaan and Nikumbh 's art - fair watercolour paintings . He held a workshop with the schoolchildren , and incorporated elements from their artwork into Ishaan 's . Mondal also instructed Khan on a painter 's typical mannerisms and movements . Gupte created the rest of Ishaan 's artwork and Assistant Art Director Veer Nanavati drew Ishaan 's flipbook . The art department 's designs for Ishaan 's school notebooks disappointed Khan , who had familiarised himself with dyslexic writing . Using his left hand , Khan instead wrote it himself . Musical sequences ( edit ) The musical sequence of `` Jame Raho '' establishes the characters of the four members of Ishaan 's family ; for example , the father is hardworking and responsible , and Yohaan is an `` ideal son '' who does all the right things . A robotic style of music overlaps most of the sequence -- this is mirrored by the machine - like morning routines of the mother , father , and Yohaan -- but changes for Ishaan 's portion to imply that he is different from the rest . This concept is furthered by speed ramping and having the camera sway with the music to create a distinct style . The twilight scenes of `` Maa '' were a particular issue for the production crew . Because the specific lighting only lasted ten to fifteen minutes a day , the scenes took nearly ten evenings to film . Production at one time considered having a child singing , but ultimately deemed it too over the top and felt it would connect to more people if sung by an adult . Shankar initially performed the song as a sample -- they planned to replace him with another singer -- but production eventually decided that his rendition was best . The trio of Shankar Mahadevan ( left ) , Ehsaan Noorani ( middle ) , and Loy Mendonsa ( right ) composed most of the film 's music . Ishaan 's truancy scene -- he leaves school one day after realising that his mother has not signed his failed math test -- originally coincided with the song `` Kholo Kholo , '' but Khan did not believe it worked well for the situation . In his opinion , the accompanying song should focus on what a child wants -- to be free -- and be told from the first - person perspective instead of `` Kholo Kholo '' 's second person . When Khan took over as director , he opted to use `` Mera Jahan '' -- a song written by Gupte -- and moved `` Kholo Kholo '' to the art fair . Viewers of test screenings were divided over the truancy scene . Half thoroughly enjoyed it but the rest complained that it was too long , did not make sense , and merely showed `` touristy '' visuals of Mumbai . Khan nevertheless kept the scene , because he `` connected deeply '' with it and felt that it established Ishaan 's world . Shiamak Davar choreographed the dance sequence of `` Bum Bum Bole , '' and was given free rein over its design . He had intended to use 40 students from his dance school , but Khan did not want trained dancers . Davar gave the children certain cues and a general idea of what to do , but left the style and final product up to them to avoid a choreographed appearance . Time constraints meant that while Khan was busy filming `` Bum Bum Bole , '' Ram Madhvani took over as director for `` Bheja Kum '' . The latter sequence , containing a `` fun - filled '' song of rhythmic dialogue , allowed the audience to perceive how Ishaan sees the world and written languages . It was intended to represent `` a young boy 's worst nightmare , in terms of ... the worst thing that he can think of '' ; Madhvani based the visual concept on his son 's fear of `` creepy - crawlies '' such as cockroaches , dragonflies , and lizards . Tata Elxsi 's Visual Computing Labs made the creatures out of the English alphabet and numbers , although Khan insisted they include the Hindi alphabet as not all the audience would be familiar with English . The chalkboard writing 's transformation into a snake was included to surprise the audience and `` end the song on a high note . '' In writing the song `` Taare Zameen Par , '' lyricist Prasoon Joshi followed the theme of `` however much you talk about children , it 's not enough . '' Every line throughout the song describes children , and only one repeats : `` Kho Naa Jaaye Yeh / Taare Zameen Par '' ( `` Let us not lose these / Little stars on earth '' ) . The song is mostly set to the annual day performance by the developmentally disabled children of Tulips School . Actual students from Tulips School and Saraswati Mandir participated , and were filmed over a period of five days . The sequence originally featured numerous dance performances , but was trimmed down when test audiences found it too long . A song accompanying the scene in which Ishaan 's mother is watching home videos of her son was also cut , and replaced with background music after test audiences expressed their opposition to yet another song . Background music ( edit ) `` It is easier when you have to create a song like `` Move Your Body '' in Johnny Gaddaar . There you can add a lot of nonsense in the recording studio . On the other hand , something like Taare Zameen Par requires melody to hold center stage . There is a different level of energy that you have to bring in composing for such different soundtrack as we had to be subdued yet effective in Taare Zameen Par . '' -- Shankar Mahadevan Timing and other aspects are usually planned when scoring a film , but Khan chose to take a more improvised approach . Instead of using a studio , he and the trio Shankar -- Ehsaan -- Loy recorded it at Khan 's home in Panchgani , to clear their heads and not be in the mindset of the city . As they watched the film , Khan pointed out when he wanted music to begin and of what type . Ehsaan Noorani noted that this strategy allowed the score to have a `` spontaneity to it . '' Different styles of background music were used to convey certain things . For example , a guitar is played when Ishaan is tense or upset , sometimes with discordant notes . The music of the opening scene -- the recurring `` Ishaan 's Theme , '' which represents the character 's peace of mind -- overpowers the background noise to show that Ishaan is lost in his own world ; the noise becomes louder after he snaps back to reality . But the scene in which Nikumbh explains dyslexia to Ishaan 's family took the opposite approach . Silent at first , the music is slowly introduced as the father begins to understand his son 's dilemma . The almost seven - minute long scene scarcely used any background music , to slow the pace and make it seem more realistic . Release ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Taare Zameen Par was released worldwide on 21 December 2007 , although countries such as Australia , Malaysia , New Zealand , and Fiji opened it on 20 December . It debuted in India with 425 prints , although revenue - sharing issues between the film 's distributors and theatre owners caused some slight delays . The movie grossed ₹ 150 million ( US $2.3 million ) domestically within the first three days . Its theatre occupancy in Mumbai dropped to 58 percent during its third week , but climbed back to 62 percent the following week -- this brought the total to ₹ 770 million ( US $12 million ) -- after the Maharashtra government granted the film exemption from the entertainment tax . Anticipating further tax exemption in other states , world distributor PVR Pictures circulated 200 more prints of the film . The film completed its domestic run with $19,779,215 . To reach more audiences , the film was later dubbed in the regional languages of Tamil and Telugu . Both were scheduled for release on 12 September 2008 , the former under the title Vaalu Nakshatram . It grossed $1,223,869 in the US by its seventh week , and £ 351,303 in the UK by its ninth week . Reports regarding the film 's worldwide gross have conflicted , with sources citing ₹ 889.7 million ( US $14 million ) , ₹ 1.07 billion ( US $17 million ) , ₹ 1.31 billion ( US $20 million ) , and ₹ 1.35 billion ( US $21 million ) . Protests in Gujarat ( edit ) In response to Khan 's support for the Narmada Bachao Andolan and his criticism of Chief Minister Narendra Modi , approximately 50 activists of the Sardar Patel Group conducted protests outside of PVR and INOX theatres in Vadodara , Gujarat . The group also issued statements to all the multiplexes of Gujarat , suggesting that the film not be screened unless Khan apologised for his comments . The INOX cinema eventually boycotted the film ; INOX Operations Manager Pushpendra Singh Rathod stated that `` INOX is with Gujarat , and not isolated from it '' . International dyslexia Association ( edit ) The International Dyslexia Association screened Taare Zameen Par on 29 October 2008 in Seattle , Washington . Khan noted in his official blog that there were about 200 people in the audience and that he was `` curious to see the response of a non-Indian audience to what we had made . '' He felt some concern that Taare Zameen Par was shown in a conference room rather than a cinema hall and was projected as a DVD rather than as a film . He said that the showing concluded to an `` absolutely thunderous standing ovation '' which `` overwhelmed '' him and that he `` saw the tears streaming down the cheeks of the audience . '' Khan also noted that the reaction to the film `` was exactly as it had been with audiences back home in India '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critics praised Aamir Khan for his directorial debut , which garnered him many awards . Taare Zameen Par received critical acclaim . Subhash K. Jha suggests that the film is `` a work of art , a water painting where the colors drip into our hearts , which could easily have fallen into the motions of over-sentimentality . Aamir Khan holds back where he could easily resort to an extravagant display of drama and emotions . '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN argued that the true power of the film lies in its `` remarkable , rooted , rock - solid script which provides the landscape for such an emotionally engaging , heart - warming experience . '' Manish Gajjar from the BBC stated that the film `` touches your heart and moves you deeply with its sterling performances . ( It is ) a film full of substance ! '' Jaspreet Pandohar , also of BBC , posited that Taare Zameen Par is a `` far cry from the formulaic masala flicks churned out by the Bollywood machine , '' and is `` an inspirational story that is as emotive as it is entertaining ; this is a little twinkling star of a movie . '' Furthermore , Aprajita Anil of Screen gave the film four stars and stated , `` Taare Zameen Par can not be missed . Because it is different . Because it is delightful . Because it would make everyone think . Because it would help everyone grow . Because very rarely do performances get so gripping . And of course because the ' perfectionist ' actor has shaped into a ' perfectionist ' director . '' In addition , filmmaker Anurag Kashyap stated that , `` Taare Zameen Par took me back to my hostel days . If you take away the dyslexia , it seems like my story . The film affected me so deeply that I was almost left speechless . After watching the film , I was asked how I liked Taare Zameen Par . I could not talk as I was deeply overwhelmed . '' However , there were some criticisms . Jha 's only objection to the film was Nikumbh 's `` sanctimonious lecture '' to Ishaan 's `` rather theatrically - played '' father . Jha found this a jarring `` deviation from the delectable delicacy '' of the film 's tone . Although she applauded the film overall and recommended `` a mandatory viewing for all schools and all parents '' , Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India believed the second half was `` a bit repetitive , '' the script needed `` taut editing , '' and Ishaan 's trauma `` ( seemed ) a shade too prolonged and the treatment simplistic . '' Despite commending the `` great performances '' and excellent directing , Gautaman Bhaskaran of The Hollywood Reporter , too , suggested that the movie `` suffers from a weak script . '' Likewise , Derek Kelly of Variety criticised it for what he described as its `` touchy - feely - ness '' attention to `` a special needs kid 's plight . '' Kelly also disliked the film for being `` so resolutely caring ... and devoid of real drama and interesting characters '' that `` it should have ' approved by the Dyslexia Assn . ' stamped on the posters . '' Scholarly response ( edit ) In his article `` Taare Zameen Par and dyslexic savants '' featured in the Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology , Ambar Chakravarty noted the general accuracy of Ishaan 's dyslexia . Though Chakravarty was puzzled by Ishaan 's trouble in simple arithmetic -- a trait of dyscalculia rather than dyslexia -- he reasoned it was meant to `` enhance the image of ( Ishaan 's ) helplessness and disability '' . Labeling Ishaan an example of `` dyslexic savant syndrome '' , he especially praised the growth of Ishaan 's artistic talents after receiving help and support from Nikumbh , and deemed it the `` most important ( and joyous ) neurocognitive phenomenon '' of the film . This improvement highlights cosmetic neurology , a `` major and therapeutically important issue '' in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology . Likewise , in their article `` Wake up call from ' Stars on the Ground ' '' for the Indian Journal of Psychiatry , T.S. Sathyanarayana Rao and V.S.T. Krishna wrote that the film `` deserves to be vastly appreciated as an earnest endeavor to portray with sensitivity and empathetically diagnose a malady in human life '' . They also felt it blended `` modern professional knowledge '' with a `` humane approach '' in working with a dyslexic child . However , the authors believed the film expands beyond disabilities and explores the `` present age where everyone is in a restless hurry '' . The pair wrote , `` This film raises serious questions on mental health perspectives . We seem to be heading to a state of mass scale mindlessness even as children are being pushed to ' perform ' . Are we seriously getting engrossed in the race of ' achievement ' and blissfully becoming numb to the crux of life i.e. , experiencing meaningful living in a broader frame rather than merely existing ? '' The film depicts how `` threats and coercion are not capable of unearthing rich human potentialities deeply embedded in children '' , and that teachers should instead map their strengths and weakness . With this in mind , the author felt that Khan `` dexterously drives home the precise point that our first priority ought to be getting to know the child before making any efforts to fill them with knowledge and abilities '' . Overall , the pair found a `` naive oversimplification '' in the film . With India `` only recently waking to recognizing the reality and tragedy of learning disability '' , however , they `` easily ( forgave the film 's fault ) under artistic license '' . Public response ( edit ) The film raised awareness of the issue of dyslexia , and prompted more open discussions among parents , schools , activists , and policymakers . Anjuli Bawa , a parent - activist and founder of Action Dyslexia Delhi , said that the number of parents who visit her office increased tenfold in the months following the film 's release . Many began taking a more proactive approach by contacting her after noticing problems , rather than using her as a last resort . Gupte himself received `` many painful letters and phone calls '' from Indian parents . He noted , `` Fathers weep on the phone and say they saw the film and realized that they have been wrong in the way they treated their children . This is catharsis . '' These reactions have also brought about a change in policies . The film , only ten days after its debut , influenced the Central Board of Secondary Education to provide extra time to special children -- including the visually impaired , physically challenged and dyslexic -- during exams . In 2008 , Mumbai 's civic body also opened 12 classrooms for autistic students . In Chandigarh , the education administration started a course to educate teachers on how to deal with children with learning disabilities . The film has had a similarly positive response in Greater China , where the film was not officially released yet has a large online cult following due to Aamir Khan 's popularity in the region after the success of 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) . The film has been well received by Chinese audiences for how it tackles issues such as education and dyslexia , and is one of the highest - rated films on popular Chinese film site Douban , along with two other Aamir Khan films , 3 Idiots and Dangal ( 2016 ) . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Taare Zameen Par Among its many awards , Taare Zameen Par won the Filmfare Best Film Award for 2008 , as well as the National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare . Khan 's directorial role and Safary 's performance were recognized at the 2008 Zee Cine Awards , 2008 Filmfare Awards , and 4th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards . 2009 Academy Awards submission and Slumdog Millionaire ( edit ) Taare Zameen Par was initially acclaimed as India 's official entry for the 2009 Academy Awards Best Foreign Film , but after it failed to progress to the short list , a debate began in the Indian media as to why Indian films never win Academy Awards . Speculation for the reasons behind Taare Zameen Par 's failed bid included Rediff.com 's Arthur J. Pai 's observation that it lacked mainstream media attention ; AMPAS jury member Krishna Shah criticised its length and abundance of songs . `` Three days before Chandni Chowk ( to China ) hit theaters in the U.S. and India , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced its shortlist of nine films edging closer to a foreign - language nomination . India 's submission , the powerful and moving Taare Zameen Par by Aamir Khan , did n't make the cut . Sadly , that film never will be seen by mainstream American audiences ; yet Chandni Chowk is enjoying a hefty publicity push . If only Taare Zameen Par could have gotten its hands on that magic potato . '' -- American film critic Lisa Tsering in The Hollywood Reporter . Khan claimed that he was `` not surprised '' that Taare Zameen Par was not included in the Academy Award shortlist , and argued , `` I do n't make films for awards . I make films for the audience . The audience , for which I have made the film , really loved it and the audiences outside India have also loved it . What I am trying to say is that film has been well loved across the globe and that for me it is extremely heartening and something that I give very high value to . '' The Indian news media also frequently compared Taare Zameen Par 's nomination failure with the British film Slumdog Millionaire 's multiple Academy Award nominations and wins , and noted that other Indian films in the past were overlooked . Film critic Rajeev Masand argued that it is difficult to compare the two films and noted that Slumdog Millionaire was being marketed in a way that Indian films such as Taare Zameen Par could not compete with . In this context , Slumdog Millionaire actor Mahesh Manjrekar stated , `` I 'm sad that Aamir 's Taare Zameen Par did n't make it to the final round of the Oscars . I thought it to be way better than Slumdog ( Millionaire ) ... , without taking away anything from Boyle and the kids . But , Indian movies are underestimated there . '' Home media ( edit ) UTV Home Entertainment released the film on DVD in India on 25 July 2008 . It was launched at Darsheel Safary 's school , Green Lawns High School , in Mumbai . Aamir Khan , Tisca Chopra , Vipin Sharma , Sachet Engineer , and the rest of the cast and crew were present . In his speech , Khan stated , `` Darsheel is a very happy child , full of life and vibrant . I am sure it 's because of the way his parents and teachers have treated him . I must say Darsheel 's principal Mrs. Bajaj has been extremely supportive and encouraging . The true test of any school is how happy the kids are and by the looks of it , the children here seem really happy . '' Walt Disney Company Home Entertainment , which acquired 33 percent of UTV Software Communications , bought the DVD rights for distribution in North America , the United Kingdom , and Australia for ₹ 70 million ( US $1.1 million ) . This marked `` the first time an international studio has bought the video rights of an Indian film . '' Retitling it Like Stars on Earth , Disney released the film in Region 2 on 26 October 2009 , in Region 1 on 12 January 2010 , and in Region 4 on 29 March 2010 . A three - disc set , the Disney version features the original Hindi audio soundtrack with English subtitles or another dubbed in English , as well as bonus material such as audio commentary , deleted scenes , and the musical soundtrack . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack for Taare Zameen Par was released on 4 November 2007 under the label T - Series . The music is mainly composed by Shankar - Ehsaan - Loy , with lyrics by Prasoon Joshi . However , `` Mera Jahan '' was scored by Shailendra Barve and written by Gupte , with the latter also composing `` Ishaan 's Theme . '' Joshi received the National Film Award for Best Lyrics , and Shankar Mahadevan won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for `` Maa . '' Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama praised the variety of genres present in the soundtrack and the lack of remixes . He gave it an overall rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars , calling it a `` zero compromise album '' that `` stays true to the film 's spirit '' . Planet Bollywood 's Atta Khan rated it 9 out of 10 , noting that the soundtrack `` unquestionably lives up to all expectations '' . He felt that it maintained an `` all round polished nature '' and `` is destined to become a classic '' . Although he , too , enjoyed the musical variety , he believed the composers overused the guitar and synthesizers . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave the soundtrack a score of 3 out of 5 , commenting , `` Taare Zameen Par is n't your regular soundtrack about fluttering hearts and sleepless nights . What makes these delicate and whimsical creations special is their underlying innocence . '' According to the Indian trade website Box Office India , with around 11 , 00,000 units sold , this film 's soundtrack album was the year 's thirteenth highest - selling . No . Title Singers Length 1 . `` Taare Zameen Par '' Shankar Mahadevan , Dominique Cerejo , Vivienne Pocha 7 : 08 2 . `` Kholo Kholo '' Raman Mahadevan 5 : 01 3 . `` Bum Bum Bole '' Shaan , Aamir Khan 5 : 32 4 . `` Jame Raho '' Vishal Dadlani 2 : 59 5 . `` Maa '' Shankar Mahadevan 5 : 14 6 . `` Bheja Kum '' Shankar Mahadevan , Bugs Bhargava , Shankar Sachdev , Roaj Gopal Iyer , Ravi Khanwiker , Loy Mendonsa , Amole Gupte , Kiran Rao , Aamir Khan , Ram Madhavni , Haji Springer 2 : 07 7 . `` Mera Jahan '' Adnan Sami , Auriel Cordo , Ananya Wadkar 6 : 32 8 . `` Ishaan 's Theme '' Loy Mendonsa , Shankar Mahadevan , Ehsaan Noorani 4 : 13 See also ( edit ) Film portal Bollywood portal List of artistic depictions of dyslexia List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film List of submissions to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Like Stars on Earth DVD commentary . 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External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taare Zameen Par Official website Like Stars on Earth ( Taare Zameen Par ) at the Internet Movie Database Taare Zameen Par at Rotten Tomatoes Like Stars on Earth ( Taare Zameen Par ) at AllMovie Taare Zameen Par at Bollywood Hungama ( hide ) Aamir Khan Actor Filmography ( 1973 -- present ) Producer Lagaan ( 2001 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na ( 2008 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Dhobi Ghat ( 2011 ) Delhi Belly ( 2011 ) Talaash : The Answer Lies Within ( 2012 ) Dangal ( 2016 ) Secret Superstar ( 2017 ) Director Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) TV show Satyamev Jayate ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Assistant director Manzil Manzil ( 1984 ) Zabardast ( 1985 ) Screenwriter Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1993 ) Ghajini ( 2008 ) Playback singer Ghulam ( 1998 ) Mela ( 2000 ) Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) Dangal ( 2016 ) Related articles Awards Aamir Khan Productions Amole Gupte Directed Sniff ( 2017 ) Hawa Hawai ( 2014 ) Stanley Ka Dabba ( 2011 ) Written Taare Zameen Par ( Like Stars on Earth ) ( 2007 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! 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when is season 2 of chasing cameron coming to netflix			Chasing Cameron	chasing cameron	Chasing Cameron is an American reality television series starring Vine star Cameron Dallas . It premiered on Netflix on December 27 , 2016 . The series centers around Cameron Dallas , a `` social media influencer '' , who is best known for his prominence on the video app Vine . He is one of the main members of a group called Magcon ( Meet and greet convention ) , which was short - lived in 2014 , but revived , partly with other people , in 2016 . During 2016 , Magcon went on a tour in Europe , Australia and New Zealand , with events consisting of a show and a meet and greet .	The half - hour episodes depict Cameron and other Magcon members ' road to fame , and the price that comes with Internet stardom . The show 's co-starring tour members include Aaron Carpenter and Taylor Caniff , as well as Dallas ' immediate family members . The first season of the show consisted of ten episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) The series was announced on June 22 , 2016 via Variety . The show premiered on Netflix on December 27 , 2016 . On January 20 , 2017 , Dallas said in a red carpet interview at the People 's Choice Awards : `` For sure . 100 % there will be a season 2 . ( ... ) I think it 's gon na dive deeper more into my relationship between my mom and sister , and then kind of a more in - depth view on where we 're going and what 's continuing to go on , because we 're only taking steps forward , so I feel like the more we go , the more interesting it gets '' . Dallas also stated that the second season would feature a different premise altogether . Cast ( edit ) Cameron Dallas Taylor Caniff Aaron Carpenter Blake Gray Willie Jones Trey Schafer Joey Birlem Hunter Rowland Brandon Rowland Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Original release date `` With One Tweet '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) `` Tyranny of the Urgent '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) `` Cam 's Big Crush '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) `` Girls Like Hygiene '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 5 `` Caged Animal '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 6 `` Losing a Friend '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 7 `` I Do n't Wanna Be Here '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 8 `` Second Date '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 9 `` No Shoes on the Bed '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) 10 `` Fifteen Minutes '' December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) Reception ( edit ) Since the release of Chasing Cameron the series has received generally negative reviews . Common Sense Media 's critical consensus reads , `` Internet star 's self - serving reality show has iffy messages '' , while giving the show a rating of 1 / 5 . Kevin O'Keeffe , writing for mic.com also criticized the show , stating `` his hesitance to let go of control makes Chasing Cameron a far worse show than it could have been '' . Michael Andor Brodeur , writing for The Boston Globe , was somewhat more receptive , writing `` There 's something about the abundant emptiness of `` Chasing Cameron '' that , right now , feels like a necessary refuge ( ... ) basking in its inconsequential glow . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cameron Dallas Netflix Show ' Chasing Cameron ' Gets Premiere Date '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Cameron Dallas Reality Show '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girls go gaga for Vine video boys at Itasca meet and greet '' . Dailyherald.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Is Magcon coming back ? '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Cameron Dallas Reality Show '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chasing Cameron ' Premieres On Netflix Today ! TigerBeat '' . BOP and Tiger Beat. 2016 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Dallas Confirms Second Season Of Netflix Series , With Added Family Focus '' . Tubefilter. 2017 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : Know Thy Selfie - Netflix Releases Trailer for New Cameron Dallas Series `` Chasing Cameron '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing Cameron : Season 1 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Chasing Cameron TV Review '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chasing Cameron ' Review : Cameron Dallas ' Netflix show is propaganda with teeth '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Brodeur , Michael Andor ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Finding solace in ' Chasing Cameron ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . 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who sang that's the night the lights went out in georgia	`` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' is a Southern Gothic song , written in 1972 by songwriter Bobby Russell and sung by Vicki Lawrence , an American pop music singer , actress , and comedian . Lawrence 's version , from her 1973 Bell Records album of the same name , was a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release . In addition to several other renditions , the song was again a hit in 1991 when Reba McEntire recorded it for her album For My Broken Heart . McEntire 's version was a single , as well , reaching number 12 on Hot Country Songs .	Vicki Lawrence	The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia	the night the lights went out in georgia	`` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' is a Southern Gothic song , written in 1972 by songwriter Bobby Russell and sung by Vicki Lawrence , an American pop music singer , actress , and comedian . Lawrence 's version , from her 1973 Bell Records album of the same name , was a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 after its release . In addition to several other renditions , the song was again a hit in 1991 when Reba McEntire recorded it for her album For My Broken Heart . McEntire 's version was a single , as well , reaching number 12 on Hot Country Songs .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 History and original recording 3 Release and reception 4 Musical structure 5 Cover versions 5.1 Tanya Tucker cover 5.2 Reba McEntire cover 6 In popular culture 7 Chart performance 7.1 Vicki Lawrence version 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Reba McEntire version 7.3. 1 Year - end charts 8 See also 9 References Synopsis ( edit ) A nameless man returns home after two weeks to be informed by his best friend Andy that the man 's wife has been unfaithful , sleeping with both Andy and a third man , `` that Ames boy , Seth . '' The man returns home and , noting his wife is not home , heads to Andy 's house with a gun ; when he arrives , he finds Andy 's dead body . In an attempt to flag down the Georgia State Patrol , the man fires a warning shot into the air , only to realize too late that the combination of circumstances ( the dead body , holding a gun and an audible gunshot ) made him look like the killer . The sheriff arrests the man , a swift show trial is held and the man is convicted and hanged in short order . In the song 's epilogue , the man 's younger sister ( singing in the first person ) confesses that she killed Andy as well as the man 's wife , whose body was disposed where it would never be found . The little sister blames the Georgia criminal justice system for her brother 's death , warning in each chorus `` the judge in the town 's got blood stains on his hands . '' History and original recording ( edit ) Although Bobby Russell wrote both the lyrics and music for the song , he was reluctant to record even a demonstration because he `` did n't like it . '' According to Lawrence , who was married to Russell at the time , she believed it was destined to be successful and recorded the demo herself . The publishers and the record label did not quite know how to pitch the song , as it was not really a country or a pop song . The first thought was to offer the song to actress / singer Liza Minnelli , but eventually it was offered to singer Cher , but her then - husband and manager Sonny Bono reportedly refused it , as he was said to be concerned that the song might offend Cher 's southern fans . Without a singer to record the song , Lawrence went into a studio and recorded it professionally herself , with the instrumental backing of L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew , then pressed the label to release it as a single . Release and reception ( edit ) Released as a single in June 1972 , the song would ultimately become a number - one success for Lawrence , topping the Hot 100 chart in early 1973 . Lawrence was , at the time , a regular performer on the ensemble variety comedy television show The Carol Burnett Show . It scored number six on the Easy Listening chart , and it peaked at number 36 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles chart . It was number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , and was finally topped by Tony Orlando and Dawn 's `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' . Billboard ranked it as the No. 11 song for 1973 . In Canada , the single version scored number one , as well , topping the RPM 100 national singles chart on May 5 of the same year . On the RPM Country Singles chart , it reached # 25 . Musical structure ( edit ) The lyrics use an AABCCB rhyming pattern on the verses , and ABCB on the chorus . The song 's verses are in C Dorian . Verse one consists of four lines , each using the chord pattern Cm - B ♭ / C - Cm - F / C - Cm - Gm7 - Cm . At the chorus , the song modulates to the key of G major , with a chord pattern of Am - D7 - G - Em used three times before ending on Am - D7 - Gm . Verse two uses the same structure as verse one , with an additional two lines . The first additional lines also modulate to G major with a chord pattern of Am - D7 - G - Em - Am - D - Gm , before returning to C Dorian for another repetition of the original chord pattern . After the second chorus , the third verse consists of only two lines before the chorus is sung a third time . The song then ends with a four - measure riff played in the key of G minor . The overall vocal range is G - D . Cover versions ( edit ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' Single by Reba McEntire from the album For My Broken Heart B - side `` All Dressed Up '' Released April 1992 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1991 Genre Country Length 4 : 17 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Bobby Russell Producer ( s ) Tony Brown , Reba McEntire Reba McEntire singles chronology `` Is There Life Out There '' ( 1992 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1992 ) `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' ( 1992 ) `` Is There Life Out There '' ( 1992 ) `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' ( 1992 ) `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' ( 1992 ) Tanya Tucker cover ( edit ) In 1981 , country singer Tanya Tucker recorded a version ( on an album of the same name ) with differing lyrics and an altered timeline . These altered lyrics were based on the plot line of the 1981 movie The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia . Reba McEntire cover ( edit ) During 1991 , the song was sung as a cover version by Reba McEntire on her album For My Broken Heart . It reached number 12 on Billboard 's Hot Country Songs chart . While still a commercially successful release , this broke a string of 24 consecutive top 10 country singles by McEntire . The song also had a successful music video , wherein the older brother of the story is given the name `` Raymond Brody '' ; the video for McEntire 's version also contained spoken dialogue that expanded on several of the song 's plot points , by suggesting that the judge knew that the narrator 's brother did not commit the crime , but was nonetheless anxious to convict him , since he , himself ( the judge ) had also been having sex with the wife ( played by Playboy centerfold / pin up model Barbara Moore ) and was worried that a long , involved trial would cause this fact to become known . It also establishes that the little sister ( played by McEntire , and portrayed both as a young woman in flashbacks and as a 60 - year - old woman using heavy makeup ) caught Andy in the act with her brother 's wife and that the unfaithful woman also had an affair with the sister 's own fiancé . In popular culture ( edit ) For a 1986 Designing Women episode , main character Julia Sugarbaker ( Dixie Carter ) has one of her famous tirades , defending her beauty queen sister Suzanne against catty remarks made by a young woman , concluding with `` And that , just so you will know , and your children will someday know , was the night the lights went out in Georgia ! '' It is a prime example of a twist ending in a song , and in the 1992 film Reservoir Dogs , one of the mobsters in the film named Nice Guy Eddie says `` ... this is the first time I ever realized that the girl singin ' the song is the one who shot Andy . '' The opening motif is sampled in `` The Time Is Now '' , which is currently used as American professional wrestler John Cena 's entrance music ; specifically , the song samples Pete Schofield and The Canadians ' rendition . In 2011 , a book was released titled `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia , '' written by Jeremy G.T. Reuschling and casually based on the McEntire version of the song and the music video . Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country ( 2014 ) . Comedy group The Credibility Gap recorded a parody version , `` The Night That The Lights Stayed On In Pittsburgh . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence version ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 36 Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Canadian RPM Country Tracks 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Canada 10 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Reba McEntire version ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 73 See also ( edit ) Murder ballad References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vicki Lawrence - The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia at MetroLyrics Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 1988 ) . `` The Night The Lights Went Out in Georgia '' . The Billboard book of number one hits . New York : Billboard Publications . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7545 - 1 . OCLC 17918476 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 -- 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 196 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : For My Broken Heart : Piano , Vocal , Guitar . Hal Leonard Corporation . 1992 . pp. 25 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 1295 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Vicki Lawrence . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Vicki Lawrence . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Vicki Lawrence . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1973 / Top 100 Songs of 1973 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2017 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 1 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Reba McEntire . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1992 '' . RPM . December 19 , 1992 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Preceded by `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Vicki Lawrence version ) April 7 , 1973 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando Preceded by `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando Canadian RPM 100 number - one single ( Vicki Lawrence version ) May 5 , 1973 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` The First Cut Is The Deepest '' by Keith Hampshire ( hide ) Reba McEntire 1990s singles Sweet Sixteen `` Walk On '' Rumor Has It `` You Lie '' `` Rumor Has It '' `` Fancy '' `` Fallin ' Out of Love '' For My Broken Heart `` For My Broken Heart '' `` Is There Life Out There '' `` The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia '' `` The Greatest Man I Never Knew '' It 's Your Call `` Take It Back '' `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Vince Gill ) `` It 's Your Call '' Greatest Hits Volume Two `` Does He Love You '' ( with Linda Davis ) `` They Asked About You '' Read My Mind `` Why Have n't I Heard from You '' `` She Thinks His Name Was John '' `` Till You Love Me '' `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' `` And Still '' Starting Over `` On My Own '' `` Ring on Her Finger , Time on Her Hands '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' What If It 's You `` The Fear of Being Alone '' `` How Was I to Know '' `` I 'd Rather Ride Around with You '' `` What If It 's You '' If You See Him `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' ( with Brooks & Dunn ) `` Forever Love '' `` Wrong Night '' `` One Honest Heart '' So Good Together `` What Do You Say '' Other songs `` What If '' Guest singles `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Vince Gill ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Night_the_Lights_Went_Out_in_Georgia&oldid=807395990 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1992 singles Vicki Lawrence songs Reba McEntire songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Bobby Russell Bell Records singles MCA Records singles Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett Songs about Georgia ( U.S. state ) Songs about death 1972 songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 17 : 47 . 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where is father brown filmed in the cotswolds			Father Brown ( 2013 TV series )	father brown ( 2013 tv series )	Father Brown is a British television period drama which began airing on BBC One on 14 January 2013 . It features Mark Williams as the eponymous crime - solving Roman Catholic priest . The series is loosely based on short stories by G.K. Chesterton of the same name .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Guest stars 4 Production 4.1 Conception 4.2 Filming 4.3 Locations 5 Episodes 5.1 Series overview 5.2 Series 1 ( 2013 ) 5.3 Series 2 ( 2014 ) 5.4 Series 3 ( 2015 ) 5.5 Series 4 ( 2016 ) 5.6 Series 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 5.7 Series 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 6 Broadcast 7 DVD ( Region 2 ) and Blu - ray ( Region B) 8 Reception 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The series is set during the early 1950s , in the fictional Cotswold village of Kembleford , where Father Brown , priest at St Mary 's Catholic Church , solves murder cases . A bumbling police inspector , who often arrests the wrong suspect , gets annoyed by Father Brown 's success . Father Brown uses the distinctive skills of his close friends as well as his own wits to solve cases , occasionally to the neglect of his more mundane parish duties . His vocation as a priest often gives him an insight to the truth , so that justice ( but occasionally , not the letter of the law ) may be served . His commitment to obeying the Seal of the Confessional often presents unique circumstances . The time period is when Britain was still struggling with deprivation and shortages in the aftermath of the hardships of the Second World War . The country still applies the death penalty as a sentence for capital crimes such as murder . Father Brown opposes capital punishment . Characters ( edit ) Father Brown -- Mark Williams ( 2013 -- present ) : a slightly crumpled , shambolic and mild - mannered Roman Catholic priest who , by appearance , is easily forgotten . His apparent innocence belies a playful wit and a razor - sharp intellect . His greatest strength , both as a priest and as a detective of crime , is his love and understanding of other people . He 's not there to judge , but to save souls . Mrs Bridgette McCarthy née Maguire -- Sorcha Cusack ( 2013 -- present ) : the Irish parish secretary at St Mary 's . She checks the facts for Father Brown , acts as his confidante on official Church business and everything else , defends him from the ire of the congregation , and makes sure he eats . She has a tendency to brag about her award - winning strawberry scones . Mrs McCarthy is a frequent gossip -- though claims she is not -- and often at odds with Lady Felicia , although she and Lady Felicia eventually admit to being close friends . She is married , but leaves her husband after he returns from having lived with another woman following the war . Lady Felicia Montague née Windermere -- Nancy Carroll ( 2013 -- 2018 ) : a bored socialite and Countess , apparently from an old recusant family , with a roving eye when her husband , Monty , is away . She is a staunch supporter of Father Brown and frequent nemesis of Mrs McCarthy , despite a grudging respect between the women . She left at the start of Series 5 when her husband is appointed Governor of Northern Rhodesia , but made a guest appearance in Series 6 , `` The Face of the Enemy '' . Sidney `` Sid '' Carter -- Alex Price ( 2013 -- 2018 ) : An artful dodger , Sid , is an occasional black marketeer , part - time crook and informant who becomes Lady Felicia 's chauffeur , and whom Father Brown makes the church 's handyman while trying to keep on the straight and narrow . However , his skills , and links to the criminal underworld of Kembleford , are often needed to solve a case . He made a guest appearance in Series 6 in the episode `` The Face of the Enemy '' . Zuzanna `` Susie '' Jasinski -- Kasia Koleczek ( 2013 ) : Father Brown 's part - time housekeeper , who lives in a nearby post-war Polish resettlement camp . Her true first name was revealed in the episode `` The Eye of Apollo . '' Lady Penelope `` Bunty '' Windermere -- Emer Kenny ( 2017 -- present ) : the wayward niece of Lady Felicia seeking refuge after being photographed leaving a sleazy nightclub with a married man and cited in divorce proceedings . Inspector Valentine -- Hugo Speer ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : head of the local police force , finds himself constantly torn between secret admiration for Father Brown and deep frustration with him . He would like to collaborate , but has been burnt once too often by Brown 's unorthodox moral code . Nevertheless , he comes to respect his methods and even admits , upon his departure , that he might miss Father Brown . Inspector Sullivan -- Tom Chambers ( 2014 -- 2015 ) : replaced Inspector Valentine , who was promoted to Detective Chief Inspector and went to London at the start of the second series . A somewhat arrogant man , Sullivan is even more exasperated by Father Brown 's meddling and contradicting his findings , but is eventually won over . Inspector Mallory -- Jack Deam ( 2016 -- present ) : the replacement for Inspector Sullivan . Like his predecessors , he is often exasperated by Father Brown , whom he sarcastically refers to as `` Padre . '' However , he is a far more zealous ( and occasionally resourceful ) detective , and chases after leads with great enthusiasm , even when they lead him to the wrong conclusion . Sergeant Albright -- Keith Osborn ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : played dogsbody to Inspectors Valentine and Sullivan . Sergeant Goodfellow -- John Burton ( 2014 -- present ) : continued playing the dogsbody for the Inspector with increasing involvement . Credited in the opening beginning in series 5 . M. Hercule Flambeau -- John Light ( 2013 -- present ) : nemesis of Father Brown ; jewel and art thief with seemingly no conscience . He and Father Brown have encountered each other at least once in every series ; in series four he reveals he has a daughter , Marianne Delacroix , whom he had never met . Cast ( edit ) ( Series One cast ) Nancy Carroll , Sorcha Cusack , Mark Williams , Hugo Speer , Kasia Koleczek , and Alex Price Main ( edit ) Mark Williams as Father Brown Sorcha Cusack as Mrs Bridgette McCarthy Hugo Speer as Inspector Valentine ( Series 1 -- Series 2 , Episode 1 ) Nancy Carroll as Lady Felicia Montague ( Series 1 -- Series 5 , Episode 2 ; Series 6 , Episode 1 and 5 ) Alex Price as Sid Carter ( Series 1 -- 4 ; Series 5 , Episode 11 ; Series 6 , Episode 1 and 5 ) Kasia Koleczek as Susie Jasinski ( Series 1 ) Keith Osborn as Sergeant Albright ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Tom Chambers as Inspector Sullivan ( Series 2 -- 3 ) John Burton as Sergeant Goodfellow ( Series 2 -- present ) Jack Deam as Inspector Mallory ( Series 4 -- present ) Emer Kenny as Penelope ( Bunty ) Windermere ( Series 5 -- present ) John Light as M. Hercule Flambeau ( Recurring guest ) Guest stars ( edit ) Various people have guest starred in the show , including Laura Main , Annette Badland , Guy Henry , Penny Downie , Roberta Taylor , James Fleet , Robert Cavanah , Emma Fielding , James Laurenson , Steffan Rhodri , Michael Maloney , Dominic Mafham , Camilla Power , Clare Higgins , Selina Cadell , Tracy - Ann Oberman , Jamie Glover , Holly Earl , Stephen Boxer , Flora Spencer - Longhurst , Gareth Hale , Christopher Villiers , Katie Leung , Marcia Warren , Adrian Scarborough , Frances Barber , Caroline Blakiston , Adrian Rawlins , Ronni Ancona , Georgina Leonidas , Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Arthur Bostrom , John Sessions , and Martin Kemp . Production ( edit ) The series is a BBC Birmingham production and filming for the first series of ten episodes of Father Brown began in the Cotswolds in summer 2012 . The BBC renewed Father Brown for a second series of ten episodes in 2013 . A third series of 15 episodes was commissioned in 2014 . A fourth series of ten episodes was commissioned in 2015 . In 2014 Father Brown was shown on various public television stations in the United States and on the satellite `` Film&Arts '' channel in South America . Conception ( edit ) BBC Daytime wanted a home - grown detective show for the afternoons on BBC1 . Initially , original ideas from writers were pitched , but the BBC wanted something that was less of a risk and was already well known . Father Brown had not been filmed since the 1970s with Kenneth More . Executive Producer John Yorke came up with the idea after hearing a radio documentary about G.K. Chesterton presented by Ann Widdecombe . Writers were given the choice of adapting an existing story or to come up with an original idea . Half of the first ten episodes made were loosely based on Chesterton stories . The Chesterton stories were set all over the world and at different times , but a decision was made to anchor the stories in a fixed place and time . The Cotswolds was chosen as it had few modern buildings and was close to the production base in Birmingham . The 1950s was chosen as the detective could solve the puzzle using his mind and knowledge of human nature instead of relying on modern technology . The lead writers , Rachel Flowerday and Tahsin Guner , created the world and the characters . Other writers contributed stand - alone scripts that were not part of a story arc . Significant changes were made in some of the episodes ostensibly based on the original works , including `` The Hammer of God '' , `` The Wrong Shape '' , and `` The Eye of Apollo '' . Filming ( edit ) Filming takes place in the Gloucestershire village of Blockley using the church of Saints Peter and Paul ( Church of England ) as the St Mary Roman Catholic church of the series and the vicarage transformed into presbytery for Father Brown 's residence . Other villages used are Winchcombe , Upper Slaughter , Kemerton and Guiting Power . Filming also took place at Winchcombe railway station on the heritage Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway . Sudeley Castle was the main location for `` The Eye of Apollo '' . Princethorpe College , once a Catholic convent , now a secondary school , was used to film `` St Agnes Convent '' in Series One Episode 6 . Filming for the second series included the Warwickshire village of Ilmington . Chastleton House and Berkeley Castle were used to portray Pryde Castle in the episode broadcast on 8 January 2014 . Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire provided the location for the final resting place of the famed rosary in the episode `` Mysteries of the Rosary '' airing 10 January 2014 . The gardens at Snowshill Manor featured in the same episode . `` The Time Machine '' episode , in series 3 , was based around the Warwickshire estate of Alscot Park . Filming has also taken place at Ashdown WW2 Camp , Evesham , Worcestershire where the TV series the Land Girls was also filmed . Laid out as a WW2 camp , Ashdown Camp is made up of 11 nissen huts , air raid shelters , and outbuildings . Also used were the 1930s portion of Shire Hall , Warwick , headquarters of Warwickshire County Council , Bloxham School in Oxfordshire and Worcester Guildhall . Locations ( edit ) Filming in Blockley Churchyard St Peter & St Paul Church , Blockley and the Riley RMA used for filming Father Brown Blockley Church with artificial snow ( 2016 Christmas Special ) Berkeley Castle , Gloucestershire Winchcombe railway station St Peter 's Church in Upper Slaughter doubled as the Anglican church in Kembleford The old Moreton - in - Marsh police station featured as Kembleford police station The old Moreton - in - Marsh hospital was the new Kembleford police station Kembleford police station in series 5 The Quaker Meeting House in Broad Campden featured as `` Kembleford Parish Hall '' Guiting Power doubled as part of Kembleford High Street , Blockley Princethorpe College Spetchley Park was used for `` The Curse of Amenhotep '' ( 2015 ) Kenilworth Castle Sudeley Castle , Gloucestershire Chastleton House , Oxfordshire Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 14 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) 25 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) 10 6 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) 17 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) 15 5 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 23 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) 10 4 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 15 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) 5 15 23 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) 19 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) 6 10 18 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 12 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) Series 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` The Hammer of God '' Ian Barber Tahsin Guner 14 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) The brother of an Anglican vicar is killed with a blacksmith 's hammer . The blacksmith 's wife , who had been blackmailed by the victim , confesses ; Father Brown must find a killer who believes it was God 's work from the victim 's many enemies before an innocent woman is sent to the gallows . `` The Flying Stars '' Ian Barber Rachel Flowerday 15 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) The Flying Stars is a valuable necklace belonging to the theatrical Adams family ; when the mother drowns in a lake , this initially is thought to be an accident until the tensions within the family are exposed . An Italian coin arouses Father Brown 's suspicions , and a pair of shoes that are too large put Lady Felicia 's life in danger . `` The Wrong Shape '' Dominic Keavey Nicola Wilson 16 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) Ex-doctor Leonard Quinton , living with his estranged wife , a young mistress , and Indian manservant , is foretold of his death by the manservant . Quinton asks Father Brown to look after his wife following his death . Quinton is found dead apparently hanging himself but Brown and Inspector Valentine suspect murder . A poisoned cat and the unmarked headstone of a three - month - old baby buried in the garden and his treatment of his wife for morning sickness with a new German drug provides the tragic answer . `` The Man in the Tree '' Dominic Keavey Rebecca Wojciechowski 17 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) A man stripped and pushed from a train on a viaduct is found by Lady Felicia , injured and stuck up a tree . Father Brown meets a visiting German priest , arousing hostility amongst the villagers with recent war memories . Father Brown sees to it that justice is done , though not in a strictly legal fashion . 5 5 `` The Eye of Apollo '' Matt Carter Tahsin Guner 18 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) The Church of Apollo comes to Kembleford , and Susie falls under the spell of their charismatic leader , Kalon ( Michael Maloney ) . Jealousy among the followers leads to murder , in a locked room , of Kalon 's wife . Father Brown must solve the murder and break Kalon 's spell over Susie before she leaves with him following baptism into his church . 6 6 `` The Bride of Christ '' Ian Barber Jude Tindall 21 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) Two nuns die of cyanide poisoning , the first in front of Father Brown and the second while Inspector Valentine is investigating the first death . Ill - feeling among the nuns and the bottles of cyanide held at the convent lead to many a suspect . Sister Boniface ( Lorna Watson ) , a fan of Agatha Christie , lends a helping hand to Father Brown . 7 7 `` The Devil 's Dust '' Dominic Keavey Dan Muirden 22 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) 14 - year - old Ruth Bennett ( Holly Earl ) goes missing . She had been ostracised by the village because of a skin complaint the villagers believe was caused by radiation at her father 's place of work . When her blood - stained pyjamas are found , suspects include Ruth 's family doctor on whom she had a crush , her mother who had hit her , and a plumber with a similar skin complaint who is dying of cancer . 8 8 `` The Face of Death '' Matt Carter Lol Fletcher 23 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) Lady Margaret ( Stella Gonet ) runs a man down and his son Daniel blames her for deliberately doing it . At a masked charity garden party a guest is murdered in an identical mask to one worn by Lady Margaret 's husband ( Stephen Boxer ) . When Lady Margaret is later murdered , Daniel is suspected but can not be found . 9 9 `` The Mayor and the Magician '' Dominic Keavey Nicola Wilson 24 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) At the annual village fête , the obnoxious mayor William Knight ( Sam Crane ) is electrocuted at the microphone . He is a man with many enemies , including his wife ( Louise Brealey ) , who is arrested . Father Brown is shocked by what is heard in the confessional , but it provides a clue about the killer . Mrs McCarthy 's ' long dead ' husband , Frank ( Frank Grimes ) , turns up dressed as a magician . 10 10 `` The Blue Cross '' Ian Barber Paul Matthew Thompson 25 January 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 25 ) International thief Flambeau ( John Light ) forewarns Father Brown of his intention to steal the priceless relic , The Blue Cross , from St Mary 's . To pre-empt the theft , Brown takes the cross in what becomes a battle of wits between the two men . The climax reveals a connection between the two men when Brown fought as a 17 - year - old soldier in Flanders during the Great War before taking Holy orders . First appearance of John Light as Hercule Flambeau . Final appearance of Kasia Koleczek as Susie Jasinski . Series 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date 11 `` The Ghost in the Machine '' Matt Carter Rachel Flowerday 6 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) Father Brown investigates the disappearance of a parishioner , Charlotte McKinley , who believed she was being haunted by her sister who had disappeared nine years previously . Husband Victor ( Andrew Havill ) , a struck - off doctor , is arrested as being responsible for the murder of both women . Final appearance of Hugo Speer as Inspector Valentine . First appearance of Tom Chambers as Inspector Sullivan . 12 `` The Maddest of All '' Matt Carter Tahsin Guner 7 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 07 ) Ex-serviceman Felix Underwood ( Peter Bramhill ) , a mental patient at the Danvers Retreat , dies suddenly in the street . Events take an unusual turn when he returns to life two days later at his church committal . Father Brown assists Inspector Sullivan to discover the reason for the resurrection , and gets himself committed at Danvers to covertly investigate the premises . 13 `` The Pride of the Prydes '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 8 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) The opening to the public of Pryde Castle , an estate mired in death duties , ends when guide Audrey Diggle ( Marcia Warren ) , is struck and killed by an arrow . She was an expert on the Pryde 's family history , including an old curse that the first born would be mad . Father Brown is convinced that the motive lies in the Pryde family 's past , when a page from the parish birth records goes missing . All the family members are known to use a longbow . 14 `` The Shadow of the Scaffold '' Paul Gibson Rachel Flowerday 9 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) Violet Fernsley ( Emma Stansfield ) , convicted of killing her pig - farmer husband whose body has never been found , is given a temporary reprieve from the gallows when she claims she is pregnant . The pregnancy test gives Father Brown three days to find the real killer . When her husband 's finger turns up in a pig 's stomach , it points to a serial killer amongst the family . Father Brown 's investigation concludes God 's law is above man 's law . 15 5 `` The Mysteries of the Rosary '' Ian Barber Paul Matthew Thompson 10 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) The Lannington Rosary , missing for 500 years , is a relic blessed with healing powers . Professor Hilary Ambrose ( James Laurenson ) has sent an ancient prayer book containing a clue to its whereabouts to his old friend Father Brown , before he goes missing and his home is ransacked . Brown receives unexpected help from the untrustworthy Flambeau ( John Light ) , returned from the dead . A terminally ill fellow priest , Father Ignatius ( Anton Lesser ) , also desperately seeks the rosary to heal both himself and others . 16 6 `` The Daughters of Jerusalem '' Matt Carter Jude Tindall 13 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) Father Brown is laid up in his attic bedroom with a broken leg , and young Father Roland Eager is acting as his locum . His film of African orphans being shown at the Kembleford Women 's Institute is switched for a pornographic film . In the following days , two members of the Institute are murdered , one poisoned and one stabbed with a hat pin . Inspector Sullivan arrests Dianah Fortescue , whose husband was earlier arrested in a Soho pornographic cinema . Brown investigates with the help of Mrs. McCarthy , Lady Felicia , Sid Carter , and a telescope . 17 7 `` The Three Tools of Death '' Paul Gibson Lol Fletcher 14 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) Alice Armstrong has been treated by electroshock therapy for memory loss and depression after she accidentally killed her mother . When her father is murdered and a rope , gun and knife are left behind , Magnus the chauffeur is suspected together with Peter , Armstrong 's secretary , whom Alice loves . The truth of a father in debt leads Father Brown to another conclusion about the deaths . 18 8 `` The Prize of Colonel Gerard '' Ian Barber Dominique Moloney 15 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Edward Gerard , a prisoner of war who returns from North Korea sympathetic to his captors , greatly displeases his martinet uncle , Colonel Cecil Gerard ( Nicholas Jones ) , who threatens to commit him to an asylum . When the Colonel is murdered , the suspects include the nephew , the Colonel 's daughter ( an adopted Chinese girl ) the nephew was going to run away with , the brother - in - law , and the victim 's wife . Father Brown finds the solution lies in the family history and the Colonel 's sexual intentions to his adopted daughter . 19 9 `` The Grim Reaper '' Matt Carter David Semple 16 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) Obnoxious farmer John Tatton has an equally obnoxious son , Alfred , who covets the young wife Oona ( Maureen O'Connell ) of Doctor Crawford ( James Fleet ) . When Alfred is killed in a threshing machine , the doctor is suspected when accusatory poison pen letters appear . John Tatton believes his son was having an affair with the doctor 's wife , who is pregnant . 20 10 `` The Laws of Motion '' Paul Gibson Tahsin Guner 17 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) Audrey MacMurray ( Tracy - Ann Oberman ) is a ruthless businesswoman with many enemies . While racing her car at a local hill climb track , she is killed when her brake line has been cut . Father Brown 's investigation infuriates Inspector Sullivan , who already has his own suspect in custody , and the Inspector arrests Brown for a breach of the peace to put an end to his amateur sleuthing . While in jail however , Father Brown receives more information that makes him believe that he is right , and with Sid and Mrs. McCarthy , he escapes to convince them to do the right thing . Series 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This plot summary may be a hook or written as if for a listings magazine . Please help improve it by ensuring it covers the whole story , however briefly , and in an encyclopedic style . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date 21 `` The Man in the Shadows '' Paul Gibson Rob Kinsman 5 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) Sid stumbles across a dead man about to be put in a river and Inspector Sullivan covers - up the death as an accident . Sid is arrested when he and Father Brown investigate and Lady Felicia is blackmailed by an MI5 spymaster looking for a Soviet agent who has infiltrated an intelligence base in a stately home . 22 `` The Curse of Amenhotep '' Matt Carter Jude Tindall 6 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) The young wife of Sir Raleigh Beresford dies mysteriously after seeing the coffin of Amenhotep , an Egyptian mummy Beresford had brought back from his excavations some 26 years earlier where his first wife was killed during a rock fall ; a curse on the coffin is suspected . 23 `` The Invisible Man '' Matt Carter Tahsin Guner 7 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) The circus returns to Kembleford and local waitress Laura is held to her promise given in jest the year before to marry the clown or the hypnotist . The clown is murdered ; in his dying breath he names the hypnotist . Laura 's boyfriend , the clown 's girlfriend , and another clown are all suspected . Laura 's willingness to marry the hypnotist puzzles Father Brown , even though he agrees to marry the couple . 24 `` The Sign of the Broken Sword '' Ian Barber Stephen McAteer 8 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) A major is murdered on an army base by a legendary broken sword during commemorations of the men killed during the evacuation of Dunkirk . The sword belonged to the regiment 's colonel who used the sword to charge an enemy position with his men . Father Brown has to uncover the secret of two murders being kept to uphold the honour of the regiment . Loosely based on the 1911 story of the same title . 25 5 `` The Last Man '' John Greening Jude Tindall 9 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) The arrest of the new cricket captain of Kembleford 's cricket team for the murder of the team 's fast bowler , a suicide the year before in the cricket pavilion and a match against a rival village to determine the ownership of the cricket ground finds Father Brown consoling the victim 's mother , solving a murder involving blackmail , playing cricket and watching Lady Felicia as the `` last man '' of the innings . 26 6 `` The Upcott Fraternity '' Paul Gibson Paul Matthew Thompson 12 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) Father Brown is visiting his old Rector ( Dudley Sutton ) at Upcott Seminary for trainee priests when a student commits suicide , Brown attempts to find the truth behind his death and a student a year earlier , both members of a secret fraternity that has closed ranks . Father Brown enlists Sid to go undercover as a trainee priest despite Mrs McCarthy 's misgivings . 27 7 `` The Kembleford Boggart '' John Greening Jonathan Neil 13 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) The domineering father ( Simon Williams ) of a successful young writer , 22 - year - old Hannah , is murdered in a locked room and the only suspect is an itinerant traveller who comes to Kembleford every year in a caravan with his mother . Father Brown 's suspicions are aroused when the murder has the hallmarks of a boggart , an unwelcome infant from another world created by Hannah in her book . 28 8 `` The Lair of the Libertines '' Matt Carter Lol Fletcher 14 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) Father Brown , Mrs McCarthy and Felicia find themselves stranded at a hotel hired by Madame Chania ( Ronni Ancona ) and her guests , international playboys , seeking hedonistic pleasures . When a local prostitute is found murdered in the grounds and two of the guests are killed , Father Brown realises they are in the lair of a hunter intent on killing them all . 29 9 `` The Truth in the Wine '' Ian Barber Kit Lambert 15 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A dead dog in a vat of wine precedes the shooting to death of an itinerant labourer and theft of wages from the safe in the study of Colonel Anthony Forbes - Leith , owner of a failing winery . Father Brown discovers none of the suspects are who they pretend to be . 30 10 `` The Judgement of Man '' Ian Barber Paul Matthew Thompson 16 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) An exhibition of valuable art at the Belvedere Museum includes a priceless artwork on loan from the Vatican . Father Brown spots his nemesis Hercule Flambeau ( John Light ) , not realising he is a pawn in Flambeau 's plan to steal the picture and wreak revenge on the museum 's curator , a man who during the war had helped the Nazis loot paintings from Jewish families . Flambeau is shocked to find a woman from his past he thought dead seeking to avenge the death of her parents by killing the curator . 31 11 `` The Time Machine '' Ian Barber Tahsin Guner 19 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) Lady Felicia involves Father Brown with Jacob Francis , a young quantum physicist , who claims to have built a time machine so he can go back in time to prove his father was murdered in his locked laboratory by one of his family . When Francis proves his machine works he is murdered in the same laboratory , leaving Father Brown 's only option to use the machine and see who killed the father and son . 32 12 `` The Standing Stones '' Matt Carter Rachel Flowerday 20 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 20 ) Father Brown and Mrs McCarthy visit the cottage hospital in the village of Standing where many of the children have been struck down by an outbreak of polio . When a local barmaid is found murdered at the local stone circle , her best friend Ginnie is arrested for her murder when it is discovered that they had fallen out over Ginnie blaming her for her son contracting polio . Unfortunately , the supposed murder weapon that is hoped will clear her only seems to strengthen the case against her . Then a local mystic makes a connection between the death and a legend about sacrificing an innocent at the stones -- and someone tries to kill Ginnie and make it look like suicide . 33 13 `` The Paradise of Thieves '' Diana Patrick Rob Kinsman 21 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) Father Brown and Mrs McCarthy are at the local bank when armed raiders force the manager to open the locked safe using Father Brown as a witness . The robbers flee when the vault is opened and the manager 's son - in - law is discovered dead inside . As the only key - holder , the manager is arrested by Inspector Sullivan . Father Brown uncovers fraud at the bank by the manager , financing a seedy nightclub owned by his son - in - law , but he needs Sid 's help to break into the vault to discover how the murder was committed . 34 14 `` The Deadly Seal '' Diana Patrick Dan Muirden 22 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) Father Brown hears a penitent in confessional declare that they are going to kill Bishop Talbot the next day during a shooting party organised by a theatrical producer . Unable to reveal what he has heard , Father Brown also attends the shoot and although saving the Bishop , the Bishop 's Assistant Albert Davies is killed instead . Father Brown discovers a deadly pact involving a child abuse victim and the murdered man 's wife to kill another man while providing unbreakable alibis . 35 15 `` The Owl of Minerva '' Matt Carter Jude Tindall 23 January 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) A body of a journalist about to expose an offshoot of the Freemasons , The Owl of Minerva , is found dead in the woods . Inspector Sullivan 's investigations find him on the run for killing a fellow detective and seeking sanctuary in the confessional at St Mary 's . Father Brown , with the aid of Mrs McCarthy , Lady Felicia and Sid , rally round to try prove his innocence and protect him from a deadly organisation with members highly placed in the community . Final appearance of Tom Chambers as Inspector Sullivan . Series 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Series four filming commenced at Gloucester Cathedral in June 2015 . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date 36 `` The Mask of the Demon '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 4 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) Lady Felicia knows the Hollywood star Rex Bishop who is in Kembleford filming a `` B '' movie The Brides of the Demon . He invites Father Brown and Mrs McCarthy , a fan of Bishop , to view the filming . Tensions are evident between the film 's participants , the director , his actress wife , a starlet , Rex Bishop , and the writer . The director is found dead wearing a demon 's mask and Inspector Mallory does not appreciate Father Brown 's help . First appearance of Jack Deam as Inspector Mallory . Filming took place at Coughton Court . 37 `` The Brewer 's Daughter '' Paul Gibson Kit Lambert 5 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) Sid falls for Grace Fitzgerald , the married heiress to a brewery , and is her alibi when Mallory arrests her for murdering her father in a fire . Fitzgerald , refusing to use Sid as an alibi , asks Father Brown to search for the real killer and he uncovers evidence that Fitzgerald 's husband and her younger sister killed the father . The suicide and a note left by another lover of Fitzgerald complicates the issue as he had been sacked by her husband when he caught them kissing . 38 `` The Hangman 's Demise '' David Beauchamp Dan Muirden 6 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) A former hangman , Henry Lee , is confronted at his wedding anniversary by a mother about her son whom he executed a year before for the murder of a court secretary -- an execution where the condemned man whispered to Lee the identity of the real killer . The following morning Lee is poisoned with hemlock . His friend George , an ex-policeman , is arrested and released . The mother , recently released from prison , is arrested and a motive for Lee 's wife emerges . Father Brown untangles a web of deceit and corruption in the police as Lee lays dying . 39 `` The Crackpot of the Empire '' David Beauchamp Lol Fletcher 7 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) Father Brown is apprehensive when he receives an invitation to a party given by the recently - released Uncle Mirth , a former music hall comedian whom Brown helped put in an asylum . When Brown and the other invitees arrive at the venue , a derelict warehouse , he and Mirth 's brother find envelopes containing their death certificates . Inspector Mallory finds another death certificate for a second brother who had died of a heart attack outside the presbytery the previous day . 40 5 `` The Daughter of Autolycus '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 8 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) Father Brown knows the Pope 's coronation gift to the Queen of a priceless cross is too tempting to Flambeau and Brown convinces the Bishop to let him guard it . Flambeau arrives on Brown 's doorstep seeking his help to steal the cross in order to save the life of his daughter whom he has never met , and who has been kidnapped by Flambeau 's criminal partner he once left for dead . Before they can steal the cross it goes missing from the Bishop 's Palace . Brown has underestimated Papal politics , Flambeau 's daughter , and the consciences of men . 41 6 `` The Rod of Asclepius '' David Beauchamp Jude Tindall 11 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) Lady Felicia 's reckless driving lands her and Mrs McCarthy in adjoining hospital beds . A new admittance to the ward dies the following morning on the operating table . A nurse claims it is murder and is found dead the same afternoon , forcing Inspector Mallory to do more than his initial cursory investigation . Father Brown , once Sid makes it past the officious substitute Parish Secretary and notifies him of developments , follows a different line of inquiry and Lady Felicia and Mrs McCarthy 's snooping put the latter in danger on the same operating table . 42 7 `` The Missing Man '' David Beauchamp Rachel Flowerday 12 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) A pilot returns from the dead after eight years as Father Brown is about to marry his wife to his brother . No - one except his daughter is pleased to see him , especially his father who believes him to be a deserter . When the returnee is found shot in the head and blood - stained women 's clothing is found , Inspector Mallory charges the wife , dismissing the daughter 's claims that another woman entered the house . Father Brown finds a visiting card for a cross-dressing bar , realises the identity of the real killer and that they can not be exposed . 43 8 `` The Resurrectionists '' James Larkin Rob Kinsman 13 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) Father Brown is puzzled when the grave of a recent burial is opened and the body is missing , only for it to turn up at the premises of a different undertaker . Inspector Mallory is even more mystified as the victim died of decapitation in a motor cycle accident with no sign of other injury . The undertaker is arrested and the animosity between him and the victim 's mother is evident for all to see . Father Brown uncovers the reason behind their hatred and the forbidden love which the victim had for the undertaker 's daughter . 44 9 `` The Sins of the Father '' Paul Gibson Al Smith 14 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) Robert Twyman , a leading aeronautics magnate , receives a note that his son , a piano player and contestant in a local variety show , would be killed if he does not confess . Next morning the son is found strangled next to his piano in a locked house with only his father and butler present . Twyman is convinced a journalist piano - player rival of his son is the killer . Inspector Mallory arrests Twyman after Lady Felicia finds him standing over the dead body of the journalist by her piano . Father Brown notices that both pianists had been somehow playing the same music and the answer is to be found in a book given to him by Doctor Mordaunt Jackson , a psycho - analyst currently giving a lecture in Kembleford . 45 10 `` The Wrath of Baron Samdi '' James Larkin Tahsin Guner 15 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) Baron Samdi is the voodoo spirit of the dead that Emmanuel Jannite invokes when he follows his love , Yveline Lafond , to Kembleford . Lafond is working as lead singer in a Haitian jazz band . The band leader , also in love with Lafond , is found dead in a swimming pool , poisoned , and Jannite dies following a police chase . Inspector Mallory believes the case closed but Father Brown 's snooping uncovers the real killer . As he confronts the culprit , Brown collapses after being informed that he has already been poisoned that morning . Final regular appearance of Alex Price as Sid Carter . Series 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) The first episode of the fifth series also serves as a Christmas special episode . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date 46 `` The Star of Jacob '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 23 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) The Duke of Frome , John Langton , with his wife , their baby born after complications during childbirth , a domineering nanny , nursery maid and valet arrive at Montague Hall for Lady Felicia 's Yuletide ball . During the evening the baby is taken from his cot . Inspector Mallory suspects an inside job by the valet when his secret wife arrives while Brown is more interested in the birth of the baby at a home for unmarried mothers . Mrs McCarthy , under pressure from the diocese to provide a Christmas service fit for a Duke , receives unexpected help from a vagrant , Michael Negal , she finds sleeping in the confessional . 47 `` The Labyrinth of the Minotaur '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 2 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) Robert Malmort and Joan Vanderlande are brought together by their respective parents with a view to marriage . When the maid Ruby is found dead , Lady Felicia 's niece , Bunty , is suspected . Father Brown suspects the answer lies at the end of a Labyrinth and a sad secret the Malmorts are hiding . Following her latest scandalous headlines Bunty 's father insists she stay in Kembleford and Felicia needs her to look after her home as she is leaving with her husband , Monty , who has been appointed Governor of Northern Rhodesia . Final appearance of Nancy Carroll as Lady Felicia Montague . First appearance of Emer Kenny as `` Bunty '' Windermere . 48 `` The Eve of St John '' Gary Williams Jude Tindall 3 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Kembleford District Council holds an emergency meeting attended by the local clergy to discuss a coven in Crow 's wood . Father Brown 's liberal views on witchcraft do not go down well and when the body of one of the coven is found dead , feelings run high in the village . Tensions are fanned by the Reverend Gillespie , a Methodist minister whose wife and daughter died in the blitz . Father Brown invites the warlock ; Eugene Bone , his partner ; Selina Crow , new initiate ; Dione Moon and the Reverend Allsworthy to dinner . Mrs McCarthy sends Bunty to gather mushrooms for her soup and over dinner . Allsworthy , smitten by Bunty , has reason to propose marriage . 49 `` The Chedworth Cyclone '' Paul Gibson Paul Matthew Thompson 4 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) Roy Tomkins , a washed up boxer and rival of Jed Cornish -- the ' Chedworth Cyclone ' -- is found dead . Father Brown is drawn into the shady world of London Boxing promoter and racketeer , Denis Nelson , who is involved in illegal betting , fixed fights , and blackmail . Jed , suspected of murder , is arrested and then bailed into the care of Father Brown who uncovers Jed 's secret love for Nelson 's girlfriend . She has lured a town councillor into a compromising position so Nelson can obtain a boxing venue . Father Brown has to uncover the murderer , ensure a fair fight and break Nelson 's hold over everyone . 50 5 `` The Hand of Lucia '' Paul Gibson Lol Fletcher 5 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) Bankrupt writer of erotic novel ' Lulu and Lucia ' , Lucia Morell is murdered with an axe and her hand removed . Subject of a previous attack , her threat to reveal on whom Lulu was based is thought to be the motive . Suspects include Lady Ursula Lansford of Uxbridge who runs a home for released female prisoners , Lansford 's son whom Lucia humiliated , the gardener , and two ex-prisoners . Bunty becomes ill after eating the gardener 's soup and one of the girls is poisoned ; and when the hand is discovered in Lady Ursula 's private bathroom the gardener confesses . Father Brown believes the answer is in the novel , leading to tragic consequences . 51 6 `` The Eagle and the Daw '' Gary Williams Kit Lambert 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) Katherine Corven , awaiting execution for murdering her husband , summons Father Brown , who helped to convict her , to hear her confession ; that she has arranged the death of her lover Raymond Worrall . When Inspector Mallory finds Worrall , in a locked cottage , dead from a gunshot to the head and Father Brown in possession of a pistol and the key to the cottage , he arrests him on suspicion of murder . Bunty and McCarthy seek to prove his innocence and Sergeant Goodfellow contrives his escape from the police station cell . A Jackdaw egg at the cottage provides Father Brown with a clue to explain the death of Worrall . 52 7 `` The Smallest of Things '' Bob Thomson Tahshin Guner 9 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) Agnes Lesser creates aids to detection in the form of dioramas of crime scenes . She invites Father Brown to an awards ceremony at her home where she unveils an exact diorama of her mother ' death , at the bottom of a staircase 10 years previously , to the shocked guests including her father , the Chief Constable , and the detective who investigated at the time ; hoping the death would be reinvestigated . When the detective is murdered after removing a miniature newspaper from the diorama ; Inspector Mallory is arrested for his murder and Father Brown realises the newspaper holds the clue to the tragic events that had befallen the Lesser family including the death of Agnes younger sister by drowning . 53 8 `` The Crimson Feather '' Paul Gibson Kit Lambert 10 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) Joselyn , Mrs McCarthy ' niece and god - daughter , visits and then disappears . A red feather leads Father Brown to a private gentlemen 's club , The Crimson Feather . With Bunty 's help Father Brown discovers Joselyn is at the club where she has been working for months . When one of the other girls , Verity , is murdered at the club wearing Joselyn 's costume ; Bunty goes undercover as Pepper Seymore , a burlesque dancer , and Mrs McCarthy as a cleaner take jobs at the club looking for clues . Father Brown uncovers a pregnant victim , jealously , unrequited love , blackmail and other services being offered within the club . 54 9 `` The Lepidopterist 's Companion '' Paul Gibson Kit Lambert 11 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) Mrs McCarthy looks after Kembleford 's Mobile Library when the manager , Margaret Cartwright , is discovered injured in the library by her assistant Ada . Cartwright 's husband , a photographer , accidentally kills his assistant , Lewis , boyfriend of Ada , with a cricket bat believing him a burglar . Lewis is found to have been poisoned and Father Brown discovers his cache of nude photographs of local girls . One of the photographs is of Ada . Inspector Mallory arrests the photographer while Father Brown wonders why a book , The Lepidopterist 's Companion , is loaned out so often for only a day or two , and who used the photographer 's studio where the pictures were taken . Mrs McCarthy walks out with a ne'er - do - well . 55 10 `` The Alchemist 's Secret '' Simon Gibney Rob Kinsman 12 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) Professor Hilary Ambrose , suffering from memory loss and delusions , seeks the help of Father Brown to solve a riddle over 300 years old relating to an Alchemist who hid a formula believed to turn lead into gold . When one of his students is murdered and the evidence points to Ambrose , Inspector Mallory arrests him . To prove his innocence Father Brown has to solve the riddle , find the hidden formula , and discover the real killer . Discovering the terrible secret of the formula , and the killer , poses a dilemma for Father Brown but explains why an entire village , Thorndyke , disappeared from the map over 300 years ago . 56 11 `` The Sins of Others '' Diana Patrick Tahsin Guner 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Sid Carter is released from prison after a year following his conviction of assault on Judith Miles , then a prostitute , now working in a solicitors office . Bent on revenge , Sid confronts his defence lawyer Giles Foster , now a judge , with Father Brown at the home of a Edward Reese who appointed Foster . When Foster is found dead from stabbing by a glass to the throat , Sid is accused by Reese 's son of the murder . Father Brown becomes a target of a paid assassin and his only clue a pail of ashes . First guest appearance of Alex Price as Sid Carter 57 12 `` The Theatre of the Invisible '' Bob Thomson David Semple 16 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) The radio quiz show Up to You comes to Kembleford and Mrs McCarthy and Bunty win an audition to become contestants . When their landlady is murdered by smoke from a blocked chimney , yet her three kittens survived . The three cast members and new producer , who falls for Bunty and wants to impress , are suspected . Father Brown is concerned when Bunty invites the cast members to stay at Montague Hall . Bunty finds the show announcer 's diary revealing his colourful lifestyle and his new found prospects . When he is found dead in a locked bathroom Father Brown realises Bunty and blackmail are the motives . 58 13 `` The Tanganyika Green '' Simon Gibney Catherine Skinner 17 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) Aldous Kemp and his daughter Grace arrive in Kembleford for the County Fair to sell a valuable item so he can pay for her training as a doctor . An employee of the East African Postal Service which he had in common with John Hammond whose father 's business is failing . When Kemp is murdered Inspector Mallory arrests first the daughter , then John Hammond . Father Brown recognises John 's skill as an engraver and that the Tanganyika Green is a stamp . Bunty lodges the antiques valuer at Montague Hall and is surprised when petrol is stolen from her car while Mrs McCarthy believes he 's a fraud . 59 14 `` The Fire in the Sky '' Diana Patrick Kit Lambert 18 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) Fear of alien invasion hits Kembleford as Charlotte , daughter of widower William Bailey , goes missing overnight and lights are seen in the sky . Charlotte arrives at the police station and collapses from injury and abdominal pains . The hospital doctor , a war hero , confirms she is pregnant . William Bailey is found dead the following day from poisoning and Inspector Mallory arrests his gardener , Sean Crimp , he had recently dismissed who was Charlotte 's boyfriend . More lights in the sky overnight and Crimp disappears from his police cell . Father Brown finds the answer in a science fiction comic that the younger brother of Charlotte 's hospital nurse is reading . 60 15 `` The Penitent Man '' Paul Gibson Tahsin Guner 19 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) Hercule Flambeau awaiting trial for murder asks for Father Brown to act as his chaplain and professes his innocence yet at his pre-trial hearing he pleads guilty and is condemned to death . Father Brown realises he is part of Flambeau 's plan to find a gold medallion hidden by the architect of the prison that Flambeau is being held . A plan that begins to unravel when Flambeau 's victim fails to reappear after he is murdered by his wife intent on obtaining the gold medallion for herself . Father Brown has to engineer Flambeau 's escape from the death cell . Series 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) The first episode of the sixth series also serves as a Christmas special episode . No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date 61 `` The Tree of Truth '' Paul Gibson Jude Tindall 18 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) A skeleton from a seven - year - old murder case is found buried in the woods , bringing doubts on the conviction of the confessed killer . Inspector Mallory and Father Brown reinvestigate the murder . Sid Carter brings letters for Father Brown and Bunty as well as a Christmas present for Mrs McCarthy . Father Brown , Mrs McCarthy , and Bunty audition for the local amateur pantomime , Cinderella , but do not get the roles expected . Sid is recruited to partner Father Brown ; Mallory and Sergeant Goodfellow also get roles as the ugly sisters . When an accident happens during rehearsals , Father Brown realises the truth lies within the theatre . Second guest appearance of Alex Price as Sid Carter and voice - over cameo of Nancy Carroll as Lady Felicia . 62 `` The Jackdaw 's Revenge '' Gary Williams Kit Lambert 2 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) Katherine Corven awaiting execution for murdering her husband is reprieved on the confession of her housekeeper . Father Brown is afraid she will take revenge on his friends . A wardress from Corven 's prison is found hanged in a locked cottage and Corven 's alibi is provided by the Mother Superior where she is training as a postulant . A local reporter pursues Father Brown , accusing him in the press of impropriety with Corven . Bunty goes missing where Father Brown is blackmailed to confirm the story under the threat of Bunty 's life . A Jackdaw flying in the church gives Father Brown the clue to the death of the wardress . 63 `` The Kembleford Dragon '' Christiana Ebohon - Green David Semple 3 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) British Railways proposes closing Kembleford Station due to no profitability , causing its stationmaster Ben Webb , to suffer a heart attack . A fete to save the station finds Webb bludgeoned to death in a trunk on the platform . Learning Webb was a philanderer over many years gives Father Brown many suspects ranging from his pregnant wife Julia , a bus company boss , a British Railways manager , and the church 's new cleaner Pandora . The murder is complicated by the fact that Webb died from drowning . 64 `` The Angel of Mercy '' Niall Fraser Dan Muirden 4 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) Mrs McCarthy 's friend , Freda , dies in her sleep at a care home . Father Brown suspects foul play when he smells an unusual odour from the body . Animosity between Freda 's son and Freda 's new friend , Charlie , who is to inherit Freda 's estate arouses Father Brown 's suspicions until Charlie dies in his sleep . Another death and Mallory arrests Freda 's son . All the victims were terminally ill and a white feather at each scene confirmed they were complicit in their own death by an angel of mercy . Bunty 's friend , terminally ill Ellen , wheelchair bound , goes missing and she fears the worst after finding a white feather in her room . 65 5 `` The Face of the Enemy '' Christiana Ebohon - Green Tahsin Guner 5 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) Felicia and Sid return from Northern Rhodesia and visit Kembleford while her husband , Monty , is in London . Felicia finds herself blackmailed by a MI5 agent , Daniel Whittaker to exchange a roll of film one of her lovers , a known soviet agent , has . At a party her task goes wrong when a sculptor is shot dead and Whittaker orders Mallory to find Felicia as the prime suspect . Father Brown becomes involved with spies , British and Soviet , not knowing who is friend or foe , traitor or patriot . Lady Felicia has to choose between lover and husband and Moscow get the film they do not expect . Third guest appearance of Alex Price as Sid Carter and second guest appearance of Nancy Carroll as Lady Felicia . 66 6 `` The Devil You Know '' Niall Fraser Jude Tindall 8 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) Alec Frobisher , deputy commander at Scotland Yard , is garrotted at Kembleford Bowls club . Inspector Mallory is taken off the case as he was present at the time . Replaced by Inspector Ironside who is after Mallory 's job ; Mallory seeks Father Brown 's help . Frobisher was with the War Crimes Commission and war time memories are stirred up when Mallory and Father Brown discover Eric and Christina Worcester , from Poland had respectively connections with the SS and concentration camp survivor . When Eric commits suicide ; a typewritten suicide note gives Father Brown the clue to the killer of Frobisher . 67 7 `` The Dance of Death '' Piotr Szkopiak Rob Kinsman 9 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Father Brown , Mrs McCarthy , and Bunty attend a ballroom competition and one of the contestants , Lucy Dawes , is murdered ; her blind dancing partner Alexander Walgrave , who found the body , believes he knows who the murderer is and asks Father Brown and Bunty prove it . A necklace Lucy was wearing is missing and Inspector Mallory arrests Lucy 's fiancé Oliver when he is found in possession of it . Father Brown realises the answer lies some time ago when Alexander was blinded when pushed downstairs . To continue his investigation Brown , McCarthy and Bunty join the competition . 68 8 `` The Cat of Mastigatus '' Piotr Szkopiak Mark Hiser & Bridget Colgan 10 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) St Saviours schoolgirl , May Lewis , is found with a serious head injury in the boiler room of the adjoining boys school . Father Brown discovers the weapon , a cricket bat , and Inspector Mallory arrests the owner ; schoolboy Daniel Gates her boyfriend . In hospital May is attacked again and her suspected attacker , gardener Jack Coll , is found dead . Father Brown uncovers years of bullying at the school and the use of a modified cat o ' nine tails . 69 9 `` The Flower of the Fairway '' Gary Williams Rachel Flowerday 11 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) Raylan Reeve , an ostentatious American opens a golf course and during the inaugural competition The Flower of the Fairway for women and Bunty taking part , as her father had cut her allowance , finds a body in the reeds . Inspector Mallory allows the contest to continue when a gunshot is heard and Reeve is found shot dead in his study . Mallory arrests neighbour Hermione Harvey who had a revolver and hated Reeve . Father Brown investigates the family ; father , daughter , and granddaughter and uncovers a dark family secret . 70 10 `` The Two Deaths of Hercule Flambeau '' Paul Gibson Kit Lambert 12 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) Two items catch Father Brown 's eye in the newspaper : Flambeau 's death in Italy and the Iron Crown of Lombardy containing a nail from the True Cross on display at Gloucester cathedral . Father Brown opens a letter with a key that Flambeau had sent to him a few days before his death . A woman claiming to be his wife Lisandra Flambeau wants the key , but it is stolen while the presbytery is empty . Father Brown becomes part of an elaborate plan of Flambeau and his wife to steal the crown requiring a key and a combination to a safe . Flambeau double crosses his wife and to flush out her husband , she injects Father Brown with a slow - acting poison . Broadcast ( edit ) Father Brown has been sold to 162 territories by BBC Worldwide . Broadcasters across the world including Australia ( ABC ) , the Netherlands ( KRO - NCRV , BBC First ) , Finland ( YLE ) , Sweden ( TV8 ) , Denmark ( DR ) , Norway ( NRK ) , Estonia ( ETV ) and Iceland ( RÚV ) . In the US , Father Brown has been sold to 40 public television stations with a reach of 30 % of all US television households . The first four series were added to Netflix streaming service on 31 March 2017 . DVD ( Region 2 ) and Blu - ray ( Region B ) ( edit ) Series 1 released in March 2014 Series 2 released in June 2014 Series 3 released in March 2015 Series 4 released in March 2016 Series 5 released in February 2017 Series 6 released in February 2018 The Region 2 / Region B UK releases are published by Dazzler Media . The series has also been released on DVD ( but not Blu - ray ) in the USA , Australia , the Netherlands and Germany . Reception ( edit ) Christopher Stevens from the Daily Mail gave Father Brown four stars out of five . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Mark Williams cast in BBC drama ' Father Brown ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 3 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Cole , Tom ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Father Brown starring Mark Williams gets second series on BBC1 '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC media centre '' . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Frequently Asked Questions '' . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Meyrick , Ceri . `` Father Brown : Your Question answered '' . Past Offences . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St Peter and St Paul Church News '' . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cotsworld Journal '' . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC TV sleuth show Father Brown being filmed in Winchcombe '' . This is Gloucestershire. 26 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tune In To BBC 's Fr Brown To See Princethorpe On TV , Princethorpe College News Archive . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Citizen . `` Gloucester Citizen '' . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Cotswold Homes Autumn Edition 2013 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenilworth Facebook . `` Kenilworth Castle 's Facebook Page '' . Retrieved 3 Feb 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ashdown WW '' camp `` . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloxham School archives ( July 2013 ) , ' BBC Filming at Bloxham ' https://plus.google.com/photos/114561889497419883074/albums/5901644395753643185 Jump up ^ `` Father Brown films at the Guildhall '' . Jump up ^ `` Riley RM Restoration '' . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Father Brown ( 2013 - ) Filming Locations at IMDB.com . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ First episode of Father Brown shown on BBC . Retrieved 26 june 2017 . Jump up ^ TV murders : filming of Father Brown at former Cotswolds hospital . Retrieved 25 May 2017 Jump up ^ On the set with ' Father Brown ' in the Cotswolds . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Cotswolds Film Locations Cinema & TV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 Jump up ^ The Curse of Amenhotep Filming Locations at IMDB.com . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester Citizen '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gloucester News Centre '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4860336/ Jump up ^ `` Latest news '' . BBC media centre . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest news '' . BBC Media Centre . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.netflix.com/ca/title/80023644 Jump up ^ `` Father Brown -- Christopher Stevens reviews last night 's TV '' . Daily Mail Online . 15 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father Brown ( 2013 TV series ) . Father Brown at BBC Programmes Father Brown on IMDb ( hide ) Works by G.K. Chesterton Bibliography Poetry The Ballad of the White Horse ( 1911 ) Lepanto ( 1911 ) The Rolling English Road ( 1913 ) A Ballade of Suicide ( 1915 ) Novels The Napoleon of Notting Hill ( 1904 ) The Man Who Was Thursday ( 1908 ) The Ball and the Cross ( 1909 ) Manalive ( 1912 ) The Flying Inn ( 1914 ) Short stories The Club of Queer Trades ( 1905 ) `` The Blue Cross '' ( 1910 ) `` The Hammer of God '' ( 1911 ) The Man Who Knew Too Much ( 1922 ) The Paradoxes of Mr. Pond ( 1936 ) Non-fiction Heretics ( 1905 ) Orthodoxy ( 1908 ) The New Jerusalem ( 1920 ) The Everlasting Man ( 1925 ) Adaptations Father Brown , Detective ( 1934 ) The Adventures of Father Brown ( 1945 ) Father Brown ( 1954 ) The Black Sheep ( 1960 ) Er kann 's nicht lassen ( 1962 ) Father Brown ( 1974 ) Pfarrer Braun ( 2003 -- 2014 ) Father Brown ( 2013 -- ) Others Father Brown The Chesterton Review Flambeau G.K. 's Weekly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Brown_(2013_TV_series)&oldid=835440702 '' Categories : 2010s British drama television series 2013 British television programme debuts Adaptations of works by G.K. Chesterton BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas English - language television programs Television series set in the 1950s Television shows set in Gloucestershire 2010s British mystery television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use British English from May 2014 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Русский Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%20Brown%20%282013%20TV%20series%29	29,490
what year did the nba draft combine start			NBA Draft Combine	nba draft combine	The NBA Draft Combine is a multi-day showcase that takes place every May before the annual June NBA draft . At the combine , college basketball players receive measurements , participate in interviews , undergo shooting drills , take medical tests , go through five - on - five drills and perform various athletic tests in front of National Basketball Association ( NBA ) coaches , general managers , and scouts . Athletes attend by invitation only . An athlete 's performance during the combine can affect perception , draft status , salary , and ultimately the player 's career .	The athletic tests include a standing vertical jump , maximum vertical jump , bench press , three - quarter - court sprint time , lane agility time , and modified event time . Physical measurements include height with shoes , height without shoes , wingspan , weight , standing reach , body fat , hand length , and hand width . The shooting tests include spot - up three - point field goals from various distances ( high school , college , and NBA ) depending upon position , shooting off the dribble , and timed jump shots on the move . Although the NBA Draft Combine is the largest pre-draft gathering for testing and drills , international players can attend a separate Eurocamp at a later date . Parts of the combine are televised on ESPNU and ESPN2 . In 2013 , Rudy Gobert set the Combine records for wingspan 7 feet 8.5 inches ( 2.35 m ) and standing reach 9 feet 7 inches ( 2.92 m ) . D.J. Stephens set the vertical leap record in 2013 at 46 inches ( 1.17 m ) . Combine results may or may not affect draft position , depending on certain results from it . Supposedly , medical test results caused Jared Sullinger to fall to No. 21 in 2012 , while Kevin Durant was drafted No. 2 despite not being able to do a single repetition on the 185 - pound ( 84 kg ) bench press . Durant is not alone ; Jamal Crawford , Monta Ellis , T.J. Ford , and Luke Ridnour are among the zero - rep producers . The record is 27 reps by Jason Keep in 2003 . Most recently , in 2016 , Tyler Ulis set the Combine record for being the lightest player to record his weight at the event , being set at 149 pounds . The heaviest player recorded at the Combine was Dexter Pittman , who was set at 303 pounds . The invitation list is determined by a vote of the member teams of the NBA . In 2013 , 63 players were invited . 60 players were invited in 2014 . The vast majority of players receiving invitations attend . In 2014 , the top three candidates ( Jabari Parker , Andrew Wiggins and Joel Embiid ) declined invitations and a few others ( such as Mitch McGary and Adreian Payne ) declined after receiving them or at least declined full participation , but 59 participants were expected . Each team is allowed a maximum of 18 official interviews during the combine . Beginning in 2010 , a D - League elite mini camp lasting two days preceded the Combine . Beginning in 2016 , players could enter the draft and participate in the combine multiple times . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Aran ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` NBA Draft Combine : Athleticism Test Results '' . NBADraft.net . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at the Draft Combine '' . NBA.com . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA pre-Draft combine measurements and results '' . NBA.com . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kamalsky , Matt ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` 2011 NBA Draft Combine Shooting Drills Results '' . Draftexpress.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players get ready to show their stuff at Chicago combine '' . NBA.com . May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mannix , Chris . `` 2013 NBA Mock Draft 3.0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D.J. Stephens Sets NBA Draft Combine Vertical Leap Record : Watch His 12 Best Dunks '' . Dime Magazine . May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` NBA Draft Combine starts Wednesday in Chicago ... but what does that mean ? '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littmann , Chris ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Meet the NBA Draft 's zero rep bench press All - Stars '' . Sporting News . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mediacentral.nba.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/53/2016/05/2016-Draft-Combine-Anthropometric-Results.pdf?cid=nbacomsocial_tw_sf26163323 Jump up ^ http://www.draftexpress.com/article/2016-NBA-Draft-Combine-Measurements-Analysis-5478 Jump up ^ Austin , Kyle ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Michigan State 's Gary Harris , Adreian Payne to participate in NBA draft combine ; Keith Appling not invited '' . MLive.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Complete NBA Draft Combine invite list '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Combine releases list of participants '' . CBSSports.com . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Official 2014 NBA pre-draft combine invite list '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` NBA Draft Combine 2014 : List of Participants , Schedule and Players to Watch '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Official 2014 NBA pre-draft combine invite list '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Josh ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` Magic 's interviews with prospects will be key at the 2014 NBA Draft Combine '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Keith ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` NBA D - League Releases Full Roster For Fourth Annual Elite Mini-Camp '' . SB Nation . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vertuno , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` NCAA rule change to allow NBA evaluation flexibility '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . NBA drafts Draft lottery Draft Combine Eligibility Territorial picks First overall picks High school draftees Undrafted players Supreme Court case WNBA draft 1976 ABA Dispersal Draft 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Expansion drafts 1961 1966 1967 1968 1970 1980 1988 1989 1995 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Draft_Combine&oldid=782045489 '' Categories : National Basketball Association draft Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2016 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 17 : 10 . 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who is required to have a drivers license			Driver 's license	driver's license	A driver 's license is an official document permitting a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles , such as a motorcycle , car , truck , or bus on a public road .	The term driver 's license is American English ; the Canadian English equivalent is driver 's licence , and in British English it is driving licence . In this article , the American terminology and spelling is used except where the section refers specifically to British practice . The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions . In some jurisdictions , a license is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test , while in others , a person acquires a license before beginning to drive . Different categories of license often exist for different types of motor vehicles , particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles . The difficulty of the driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions , as do factors such as age and the required level of practice . In some international agreements the wording drivers 's permit is used , for instance in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Japan 2.3 North America 2.4 South America 3 Licenses for different categories of vehicles 3.1 Africa 3.1. 1 Egypt 3.1. 2 Ghana 3.1. 3 Kenya 3.1. 4 Morocco 3.1. 5 Nigeria 3.1. 6 South Africa 3.1. 7 Tanzania 3.2 Asia 3.2. 1 Hong Kong 3.2. 2 India 3.2. 3 Indonesia 3.2. 4 Israel 3.2. 5 Lebanon 3.2. 6 Malaysia 3.2. 7 Pakistan 3.2. 8 Singapore 3.2. 9 Sri Lanka 3.2. 10 Vietnam 3.3 European Economic Area 3.3. 1 Austria 3.3. 2 Belgium 3.3. 3 Bulgaria 3.3. 4 Croatia 3.3. 5 Cyprus 3.3. 6 Denmark 3.3. 7 Finland 3.3. 8 France 3.3. 9 Germany 3.3. 10 Greece 3.3. 11 Iceland 3.3. 12 Ireland 3.3. 13 Italy 3.3. 14 The Netherlands 3.3. 15 Norway 3.3. 16 Poland 3.3. 17 Romania 3.3. 18 Spain 3.3. 19 Sweden 3.3. 20 United Kingdom 3.4 Rest of Europe 3.4. 1 Albania 3.4. 2 Azerbaijan 3.4. 3 Macedonia 3.4. 4 Russia 3.4. 5 Switzerland 3.4. 6 Turkey 3.5 North America 3.5. 1 Canada 3.5. 2 Barbados 3.5. 3 Costa Rica 3.5. 4 El Salvador 3.5. 5 Jamaica 3.5. 6 Mexico 3.5. 7 United States 3.6 Oceania 3.6. 1 Australia 3.6. 2 New Zealand 3.6. 3 Cook Islands 3.7 South America 3.7. 1 Brazil 3.7. 2 Peru 4 Organ donations 5 International and interstate considerations 5.1 Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another 5.1. 1 Australia 5.1. 2 Canada 5.1. 3 France 5.1. 4 Germany 5.1. 5 Hong Kong 5.1. 6 Singapore 5.1. 7 Sweden 5.1. 8 United Kingdom 5.1. 9 United States 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The world 's first license to drive a motor vehicle , issued to Karl Benz upon his request . Karl Benz , inventor of the modern automobile , had to receive written permission from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen . Up until the start of the 20th century , European authorities issued licenses to drive motor vehicles similarly ad hoc , if at all . Mandatory licensing for drivers came into force on 1 January 1904 after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent in the United Kingdom . Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request . The minimum qualifying age was set at 17 . The licence gave its holder ' freedom of the road ' with a maximum 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) speed limit . Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934 , with the passing of the Road Traffic Act . Prussia , then a state within the German Empire , introduced compulsory licensing on September 29 , 1903 . A test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein ( `` steam boiler supervision association '' ) was charged with conducting these tests . In 1910 , the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on a national scale , establishing a system of tests and driver 's education requirements that was adopted in other countries . In 1909 , the Convention with Respect to the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles recognize the need of qualifications , examination , and authorization for international driving . In 1929 , the notion of International Driving Permit is addressed by international Convention . In 1977 , the Convention on road traffic address the notion of driving license for a number of countries , under the wording driving permit . Other countries in Europe also introduced driving tests during the twentieth century , the last of them being Belgium where , until 1977 , it was possible to purchase and hold a license without having to undergo a driving test . As automobile - related fatalities soared in North America , public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French and German statutes as models . On August 1 , 1910 , North America 's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the US state of New York , though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs . In July 1913 , the state of New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before receiving a license . Driver 's licenses used for identification purposes ( edit ) Many countries , including Australia , New Zealand , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , have no national identification cards . As many people have driver 's licenses , they are often accepted as de facto proof of identity . Most identity cards and driver 's licenses are credit card size -- the `` ID - 1 '' size and shape defined in ISO / IEC 7810 . Europe ( edit ) Many European countries require drivers to produce their license on demand when driving . Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times , but a driving license is not valid for identification in every European country . In the United Kingdom most drivers are not required to carry their licence . A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce their licence , but may provide it in a specified police station within seven days ; the police issue a form for this purpose . In Denmark , Finland , Norway , Spain and Sweden , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . Banks and authorities use the same number for customer databases , making the licence fully useful for identification purposes . Asia ( edit ) In Hong Kong a driving license carries the same number as the holder 's ID card , but has no photograph . Upon inspection both must be presented . Plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driving license information have been shelved . Similarly , the Saudi Arabian government require all drivers to carry an ID card in addition to a license and present them whenever requested . In Saudi Arabia using a license instead is only permitted if the request is made for on - site inspection / identification purposes , especially at checkpoints . Expatriates may be requested to present their visas as well . In Japan , South Korea , and Singapore driving license cards are widely used as identification . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Japan Japanese driver 's licenses bear one of the following 3 colors on the expiration date . Green New Drivers ( First license in Japan ) Valid for 2 to 3 years . Drivers with under one year of driving experience are required to display a `` Shoshinsha mark '' ( Young Leaf Mark ) on their vehicle . This holds true if the driver acquires a license for a different class of vehicle , regardless of the length of driving experience on their previous license . However , such a mark does not indicate necessarily the color on the driver 's license . A driver with a young leaf mark on their car could very well be a gold driver . This is because the gold status does not disappear with a change in vehicle class . Blue Drivers who have fewer than 5 years of clean driving history or who do not have a clean driving record but more than 5 years of driving history . Valid for 3 to 5 years depending on age , violation history , etc . Gold In addition to the regular license , the Gold Driver 's License ( ゴールド免許 , Gōrudo Menkyo ) , or Superior Drivers License ( 優良運転者免許証 , Yūryō Untensha Menkyoshō ) , is a special designation of license given to `` superior drivers '' ( 優良運転者 ) in Japan . Holders of such licenses can be identified by the gold band printed over the expiration date of their driver 's license . Superior Driver 's License , ( Gold License ) The Gold License is granted to any driver who , at the point of license renewal , has at least five years of clean driving history ( no driving infractions ) . According to implications in the Road Traffic Laws Reforms that took place on May 10 , 1995 , all such licenses are marked with a gold band over the license 's expiration date as well as the word 優良 printed in black , below . Those who hold a gold license have the added benefit of qualifying for the Superior Drivers Course at the time of renewal , a significantly shorter and less - expensive renewal process . In some cases , they can bypass the main license center and have their license renewed at a separate Superior Drivers License Renewal Center . Moreover , because such license holders are proven to have been free of accidents and moving violations for at least five years , they are deemed low - risk and qualify for optional car insurance discounts . To qualify , drivers must be accident and violation - free for 5 years and 41 days prior to their birthday on their license 's expiration . The period in which the license holder 's driving history is reviewed begins on the 40th day prior to their birthday of that year . Should the license holder be deemed to qualify , they will receive a decision in the mail with the word 優良 printed on it . Even the so - called `` Paper Drivers '' who hold licenses but never drive , who technically are without violation or accident , can lose their eligibility to obtain a gold license for several reasons including if their car is used by a drunk driver or to support drunk driving in any way . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , driver 's licenses are issued by the states and provinces ( or territories ) , respectively , and do not look the same nationwide . They are also used as a de facto or government - issued identification document for the holder . Most government issuers of driver 's licenses also provide a government - issued identification card with similar attributes to a driver 's license to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driver 's license , making it easier for them to do things such as open a bank account , and perform any other activities that require official identification . Identification cards serve as government - issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle , a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase ' Not a driver 's license ' or similar wording . This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo card in some jurisdictions ( for example , Ontario Photo Card ) . South America ( edit ) In Venezuela , the driver 's license number is the same as the citizen 's ID number . The number of a driving license issued by the Dominican Republic has the same number as the holder 's Dominican Republic ID card . Licenses for different categories of vehicles ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a number of countries ( including the United States , New Zealand , Australia , UK , Ireland and sometimes Canada as well ) people who drive commercially are required to have special licenses . The cost of taking the series of tests and examinations to obtain these licenses usually means that an employer would subsidize his or her drivers . Africa ( edit ) Egypt ( edit ) Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver 's license once they have reached the age of 18 . To obtain their licenses , applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer tests . In order to pass , all a person had to do was drive six meters forward and then reverse six meters . However , the test was updated to make it more difficult , now the applicant has to answer 8 out of 10 correct answers in a computer test , then pass a forward & reverse S - track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills . Ghana ( edit ) Main article : Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority ( Ghana ) Driver 's licensing in Ghana is conducted by the nation 's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority . The legal driving age is 18 . Kenya ( edit ) The legal driving age is 18 years old . The license must include : Id number Name Date of issue Class of vehicle Morocco ( edit ) The legal driving age of Moroccan citizens is 18 . Nigeria ( edit ) In Nigeria , the minimum age to qualify for a driver 's license is 18 . The applicant would first attend training at an accredited driving school . Then , the driving school will then present the applicant to a Vehicle Inspection Officer ( VIO ) for a driving test. Upon passing the driving test and the applicant would obtain a certificate of proficiency from the VIO. The applicant then completes a driver 's licence application form at the Driver 's Licence Centre ( DLC ) or download the form online. Afterwards he pays a license fee online or at the Bank and presents his application form to the Board of Internal Revenue ( BIR ) Officer and VIO at the DLC for endorsement . After all these he proceeds to the Federal Road Safety Corps ( FRSC ) Officer at the DLC for biometric data capture. He is given a temporary driver 's licence which is valid for 60 days . He picks up original driver 's licence at the BIR Office after 60 days . South Africa ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in South Africa The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17 , when you may drive with an adult whom holds a valid driving license , after passing your learners license theory test . At 18 you can obtain a driving license after passing the road test . Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16 . To obtain a license , applicants must pass a written or computer - based test to obtain a learner 's license , and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license . Categories for licenses include CODE B ( normal vehicles ) , CODE C1 ( LDV ) , CODE EC ( heavy trucks ) , CODE A ( motorcycle ) . The learners license theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options ; you will have to select the correct answer . Some driving license test centres use computers for the test , whereas other centres require you to complete the test using a test paper and pen . Tanzania ( edit ) Driver 's licenses are issued by the Tanzania Revenue Authority . The legal driving age for motor vehicles is 18 and for motorcycles is 16 . Asia ( edit ) Hong Kong ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Hong Kong India ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in India The minimum driving age in India is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 18 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) is restricted to riders aged 18 and above . The Regional Transport Office ( RTO / RTA ) issue their own driving licences in various states . Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license in India whilst driving , and must be produced if required to do so by a police officer . In India , people aged 50 or more , have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a license that has limited validity and requires renewal every five years . A commercial driving license is valid for 3 years and requires to be renewed . Indonesia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Indonesia Front side of the Indonesian Driving License card `` A '' class for driving normal 4 wheel car / jeep vehicle Rear / back side of the Indonesian driving license card In Indonesia , to drive a motor vehicle , one must own a legal Indonesian Driving License which is called ( Surat Izin Mengemudi ) or SIM in Indonesian . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Indonesia , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) A Public ( A UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles and goods carrier to the amount of weight that is allowed does not exceed 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B1 Public ( B1 UMUM ) - to drive passenger vehicles and general freight allowed amount of weight over 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) B2 - to drive heavy equipment vehicles , towing vehicles , or motor vehicles with attractive patch or trailer train individuals with severe or patches are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg ( 2,200 lb ) trailer / s B2 Public ( B2 UMUM ) - to drive commercial vehicles for towing or pull cart trailer with heavy patch that are allowed to train more than 1,000 kg trailer C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license . The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C , and D 20 years old for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 Israel ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Israel Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Lebanon Malaysia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Malaysia The front side of a typical Malaysian driver 's license . The minimum age for obtaining driving license varies between 16 and 21 , although there is a concern about teenage driving safety . As of November 2011 , any drivers could renew their license on his or her birthday , rather than expiry date . Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Pakistan The minimum age for eligibility for learner 's permit is 18 years ; as the driver 's information is saved against the Computerized National ID Card number which is issued at the age of 18 . The License Issuing Authorities vary to each district and work under the relative District Police . New credit card format driving license has been introduced . The license bears the digital photo , signature and blood group information of card holder . The record of violation is stored automatically in the database . To obtain a driving license one must register for the learner 's permit at any of the local District Police 's designated license offices and after 42 days can apply for test for a regular full license . The test phase consists of a theory based test followed by a short practical test . Only the ones who pass the theory test are allowed to take the practical test . The whole test stage is a single day process where both the tests are to be taken the same day . The driving license currently issued holds basic information of the Driver including Name , Father 's Name , Date of birth , Address , Authorized Vehicle Types , Emergency Contact , Blood Group , Fingerprint Impression , Driver Photo . The license also has a magnetic strip though its viability is yet to be made public . Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Singapore Driving licences in Singapore are issued by the traffic police . The minimum age to obtain a provisional driving licence ( PDL ) , which allows the holder to practise driving while under the supervision of an authorised driving instructor , is 18 . A provisional driving licence is obtained once the individual has passed the basic theory test . PDL holders are then required to sit for and pass the final theory test before they are allowed to sit for the practical driving test . Once they have passed the practical driving test , they are issued with a driving licence which allows for driving without supervision , though new drivers are required to display probationary plates when driving for the 1st year after their licence is issued . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sri Lanka New E-Smart Card driving licenses are available in Sri Lanka . These cards are intended for the use in the proposed `` Point System '' . In Sri Lanka , a driving license is the official document which authorizes its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on public roads . They are administered by the Department of Motor Traffic ( DMT ) . The minimum age is 18 years for all vehicle types . Vietnam ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Vietnam In Vietnam , to drive a vehicle , one must own a legal Vietnamese Driving License which is called `` bằng lái '' . It is a card which legally permits one to drive a motor vehicle . In Vietnam , there are classes for each driving license for which is allowed to drive a type of motor vehicle : A -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 -- to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B1 is issued to drivers who are younger than 21 years old . B1 license is valid for 5 years . B2 - to drive private passenger or cargo vehicle with weight allowed not exceeding 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . B2 license is identical to B1 license but issued for drivers who are 21 years old or older . B2 license is valid for 10 years . C -- to drive motorcycles ( two - wheeled motor vehicle ) D -- special vehicle for disabled person The classes above are also allowed by the age of the driver according to the class of the driving license . The ages are accordingly issued to the different classes of the driver 's choice : 17 years old for issue of Driving License class : A , C 20 years old or younger for issue of Driving License class : B1 21 years old for issue of Driving License class : B2 European Economic Area ( edit ) Main article : European driving licence Driver 's licenses within the European Union are subdivided into different categories . The European Union has adopted a common format for driving licenses within all 31 EEA memberstates ( EU , Iceland , Liechtenstein and Norway ) , and a common set of driving license categories . They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licenses . The common format with the same information in the same place on all licenses allows the driving license to be understood , even if it is in a different language . The system for handling the penalty points remains different in each country , for the existence of points , initial number of points , revolving , and number of points removed ( or added ) for each penalty . Austria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Austria Belgium ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Belgium Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Bulgaria Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Croatia Cyprus ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Cyprus Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Denmark Finland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Finland France ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in France Germany ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Germany Greece ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Greece Iceland ( edit ) The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Iceland is 17 for a B class license , a B class license will qualify a person to drive low powered motorcycles ( 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) two stroke or equivalent , for more powerful bikes one will have to obtain an A class license ) , Tractors , ATVs and Automobiles that do not exceed a GVWR of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) or 8 passengers . The minimum age in Iceland to get a C1 class ( vehicles up to 7,500 kg ( 16,500 lb ) GVWR ) is 18 , for a C class ( vehicles exceeding 7,500 kg ) one will have to have obtained a 12 - point license ( obtainable without getting a ticket for a whole year ) and have reached the age of 21 years . The minimum age in Iceland for a D1 class license is 21 years old and D class ( and DE class ) license is 23 years old , the same rules apply as with a C / CE class license . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Ireland Italy ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Italy The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Netherlands Norway ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Norway The minimum age for getting a driver 's license in Norway is 16 for A1 , T ( tractor ) , 18 for A-C and 21 for D . The driver 's licenses are always revoked when he / she has reached an age of 100 . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Poland Romania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Romania The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license in Romania is 18 ( `` Minimum legal age in Romania '' ) Spain ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Spain Sweden ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Sweden United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the United Kingdom The minimum driving age in the United Kingdom is 16 for mopeds under 50 cc ( 3.1 cu in ) , and 17 for cars and motorcycles . Access to motorcycles producing more than 25 kW ( 34 hp ) is restricted to riders with two years experience or aged 21 . The British Overseas Territories and the British Crown dependencies issue their own driving licences . There is no legal requirement for a non-professional driver to carry a driving licence in the UK whilst driving , although it must be produced at a police station within seven days , if required to do so by a police officer . In the United Kingdom , one must hold a Passenger Carrying Vehicle ( PCV ) licence to drive a vehicle with more than eight passenger seats for hire or reward , or a Large Goods Vehicle ( LGV ) licence to drive a vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight ( Maximum Authorized Mass ) in excess of 3,500 kg ( 7,700 lb ) . Licences and Driver Certificate of Professional Competence qualification cards must be carried whilst driving vehicles in such categories . Special licences are also required in order to transport hazardous materials . Rest of Europe ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Albania Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Azerbaijan Macedonia ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in the Republic of Macedonia Russia ( edit ) Driving licence. 2014 The Russian Empire was one of the first countries to create a driving licence . Russia 's first licences were issued in 1900 by Saint Petersburg authorities , and Russia joined an international convention in 1909 . However , due to relatively small number of cars , the attempts to create a standardised Russian licence were rather sporadic and limited to major urban areas . No comprehensive system of driver licensing was present until 1936 , when the Soviet government organised and standardised traffic and driving regulations , with the statewide system regulated by specialised police authorities . Russia employs a system of driver 's licenses very similar to the EU standard . Since 2014 there are 14 main categories that require a driving licence : A , A1 , B , B1 , C , C1 , D , D1 , BE , CE , C1E , DE , D1E , M and two additional categories : Tm ( tram ) and Tb ( trolleybus ) . The current licence style , introduced in 1999 , is a laminated plastic card similar to the European driving licence card in dimensions and outward appearance , with the bearer 's photo and name ( in Latin and Cyrillic scripts ) to the left , place / date of issue , allowed categories and signature to the right . The reverse of the card features a detailed list of allowed categories in Russian . Older booklet - style licenses are also occasionally seen although they are no longer issued and are increasingly rare as a result . The Russian driving license is also sometimes supplemented by a special card called `` временное разрешение '' ( temporary permission ) , which serves for registering offense points and as a temporary licence if the primary licence has been seized by the authorities for serious traffic offences . This supplement has been abolished and reinstated a countless number of times as the views of the traffic police change . The legal driving age within the Russian Federation is 18 years ( 16 for motorcycles ( A1 and M categories only , not A ) and 20 for buses ) and to obtain a licence one must be physically fit to drive ( including certificates of mental fitness and no record of substance abuse ) . One must also pass a test administered at a local traffic police authority and pay a fee . Tests are divided into theory and practice . The theory test is usually a computerized multiple - choice test on various traffic rules . Twenty multiple - choice questions are asked , only two incorrect answers allowed for a passing grade . A road test is then administered which includes a demonstration of basic driving skills ( steering , slope starting for manual transmission vehicles and backing - up ) , obstacle course as well as a skills examination for road driving . Four minor errors are allowed for the road driving examination -- the obstacle course is pass - fail . The number of retries is unlimited . Switzerland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Even though Switzerland is a EFTA member state , it is not a member of the European Economic Area . Switzerland has , however , generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences . Swiss licences can be exchanged in most EEA countries . Switzerland has , since the 2000s , used the EU system of vehicle categories and issued EEA - style credit - card licences . To apply for a car driving licence ( category B ) , the applicant must be 18 years old . They must first attend first aid courses , and pass an eyesight test . Passing a theory exam is required to receive a learner 's permit valid for two years . This allows holders to drive a car only if accompanied by an adult aged 23 or more who has had a full driving licence for a minimum of three years . Before passing the practical exam , the candidate must attend 10 hours of theory lessons on `` sensibilisation ( familiarisation ) to road traffic '' . Practical driving lessons are not legally required , but are considered a de facto prerequisite for passing the practical exam taken with a government official Driving Test Examiner . Upon succeeding the practical exam , a probationary driving licence is issued for three years . To obtain the full , unlimited , driving licence after these three years , the candidate must not commit a serious traffic offence , and attend two days of further driving training . For motorcycles and heavier vehicles , the regulations are different , and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a licence . As of 2011 , a 45 - minute driving lesson costs around CHF 90 , while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car driving licence can amount to up to CHF 600 , without counting the costs for the two days of further training . The theoretical exam must be taken in either German , French or Italian . In some cantons it is possible to take it in English . Turkey ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Turkey Turkey has been an associate member since 1963 , and application to accede to the European Economic Community , the predecessor of the European Union ( EU ) , was made on 14 April 1987 . Turkey signed a Customs Union agreement with the EU in 1995 and was officially recognised as a candidate for full membership on 12 December 1999 , at the Helsinki summit of the European Council . On 1st January 2016 new Turkish laws concerning driving licences were implemented . The changes are intended to bring Turkey more in line with existing EU driving regulations and concern all road users in Turkey . A foreign national can drive in Turkey with an EU license for 6 months . After 6 months he / she has to change it to a Turkish licence . Application can be made to any Traffic Registration office , and the foreign driving licences will not be returned to holders . Instead they will be sent to the issuing authority of the country of origin i.e. for British nationals , DVLA . The DVLA says that expats can drive in the UK on a Turkish licence for up to 12 months , and if they wish to settle back in the UK , the Turkish license can be exchanged for a UK license . In Turkey you must be at least 18 years old in order to drive a car and at least 17 to drive a motorbike . The driving test comprises a practical and theory test , which has been recently made tougher in order to meet European Union regulations . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Canada The age to obtain a driver 's license in Canada varies by province , as do the necessary procedures . The minimum age for obtaining a driver 's license to drive unaccompanied in most provinces is 16 . Barbados ( edit ) In Barbados , a person 16 years or over can apply for a Learner 's Permit which allows them to drive for a specified period with an accompanying tutor . During that period they will be tested on their driving skill and their knowledge of road signs and traffic laws . On passing both the written and driving test the license is issued . Once issued a driver 's license is valid for a period of one to five years depending on which period of time the driver chooses to pay for . On the expiry of the period for which the license is issued , it will become renewable on the last day of the driver 's birth month and will again be valid for the time period for which payment is made . Visitors and non-nationals who are the holders of a valid driver 's license issued in their country of residence or origin are not allowed to drive automatically in Barbados but must go to a police station to have a temporary local driver 's license issued . The license is issued on payment of a fee and the production of the visitor 's existing license . Costa rica ( edit ) Every vehicle driver must carry a driver 's license ( Licencia de Conducir ) , which is issued by COSEVI ( Consejo de Seguridad Vial ) of the ministry of transportation and public infrastructure ( Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte ) . For this license to be granted there are three needed tests , practical driving ( includes driving a car in simulated streets ) , theoretical driving ( a multiple selection written test based on booklet issued by the education department or after taking a special course ) , and finally a medical test performed by a medical practitioner that tests eyesight , blood pressure and attests the presence of other diseases and behavior of the driver . Every citizen can solicit a driver 's license at age 18 , after being issued the first time , the license must be renewed after two years , and every successive occasion after five years . Foreigners may also obtain a drivers ' license if they have residency . Besides this document the driver must carry the national identity card ( Cédula de Identidad ) , however both documents use the same identification number , the national identity card being the basis of the driver 's license number . El Salvador ( edit ) All driver 's licenses are given by the government agency SERTRACEN ( Servicios de Tránsito Centroamericanos S.A. de C.V. ) . One needs a minimum of 15 years to receive a driver 's license ( a juvenile license ) . To get a new license , one needs to pass a vision test , a written test , and a driving test . These tests are given at accredited driving schools . Foreigners with a license from another country can obtain an El Salvador license if they have residency . They will also have to pass a vision test . The driver 's license number is the same as the person 's Tax ID number . El Salvador licenses ( as well as vehicle circulation cards ) contain a chip which can be read by putting the card in a chip reader . There are several categories of drivers ' licenses in El Salvador : Juvenil Particular -- License for minors , allowing them to drive cars and pickup trucks Motociclista -- Motorcycle license Particular -- License for adults , for cars , vans up to 17 passengers , and pickup trucks . Liviana -- Taxis , Light trucks up to 5 tons , and buses up to 30 passengers . Pesada -- Buses greater than 30 passengers , and trucks greater than 5 tons . Pesada T -- Trucks with more than 3 axles . Jamaica ( edit ) A citizen may obtain a learner 's permit once he or she is age 17 . A learner will get their driver 's license upon being proven competent through the results of both a written and practical test . This license expires on the holder 's fifth birthday after the date of issue . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Mexico Driving licenses in Mexico are regulated by each state , and they all have different rules and requirements . However , all state driving licenses are recognized across Mexico , and international licenses with an IDP are also recognized as well . A driver is allowed a learner 's permit at the age of 15 ( in some states ) , with the cost of approximately 100 dollars , a duration of a year , and requiring to drive with an adult at all times . At the age of 16 , the fee drops to 30 dollars , and a driving permit is issued with some usage restrictions , depending on the state ( like a curfew ) . When a driver turns 18 , he or she is allowed a full license . United states ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licenses in the United States The eligible age to first obtain a driver 's license varies substantially from state to state , from 14 years , three months , in South Dakota to 17 in New Jersey . In a majority of states one can obtain a license that allows driving without adult supervision by age 16 , after passing the requisite tests . Since the driver 's license is a commonplace document that carries much of the necessary information needed for identification , it has become the primary method of identification in the United States . In the United States , a holder of a driver 's license is typically legally allowed to operate a motor vehicle up to 26,000 pounds if no hazardous materials and no more than 16 persons ( driver included ) are in the vehicle . Most jurisdictions that grant driver 's licenses only permit the holder to operate a roadworthy vehicle consisting of four or more wheels . To operate a two - wheel motorized vehicle with a sustainable speed greater than 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) requires an endorsement on the license , typically after successful completion of a theory ( written ) and practical test . On the federal level , motor vehicles with a curb weight of GCWR of 26,001 lb ( 11,794 kg ) or more , a vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers ( driver included ) , or a vehicle transporting hazardous materials can only be driven by an operator carrying a Commercial Driver License ( Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 ) . Upon successful completion of theory and practical testing , endorsements can be applied to a CDL to allow legal transport of specialty types of goods : T Semi trailer Double or Triple ( Written Test ) Certain states prohibit triple trailers statewide , such as California , Florida , Michigan , and New York A Class A license is required to obtain the T endorsement P Passenger Vehicle ( Written and Driving Tests ) S School Bus ( Written and Driving Test , Background Check , Sex Offender Registry Check and P endorsement ) N Tank Truck ( Written Test ) H Hazardous materials ( Written Test and Background Check through the Transportation Security Administration ) X Combination of Tank Vehicle and Hazardous Materials ( Written Test ) W Tow truck . ( Written Test ) M Motorcycle License ( Written Test and practical ) Various state statutes also mandate that CDL must be held to operate vehicles not covered by federal statutes . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Driver 's licence in Australia The minimum driving age varies between 16 and 18 years of age in different States and Territories . After the minimum age , a graduated licensing scheme operates , with state variations . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in New Zealand Since August 2011 , the minimum age to obtain a learner licence is 16 years old in New Zealand ; formerly it was 15 years old . There are three different types of drivers licence in New Zealand : learners , restricted and full licence . Learners licences allow the person to drive , with a wide number of restrictions . Restricted licenses allow driving alone between the hours of 5am to 10pm , and require the person to be 161⁄2 . Full licences are restricted to those 18 and over , or 171⁄2 years if an approved advanced driving course has been successfully completed . There are six different classes of vehicle that licensed : Class Number Vehicle Requirements for learners licence Requirements for restricted licence Requirements for full licence Class 1 Car Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over , must have restricted licence for at least 12 months Class 2 Medium rigid vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 3 Medium combination vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 4 Heavy rigid vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 5 Heavy combination vehicle Get a full licence in Class 1 N / A TBA Class 6 Motorcycle Must be 16 years or over Must be 161⁄2 or over , must have learners licence for at least 6 months Must be 18 or over , must have restricted licence for at least 12 months Cook Islands ( edit ) A Cook Islands `` License to Drive a Motor Vehicle '' is issued at police headquarters on Rarotonga , on production of a valid license from the visitor 's home country . To use a scooter or motor cycle ( the main hire vehicles for tourists ) a short test has to be taken by anyone whose home license is only valid for cars , in which a police officer observes the applicant riding up and down the main street of the capital . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Main article : Driving licence in Brazil Peru ( edit ) The minimum age for a driving license is 18 years old . It is obtained via a test in a car , a computer and the applicant must present a vision test which says they are permitted to drive Organ donations ( edit ) Licensing bureaus in many countries add an organ donation option on license forms . Sometimes a small picture of a heart or the term Organ Donor is printed on the driver 's license , to indicate that he or she has agreed to donate his or her organs in case of sudden death , such as after a collision . In the United States , this is governed by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act . In New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland , willingness to donate organs for transplant is also listed on driver 's licenses . In Australia , the system of notating organ donation requests on licenses was replaced in July 2005 with a national registration system and the issue of special cards . In Great Britain ( England , Wales and Scotland ) , code `` 115 '' is printed on the reverse of the licence to indicate that details are on the National Health Service ( NHS ) Organ Donor Register . International and interstate considerations ( edit ) Many groups of countries have agreed to recognize driver 's licenses issued by authorities of any of its members . Examples include the European Union and the GCC , where holders of driver 's licenses issued by any member state can drive in all member states . Most countries worldwide will also recognize the licenses of citizens of foreign states wishing to drive as visitors . All EU member countries now issue licenses in a standard format , regardless of the language of the license . The International Driving Permit ( IDP ) ( sometimes erroneously called the International Driver 's License ) is a booklet which is an authorized translation of a driver 's home license into many languages ( especially languages with non-Latin scripts such as Russian , Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Korean , etc . ) . In some cases , it is obtained from a motoring organization such as the Automobile Association or the equivalent in the driver 's home country . In other cases , it is delivered by the same government services that deliver ordinary licenses . The IDP has no validity except when used in conjunction with the driver 's own license . The existence of the IDP is necessitated by many countries refusing to recognize driver 's licenses written in foreign languages without accompanying translations . Temporary visitors from the United States to France ( less than 90 days ) are permitted to drive with a valid US state driver 's license . In addition to holding a US driver 's license , visitors are advised ( but not required ) to carry an International Driving permit , or attach a French translation to their US state driver 's license . China , at present , does not recognize IDPs and requires drivers to get an additional Chinese license before being officially allowed on all roads . Holders of foreign licenses are exempt from certain requirements when obtaining a Chinese license . A minimum driving age often exists regardless of possession of a foreign license ; an American can not drive below the local minimum age in Europe , nor can a 17 - year - old Briton drive in mainland Europe where the minimum age is 18 . Many countries have established a driver 's license exchange arrangement after reviews of the foreign jurisdiction 's licensing processes . Where standards in the other jurisdiction are comparable in areas such as medical standards , minimum driving age , and knowledge and road testing , an exchange ( or honoring ) of the foreign jurisdiction 's license may occur . This may also be called Driver 's License Reciprocity . Issues when moving permanently from one country or one state to another ( edit ) Most license - issuing authorities require holders of foreign licenses taking up residence in their jurisdiction to obtain a local driver 's license within a limited time , typically 6 months or 1 year . In most cases , the driver must follow the full local procedure for obtaining a license , but some jurisdictions have mutual recognition agreements and will exchange the foreign license for a local one without the need to undertake an additional driving test . An exception is the EU , where licenses do not need to be exchanged since the introduction of the common EU - driver 's - license scheme . Australia ( edit ) Each state in Australia has different rules for how long a visitor can drive on an international licence or a licence from a different state . For example , New South Wales allows three months whereas Victoria allows six months . Drivers that move permanently to another state must change their licence to a local state licence within the prescribed time . This is usually free . In some states , drivers with a full New Zealand licence are treated as interstate drivers . Canada ( edit ) British Columbia has a reciprocal license exchange scheme with other Canadian provinces and territories as well other countries provided the license is valid or has been expired for less than three years . Ontario If you have a ( 7L ) licensing , which is given out by British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , you are not restricted to being accompanied by a supervisor while driving in Ontario , until you get your Full License at the age of 18 . Ontario has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , and some other countries . Quebec has a reciprocal license exchange scheme for Canadian provinces and territories , Canadian Forces Europe , American states and other countries . France ( edit ) US state driver 's licenses can be exchanged from the 15 states below during the first year of legal residence in France : Arkansas , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Illinois , Iowa , Maryland , New Hampshire , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Texas , Virginia and Wisconsin . If you are a resident of France ( holder of a carte de séjour or carte de residence ) , you may drive in France with a valid US state driver 's license for a one - year recognition period , beginning on the date of validity of the first carte de séjour ( exception for students who are allowed to use their driver 's license for the duration of their studies ) . In addition to having s US state driver 's license , residents are also required to attach a French translation done by a sworn translator , or expert traducteur or traducteur assermenté . Germany ( edit ) The US Embassy , supported by the American Chamber of Commerce in Germany , continues to actively press all US states , territories , and the federal district to reach an agreement on the reciprocal recognition of driver 's licenses with Germany , essentially a waiver of testing requirements . If approved , drivers from Alabama , Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Delaware , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Massachusetts , Maryland , Michigan , New Mexico , Ohio , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , Puerto Rico , South Carolina , South Dakota , Texas , Utah , Virginia , West Virginia , Washington State , Wisconsin , and Wyoming will be exempted from road and written driving tests . If approved , drivers from Connecticut , District of Columbia , Florida , Indiana , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Carolina , Oregon , Tennessee will be exempted from the road tests only . Hong Kong ( edit ) As stated on the application form for direct issue of full Hong Kong driving license ( Rev. 11 / 2008 ) , when a person has documentary evidence to the Commissioner for Transport 's satisfaction that all of the following apply , the person is eligible to direct issue of a Hong Kong license : The person has held a full driving license ( not an International Driving Permit ) for three years issued by one of the following countries or territories : Australia , Austria , Bangladesh , Belgium , Bermuda , Canada , China , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Guernsey , Iceland , India , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Israel , Italy , Japan , Jersey , Luxembourg , Macao , Malaysia , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Nigeria , Norway , Pakistan , Portugal , Singapore , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , South Africa , South Korea , Namibia , Taiwan , the United Kingdom and the United States . The driving entitlement ( s ) for which one is applying must be equivalent to the class ( es ) which are authorized to drive by the issuing country or place ; and The driving license was obtained by passing the relevant driving test ( s ) in the issuing country or territory ; and Satisfies one of the three requirements below : The license was originally issued on any date during a period of residence of not less than 6 months in the country or place of issue ( entry and departure stamps on a passport , school transcript or employer 's testimonial with employment period specified are accepted as proof ) ; or The license has been issued for not less than 5 years immediately before the application ; or Hold a passport or an equivalent travel document of the country or territory in which the license was issued . Singapore ( edit ) A foreigner 18 years of age or older and holding a Work Pass / Dependent Pass / Student Pass may drive in Singapore with a valid class 3 , 3A or 2B foreign license , for a period of not more than 12 months . A Singaporean driving licence is required after 12 months . Those on short term social visits may drive with their foreign license for up to 12 months each time they enter into Singapore . For licences not written in the English language , an International Driving Permit or translation is required . Foreign licence conversion is only granted for class 2B and class 3 qualified driving licences . In order to convert your foreign licence to a Singapore driving licence , you are required to pass the Basic Theory Test ( BTT ) . Overseas theory test results are not admissible for consideration . Sweden ( edit ) Residents in Sweden having a foreign license can exchange it to a Swedish license , if it is from an EU country , an EEA country , Switzerland or Japan . Foreign licenses are valid if the holder has not been living in Sweden for more than a year ( and some more requirements ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency ( DVLA ) , which licences drivers in Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) , but not Northern Ireland , exchanges full licences issued by : Northern Ireland ( although being part of the UK , driving licences are issued by the Driver and Vehicle Agency ( DVA ) in Northern Ireland ) , Countries within the EEA and Switzerland , The British Crown dependencies ( Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man ) Gibraltar and other British Overseas Territories , Australia , Barbados , the Faroe Islands , Hong Kong , Japan , Monaco , New Zealand , Singapore , South Korea , South Africa , and Zimbabwe . Canada ( by default , Canadian driver 's licences will only be exchanged for licences to drive automatic transmission cars , unless documentary evidence is provided that a manual gearbox ( shift ) test was passed in Canada ) United states ( edit ) A Driver 's License from any US state is valid for temporary use in any other US state , although most states require that a person have a license issued by their state of primary residence . Most states allow residents to convert an out - of - state license to an in - state license without any additional written or road tests . Delaware has a reciprocal license exchange for Germany , France , and Taiwan to allow holders of those licenses to obtain a Delaware license without any additional written or road tests . A District of Columbia driver 's license may be obtained while maintaining out - of - country driver 's license . D.C. driver 's licenses may vary for non-US citizens , depending on visa classification . The written test is required for non-US citizens who possess an out - of - country driver 's license . Florida has a reciprocal license agreement with South Korea , allowing South Korea licenses to be exchanged for a Florida license , and vice versa , without taking a written or road test . A New York State driver 's license may be obtained by a resident of another country . If the driver has a driver license from any nation except Canada , they must pass a written test , complete a 5 - hour pre-licensing course and pass a road test to qualify for a driver 's license . Texas does n't require drivers from Canada , France , Germany , nor Taiwan to take the written and practical tests . But drivers must still agree to a vision test . Washington State has a reciprocal license exchange , allowing holders of valid licenses from any other US state , British Columbia , Germany , South Korea , and Taiwan to exchange their license for a Washington State license without taking any written or road tests . Virginia has a reciprocal agreement with Canada , France and Germany . The knowledge and skills tests may be waived if the driver meets residency and other requirements . See also ( edit ) Commercial driver 's license Driver 's Education Learner 's permit International Driving Permit Road - traffic safety Vehicle category List of countries by minimum driving age References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lutteroth , Johanna . `` Der Lappen , der die Welt bedeutet '' . einestages ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Motor Car Act , 1903 - The Motor Miscellany '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Driver Education in the UK '' . 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Jump up ^ `` New Residents of Québec and Holders of a Driver 's Licence Issued Outside Québec '' . Saaq.gouv.qc.ca. 2011 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Permis de conduire étranger - Echange en France '' . Maison des Français de l'étranger ( MFE ) . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` American Driver 's License - Germany - United States Diplomatic Mission '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Application For Direct Issue Of Full Hong Kong Driving Licence '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Driver 's Licences '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Directgov * ' exchange driving licence ' interactive tool '' . Direct.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` State of Delaware Division of Motor Vehicles - Driver 's License Over 18 FAQ 's '' . Dmv.de.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia : Department of Motor Vehicles - Services - Drivers ' Licenses - Getting Your Learners ' Permit '' . Dmv.dc.gov . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Department of Motor Vehicles - NYS DMV - NYSDMV - Driver - Vehicle '' . Nydmv.state.ny.us . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Department of Public Safety '' . xdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WA State Licensing : Moving ? Get WA license '' . Dol.wa.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Motor Vehicles Virginia '' ( PDF ) . dmv.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driver 's licenses . 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who played the evil witch in the wizard of oz			Margaret Hamilton ( actress )	margaret hamilton ( actress )	Margaret Brainard Hamilton ( December 9 , 1902 -- May 16 , 1985 ) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's classic film The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) .	A former schoolteacher , she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image . The Wicked Witch of the West was eventually ranked number four in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time , making her the top - ranking female villain . In later years , Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials . She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals , and retained a lifelong commitment to public education . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Film career 2.1 The Wizard of Oz 3 Radio , television , and stage career 4 Personal life 5 Final years and death 6 Filmography 7 Select television appearances 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Hamilton was born to Walter J. Hamilton , and his wife , Mary Jane ( née Adams ; known by her nickname , Jennie ) , in Cleveland , Ohio , and was the youngest of four children . She later attended Hathaway Brown School , while the school was located at 1945 East 93rd Street in Cleveland . Drawn to the theater at an early age , Hamilton made her stage debut in 1923 . Hamilton also practiced her craft doing children 's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member . She later moved to Painesville , Ohio . Before she turned to acting exclusively , her parents insisted that she attend Wheelock College in Boston , which she did , later becoming a kindergarten teacher . Film career ( edit ) Hamilton 's career as a film actress was driven by the very qualities that placed her in stark contrast to the stereotypical Hollywood glamour girl . Her image was that of a New England spinster , extremely pragmatic and impatient with all manner of `` tomfoolery '' . Hamilton 's looks helped to bring steady work as a character actor . She made her screen debut in 1933 in Another Language . She went on to appear in These Three ( 1936 ) , Saratoga , You Only Live Once , When 's Your Birthday ? , Nothing Sacred ( all 1937 ) , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) , My Little Chickadee ( with W.C. Fields ) ( 1940 ) , and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 film ) with Harold Lloyd . She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son ; she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 ( $17,000 with inflation ) a week . Hamilton costarred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long - running local melodrama The Drunkard , titled The Villain Still Pursued Her . Later in the decade , she was in a little - known film noir , titled Bungalow 13 ( 1948 ) , in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell . Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark . She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s , and sporadically thereafter . Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello , she played a heavily made - up witch in Comin ' Round the Mountain , where her character and Costello go toe - to - toe with voodoo dolls made of each other . She appeared , uncredited , in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's People Will Talk ( 1951 ) as Sarah Pickett . In 1960 , producer / director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film , in which 12 - year - old lead Charles Herbert taunts her about being a witch , including one scene in which she is holding a broom in her hand . The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) Hamilton as the Wicked Witch of the West with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) In 1939 , Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch , opposite Judy Garland 's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz , creating not only her most famous role , but also one of the screen 's most memorable villains . Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard , who was first considered for the role , albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene , declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly . She suffered a second - degree burn on her face and a third - degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland , in which the trap door 's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit . Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident before returning to the set to complete her work on the film , and refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming . After she recuperated , she said , `` I wo n't sue , because I know how this business works , and I would never work again . I will return to work on one condition -- no more fireworks ! '' Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son . Studio executives cut some of Hamilton 's more frightening scenes , worrying that they would frighten children too much . Later on in life , she would comment on the role of the witch in a light - hearted fashion . For an interview , she joked : `` I was in need of money at the time , I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time and my agent called . I said , ' Yes ? ' and he said ' Maggie , they want you to play a part on the Wizard . ' I said to myself , ' Oh , boy , The Wizard of Oz ! That has been my favorite book since I was four . ' And I asked him what part , and he said , ' The Witch , ' and I said , ' The Witch ? ! ' and he said , ' What else ? ' '' Hamilton 's stand - in and stunt double for the Witch , Betty Danko , also suffered an on - set accident on February 11 , 1939 . Danko made the fiery entrance to Munchkinland , not Hamilton . She was severely burned during the `` Surrender Dorothy ! '' skywriting sequence at the Emerald City . Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch 's broomstick . The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene . She spent 11 days in the hospital and her legs were permanently scarred . A new stunt double , Aline Goodwin , was hired to finish the broomstick - riding scene for Danko . When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz , Hamilton said that her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was . In reality , she cared deeply about children , frequently giving to charitable organizations . She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy . She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood in 1975 , where she explained to children that she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume `` transformed '' her into the witch . She also made personal appearances , and Hamilton described the children 's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch : `` Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch . And sometimes when I go to schools , if we 're in an auditorium , I 'll do it . And there 's always a funny reaction , like ' Ye gods , they wish they had n't asked . ' They 're scared . They 're really scared for a second . Even adolescents . I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture . They like to hear it but they ' do n't ' like to hear it . And then they go , ' Ohhhhhhhhhh ... ! ' The picture made a terrible impression of some kind on them , sometimes a ghastly impression , but most of them got over it , I guess ... because when I talk like the Witch , and when I laugh , there is a hesitation and then they clap . They 're clapping at hearing the sound again . '' Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film : Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West . Hamilton also appears as an unidentified flying witch during the tornado scene . Some argue this is actually intended to be the Wicked Witch of the East rather than her sister , and Hamilton 's credited role , the Wicked Witch of the West ; if so , this would be a third , uncredited role . Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles in the film ( five roles ) . Hamilton and Morgan never share any scenes in Oz . However , in By Your Leave ( 1934 ) , she plays his housekeeper , and in Saratoga ( 1937 ) , she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented ( with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her `` beauty '' ) . Hamilton 's line from The Wizard of Oz -- `` I 'll get you , my pretty , and your little dog , too ! '' -- was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes . Her son , interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film , commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much , she sometimes used it in her real life . A few months after filming Oz , she appeared in Babes in Arms as Jeff Steele 's mother , Martha , a society do - gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors , led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland , to a work farm . In 1945 , she played the domineering sister of Oz co-star Jack Haley in George White 's Scandals , comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis , even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her . Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer , a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen . A few years later , they were reunited on Broadway for the short - lived musical Come Summer . Radio , television , and stage career ( edit ) Margaret Hamilton , Ray Bolger , and Jack Haley reunited in 1970 , a year after the death of co-star Judy Garland Hamilton with Oscar the Grouch on episode # 0847 of Sesame Street , 1976 In the 1940s and 1950s , Hamilton had a long - running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert ( or The Couple Next Door ) in which she played the lovable , scattered Aunt Eva ( name later changed to Aunt Effie ) . During the 1960s and 1970s , Hamilton appeared regularly on television . She did a stint as a What 's My Line ? mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS - TV program . She played Morticia Addams ' mother , Hester Frump , in three episodes of The Addams Family . ( 1965 -- 66 ; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama , but turned it down . ) In 1962 , Hamilton played Leora Scofield , a suffragette who arrives in Laramie , Wyoming , to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote , in the episode `` Beyond Justice '' of NBC 's Laramie . In the story line , she is depicted as a long - lost friend of series character Daisy Cooper , played by Spring Byington . Series lead character Slim Sherman ( John Smith ) is skeptical of the suffragettes , and Sheriff Mort Corey and he concoct a tale that the women should head to Cheyenne , where their services are more needed than in Laramie . Having started on the stage in the early 1930s , she began to work extensively in the theater after leaving Los Angeles , and appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch , gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat ( dancing with David Wayne ) , and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma ! . Hamilton also toured in many plays and musicals , even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz . For her last stage role , she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music , singing the song `` Liaisons '' for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree . Even with her extensive film career , Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free , making her soap - opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady , who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine 's son . In the 1960s , Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera , The Secret Storm , playing the role of Grace Tyrell 's housekeeper , Katie . In the early 1970s , she joined the cast of another CBS soap opera , As the World Turns , on which she played Miss Peterson , Simon Gilbey 's assistant . She had a small role in the made - for - TV film The Night Strangler ( 1973 ) , and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters , who is a friend of the very similar Mary Wickes . In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) , she portrayed Lynde 's housekeeper , reprising the Wicked Witch role , as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss . She reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in an episode of Sesame Street , but as a result of complaints from parents of terrified children , the episode has not been seen since 1976 . She appeared as herself in an episode of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood and continued acting regularly until 1982 . Her last roles were two guest appearances as veteran journalist Thea Taft ( in 1979 and 1982 ) on Lou Grant . Throughout the 1970s , Hamilton lived in New York City 's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local ( and some national ) public - service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets . Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner Cora , in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee . Hamilton as Madame Armfeldt in the national tour of A Little Night Music ( 1974 ) Hamilton produced the stage productions An Evening with the Bourgeoisie , The Three Sisters , and House Party . Personal life ( edit ) Hamilton remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger . She married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13 , 1931 , and made her debut on the New York City stage the following year . While her acting career developed , her marriage began failing ; the couple divorced in 1938 . They had one son , Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve ( born 1936 ) , whom she raised on her own . She had three grandchildren , Christopher , Scott , and Margaret . Hamilton never remarried . Final years and death ( edit ) Hamilton 's early experience as a teacher fueled a lifelong interest in educational issues . Hamilton served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951 , and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s . She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life . In 1979 , she was a guest speaker at a UCONN Children 's Literature class . She later moved to Millbrook , New York . She subsequently developed Alzheimer 's disease , and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16 , 1985 , in Salisbury , Connecticut . She was 82 years old . She was cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery . Her ashes were scattered in Amenia , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Zoo in Budapest ( 1933 ) as Assistant Matron for orphans ( uncredited ) Another Language ( 1933 ) as Helen Hallam Hat , Coat , and Glove ( 1934 ) as Madame Du Barry There 's Always Tomorrow ( 1934 ) as Ella By Your Leave ( 1934 ) as Whiffen Broadway Bill ( 1934 ) as Edna The Farmer Takes a Wife ( 1935 ) as Lucy Gurget Way Down East ( 1935 ) as Martha Perkins Chatterbox ( 1936 ) as Emily ' Tippie ' Tipton These Three ( 1936 ) as Agatha The Moon 's Our Home ( 1936 ) as Mitty Simpson The Witness Chair ( 1936 ) as Grace Franklin Laughing at Trouble ( 1936 ) as Lizzie Beadle You Only Live Once ( 1937 ) as Hester When 's Your Birthday ? ( 1937 ) as Mossy The Good Old Soak ( 1937 ) as Minnie Mountain Justice ( 1937 ) as Phoebe Lamb Saratoga ( 1937 ) as Maizie ( uncredited ) I 'll Take Romance ( 1937 ) as Margot Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) as Vermont Drugstore Lady The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Harper A Slight Case of Murder ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Cagle Mother Carey 's Chickens ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Pauline Fuller Four 's a Crowd ( 1938 ) as Amy Breaking the Ice ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Small Stablemates ( 1938 ) as Beulah Flanders The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Miss Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West The Angels Wash Their Faces ( 1939 ) as Miss Hannaberry Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) as Martha Steele Main Street Lawyer ( 1939 ) as Lucy , Boggs ' Housekeeper My Little Chickadee ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Gideon Our Town ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Louella Soames ( uncredited ) The Villain Still Pursued Her ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Wilson I 'm Nobody 's Sweetheart Now ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Thriffie The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Jackson Play Girl ( 1941 ) as Josie The Gay Vagabond ( 1941 ) as Agatha Badger Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) Twin Beds ( 1942 ) as Norah Meet the Stewarts ( 1942 ) as Willametta The Affairs of Martha ( 1942 ) as Guinevere Journey for Margaret ( 1942 ) City Without Men ( 1943 ) as Dora The Ox - Bow Incident ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Larch ( uncredited ) Johnny Come Lately ( 1943 ) as Myrtle Ferguson Guest in the House ( 1944 ) as Hilda - the Maid George White 's Scandals ( 1945 ) as Clarabelle Evans Janie Gets Married ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Angles Faithful in My Fashion ( 1946 ) as Miss Applegate The Sin of Harold Diddlebock ( 1947 ) as Flora Dishonored Lady ( 1947 ) as Mrs. Geiger Pet peeve ( 1947 , Short ) as Haughty Woman ( uncredited ) Driftwood ( 1947 ) as Essie Keenan Reaching from Heaven ( 1948 ) as Sophie Manley State of the Union ( 1948 ) as Norah Texas , Brooklyn and Heaven ( 1948 ) as Ruby Cheever Bungalow 13 ( 1948 ) as Mrs. Theresa Appleby The Sun Comes Up ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Golightly The Red Pony ( 1949 ) as Teacher Lust for Gold ( 1949 ) ( uncredited ) The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Elvira O'Toole ( uncredited ) The Great Plane Robbery ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Judd Wabash Avenue ( 1950 ) as Tillie Hutch Riding High ( 1950 ) as Edna Comin ' Round the Mountain ( 1951 ) as Aunt Huddy People Will Talk ( 1951 ) as Miss Sarah Pickett - Housekeeper ( uncredited ) 13 Ghosts ( 1960 ) as Elaine Zacharides The Good Years ( 1962 ) as Narrator Paradise Alley ( 1962 ) as Mrs. Nicholson The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) as Mrs. Klopplebobbler Rosie ! ( 1967 ) as Mae Angel in My Pocket ( 1969 ) as Rhoda Brewster McCloud ( 1970 ) as Daphne Heap The Anderson Tapes ( 1971 ) as Miss Kaler Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 , voice recorded in 1962 ) as Aunt Em ( voice ) Select television appearances ( edit ) The Paul Winchell and Jerry Mahoney Show ( cast member , 1953 -- 54 ) Valiant Lady ( cast member , 1955 ) Dow Hour of Great Mysteries ( 1960 ) as Lizzie Allen in The Bat by Mary Roberts Rinehart Car 54 , Where Are You ? ( 1963 ) , as Miss Pownthleroy The Patty Duke Show ( 1963 ) , as The Lane Family housekeeper The Addams Family ( 1965 -- 66 ) , as Hester Frump The Secret Storm ( cast member , 1964 -- 67 ) As the World Turns ( cast member , 1971 ) Sesame Street ( 1970s ) The Night Strangler ( 1973 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( 1973 ) The Partridge Family ( 1974 ) Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 4 episodes , 1975 -- 76 ) The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) Lou Grant ( 2 guest appearances in 1979 and 1982 ) , as Thea Taft Laramie ( Beyond Justice , November 27 , 1962 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Margaret Hamilton , 82 , Dies ; Played Wicked Witch In ' Oz ' '' . New York Times . May 17 , 1985 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 21 . Margaret Hamilton , the actress whose role as the cackling Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz unnerved generations of children , died yesterday , apparently of a heart attack , at a nursing home in Salisbury , Connecticut . She was 82 years old . Miss Hamilton was a gentle , lively woman who taught kindergarten for years before she began a career of 50 years in the theater , movies , radio and television . But she seared a fearsome image on the public consciousness in 1939 when , at the age of 36 , she played the Wicked Witch , the terror of Judy Garland 's long dream in the classic film of L. Frank Baum 's story . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harmetz , A. ( 1998 ) . The Making of the Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM , New York : Hyperion Books . p. 123 Jump up ^ How well do you know Oz ? Jacksonville.com ; retrieved October 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Harmetz , A. ( 1998 ) . The Making of The Wizard of Oz : Movie Magic and Studio Power in the Prime of MGM . New York : Hyperion Books . Jump up ^ Wizard of Oz DVD commentary track Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ; The Making of the Wizard of Oz , p. 297 Jump up ^ `` Beyond Justice : Laramie ( TV series ) , November 27 , 1962 '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Maxwell House A.D.C. Coffee TV commercial w / Margaret Hamilton as Cora the Storekeeper '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell House ad w / Margaret Hamilton , 1978 '' . YouTube . 2010 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ watch ? v = 9lfS1_RpnFQ `` Maxwell House with Cora # 1 '' Check url = value ( help ) . YouTube . 2011 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Margaret Hamilton profile , FilmReference.com ; retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juran , Robert A. ( 1995 ) . Old Familiar Faces : The Great Character Actors and Actresses of Hollywood 's Golden Era . Movie Memories Publishing . p. 109 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Margaret Hamilton . Margaret Hamilton on IMDb Margaret Hamilton at the Internet Broadway Database Margaret Hamilton at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Margaret Hamilton at AllMovie Margaret Hamilton at the TCM Movie Database Margaret Hamilton correspondence and ephemera , 1944 - 1979 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts VIAF : 19880442 LCCN : n82075851 ISNI : 0000 0000 2636 5885 SUDOC : 144807092 BNF : cb14033954g ( data ) IATH : w62j6p9j Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)&oldid=816856470 '' Categories : 1902 births 1985 deaths Actresses from Cleveland American child activists American schoolteachers American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses California Republicans Disease - related deaths in Connecticut Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Ohio Republicans School board members in California Wheelock College alumni 20th - century American actresses 20th - century American politicians Activists from Ohio Activists from California Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from March 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Brezhoneg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Latina Magyar 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 05 : 12 . 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where does the last name vincent originate from			Vincent ( surname )	vincent ( surname )	Vincent is a surname . Notable people with the surname include :	A. Vincent , Malayalam film director and cinematographer Alex Vincent ( actor ) Alex Vincent ( drummer ) Angela Vincent , biologist Arthur Vincent , Irish politician and barrister Ashley Vincent , English footballer Ava Vincent ( born 1975 ) , American porn star Beverly M. Vincent Bev Vincent ( born 1961 ) , Canadian novelist , short story writer and chemist , working in Texas Brooke Vincent ( born 1992 ) , English actress Cerina Vincent ( born 1979 ) , American actor and writer Chuck Vincent Clinton D. `` Casey '' Vincent , USAF general , fighter ace Colin Vincent Cyril Vincent ( 1902 -- 1968 ) , South African cricketer David Vincent ( born 1965 ) , American musician Edgar Vincent , 1st Viscount D'Abernon Edward Vincent ( 1934 -- 2012 ) , US politician , Californian state senator Edward A. Vincent Edward F. Vincent ( 1881 -- 1940 ) , New York politician Fay Vincent Francis Thomas Vincent , Jr . François - Elie Vincent Frank Vincent , American actor , musician , author and entrepreneur Gene Vincent ( 1935 -- 1971 ) , American rock and roll musician George Vincent ( disambiguation ) Georgette Vincent , All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player H. Vincent ( Jean Hyacinthe Vincent ) Henriette Vincent ( 1786 -- 1834 ) , French botanical painter Holly Vincent Hugh Vincent ( 1862 -- 1931 ) , Welsh rugby player Innocent Vincent Isabel Vincent Jamie Vincent Jan - Michael Vincent Jay Vincent Jean Vincent ( footballer ) Jean Hyacinthe Vincent John Jervis , 1st Earl of St Vincent ( 1735 - 1823 ) , British Admiral of the Fleet John Vincent ( general ) , British general John Vincent ( historian ) , British historian John Carter Vincent June Vincent Justin Vincent Kary Vincent ( born 1969 ) , American football player Keydrick Vincent Kira Vincent - Davis Kyle Vincent Lou Vincent , New England cricketer Marcel Vincent Mark Sinclair Vincent or Vin Diesel Marjorie Vincent Mary Ann Vincent Ned Vincent , English footballer Nick Vincent Norah Vincent Patrice Vincent , Canadian soldier killed in the 2014 Saint - Jean - sur - Richelieu ramming attack Phil Vincent , British motorcycle pioneer Pierre H. Vincent Pierre L.J. Vincent Ra Vincent , set decorator Rhonda Vincent Richard Vincent , Baron Vincent of Coleshill Richard Vincent ( playwright ) Robert Vincent ( disambiguation ) Sam Vincent ( basketball ) Samuel Vincent Sonny Vincent Stanley Vincent ( 1897 -- 1976 ) , senior commander in the Royal Air Force Sténio Vincent Steven Vincent , American author and journalist Strong Vincent Ted Vincent ( born 1956 ) , American football player Tim Vincent Tom Vincent , Australian jazz pianist and composer Tony Vincent Troy Vincent Vinnie Vincent Vincent ( Surrey cricketer ) , English cricketer Vincent ( singer ) , full name Vincent Pontare , a Swedish singer This page lists people with the surname Vincent . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vincent_(surname)&oldid=772159523 '' Categories : Surnames English - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2017 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20%28surname%29	107,917
who has more major trophies united or liverpool	Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well .	Manchester United	Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry	liverpool f. c. - - manchester united f. c. rivalry	The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively .	The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) Domestic honours Competition Liverpool Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total 18 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total 49 58 European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total 11 6 Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total 0 Combined total Combined total 60 66 The honours listed above are considered to be the club 's major titles and , as such , are not intended to be a full list of achievements . Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 67 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 79 55 65 Table correct as of 14 October 2017 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 42 16 26 Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 67 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 23 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool FC Head to Heads Manchester United '' . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Football Club Match Record and Head to Head Stats v Liverpool '' . MUFCinfo.com . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Liverpool vs Manchester Utd '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- The Super Clasico '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- the Old Firm '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 biggest rivalries in world football ranked -- Deby Della Madonnina '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pele : Liverpool vs Manchester United is on a par with El Clasico ... and there is NOTHING wrong with English football '' . Daily Mail . 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Aldred , Tanya ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` Rivals uncovered '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Ryan Giggs '' . Football Focus . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool remain Manchester United 's ' biggest rival ' says Ryan Giggs '' . The Independent . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 7 Greatest Rivalries in Club Football : From Boca to the Bernabeu '' . The Bleacher Report . 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 21 July 2014 ) . `` MAN UNITED AND LIVERPOOL REMAIN TOP TV DRAWS DESPITE 2013 -- 14 WITHOUT TROPHIES '' . Sporting Intelligence . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd drops down wealth league '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` THE LIST : The greatest rivalries in club football , Nos 10 -- 1 '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11715/10676765/leeds-united-englands-13th-biggest-club-according-to-sky-sports-study Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe '' . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11095/10724872/are-liverpool-and-everton-bigger-than-manchester-united-and-city Jump up ^ `` Liverpool v Manchester United : The bitter rivalry '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/02/26/manchester-united-officially-knock-liverpool-off-their-perch-after-winning-42nd-major-honour-6474309/ Jump up ^ http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2017/02/26/33095882/man-utd-usurp-liverpool-as-englands-most-successful-club Jump up ^ http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/premier-league/manchester-united/look-away-liverpool-fans-manchester-united-are-now-officially-the-most-successful-club-in-england-35753198.html Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/european/manchester-united-ajax-europa-league-final-most-successful-club-a7754166.html Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2008 ) . Mad for It . London : HarperSport . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 728080 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Football Club is formed '' . Liverpool F.C . Retrieved 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 1893 -- 94 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` FA CHARITY / COMMUNITY SHIELD '' . Jump up ^ Evan Bleier ( 11 December 2014 ) . `` Man United v Liverpool rivalry in quotes '' . men . Jump up ^ `` Trophy Room '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liverpool v Man United : which club 's golden age is the best ? '' . talkSPORT . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd v Liverpool : A strange kind of sporting love affair ? '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Blog : The history of Liverpool - Man United '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ http://www.espnfc.com/club/manchester-united/360/blog/post/3133905/manchester-united-gruelling-season-couldnt-have-ended-better-with-europa-league-trophy Jump up ^ `` BBC SPORT -- LIVERPOOL -- The legacy of the boot room '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley '' . Liverpool FC . Jump up ^ Mike Keegan ( 8 January 2014 ) . `` The lessons for Manchester United to learn from Liverpool 's demise -- Manchester Evening News '' . men . Jump up ^ `` History by Decade '' . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United official history 1910 to 1919 -- Official Manchester United Website '' . Jump up ^ `` No Manchester United manager has won a trophy in their first TWO seasons in charge '' . Mail Online . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY -- 29 -- 1968 : Manchester Utd win European Cup '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 9 January 2011 ) . `` The greatest challenge of Sir Alex Ferguson 's career is almost over '' . theguardian.co.uk . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson hopes Manchester United record beaten -- ESPN FC '' . ESPNFC.com . Jump up ^ `` Rooney : I Hate Liverpool '' . 12 March 2009 . 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Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bang out of order ! Dalglish blasts interviewer as Scot claims he did n't see Suarez snub '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` We 're sorry ! Suarez and Dalglish issue apologies over conduct at Old Trafford shame game '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 12 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United and Liverpool to escape FA action after Old Trafford clash '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The day that Phil crossed the great divide ! '' . Liverpool Echo. 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Owen completes switch to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Eyeing Heinze '' . thesoccerblog.org. 3 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . 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Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . 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External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs Anfield Rap The Fields of Anfield Road You 'll Never Walk Alone Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. 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C. _rivalry&oldid = 815398537 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20F.C.%25E2%2580%2593Manchester%20United%20F.C.%20rivalry	11,355
who plays the astronaut in big bang theory	Massimino appeared as himself in a recurring role on the CBS TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory launching aboard a Russian Soyuz to the International Space Station . He appeared in another episode advising Howard Wolowitz not to go on a second mission to the International Space Station .		Mike Massimino	mike massimino	Michael James Massimino ( born August 19 , 1962 ) is an American professor of mechanical engineering at Columbia University and a former NASA astronaut . He is the senior advisor of space programs at the Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 NASA career 2.1. 1 Spaceflight experience 3 In media 4 Organizations 5 Awards and honors 6 Personal life 7 Filmography 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Massimino was born August 19 , 1962 in Oceanside , New York , and raised in Franklin Square , New York , both on Long Island . He graduated from H. Frank Carey Junior - Senior High School in Franklin Square , New York in 1980 . He went on to attend Columbia University , graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering in 1984 . He then attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , graduating with a Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering and a Master of Science degree in Technology and Public Policy in 1988 . He continued his education at MIT , earning a Degree of Mechanical Engineer in 1990 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1992 . Career ( edit ) Upon completing his B.S. degree from Columbia , Massimino worked for IBM as a systems engineer in New York City from 1984 until 1986 . In 1986 he entered graduate school at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he conducted research on human operator control of space robotics systems in the MIT Mechanical Engineering Department 's Human - machine systems Laboratory . His work resulted in the awarding of two patents . While a student at MIT he worked during the summer of 1987 as a general engineer at NASA Headquarters in the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology , during the summers of 1988 and 1989 as a research fellow in the Man - Systems Integration Branch at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center , and during the summer of 1990 as a visiting research engineer at the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) in Oberpfaffenhofen , Germany . After graduating from MIT in 1992 , Massimino worked at McDonnell Douglas Aerospace in Houston , Texas as a research engineer where he developed laptop computer displays to assist operators of the Space Shuttle remote manipulator system . These displays included the Manipulator Position Display , which was evaluated on STS - 69 . From 1992 to 1995 he was also an adjunct assistant professor in the Mechanical Engineering & Material Sciences Department at Rice University , where he taught feedback control of mechanical systems . In September 1995 , Massimino joined the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology as an assistant professor in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering . At Georgia Tech he taught human - machine systems engineering classes and conducted research on human - machine interfaces for space and aircraft systems in the Center for Human - Machine Systems Research , and is currently an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Georgia Tech . He has published papers in technical journals and in the proceedings of technical conferences . In 2011 , Massimino co-hosted season three of National Geographic Channel 's Known Universe documentary series along with Sigrid Close , Andy Howell , David E. Kaplan , and Steve Jacobs . NASA career ( edit ) Massimino works with EVA hardware while training for STS - 125 . Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in May 1996 , Massimino reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996 . He completed two years of initial training and evaluation and qualified for flight assignment as a mission specialist . Prior to his first space flight assignment , Massimino served in the Astronaut Office Robotics Branch , and in the Astronaut Office Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) Branch . He has served as a CAPCOM ( spacecraft communicator ) in Mission Control and performed other technical tasks in the Astronaut Office CAPCOM Branch . Currently he is on loan from the Johnson Space Center and serves as a visiting professor at Columbia University teaching a course on human spaceflight . On July 29 , 2014 , Massimino announced that he would be leaving NASA to pursue a teaching career at Columbia University , in New York City . Spaceflight experience ( edit ) STS - 109 Columbia ( March 1 -- 12 , 2002 ) . STS - 109 was the fourth Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) servicing mission . The crew of STS - 109 successfully upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope leaving it with a new power unit , a new camera ( the Advanced Camera for Surveys ) , and new solar arrays . STS - 109 set a record for spacewalk time with 35 hours and 55 minutes during 5 spacewalks . Massimino performed two spacewalks totaling 14 hours and 46 minutes . STS - 109 orbited the Earth 165 times , and covered 4.5 million statute miles in over 262 hours and 10 minutes . STS - 125 Atlantis ( May 11 -- 24 , 2009 ) was the final Hubble servicing mission by the Space Shuttle . Atlantis landed in California after stormy weather prevented the shuttle from landing at NASA 's home base in Florida as previously planned . During the mission Massimino became the first person to use Twitter in space , writing , `` From orbit : Launch was awesome ! ! I am feeling great , working hard , & enjoying the magnificent views , the adventure of a lifetime has begun ! '' Rather than using the service directly while in orbit , Massimino composed his messages and shared them with Mission Control which then posted the messages via the Internet to Twitter . Massimino 's public updates about his training for the STS - 125 mission began April 3 , 2009 . In media ( edit ) In the PBS children 's program Sid the Science Kid , Michael Massimino appeared as himself in an episode focused on scientists . Massimino appeared as himself in a recurring role on the CBS TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory launching aboard a Russian Soyuz to the International Space Station . He appeared in another episode advising Howard Wolowitz not to go on a second mission to the International Space Station . He is a frequent guest on Neil deGrasse Tyson 's podcast StarTalk , and has also appeared on the TV version . Massimino performed twice at a storytelling event of The Moth : on November 14 , 2012 he talked about the high stakes in the repair the Hubble Space Telescope in A View of the Earth and on February 21 , 2017 he talked about the swimming test at the beginning of his astronaut training in Swimming with Astronauts . Massimino makes a brief appearance at a shuttle launch in Chapter XXIX of the 2012 novel A Hologram for the King , in which he discusses his experience in space . Massimino was a guest in episode 414 of the Nerdist podcast . After the October 4 , 2013 release of the movie Gravity with Sandra Bullock , Massimino commented on the scientific reliability of the movie . It was also suggested that the role played by George Clooney was partially based on Massimino 's spacewalk performance . Massimino made a guest appearance in one of the video lectures of An Introduction to Interactive Programming in Python , a MOOC offered by Rice University . Massimino appeared in a 2015 MasterCard Rewards commercial . Massimino 's book Spaceman : An Astronaut 's Unlikely Journey to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe was published by Crown Archetype on 4 October 2016 . The Audible e-book version is narrated by Massimino himself . Organizations ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Mike Massimino '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) MIT Alumni Association Columbia University Alumni Association Association of Space Explorers . Awards and honors ( edit ) NASA Space Flight Medals NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program Fellowship Order Sons of Italy in America 2005 Guglielmo Marconi Award Personal Life ( edit ) Massimino married his wife Carola on August 11 , 1989 and they have two children : daughter Gabby ( Gabriella ) and son Daniel . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hubble Himself An IMAX 3D movie directed by Toni Myers and narrated by Leonardo DiCaprio , showing amazing views of the galaxy and a report of several space - walks that were performed to install and maintain the Hubble Space Telescope . SXSW Flashback 2010 Himself Documentary of the 2010 South by Southwest music festival , an annual conglomerate of film , interactive media , and music festivals and conferences taking place in Austin , Texas . The 2010 iteration ran from 12 to 21 March . 2011 Sid the Science Kid Himself `` I Want to Be a Scientist ! '' ( episode 57 ) 2011 -- 14 The Big Bang Theory Himself `` The Friendship Contraction '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' `` The Decoupling Fluctuation '' `` The Re-Entry Minimization '' `` The Table Polarization '' `` The First Pitch Insufficiency '' 2015 - 16 StarTalk Himself `` Chris Hadfield '' ( episode 7 ) `` Bas Lansdorp '' ( Mars One ) ( episode 17 ) `` Buzz Aldrin '' ( episode 30 ) 2016 American Graduate Day Himself Documentary of the 5th annual American Graduate Day on 17 September , was broadcast live from Tisch WNET Studios and streamed on Facebook Live and americangraduate.org , focusing on mentorship as a solution to one of the nation 's biggest education challenges . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Engineering - Mechanical Engineering '' . Jump up ^ Dibbell , Julian , editor ( 2010 ) . The Best Technology Writing 2010 . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300165586 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike , verified account ( @ astro_mike ) ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Today is my birthday , this is what I looked like 54 yrs ago ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Intrepid Museum Appoints Former NASA Astronaut Mike Massimino as Senior Advisor , Space Programs '' . Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mechanical Engineering : Mike Massimino '' . Columbia University . n.d . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astronaut Bio : Michael J. Massimino '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 ... Jump up ^ Massimino , Michael J. ( 1992 ) . `` Sensory Substitution for Force Feedback in Space Teleoperation ( Ph. D. Thesis ) '' . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Massimino Becomes the First to ' Tweet ' From Space '' ( Press release ) . NASA . May 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Etan ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` The great debate over Astro Mike 's ' tweets from space ' '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Astro_Mike '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Sid the Science Kid : I Want to Be a Scientist ! '' . PBS . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nerdist ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` '' Startalk '' Lifts Off '' ( Podcast ) . Nerdist.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Content tagged with ' Mike Massimino ' '' . Startalk Radio . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Storyteller : Michael J. Massimino '' . TheMoth.org . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Moth ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` A View Of The Earth '' ( Podcast ) . TheMoth.org . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Moth ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Swimming With Astronauts '' ( Podcast ) . TheMoth.org . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 414 : Mike Massimino '' . Nerdist.com . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gravity : Ripped from the Headlines ? '' . Space Safety Magazine . 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Michael Massimino , the Real Life Astronaut Played by George Clooney '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike ( 4 October 2016 ) . Spaceman : An Astronaut 's Unlikely Journey to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe . Crown Archetype . ISBN 1101903546 . Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike ( 4 October 2016 ) . Spaceman : An Astronaut 's Unlikely Journey to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe . Audible Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael J. Massimino - Biographical Data '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Italy ® 49th biennial convention in New York City '' . Jump up ^ Massimino , Mike ( @ Astro_Mike ) ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Today is my 25th wedding anniversary , thank you Carola ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Chris Hadfield '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mars 1 '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` StarTalk '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mike Massimino . Mike Massimino official website NASA biography Mike Massimino on IMDb NASA Astronaut Group 16 , `` The Sardines '' , 1996 NASA Astronaut Group 15 ← NASA Astronaut Group 16 → NASA Astronaut Group 17 Pilots Duane G. Carey Stephen Frick Charles O. Hobaugh James M. Kelly Mark Kelly Scott Kelly Paul Lockhart Christopher Loria William C. McCool Mark L. Polansky Mission Specialists David M. Brown Daniel C. Burbank Yvonne D. Cagle Fernando Caldeiro Charles J. Camarda Laurel B. Clark E. Michael Fincke Patrick G. Forrester John B. Herrington Joan E. Higginbotham Sandra H. Magnus Michael J. Massimino Richard A. Mastracchio Lee M.E. Morin Lisa M. Nowak Donald R. Pettit John L. Phillips Paul W. Richards Piers J. Sellers Heidemarie Stefanyshyn - Piper Daniel M. Tani Rex J. Walheim Peggy A. Whitson Jeffrey N. Williams Stephanie D. Wilson International Mission Specialists Pedro Duque ( Spain ) Christer Fuglesang ( Sweden ) Umberto Guidoni ( Italy ) Steven MacLean ( Canada ) Mamoru Mohri ( Japan ) Soichi Noguchi ( Japan ) Julie Payette ( Canada ) Philippe Perrin ( France ) Gerhard Thiele ( Germany ) NASA Astronaut Groups NASA Astronaut Corps 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 List of astronauts by year of selection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Massimino&oldid=796288292 '' Categories : 1962 births American astronauts Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty IBM employees Georgia Institute of Technology faculty Rice University faculty Living people Space systems engineers Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni People from Oceanside , New York People from Franklin Square , New York Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list BLP articles lacking sources from September 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from NASA Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 August 2017 , at 20 : 06 . 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film is sensitive to which of the following			Photographic film	photographic film	Photographic film is a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film base coated on one side with a gelatin emulsion containing microscopically small light - sensitive silver halide crystals . The sizes and other characteristics of the crystals determine the sensitivity , contrast and resolution of the film .	The emulsion will gradually darken if left exposed to light , but the process is too slow and incomplete to be of any practical use . Instead , a very short exposure to the image formed by a camera lens is used to produce only a very slight chemical change , proportional to the amount of light absorbed by each crystal . This creates an invisible latent image in the emulsion , which can be chemically developed into a visible photograph . In addition to visible light , all films are sensitive to ultraviolet , X-rays and high - energy particles . Unmodified silver halide crystals are sensitive only to the blue part of the visible spectrum , producing unnatural - looking renditions of some colored subjects . This problem was overcome with the discovery that certain dyes , called sensitizing dyes , when adsorbed onto the silver halide crystals made them respond to other colors as well . First orthochromatic ( sensitive to blue and green ) and finally panchromatic ( sensitive to all visible colors ) films were developed . Panchromatic film renders all colors in shades of gray approximately matching their subjective brightness . By similar techniques special - purpose films can be made sensitive to the infrared ( IR ) region of the spectrum . In black - and - white photographic film there is usually one layer of silver halide crystals . When the exposed silver halide grains are developed , the silver halide crystals are converted to metallic silver , which blocks light and appears as the black part of the film negative . Color film has at least three sensitive layers , incorporating different combinations of sensitizing dyes . Typically the blue - sensitive layer is on top , followed by a yellow filter layer to stop any remaining blue light from affecting the layers below . Next come a green - and - blue sensitive layer , and a red - and - blue sensitive layer , which record the green and red images respectively . During development , the exposed silver halide crystals are converted to metallic silver , just as with black - and - white film . But in a color film , the by - products of the development reaction simultaneously combine with chemicals known as color couplers that are included either in the film itself or in the developer solution to form colored dyes . Because the by - products are created in direct proportion to the amount of exposure and development , the dye clouds formed are also in proportion to the exposure and development . Following development , the silver is converted back to silver halide crystals in the bleach step . It is removed from the film during the process of fixing the image on the film with a solution of ammonium thiosulfate or sodium thiosulfate ( hypo or fixer ) . Fixing leaves behind only the formed color dyes , which combine to make up the colored visible image . Later color films , like Kodacolor II , have as many as 12 emulsion layers , with upwards of 20 different chemicals in each layer . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of film 1.1 Spectral sensitivity 1.2 Color 1.3 Effect on lens and equipment design 2 Film basics 3 Film speed 4 Special films 5 Decline 6 DX codes 7 Common sizes of film 8 Companies 8.1 In production 8.2 Discontinued 9 Image gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History of film ( edit ) See also : History of photography The earliest practical photographic process , the daguerreotype , introduced in 1839 , did not use film . The light - sensitive chemicals were formed on the surface of a silver - plated copper sheet . The calotype process produced paper negatives . Beginning in the 1850s , thin glass plates coated with photographic emulsion became the standard material for use in the camera . Although fragile and relatively heavy , the glass used for photographic plates was of better optical quality than early transparent plastics and was , at first , less expensive . Glass plates continued to be used long after the introduction of film , and were used for astrophotography and electron micrography until the early 2000s , when they were supplanted by digital recording methods . Ilford continues to manufacture glass plates for special scientific applications . The first flexible photographic roll film was sold by George Eastman in 1885 , but this original `` film '' was actually a coating on a paper base . As part of the processing , the image - bearing layer was stripped from the paper and attached to a sheet of hardened clear gelatin . The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889 . It was made from highly flammable nitrocellulose ( `` celluloid '' ) , now usually called `` nitrate film '' . Although cellulose acetate or `` safety film '' had been introduced by Kodak in 1908 , at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film , which had the advantages of being considerably tougher , slightly more transparent , and cheaper . The changeover was completed for X-ray films in 1933 , but although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies , nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm films until it was finally discontinued in 1951 . Hurter and Driffield began pioneering work on the light sensitivity of photographic emulsions in 1876 . Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised . They developed H&D curves , which are specific for each film and paper . These curves plot the photographic density against the log of the exposure , to determine sensitivity or speed of the emulsion and enabling correct exposure . Spectral sensitivity ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early photographic plates and films were usefully sensitive only to blue , violet and ultraviolet light . As a result , the relative tonal values in a scene registered roughly as they would appear if viewed through a piece of deep blue glass . Blue skies with interesting cloud formations photographed as a white blank . Any detail visible in masses of green foliage was due mainly to the colorless surface gloss . Bright yellows and reds appeared nearly black . Most skin tones came out unnaturally dark , and uneven or freckled complexions were exaggerated . Photographers sometimes compensated by adding in skies from separate negatives that had been exposed and processed to optimize the visibility of the clouds , by manually retouching their negatives to adjust problematic tonal values , and by heavily powdering the faces of their portrait sitters . In 1873 , Hermann Wilhelm Vogel discovered that the spectral sensitivity could be extended to green and yellow light by adding very small quantities of certain dyes to the emulsion . The instability of early sensitizing dyes and their tendency to rapidly cause fogging initially confined their use to the laboratory , but in 1883 the first commercially dye - sensitized plates appeared on the market . These early products , described as isochromatic or orthochromatic depending on the manufacturer , made possible a more accurate rendering of colored subject matter into a black - and - white image . Because they were still disproportionately sensitive to blue , the use of a yellow filter and a consequently longer exposure time were required to take full advantage of their extended sensitivity . In 1894 , the Lumière Brothers introduced their Lumière Panchromatic plate , which was made sensitive , although very unequally , to all colors including red . New and improved sensitizing dyes were developed , and in 1902 the much more evenly color - sensitive Perchromo panchromatic plate was being sold by the German manufacturer Perutz . The commercial availability of highly panchromatic black - and - white emulsions also accelerated the progress of practical color photography , which requires good sensitivity to all the colors of the spectrum for the red , green and blue channels of color information to all be captured with reasonable exposure times . However , all of these were glass - based plate products . Panchromatic emulsions on a film base were not commercially available until the 1910s and did not come into general use until much later . Many photographers who did their own darkroom work preferred to go without the seeming luxury of sensitivity to red -- a rare color in nature and uncommon even in man - made objects -- rather than be forced to abandon the traditional red darkroom safelight and process their exposed film in complete darkness . Kodak 's popular Verichrome black - and - white snapshot film , introduced in 1931 , remained a red - insensitive orthochromatic product until 1956 , when it was replaced by Verichrome Pan . Amateur darkroom enthusiasts then had to handle the undeveloped film by the sense of touch alone . Color ( edit ) Experiments with color photography began almost as early as photography itself , but the three - color principle underlying all practical processes was not set forth until 1855 , not demonstrated until 1861 , and not generally accepted as `` real '' color photography until it had become an undeniable commercial reality in the early 20th century . Although color photographs of good quality were being made by the 1890s , they required special equipment , long exposures , complex printing or display procedures and highly specialized skills , so they were then exceedingly rare . The first practical and commercially successful color `` film '' was the Lumière Autochrome , a glass plate product introduced in 1907 . It was expensive and not sensitive enough for hand - held `` snapshot '' use . Film - based versions were introduced in the early 1930s and the sensitivity was later improved . These were `` mosaic screen '' additive color products , which used a simple layer of black - and - white emulsion in combination with a layer of microscopically small color filter elements . The resulting transparencies or `` slides '' were very dark because the color filter mosaic layer absorbed most of the light passing through . The last films of this type were discontinued in the 1950s , but Polachrome `` instant '' slide film , introduced in 1983 , temporarily revived the technology . `` Color film '' in the modern sense of a subtractive color product with a multi-layered emulsion was born with the introduction of Kodachrome for home movies in 1935 and as lengths of 35 mm film for still cameras in 1936 . During the next several decades , color remained much more expensive than black - and - white and required much more light , factors which combined to delay its widespread adoption . Decreasing cost and increasing sensitivity gradually overcame these impediments . By the 1970s color film predominated in the consumer market , while the use of black - and - white film was increasingly confined to photojournalism and fine art photography . Effect on lens and equipment design ( edit ) Photographic lenses and equipment are designed around the film to be used . Although the earliest photographic materials were sensitive only to the blue - violet end of the spectrum , partially color - corrected achromatic lenses were normally used , so that when the photographer brought the visually brightest yellow rays to a sharp focus , the visually dimmest but photographically most active violet rays would be correctly focused , too . The introduction of orthochromatic emulsions required the whole range of colors from yellow to blue to be brought to an adequate focus . Most plates and films described as orthochromatic or isochromatic were practically insensitive to red , so the correct focus of red light was unimportant ; a red window could be used to view the frame numbers on the paper backing of roll film , as any red light which leaked around the backing would not fog the film ; and red lighting could be used in darkrooms . With the introduction of panchromatic film the whole visible spectrum needed to be brought to an acceptably sharp focus . In all cases a color cast in the lens glass or faint colored reflections in the image were of no consequence as they would merely change the contrast a little . This was no longer acceptable when using color film . More highly corrected lenses for newer emulsions could be used with older emulsion types , but the converse was not true . The progression of lens design for later emulsions is of practical importance when considering the use of old lenses , still often used on large - format equipment ; a lens designed for orthochromatic film may have visible defects with a color emulsion ; a lens for panchromatic film will be better but not as good as later designs . The filters used were different for the different film types . Film basics ( edit ) Layers of 35mm color film : 1 . Film base ; 2 . Subbing layer ; 3 . Red light sensitive layer ; 4 . Green light sensitive layer ; 5 . Yellow filter ; 6 . Blue light sensitive layer ; 7 . UV Filter ; 8 . Protective layer ; 9 . ( Visible light exposing film ) . There are several types of photographic film , including : Print film , when developed , yields transparent negatives with the light and dark areas and colors ( if color film is used ) inverted to their respective complementary colors . This type of film is designed to be printed onto photographic paper , usually by means of an enlarger but in some cases by contact printing . The paper is then itself developed . The second inversion that results restores light , shade and color to their normal appearance . Color negatives incorporate an orange color correction mask that compensates for unwanted dye absorptions and improves color accuracy in the prints . Although color processing is more complex and temperature - sensitive than black - and - white processing , the wide availability of commercial color processing and scarcity of service for black - and - white prompted the design of some black - and - white films which are processed in exactly the same way as standard color film . Color reversal film produces positive transparencies , also known as diapositives . Transparencies can be reviewed with the aid of a magnifying loupe and a lightbox . If mounted in small metal , plastic or cardboard frames for use in a slide projector or slide viewer they are commonly called slides . Reversal film is often marketed as `` slide film '' . Large - format color reversal sheet film is used by some professional photographers , typically to originate very - high - resolution imagery for digital scanning into color separations for mass photomechanical reproduction . Photographic prints can be produced from reversal film transparencies , but positive - to - positive print materials for doing this directly ( e.g. Ektachrome paper , Cibachrome / Ilfochrome ) have all been discontinued , so that it now requires the use of an internegative to convert the positive transparency image into a negative transparency , which is then printed as a positive print . Black - and - white reversal film exists but is very uncommon . Conventional black - and - white negative film can be reversal - processed to produce black - and - white slides , as by dr5 Chrome . Although kits of chemicals for black - and - white reversal processing may no longer be available to amateur darkroom enthusiasts , an acid bleaching solution , the only unusual component which is essential , is easily prepared from scratch . Black - and - white transparencies may also be produced by printing negatives onto special positive print film , still available from some specialty photographic supply dealers . In order to produce a usable image , the film needs to be exposed properly . The amount of exposure variation that a given film can tolerate while still producing an acceptable level of quality is called its exposure latitude . Color print film generally has greater exposure latitude than other types of film . Additionally , because print film must be printed to be viewed , after - the - fact corrections for imperfect exposure are possible during the printing process . Plot of image density ( D ) vs. log exposure ( H ) , yields a characteristic S - curve ( H&D curve ) for each type of film to determine its sensitivity . Changing the emulsion properties or the processing parameters will move the curve to the left or right . Changing the exposure will move along the curve , helping to determine what exposure is needed for a given film . Note the non-linear response at the far left ( `` toe '' ) and right ( `` shoulder '' ) of the curve . The concentration of dyes or silver halide crystals remaining on the film after development is referred to as optical density , or simply density ; the optical density is proportional to the logarithm of the optical transmission coefficient of the developed film . A dark image on the negative is of higher density than a more transparent image . Most films are affected by the physics of silver grain activation ( which sets a minimum amount of light required to expose a single grain ) and by the statistics of random grain activation by photons . The film requires a minimum amount of light before it begins to expose , and then responds by progressive darkening over a wide dynamic range of exposure until all of the grains are exposed and the film achieves ( after development ) its maximum optical density . Over the active dynamic range of most films , the density of the developed film is proportional to the logarithm of the total amount of light to which the film was exposed , so the transmission coefficient of the developed film is proportional to a power of the reciprocal of the brightness of the original exposure . The plot of the density of the film image against the log of the exposure is known as an H&D curve . This effect is due to the statistics of grain activation : as the film becomes progressively more exposed , each incident photon is less likely to impact a still - unexposed grain , yielding the logarithmic behavior . A simple , idealized statistical model yields the equation density = 1 - ( 1 - k ) , where light is proportional to the number of photons hitting a unit area of film , k is the probability of a single photon striking a grain ( based on the size of the grains and how closely spaced they are ) , and density is the proportion of grains that have been hit by at least one photon . The relationship between density and log exposure is linear for photographic films except at the extreme ranges of maximum exposure ( D - max ) and minimum exposure ( D - min ) on an H&D curve , so the curve is characteristically S - shaped ( as opposed to digital camera sensors which have a linear response through the effective exposure range . The sensitivity ( i.e. , the ISO speed ) of a film can be affected by changing the length or temperature of development , which would move the H&D curve to the left or right ( see figure ) . If parts of the image are exposed heavily enough to approach the maximum density possible for a print film , then they will begin losing the ability to show tonal variations in the final print . Usually those areas will be considered overexposed and will appear as featureless white on the print . Some subject matter is tolerant of very heavy exposure ; for example sources of brilliant light such as a light bulb or the sun generally appear best as a featureless white on the print . Likewise , if part of an image receives less than the beginning threshold level of exposure , which depends upon the film 's sensitivity to light -- or speed -- the film there will have no appreciable image density , and will appear on the print as a featureless black . Some photographers use their knowledge of these limits to determine the optimum exposure for a photograph ; for one example , see the Zone System . Most automatic cameras instead try to achieve a particular average density . Film speed ( edit ) A roll of 400 speed Kodak 35mm film . Main article : Film speed Film speed describes a film 's threshold sensitivity to light . The international standard for rating film speed is the ISO scale which combines both the ASA speed and the DIN speed in the format ASA / DIN . Using ISO convention film with an ASA speed of 400 would be labeled 400 / 27 ° . A fourth naming standard is GOST , developed by the Russian standards authority . See the film speed article for a table of conversions between ASA , DIN , and GOST film speeds . Common film speeds include ISO 25 , 50 , 64 , 100 , 160 , 200 , 400 , 800 , 1600 , 3200 , and 6400 . Consumer print films are usually in the ISO 100 to ISO 800 range . Some films , like Kodak 's Technical Pan , are not ISO rated and therefore careful examination of the film 's properties must be made by the photographer before exposure and development . ISO 25 film is very `` slow '' , as it requires much more exposure to produce a usable image than `` fast '' ISO 800 film . Films of ISO 800 and greater are thus better suited to low - light situations and action shots ( where the short exposure time limits the total light received ) . The benefit of slower film is that it usually has finer grain and better color rendition than fast film . Professional photographers of static subjects such as portraits or landscapes usually seek these qualities , and therefore require a tripod to stabilize the camera for a longer exposure . Photographing subjects such as rapidly moving sports or in low - light conditions , a professional will choose a faster film . A film with a particular ISO rating can be push - processed , or `` pushed '' , to behave like a film with a higher ISO , by developing for a longer amount of time or at a higher temperature than usual . More rarely , a film can be `` pulled '' to behave like a `` slower '' film . Pushing generally coarsens grain and increases contrast , reducing dynamic range , to the detriment of overall quality . Nevertheless , it can be a useful tradeoff in difficult shooting environments , if the alternative is no usable shot at all . Special films ( edit ) Instant photography , as popularized by Polaroid , uses a special type of camera and film that automates and integrates development , without the need of further equipment or chemicals . This process is carried out immediately after exposure , as opposed to regular film , which is developed afterwards and requires additional chemicals . See instant film . Films can be made to record non-visible ultraviolet ( UV ) and infrared ( IR ) radiation . These films generally require special equipment ; for example , most photographic lenses are made of glass and will therefore filter out most ultraviolet light . Instead , expensive lenses made of quartz must be used . Infrared films may be shot in standard cameras using an infrared band - or long - pass filter , although the infrared focal point must be compensated for . Exposure and focusing are difficult when using UV or IR film with a camera and lens designed for visible light . The ISO standard for film speed only applies to visible light , so visual - spectrum light meters are nearly useless . Film manufacturers can supply suggested equivalent film speeds under different conditions , and recommend heavy bracketing ( e.g. , with a certain filter , assume ISO 25 under daylight and ISO 64 under tungsten lighting ) . This allows a light meter to be used to estimate an exposure . The focal point for IR is slightly farther away from the camera than visible light , and UV slightly closer ; this must be compensated for when focusing . Apochromatic lenses are sometimes recommended due to their improved focusing across the spectrum . Film optimized for sensing X-ray radiation is commonly used for medical imaging by placing the subject between the film and a source of X-rays , without a lens , as if a translucent object were imaged by being placed between a light source and standard film . Unlike other types of film , X-ray film has a sensitive emulsion on both sides of the carrier material . This reduces the X-ray exposure for an acceptable image -- a desirable feature in medical radiography . The film is usually placed in contact with a thin layer of lead which also enhances its sensitivity . Film optimized for sensing X-rays and for gamma rays is sometimes used for radiation dosimetry and personal monitoring . Film has a number of disadvantages as a scientific detector : it is difficult to calibrate for photometry , it is not re-usable , it requires careful handling ( including temperature and humidity control ) for best calibration , and the film must physically be returned to the laboratory and processed . Against this , photographic film can be made with a higher spatial resolution than any other type of imaging detector , and , because of its logarithmic response to light , has a wider dynamic range than most digital detectors . For example , Agfa 10E56 holographic film has a resolution of over 4,000 lines / mm -- equivalent to a pixel size of 0.125 micrometers -- and an active dynamic range of over five orders of magnitude in brightness , compared to typical scientific CCDs that might have pixels of about 10 micrometers and a dynamic range of 3 -- 4 orders of magnitude . Special films are used for the long exposures required by astrophotography . Decline ( edit ) Film remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century , when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats . The first consumer electronic camera , the Sony Mavica was released in 1981 , the first digital camera , the Fuji DS - X released in 1989 , coupled with advances in software such as Adobe Photoshop which was released in 1989 , improvements in consumer level digital color printers and increasingly widespread computers in households during the late 20th century facilitated uptake of digital photography by consumers . Although modern photography is dominated by digital users , film continues to be used by enthusiasts . Film remains the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive `` look '' . DX codes ( edit ) 135 Film Cartridge with DX barcode ( top ) and DX CAS code on the black and white grid below the barcode . The CAS code shows the ISO , number of exposures , exposure latitude ( + 3 / − 1 for print film ) . DX film edge barcode DX Encoding ( Digital indeX ) , or DX coding was initially developed by Kodak in the 1980s , and eventually adapted by all camera and film manufacturers . It provides information on both the film cassette and on the film regarding the type of film , number of exposures , speed ( ISO / ASA rating ) of the film . It consists of three types of identification . First is a barcode near the film opening of the cassette , identifying the manufacturer , film type and processing method ( see image below left ) . This is used by photofinishing equipment during film processing . The second part is a barcode on the edge of the film ( see image below right ) , used also during processing , which indicates the image film type , manufacturer , frame number and synchronizes the position of the frame . The third part of DX coding , known as the DX Camera Auto Sensing ( CAS ) code , consists of a series of 12 metal contacts on the film cassette , which beginning with cameras manufactured after 1985 could detect the type of film , number of exposures and ISO of the film , and use that information to automatically adjust the camera settings for the speed of the film . Common sizes of film ( edit ) See also : Film format Source : Film Designation Film width ( mm ) Image size ( mm ) Number of images Comments 110 16 13 × 17 12 / 20 Single perforations , cartridge loaded APS / IX240 24 17 × 30 15 / 25 / 40 e.g. , Kodak `` Advantix '' , different aspect ratios possible , data recorded on magnetic strip , processed film remains in cartridge 126 35 26 × 26 12 or 20 Single perforations , cartridge loaded , e.g. , Kodak Instamatic camera 135 35 24 × 36 ( 1.0 x 1.5 in . ) 12 -- 36 Double perforations , cassette loaded , `` 35 mm film '' 120 62 45 × 60 16 or 15 Unperforated , rolled in backing paper . For medium format photography 60 × 60 12 60 × 70 10 60 × 90 8 220 62 45 × 60 32 or 31 Same as 120 , but rolled with no backing paper , allowing for double the number of images . Unperforated film with leader and trailer . 60 × 60 24 60 × 70 20 60 × 90 16 Sheet film 2 1⁄4 x 3 1⁄4 to 20 x 24 in . Individual sheets of film , notched in corner for identification , for large format photography Disc film 10 × 8 mm 15 Motion picture films 8 mm , 16 mm , 35 mm and 70 mm Double perforations , cassette loaded Companies ( edit ) In production ( edit ) ADOX - Made in Germany Agfa - Gevaert - Made in Belgium Bergger - Made in France Lucky - Made in China Cinestill - Kodak motion picture film modified for C - 41 processing Dai Nippon Printing - Made in Japan FILM Ferrania - Made in Italy Foma Bohemia Ltd - Made in Czech Republic Fujifilm - Made in Japan Indu - Made in India Ilford - Made in England Kodak - Made in U.S.A Mitsubishi Imaging - Made in Japan ORWO - Made in East Germany Polaroid Originals - Made in The Netherlands Shanghai - Made in China Tasma - Made in Russia Discontinued ( edit ) 3M ( Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company ) - Made in U.S. , private label films for many chain stores and photofinishing firms ; also sold by 3M themselves under the trade name Dynachrome AgfaPhoto - Branded products formerly produced by other manufacturers under licence Ansco - Made in U.S. ; in later years known as GAF AzoPan - Black and white film , Made in Romania AzoColor - Color film , Made in Romania DuPont ( also DuPont - Pathé ) - Made in U.S. Efke - Made in Croatia ( ceased production in 2012 ) Ferrania ( which became Imation and sold the Solaris brand ) - Made in Italy Forte - Made in Hungary Konica Minolta - Made in Japan Maco - Made in Germany Perutz - Made in West Germany Polaroid Corporation - Made in USA , Mexico , Scotland and Netherlands Seagull - Made in China Svema - Made in Ukraine VALCA - Made in Spain Foton - Made in Poland Image gallery ( edit ) 9.5 mm film Mycro 17.5 mm film Kodak Agfa 16mm film 120 film 35mm film See also ( edit ) APUG List of photographic equipment makers List of photographic films Sensitometry Oversampled binary image sensor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The distinctively `` look '' of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors , including ( 1 ) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity ( S - shaped density to exposure with film , vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors c.f. ) ( 2 ) resolution ( 3 ) continuity of tone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karlheinz Keller et al. `` Photography '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a20_001 Jump up ^ Rogers , David ( 2007 ) . The Chemistry of Photography : From Classical to Digital Technologies . Cambridge , UK : The Royal Society of Chemistry . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85404 - 273 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anchell , Steve ( 2008 ) . The Darkroom Cookbook p. 103 - 105 . Elsevier , Oxford OX2 8DP , UK . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 81055 - 3 Jump up ^ Schwalberg Bob ( June 1984 ) . `` Popular Photography '' . Popular Photography. 91 ( 6 ) : 55 . Jump up ^ Osterman , Mark ( 2007 ) . `` Technical Evolution of Photography '' . In Peres , Michael . The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Focal Press . pp. 28 et . seq . ISBN 978 - 024080740 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Warren ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Photography . Routledge . pp. 515 -- 520 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 393 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Harvard College Observatory Astronomical Plate Stacks '' . SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Products '' . Ilford Photo . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1878 - 1929 '' . Eastman Kodak . 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hannavy John ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Nineteenth - Century Photography . Routledge . p. 251 . Jump up ^ `` 1878 - 1929 '' . Eastman Kodak . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` www.loc.gov '' . loc.gov. 2014 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Day Lance McNeil Ian ( 2002 ) . Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology . Routledge . p. 631 . ISBN 1134650205 . ^ Jump up to : Peres , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Focal encyclopedia of photography : digital imaging , theory and applications , history , and science ( 4th ed . ) . Burlington , MA : Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 024080740 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Langford , Michael ( 2010 ) . Langford 's Basic Photography : The guide for serious photographers , 9th ed . Oxford , UK : Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 52168 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` dr5CHROME B&W reversal process information '' . Jump up ^ Haist , Grant ( 1979 ) . Modern photographic processing . New York : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0471022282 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , pp. 232 -- 234 . ^ Jump up to : Peres , Michael R. ( 2008 ) . The concise Focal encyclopedia of photography : from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution . Burlington , Mass. : Focal Press / Elsevier . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80998 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , pp. 306 -- 309 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Sensitometry and Characteristics of Film '' ( PDF ) . Kodak Cinema and Television : Technical Information . Kodak . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ `` KODAK PROFESSIONAL Technical Pan Film Technical Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Eastman Kodak Company . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ London , Barbara ; Upton , John ( 1998 ) . Photography ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0321011082 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=epvvCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67&lpg=PA67 Jump up ^ `` 1988 / 1989 - First Consumer Digital Cameras '' . History of the digital camera and digital imaging . The Digital Camera Museum . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H&D curve of film vs digital '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Claire Elise Campton ( 17 August 2016 ) . `` Film Photography '' . Photopholio . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Francois ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` The DX story - or how the coding works '' . filmwasters.com . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Grundberg , Andy ( 12 October 1986 ) . `` CAMERA : How to Read the Code on DX Film Cartridges '' . The New York Times : Arts Section . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Jacobson 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Fotokemika Ceases Production , Affects Efke / ADOX '' . La Vida Leica ! . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Bibliography ( edit ) Jacobson , Ralph E. ( 2000 ) . The Focal Manual of Photography : Photographic and Digital Imaging ( 9th ed . ) . Boston , Mass. : Focal Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 51574 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Photographic films . ( hide ) Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value Zebra patterning F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Burst mode Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Portal NDL : 00563257 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photographic_film&oldid=806571663 '' Categories : 1885 introductions Photographic films Photography equipment Storage media Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic%20film	93,121
virus taxonomy the database of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv)			International Committee on Taxonomy of viruses	international committee on taxonomy of viruses	The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ( ICTV ) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclatures for viruses . The ICTV have developed a universal taxonomic - scheme for viruses , and means to describe , name , and classify every virus that affects living organisms . The members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are considered expert virologists . The ICTV was formed from and is governed by the Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies . Detailed work , such as delimiting the boundaries of species within a family , typically is performed by study groups of experts in the families .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Principles of nomenclature 3 Naming and changing taxa 4 Rules for taxa 4.1 Species 4.2 Genera 4.3 Subfamilies 4.4 Families 4.5 Orders 5 Rules for sub-viral agents 6 Rules for orthography 7 Classification of viruses discovered by metagenomics 8 ICTV reports 9 ICTVdb database 10 See also 11 Reports 12 References 13 External links Objectives ( edit ) The objectives of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are : To develop an internationally agreed taxonomy for viruses To establish internationally agreed names for virus taxa . To communicate the decisions reached concerning the classification and nomenclature of viruses to virologists by holding meetings and publishing reports . To maintain an Official Index of agreed names of virus taxa . To study the virus effects in modern society and their behaviour . Principles of nomenclature ( edit ) The ICTV 's essential principles of virus nomenclature are : Stability To avoid or reject the use of names which might cause error or confusion To avoid the unnecessary creation of names The ICTV 's universal virus classification system uses a slightly modified version of the standard biological classification system . It only recognises the taxa order , family , subfamily , genus , and species . When it is uncertain how to classify a species into a genus but its classification in a family is clear , it will be classified as an unassigned species of that family . Many taxa remain unranked . There are also , as of 2005 , GenBank sequences assigned to 3,142 `` species '' which are not accounted for in the ICTV report ( due to the way GenBank works , however , the actual number of proper species is probably significantly smaller ) . The number of unidentified virus sequences is only expected to increase as the rate of virus sequencing increases dramatically . The ICTV has been strikingly successful in achieving stability , since their inception in 1962 . Every genus and family recognized in the 1980s continued to be in use as of 2005 , for example . Naming and changing taxa ( edit ) Proposals for new names , name changes , and the establishment and taxonomic placement of taxa are handled by the Executive Committee of the ICTV in the form of proposals . All relevant ICTV subcommittees and study groups are consulted prior to a decision being taken . The name of a taxon has no official status until it has been approved by ICTV , and names will only be accepted if they are linked to approved hierarchical taxa . If no suitable name is proposed for a taxon , the taxon may be approved and the name be left undecided until the adoption of an acceptable international name , when one is proposed to and accepted by ICTV . Names must not convey a meaning for the taxon which would seem to either exclude viruses which are rightfully members of that taxa , exclude members which might one day belong to that taxa , or include viruses which are members of different taxa . Rules for taxa ( edit ) Species ( edit ) A species name shall consist of as few words as practicable but must not consist only of a host name and the word virus . A species name must provide an appropriately unambiguous identification of the species . Numbers , letters , or combinations thereof may be used as species epithets where such numbers and letters are already widely used . However , newly designated serial numbers , letters or combinations thereof are not acceptable alone as species epithets . If a number or letter series is in existence it may be continued . Genera ( edit ) A virus genus is a group of related species that share some significant properties and often only differ in host range and virulence . A genus name must be a single word ending in the suffix - virus . Approval of a new genus must be accompanied by the approval of a type species . Subfamilies ( edit ) A subfamily is a group of genera sharing certain common characters . The taxon shall be used only when it is needed to solve a complex hierarchical problem . A subfamily name must be a single word ending in the suffix - virinae . Families ( edit ) A family is a group of genera , whether or not these are organized into subfamilies , sharing certain common characters . A family name must be a single word ending in the suffix - viridae . Orders ( edit ) An order is a group of families sharing certain common characters . An order name must be a single word ending in the suffix - virales . Rules for sub-viral agents ( edit ) Rules concerned with the classification of viruses shall also apply to the classification of viroids . The formal endings for taxa of viroids are the word viroid for species , the suffix - viroid for genera , the suffix - viroinae for sub-families , should this taxon be needed , and - viroidae for families . Retrotransposons are considered to be viruses in classification and nomenclature . Satellites and prions are not classified as viruses but are assigned an arbitrary classification as seems useful to workers in the particular fields . Rules for orthography ( edit ) In formal taxonomic usage the accepted names of virus orders , families , subfamilies , and genera are printed in italics and the first letters of the names are capitalized . Species names are printed in italics and have the first letter of the first word capitalized . Other words are not capitalized unless they are proper nouns , or parts of proper nouns . In formal usage , the name of the taxon shall precede the term for the taxonomic unit . Classification of viruses discovered by metagenomics ( edit ) Acknowledging the importance of viral metagenomics , the ICTV recognizes that genomes assembled from metagenomic data represent actual viruses and encourages their official classification following the same procedures as those used for viruses isolated and characterized using classical virology approaches . ICTV reports ( edit ) The ICTV has published reports of virus taxonomy about twice a decade since 1971 ( listed below - `` Reports '' ) . The ninth ICTV report was published in December 2011 ; the content is now freely available through the ICTV website . Beginning in 2017 the tenth ICTV report will be published online on the ICTV website and will be free to access with individual chapters updated on a rolling basis . ICTVdB database ( edit ) ICTVdb is a species and isolate database that has been intended to serve as a companion to the ICTV taxonomy database . The development of ICTVdB has been supported by the ICTV since 1991 and was initially intended to aid taxonomic research . The database classifies viruses based primarily on their chemical characteristics , genomic type , nucleic acid replication , diseases , vectors , and geographical distribution , among other characteristics . The database was developed at the Australian National University with support of the US National Science Foundation , and sponsored by the American Type Culture Collection . It uses the Description Language for Taxonomy ( DELTA ) system , a world standard for taxonomic data exchange , developed at Australia 's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ( CSIRO ) . DELTA is able to store a wide diversity of data and translate it into a language suitable for traditional reports and web publication . For example , ICTVdB does not itself contain genomic sequence information but can convert DELTA data into NEXUS format . It can also handle large data inputs and is suited to compiling long lists of virus properties , text comments , and images . ICTVdB has grown in concept and capability to become a major reference resource and research tool , in 1999 it was receiving over 30,000 combined online hits per day from its main site at the Australian National University , and two mirror sites based in the UK and United States . In 2011 , the ICTV decided to suspend the ICTVdb project and web site . This decision was made after it became apparent that the taxonomy provided on the site was many years out of date , and that some of the information on the site was inaccurate due to problems with how the database was being queried and processed to support the natural language output of the ICTVdb web site . The ICTV has begun discussions on how best to fix these problems , but decided that the time frame for updates and error correction were sufficiently long that it was best to take the site down rather than perpetuate the release of inaccurate information . As of August 2013 , the database remains on hold . According to some views , `` ICTV should also promote the use of a public database to replace the ICTV database as a store of the primary metadata of individual viruses , and should publish abstracts of the ICTV Reports in that database , so that they are ' Open Access ' . '' See also ( edit ) Viruses portal Virus classification Bioinformatics DELTA ( taxonomy ) Reports ( edit ) Viruses , International Committee on Nomenclature of ; Wildy , Peter ( 1971 ) . Classification and nomenclature of viruses . 1st report . Out of print Viruses , International Committee on Taxonomy of ; Fenner , Frank ( 1976 ) . Classification and nomenclature of viruses . 2nd report . ISBN 3805524188 . Viruses , International Committee on Taxonomy of ; Matthews , Richard Ellis Ford ; Section On Virology , International Association of Microbiological Societies ( 1979 ) . Classification and nomenclature of viruses . 3rd report . ISBN 380550523X . Ellis , Richard ; Matthews , Ford , eds. ( 1982 ) . Classification and nomenclature of viruses . 4th report . Karger . p. 199 . ISBN 9783805535571 . Viruses , International Committee on Taxonomy of ; Francki , R.I. B ( 1991 ) . Classification and nomenclature of viruses . 5th report . ISBN 3211822860 . Murphy , Frederik A ( 1995 ) . Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses . 6th report . ISBN 3211825940 . Viruses , International Committee On Taxonomy Of ; Van Regenmortel , M.H. V ; Fauquet , C. M ; Bishop , D.H. L ( 2000 ) . Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses . 7th report . ISBN 0123702003 . Fauquet , C.M. , ed. ( 2005 ) . Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses . 8th report . Elsevier / Academic Press . ISBN 008057548X . King , Andrew M.Q. ; Lefkowitz , Elliot ; Adams , Michael J. ; et al. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses . 9th report . Elsevier / Academic Press . p. 1338 . ISBN 9780123846846 . Also available online . ICTV 10th ( online ) Report References ( edit ) Jump up ^ King , Andrew M.Q. ; Lefkowitz , E. ; Adams , M.J. ; Carstens , E.B. ( 2012 ) . Virus Taxonomy Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses : Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 384684 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Fauquet CM , Fargette D ( 2005 ) . `` International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the 3,142 unassigned species '' . Virol. J. 2 : 64 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 2 - 64 . PMC 1208960 . PMID 16105179 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Viral taxonomy needs a spring clean ; its exploration era is over '' . Virol. J. 10 : 254 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 10 - 254 . PMC 3751428 . PMID 23938184 . Jump up ^ `` Banking Diverse Data - The Origins of ICTVdB '' . archive.org. 13 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nas.edu/gateway/international/1177.html Jump up ^ Ali , Muhammad ( 2016 ) . `` Towards a coherent nomenclature of plant viruses '' . Virologica Sinica. 31 ( 3 ) : 197 -- 198 . doi : 10.1007 / s12250 - 016 - 3741 - 5 . Jump up ^ Simmonds P , Adams MJ , Benkő M , Breitbart M , Brister JR , Carstens EB , Davison AJ , Delwart E , Gorbalenya AE , Harrach B , Hull R , King AMQ , Koonin EV , Krupovic M , Kuhn JH , Lefkowitz EJ , Nibert ML , Orton R , Roossinck MJ , Sabanadzovic S , Sullivan MB , Suttle CA , Tesh RB , van der Vlugt RA , Varsani A , Zerbini FM ( 2017 ) . `` Consensus statement : Virus taxonomy in the age of metagenomics '' ( PDF ) . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 15 ( 3 ) : 161 -- 168 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro. 2016.177 . PMID 28134265 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Adams MJ , Lefkowitz EJ , King AM , Harrach B , Harrison RL , Knowles NJ , Kropinski AM , Krupovic M , Kuhn JH , Mushegian AR , Nibert ML , Sabanadzovic S , Sanfaçon H , Siddell SG , Simmonds P , Varsani A , Zerbini FM , Orton RJ , Smith DB , Gorbalenya AE , Davison AJ ( 2017 ) . `` 50 years of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses : progress and prospects '' ( PDF ) . Archives of Virology. 162 ( 5 ) : 1441 -- 1446 . doi : 10.1007 / s00705 - 016 - 3215 - y . PMID 28078475 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ King , Andrew M.Q. ; et al. , eds. ( 2012 ) . Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . London : Academic Press . ISBN 0123846846 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ICTV Ninth Report '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ICTV Tenth Report '' . Jump up ^ Maddison DR , Swofford DL , Maddison WP ( December 1997 ) . `` NEXUS : an extensible file format for systematic information '' . Syst. Biol. 46 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 621 . doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.4. 590 . PMID 11975335 . Jump up ^ Boxed data , The origin of ICTVdB , webpage , retrieved 22 June 2006 External links ( edit ) Official website `` History of the ICTVdB '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 . Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center Gibbs , Adrian J ( Aug 9 , 2013 ) . `` Viral taxonomy needs a spring clean ; its exploration era is over '' . Virology. 10 : 254 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 10 - 254 . PMC 3751428 . PMID 23938184 . Abstract : The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has recently changed its approved definition of a viral species , and also discontinued work on its database of virus description Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Committee_on_Taxonomy_of_Viruses&oldid=835146814 '' Categories : Taxonomy organizations Virology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 04 . 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which of these was the 50th state to join the united states	Hawaii ( English : / həˈwaɪ. i , - ji , - ʔi / ( listen ) hə - WY - ( y ) ee ; Hawaiian : Hawai ʻi ( həˈvɐjʔi ) ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America .	Hawaii	Hawaii	hawaii	Coordinates : 21 ° 18 ′ 41 '' N 157 ° 47 ′ 47 '' W / 21.31139 ° N 157.79639 ° W / 21.31139 ; - 157.79639	State of Hawaii Moku ʻāina o Hawai ʻi ( Hawaiian ) Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : The Aloha State ( official ) , Paradise of the Pacific , The Islands of Aloha Motto ( s ) : Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono ( `` The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness '' ) State song ( s ) : `` Hawai ʻi Pono ʻī ( Hawai ʻi 's Own True Sons ) '' Official language English , Hawaiian Demonym Hawaiian Capital ( and largest city ) Honolulu Largest metro Island of Oahu Area Ranked 43rd Total 10,931 sq mi ( 28,311 km ) Width n / a miles ( n / a km ) Length 1,522 miles ( 2,450 km ) % water 41.2 Latitude 18 ° 55 ′ N to 28 ° 27 ′ N Longitude 154 ° 48 ′ W to 178 ° 22 ′ W Population Ranked 40th Total 1,428,557 ( 2016 est . ) Density 214 / sq mi ( 82.6 / km ) Ranked 13th Median household income $64,514 ( 12th ) Elevation Highest point Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4205.0 m ) Mean 3,030 ft ( 920 m ) Lowest point Pacific Ocean sea level Before statehood Territory of Hawaii Admission to Union August 21 , 1959 ( 50th ) Governor David Ige ( D ) Lieutenant Governor Shan Tsutsui ( D ) Legislature State Legislature Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives U.S. Senators Brian Schatz ( D ) Mazie Hirono ( D ) U.S. House delegation 1 : Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 : Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) ( list ) Time zone Hawaii : UTC − 10 ( no DST ) ISO 3166 US - HI Abbreviations HI , H.I. Website www.hawaii.gov ( show ) Hawaii state symbols The Flag of Hawaii The Seal of Hawaii Living insignia Bird Nene Fish Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa Flower Pua aloalo Insect Pulelehua Tree Kukui tree Inanimate insignia Dance Hula Food Kalo ( taro ) Gemstone ʻĒkaha kū moana ( black coral ) Song `` Hawaiʻi Ponoʻi '' Other Heʻe nalu ( surfing ) ( state individual sport ) State route marker State quarter Released in 2008 Lists of United States state symbols Hawaii ( English : / həˈwaɪ. i , - ji , - ʔi / ( listen ) hə - WY - ( y ) ee ; Hawaiian : Hawai ʻi ( həˈvɐjʔi ) ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America . The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Ni ʻihau , Kaua ʻi , Oʻahu , Moloka ʻi , Lāna ʻi , Kaho ʻolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawai ʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawai ʻi Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th - century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . Hawaii is the 8th - smallest and the 11th - least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Spelling of state name 2 Geography and environment 2.1 Topography 2.2 Geology 2.3 Flora and fauna 2.4 Protected areas 2.5 Climate 3 History 3.1 First human settlement -- Ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) 3.2 European arrival 3.3 Kingdom of Hawai ʻi 3.3. 1 House of Kamehameha 3.3. 2 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations 3.4 Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) 3.5 Annexation -- the Territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) 3.6 Political changes of 1954 -- the State of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Ancestry 4.3 Languages 4.3. 1 Hawaiian 4.3. 2 Hawaiian Pidgin 4.4 Religion 4.5 Birth data 4.6 LGBT 5 Economy 5.1 Taxation 5.2 Cost of living 6 Culture 6.1 Cuisine 6.2 Customs and etiquette 6.3 Hawaiian mythology 6.4 Polynesian mythology 6.5 List of state parks 6.6 Literature 6.7 Music 6.8 Sports 7 Tourism 8 Health 9 Education 9.1 Public schools 9.2 Private schools 9.3 Colleges and universities 9.4 Pūnana Leo 10 Transportation 10.1 Rail 11 Governance 11.1 Political subdivisions and local government 11.2 State government 11.3 Federal government 11.4 Politics 12 Legal status of Hawaii 12.1 Hawaiian sovereignty movement 13 Gallery of satellite views and landmarks 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 16 Bibliography 17 External links Etymology The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island , Hawai ʻi . A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawai ʻi is that was named for Hawai ʻiloa , a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth . He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled . The Hawaiian language word Hawai ʻi is very similar to Proto - Polynesian * Sawaiki , with the reconstructed meaning `` homeland '' . Cognates of Hawai ʻi are found in other Polynesian languages , including Māori ( Hawaiki ) , Rarotongan ( ʻAvaiki ) and Samoan ( Savai ʻi ) . According to linguists Pukui and Elbert , `` ( e ) lsewhere in Polynesia , Hawai ʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home , but in Hawaii , the name has no meaning '' . Spelling of state name A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language . The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Article XV , Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii . Diacritics were not used because the document , drafted in 1949 , predates the use of the okina ( ʻ ) and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography . The exact spelling of the state 's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawai ʻi . In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood , the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name . Official government publications , department and office titles , and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length . In contrast , the National and State Parks Services , the University of Hawai ʻi and some private enterprises implement these symbols . No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 . However , the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780 , and in 1819 the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas . Geography and environment Main article : Hawaiian Islands There are eight main Hawaiian islands , seven of which are permanently inhabited . The island of Ni ʻihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson ; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island 's owners . Access to uninhabited Kahoʻolawe island is also restricted . Hawaii from space , January 26 , 2014 Nā Pali Coast State Park , Kauaʻi The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii The main islands The Hawaiian archipelago : main islands , the Northwest Hawaiian Islands , and Midway Atoll Island Nickname Area Population ( as of 2010 ) Density Highest point Elevation Age ( Ma ) Location Hawai ʻi The Big Island 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) 185,079 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) Mauna Kea 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) 0.4 19 ° 34 ′ N 155 ° 30 ′ W / 19.567 ° N 155.500 ° W / 19.567 ; - 155.500 ( Hawaii ) Maui The Valley Isle 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) 144,444 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) Haleakalā 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) 1.3 -- 0.8 20 ° 48 ′ N 156 ° 20 ′ W / 20.800 ° N 156.333 ° W / 20.800 ; - 156.333 ( Maui ) Oʻahu The Gathering Place 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) 953,207 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) Mount Ka ʻala 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) 3.7 -- 2.6 21 ° 28 ′ N 157 ° 59 ′ W / 21.467 ° N 157.983 ° W / 21.467 ; - 157.983 ( Oahu ) Kaua ʻi The Garden Isle 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) 66,921 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) Kawaikini 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) 5.1 22 ° 05 ′ N 159 ° 30 ′ W / 22.083 ° N 159.500 ° W / 22.083 ; - 159.500 ( Kauai ) Moloka ʻi The Friendly Isle 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) 7,345 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) Kamakou 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) 1.9 -- 1.8 21 ° 08 ′ N 157 ° 02 ′ W / 21.133 ° N 157.033 ° W / 21.133 ; - 157.033 ( Molokai ) Lāna ʻi The Pineapple Isle 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) 3,135 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) Lāna ʻihale 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) 1.3 20 ° 50 ′ N 156 ° 56 ′ W / 20.833 ° N 156.933 ° W / 20.833 ; - 156.933 ( Lanai ) Ni ʻihau The Forbidden Isle 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) 170 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) Mount Pānī ʻau 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) 4.9 21 ° 54 ′ N 160 ° 10 ′ W / 21.900 ° N 160.167 ° W / 21.900 ; - 160.167 ( Niihau ) Kaho ʻolawe The Target Isle 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) 0 8 0 Pu ʻu Moaulanui 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) 1.0 20 ° 33 ′ N 156 ° 36 ′ W / 20.550 ° N 156.600 ° W / 20.550 ; - 156.600 ( Kahoolawe ) Topography The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean The Hawaiian archipelago is located 2,000 mi ( 3,200 km ) southwest of the contiguous United States . Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska . Hawaii , along with Alaska , does not border any other U.S. state . It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America , the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago , and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable . In addition to the eight main islands , the state has many smaller islands and islets . Ka ʻula is a small island near Ni ʻihau . The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small , older islands to the northwest of Kaua ʻi that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll ; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains . Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets , such as Molokini , which are either volcanic , marine sedimentary or erosional in origin . Hawaii 's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) above mean sea level ; it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain , which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet ( 10,200 m ) . Geology Main article : Hawaii hotspot Pāhoehoe , or smooth lava , spills into the Pacific Ocean , forming new rock off the coast of the Island of Hawaii . The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot . The process is continuing to build islands ; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary , slowly creating new volcanoes . Because of the hotspot 's location , all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawaii Island . The newest volcano , Lō ʻihi Seamount , is located south of the coast of Hawaii Island . The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakalā on Maui before the late 18th century , possibly hundreds of years earlier . In 1790 , Kīlauea exploded ; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States . Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on Kīlauea were killed by the eruption . Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features . Hawaii Island has the third - highest point among the world 's islands . On the flanks of the volcanoes , slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis , particularly in 1868 and 1975 . Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes . Flora and fauna See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii Corvus hawaiiensis , the endemic Hawaiian crow ( ʻalalā ) , is extinct in the wild . Because the islands of Hawaii are distant from other land habitats , life is thought to have arrived there by wind , waves ( i.e. by ocean currents ) and wings ( i.e. birds , insects , and any seeds they may have carried on their feathers ) . This isolation , in combination with the diverse environment ( including extreme altitudes , tropical climates , and arid shorelines ) , produced an array of endemic flora and fauna . Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state . One endemic plant , Brighamia , now requires hand - pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct . The two species of Brighamia -- B. rockii and B. insignis -- are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants . To ensure these plants set seed , biologists rappel down 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas . The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10 million years ; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there . The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field . On a single island , the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical ( less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall ) to wet tropical ; on the slopes , environments range from tropical rainforest ( more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year ) , through a temperate climate , to alpine conditions with a cold , dry climate . The rainy climate impacts soil development , which largely determines ground permeability , affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands . Protected areas French Frigate Shoals , located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , is protected as part of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument . Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service . Hawaii has two national parks : Haleakalā National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui , which features the dormant volcano Haleakalā that formed east Maui , and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the Hawai ʻi Island , which includes the active volcano Kīlauea and its rift zones . There are three national historical parks ; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa , Moloka ʻi , the site of a former leper colony ; Kaloko - Honokōhau National Historical Park in Kailua - Kona on Hawai ʻi Island ; and Pu ʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park , an ancient place of refuge on Hawai ʻi Island 's west coast . Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawai ʻi Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oʻahu . The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15 , 2006 . The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles ( 360,000 km ) of reefs , atolls , and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles ( 80 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean -- an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined . Climate See also : List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii A true - color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face the wind . The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the result of calmer waters . Hawaii 's climate is typical for the tropics , although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near - constant trade winds from the east . Summer highs usually reach around 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) during the day , with the temperature reaching a low of 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) at night . Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 ° F ( 28 ° C ) ; at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 ° F ( 18 ° C ) at night . Snow , not usually associated with the tropics , falls at 13,800 feet ( 4,200 m ) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months . Snow rarely falls on Haleakalā . Mount Wai ʻaleʻale on Kaua ʻi has the second - highest average annual rainfall on Earth , about 460 inches ( 12,000 mm ) per year . Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons ; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April . The warmest temperature recorded in the state , in Pahala on April 27 , 1931 , is 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) , making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state . Hawaii 's record low temperature is 12 ° F ( − 11 ° C ) observed in May 1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea . Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures . Climates vary considerably on each island ; they can be divided into windward and leeward ( ko ʻolau and kona , respectively ) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains . Windward sides face cloud cover . Honolulu Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.3 80 66 80 66 81 68 0.6 83 69 0.6 85 71 0.3 87 73 0.5 88 75 0.6 89 75 0.7 89 74 1.8 87 73 2.4 84 71 3.2 81 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 59 27 19 51 27 19 51 27 20 16 28 21 16 29 22 6.6 31 23 13 31 24 14 32 24 18 31 24 47 30 23 61 29 22 82 27 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Hilo Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 9.3 79 64 9.6 79 64 13 79 65 12 79 66 8.1 81 67 7.4 82 68 11 83 69 9.9 83 70 9.9 83 69 9.8 83 69 16 81 67 12 79 65 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 235 26 18 243 26 18 341 26 18 293 26 19 206 27 19 187 28 20 275 28 21 250 28 21 252 29 21 248 28 20 394 27 20 294 26 18 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Kahului Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.9 81 63 1.9 81 63 2.5 81 64 1.6 82 66 0.7 84 67 0.2 86 70 0.5 87 71 0.5 88 71 0.4 88 70 87 70 2.2 84 68 3.4 82 65 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 73 27 17 48 27 17 62 27 18 39 28 19 19 29 20 5.1 30 21 13 31 22 13 31 22 9.7 31 21 30 30 21 56 29 20 85 28 18 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Lihue Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.8 78 66 3.2 78 66 4.6 78 67 2.3 79 69 2.1 81 70 1.6 83 73 1.9 84 74 2.1 85 75 2.1 85 74 3.8 83 73 4.5 81 71 5.2 79 68 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 95 26 19 80 25 19 117 26 19 57 26 20 53 27 21 41 29 23 47 29 23 54 29 24 54 29 23 97 29 23 113 27 22 132 26 20 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Lanai City Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 2.5 76 60 1.6 76 60 1.6 77 61 0.9 78 61 0.5 80 63 0.6 82 65 0.4 83 66 0.5 84 67 0.9 83 67 1.4 82 66 2.4 79 64 2.2 77 61 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : National Climate Data Center ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 63 24 15 41 25 16 41 25 16 22 26 16 13 26 17 16 28 18 11 28 19 11 29 19 24 28 19 35 28 19 61 26 18 57 25 16 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm History Main article : History of Hawaii Part of a series on the History of Hawaii Timeline Ancient Kingdom of Hawaii Provisional Government Republic of Hawaii Modern - day Hawaii U.S. Territory State of Hawaii Hawaii portal Hawaii is one of four U.S. states -- apart from the original thirteen , along with the Vermont Republic ( 1791 ) , the Republic of Texas ( 1845 ) , and the California Republic ( 1846 ) -- that were independent nations prior to statehood . Along with Texas , Hawaii had formal , international diplomatic recognition as a nation . The Kingdom of Hawai ʻi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders . Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12 , 1898 , when it officially became a territory of the United States . Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21 , 1959 . First human settlement -- ancient Hawai ʻi ( 800 -- 1778 ) Main article : Ancient Hawaii Based on archaeological evidence , the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around 300 CE , probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands . A second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the 11th century . The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate . Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs , the kapu system , the practice of human sacrifice , and the building of heiau . This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology ( mo ʻolelo ) about Pa ʻao . Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa ʻao must be regarded as a myth . The history of the islands is marked by a slow , steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms , which grew to encompass whole islands . Local chiefs , called ali ʻi , ruled their settlements , and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals . Ancient Hawaii was a caste - based society , much like that of Hindus in India . European arrival Kalaniʻōpuʻu , King of Hawai ʻi , brings presents to Captain Cook . It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century -- 200 years before Captain James Cook 's first documented visit in 1778 . Ruy López de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot . Depending on the interpretation , Gaetano 's reports describe an encounter with either Hawai ʻi or the Marshall Islands . If de Villalobos ' crew spotted Hawai ʻi , Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands . Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility . Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai ʻi but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands . In this manuscript , the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada ( The Unfortunate Island ) , and what appears to be Hawai ʻi Island is named La Mesa ( The Table ) . Islands resembling Kahoolawe , Lanai , and Molokai are named Los Monjes ( The Monks ) . For two - and - a-half centuries , Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai ʻi on their way to Manila . The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers . The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii . Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . Cook published the islands ' location and rendered the native name as Owyhee . This spelling lives on in Owyhee County , Idaho . It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area . The Owyhee Mountains were also named for them . King Kamehameha receiving Otto von Kotzebue 's Russian naval expedition . Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816 . Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice . As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779 , a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as `` firewood '' , and a minor chief and his men took a ship 's boat . Cook abducted the King of Hawai ʻi Island , Kalani ʻōpuʻu , and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook 's boat . This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands . Instead , Kalani ʻōpuʻu 's supporters fought back , killing Cook and four marines as Cook 's party retreated along the beach to their ship . They departed without the ship 's boat . After Cook 's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages , the Hawaiian islands attracted many European visitors : explorers , traders , and eventually whalers , who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies . Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawai ʻi , which bears the Union Jack in the top - left corner . These visitors introduced diseases to the once - isolated islands , causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously . Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases , such as influenza , smallpox and measles . By 1820 , disease , famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population . During the 1850s , measles killed a fifth of Hawaii 's people . Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province ; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook 's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader , who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century . It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830 ; as with the other new infectious diseases , it proved damaging to the Hawaiians . Kingdom of Hawai ʻi Main article : Kingdom of Hawaii House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago . During the 1780s and 1790s , chiefs often fought for power . After a series of battles that ended in 1795 , all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler , who became known as King Kamehameha the Great . He established the House of Kamehameha , a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872 . After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819 , American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity . They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people . During the reign of King Kamehameha III , Hawai'i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution . Hiram Bingham I , a prominent Protestant missionary , was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period . Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs , leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects . Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom , but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population . Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka ʻi , which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century . The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope , both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints . The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V -- who did not name an heir -- resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kalākaua . Lunalilo died the next year , also without naming an heir . In 1874 , the election was contested within the legislature between Kalākaua and Emma , Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV . After riots broke out , the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order . King Kalākaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12 , 1874 . 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations In 1887 , Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers , the document stripped the king of much of his authority . It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier , white elite . Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not . As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence , it is known as the Bayonet Constitution . King Kalākaua , reduced to a figurehead , reigned until his death in 1891 . His sister , Queen Lili ʻuokalani , succeeded him ; she was the last monarch of Hawai ʻi . In 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch . On January 14 , 1893 , a group of mostly Euro - American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States . United States Government Minister John L. Stevens , responding to a request from the Committee of Safety , summoned a company of U.S. Marines . The Queen 's soldiers did not resist . According to historian William Russ , the monarchy was unable to protect itself . Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 ) Main articles : Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Historical -- Royalist Organizations ( from 1880s ) Queen Lili ʻuokalani , the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . In January 1893 , Queen Lili ʻuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety . Lawyer Sanford B. Dole , a citizen of Hawaii , became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4 , 1894 . Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne . The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report , which concluded that the removal of Lili ʻuokalani had been illegal . The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili ʻuokalani be reinstated , but the Provisional Government refused . Congress conducted an independent investigation , and on February 26 , 1894 , submitted the Morgan Report , which found all parties , including Minister Stevens -- with the exception of the Queen -- `` not guilty '' and not responsible for the coup . Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893 . In 1993 , the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow ; it was signed by President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not apologize and did not say the overthrow was illegal . It `` acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands , either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum '' . Annexation -- the territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 ) Main article : Territory of Hawaii In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions , which are depicted as savage children . The figures are Puerto Rico , Hawaii , Cuba , Philippines and `` Ladrones '' ( the Mariana Islands ) . After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election , advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii . The previous president , Grover Cleveland , was a friend of Queen Lili ʻuokalani . McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai ʻi . He met with three annexationists : Lorrin A. Thurston , Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney . After negotiations in June 1897 , Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii . The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty . Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians , the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S. ; it became the Territory of Hawaii . The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15 , 1898 , by 209 votes in favor to 91 against , and by the Senate on July 6 , 1898 , by a vote of 42 to 21 . In 1900 , Hawaii was granted self - governance and retained ʻIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building . Despite several attempts to become a state , Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years . Plantation owners and capitalists , who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five , found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap , foreign labor . Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states . The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that galvanized the United States into entering World War II . Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 , when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced , unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico . Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century . The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924 ; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S. Oʻahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 , 1941 . The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations , carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines , brought the United States into World War II . Political changes of 1954 -- the state of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present ) Main article : Democratic Revolution of 1954 ( Hawaii ) See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups § Modern -- Sovereignty Organizations ( 1960s -- present ) Prior to the postwar labor movement , Hawaii was governed by plantation owners . Here , three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928 . In the 1950s , the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers , who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens . They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party , strongly supported by plantation owners . The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii , which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years . Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College , residents actively campaigned for statehood . In Washington there was talk that Hawaii would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska , seen as a Democratic Party stronghold . These predictions turned out to be inaccurate ; today , Hawaii votes Democratic predominately , and Alaska votes Republican . In March 1959 , Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act , which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law . The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood ; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii . On June 27 , 1959 , a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill ; 94.3 % voted in favor of statehood and 5.7 % opposed it . The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory . The United Nations ' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self - governing territories . After attaining statehood , Hawaii quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy . Later , state programs promoted Hawaiian culture . The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture . Demographics Population Population density map of the Hawaiian islands See also : Hawaii statistical areas After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period , the overall population of Hawaii , until that time composed solely of indigenous Hawaiians , fell dramatically . The indigenous Hawaiian population succumbed to foreign diseases , declining from 300,000 in the 1770s , to 60,000 in the 1850s , to 24,000 in 1920 . The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century . The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level . As of 2010 , only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian only ancestry , just over half of the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population , although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races ( including other Polynesian groups , but mostly Asian and / or Caucasian ) . The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1 , 2015 ; an increase of 5.2 % since the 2010 United States Census . As of 2014 , Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603 ; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 ( 5.2 % ) since 2010 . This includes a natural increase of 48,111 ( 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 ; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people . The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i . Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas , which has been called the `` ninth island '' of Hawaii . Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million , due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents . O'ahu is the most populous island ; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles ( 1,546 km ) , approximately 1,650 people per square mile . Hawaii 's 1.4 million residents , spread across 6,000 square miles ( 15,500 km ) of land , result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile . The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois . The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years ; 77.1 years if male , 82.5 if female -- longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state . As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands . Historical population Year Population Notes 1778 300,000 1805 264,160 1831 130,313 Census 1850 82,000 1853 73,134 2,119 foreigners 1872 56,897 1876 53,900 1884 80,000 The native population continues to decline . 1890 40,000 native Hawaiians 1900 154,001 About 25 % Hawaiian / part - Hawaiian ; 40 % Japanese ; 16 % Chinese ; 12 % Portuguese ; and about 5 % other Caucasian 1910 191,874 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part - Hawaiians 1920 255,881 43 % of the population is of Japanese descent . 1930 368,336 1940 420,770 1950 499,794 1960 632,772 1970 769,913 1980 964,691 1990 1,108,228 2000 1,211,537 239,655 native Hawaiians ; Japanese : 21 % ; Filipino : 18 % ; Chinese : 8 % ; German : 6 % 1,360,301 10 % Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders ; Two or more races may include some of the remainder Ancestry Further information : Native Hawaiians , White Americans in Hawaii , Africans in Hawaii , and Japanese in Hawaii Mixed Hawaiian / European - American family in Honolulu , 1860s Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 154,001 -- 1910 191,874 24.6 % 1920 255,881 33.4 % 1930 368,300 43.9 % 1940 422,770 14.8 % 1950 499,794 18.2 % 1960 632,772 26.6 % 1970 769,913 21.7 % 1980 964,691 25.3 % 1990 1,108,229 14.9 % 2000 1,211,537 9.3 % 1,360,301 12.3 % Est. 2017 1,427,538 4.9 % Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate According to the 2010 United States Census , Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301 . The state 's population identified as 38.6 % Asian ; 24.7 % White ( 22.7 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) ; 23.6 % from two or more races ; 10.0 % Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders ; 8.9 % Hispanics and Latinos of any race ; 1.6 % Black or African American ; 1.2 % from some other race ; and 0.3 % Native American and Alaska Native . Hawaii racial breakdown of population ( hide ) Racial composition 1970 1990 2000 est. 2015 White 38.8 % 33.4 % 24.3 % 24.7 % 26.7 % Asian 57.7 % 61.8 % 41.6 % 38.6 % 37.3 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander 9.4 % 10.0 % 9.9 % Black 1.0 % 2.5 % 1.8 % 1.6 % 2.6 % Native American and Alaskan native 0.1 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.5 % Other race 2.4 % 1.9 % 1.2 % 1.2 % -- Two or more races -- -- 21.4 % 23.6 % 23.0 % Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state . It is the only state where Asian Americans identify as the largest ethnic group . In 2011 , 14.5 % of births were to white , non-Hispanic parents . Hawaii 's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 ( 14.6 % ) Filipino Americans , 185,000 ( 13.6 % ) Japanese Americans , roughly 55,000 ( 4.0 % ) Chinese Americans , and 24,000 ( 1.8 % ) Korean Americans . There are over 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians -- 5.9 % of the population . Including those with partial ancestry , Samoan Americans constitute 2.8 % of Hawaii 's population , and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6 % . Over 120,000 ( 8.8 % ) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii . Mexican Americans number over 35,000 ( 2.6 % ) ; Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 ( 3.2 % ) . Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25 % of Hawaii 's population , exceeding 320,000 people . Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed - race group , numbering about 66,000 ( 4.9 % ) . The Non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000 -- just over 20 % of the population . The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Hawaii 's population was 38.8 % white and 57.7 % Asian and Pacific Islander . The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German ( 7.4 % ) , Irish ( 5.2 % ) , English ( 4.6 % ) , Portuguese ( 4.3 % ) and Italian ( 2.7 % ) . About 82.2 % of the state 's residents were born in the United States . Roughly 75 % of foreign - born residents originate in Asia . Hawaii is a majority - minority state . It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014 ; the other two are California and New Mexico . Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation . Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran . They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine . Map of the largest racial / ethnic group by county . Red indicates Native Hawaiian , blue indicates non-Hispanic white , and green indicates Asian . Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population . Population of Hawaii Ancestry Percentage Main article : Filipino 13.6 % See Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese 12.6 % See Japanese in Hawaii Polynesian 9.0 % See Native Hawaiians Germans 7.4 % See German American Irish 5.2 % See Irish American English 4.6 % See English American Portuguese 4.3 % See Portuguese American Chinese 4.1 % See Chinese in Hawaii Korean 3.1 % See Korean American Mexican 2.9 % See Mexican American Puerto Rican 2.8 % See Puerto Rican Italian 2.7 % See Italian American African 2.4 % See African American French 1.7 % See French American Samoan 1.3 % See Samoan American Scottish 1.2 % See Scottish American The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China . Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789 . In 1820 , the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways . As of 2015 , a large proportion of Hawaii 's population have Asian ancestry -- especially Filipino , Japanese and Chinese . Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to - late 19th century . The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19 , 1868 . They were not approved by the then - current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate -- by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration . The first Japanese current - government - approved immigrants arrived on February 9 , 1885 , after Kalākaua 's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalākaua visited Japan in 1881 . Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899 ; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations . By 1901 , over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii . Languages English ( General American ) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii 's `` official languages '' in the state 's 1978 constitution . Article XV , Section 4 specifies that `` Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law '' . Hawai ʻi Creole English , locally referred to as `` Pidgin '' , is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others . As of the 2000 Census , 73.4 % of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home . According to the 2008 American Community Survey , 74.6 % of Hawaii 's residents over the age of five speak only English at home . In their homes , 21.0 % of state residents speak an additional Asian language , 2.6 % speak Spanish , 1.6 % speak other Indo - European languages and 0.2 % speak another language . After English , other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog , Japanese and Ilocano . Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages ; the most numerous are German , Portuguese , Italian and French . 5.4 % of residents speak Tagalog -- which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language , the national , co-official , Tagalog - based language ; 5.0 % speak Japanese and 4.0 % speak Ilocano ; 1.2 % speak Chinese , 1.7 % speak Hawaiian ; 1.7 % speak Spanish ; 1.6 % speak Korean ; and 1.0 % speak Samoan . The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY . Hawaiian Main article : Hawaiian language The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers , about 0.15 % of the total population . According to the United States Census , there were over 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006 -- 2008 . Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family . It is closely related to other Polynesian languages , such as Marquesan , Tahitian , Māori , Rapa Nui ( the language of Easter Island ) , and less closely to Samoan and Tongan . According to Schütz , the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands , Samoa and Tonga . These Polynesians remained in the islands ; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language . Kimura and Wilson say , `` ( l ) inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian , with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas , and a secondary link in Tahiti , which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands '' . Before the arrival of Captain James Cook , the Hawaiian language had no written form . That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 . They assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet . Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century . With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs , specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established . The University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program . Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments . Hawai'i Sign Language , a sign language for the deaf based on the Hawaiian language , has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s . It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains . Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds . In modern practice , vowel length is indicated with a macron ( kahakō ) . Hawaiian - language newspapers ( nūpepa ) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing . The ʻokina and kahakō are intended to help non-native speakers . The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop ( ʻokina ) as a consonant . It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left - hanging ( opening ) single quotation mark . Hawaiian pidgin Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some residents of Hawaii speak Hawai ʻi Creole English ( HCE ) , endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English . The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , Ilocano and Tagalog . During the 19th century , the increase in immigration -- mainly from China , Japan , Portugal -- especially from the Azores and Madeira , and Spain -- catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin . By the early 20th century , pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language . HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic . Most place names are retained from Hawaiian , as are some names for plants and animals . For example , tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name , ahi . HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words . For example , `` aunty '' and `` uncle '' may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder . Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English . For example , instead of `` it is hot today , is n't it ? '' , an HCE speaker would say simply `` stay hot , eh ? '' The term da kine is used as a filler ; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase . During the surfing boom in Hawaii , HCE was influenced by surfer slang . Some HCE expressions , such as brah and da kine , have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities . Religion The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture . Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii . It is mainly represented by various Protestants , Catholics and Mormons . Buddhism is the second most popular religion , especially among the archipelago 's Japanese community . Unaffilliated account for one - quarter of the population . The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010 and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009 . The third - largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches , with 128 congregations and 32,000 members . The third - largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ , with 115 congregations and 20,000 members . The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii . According to data provided by religious establishments , religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows : Christianity : 351,000 ( 29 % ) Buddhism : 110,000 ( 9 % ) Judaism : 10,000 ( 1 % ) Other : 100,000 ( 10 % ) Unaffiliated : 650,000 ( 51 % ) Jump up ^ `` Other '' refers to religions other than Christianity , Buddhism , or Judaism ; this group includes Bahá'í Faith , Confucianism , Daoism , the Hawaiian religion , Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Shintoism , Zoroastrianism , and other religions . Jump up ^ `` Unaffiliated '' refers to people who do not belong to a congregation ; this group includes agnostics , atheists , humanists , deists and the irreligious . A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows : Religious affiliation in Hawaii ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of Hawai'i's population Christian 63 63 Protestant 38 38 Evangelical Protestant 25 25 Mainline Protestant 11 11 Black church Catholic 20 20 Mormon Jehovah 's Witnesses Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian Unaffiliated 26 26 Nothing in particular 20 20 Agnostic 5 5 Atheist Non-Christian faiths 10 10 Jewish 0.5 0.5 Muslim 0.5 0.5 Buddhist 8 8 Hindu 0.5 0.5 Other Non-Christian faiths 0.5 0.5 Do n't know Total 100 100 Birth Data Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live births by race / ethnicity of mother Race 2013 2014 2015 Asian 12,203 ( 64.3 % ) 11,535 ( 62.2 % ) 11,443 ( 62.1 % ) White : 6,045 ( 31.8 % ) 6,368 ( 34.3 % ) 6,322 ( 34.3 % ) > Non-Hispanic white 4,940 ( 26.0 % ) 4,881 ( 26.3 % ) 4,803 ( 26.1 % ) Black 671 ( 3.5 % ) 617 ( 3.3 % ) 620 ( 3.3 % ) Native 68 ( 0.3 % ) 30 ( 0.2 % ) 35 ( 0.2 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 3,003 ( 15.8 % ) 2,764 ( 14.9 % ) 2,775 ( 15.1 % ) Total Hawai'i 18,987 ( 100 % ) 18,550 ( 100 % ) 18,420 ( 100 % ) LGBT Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities . Māhū people , who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards , were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers . Another Hawaiian word , aikāne , referred to same - sex relationships . According to journals written by Captain Cook 's crew , it is widely believed that many ali ʻi engaged in aikāne relationships . Hawaiian scholar Lilikalā Kame ʻeleihiwa said , `` If you did n't sleep with a man , how could you trust him when you went into battle ? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs , if he was n't your lover ? '' A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) adults in the U.S. , at 5.1 % , comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals . The number of same - sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239 ; a 35.5 % increase of figures from a decade earlier . In 2013 , Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same - sex marriage ; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million . Economy See also : Hawaii locations by per capita income Post-annexation , Hawaii 's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by the agricultural sector 's growth . From the end of World War II onwards , depictions and photographs , such as this , of Hawaii as a tropical , leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii , which eventually became the largest industry of the islands . The U.S. federal government 's spending on Hawaii - stationed personnel , installations and materiel , either directly or through military personnel spending , amounts to Hawaii 's second largest source of income , after tourism . The history of Hawaii 's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries ; sandalwood , whaling , sugarcane , pineapple , the military , tourism and education . Since statehood in 1959 , tourism has been the largest industry , contributing 24.3 % of the gross state product ( GSP ) in 1997 , despite efforts to diversify . The state 's gross output for 2003 was US $47 billion ; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US $54,516 . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing . These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy , due to the shipping distance to viable markets , such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state 's food exports include coffee , macadamia nuts , pineapple , livestock , sugarcane and honey . By weight , honey bees may be the state 's most valuable export . According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service , agricultural sales were US $370.9 million from diversified agriculture , US $100.6 million from pineapple , and US $64.3 million from sugarcane . Hawaii 's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry , which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands , compared with one or two on the mainland . Seeds yielded US $264 million in 2012 , supporting 1,400 workers . As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3.2 % . In 2009 , the United States military spent US $12.2 billion in Hawaii , accounting for 18 % of spending in the state for that year . 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii . According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International , Hawaii had the fourth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States , with a ratio of 7.2 % . Taxation Hawaii residents pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States . Millions of tourists pay general excise tax and hotel room tax . The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the state 's tax burden too high , which it says contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate . State Senator Sam Slom says state taxes are comparatively higher than other states because the state government handles education , health care , and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states . Cost of living The cost of living in Hawaii , specifically Honolulu , is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities , although it is 6.7 % lower than in New York City and 3.6 % lower than in San Francisco . These numbers may not take into account some costs , such as increased travel costs for flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories . Hawaiian Electric Industries , a privately owned company , provides 95 % of the state 's population with electricity , mostly from fossil - fuel power stations . Average electricity prices in October 2014 ( 36.41 cents per kilowatt - hour ) were nearly three times the national average ( 12.58 cents per kilowatt - hour ) and 80 % higher than the second - highest state , Connecticut . The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US $272,700 , while the national median home value was US $119,600 . Hawaii home values were the highest of all states , including California with a median home value of US $211,500 . Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu , Hawaii , at US $607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US $173,200 . The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010 , just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ( US $602,000 ) . Hawaii 's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy . Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year , such as areas of California , Arizona and Florida , Hawaii 's residents can be considered to be subject to a `` Sunshine tax '' . This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs , a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well . The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii , a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act , or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 . This trade regulation prohibits any foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports -- a practice known as cabotage . Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia , then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland , and Hawaii also receives the same goods . Being located in the central Pacific Ocean , right between major Pacific shipping lanes , it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian - bound goods in Honolulu , before continuing on to the mainland . However , this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports . Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign `` flags of convenience '' such as Liberia , Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea , allowing them to avoid the more stringent , and thus more costly , regulations of developed nations ' ports , the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act . Instead , those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast , where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian - bound , Asian - manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50 % . This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii 's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen , and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much , much higher than it would otherwise be . Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act . This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan , even though prices for Asian - manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia . Culture Main article : Culture of the Native Hawaiians The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian . Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean . While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society , there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands . Some of these cultural influences , including the popularity ( in greatly modified form ) of lū ʻau and hula , are strong enough to affect the wider United States . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Hawaii Taro , or in Hawaiian kalo , was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today . The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands , including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine , and American , Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , Korean , Polynesian and Portuguese origins . Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii . Poi , a starch made by pounding taro , is one of the traditional foods of the islands . Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch , which features two scoops of rice , a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties , a fried egg , and gravy of a loco moco , Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lū ʻau favorites , including kālua pork and laulau . Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel . In the 1990s , a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine . Customs and etiquette Main article : Customs and etiquette in Hawaii Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows : when visiting a home , it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one 's host ( for example , a dessert ) . Thus , parties are usually in the form of potlucks . Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home . It is customary for Hawaiian families , regardless of ethnicity , to hold a luau to celebrate a child 's first birthday . It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings , especially at Filipino weddings , for the bride and groom to do a money dance ( also called the pandanggo ) . Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as `` locals of Hawaii '' or `` people of Hawaii '' . Hawaiian mythology A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity , housed at a German museum . Main article : Hawaiian mythology Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends , historical tales , and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people . It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800 . It is associated with the Hawaiian religion , which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day . Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua , the spirit of an ancestor or family god and Kāne , the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities . Polynesian mythology Main article : Polynesian mythology A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god ' Oro , made of woven dried coconut fibre ( sennit ) , which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy ( to'o ) , made of wood . Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia , a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers . Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto - Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BCE . Prior to the 15th century , Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands , and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas . Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti , Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand . The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family . Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible . There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups , especially in terms of social organization , childrearing , horticulture , building and textile technologies . Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales . The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions ; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history ( the time of `` pō '' ) and the adventures of gods ( `` atua '' ) and deified ancestors . List of state parks Main article : List of Hawaiian state parks There are many Hawaiian state parks . The Island of Hawai ʻi has state parks , recreation areas , and historical parks . Kaua ʻi has the Ahukini State Recreation Pier , six state parks , and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park . Maui has two state monuments , several state parks , and the Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area . Moloka'i has the Pala'au State Park . Oʻahu has several state parks , a number of state recreation areas , and a number of monuments , including the Ulu Pō Heiau State Monument . Literature Main article : Literature in Hawaii The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport , Lois - Ann Yamanaka , and Kaui Hart Hemmings . Hawaiian magazines include Hana Hou ! , Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu , among others . Music Main article : Music of Hawaii Jack Johnson , folk rock musician , was born and raised on Oahu 's North Shore . A young Cape Verdean man plays the Portuguese cavaquinho , a four - stringed instrument from which the ʻukulele is descended . The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles , ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop . Hawaii 's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state 's small size . Styles such as slack - key guitar are well - known worldwide , while Hawaiian - tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks . Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar . Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state 's musical heritage . The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge . Their music is largely religious in nature , and includes chanting and dance music . Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands ; according to Peter Manuel , the influence of Hawaiian music a `` unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics '' . Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoʻole , famous for his medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , was named `` The Voice of Hawaii '' by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series . Sports Surfing has been a central part of Polynesian culture for centuries . Since the late 19th century , Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world . Notable competitions include the Triple Crown of Surfing and The Eddie . The only NCAA Division I team in Hawaii is the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine , which competes at the Big West Conference ( major sports ) , Mountain West Conference ( football ) and Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( minor sports ) . There are three teams in NCAA Division II : Chaminade Silverswords , Hawaii Pacific Sharks and Hawaii - Hilo Vulcans , all of which compete at the Pacific West Conference . Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the Maui Invitational Tournament , Diamond Head Classic ( basketball ) and Hawaii Bowl ( football ) . Notable professional teams include The Hawaiians , which played at the World Football League in 1974 and 1975 ; the Hawaii Islanders , a Triple - A minor league baseball team that played at the Pacific Coast League from 1961 to 1987 ; and Team Hawaii , a North American Soccer League team that played in 1977 . Hawaii has hosted the Sony Open in Hawaii golf tournament since 1965 , the Tournament of Champions golf tournament since 1999 , the Lotte Championship golf tournament since 2012 , the Honolulu Marathon since 1973 , the Ironman World Championship triathlon race since 1978 , the Ultraman triathlon since 1983 , the National Football League 's Pro Bowl from 1980 to 2016 , the 2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships , and the 2008 Pan-Pacific Championship and 2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational soccer tournaments . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Hawaii Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island . Tourism is Hawaii 's leading employer . Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy . In 2003 , according to state government data , there were over 6.4 million visitors , with expenditures of over $10 billion , to the Hawaiian Islands . Due to the mild year - round weather , tourist travel is popular throughout the year . The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit , especially in the winter months . Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy . The average Japanese stays only 5 days while other Asians spend over 9.5 days and spend 25 % more . Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events . The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition . The Hawaii International Film Festival is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema . Honolulu hosts the state 's long - running LGBT film festival , the Rainbow Film Festival . Health Main article : Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act As of 2009 , Hawaii 's health care system insures 92 % of residents . Under the state 's plan , businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week . Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers . Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care , Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States , while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower . Proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans . Education Public schools Main article : Hawai'i Department of Education See also : List of elementary schools in Hawaii , List of middle schools in Hawaii , and List of high schools in Hawaii Waianae High School , located in Wai ʻanae , houses an educational community media center . Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide . Policy decisions are made by the fourteen - member state Board of Education , which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools , who oversees the state Department of Education . The Department of Education is divided into seven districts ; four on Oʻahu and one for each of the other three counties . The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated Oʻahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands , and between lower - income and more affluent areas . Public elementary , middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act . The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores . This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state , 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading . The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005 , seniors scored slightly above the national average ( 21.9 compared with 20.9 ) , but in the widely accepted SAT examinations , Hawaii 's college - bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics . Private schools Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation . During the 2011 -- 2012 school year , Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213 , while private schools had 37,695 . Private schools educated over 17 % of students in Hawaii that school year , nearly three times the approximate national average of 6 % . It has four of the largest independent schools ; ʻIolani School , Kamehameha Schools , Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School . Pacific Buddhist Academy , the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii , was founded in 2003 . The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School . Independent and charter schools can select their students , while the public schools are open to all students in their district . The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry ; collectively , they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States , if not the world , having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets . In 2005 , Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students , 8.4 % of the Native Hawaiian children in the state . Colleges and universities See also : List of colleges and universities in Hawaii Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the workforce . Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries , and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii . The largest is the University of Hawaii System , which consists of : the research university at Mānoa , two comprehensive campuses at Hilo and West Oʻahu , and seven community colleges . Private universities include Brigham Young University -- Hawaii , Chaminade University of Honolulu , Hawaii Pacific University , and Wayland Baptist University . Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu . Kona hosts the University of the Nations , which is not an accredited university . Pūnana Leo Main article : Pūnana Leo First opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha , Kaua'i , the Pūnana Leo or `` Language Nest '' ( lit . `` Nest of Voices '' ) were the first indigenous language immersion schools in the United States . Modelled after the Māori language Kōhanga reo of New Zealand , they provide preschool aged children the opportunity to engage in early education through a Hawaiian language medium , generally taught by elders . Graduates from the Pūnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . As of 2006 , there were a total of eleven Pūnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the islands . Transportation See also : Hawaii Department of Transportation , List of airports in Hawaii , and Aviation in Hawaii The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport . A system of state highways encircles each main island . Only Oʻahu has federal highways , and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways . Narrow , winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic . Each major island has a public bus system . Honolulu International Airport ( IATA : HNL ) , which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field ( IATA : HIK ) , is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii . The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America , Asia , Australia and Oceania . Hawaiian Airlines , Mokulele Airlines and go ! use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu , Līhu ʻe , Kahului , Kona and Hilo . Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports . These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands . On May 30 , 2017 , the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ( HNL ) , after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye . Until air passenger services began in the 1920s , private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands . Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s . The Hawaii Superferry operated between Oʻahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009 , with additional routes planned for other islands . Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service , though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future . Currently there are passenger ferry services in Maui County between Moloka ʻi and Maui , and between Lana ʻi and Maui , though neither of these take vehicles . Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands . Rail At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers . Most were 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge systems but there were some 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge on some of the smaller islands . The standard gauge in the U.S. is 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) . By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway and Land Company ( OR&L ) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu . The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II . Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists . The main line was officially abandoned in 1947 , although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970 . Thirteen miles ( 21 km ) of track remain ; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line . The Honolulu High - Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion . Governance The Hawaii State Legislature convenes at the Hawaii State Capitol . The Supreme Court of Hawaii is housed within Ali ʻiōlani Hale . The Governor of Hawaii officially resides at Washington Place . The ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii . Political subdivisions and local government See also : List of counties in Hawaii The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawai ʻi Island to Maui , and subsequently to Oʻahu , explains the modern - day distribution of population centers . Kamehameha III chose the largest city , Honolulu , as his capital because of its natural harbor -- the present - day Honolulu Harbor . Now the state capital , Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oʻahu . The previous capital was Lahaina , Maui , and before that Kailua - Kona , Hawai ʻi . Some major towns are Hilo ; Kāne ʻohe ; Kailua ; Pearl City ; Waipahu ; Kahului ; Kailua - Kona . Kīhei ; and Līhu ʻe . Hawaii comprises five counties : the City and County of Honolulu , Hawaii County , Maui County , Kauai County , and Kalawao County . Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states . Unique to this state is the lack of municipal governments . All local governments are generally administered at the county level . The only incorporated area in the state is Honolulu County , a consolidated city -- county that governs the entire island of Oahu . County executives are referred to as mayors ; these are the Mayor of Hawaii County , Mayor of Honolulu , Mayor of Kaua ʻi , and the Mayor of Maui . The mayors are all elected in nonpartisan elections . Kalawao County has no elected government , and as mentioned above there are no local school districts and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the Hawaii Department of Education . The remaining local governments are special districts . State government The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history . As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii , there are three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii , who is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii , both of whom are elected on the same ticket . The governor is the only state public official elected statewide ; all others are appointed by the governor . The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State . The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol . The official residence of the governor is Washington Place . Further information : Category : State agencies of Hawaii The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Hawaii State Legislature , which is composed of the 51 - member Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House , and the 25 - member Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate . The Legislature meets at the State Capitol . The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the Hawaii State Judiciary . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii , which uses Ali ʻiōlani Hale as its chambers . Federal government Hawaii 's congressional delegation Senator Brian Schatz Senator Mazie Hirono Representative Colleen Hanabusa ( HI - 1 ) Representative Tulsi Gabbard ( HI - 2 ) 115th United States Congress Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and two representatives . As of 2016 , all four seats are held by Democrats . Colleen Hanabusa won a special election for the 1st congressional district representing southeastern Oahu , including central Honolulu , on November 8 , 2016 to finish the term of Rep. Mark Takai who died July 20 , 2016 . Tulsi Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district , representing the rest of the state , which is largely rural and semi-rural . Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii . He was appointed to the office on December 26 , 2012 , by Governor Neil Abercrombie , following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye . The state 's junior senator is Mazie Hirono , the former representative from the second congressional district . Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator . Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses . The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty - first in seniority to their respective replacements , relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono . Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Kūhiō Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there ; the building is also the site of the federal District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii . Politics See also : Politics of Hawaii , Political party strength in Hawaii , and Hawaiian sovereignty movement Gubernatorial election results Year Democratic Republican 1959 48.7 % 82,074 51.1 % 86,213 1962 58.3 % 114,308 41.7 % 81,707 1966 51.1 % 108,840 48.9 % 104,324 1970 57.7 % 137,812 42.4 % 101,249 54.6 % 136,262 45.4 % 113,388 1978 54.5 % 153,394 44.3 % 124,610 1982 45.2 % 141,043 26.1 % 81,507 1986 52.0 % 173,655 48.0 % 160,460 1990 59.8 % 203,491 38.6 % 131,310 36.6 % 134,978 29.2 % 107,908 1998 50.1 % 204,206 48.8 % 198,952 2002 47.0 % 179,647 51.6 % 197,009 2006 35.4 % 121,717 62.5 % 215,313 57.8 % 222,724 40.8 % 157,311 2014 49.0 % 181,106 36.7 % 135,775 Presidential election results Year Democratic Republican 1960 50.0 % 92,410 50.0 % 92,295 1964 78.8 % 163,249 21.2 % 44,022 1968 59.8 % 141,324 38.7 % 91,425 1972 37.5 % 101,409 62.4 % 168,865 1976 50.6 % 147,375 48.1 % 140,003 1980 44.8 % 135,879 42.9 % 130,112 1984 43.8 % 147,154 55.1 % 185,050 54.3 % 192,364 44.8 % 158,625 48.1 % 179,310 36.7 % 136,822 56.9 % 205,012 31.6 % 113,943 2000 55.8 % 205,286 37.5 % 137,845 54.0 % 231,708 45.3 % 194,191 2008 71.9 % 325,871 26.6 % 120,566 2012 70.6 % 306,658 27.8 % 121,015 2016 61.0 % 266,891 29.4 % 128,847 Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960 , Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections ; 1972 and 1984 , both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively . In Hawaii 's statehood tenure , only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections . Hawaii has n't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970 ; since 1977 , both of the state 's U.S. Senators have been Democrats . In 2004 , John Kerry won the state 's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54 % of the vote . Every county supported the Democratic candidate . In 1964 , favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination , while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972 . Honolulu - born Barack Obama , then serving as United States Senator from Illinois , was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4 , 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6 , 2012 . Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19 , 2008 , with 76 % of the vote . He was the third Hawaii - born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii . Legal status of Hawaii Main article : Legal status of Hawaii While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding , the legality of this status has been raised in U.S. District Court , the U.N. , and other international forums . Domestically , the debate is a topic covered in the Kamehameha Schools curriculum , and in classes at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . On September 29 , 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government . Hawaiian sovereignty movement Main article : Hawaiian sovereignty movement Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the 1880s . Generally , their focus is on self - determination and self - governance , either for Hawaii as an independent nation ( in many proposals , for `` Hawaiian nationals '' descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice ) , or for people of whole or part native Hawaiian ancestry in an indigenous `` nation to nation '' relationship akin to tribal sovereignty with US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians . A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill . The Hawaiian sovereignty movement generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal , and seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii , such as free association or independence from the United States . Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili ʻuokalani , and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation . The Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty . The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation . Gallery of satellite views and landmarks Islands of Hawai ʻi Hawai ʻi -- 4,028.2 square miles ( 10,433 km ) Maui -- 727.3 square miles ( 1,884 km ) Kaho ʻolawe -- 44.6 square miles ( 116 km ) Lāna ʻi -- 140.5 square miles ( 364 km ) Moloka ʻi -- 260 square miles ( 670 km ) Oʻahu -- 598 square miles ( 1,550 km ) Kaua ʻi -- 552.3 square miles ( 1,430 km ) Ni ʻihau -- 70 square miles ( 180 km ) Landmarks ʻIolani Palace . Honolulu , Oʻahu . The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum . Honolulu , Oʻahu . The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial . Pearl Harbor , Oʻahu . Hana Belt Road . Between Haikū and Kīpahulu , Maui . Mānoa Falls Trail . Mānoa , Oʻahu . Statue of Kamehameha I , Ali ʻiolani Hale . Honolulu , Oʻahu . See also Hawaii portal Index of Hawaii - related articles Outline of Hawaii -- organized list of topics about Hawaii References Jump up ^ Brodie , Carolyn S ; Goodrich , Debra ; Montgomery , Paula Kay ( 1996 ) . ( Hawaii , p. 81 , at Google Books The Bookmark Book ) Check url = value ( help ) . Englewood , Colo. : Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 9781563083006 . OCLC 34164045 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5 -- 9 ( State motto ) '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5 -- 10 ( State song ) '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2003 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit USGS 1977 '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania . Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,998 meters ( 19,678 ft ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 ft ) Jump up ^ `` 48 USC 3 Hawaii '' . ^ Jump up to : Boeing , G. ( 2016 ) . `` Honolulu Rail Transit : International Lessons in Linking Form , Design , and Transportation '' . Planext. 2 : 28 -- 47 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The legend of Hawaiiloa by Bruce Cartwright Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Origins of Hawaii 's Names '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pollex -- a reconstruction of the Proto - Polynesian lexicon , Biggs and Clark , 1994 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 665 - 35042 - 9 . OCLC 657191416 , 718098082 , 719990067 , 680518873 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goto , Junichi ( April 2007 ) . `` Latin Americans of Japanese Origin ( Nikkeijin ) Working in Japan -- A Survey '' ( PDF ) . Documents & Reports -- All Documents The World Bank . Washington , DC : World Bank . pp. 5 , 48 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` + Hawaii Alive Realms : Wao Lani + '' . Hawaii Alive . Honolulu , HI : Bishop Museum . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frederic L. ( September 1899 ) . `` The Portuguese Population in the United States '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Alexandria , VA : American Statistical Association . 6 ( 47 ) : 327 -- 336 . doi : 10.2307 / 2276463 . JSTOR 2276463 . OCLC 11137237 . ( subscription required ) See pp. 332 -- 33 . Jump up ^ López , Iris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Puerto Ricans in Hawaii '' . In Ruiz , Vicki L. ; Korrol , Virginia Sánchez . 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The Voices of Eden : A History of Hawaiian Language Studies . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 334 -- 36 ; 338 20n . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1637 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elbert & Pukui ( 1979 : 35 -- 36 ) Jump up ^ Kimura , Larry ; Pila , Wilson ( 1983 ) . `` Native Hawaiian Culture '' . Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report . Washington : United States Department of Interior . pp. 173 -- 203 ( 185 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LDS Newsroom Statistical Information '' . Newsroom.lds.org . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- Maps & Reports '' . Jump up ^ `` State of Hawaii Data Book 2000 , Section 1 Population , Table 1.47 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Survey shows partial picture '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . September 21 , 2002 . 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Honolulu , HI : Hawaii State Legislature . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii , Alaska , Guam , and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act . Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 465 -- 73 Jump up ^ Manuel , pp. 236 -- 41 Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawaii State DBEDT ( 2003 ) . `` Overview of All Visitors '' ( PDF ) . Summary of 2003 Visitors to Hawaii : 2 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hawaii.gov . `` Tourism stats '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Shane ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii International Film Festival : Kinship through cinema '' . Travel Weekly . Secaucus , NJ : Northstar Travel Media . OCLC 60626324 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . 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Santa Clarita , CA : Princess Cruises . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Norton Jr. , Victor ; Treiber , Gale E. ( 2005 ) . Hawaiian Railway Album -- WW II Photographs Vol 2 . Hanover , PA : Railroad Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Number of Local Governments by Type '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's 4 ( or 5 ) Counties '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Tulsi '' . gabbard.house.gov . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Sarah ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` msnbc 's The Daily Rundown , 23 December 2009 , accessed 6 January 2012 '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Hawaii '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaste , Martin ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat In Blue Hawaii ? '' . NPR . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Hiram Fong Dies ; One of First Hawaiian Senators '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rudin , Ken ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` NPR 's Political Junkie '' . Npr.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too '' . Npr.org . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Kingdom -- David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama , et al '' . Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i and the United Nations '' . Cultural Survival . Jump up ^ Umi Perkins . `` Maori and Native Hawaiian Education '' . Jump up ^ University of Hawaii at Manoa Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauer , Nancy Cook ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Interior Department announces procedure for Native Hawaiian recognition '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interior Proposes Path for Re-Establishing Government - to - Government Relationship with Native Hawaiian Community '' . Department of the Interior . Office of the Secretary of the Department of the interior . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Recent Survey of Hawaii residents shows two out of three oppose Akaka bill '' . new.grassrootinstitute.org . Honolulu , HI : Grassroot Institute . 2015 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Rape of Paradise : The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes '' , Perceptions Magazine , March / April 1996 , p. 18 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Grass , Michael ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` As Feds Hold Hearings , Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims '' . Government Executive . Government Executive . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii -- The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii - The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 . Notes Jump up ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity . Hawaii may also be used adjectivally . The Associated Press Stylebook , 42nd ed. ( 2007 ) , also prescribes this usage ( p. 112 ) . Jump up ^ The ʻokina , which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final i in Hawai ʻi , is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the glottal stop / ʔ / . Jump up ^ For comparison , New Jersey -- which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles ( 19,210 km ) -- is the most - densely populated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile . Jump up ^ English `` to be '' is often omitted in Pidgin . In contexts where `` to be '' is used in General American , `` to stay '' is preferred . `` To stay '' may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese ser , estar , or ficar . Eh ? ( IPA : ( æ̃ː ˧ ˦ ) ) is a tag question which may have roots in Japanese , which utilizes ね ( ne ? ) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties , or may come from Portuguese né ? ( shortened from `` não é ? '' ) , cf. French n'est - ce pas ? . Eh ? may also have come from English yeah . Jump up ^ Senator Inouye , who ranked first in seniority , died in December 2012 . Senator Daniel Akaka , who ranked 21st of the Senate 's one hundred members , retired in January 2013 after serving twenty - three years in the Senate . Bibliography Bushnell , Oswald A. ( 1993 ) . The Gifts of Civilization : Germs and Genocide in Hawai ? i . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1457 - 1 . Holmes , T. Michael ( 1994 ) . The Specter of Communism in Hawaii . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1550 - 9 . Russ Jr. , William Adam . The Hawaiian Republic ( 1894 -- 98 ) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation . Selinsgrove , PA : Susquehanna University Press , 1961 . Schamel , Wynell ; Schamel , Charles E. ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) . `` The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii '' . National Archives . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Schamel , Wynell and Charles E. Schamel . `` The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawai ʻi . '' Social Education 63 , 7 ( November / December 1999 ) : 402 -- 08 . Stokes , John F.G. ( 1932 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Spaniards and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian - American Contacts '' . American Anthropologist. 34 ( 4 ) : 594 -- 600 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1932.34. 4.02 a00050 . ISSN 1548 - 1433 . External links Find more aboutHawaiiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress Hawaii at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Hawai ʻi State Fact Sheet from the U.S. Department of Agriculture USGS real - time , geographic , and other scientific resources of Hawaii Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands at NASA 's Earth Observatory Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood , Dwight D. 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when did the use of interstate compacts increase			Interstate compact	interstate compact	In the United States of America , an interstate compact is an agreement between two or more states . Article I , Section 10 of the United States Constitution provides that `` No State shall , without the Consent of Congress ... enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State . '' Consent can be obtained in one of three ways . First , there can be a model compact and Congress can grant automatic approval for any state wishing to join it , such as the Driver License Compact . Second , states can submit a compact to Congress prior to entering into the compact . Third , states can agree to a compact then submit it to Congress for approval , which , if it does so , causes it to come into effect . Not all compacts between states require explicit Congressional approval - the Supreme Court ruled in Virginia v. Tennessee that only those agreements which would increase the power of states at the expense of the federal government required it .	Frequently , these agreements create a new governmental agency which is responsible for administering or improving some shared resource such as a seaport or public transportation infrastructure . In some cases , a compact serves simply as a coordination mechanism between independent authorities in the member states . Such compacts are distinct from Uniform Acts , which are model statutes produced by non-governmental bodies of legal experts to be passed by state legislatures independently . Treaties between the states , ratified under the Articles of Confederation during the period after American independence in 1776 until the current U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789 , are grandfathered and treated as interstate compacts . This includes agreements like the Treaty of Beaufort , which set the boundary between Georgia and South Carolina in 1787 , and is still in effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operating agencies created by interstate compact 2 Non-operating interstate compacts 3 See also 4 References Operating agencies created by interstate compact ( edit ) Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission ( Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida ) Bear River Commission ( Idaho , Utah and Wyoming ) Bi-State Development Agency ( Missouri and Illinois ) Breaks Interstate Park Commission ( Kentucky and Virginia ) Colorado River Compact ( Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , Wyoming , Nevada , Arizona , and California ) Columbia River Gorge Commission ( Oregon and Washington ) Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission ( Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Vermont ) Delaware River Basin Commission ( Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , and New York ) Delaware River Port Authority ( Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission ( Pennsylvania and New Jersey ) Delaware River and Bay Authority ( Delaware and New Jersey ) Dresden School District ( New Hampshire , Vermont ) Driver License Compact ( all states except Georgia , Massachusetts , Michigan , Tennessee , and Wisconsin ) Education Commission of the States ( all states ( except Washington ) , three territories , and Washington , D.C. ) Emergency Management Assistance Compact ( all states , plus Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) Great Lakes Commission ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Wisconsin , plus Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec as associate members ) Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission ( Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , and Texas ) Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision ( all states , two territories , and Washington , D.C. ) Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin ( Maryland , West Virginia , Virginia , Pennsylvania , and District of Columbia ) Interstate Environmental Commission ( Connecticut , New Jersey and New York ) Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission Multistate Tax Commission ( all states ( except Delaware , Nevada , and Virginia ) Northwest Power and Conservation Council ( Oregon , Washington , Montana , and Idaho ) Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission ( California , Oregon , Washington , Idaho , and Alaska ) Palisades Interstate Park Commission ( New York and New Jersey ) Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( New Jersey and New York ) Red River Compact Commission ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma and Texas ) Rivendell Interstate School District ( New Hampshire , Vermont ) Susquehanna River Basin Commission ( Pennsylvania , New York , and Maryland ) Tahoe Regional Planning Agency ( California and Nevada ) Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority ( Maryland , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. ) Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission ( Maryland , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. ) Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor ( New Jersey and New York ) Non-operating interstate compacts ( edit ) Northeast Dairy Compact ( formerly set fluid milk prices for the New England states ) See also ( edit ) Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children National Popular Vote Interstate Compact References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission : About Us '' . Archived from the original on 2004 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Breaks Interstate Park Compact - Ballotpedia '' . Jump up ^ Upper Colorado River Basin Compact of 1948 , U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , 1948 Jump up ^ `` Connecticut River Valley Flood Control Commission - Monitoring flood control dams in the CT River valley '' . Jump up ^ csebestyen . `` Delaware River Basin Commission - Milestones '' . Jump up ^ `` DRPA : : Delaware River Port Authority '' . Jump up ^ `` ECS Officers and President : ECS Officers for 2011 - 13 '' . ECS Official Website . Education Commission of the States . c. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 19 . John Hickenlooper , Chair Jump up ^ Website , ICAOS - . `` ICAOS - Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision '' . Jump up ^ `` Home - ICPRB '' . Jump up ^ LLC , Yankee Planning Group , . `` Interstate Environmental Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Power & Conservation Council '' . Jump up ^ `` Port Authority of New York & New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` Red River Compact Commission '' . Jump up ^ Tahoe Regional Planning Agency Jump up ^ `` Home - WMATA '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Commission '' . Jump up ^ `` Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor ( WCNYH ) '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_compact&oldid=795611259 '' Categories : United States interstate agencies United States interstate compacts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who's related to the rock in wwe	In addition , Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i and Peter Maivia were `` blood brothers '' , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia `` Lia '' Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Feagaimaleata ( Ata ) , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor .	Feagaimaleata ( Ata )\|wrestler Rocky Johnson\|Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i\|Peter Maivia\|Afa\|Sika\|Ofelia `` Lia '' Fuataga	Anoaʻi family	anoaʻi family	The Anoaʻi family , originating from American Samoa , is a family of professional wrestlers . Family members have comprised several tag teams and stables within a variety of promotions . Famous members of the family include Rikishi , Umaga , Yokozuna , Roman Reigns and The Usos .	In addition , Reverend Amituana'i Anoa'i and Peter Maivia were `` blood brothers '' , a connection that continued with Afa and Sika , who regard Peter as their uncle . Peter married Ofelia `` Lia '' Fuataga , who already had a daughter named Feagaimaleata ( Ata ) , whom he adopted and raised as his own . Ata married wrestler Rocky Johnson , and the couple became the parents of Dwayne Johnson , who wrestled under the names Rocky Maivia and The Rock , before establishing himself as an actor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family tree 2 Other members 3 Tag teams and stables 3.1 The Wild Samoans 3.2 The Headshrinkers 3.3 3 - Minute Warning 3.4 Samoan Gangstas 3.5 The Sons of Samoa 3.6 The Usos 3.7 Team B.A.D. 4 Championship and accomplishments 4.1 Other awards and honors 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Family tree ( edit ) Tovale Anoa'i Amituana Anoa'i Blood brother Peter Maivia ( 1937 -- 1982 ) Lia Maivia ( 1927 -- 2008 ) Lynn Anoa'i Afa Anoaʻi Tumua Anoa'i Afoa Anoa'i Sika Anoa'i Lisa Anoa'i Sipa Anoa'i Elevera Anoa'i ( 1947 -- 2008 ) I'aulualo Folau Solofa Fatu Toa Maivia Ata Maivia Rocky Johnson Reno Anoa'i ( Black Pearl ) Rodney Anoa'i ( Yokozuna ) ( 1966 -- 2000 ) Matthew Anoa'i ( Rosey ) ( 1970 - 2017 ) Leati Anoa'i ( Roman Reigns ) Sam Fatu ( Tonga Kid / Tama ) Eddie Fatu ( Umaga / Jamal ) ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Solofa Fatu Jr . ( Rikishi / Fatu ) Talisua Fuavai Dwayne Johnson ( The Rock ) Dany Garcia Samula Anoa'i ( Samu ) Afa Jr . ( Manu ) Deon Anoa'i Lloyd Anoa'i ( L.A. Smooth ) Monica Anoa'i Gary Albright ( 1963 -- 2000 ) Jacob Fatu Trinity Mccray ( Naomi ) Jonathan Solofa Fatu ( Jimmy Uso ) Joshua Samuel Fatu ( Jey Uso ) Thavana Monalisa Jeremiah Peniata Simone Alexandra Johnson Lance Anoa'i Other members ( edit ) Hollywood stuntman Tanoai Reed ( known as Toa on the new American Gladiators ) is the great nephew of wrestling promoter Lia Maivia ( Peter Maivia 's wife ) , while professional wrestler Lina Fanene ( Nia Jax ) is Dwayne Johnson 's cousin . Other members of the Anoa'i family include NFL player Kaluka Maiava , the nephew of Dwayne Johnson . Sean Maluta , nephew of Afa Anoa'i , was a participant in WWE 's first Cruiserweight Classic tournament . Linked to the family by marriage but not actually a blood relative is wrestler `` Superfly '' Jimmy Snuka , Snuka 's son Jimmy Snuka Jr. formerly wrestled for WWE as Deuce , his daughter Penina who attends the University of Arizona , where she plays volleyball for the Arizona Wildcats and his daughter , Sarona Reiher , currently wrestles for WWE as Tamina Snuka . Tag teams and stables ( edit ) The Wild Samoans ( edit ) Main article : The Wild Samoans The Headshrinkers ( edit ) Main article : The Headshrinkers 3 - Minute Warning ( edit ) Main article : 3 - Minute Warning Samoan Gangstas ( edit ) Samoan Gangstas Tag team Members Matt E. Smalls L.A. Smooth Name ( s ) Samoan Gangstas Heights 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) - Matt 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) - Lloyd Combined weight 713 lb ( 323 kg ; 50.9 st ) Debut 1997 Disbanded 1998 Promotions WXW Trainer Wild Samoan Training Center Samoan Gangstas was a tag team in the independent promotion World Xtreme Wrestling ( WXW ) . The tag team consisted of members from the Anoa'i family . Samoan Gangstas was a tag team made up of cousins Matt E. Smalls and Sweet Sammy Silk ( Matt and Samu Anoa'i ) . Their tag team was formed in 1997 in WXW , the promotion of one half of The Wild Samoans , Samu 's father and Matt 's uncle Afa Anoaʻi . The duo received success in WXW in the tag team division . On June 24 , they won their first WXW Tag Team Championship by beating Love Connection ( Sweet Daddy Jay Love and Georgie Love ) . However , they were temporarily suspended and the title was declared vacant . Matt was repackaged as Matty Smalls . They returned in the summer of 1997 and defeated Siberian Express ( The Mad Russian and Russian Eliminator ) , on September 17 to win their second WXW Tag Team Championship . Problems began between Smalls and Smooth . The two partners began feuding with each other and could not focus properly on their tag title . On March 27 , 1998 , Smooth defeated Smalls in a Loser Leaves Town match . As a result of losing this match , Smalls was forced to leave the promotion . He left WXW while Smooth focused on a singles career . After a short while , Smalls returned to WXW and the two partners reunited again as Samoan Gangstas and began teaming in the tag team division . They feuded with several tag teams in WXW and focused to regain the WXW Tag Team Championship . However , due to their family disputes and problems with each other , they did not take part in the tournament for the vacated tag title , and instead feuded with each other . Samoan Gangstas feuded with each other after their splitting until Smalls left WXW and began wrestling as Kimo . He began teaming with Ekmo ( Eddie Fatu ) as The Island Boyz and the duo worked in Frontier Martial - Arts Wrestling ( FMW ) before signing with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and working in its developmental territories . The Sons of Samoa ( edit ) The Sons of Samoa are a tag team currently wrestling in the Puerto Rican wrestling promotion World Wrestling Council and WXW . The team consists of Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth . The team was formed at WXW in 1998 , briefly as a stable with Samu . The team reformed in April 2009 at a WXW show with Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth . In 2013 , they began wrestling at the WWC promotion in Puerto Rico . At Euphoria 2013 , they lost to Thunder and Lightning . They won the WWC World Tag Team Championship from Thunder and Lightning on February 9 , before losing the titles back to Thunder and Lightning on March 30 at Camino a la Gloria . However , they won the titles on June 29 , 2013 , at Summer Madness . The Usos ( edit ) Main article : The Usos The Usos ( born August 22 , 1985 ) are a Samoan American professional wrestling tag team consisting of twin brothers Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso , who appear in WWE where they are former three - time WWE Tag Team Champions . They are also the current WWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions . The pair were previously managed by Tamina Snuka and are one - time FCW Florida Tag Team Champions . Team B.A.D. ( edit ) Main article : Team B.A.D. Team B.A.D. was a stable composed of female wrestlers Naomi and Tamina Snuka , both of whom are a part of the Anoa'i family ( Naomi as the wife of Jimmy Uso , Tamina as the daughter of Jimmy Snuka , who in turn is also related to the Anoa'i family by marriage ) . Sasha Banks , who was the NXT Women 's Champion when the stable was formed , was the third member . Championship and accomplishments ( edit ) Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Roman Reigns Yokozuna Rikishi Umaga The Usos Manu Rosey Naomi The Black Pearl All Japan Pro Wrestling World Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Albright ( 2 ) and Jamal ( 1 ) World 's Strongest Tag Determination League ( 2004 ) -- Jamal Belgian Wrestling School BWS Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Afa Jr. ( 1 ) and Lance Anoa'i ( 1 ) Cauliflower Alley Club Other honoree ( 1997 ) -- Sika Championship Wrestling from Florida NWA Brass Knuckles Championship ( Florida version ) ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Florida Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Florida Television Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson Continental Wrestling Association AWA Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Sika and Afa ( 1 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 2 ) NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Macon Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson Defiant Pro Wrestling DPW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . European Wrestling Association EWA Intercontinental Championship ( 1 time ) -- Smooth Eastern Wrestling Federation EWF Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Gangstas Florida Championship Wrestling FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . FCW Florida Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Leakee ( 1 ) and The Usos ( 1 ) FCW Divas Championship ( 1 time ) -- Naomi Frontier Martial - Arts Wrestling WEW Hardcore Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Matt Anoa'i and Eddie Fatu Georgia Championship Wrestling NWA National Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Sika and Afa Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Sika and Afa Hawai'i Championship Wrestling HCW Kekaulike Heritage Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Eddie Fatu Heartland Wrestling Association HWA Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Kimo and Ekmo Independent Superstars of Pro Wrestling ISPW Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Samula ISPW Tag Team Champion ( 1 time ) -- Smooth and Headshrinker Samu ISPW Light Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . International Wrestling Alliance IWA Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Sika and Afa International World Class Championship Wrestling IWCCW Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samu and Mack Daddy Kane Jersey Championship Wrestling JCW Television Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . Lutte Internationale Canadian International Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samula Memphis Championship Wrestling MCW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Kimo and Ekmo Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship ( 2 times ) -- Rocky Johnson Mid-South Wrestling Association Mid-South Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Sika and Afa National Wrestling League NWL Heavyweight Championship ( 6 times ) -- Samula NWL Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Samula New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2011 -- Samula New World Wrestling NWW Undisputed Brass Knuckles Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samula Nu - Wrestling Evolution NWE World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Pearl NWA All - Star Wrestling NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship ( Vancouver version ) ( 2 times ) -- Sika and Afa ( 1 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 1 ) NWA Australasian Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Peter Maivia NWA New Zealand Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Peter Maivia NWA Detroit NWA Detroit World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Sika and Afa NWA Big Time Wrestling NWA Brass Knuckles Championship ( Texas version ) ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship ( 3 times ) -- Peter Maivia ( 1 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 2 ) NWA Texas Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Detroit version ) ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Hollywood Wrestling NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Peter Maivia ( 1 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 1 ) NWA Americas Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Beat the Champ Television Championship ( 2 times ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Mid-America / Continental Wrestling Association CWA / AWA International Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship ( Memphis version ) ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Peter Maivia NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) -- Peter Maivia NWA New Zealand NWA New Zealand British Empire Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Peter Maivia NWA San Francisco NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( San Francisco version ) ( 2 times ) -- Peter Maivia ( 2 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 1 ) NWA World Tag Team Championship ( San Francisco version ) ( 5 times ) -- Peter Maivia ( 1 ) and Rocky Johnson ( 4 ) NWA Polynesian Wrestling NWA Polynesian Pacific Tag Team Championship ( 2 time ) -- Rocky Johnson Pacific Northwest Wrestling NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rocky Johnson NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Rocky Johnson Pennsylvania Premiere Wrestling PPW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . PPW No Limits Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . Pittsburgh Wrestling League PWL Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samula Portland Wrestling Portland Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rikishi Power Pro Wrestling ( Memphis ) PPW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) -- Rikishi Pro Wrestling eXpress PWX Heavyweight Championship ( 4 times ) -- Samula ( 3 ) and Lance Anoa'i ( 1 ) PWX Circle of Respect ( Hall of Fame ) 2014 -- Samula Pro Wrestling Illustrated Comeback of the Year ( 2000 ) -- Rikishi Match of the Year ( 1999 ) The Rock vs. Mankind in an `` I Quit '' match at Royal Rumble Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2016 ) -- Reigns PWI ranked Reigns No. 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016 PWI ranked Jimmy No. 25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014 PWI ranked Jey No. 26 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2014 Match of the Year ( 2002 ) The Rock vs. Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania X8 Most Popular Wrestler of the Year ( 1999 , 2000 ) -- The Rock Tag Team of the Year ( 2013 ) -- Reigns Tag Team of the Year ( 2014 ) -- The Usos Wrestler of the Year ( 2000 ) -- The Rock Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Class of 2012 -- Afa and Sika Revolución Lucha Libre Campeonato Internacional Absoluto ( 1 time ) -- Rikishi Stampede Wrestling Stampede International Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Sika and Afa ( 2 ) and Albright ( 1 ) St. Louis Wrestling Hall of Fame ( Class of 2008 ) -- Rocky Johnson Trans World Wrestling Federation Trans World Wrestling Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samula United States Wrestling Association USWA World Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- Kavana Universal Wrestling Association UWA World Trios Championship ( 1 time ) -- Great Fokina , Fatu and Samoan Savage World Class Wrestling Association WCWA Texas Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Samula and Fatu WCWA World Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) -- Samula and Fatu World Wrestling Council WWC North American Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Sika and Afa WWC World Tag Team Champion ( 10 times ) -- Tama ( 1 ) , Smooth ( 4 ) , Smooth and Islander Kuhio ( 1 ) , Smooth and Tahitian Prince ( 1 ) , and Smooth and Afa Jr. ( 3 ) World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE WCW Championship / World Championship ( 2 times ) -- The Rock WWF / E Championship / WWE World Heavyweight Championship ( 13 times ) -- Yokozuna ( 2 ) , The Rock ( 8 ) and Reigns ( 3 ) WWF / E Intercontinental Championship ( 5 times ) -- Rocky Maivia / The Rock ( 2 ) , Rikishi ( 1 ) , and Umaga ( 2 ) WWE United States Championship ( 1 time ) -- Reigns WWE Tag Team Championship ( 4 times ) -- Rikishi ( 1 ) , Reigns ( 1 ) , and The Usos ( 2 ) WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) -- The Usos WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) -- Naomi WWF / E World Tag Team Championship ( 14 times ) -- Rocky Johnson ( 1 ) , The Wild Samoans ( 3 ) , The Headshrinkers ( 1 ) , Yokozuna ( 2 ) , The Rock ( 5 ) , Rosey ( 1 ) and Rikishi ( 1 ) Royal Rumble ( 3 times ) ( 1993 ) -- Yokozuna ( 2000 ) -- The Rock ( 2015 ) -- Reigns WWE Hall of Fame ( 5 times ) ( Class of 2007 ) -- The Wild Samoans ( Class of 2008 ) -- Peter Maivia ( Class of 2008 ) -- Rocky Johnson ( Class of 2012 ) -- Yokozuna ( Class of 2015 ) -- Rikishi Slammy Awards ( 15 times ) New Sensation ( 1997 ) -- Rocky Maivia Return of the year ( 2011 ) -- The Rock Game Changer of the year ( 2011 ) -- John Cena vs. The Rock at WrestleMania XXVIII LOL ! Moment of the Year ( 2012 ) -- The Rock throws John Cena 's things into the Boston Harbor `` What a Maneuver '' ( 2013 ) -- Reigns ' spear Two - time Faction of the Year ( 2013 , 2014 ) -- The Shield ( Roman Reigns , Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins ) Best Dance Moves ( 2013 ) -- The Funkadactyls ( Naomi and Cameron ) Breakout Star of the Year ( 2013 ) -- The Shield `` LOL ! '' Moment of the Year ( 2013 ) -- The Rock concert at the 20th anniversary of Raw ( January 14 ) Match of the year ( 2013 ) -- John Cena vs The Rock for the WWE Championship at Wrestlemania 29 Best Actor ( 2014 ) -- The Rock `` Tell Me You Did n't Just Say That '' Insult of the Year ( 2014 ) -- The Rock insults Rusev and Lana on Raw ( October 6 ) Tag Team of the Year ( 2014 ) -- The Usos Superstar of the Year ( 2014 ) -- Reigns Tag Team of the Year ( 2015 ) -- The Usos World Wrestling Professionals WWP World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time , current ) -- Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth World Xtreme Wrestling WXW Cruiserweight Championship ( 2 times ) -- Afa Jr . WXW Hardcore Championship ( 3 times ) -- Afa Jr . WXW Heavyweight Championship ( 6 times ) -- Samu ( 5 ) and Afa Jr. ( 1 ) WXW Tag Team Championship ( 5 times ) -- Afa Jr. ( 1 ) , Afa Jr. and L.A. Smooth ( 1 ) and Matt E. Smalls and L.A. Smooth ( 3 ) WXW Television Championship ( 1 time ) -- Afa Jr . WXW Ultimate Heavyweight Championship ( 4 times , current ) -- Afa Jr. ( 2 ) Lance Anoa'i ( 2 , current ) WXW Ultimate Hybrid Championship ( 2 times ) -- Lance Anoa'i WXW Blast Television Championship ( 1 time ) -- Lance Anoa'i WXW Elite Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) -- Lance Anoa'i Wrestling Observer Newsletter Best Box Office Draw ( 2000 , 2011 , 2012 ) -- The Rock Best Gimmick ( 1999 ) -- The Rock Best on Interviews ( 1999 -- 2000 ) -- The Rock Most Charismatic ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2011 , 2012 ) -- The Rock Most Improved ( 1998 ) -- The Rock Most Improved ( 2013 ) -- Reigns Most Overrated ( 2016 ) -- Reigns Rookie of the Year ( 1988 ) -- Albright Tag Team of the Year ( 2013 ) -- Reigns Worst Feud of the Year ( 2015 ) Team PCB vs. Team B.A.D. vs. Team Bella Worst Tag Team ( 2002 ) -- Rosey and Eddie Fatu Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 1993 ) Samu and Fatu , Bastion Booger and Bam Bam Bigelow vs. The Bushwhackers and Men on a Mission at Survivor Series Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 2013 ) Naomi , Brie Bella , Cameron , Eva Marie , Jojo , Natalya , and Nikki Bella vs. AJ Lee , Aksana , Alicia Fox , Kaitlyn , Rosa Mendes , Summer Rae , and Tamina Snuka at Survivor Series Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 2007 ) -- The Rock Other awards and honors ( edit ) 1991 : NCAA National Championship -- The Rock 2001 : Teen Choice Awards -- Choice Movie Villain -- The Rock 2012 : CinemaCon Action Star of the Year -- The Rock 2013 : Kids Choice Awards -- Favorite Male Butt Kicker -- The Rock 2016 : People 's Choice Award -- Favorite Premium Cable TV Actor -- The Rock 2016 : Mr. Olympia ICON Award -- The Rock 2016 : People Magazine Sexiest Man Alive -- The Rock 2017 : Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame -- The Rock 2017 : People 's Choice Award for Favorite Premium Series Actor -- The Rock 2017 : NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year -- The Rock See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Samoa portal List of family relations in professional wrestling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame : High Chief Peter Maivia '' . WWE . Archived from the original on 20 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Green , John ( 2014 ) . Historical Dictionary of Wrestling . Scarecrow Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0810879263 . Jump up ^ Liane Bonin ( 2003 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Rock Candy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 ... The Rock 's double , his cousin Tanoai Reed , shattered an ankle . Jump up ^ Tenley Woodman ( 2008 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Red , white and bruised '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . Among the new gladiators are Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson 's cousin Tanoai Reed as Toa , an island warrior who intimidates opponents by performing a tribal war dance ... Jump up ^ `` The Rock Police Chase Preceded Mom 's Head - On Car Accident '' . TMZ . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Maluta '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Varsallone , Jim ( December 2002 ) . `` Superfly , the Sequel : Jimmy Snuka Jr. looks to follow his legendary father 's footsteps in the ring '' . Wrestling Digest . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 20 Penina Snuka '' . Arizona Wildcats . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamina Snuka Responds To Rock 's Recent Comments , Talks Filming Hercules With Him - WrestlingInc.com '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosey Bio '' . Wild Samoan . Archived from the original on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` L.A. Smooth Bio '' . Wild Samoan . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` WXW World Tag Team Title History '' . Solie 's Title Histories . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Samoan Dynasty '' . Wild Samoan . Archived from the original on 16 March 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Samoan Dynasty 's first WXW Tag Team Championship summary '' . WXW Wrestling . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . 5 / 24 / 97 : Samoan Gangstas ( LA Smooth & Matt E. Smalls ) beat Love Connection. 6 / 97 : ( Samoan Gangstas are temporarily suspended , titles vacated ) ^ Jump up to : `` Samoan Dynasty 's second WXW Tag Team Championship summary '' . WXW Wrestling . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . 9 / 17 / 97 : Samoan Gangstas beat Siberian Express . 3 / 27 / 98 : After a family feud , LA Smooth beat Matt E Smalls ( loser leaves Top Rope ) BELTS VACANT Jump up ^ `` World Tag Team Title ( All Japan Pro-Wrestling ) '' . Wrestling - Titles . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NWA Brass Knuckles Championship ( Florida version ) history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Florida Tag Team Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Florida Television Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A. ( Mid-America ) / A.W.A. Southern Tag Team Title '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Georgia Tag Team Championship history '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NWA Macon Tag Team Championship history '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Manu Profile '' . Online World of Wrestling . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Wrestling Results -- October 2006 '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Duncan , Royal ; Will , Gary ( 2000 ) . Wrestling Title Histories ( 4th ed . ) . Archeus Communications . ISBN 0 - 9698161 - 5 - 4 . Jump up ^ Varsallone , Jim ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` New tag team appears on WWE Raw '' . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ WebCite query result ^ Jump up to : Milner , John M. `` Rosey '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A. National Tag Team Title '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gulf Coast Tag Team Title '' . Wrestling-Titles.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Afa Jr. at Bodyslamming.com '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Umaga '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WCW World Television Championship history '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Independent Wrestling Results -- October 2006 '' . onlineworldofwrestling.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NWE World Heavyweight Title History '' . cagematch.net . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NWA Texas Hardcore Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Texas Tag Team Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA World Tag Team Championship ( Detroit version ) history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Americas Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Americas Tag Team Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Beat the Champ Television Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` CWA / AWA International Tag Team Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Wrestling Southern Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA United States Heavyweight Championship ( San Francisco version ) history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA World Tag Team Championship ( San Francisco version ) history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Polynesian Pacific Tag Team Title ( Hawaii ) '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship history '' . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` PPW Heavyweight Championship `` Titles Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` PPW No Limits Championship `` Titles Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners -- Match of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2016 '' . The Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated ( PWI ) 500 for 2014 '' . Pro Wrestling Illustrated . The Internet Wrestling Database . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners -- Most Popular Wrestler of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Wrestling Illustrated Award Winners -- Wrestler of the Year '' . Wrestling Information Archive . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UWA World Trios Championship history '' . Jump up ^ `` Rock 's first WCW Championship reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Rock 's second WCW Championship reign '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yokozuna Bio '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 28 . WORKS INSIDE SALES AT CONTI Jump up ^ `` WWE Championship history '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` WWF / WWE Intercontinental Heavyweight Title '' . Wrestling - Titles . Retrieved August 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rikishi / Fatu also held that title as a member of the Headshrinkers Jump up ^ `` 1993 Royal Rumble match '' . WWE . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Slammy Award winners , page 3 '' . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` Titles `` World Xtreme Wrestling ( WXW ) `` Promotions Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` WXW Ultimate Hybrid Championship `` Titles Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` WXW Blast Television Championship `` Titles Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kreikenbohm , Philip . `` WXW Elite Tag Team Championship `` Titles Database `` CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database '' . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Dave ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Jan 30 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : Gigantic year - end awards issue , best and worst in all categories plus UFC on FX 1 , death of Savannah Jack , ratings , tons and tons of news '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , CA . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Dave ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` The 2012 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Annual Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Dave ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jan 27 2014 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : 2013 Annual awards issue , best in the world in numerous categories , plus all the news in pro-wrestling and MMA over the past week and more '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 1 -- 37 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` January 25 , 2016 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : 2015 Observer Awards Issue '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 43 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ `` Observer : Worst Tag Team Of The Year '' . Wrestling Observer ( in German ) . genickbruch.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Dave ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jan 27 2014 Wrestling Observer Newsletter : 2013 Annual awards issue , best in the world in numerous categories , plus all the news in pro-wrestling and MMA over the past week and more '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Campbell , California : 32 . ISSN 1083 - 9593 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne Johnson '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Rock Receives Mr. Olympia ICON Award , Makes Announcement on Production Deal for 2017 Event '' . 411Mania. 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Full List Of Winners '' . People 's Choice . 19 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wrestling Classics Samoan Dynasty ( hide ) Anoaʻi family First generation Afa Anoaʻi Sika Anoaʻi Second generation Samula Anoaʻi Afa Anoaʻi Jr . Lloyd Anoaʻi Rikishi Sam Fatu Umaga Yokozuna Rosey Roman Reigns Third generation Jimmy and Jey Uso In - laws Gary Albright Naomi Relatives Rocky Johnson Peter Maivia Lia Maivia Dwayne Johnson Nia Jax Jimmy Snuka Tamina Snuka Deuce Sean Maluta Related articles The Headshrinkers 3 - Minute Warning The Wild Samoans Team B.A.D. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Anoaʻi_family&oldid = 801221322 '' Categories : Anoa'i family Samoan professional wrestlers Professional wrestling families American Samoan sportspeople American families Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2010 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Italiano 日本語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 12 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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when do luke and leia find out they are siblings	Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force .	In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 )	Princess Leia	princess leia	Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan ( also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa ) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise , portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher . Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977 , Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan , a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance . She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire 's cataclysmic superweapon , the Death Star . In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler , Han Solo . In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt , and is revealed to be Vader 's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker . The prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) establishes that the twins ' mother is Senator ( and former queen ) Padmé Amidala of Naboo , who dies after childbirth . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan . In The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order . She and Han have a son named Ben , who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force .	In the Star Wars Legends series of novels , comics and video games ( 1977 -- 2014 ) , which are set in an alternate continuity , Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi , fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy . She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master , and is the mother to three children by Han : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . One of the more popular Star Wars characters , Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and model for other adventure heroines . She has appeared in many derivative works and merchandising , and has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films . Her `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle from Star Wars ( 1977 ) and metal bikini from Return of the Jedi have become cultural icons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and casting 2 Character 3 Appearances 3.1 Feature films 3.1. 1 Star Wars 3.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 3.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 3.1. 4 Revenge of the Sith 3.1. 5 The Force Awakens 3.1. 6 The Last Jedi 3.1. 7 Episode IX 3.2 Anthology films 3.2. 1 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 3.3 Novels 3.4 Comics 3.5 Television 3.5. 1 Star Wars Holiday Special 3.5. 2 Star Wars Rebels 3.5. 3 Star Wars : Forces of Destiny 3.6 Legends works 3.6. 1 Novels 3.6. 1.1 Post-Return of the Jedi 3.6. 1.2 Works set between films 3.6. 1.3 New Jedi Order 3.6. 1.4 Legacy of the Force 3.6. 2 Comics 3.6. 2.1 Dark Empire 4 Cultural impact 4.1 `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle 4.2 Feminist analysis 4.3 Metal bikini 5 Family tree 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Creation and casting ( edit ) Leia was created by Star Wars creator George Lucas . In 1999 , Lucas explained his early development of Leia , Luke and Obi - Wan Kenobi : The first ( version ) talked about a princess and an old general . The second version involved a father , his son , and his daughter ; the daughter was the heroine of the film . Now the daughter has become Luke , Mark Hamill 's character . There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister . The older brother was imprisoned , and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad . Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars , Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae , with two brothers , Biggs and Windy ; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke . According to Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas ( 1999 ) , Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was `` the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke 's cousin -- together they visit the grave of his mother , who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star . '' J.W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as `` Leia Antilles '' , the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major . In the fourth draft it was established that `` Leia Organa '' came instead from Alderaan . Fisher was 19 when she was cast as Princess Leia , with actresses including Amy Irving , Cindy Williams and Jodie Foster also up for the role . In 2014 , InkTank reported that the extended list of `` more than two dozen actresses '' who had auditioned for Leia included Glenn Close , Farrah Fawcett , Jessica Lange , Sissy Spacek , Sigourney Weaver , Cybill Shepherd , Jane Seymour , Anjelica Huston , Kim Basinger , Kathleen Turner , Geena Davis and Meryl Streep . Asked about Streep in 2015 , Fisher said , `` I 've never heard that one . But Jodie Foster was up for it ... that one I knew the most . Amy Irving and Jodie . And I got it . '' The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi - Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister . She and their mother were `` sent to the protection of friends in a distant system . The mother died shortly thereafter , and Luke 's sister was adopted by Ben 's friends , the governor of Alderaan and his wife . '' Fisher explained in 1983 : `` Leia 's real father left her mother when she was pregnant , so her mother married this King Organa . I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess . '' Composer John Williams created a musical leitmotif for Leia which recurs throughout the Star Wars saga . `` Princess Leia 's Theme '' was recorded as a concert suite ( 4 : 18 length ) for the score of the 1977 film . Character ( edit ) Anthony Breznican of Entertainment Weekly describes Leia as a `` diplomat , spy , warrior , undercover agent '' . Mark Edlitz calls her `` a smart , feisty , brave diplomat and warrior '' in The Huffington Post . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 : There are a lot of people who do n't like my character in these movies ; they think I 'm some kind of space bitch . She has no friends , no family ; her planet was blown up in seconds ... so all she has is a cause . From the first film ( Star Wars ) , she was just a soldier , front line and center . The only way they knew to make the character strong was to make her angry . In Return of the Jedi , she gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . She said in 2014 : I would rather have played Han Solo . When I first read the script I thought that 's the part to be , always wry and sardonic . He 's always that . I feel like a lot of the time Leia 's either worried or pissed or , thank God , sort of snarky . But I 'm much more worried and pissed than Han Solo ever was , and those are n't fun things to play ... I had a lot of fun killing Jabba the Hutt . They asked me on the day if I wanted to have a stunt double kill Jabba . No ! That 's the best time I ever had as an actor . And the only reason to go into acting is if you can kill a giant monster . Appearances ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Star Wars ( edit ) Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars , Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate . She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV , where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance . Leia has secretly hidden the plans for the Death Star , the Empire 's moon - sized battle station , inside the astromech droid R2 - D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi , Obi - Wan Kenobi , on the nearby planet of Tatooine . Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured , but she resists revealing anything . Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base . She provides the location of an old , abandoned base , but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway . Leia is rescued by Obi - Wan , Luke Skywalker , Han Solo , the Wookiee Chewbacca and the two droids R2 - D2 and C - 3PO , and they escape aboard Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . After analyzing the Death Star 's plans , the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station , which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter . The battle won , Leia bestows medals on its heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4 . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post writes of Leia in the film : Leia 's nerves as a revolutionary are clear from the moment she arrives on screen ... She takes shots at the Storm Troopers boarding her ship , gets stunned with a blaster in her hand , then has the audacity to try to make Darth Vader feel ashamed of himself ... She has enough energy left over after a nasty session of torture to insult Grand Moff Tarkin . And while she grieves when her home planet , Alderaan , is destroyed by the Death Star , Leia 's not paralyzed : when her unexpected rescuers show up , she 's ready to go , and to gripe about their operational sloppiness . Rosenberg also notes that , though Han is almost immediately attracted to Leia , they conflict because she insists on asserting command and he automatically resists , even as she proves herself to be worthy of it . And despite her initial disdain for the smuggler , whom she sees as selfish , Leia later acknowledges `` I knew there was more to you than money '' when Han comes through for the Rebellion . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1980 that in the original script , when Luke and Han come to rescue a captured Leia , `` I was hanging upside down with yellow eyes , like in The Exorcist ... Some form of radar torture was done to me and I was in a beam , bruised and beaten up , suspended in midair . The reason it was cut from the film was because I was unconscious and the Wookiee would have had to carry me for , like , the next fifteen minutes . '' The Empire Strikes Back ( edit ) In The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , Leia is at the Rebel base on Hoth . She leads its evacuation during an Imperial attack , and then flees with Han , Chewbacca and C - 3PO on Han 's ship , the Millennium Falcon . They dodge pursuing Imperial TIE fighters by flying into an asteroid field when the Falcon 's hyperdrive breaks down , with Leia piloting the ship at one point . Romance blossoms between Leia and Han during their flight from the Empire ; while hiding in the stomach of a space slug , they finally share a kiss . With his ship needing repairs , Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian in Cloud City , the floating city over Bespin . Though he welcomes them graciously , Lando soon turns them over to a newly arrived Darth Vader , who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke . Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite and then handed over to bounty hunter Boba Fett , who is charged with bringing him to gangster Jabba the Hutt . Lando helps Leia , Chewbacca and the two droids escape . Leia senses that Luke is in trouble , and goes back to save him after he is nearly killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader . Rosenberg notes : Yes , it 's slightly ridiculous ... that ( Han ) tries to pry a confession of affection out of her on Hoth , as Leia is trying to manage an evacuation with just an ion cannon for defense . But Han 's not wrong that if Leia does n't figure out that she 's a person with needs , she 's going to burn out ... In a way , it 's an early confession of love : Han 's anxious about the bounty hunters who are still pursuing him ... But he would stay and give his love and support to Leia if she could just acknowledge that she needs him . Return of the Jedi ( edit ) In Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , Leia infiltrates Jabba 's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh , and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse . She frees Han from the carbonite , but they are recaptured by Jabba . Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave , outfitted in a metal bikini . After Luke arrives and kills Jabba 's Rancor , Jabba sentences Luke , Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc . Lando ( disguised as a guard ) helps them overpower their captors , and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain . Luke and Leia swing to safety , blowing up Jabba 's barge behind them . Later , the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire . There , Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father . Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star . Leia is slightly injured , but the Rebels , with help from the Ewoks , defeat the forces of the Empire . Fisher told Rolling Stone in 1983 , `` In Return of the Jedi , ( Leia ) gets to be more feminine , more supportive , more affectionate . But let 's not forget that these movies are basically boys ' fantasies . So the other way they made her more female in this one was to have her take off her clothes . '' Rosenberg writes of Han and Leia : And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion , keeping it a secret from Leia . In A New Hope , Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han 's done , accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous , Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team . In Star Wars , that 's what love looks like : trusting your partner 's commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement . In the film , Leia says that she has vague memories of her real mother , who she describes as `` kind ... but sad '' . Bouzereau quoted Lucas in 1997 : The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia 's mother . I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts , but it basically did n't survive . When I got to Jedi , I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I 'm writing . But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her . Revenge of the Sith ( edit ) In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker 's twins near the end of the Clone Wars . After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader , Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies . Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan . Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava , only to be put together , Frankenstein style , in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving birth to the twins Luke and Leia , a link to genuine feeling is established at last . '' The Force Awakens ( edit ) Carrie Fisher reprised the role of Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens in 2015 . In March 2013 , Fisher confirmed that she would reprise her role as Leia in Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens reintroduces a Leia who is `` a little more battle weary , a little more broken hearted '' . In November 2015 , director J.J. Abrams said of Leia , `` She 's referred to as General but ... there 's a moment in the movie where a character sort of slips and calls her ' Princess . ' '' Commenting on the story he added , `` The stakes are pretty high in the story for her , so there 's not much goofing around where Leia 's concerned . '' Asked how Leia is handling things in the film , Fisher said , `` Not easily ... ( she is ) solitary . Under a lot of pressure . Committed as ever to her cause , but I would imagine feeling somewhat defeated , tired , and pissed . '' In the film , Leia is the leader of the Resistance , a group formed by the New Republic to fight a proxy war with the First Order and trying to find Luke , who disappeared years earlier . When her forces foil a First Order attack searching for the Resistance astromech droid BB - 8 , Leia is reunited with Han , who has helped the renegade stormtrooper Finn and orphaned scavenger Rey bring the droid this far . Han and Leia have been estranged for many years ; their marriage fell apart after their son , Ben , fell to the dark side and became the First Order commander Kylo Ren . Leia believes Ben can still be brought back to the light side . Han volunteers for a mission to infiltrate the First Order 's Starkiller Base to disable its defensive shields . Confronting Ren , Han tries to convince his son to leave the First Order , but Ren instead impales his father on his lightsaber . Leia senses Han 's death through the Force , and later shares a moment of grief with Rey , who had thought of Han as a mentor . Leia sees Rey , Chewbacca , and R2 - D2 off when they depart to locate Luke , saying , `` may the Force be with you '' . Asked why Leia is not shown to be a Jedi in The Force Awakens ( as she is in the Star Wars expanded universe works ) , Abrams told IGN , `` It was a great question , and one that we talked about quite a bit , even with Carrie ( Fisher ) . Why did she not take advantage of this natural Force strength that this character had . And one of the answers was that it was simply a choice that she made , that her decision to run the Rebellion , and ultimately this Resistance , and consider herself a General , as opposed to a Jedi . It was simply a choice that she took '' . He also added , `` I would like to think that there really is n't much of a ticking clock , and it 's never too late ... clearly we 've seen , and we do again , that she still is Force strong . And it 's something that I think is an intrinsic piece of her character . Fisher was nominated for a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal . The last Jedi ( edit ) In December 2015 , producer Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher would reprise the role of Leia in the next installment , then known as Star Wars : Episode VIII , but later named Star Wars : The Last Jedi . Fisher died on December 27 , 2016 , after going into cardiac arrest . It was confirmed that she had completed filming her role in the film shortly before her death . In the film , Leia is among those on the bridge of her flagship , the Raddus , who are expelled into space when the ship is attacked by the First Order . Leia uses the Force to pull herself back to the ship . After recovering , she shoots and stuns Poe Dameron , who has mutinied against her successor , Vice Admiral Holdo . From his solitude on Ahch - To , Luke projects himself through the Force to the Resistance stronghold on Crait and reunites with Leia , apologizing for what happened to Ben . Leia replies that she knows her son is gone , but Luke reassures her that `` no one 's ever really gone '' . While Luke distracts Kylo and his attacking First Order troops , Leia is among the remaining Resistance forces who escape from Crait in the Millennium Falcon . Episode IX ( edit ) Following Fisher 's death , Variety reported that she was slated to appear in Star Wars : Episode IX and speculated that Lucasfilm would need to find a way to address her death and what would become of her character . Filming is expected to begin in 2018 . Lucasfilm announced in January 2017 that they had `` no plans to digitally recreate Carrie Fisher 's performance as Princess or General Leia Organa '' . In April 2017 , Fisher 's family granted Disney and Lucasfilm the rights to use recent footage of the late actress in Episode IX . However , Kennedy subsequently said that Fisher would not appear in the film . Anthology films ( edit ) Rogue one : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Leia makes a brief appearance in the final scene of the 2016 film Rogue One , receiving the plans for the Death Star as a lead - up to the beginning of A New Hope . Since this movie takes place prior to the original Star Wars trilogy , a very young Leia was required . To achieve that effect , a computer - generated image of a young Carrie Fisher was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face ; archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Novels ( edit ) Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars , which was released six months before the film in November 1976 . Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster , the novel was based on Lucas ' screenplay . Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn . She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster . Foster 's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low - budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful . In the story , Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat . Leia also appears in the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens line of novels and comic books , introduced in conjunction with The Force Awakens to connect the film with previous installments . She is the lead character in the young adult novel Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure ( 2015 ) by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry , which is set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and Claudia Gray 's novels Star Wars : Bloodline ( 2016 ) and Leia : Princess of Alderaan ( 2017 ) . The former is set six years before The Force Awakens , while the latter features a 16 - year - old Leia before the events of A New Hope . Comics ( edit ) Leia is the lead character in the five - part comic limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia ( 2015 ) , set between Episode IV : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back . She is featured prominently in the four - part comic limited series Star Wars : Shattered Empire ( 2015 ) , set immediately after Return of the Jedi . In Princess Leia # 2 and Shattered Empire , Leia is seen using her Force sensitivities to sense the past , and in Star Wars # 12 , she uses a lightsaber as a weapon for the first time canonically . Princess Leia reveals Leia to have had royal training in martial arts and explores her reaction to the destruction of Alderaan , while Shattered Empire also portrays her as a skilled pilot who undertakes a dangerous mission alongside Poe Dameron 's mother . Television ( edit ) Star Wars Holiday Special ( edit ) Leia appears briefly in the 1978 Star Wars Holiday Special TV film as a leader and administrator of the new Rebel Alliance base . She and C - 3PO contact Chewbacca 's wife Mallatobuck for assistance in finding Chewbacca and Han . Leia also appears in the cartoon segment at a different Rebel Base , located in an asteroid field , and at the Life Day ceremony at the end of the film . Fisher also appeared in and hosted the November 18 , 1978 episode of Saturday Night Live that aired one day after the holiday special . The Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone magazine poked fun at this appearance . Star Wars Rebels ( edit ) A teenage version of Princess Leia , voiced by Julie Dolan , appears in a 2016 episode of the animated series Star Wars Rebels , which is set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope . In the episode , Leia is sent on a secret mission to assist the titular rebels . Executive producer Dave Filoni said of the appearance : We thought we had an opportunity to show her learning to be a leader , experimenting with the personality that becomes the stronger more resolute character you see in A New Hope . One of the complex challenges of depicting Leia in Rebels is that we have to remind the audience that at this point she is part of the Empire . She does n't believe in the Empire , but she is acting the part , almost a double agent . Star Wars : forces of Destiny ( edit ) Leia appears in the animated series Star Wars : Forces of Destiny , voiced by Shelby Young . Legends works ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars expanded universe The original three Star Wars films have spawned a large franchise of works that include novels , comic books , video games and animated television series . Leia appears in much of this material . In April 2014 ( with the sequel film The Force Awakens in production ) , Lucasfilm separated the Star Wars expanded universe ( rebranded as Star Wars Legends ) from official Star Wars canon . Novels ( edit ) The 1991 New York Times bestselling novel Heir to the Empire by Timothy Zahn began what would become a large collection of works set before , between and especially after the original films . Post-return of the Jedi ( edit ) The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 93 ) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi . In Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) , Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins . Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn 's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic . In Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) , Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance , and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic . In The Last Command ( 1993 ) , Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn 's siege . Leia , now the Chief of State of the New Republic , is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , set after the Thrawn trilogy . Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy : Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) by Barbara Hambly , Darksaber ( 1995 ) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) by Hambly . In The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) by Vonda McIntyre , young Jacen , Jaina and their three - year - old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire , but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca . Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy ( 1996 ) by Michael P. Kube - McDowell . In The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch , she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller , whom she shoots to death . The Corellian trilogy ( 1995 ) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children . In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn ( 1997 's Specter of the Past and 1998 's Vision of the Future ) , Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other . Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 98 ) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta . The 14 - volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina . In The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) by Kathy Tyers , set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi , Leia establishes New Alderaan , a sanctuary for the destroyed planet 's surviving inhabitants . The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness , but she angrily banishes him . The six - volume Jedi Prince series ( 1992 -- 93 ) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids , later contradicted by other novels , is set within a year after Return of the Jedi . In The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) , the self - proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine , Trioculus , seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor . Entranced by Leia 's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) , Trioculus vows to make her his queen . He captures her in Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) , but Jabba the Hutt 's vengeful father , Zorba , offers to trade his own prisoner Ken -- Palpatine 's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking -- for Leia , his son 's killer . But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba . Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) finds Ken 's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire . Leia , now engaged to Han , is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) . Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her . Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy , which kills Trioculus . In Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) , Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children . Matthew Stover 's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after , as Luke , Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes . A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir ; Luke and Isolder follow , and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj . Defeating him , Han and Leia marry . The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia . The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father . During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost , she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin 's childhood friends . When she learns of Anakin 's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother , Leia learns to forgive her father . Works set between films ( edit ) In Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) by Steve Perry , the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han . She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor using pheromones , but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction . Allegiance ( 2007 ) and Choices of One ( 2011 ) by Timothy Zahn are set between Star Wars : A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back , and feature Leia and her cohorts seeking new allies for their Rebellion against the Empire . Razor 's Edge ( 2013 ) by Martha Wells and Honor Among Thieves ( 2014 ) by James S.A. Corey take place in the same time period and also chronicle the adventures of Leia and Han . New Jedi Order ( edit ) In the New Jedi Order series ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , Leia resigns as Chief of State , and on the heels of her warnings before the Senate , the alien Yuuzhan Vong invade the galaxy . They destroy system after system and defeat both the Jedi and the New Republic forces in countless battles . Chewbacca dies in Vector Prime ( 1999 ) by R.A. Salvatore , which sends Han into a deep depression that causes a rift between him and Leia . They reunite after Leia is gravely wounded at the Battle of Duro in Kathy Tyers ' Balance Point ( 2000 ) . She is targeted by a deadly Voxyn slayer in Troy Dennings ' Star By Star ( 2001 ) , and though she manages to evade death , her son Anakin is later killed during a mission to prevent more Voxyn from being cloned . The Vong are finally defeated in The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) by James Luceno . In Denning 's The Dark Nest trilogy ( 2005 ) , Leia , Han and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss and the insidious insectoid Killiks , and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek warrior Alema Rar . In The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , Leia asks Saba Sebatyne to train her as a Jedi Knight . R2 - D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman , whom Luke learns is his and Leia 's biological mother , Padmé Amidala . Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin 's in which Padmé dies in childbirth ; later , Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi - Wan Kenobi about Anakin . Tenel Ka , Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium , has a daughter , Allana , secretly fathered by Jacen . In The Swarm War ( 2005 ) , Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother 's death , and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight . Legacy of the Force ( edit ) The bestselling Legacy of the Force series ( 2006 -- 08 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen to the dark side of the Force while the Jedi , Solos and Skywalkers fight against his growing power . In Betrayal ( 2006 ) by Aaron Allston , Jacen turns to the dark side , believing that it is the only way to save the galaxy from the chaos brewing among the member systems of the Galactic Alliance . Jacen realizes in Bloodlines ( 2006 ) by Karen Traviss that the Sith discipline will require him to kill one of his loved ones , which he decides is an acceptable sacrifice to save the galaxy . In Troy Denning 's Tempest ( 2006 ) , Han and Leia thwart the assassination of Tenel Ka and Allana , but become caught up in a Corellian conspiracy . They are almost killed when the Millennium Falcon is attacked by a Star Destroyer controlled by an increasingly powerful Jacen -- who knows that his parents are on board . With Han injured , Leia and Lando further investigate the Corellians in Aaron Allston 's Exile ( 2007 ) , but Alema reappears to exact her vengeance on Leia . Sacrifice ( 2007 ) by Karen Traviss finds Leia and Han on the run , hunted by Jacen as traitors to the Galactic Alliance . He kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as his final sacrifice to become Darth Caedus , the new ruler of the Sith . In Inferno ( 2007 ) by Troy Denning , Han and Leia are faced with the reality that their son , now Joint Chief of State , is the enemy . Leia attempts unsuccessfully to manipulate Jacen in Aaron Allston 's Fury ( 2007 ) so that the Jedi can both thwart him and neutralize Alema . Finally , in Invincible ( 2008 ) by Troy Denning , Jaina kills Jacen in lightsaber duel . At Tenel Ka 's request , Leia and Han adopt Allana , disguised with the name `` Amelia '' to protect her from any future vengeance against Cadeus or the Hapes Consortium . Multiple novels in the series made the New York Times Best Seller list . The nine - volume Fate of the Jedi series ( 2009 -- 12 ) by Aaron Allston , Troy Denning and Christie Golden finds Han and Leia become caught up in the intensifying conflict between the Galactic Alliance and the Jedi . In the wake of Darth Cadeus ' death , the now - peaceful Galactic Alliance harbors a growing mistrust toward the Jedi , and the situation is worsened by a Force - induced psychosis that begins afflicting individual Jedi , sending them on violent rampages . In Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) by James Luceno , set between Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi , a mysterious device hidden inside the eponymous spacecraft sends Han , Leia and Allana on an adventure to investigate the ship 's past before it came into Han 's possession . Troy Denning 's Crucible ( 2013 ) , set after Fate of the Jedi and the last novel to date in the Star Wars Legends chronology , reunites Leia , Han and Luke with Lando as they aid him to thwart a vast criminal enterprise threatening his asteroid mineral refinery in the Chilean Rift nebula . Comics ( edit ) Dark Empire ( edit ) During the events of the comic series Dark Empire ( 1991 -- 92 ) , Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire . A captive Leia , resisting Palpatine 's attempts to turn her as well , escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power , the Jedi Holocron . Luke pursues her , and Leia manages to turn him back . Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force , turning his own Force - generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer . In Dark Empire II ( 1994 -- 95 ) , Leia gives birth to a third child by Han , whom she names Anakin . Palpatine is reborn in an inferior , rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire 's End ( 1995 ) , and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin . Cultural impact ( edit ) Princess Leia cosplay ( Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim , California , April 2015 ) Princess Leia has been called a 1980s icon , a feminist hero and `` an exemplary personification of female empowerment '' . In 2008 , Leia was selected by Empire magazine as the 89th greatest film character of all time , and IGN listed her as their 8th top Star Wars hero . UGO Networks listed Leia as one of their best heroes of all time in 2010 . The character has been referenced or parodied in several TV shows and films , and celebrated in cosplay . Fisher appeared in the Leia metal bikini on the cover of the Summer 1983 issue of Rolling Stone , and a painting of Leia and other characters surrounding Lucas appeared on the cover of the May 25 , 1983 issue of Time announcing Return of the Jedi . In 2013 , cartoonist Jeffrey Brown published the bestselling Star Wars : Vader 's Little Princess , a comic strip - style book featuring Darth Vader and a young Leia in humorous father - daughter situations . Princess Leia appears on a 2007 US postage stamp and a 2015 UK stamp . Leia has also been used in a wide range of Star Wars merchandise , including statuettes , action figures and other toys , household items and clothing , office supplies , food products , and bubble bath and shampoo in Leia - shaped bottles with her head as the cap . In her one - woman show Wishful Drinking , Fisher called the Princess Leia Pez dispenser one of the `` merchandising horrors '' of the series . In a 2011 interview , Fisher said : I signed away my likeness for free . In those days , there was no such thing as a `` likeness '' ... There was no merchandising tied to movies . No one could have known the extent of the franchise . Not that I do n't think I 'm cute or anything , but when I looked in the mirror , I did n't think I was signing away anything of value . Lately I feel like I 'm Minnie Mouse -- the identity of Princess Leia so eclipses any other identity that I 've ever had . After the 2012 acquisition of LucasFilm by the Walt Disney Company , the Disney Store stated in May 2014 that the company had `` no plans for Leia products '' . After public criticism , Disney told Time in June 2014 that it would be releasing several Leia products . Funko has since produced several versions of Leia ( at least one for each film ) in their POP ! line of 4.5 inch vinyl figures in the Japanese super deformed style . Hasbro is set to release an action figure of Leia as she appears in the Star Wars Rebels animated series . `` Cinnamon buns '' hairstyle ( edit ) Hopi girl with `` squash blossom '' hairdo ( Edward S. Curtis , 1922 ) Lady of Elche Leia 's unique hairdo in 1977 's A New Hope has come to be known as the `` doughnut '' or `` cinnamon buns '' hairstyle , and is iconic of the character and series . A February 1978 cover story for the British teen magazine Jackie included step - by - step instructions on how to replicate Leia 's hair buns . In the 1978 short film parody Hardware Wars , Princess Anne - Droid has actual cinnamon buns on the side of her head . Miss Piggy of The Muppet Show copied the hairdo in a Star Wars - themed episode of the series in February 1980 . In the 1987 Mel Brooks comedy film Spaceballs , Princess Vespa ( Daphne Zuniga ) appears to have the hairstyle , which is soon revealed to in fact be a large pair of headphones . In the parody film Thumb Wars , the role of Leia was filled by a character named Princess Bunhead , who has two cinnamon rolls for hair . In 2015 , Fisher 's daughter Billie Lourd 's character in the horror - comedy TV series Scream Queens , a rich and disaffected sorority girl known as Chanel No. 3 , wears earmuffs in every scene as an homage to Fisher 's iconic Leia hairstyle . Lourd also has a cameo in The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) in which she wears Leia 's distinctive hair buns . Asked about his inspiration for the hairstyle , George Lucas told Time in 2008 , `` In the 1977 film , I was working very hard to create something different that was n't fashion , so I went with a kind of Southwestern Pancho Villa woman revolutionary look , which is what that is . The buns are basically from turn - of - the - century Mexico . '' However , in 2015 Linda Rodriguez McRobbie of Mental Floss recounted research suggesting that while female Mexican revolutionaries of that time did not have such elaborate hairstyles , young marriageable Hopi women did , and their `` squash blossom whorls '' superficially resemble Leia 's hair buns . McRobbie also relates Michael Heilemann 's theory that Leia 's hairstyle was likely also inspired by that of two earlier characters : Queen Fria in the 1939 Flash Gordon comic strip `` The Ice Kingdom of Mongo '' , and scientist Barnes Wallis ' wife Molly ( played by Ursula Jeans ) in the 1955 war film The Dam Busters . Lucas was influenced by the Flash Gordon serials , and the Battle of Yavin in Star Wars is an homage to the penultimate bombing sequence in The Dam Busters . Comparisons have also been made to the 4th century BC Iberian sculpture Lady of Elche , as well as the 1920s `` earphones '' hairstyle . Feminist analysis ( edit ) Leia has been the subject of feminist analysis . Mark Edlitz wrote for The Huffington Post in 2010 that `` Leia is an exemplary personification of female empowerment . '' David Bushman , television curator at the Paley Center for Media , said in 2012 , `` From the male perspective ... Princess Leia was a very creditable character for her time -- not perfect , but certainly defiant , assertive , and strong . '' Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post wrote in 2015 , `` Leia was n't just the first great heroine of science fiction and fantasy to capture my imagination . She was one of the first characters I encountered whose power came from her political conviction and acumen . '' In her 2007 article `` Feminism and the Force : Empowerment and Disillusionment in a Galaxy Far , Far Away '' , Diana Dominguez cited Leia as a welcome change from the previous portrayals of women in film and TV . She wrote : Here was a woman who could play like and with the boys , but who did n't have to become one of the boys and who could , if and when she wanted to , show she liked the boys , a woman who is outspoken , unashamed , and , most importantly , unpunished for being so . She is n't a flirty sex - pot , tossing her hair around seductively to distract the enemy ... She does n't play the role of `` Maternal caretaker '' , although she does display caring and compassion , or `` the sweet innocent damsel '' who stands passively by while the men do all the work , but does step aside to let them do what they 're good at when it is wise to do so ... Leia is a hero without losing her gendered status ; she does not have to play the cute , helpless sex kitten or become sexless and androgynous to get what she wants . She can be strong , sassy , outspoken , bossy , and bitchy , and still be respected and seen as feminine . Rosenberg writes that , though at first Luke is an apolitical innocent in search of adventure and Han is a detached opportunist in search of money , both are `` influenced by Leia 's passion ( and ) take their places as full participants in the Rebellion '' . She notes , `` Everyone else eventually comes around to Leia 's view of the world . '' Leia herself , singularly dedicated to her political movement against the Empire , `` finds a partner in Han , acknowledging that personal happiness can help her sustain her commitment to building a better galactic order '' . Rosenberg cites `` Leia 's willingness to see the best in him , and Han 's desire to live up to her belief in him '' as a foundation of their relationship , also pointing out his attempts to make her recognize that she has needs like anyone else and should acknowledge that she needs him . In their 2012 essay `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages '' , Ray Merlock and Kathy Merlock Jackson cite Leia as the successor of earlier science fiction heroines Wilma Deering of Buck Rogers and Dale Arden of Flash Gordon , and the embodiment of `` a new stage in the ongoing presentation of the fairy - tale princess in jeopardy '' . Writing that `` after Leia , no longer would princesses be passive and salvaged simply with a kiss , '' they note the reflection of the character in later Disney Princess animated films and in woman warriors such as Ellen Ripley from the Alien franchise and Xena of the adventure TV series Xena : Warrior Princess . A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Leia as `` a foremother of Hermione Granger and Katniss Everdeen and of countless latter - day Disney princesses . She also foretold the recent , somewhat belated feminist turn in the Star Wars cycle itself '' . Fisher herself described Leia as a `` huge '' feminist icon , dismissing the suggestion that the character was ever a `` damsel in distress '' . Fisher said of Leia , `` She bossed them around . I do n't know what your idea of distress is , but that was n't it ! And I was n't some babe running through the galaxy with my tits bouncing around . So I was n't threatening to women '' , adding `` I like Princess Leia . I like how she was feisty . I like how she killed Jabba the Hutt '' . Metal bikini ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia 's bikini Actress Olivia Munn cosplaying in the iconic Princess Leia `` metal bikini '' slave outfit from Return of the Jedi Leia 's slave costume when she is held captive by Jabba the Hutt at the beginning of Return of the Jedi -- made of brass and dubbed Leia 's `` Metal Bikini '' or `` Gold Bikini '' -- immediately made the character ( and Fisher ) a `` generational sex symbol '' celebrated by pin - up posters , and later merchandising and cosplay . The outfit has gained a cult following of its own . Rosenberg noted that `` the costume has become culturally iconic in a way that has slipped loose from the context of the scenes in which Leia wore it and the things she does after she is forced into the outfit . '' Philip Chien of the website Wired wrote in 2006 , `` There 's no doubt that the sight of Carrie Fisher in the gold sci - fi swimsuit was burned into the sweaty subconscious of a generation of fanboys hitting puberty in the spring of 1983 . '' Acknowledging the opinion of some that the `` Slave Leia '' iconography tarnishes the character 's position as `` feminist hero '' , Rosenberg argues : Leia may be captive in these scenes , but she 's not exactly a compliant fantasy . Instead , she 's biding her time for the moment when she can put that fury into action , carrying out a carefully laid plan to rescue her lover . And when that moment comes , the bikini does n't condemn Leia to passivity . She rises , and uses the very chains that bind her to strangle the creature who tried to take away her power by turning her into a sex object . Science fiction filmmaker Letia Clouston concurs , saying `` Sci - fi has had a long history of strong female characters . Yes , Princess Leia was in a gold bikini , but she was also the one who single - handedly killed Jabba . When you take into account movies and TV shows like Terminator , Aliens , Battlestar Galactica , and even video games like Metroid , you can see sci - fi has consistently promoted the strength of women more than any other genre . '' Family tree ( edit ) Main articles : Skywalker family and Solo family hide Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . See also ( edit ) Comics portal Fictional characters portal Film in the United States portal Star Wars portal Television in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Kenner Star Wars action figures Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chatting With Julie Dolan - The New Voice Of Princess Leia ! '' . disneyinfinitycodes.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Dyer ( @ MitchyD ) ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` I 'm trying to avoid spoilers , but @ misty_lee 's Leia was such an important role when we see the Rebellion and she absolutely nailed it . She captures the empathy and heart of the character beautifully '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Clouzot , Claire ( 1999 ) . `` The Morning of the Magician : George Lucas and Star Wars '' . In Kline , Sally . The George Lucas Interviews . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 125 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau , Laurent ( September 8 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Annotated Screenplays . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 40981 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Dale ( 1999 ) . Skywalking : The Life and Films of George Lucas . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 146 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80904 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( April 24 , 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film . LucasBooks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49476 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Maev ( May 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars original cast looked ' a little melted ' for Episode VII -- Carrie Fisher '' . The Guardian . 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London Evening Standard . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Title for Star Wars : Episode VIII Revealed '' . StarWars.com . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Fisher , who had recently wrapped the filming of Star Wars : Episode VIII ... Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on Star Wars : Episode VIII Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on Star Wars : Episode VIII : What Does Her Death Mean for Episode IX ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new Family Guy shows , Star Wars : Episode VIII '' . UPI . 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Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2001 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke , I Am Your Lather ' : Star Wars Shampoo , Soap , and Bubble Bath '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Princess Leia Figural Bubble Bath '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tim ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Wishful Drinking makes rough landing at the Hippodrome , but still flies '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Says Star Wars Toys for Girls Are Coming '' . Time . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` NYCC 2016 : Grand Admiral Thrawn Leads Star Wars Hasbro Figures '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Merlock , Ray ; Merlock Jackson , Kathy ( 2012 ) . `` Lightsabers , Political Arenas , and Marriages for Princess Leia and Queen Amidala '' . In Brode , Douglas ; Deyneka , Leah . Sex , Politics , and Religion in Star Wars : An Anthology . The Scarecrow Press . pp. 77 -- 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8514 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist : 10 Strange Star Wars Magazine Covers ( Jackie ) '' . StarWars.com . November 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` February 4 , 1978 cover '' . Jackie . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Bob ( May 21 , 2002 ) . `` Hardware Wars : The movie , the legend , the household appliances '' . Salon . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Show Season 4 -- Episode 17 : Mark Hamill '' . SideReel . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` The royal reason for Scream Queens earmuffs '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Princess Leia 's Daughter Is Reprising That Iconic Star Wars Look '' . 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External links ( edit ) hide Find more aboutPrincess Leiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Princess Leia in the StarWars.com Databank Princess Leia on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Leia Organa on IMDb hide Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal LCCN : nb2015003397 NLA : 56408613 VIAF : 314900768 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Leia&oldid=845351798 '' Categories : Female characters in film Fictional adoptees Fictional ambassadors Fictional aviators Fictional chancellors and presidents Fictional characters introduced in 1977 Fictional commanders Fictional diplomats Fictional double agents Fictional female generals Fictional princesses Fictional revolutionaries Fictional senators Fictional slaves Fictional twins Fictional war veterans Star Wars characters Fictional heads of state Fictional ministers and secretaries Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2016 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 06 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Leia	16,818
social creed of the methodist episcopal church 1908			Social creed ( Methodist )	social creed ( methodist )	The Social Creed originated to express Methodism 's outrage over the miserable lives of the millions of workers in factories , mines , mills , tenements and company towns . It was adopted by the Methodist Episcopal Church , the first denomination in Christendom to adopt an official Social Creed . As a part of United Methodist social principles , United Methodist congregations are encouraged to regularly reflect upon the creed and use it in worship services .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Social Creed 3 1908 Methodist Social Creed 4 References 5 See also 6 External links History ( edit ) Influenced by the Social Gospel movement and the Progressive politics of early 20th century America , the Church wrote and adopted the creed in 1908 . It has been altered through the years , and still appears in The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church , following the Social Principles section . Social creed ( edit ) We believe in God , Creator of the world ; and in Jesus Christ , the Redeemer of creation . We believe in the Holy Spirit , through whom we acknowledge God 's gifts , and we repent of our sin in misusing these gifts to idolatrous ends . We affirm the natural world as God 's handiwork and dedicate ourselves to its preservation , enhancement , and faithful use by humankind . We joyfully receive for ourselves and others the blessings of community , sexuality , marriage , and the family . We commit ourselves to the rights of men , women , children , youth , young adults , the aging , and people with disabilities ; to improvement of the quality of life ; and to the rights and dignity of all persons . We believe in the right and duty of persons to work for the glory of God and the good of themselves and others and in the protection of their welfare in so doing ; in the rights to property as a trust from God , collective bargaining , and responsible consumption ; and in the elimination of economic and social distress . We dedicate ourselves to peace throughout the world , to the rule of justice and law among nations , and to individual freedom for all people of the world . We believe in the present and final triumph of God 's Word in human affairs and gladly accept our commission to manifest the life of the gospel in the world . Amen . The current Social Creed as it appears in the 2008 Book of Discipline , ¶ 166 . 1908 Methodist Social creed ( edit ) The Methodist Episcopal Church stands : For equal rights and complete justice for all men in all stations of life . For the principles of conciliation and arbitration in industrial dissensions . For the protection of the worker from dangerous machinery , occupational diseases , injuries and mortality . For the abolition of child labor . For such regulation of the conditions of labor for women as shall safeguard the physical and moral health of the community . For the suppression of the `` sweating system . '' For the gradual and reasonable reduction of the hours of labor to the lowest practical point , with work for all ; and for that degree of leisure for all which is the condition of the highest human life . For a release for ( from ) employment one day in seven . For a living wage in every industry . For the highest wage that each industry can afford , and for the most equitable division of the products of industry that can ultimately be devised . For the recognition of the Golden Rule and the mind of Christ as the supreme law of society and the sure remedy for all social ills . When the Federal Council of Churches adopted the social creed in December 1908 , they added the following phrase at the end : To the toilers of America and to those who by organized effort are seeking to lift the crushing burdens of the poor , and to reduce the hardships and uphold the dignity of labor , this Council sends the greeting of human brotherhood and the pledge of sympathy and of help in a cause which belongs to all who follow Christ . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What is the creed of The United Methodist Church ? '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Social Creed '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://nationalcouncilofchurches.us/common-witness/1908/social-creed.php See also ( edit ) Evangelical left General Board of Church and Society Sermon on the Mount Social Gospel Social justice The Upper Room ( United Methodist Church ) External links ( edit ) Methodist Federation for Social Action The United Methodist General Board of Church and Society Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Creed_(Methodist)&oldid=789407370 '' Categories : Methodism Religion and politics Practical theology 1908 documents History of Methodism in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2017 , at 04 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Creed%20%28Methodist%29	107,919
what is the definition of the game fortnite			Fortnite	fortnite		Not to be confused with fortnight . Fortnite Genres Survival , battle royale Developer ( s ) Epic Games Publisher ( s ) Epic Games Platforms Windows , macOS , Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , iOS , Android Platform of origin Windows Year of inception 2017 Fortnite is an online video game first released in 2017 and developed by Epic Games . It is available as separate software packages having different game modes that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine . The game modes include Fortnite : Save the World , a cooperative shooter - survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie - like creatures and defend objects with fortifications they can build , and Fortnite Battle Royale , a free - to - play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing . Both game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles ; Save the World is available only for Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One , while Battle Royale has been released for those platforms in addition for Nintendo Switch , iOS and Android devices . While both games have been successful for Epic Games , Fortnite Battle Royale became a resounding success , drawing in more than 125 million players in less than a year , and earning hundreds of millions of dollars per month , and since has been a cultural phenomenon . Contents 1 Game modes 2 Development 2.1 Fortnite : Save the World 2.2 Fortnite Battle Royale 3 Reception 3.1 Awards 4 References 5 External links Game modes Currently , Fortnite is distributed as two different games , though each game uses the same engine and has similar graphics , art assets , and game mechanics . Main article : Fortnite : Save the World Fortnite : Save the World is designed as player - versus - environment game , with four players cooperating towards a common objective on various missions . The game is set after a fluke storm appears across Earth , causing 98 % of the population to disappear , and the survivors to be attacked by zombie - like `` husks '' . The players take the role of commanders of home base shelters , collecting resources , saving survivors , and defending equipment that help to either collect data on the storm or to push back the storm . From missions , players are awarded a number of in - game items , which include hero characters , weapon and trap schematics , and survivors , all of which can be leveled up through gained experience to improve their attributes . Main article : Fortnite Battle Royale Fortnite Battle Royale is a player - versus - player battle royale game for up to 100 players , allowing one to play alone , in a duo , or in a squad ( usually consisting of three or four players ) . Weaponless players airdrop from a `` Battle Bus '' that crosses the game 's map . When they land , they must scavenge for weapons , items , and resources while trying to stay alive and attack other players . Over the course of a round , the safe area of the map shrinks down in size due to an incoming storm ; players outside that safe area take damage and can be killed . This forces remaining players into tighter spaces and encourages player encounters . The last player , duo , or squad alive is the winner . In both modes , players can use a pickaxe to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources that are wood , brick , and metal . Subsequently , the player can use these materials to build fortifications with , such as walls , floors , and stairs . Such fortification pieces can be edited to add things like windows or doors . The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type . Within `` Save the World '' this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap - filled tunnels to lure husks through . In `` Battle Royale '' , this provides the means to quickly traverse the map , protect oneself from enemy fire , or to delay an advancing foe . Both game modes are set to be free - to - play titles , though presently , `` Save the World '' is in early access and requires purchase to play . Both games are monetized through the use of V - Bucks , in - game currency that can be purchased with real - world funds , but also earned through completing missions and other achievements in `` Save the World '' . V - Bucks in `` Save the World '' can be used to buy pinatas shaped like llamas to gain a random selection of items . In `` Battle Royale '' , V - Bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like , or can also be used to purchase the game 's Battle Pass , a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a `` Battle Royale '' season . Development Fortnite : Save the World Main article : Fortnite : Save the World § Development Fortnite began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of Gears of War 3 around 2011 . Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam , the concept of merging the construction game genre , representing games like Minecraft and Terraria , and shooter games arose , leading to the foundation of Fortnite . Development of Fortnite slowed due to several issues , including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal 4 , a deeper role - playing game approach to extend the life of the game , and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style . Further , Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model , and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help ; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this , leading to the departure of several executives , including Cliff Bleszinski , who had been a key part of Fortnite 's development . Fortnite 's approach was changed to be Epic 's testbed for games as a service , and further slowed the development . Ultimately , Epic was able to prepare to release Fortnite as a paid early access title in July 2017 , with plans to release it as free - to - play sometime in 2019 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game . With the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , the player - versus - environment mode was distinguished as `` Save the World '' . Fortnite Battle Royale Main article : Fortnite Battle Royale § Development Near the same time that Epic released Fortnite into early access , PlayerUnknown 's Battlegrounds had become a worldwide phenomenon , having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release , and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre . Epic recognized that with the Fortnite base game , they could also do a battle royale mode , and rapidly developed their own version atop Fortnite in about two months . By September 2017 , Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from `` Save the World '' in the paid - for earlier access , but then later decided to release it as a free game , Fortnite Battle Royale , supported with microtransactions . This version quickly gained players , with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release , and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the Fortnite Battle Royale development apart from the `` Save the World '' mode , outside of common engine elements and art assets . This allowed Fortnite Battle Royale to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by the `` Save the World '' mode , including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch . Reception The Fortnite Pro-Am event at E3 2018 See also : Fortnite : Save the World § Reception , and Fortnite Battle Royale § Reception With both modes of Fortnite still considered to be early access , journalists have yet to provide comprehensive reviews of either mode . The Save the World mode achieved over one million players by August 2017 , just prior to the release of Battle Royale . Fortnite Battle Royale , on the other hand , became a significant financial success for Epic Games , leading them to separate the teams between Save the World and Battle Royale to provide better support for both modes . Within two weeks of release , over 10 million players had played the mode , and by June 2018 , just after the Nintendo Switch release , had reached 125 million players . Revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month . Fortnite Battle Royale has also become a cultural online phenomenon , with several celebrities reporting they play the game , and athletes using Fortnite emotes as victory celebrations . A notable streaming event in March 2018 , with streamer Tyler `` Ninja '' Blevins playing Fortnite Battle Royale alongside Drake , Travis Scott , Kim DotCom , and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith - Schuster , broke viewership records for Twitch to date , and led to Epic arranging a Fortnite Battle Royale pro -- am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018 . Epic Games is working to develop organized eSports competitions around Fortnite : Battle Royale , including a Fortnite World Cup tournament in 2019 . There has also been growing concern over Fortnite Battle Royale 's draw toward young children , emphasized with the release of the mobile client . Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing Fortnite . Concerns have also been raised about the impact that playing a game involving repeated gun violence may have on young children . Awards The game was nominated for `` Best Co-op Game '' by PC Gamer , and for `` Best Spectator Game '' by IGN . Year Award Result Ref ( s ) . 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Nominated 2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) Nominated D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Multiplayer Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Evolving Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Webby Awards People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game Won Game Critics Awards Best Ongoing Game Won Develop Awards Best Animation Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Videogame Won Golden Joystick Awards Best Competitive Game Pending Mobile Game of the Year Pending References Ed Zobrist ( March 22 , 2018 ) . Fortnite : An Unconventional Launch . Game Developers Conference . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Kim , Matt ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's V - Bucks Currency is Another Battleground for a Community at Odds '' . USGamer . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frushtick , Russ ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Should you spend money on Fortnite ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` What 's the future of games at Epic Games ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inside the Development History of Fortnite . Game Informer . YouTube . April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peel , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why has Fortnite taken so long ? '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` The big Cliff Bleszinski interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Story Behind ' Fortnite 's ' Less Popular Mode '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite announces early access release , hands - on the unfinished game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's Save the World free - to - play launch pushed back to next year at the earliest '' . VG247 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' : The Evolution of World 's Largest Battle Royale Game '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duggan , James ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` How Fortnite Became The Biggest Game In The World '' . IGN ( video ) . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite Battle Royale was developed in just two months , was n't originally free - to - play '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite now available for everyone on iOS '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite for Nintendo Switch is out today '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jordan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players ; New Survival Mode Announced '' . Dualshockers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite : Battle Royale Has Hit 10 Million Players In Two Weeks '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite now has 125 million players just one year after launch '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Report : ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' Made Nearly $300 Million Last Month '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Molla , Rani ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite is generating more revenue than any other free game ever '' . Recode . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrities Who Play Fortnite - Drake , Chance the Rapper and More ! '' . Twin Galaxies . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patrick Gill , Christopher Grant , Ross Miller , and Julia Alexander ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Drake sets records with his Fortnite : Battle Royale Twitch debut '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Fortnite ' streamer breaks Twitch records with help from Drake '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davenport , James ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrity Pro-Am Twitch channel breaks 700,000 concurrent viewers '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goslin , Austen ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Epic announces the 2019 Fortnite World Cup event '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite : a parents ' guide to the most popular video game in schools '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What should I know about Fortnite -- is it ok for kids to play ? ) '' `` . Center on Media and Child Health . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite Could Endanger Children And Expose Them To Violence , NSPCC Claims '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . March 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` JAY - Z , RuPaul , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` E3 2018 : Game Critics Awards Nominations Revealed : Anthem , Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Top The List '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2018 Winners Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MCV staff ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Announcing the Develop Awards 2018 nominations shortlist '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved September 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barton , Seth ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Develop Awards 2018 : All the winners ! '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E !. Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Riverdale ' , ' Infinity War ' , ' Black Panther ' Among Top Honorees -- Full Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hoggins , Tom ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Joysticks 2018 nominees announced , voting open now '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . External links Official website Epic Games Games Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal Unreal Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Gears of War Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War : Judgment Infinity Blade Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Fortnite Fortnite : Save the World Fortnite Battle Royale Other games ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon Subsidiaries Current Chair Entertainment Former Safari Software Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly People Current Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel Related List of Unreal Engine games Make Something Unreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortnite&oldid=865387871 '' Categories : Epic Games IOS games Nintendo Switch games PlayStation 4 games Windows games Xbox One games MacOS games Unreal Engine games Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 16 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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what is the major league record for strikeouts in a game			List of major league Baseball single - game strikeout Leaders	list of major league baseball single - game strikeout leaders	In baseball , a strikeout occurs when a pitcher throws three strikes to a batter during his time at bat . Twenty different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in a single nine - inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game as of 2016 , the most recent being Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals on May 11 , 2016 . Four players have accomplished the feat more than once in their career ; no player has ever struck out more than 20 batters in a game . Charlie Sweeney was the first player to strike out 18 batters in a single game , doing so for the Providence Grays against the Boston Beaneaters on June 7 , 1884 . In spite of this , Bob Feller is viewed as the first pitcher to accomplish the feat , since his then - record 18 strikeouts was the first to occur during the 20th century and the live - ball era .	Out of the twenty pitchers who have accomplished the feat , fifteen were right - handed and five pitched left - handed . Five of these players have played for only one major league team . Five pitchers -- Steve Carlton , Roger Clemens , Randy Johnson , Nolan Ryan and Tom Seaver -- are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Sweeney has the fewest career strikeouts in the group with 505 , while Nolan Ryan , with 5,714 , struck out more batters than any other pitcher in major league history . Bill Gullickson and Kerry Wood are the only rookies to have achieved the feat . Tom Seaver concluded his milestone game by striking out the final ten batters he faced , setting a new major league record for most consecutive strikeouts . Of the eleven players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have struck out 18 batters in a game , six have been elected ; all six were elected on the first ballot . Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons , and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months . These requirements leave two players ineligible who are active , two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons , and five who did not play in 10 major league seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Players 1.1 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Players ( edit ) Kerry Wood tied Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 6 , 1998 . Sandy Koufax is one of six pitchers who have 18 strikeouts in a game to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Bob Feller was the first player to achieve 18 strikeouts in a game during the live - ball era . Max Scherzer tied Kerry Wood and Roger Clemens ' major league record of 20 strikeouts in a nine - inning game on May 11 , 2016 . Nolan Ryan amassed 18 or more strikeouts in a nine - inning game twice , as well as 19 strikeouts in extra-inning games three times . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Date Date of the game Team The player 's team at the time of the game Opposing team The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players Score Final score of the game , with the player 's team score listed first Strikeouts Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded Career Ks Career strikeouts Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame * Player is active Indicates the player 's team lost the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine - inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts Career Ks Refs Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer 000000002016 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2016 Washington Nationals Detroit Tigers 3 -- 2 20 1,881 Wood , Kerry Kerry Wood 000000001998 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1998 Chicago Cubs Houston Astros 2 -- 0 20 1,582 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001996 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox Detroit Tigers 4 -- 0 20 4,672 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001986 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1986 Boston Red Sox Seattle Mariners 3 -- 1 20 4,672 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001997 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 5 -- 0 19 4,875 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001997 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1997 Seattle Mariners Oakland Athletics 1 -- 4 19 4,875 Cone , David David Cone 000000001991 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1991 New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies 7 -- 0 19 2,668 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 2 19 5,714 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 000000001970 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1970 New York Mets San Diego Padres 2 -- 1 19 3,640 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 000000001969 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1969 St. Louis Cardinals New York Mets 3 -- 4 19 4,136 Daily , Hugh Hugh Daily 000000001884 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1884 Chicago Browns Boston Reds 10 -- 4 19 846 Sweeney , Charlie Charlie Sweeney 000000001884 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1884 Providence Grays Boston Beaneaters 2 -- 1 19 505 Kluber , Corey Corey Kluber 000000002015 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2015 Cleveland Indians St. Louis Cardinals 2 -- 0 18 630 Sheets , Ben Ben Sheets 000000002004 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Atlanta Braves 4 -- 1 18 1,325 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 000000001998 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Kansas City Royals 3 -- 0 18 4,672 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000001992 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers 2 -- 3 18 4,875 Martínez , Ramón Ramón Martínez 000000001990 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1990 Los Angeles Dodgers Atlanta Braves 6 -- 0 18 1,427 Gullickson , Bill Bill Gullickson 000000001980 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1980 Montreal Expos Chicago Cubs 4 -- 2 18 1,279 Guidry , Ron Ron Guidry 000000001978 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 1978 New York Yankees California Angels 4 -- 0 18 1,778 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001976 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1976 California Angels Chicago White Sox 3 -- 2 18 5,714 Wilson , Don Don Wilson 000000001968 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1968 Houston Astros Cincinnati Reds 6 -- 1 18 1,283 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax 000000001962 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers Chicago Cubs 10 -- 2 18 2,396 Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax 000000001959 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 , 1959 Los Angeles Dodgers San Francisco Giants 5 -- 2 18 2,396 Feller , Bob Bob Feller 000000001938 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1938 Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers 1 -- 4 18 2,581 Porter , Henry Henry Porter 000000001884 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1884 Milwaukee Brewers Boston Reds 4 -- 5 18 659 Shaw , Dupee Dupee Shaw 000000001884 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1884 Boston Reds St. Louis Maroons 0 -- 1 18 950 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games ( edit ) Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball ( MLB ) game to date . Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game . The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine - inning game . This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game , the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made , and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings . Key IP Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game Pitcher Date Team Opposing team Score Strikeouts IP Career Ks Refs Cheney , Tom Tom Cheney 000000001962 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 , 1962 Washington Senators Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 21 16 345 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Cincinnati Reds 4 -- 3 20 9 4,875 Tiant , Luis Luis Tiant 000000001968 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1968 Cleveland Indians Minnesota Twins 1 -- 0 19 10 2,416 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1974 California Angels Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 19 13 5,714 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001974 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 1974 California Angels Detroit Tigers 0 -- 1 19 11 5,714 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 000000001977 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1977 California Angels Toronto Blue Jays 2 -- 1 19 10 5,714 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 000000001952 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1952 Boston Braves Chicago Cubs 1 -- 3 18 15 2,583 Short , Chris Chris Short 000000001965 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1965 Philadelphia Phillies New York Mets 0 -- 0 18 15 1,629 Maloney , Jim Jim Maloney 000000001965 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 1965 Cincinnati Reds New York Mets 0 -- 1 18 11 1,605 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 18 strikeouts is utilized as the benchmark because it signifies approximately ⁄ of a nine - inning game 's 27 outs were made by a single pitcher via a strikeout ( `` approximately '' due to the fact that a pitcher can record more than three strikeouts in an inning with the uncaught third strike rule ) . Jump up ^ Although the game went into extra innings ( 11 total ) , Johnson was relieved by Byung - hyun Kim after nine innings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Guide to baseball '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Baseball Rules '' ( PDF ) . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 6.00 -- The Batter '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Roaring 20 ! Max Ties K Mark , Mauls Tigers '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caruso , Gary ( October 25 , 1995 ) . The Braves Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781566393843 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Bob Feller , Whose Fastball Dazzled , Dies at 92 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blevins , Dave ( December 23 , 2011 ) . The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia : Baseball , Basketball , Football , Hockey , Soccer . Scarecrow Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9781461673705 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Allen , Maury ( May 8 , 1961 ) . `` The 18 Strikeouts Of Bob Feller '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Gullickson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kerry Wood Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bock , Hal ( April 23 , 1970 ) . `` Seaver Fans 19 '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . p. 2B . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costello , Brian ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Terr - whiff - ic ! Seaver Ties Record With 19 Strikeouts '' . New York Post . p. 87 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 11 , 2016 Detroit Tigers at Washington Nationals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Max Scherzer Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` May 6 , 1998 Houston Astros at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 6 , 1998 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 18 , 1996 Boston Red Sox at Detroit Tigers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 18 , 1996 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 29 , 1986 Seattle Mariners at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 29 , 1986 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` August 8 , 1997 Chicago White Sox at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 8 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June 24 , 1997 Oakland Athletics at Seattle Mariners Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 24 , 1997 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 6 , 1991 New York Mets at Philadelphia Phillies Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 6 , 1991 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Cone Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 12 , 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 12 , 1974 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 22 , 1970 San Diego Padres at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 22 , 1970 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 15 , 1969 New York Mets at St. Louis Cardinals Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 15 , 1969 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vaccaro , Frank . `` Hugh Daily '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Daily Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Charlie Sweeney '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Baseball Library . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Sweeney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` May 13 , 2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Kluber Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` May 16 , 2004 Atlanta Braves at Milwaukee Brewers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 16 , 2004 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Sheets Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 25 , 1998 Kansas City Royals at Toronto Blue Jays Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 25 , 1998 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` September 27 , 1992 Seattle Mariners at Texas Rangers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 27 , 1992 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 4 , 1990 Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 4 , 1990 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ramon Martinez Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 10 , 1980 Chicago Cubs at Montreal Expos Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 10 , 1980 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` June 17 , 1978 California Angels at New York Yankees Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 17 , 1978 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Guidry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 10 , 1976 California Angels at Chicago White Sox Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 10 , 1976 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` July 14 , 1968 Houston Astros at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 14 , 1968 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Wilson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April 24 , 1962 Los Angeles Dodgers at Chicago Cubs Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. April 24 , 1962 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sandy Koufax Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` August 31 , 1959 San Francisco Giants at Los Angeles Dodgers Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 31 , 1959 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1938 Detroit Tigers at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 2 , 1938 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Feller Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevis , Charlie . `` George Bignell '' . The Baseball Biography Project . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Porter Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Early Records Of Lou Gehrig While At College Minus '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . April 16 , 1929 . p. 11 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dupee Shaw Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` September 12 , 1962 Washington Senators at Baltimore Orioles Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . September 12 , 1962 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cheney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` May 8 , 2001 Cincinnati Reds at Arizona Diamondbacks Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . May 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` July 3 , 1968 Minnesota Twins at Cleveland Indians Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . July 3 , 1968 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Tiant Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1974 Boston Red Sox at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1974 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August 20 , 1974 Detroit Tigers at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . August 20 , 1974 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 8 , 1977 Toronto Blue Jays at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 8 , 1977 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1952 Chicago Cubs at Boston Braves Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1952 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Spahn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` October 2 , 1965 Philadelphia Phillies at New York Mets Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . October 2 , 1965 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Short Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` June 14 , 1965 New York Mets at Cincinnati Reds Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . June 14 , 1965 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Maloney Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Top Individual Performances -- List Retrosheet ( scroll down ) ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_strikeout_leaders&oldid=801792197 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Major League Baseball lists Baseball pitching Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured lists Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 21 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20single-game%20strikeout%20leaders	2,541
air flow in the eye of a hurricane	Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm , with no wind at the center and typically clear skies , over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area . In the eyewall , wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction . In the center of the eye , however , the waves converge from all directions , creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves . The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown , but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough .	no wind	Eye ( cyclone )	eye ( cyclone )	The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones . The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area , typically 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 miles ) in diameter . It is surrounded by the eyewall , a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur . The cyclone 's lowest barometric pressure occurs in the eye and can be as much as 15 percent lower than the pressure outside the storm .	In strong tropical cyclones , the eye is characterized by light winds and clear skies , surrounded on all sides by a towering , symmetric eyewall . In weaker tropical cyclones , the eye is less well defined and can be covered by the central dense overcast , an area of high , thick clouds that show up brightly on satellite imagery . Weaker or disorganized storms may also feature an eyewall that does not completely encircle the eye or have an eye that features heavy rain . In all storms , however , the eye is the location of the storm 's minimum barometric pressure -- where the atmospheric pressure at sea level is the lowest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Formation and detection 3 Associated phenomena 3.1 Eyewall replacement cycles 3.2 Moats 3.3 Eyewall mesovortices 3.4 Stadium effect 3.5 Eye - like features 4 Hazards 5 Other cyclones 5.1 Polar lows 5.2 Extratropical cyclones 5.3 Subtropical cyclones 5.4 Tornadoes 6 Extraterrestrial vortices 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) A cross section diagram of a mature tropical cyclone , with arrows indicating air flow in and around the eye A typical tropical cyclone will have an eye of approximately 30 -- 65 km ( 20 -- 40 mi ) across , usually situated at the geometric center of the storm . The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds ( a clear eye ) , it may be filled with low - and mid-level clouds ( a filled eye ) , or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast . There is , however , very little wind and rain , especially near the center . This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall , which contains the storm 's strongest winds . Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone , the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings . While normally quite symmetric , eyes can be oblong and irregular , especially in weakening storms . A large ragged eye is a non-circular eye which appears fragmented , and is an indicator of a weak or weakening tropical cyclone . An open eye is an eye which can be circular , but the eyewall does not completely encircle the eye , also indicating a weakening , moisture - deprived cyclone . Both of these observations are used to estimate the intensity of tropical cyclones via Dvorak analysis . Eyewalls are typically circular ; however , distinctly polygonal shapes ranging from triangles to hexagons occasionally occur . While typical mature storms have eyes that are a few dozen miles across , rapidly intensifying storms can develop an extremely small , clear , and circular eye , sometimes referred to as a pinhole eye . Storms with pinhole eyes are prone to large fluctuations in intensity , and provide difficulties and frustrations for forecasters . Small / minuscule eyes -- those less than 10 nmi ( 19 km , 12 mi ) across -- often trigger eyewall replacement cycles , where a new eyewall begins to form outside the original eyewall . This can take place anywhere from fifteen to hundreds of kilometers ( ten to a few hundred miles ) outside the inner eye . The storm then develops two concentric eyewalls , or an `` eye within an eye '' . In most cases , the outer eyewall begins to contract soon after its formation , which chokes off the inner eye and leaves a much larger but more stable eye . While the replacement cycle tends to weaken storms as it occurs , the new eyewall can contract fairly quickly after the old eyewall dissipates , allowing the storm to re-strengthen . This may trigger another re-strengthen cycle of eyewall replacement . Eyes can range in size from 370 km ( 230 mi ) ( Typhoon Carmen ) to a mere 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) ( Hurricane Wilma ) across . While it is uncommon for storms with large eyes to become very intense , it does occur , especially in annular hurricanes . Hurricane Isabel was the eleventh most powerful North Atlantic hurricane in recorded history , and sustained a large , 65 -- 80 km ( 40 -- 50 mi ) - wide eye for a period of several days . Formation and detection ( edit ) See also : Tropical cyclogenesis Tropical cyclones form when the energy released by the condensation of moisture in rising air causes a positive feedback loop over warm ocean waters . Typically , eyes are easy to spot using weather radar . This radar image of Hurricane Andrew clearly shows the eye over southern Florida . Tropical cyclones typically form from large , disorganized areas of disturbed weather in tropical regions . As more thunderstorms form and gather , the storm develops rainbands which start rotating around a common center . As the storm gains strength , a ring of stronger convection forms at a certain distance from the rotational center of the developing storm . Since stronger thunderstorms and heavier rain mark areas of stronger updrafts , the barometric pressure at the surface begins to drop , and air begins to build up in the upper levels of the cyclone . This results in the formation of an upper level anticyclone , or an area of high atmospheric pressure above the central dense overcast . Consequently , most of this built up air flows outward anticyclonically above the tropical cyclone . Outside the forming eye , the anticyclone at the upper levels of the atmosphere enhances the flow towards the center of the cyclone , pushing air towards the eyewall and causing a positive feedback loop . However , a small portion of the built - up air , instead of flowing outward , flows inward towards the center of the storm . This causes air pressure to build even further , to the point where the weight of the air counteracts the strength of the updrafts in the center of the storm . Air begins to descend in the center of the storm , creating a mostly rain - free area -- a newly formed eye . There are many aspects of this process which remain a mystery . Scientists do not know why a ring of convection forms around the center of circulation instead of on top of it , or why the upper - level anticyclone only ejects a portion of the excess air above the storm . Many theories exist as to the exact process by which the eye forms : all that is known for sure is that the eye is necessary for tropical cyclones to achieve high wind speeds . The formation of an eye is almost always an indicator of increasing tropical cyclone organisation and strength . Because of this , forecasters watch developing storms closely for signs of eye formation . For storms with a clear eye , detection of the eye is as simple as looking at pictures from a weather satellite . However , for storms with a filled eye , or an eye completely covered by the central dense overcast , other detection methods must be used . Observations from ships and Hurricane Hunters can pinpoint an eye visually , by looking for a drop in wind speed or lack of rainfall in the storm 's center . In the United States , South Korea , and a few other countries , a network of NEXRAD Doppler weather radar stations can detect eyes near the coast . Weather satellites also carry equipment for measuring atmospheric water vapor and cloud temperatures , which can be used to spot a forming eye . In addition , scientists have recently discovered that the amount of ozone in the eye is much higher than the amount in the eyewall , due to air sinking from the ozone - rich stratosphere . Instruments sensitive to ozone perform measurements , which are used to observe rising and sinking columns of air , and provide indication of the formation of an eye , even before satellite imagery can determine its formation . Associated phenomena ( edit ) A satellite photo of Typhoon Amber of the 1997 Pacific typhoon season exhibiting an outer and inner eyewall , while undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles ( edit ) Main article : Eyewall replacement cycle Eyewall replacement cycles , also called concentric eyewall cycles , naturally occur in intense tropical cyclones , generally with winds greater than 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , or major hurricanes ( Category 3 or higher on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane scale ) . When tropical cyclones reach this intensity , and the eyewall contracts or is already sufficiently small ( see above ) , some of the outer rainbands may strengthen and organize into a ring of thunderstorms -- an outer eyewall -- that slowly moves inward and robs the inner eyewall of its needed moisture and angular momentum . Since the strongest winds are located in a cyclone 's eyewall , the tropical cyclone usually weakens during this phase , as the inner wall is `` choked '' by the outer wall . Eventually the outer eyewall replaces the inner one completely , and the storm can re-intensify . The discovery of this process was partially responsible for the end of the U.S. government 's hurricane modification experiment Project Stormfury . This project set out to seed clouds outside the eyewall , causing a new eyewall to form and weakening the storm . When it was discovered that this was a natural process due to hurricane dynamics , the project was quickly abandoned . Almost every intense hurricane undergoes at least one of these cycles during its existence . Hurricane Allen in 1980 went through repeated eyewall replacement cycles , fluctuating between Category 5 and Category 3 status on the Saffir - Simpson scale several times . Hurricane Juliette was a rare documented case of triple eyewalls . Moats ( edit ) A moat in a tropical cyclone is a clear ring outside the eyewall , or between concentric eyewalls , characterized by subsidence -- slowly sinking air -- and little or no precipitation . The air flow in the moat is dominated by the cumulative effects of stretching and shearing . The moat between eyewalls is an area in the storm where the rotational speed of the air changes greatly in proportion to the distance from the storm 's center ; these areas are also known as rapid filamentation zones . Such areas can potentially be found near any vortex of sufficient strength , but are most pronounced in strong tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices ( edit ) Eyewall mesovortices are small scale rotational features found in the eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones . They are similar , in principle , to small `` suction vortices '' often observed in multiple - vortex tornadoes . In these vortices , wind speeds may be greater than anywhere else in the eyewall . Eyewall mesovortices are most common during periods of intensification in tropical cyclones . Eyewall mesovortices often exhibit unusual behavior in tropical cyclones . They usually rotate around the low pressure center , but sometimes they remain stationary . Eyewall mesovortices have even been documented to cross the eye of a storm . These phenomena have been documented observationally , experimentally , and theoretically . Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall . Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual thunderstorms ( a mesocyclone ) , which leads to tornadic activity . At landfall , friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land . This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface , causing tornadoes . Stadium effect ( edit ) View of Typhoon Maysak 's eye from the International Space Station on March 31 , 2015 , displaying a pronounced stadium effect . The stadium effect is a phenomenon observed in strong tropical cyclones . It is a fairly common event , where the clouds of the eyewall curve outward from the surface with height . This gives the eye an appearance resembling an open dome from the air , akin to a sports stadium . An eye is always larger at the top of the storm , and smallest at the bottom of the storm because the rising air in the eyewall follows isolines of equal angular momentum , which also slope outward with height . In tropical cyclones with very small eyes , the sloping phenomenon is much more pronounced . Eye - like features ( edit ) An eye - like structure is often found in intensifying tropical cyclones . Similar to the eye seen in hurricanes or typhoons , it is a circular area at the circulation center of the storm in which convection is absent . These eye - like features are most normally found in intensifying tropical storms and hurricanes of Category 1 strength on the Saffir - Simpson scale . For example , an eye - like feature was found in Hurricane Beta when the storm had maximum wind speeds of only 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) , well below hurricane force . The features are typically not visible on visible wavelengths or infrared wavelengths from space , although they are easily seen on microwave satellite imagery . Their development at the middle levels of the atmosphere is similar to the formation of a complete eye , but the features might be horizontally displaced due to vertical wind shear . Hazards ( edit ) Play media An aircraft flying through a storm 's eyewall and into the calm eye Though the eye is by far the calmest part of the storm , with no wind at the center and typically clear skies , over the ocean it is possibly the most hazardous area . In the eyewall , wind - driven waves all travel in the same direction . In the center of the eye , however , the waves converge from all directions , creating erratic crests that can build on each other to become rogue waves . The maximum height of hurricane waves is unknown , but measurements during Hurricane Ivan when it was a Category 4 hurricane estimated that waves near the eyewall exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) from peak to trough . A common mistake , especially in areas where hurricanes are uncommon , is for residents to exit their homes to inspect the damage while the calm eye passes over , only to be caught off guard by the violent winds in the opposite eyewall . Other cyclones ( edit ) The North American blizzard of 2006 , an extratropical storm , showed an eye - like structure at its peak intensity ( here seen just to the east of the Delmarva Peninsula ) . Main article : Cyclone Though only tropical cyclones have structures officially termed `` eyes '' , there are other weather systems that can exhibit eye - like features . Polar lows ( edit ) Polar lows are mesoscale weather systems , typically smaller than 1,000 km ( 600 mi ) across , found near the poles . Like tropical cyclones , they form over relatively warm water and can feature deep convection and winds of gale force or greater . Unlike storms of tropical nature , however , they thrive in much colder temperatures and at much higher latitudes . They are also smaller and last for shorter durations , with few lasting longer than a day or so . Despite these differences , they can be very similar in structure to tropical cyclones , featuring a clear eye surrounded by an eyewall and bands of rain and snow. . Extratropical cyclones ( edit ) Extratropical cyclones are areas of low pressure which exist at the boundary of different air masses . Almost all storms found at mid-latitudes are extratropical in nature , including classic North American nor'easters and European windstorms . The most severe of these can have a clear `` eye '' at the site of lowest barometric pressure , though it is usually surrounded by lower , non-convective clouds and is found near the back end of the storm . Subtropical cyclones ( edit ) Subtropical cyclones are low - pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics . As such , they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature . Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous , generating high winds and seas , and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones . For this reason , the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002 . Tornadoes ( edit ) Tornadoes are destructive , small - scale storms , which produce the fastest winds on earth . There are two main types -- single - vortex tornadoes , which consist of a single spinning column of air , and multiple - vortex tornadoes , which consist of small `` suction vortices , '' resembling mini-tornadoes themselves , all rotating around a common center . Both of these types of tornadoes are theorized to have calm eyes . These theories are supported by doppler velocity observations by weather radar and eyewitness accounts . Extraterrestrial vortices ( edit ) A hurricane - like storm on the south pole of Saturn displaying an eyewall tens of kilometers high See also : Extraterrestrial vortex NASA reported in November 2006 that the Cassini spacecraft observed a `` hurricane - like '' storm locked to the south pole of Saturn with a clearly defined eyewall . The observation was particularly notable as eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth ( including a failure to observe an eyewall in the Great Red Spot of Jupiter by the Galileo spacecraft ) . In 2007 , very large vortices on both poles of Venus were observed by the Venus Express mission of the European Space Agency to have a dipole eye structure . See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal List of tropical cyclones Radius of maximum wind RAINEX Storm surge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A11 : What is the ' eye ' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A9 : What is a `` CDO '' ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Structure '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` A : Basic definitions '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. A7 : What is an extra-tropical cyclone ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Velden , Christopher S. ; Olander , Timothy L. ; Zehr , Raymond M. ( 1998 ) . `` Development of an Objective Scheme to Estimate Tropical Cyclone Intensity from Digital Geostationary Satellite Infrared Imagery '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 13 ( 1 ) : 172 -- 173 . Bibcode : 1998WtFor ... 13 ... 172V . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0434 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Wayne H. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Polygonal Eyewalls , Asymmetric Eye Contraction , and Potential Vorticity Mixing in Hurricanes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 59 ( 9 ) : 1197 -- 1223 . Bibcode : 1999JAtS ... 56.1197 S . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1999 ) 056 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ( 2005 - 10 - 08 ) . Hurricane Wilma Discussion Number 14 ( Report ) . Hurricane Wilma Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Landsea , Chris ; Goldenberg , Stan ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) . `` D : Tropical cyclone winds and energy '' . In Dorst , Neal . Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) . 4.5 . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . pp. D8 : What are `` concentric eyewall cycles '' ... ? . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bill . It 's Raining Fish and Spiders . Hurricane Extremes : Google Ebooks . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Weather . Weather Records : Storm Dunlop . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beven , Jack ; Cobb , Hugh ( 2003 ) . Hurricane Isabel : 6 -- 19 September 2003 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original on 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vigh , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Formation of the Hurricane Eye ( PDF ) . 27th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Monterey , California : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gutro , Rob ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Ozone Levels Drop When Hurricanes Are Strengthening '' ( Press release ) . NASA . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ McNoldy , Brian D. ( 2004 ) . `` Triple Eyewall in Hurricane Juliette '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 11 ) : 1663 -- 1666 . Bibcode : 2004BAMS ... 85.1663 M . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1663 . ISSN 1520 - 0477 . Jump up ^ Rozoff , Christopher M. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Kossin , James P. ( 2006 ) . `` Rapid filamentation zones in intense tropical cyclones '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 63 ( 1 ) : 325 -- 340 . Bibcode : 2006JAtS ... 63 ... 325R . doi : 10.1175 / JAS3595. 1 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . ^ Jump up to : Montgomery , Michael T. ; Vladimirov , Vladimir A. ; Denissenko , Peter V. ( 2002 ) . `` An experimental study on hurricane mesovortices '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Fluid Mechanics . Cambridge University Press . 471 : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 2002JFM ... 471 ... 1M . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112002001647 . ISSN 0022 - 1120 . Jump up ^ Aberson , Sim D. ; Black , Michael L. ; Montgomery , Michael T. ; Bell , Michael ( 2004 ) . A Record Wind Measurement in Hurricane Isabel : Direct Evidence of an Eyewall Mesocyclone ? ( PDF ) . 26th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology . Miami , Florida : American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James P. ; McNoldy , Brian D. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2002 ) . `` Vortical swirls in hurricane eye clouds '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 130 ( 12 ) : 3144 -- 3149 . Bibcode : 2002MWRv ... 130.3144 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 2002 ) 130 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Kossin , James . P. ; Schubert , Wayne H. ( 2001 ) . `` Mesovortices , polygonal flow patterns , and rapid pressure falls in hurricane - like vortices '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 58 ( 15 ) : 2196 -- 2209 . Bibcode : 2001JAtS ... 58.2196 K . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 2001 ) 058 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Wright , John E. ; Bennett , Shawn P. ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Meso - Vorticies Observed By WSR - 88D In The Eye '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Rubsam , Daryl T. ( 1968 ) . `` Hurricane Hilda , 1964 : II . Structure and budgets of the hurricane on October 1 , 1964 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 96 ( 9 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1968MWRv ... 96 ... 617H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Gray , W.M. ; Shea , D.J. ( 1973 ) . `` The hurricane 's inner core region : II . Thermal stability and dynamic characteristics '' . Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . American Meteorological Society . 30 ( 8 ) : 1565 -- 1576 . Bibcode : 1973JAtS ... 30.1565 G . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0469 ( 1973 ) 030 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0469 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Harry F. ; Imbembo , Stephen M. ( 1976 ) . `` The structure of a Small , Intense Hurricane -- Inez 1966 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 104 ( 4 ) : 418 -- 442 . Bibcode : 1976MWRv ... 104 ... 418H . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1976 ) 104 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Jump up ^ Beven , John L. ( 2005 - 10 - 27 ) . Tropical Storm Beta Discussion Number 3 ( Report ) . Hurricane Beta Advisory Archive . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marks , Frank D. ; Stewart , Stacy R. ( 2001 ) . TRMM Satellite Data - Applications to Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasting ( PDF ) ( Presentation ) . TRMM Workshops . Boulder , Colorado : University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . pp. 7 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` STORM project '' ( Press release ) . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ; Roberts , Dave . `` Interpretation of passive microwave imagery '' ( Press release ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wang , David W. ; Mitchell , Douglas A. ; Teague , William J. ; Jarosz , Ewa ; Hulbert , Mark S. ( 2005 ) . `` Extreme Waves Under Hurricane Ivan '' . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 309 ( 5736 ) : 896 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1112509 . PMID 16081728 . Jump up ^ Webmaster ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Safety '' . JetStream -- Online School for Weather . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology Archived 2012 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... American Meteorological Society . Accessed 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ National Snow and Ice Data Center . `` Polar Lows '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maue , Ryan N. ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . `` Warm seclusion cyclone climatology '' . American Meteorological Society Conference . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cappella , Chris ( April 22 , 2003 ) . `` Weather Basics : Subtropical storms '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Monastersky , R. ( May 15 , 1999 ) . `` Oklahoma Tornado Sets Wind Record '' . Science News . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Justice , Alonzo A. ( May 1930 ) . `` Seeing the Inside of a Tornado '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . pp. 205 -- 206 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Sees into the Eye of a Monster Storm on Saturn '' . NASA . 2006 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Piccioni , G. ; et al. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` South - polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 637 -- 40 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 637P . doi : 10.1038 / nature06209 . PMID 18046395 . External links ( edit ) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Canadian Hurricane Centre : Glossary of Hurricane Terms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_(cyclone)&oldid=814077210 '' Categories : Tropical cyclone meteorology Vortices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 45 . 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what season does callie get pregnant in grey's anatomy			Callie Torres	callie torres	Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season .	Torres was initially conceived as a love interest , and eventual wife , for O'Malley , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . The character 's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins , and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim . Ramirez 's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed . Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres , including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series . The character was ranked at no . 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . '' At the end of the show 's twelfth season , Ramirez departed the show after ten years , desiring to take a break . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith 's house ( Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well ) . Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing , O'Malley confronts her , which results in her moving into a hotel . In the aftermath of the breakup , she meets and has a one - night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who becomes her friend . Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile , and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment . Confused , O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , about his relationship woes over alcohol , leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two . Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter , but becomes increasingly suspicious , and announces her desire to conceive a child . Shortly thereafter , however , she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful , ending their marriage . Though her personal life is troubled , Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital 's Chief Resident . However , she soon begins struggling to cope in the role , and is demoted soon thereafter . Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , the hospital 's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery . The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan . Neither has been with another woman before , and Torres struggles with her bisexuality , and cheats on her with Sloan . She is initially forgiven , but after an argument about work , Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace , ending their relationship . New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) kisses her , and they begin dating . Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father , Carlos , who disowns her , cutting her off both financially and emotionally . When she is not granted a position as an attending , she publicly berates the chief , Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and resigns from her post . She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital , and when the two hospitals merge , she is promoted to an attending surgeon . Torres ' father returns yet again , to condemn her , but ultimately accepts her sexuality . When Torres explains her desire to bear children , Robbins expresses disappointment , and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up . Soon thereafter , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital , and , relieved to have survived , Torres and Robbins reconcile , with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together . When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi , a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her , as the position will last for three years ; however , her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her . A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan , and they have a one - night stand . Robbins returns for Torres , apologizing and hoping for forgiveness , but Torres initially rebuffs her , and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan 's baby . Robbins agrees to raise the child with her , but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives . En route a weekend getaway , Robbins proposes to Torres , but before Torres can reply , the two are in a head - on collision with a truck , leaving Torres severely injured . In an attempt to save her life , obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , delivers Torres 's premature baby . Torres survives , and agrees to marry Robbins . After twelve weeks of recovery , both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital . Torres recovers from her surgery , but deals with the backlash from her mother ( Gina Gallego ) 's attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter . Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister 's wife falls ill , with general surgeon Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , officiating the ceremony . In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins 's left leg to keep her alive , which puts strains on their relationship . The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim , including Robbins , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , and Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie , until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey . In the last episode of the ninth season , Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) . Callie soon discovers Arizona 's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell 's scrub top . In the aftermath of discovery , both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg . Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash , to which Callie responds that she , apparently , lost Arizona . Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek , Zola , and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . Callie also left Arizona at therapy , telling her that she was the only one that needed to go . After being hit by a lawsuit , her father , Carlos , visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie would n't be here if her mother did n't give Carlos a second chance . Callie goes to Arizona 's apartment and invites her to come back home . Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah , a second year resident , while separated . Although angry at Arizona , Callie still agrees to work things out . After April 's failed wedding to Matthew , Callie and Arizona bought a house together , a fresh start , away from the memories of their apartment . They later decided to try again for a second child . However , a trip to the OB / GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia 's birth , meaning she could not carry any more babies . After talking about it , the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they 're on more solid footing as a couple . At the beginning of the eleventh season , Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage . They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other . They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again . At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she could n't live without Callie ; however Callie did n't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy , ending their marriage . Callie then goes on to date Penny , who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard 's case . She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith , who recognizes her . It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial . When everyone , including Callie , finds out who Penny actually is , they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line . She manages to stay on the line despite all the others ' pleads and wishes . After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona 's daughter , Sofia , with her , Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody . Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York . After Arizona decides that both Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy , Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas . Callie is referenced occasionally by Arizona and Sophia after her departure from the show . At the conclusion of season 14 , Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two will ultimately reconcile after Callie and Penny are mentioned to have broken up . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` As a Latin person , I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show . I thought , Wow , there are no color limits . Nobody 's making comments about how there are African - Americans on the show and an Asian on the show . However , I did think , Where 's the Latin person ? '' Ramirez on Grey 's Anatomy Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , and she chose Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , explaining that it is rare . Shonda Rhimes said : `` I was looking for a girlfriend for George , but it was in the infancy stages , so I had no idea what I was looking for . '' Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her . Ramirez 's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season , alongside fellow cast member Dane , who portrayed Mark Sloan . Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars : `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' Characterization ( edit ) While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end , the character of Callie , who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes , remains and her journey continues . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres ' bisexual storyline The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Torres as `` driven '' , `` determined '' , and `` outgoing '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` defensive '' and `` impulsive '' . Ramirez described her character as someone who `` appears to be a certain way , but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes . She seems to be a very strong personality , someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is . She 's very competitive but does have a sense of self , so she does n't need to win all the time . '' At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' The end of the show 's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau `` Eri - Cal '' and later `` Callica '' by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes stated that : `` Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry , and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show -- it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . '' Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , being described as `` amazing '' by fellow cast member , Kevin McKidd . She explained that in developing the relationship between the two : `` we wanted it to be real -- not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . '' The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale , with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted : `` Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . '' Before continuing with the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; `` They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman - woman relationship '' , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : `` they did n't want to stereotype anything either , and write from a place where they did n't understand it . ( ... ) I do n't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of -- I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . You could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . '' In the show 's fifth season , Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins ( Capshaw ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' In `` An Honest Mistake '' , Torres was initially rejected by Robbins , with Robbins citing Torres ' `` inexperience '' as a factor . Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : `` I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . '' The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship , however , the two experience difficulties , but eventually reunite . Rhimes commented on their reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Callie and Arizona have a five - year relationship , ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season . Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth - season finale . Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez 's abrupt departure , saying , `` This one was different because it was n't a big planned thing . I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said , ' I really need to take this break , ' I was lucky that we 'd shot the end of the season with her going to New York . '' Reception ( edit ) `` What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself . She was curvy , Latina , and bisexual , and she was also a funny , frustrating , and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships . Callie was never expected to be perfect . She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey 's Anatomy , and , for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part , it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome . '' -- Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character 's initial development . Reviewing the third season 's premiere , she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her `` far too obviously the `` weird girl , '' but there 's nothing underneath her brusque persona . '' Her marriage to O'Malley was well received ; Staci Krause of IGN wrote : `` Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events , as she really is a perfect contrast to George . '' Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn , Williams was largely positive , assessing that : `` The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . '' Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : `` I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I do n't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I do n't know , forced . ( ... ) ( It ) was more like a conquest , like he could have ( Hahn ) too or something . '' LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan 's point of view , as though `` privileging the male gaze . '' AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 6 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV '' . Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for AfterEllen.com , observed of Torres and Robbins ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' Speaking of the musical episode , Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez 's rendition of `` Chasing Cars '' `` amazing '' and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' as `` beautiful '' . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards , in 2007 and 2008 . Also in 2007 , at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Ramirez and the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . She and the cast were nominated for the same award , in 2008 . In 2011 , at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards , Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She was ranked at no . 7 in AfterEllen.com 's list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . Bustle . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Groups Praise ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . StarPulse . World Entertainment News Network . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callie Torres ( Sarah Ramirez ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sara Ramirez Is ' Amazing ' in Grey 's Musical Episode , Says Costar '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : D. Williams ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Behind the Lesbian Story Line on `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Did n't Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Until After They Finished the Season Finale '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Callie Torres Was The Show 's Most Progressive Character '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' is back , baby ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Callie Torres at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callie_Torres&oldid=842639463 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional surgeons Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 18 : 21 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callie%20Torres	15,738
when did the first man and woman come to britain	The earliest evidence of human occupation around 900,000 years ago is at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast , with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor . The oldest human fossils , around 500,000 years old , are of Homo heidelbergensis at Boxgrove in Sussex . Until this time Britain was permanently connected to the Continent by a chalk ridge between south - east England and north - east France called the Weald - Artois Anticline , but during the Anglian Glaciation around 425,000 years ago a megaflood broke through the ridge , creating the English Channel , and after that Britain became an island when sea levels rose during interglacials . Fossils of very early Neanderthals dating to around 400,000 years ago have been found at Swanscombe in Kent , and of classic Neanderthals about 225,000 years old at Pontnewydd in North Wales . Britain was unoccupied by humans between 180,000 and 60,000 years ago , when Neanderthals returned . By 40,000 years ago they had become extinct and modern humans had reached Britain . But even their occupations were brief and intermittent due to a climate which swung between low temperatures with a tundra habitat and severe ice ages which made Britain uninhabitable for long periods . The last of these , the Younger Dryas , ended around 11,700 years ago , and since then Britain has been continuously occupied .	40,000 years ago	Prehistoric Britain	prehistoric britain	Several species of humans have intermittently occupied Britain for almost a million years . The Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD is conventionally regarded as the end of Prehistoric Britain and the start of recorded history in the island , although some historical information is available from before then .	The earliest evidence of human occupation around 900,000 years ago is at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast , with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor . The oldest human fossils , around 500,000 years old , are of Homo heidelbergensis at Boxgrove in Sussex . Until this time Britain was permanently connected to the Continent by a chalk ridge between south - east England and north - east France called the Weald - Artois Anticline , but during the Anglian Glaciation around 425,000 years ago a megaflood broke through the ridge , creating the English Channel , and after that Britain became an island when sea levels rose during interglacials . Fossils of very early Neanderthals dating to around 400,000 years ago have been found at Swanscombe in Kent , and of classic Neanderthals about 225,000 years old at Pontnewydd in North Wales . Britain was unoccupied by humans between 180,000 and 60,000 years ago , when Neanderthals returned . By 40,000 years ago they had become extinct and modern humans had reached Britain . But even their occupations were brief and intermittent due to a climate which swung between low temperatures with a tundra habitat and severe ice ages which made Britain uninhabitable for long periods . The last of these , the Younger Dryas , ended around 11,700 years ago , and since then Britain has been continuously occupied . Britain and Ireland were then joined to the Continent , but rising sea levels cut the land bridge between Britain and Ireland by around 11,000 years ago . A large plain between Britain and Continental Europe , known as Doggerland , persisted much longer , probably until around 5600 BC . By around 4000 BC , the island was populated by people with a Neolithic culture . However , no written language of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain has survived ; therefore , the history , culture and way of life of pre-Roman Britain are known mainly through archaeological finds . Although the main evidence for the period is archaeological , available genetic evidence is increasing , and views of British prehistory are evolving accordingly . Toponyms and the like constitute a small amount of linguistic evidence , from river and hill names , which is covered in the article about pre-Celtic Britain and the Celtic invasion . The first significant written record of Britain and its inhabitants was made by the Greek navigator Pytheas , who explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC . However , there may be some additional information on Britain in the `` Ora Maritima '' , a text which is now lost but which is incorporated in the writing of the later author Avienus . Archaeological evidence demonstrates that ancient Britons were involved in extensive maritime trade and cultural links with the rest of Europe from the Neolithic onwards , especially by exporting tin that was in abundant supply . Julius Caesar also wrote of Britain in about 50 BC after his two military expeditions to the island in 55 and 54 BC . The 54 invasion was probably an attempt to conquer at least the southeast of Britain but failed . Located at the fringes of Europe , Britain received European technological and cultural achievements much later than Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region did during prehistory . The story of ancient Britain is traditionally seen as one of successive waves of invasion from the continent , with each bringing different cultures and technologies . More recent archaeological theories have questioned this migrationist interpretation and argue for a more complex relationship between Britain and the Continent . Many of the changes in British society demonstrated in the archaeological record are now suggested to be the effects of the native inhabitants adopting foreign customs rather than being subsumed by an invading population . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stone Age 1.1 Palaeolithic 1.2 Mesolithic 1.3 Neolithic 2 Bronze Age 3 Iron Age 3.1 Late pre-Roman Iron Age ( LPRIA ) 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Stone Age ( edit ) Palaeolithic ( edit ) Palaeolithic ( Old Stone Age ) Britain is the period of the earliest known occupation of Britain by humans . This huge period saw many changes in the environment , encompassing several glacial and interglacial episodes greatly affecting human settlement in the region . Providing dating for this distant period is difficult and contentious . The inhabitants of the region at this time were bands of hunter - gatherers who roamed Northern Europe following herds of animals , or who supported themselves by fishing . Boxgrove handaxes at the British Museum There is evidence from bones and flint tools found in coastal deposits near Happisburgh in Norfolk and Pakefield in Suffolk that a species of Homo was present in what is now Britain at least 814,000 years ago . At this time , Southern and Eastern Britain were linked to continental Europe by a wide land bridge ( Doggerland ) allowing humans to move freely . The species itself lived before the ancestors of Neanderthals split from the ancestors of Homo sapiens 600,000 years ago . The current position of the English Channel was a large river flowing westwards and fed by tributaries that later became the Thames and Seine . Reconstructing this ancient environment has provided clues to the route first visitors took to arrive at what was then a peninsula of the Eurasian continent . Archaeologists have found a string of early sites located close to the route of a now lost watercourse named the Bytham River which indicate that it was exploited as the earliest route west into Britain . Sites such as Boxgrove in Sussex illustrate the later arrival in the archaeological record of an archaic Homo species called Homo heidelbergensis around 500,000 years ago . These early peoples made Acheulean flint tools ( hand axes ) and hunted the large native mammals of the period . One hypothesis is that they drove elephants , rhinoceroses and hippopotamuses over the tops of cliffs or into bogs to more easily kill them . The extreme cold of the following Anglian Stage is likely to have driven humans out of Britain altogether and the region does not appear to have been occupied again until the ice receded during the Hoxnian Stage . This warmer time period lasted from around 424,000 until 374,000 years ago and saw the Clactonian flint tool industry develop at sites such as Swanscombe in Kent . The period has produced a rich and widespread distribution of sites by Palaeolithic standards , although uncertainty over the relationship between the Clactonian and Acheulean industries is still unresolved . Britain was only populated intermittently , and even during periods of occupation may have reproduced below replacement level and needed immigration from elsewhere to maintain numbers . According to Paul Pettitt and Mark White : The British Lower Palaeolithic ( and equally that of much of northern Europe ) is thus a long record of abandonment and colonisation , and a very short record of residency . The sad but inevitable conclusion of this must be that Britain has little role to play in any understanding of long - term human evolution and its cultural history is largely a broken record dependent on external introductions and insular developments that ultimately lead nowhere . Britain , therefore , was an island of the living dead . This period also saw Levallois flint tools introduced , possibly by humans arriving from Africa . However , finds from Swanscombe and Botany Pit in Purfleet support Levallois technology being a European rather than African introduction . The more advanced flint technology permitted more efficient hunting and therefore made Britain a more worthwhile place to remain until the following period of cooling known as the Wolstonian Stage , 352,000 -- 130,000 years ago . Britain first became an island about 350,000 years ago . Early Neanderthal remains discovered at the Pontnewydd Cave in Wales have been dated to 230,000 BP , and are the most north westerly Neanderthal remains found anywhere in the world . From c. 180,000 to c. 60,000 years ago there is no evidence of human occupation in Britain , probably due to inhospitable cold in some periods , Britain being cut off as an island in others , and the neighbouring areas of north - west Europe being unoccupied by hominins at times when Britain was both accessible and hospitable . Robin Hood Cave Horse , from Creswell Crags This period is often divided into three subperiods : the Early Upper Palaeolithic ( before the main glacial period ) , the Middle Upper Palaeolithic ( the main glacial period ) and the Late Upper Palaeolithic ( after the main glacial period ) . There was limited Neanderthal occupation of Britain in marine isotope stage 3 between about 60,000 and 42,000 years BP . Britain had its own unique variety of late Neanderthal handaxe , the bout - coupé , so seasonal migration between Britain and the continent is unlikely , but the main occupation may have been in the now submerged area of Doggerland , with summer migrations to Britain in warmer periods . La Cotte de St Brelade in Jersey is the only site in the British Isles to have produced late Neanderthal fossils . The earliest evidence for modern humans in North West Europe is a jawbone discovered in England at Kents Cavern in 1927 , which was re-dated in 2011 to between 41,000 and 44,000 years old . The most famous example from this period is the burial of the `` Red Lady of Paviland '' ( actually now known to be a man ) in modern - day coastal South Wales , which in 1823 was the first human fossil ever discovered anywhere in the world , and was re-dated in 2009 to 33,000 years old . The distribution of finds shows that humans in this period preferred the uplands of Wales and northern and western England to the flatter areas of eastern England . Their stone tools are similar to those of the same age found in Belgium and far north - east France , and very different from those in north - west France . At a time when Britain was not an island , hunter gatherers may have followed migrating herds of reindeer from Belgium and north - east France across the giant Channel River . The climatic deterioration which culminated in the Last Glacial Maximum , between about 26,500 and 19,000 -- 20,000 years ago , drove humans out of Britain , and there is no evidence of occupation for around 18,000 years after c. 33,000 years BP . Sites such as Cathole Cave in Swansea County dated at 14,500 BP , Creswell Crags on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire at 12,800 BP and Gough 's Cave in Somerset 12,000 years BP , provide evidence suggesting that humans returned to Britain towards the end of this ice age during a warm period from 14,700 to 12,900 years BP ago ( the Bølling - Allerød interstadial known as the Windermere Interstadial in Britain ) , although further extremes of cold right before the final thaw may have caused them to leave again and then return repeatedly . The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra , eventually replaced by a gradually warmer climate , perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius ( 62.6 Fahrenheit ) in summer , encouraging the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses . The first distinct culture of the Upper Palaeolithic in Britain is what archaeologists call the Creswellian industry , with leaf - shaped points probably used as arrowheads . It produced more refined flint tools but also made use of bone , antler , shell , amber , animal teeth , and mammoth ivory . These were fashioned into tools but also jewellery and rods of uncertain purpose . Flint seems to have been brought into areas with limited local resources ; the stone tools found in the caves of Devon , such as Kent 's Cavern , seem to have been sourced from Salisbury Plain , 100 miles ( 161 km ) east . This is interpreted as meaning that the early inhabitants of Britain were highly mobile , roaming over wide distances and carrying ' toolkits ' of flint blades with them rather than heavy , unworked flint nodules , or else improvising tools extemporaneously . The possibility that groups also travelled to meet and exchange goods or sent out dedicated expeditions to source flint has also been suggested . The dominant food species were equines ( Equus ferus ) and Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) , although other mammals ranging from hares to mammoth were also hunted , including rhino and hyena . From the limited evidence available , burial seemed to involve skinning and dismembering a corpse with the bones placed in caves . This suggests a practice of excarnation and secondary burial , and possibly some form of ritual cannibalism . Artistic expression seems to have been mostly limited to engraved bone , although the cave art at Creswell Crags and Mendip caves are notable exceptions . Between about 12,890 and 11,650 years ago Britain returned to glacial conditions during the Younger Dryas , and may have been unoccupied for periods . Mesolithic ( edit ) Further information : Mesolithic Europe ( c. 11,000 to 5,500 years BP ) The Younger Dryas was followed by the Holocene , which began around 11,700 BP , and continues to the present . There was then limited occupation by Ahrensburgian hunter gatherers , but this came to an end when there was a final downturn in temperature which lasted from around 11,400 to 11,200 BP . Mesolithic people occupied Britain by around 11,000 BP , and it has been occupied ever since . By 8000 BC temperatures were higher than today , and birch woodlands spread rapidly , but there was a cold spell around 6,200 BC which lasted about 150 years . The plains of Doggerland were thought to have finally been submerged around 6500 to 6000 BC , but recent evidence suggests that the bridge may have lasted until between 5800 and 5400 BC , and possibly as late as 3800 BC . The warmer climate changed the arctic environment to one of pine , birch and alder forest ; this less open landscape was less conducive to the large herds of reindeer and wild horse that had previously sustained humans . Those animals were replaced in people 's diets by pig and less social animals such as elk , red deer , roe deer , wild boar and aurochs ( wild cattle ) , which would have required different hunting techniques . Tools changed to incorporate barbs which could snag the flesh of an animal , making it harder for it to escape alive . Tiny microliths were developed for hafting onto harpoons and spears . Woodworking tools such as adzes appear in the archaeological record , although some flint blade types remained similar to their Palaeolithic predecessors . The dog was domesticated because of its benefits during hunting , and the wetland environments created by the warmer weather would have been a rich source of fish and game . It is likely that these environmental changes were accompanied by social changes . Humans spread and reached the far north of Scotland during this period . Sites from the British Mesolithic include the Mendips , Star Carr in Yorkshire and Oronsay in the Inner Hebrides . Excavations at Howick in Northumberland uncovered evidence of a large circular building dating to c. 7600 BC which is interpreted as a dwelling . A further example has also been identified at Deepcar in Sheffield , and a building dating to c. 8500 BC was discovered at the Star Carr site . The older view of Mesolithic Britons as nomadic is now being replaced with a more complex picture of seasonal occupation or , in some cases , permanent occupation . Travel distances seem to have become shorter , typically with movement between high and low ground . Wheat of a variety grown in the middle East was present on the Isle of Wight at the Bouldnor Cliff Mesolithic Village dating from about 8,000 BP . In 1997 , DNA analysis was carried out on a tooth of Cheddar Man , human remains dated to c. 7150 BC found in Gough 's Cave at Cheddar Gorge . His Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) belonged to Haplogroup U5 . Within modern European populations , U5 is now concentrated in North - East Europe , among members of the Sami people , Finns , and Estonians . This distribution and the age of the haplogroup , indicate that individuals belonging to U5 were among the first people to resettle Northern Europe , following the retreat of ice sheets from the Last Glacial Maximum , about 10,000 years ago . It has also been found in other Mesolithic remains in Germany , Lithuania , Poland , Portugal , Russia , Sweden , France and Spain . Members of U5 may have been one of the most common haplogroups in Europe , before the spread of agriculture from the Middle East . Though the Mesolithic environment was of a bounteous nature , the rising population and the ancient Britons ' success in exploiting it eventually led to local exhaustion of many natural resources . The remains of a Mesolithic elk found caught in a bog at Poulton - le - Fylde in Lancashire show that it had been wounded by hunters and escaped on three occasions , indicating hunting during the Mesolithic . A few Neolithic monuments overlie Mesolithic sites but little continuity can be demonstrated . Farming of crops and domestic animals was adopted in Britain around 4500 BC , at least partly because of the need for reliable food sources . The climate had been warming since the later Mesolithic and continued to improve , replacing the earlier pine forests with woodland . Neolithic ( edit ) Main article : Neolithic British Isles ( from around 4300 -- 2000 BC ) The Neolithic was the period of domestication of plants and animals . Flint axe used for cutting down trees in the Later Neolithic . Wisbech Museum . From Bedlam Hill . This is a ' Seamer ' Yorkshire type . Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of modern European populations shows that over 80 % are descended in the female line from European hunter - gatherers . Less than 20 % are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from the Middle East and from subsequent migrations . The percentage in Britain is smaller at around 11 % . Initial studies suggested that this situation is different with the paternal Y - chromosome DNA , varying from 10 -- 100 % across the country , being higher in the east . This was considered to show a large degree of population replacement during the Anglo - Saxon invasion and a nearly complete masking over of whatever population movement ( or lack of it ) went before in these two countries . However , more widespread studies have suggested that there was less of a division between Western and Eastern parts of Britain with less Anglo - Saxon migration . Looking from a more Europe - wide standpoint , researchers at Stanford University have found overlapping cultural and genetic evidence that supports the theory that migration was at least partially responsible for the Neolithic Revolution in Northern Europe ( including Britain ) . The science of genetic anthropology is changing very fast and a clear picture across the whole of human occupation of Britain has yet to emerge . Pollen analysis shows that woodland was decreasing and grassland increasing , with a major decline of elms . The winters were typically 3 degrees colder than at present but the summers some 2.5 degrees warmer . The arrival of farming and a sedentary lifestyle as shorthand for the Neolithic is increasingly giving way to a more complex view of the changes and continuities in practices that can be observed from the Mesolithic period onwards . For example , the development of Neolithic monumental architecture , apparently venerating the dead , may represent more comprehensive social and ideological changes involving new interpretations of time , ancestry , community and identity . Changes in Neolithic culture could have been due to the mass migrations that occurred in that time . A 2017 study showed that British Neolithic farmers had formerly been genetically similar to contemporary populations in the Iberian peninsula , but from the Beaker culture period onwards , all British individuals had high proportions of Steppe ancestry and were genetically more similar to Beaker - associated people from the Lower Rhine area . The study argues that more than 90 % of Britain 's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of the Beaker people . In any case , the Neolithic Revolution , as it is called , introduced a more settled way of life and ultimately led to societies becoming divided into differing groups of farmers , artisans and leaders . Forest clearances were undertaken to provide room for cereal cultivation and animal herds . Native cattle and pigs were reared whilst sheep and goats were later introduced from the continent , as were the wheats and barleys grown in Britain . However , only a few actual settlement sites are known in Britain , unlike the continent . Cave occupation was common at this time . The construction of the earliest earthwork sites in Britain began during the early Neolithic ( c. 4400 BC -- 3300 BC ) in the form of long barrows used for communal burial and the first causewayed enclosures , sites which have parallels on the continent . The former may be derived from the long house , although no long house villages have been found in Britain -- only individual examples . The stone - built houses on Orkney -- such as those at Skara Brae -- are , however , indicators of some nucleated settlement in Britain . Evidence of growing mastery over the environment is embodied in the Sweet Track , a wooden trackway built to cross the marshes of the Somerset Levels and dated to 3807 BC . Leaf - shaped arrowheads , round - based pottery types and the beginnings of polished axe production are common indicators of the period . Evidence of the use of cow 's milk comes from analysis of pottery contents found beside the Sweet Track . The Middle Neolithic ( c. 3300 BC -- c. 2900 BC ) saw the development of cursus monuments close to earlier barrows and the growth and abandonment of causewayed enclosures , as well as the building of impressive chamber tombs such as the Maeshowe types . The earliest stone circles and individual burials also appear . Different pottery types , such as Grooved ware , appear during the later Neolithic ( c. 2900 BC -- c. 2200 BC ) . In addition , new enclosures called henges were built , along with stone rows and the famous sites of Stonehenge , Avebury and Silbury Hill , which building reached its peak at this time . Industrial flint mining begins , such as that at Cissbury and Grimes Graves , along with evidence of long distance trade . Wooden tools and bowls were common , and bows were also constructed . Bronze Age ( edit ) ( Around 2200 to 750 BC ) Main article : Bronze Age Britain This period can be sub-divided into an earlier phase ( 2300 to 1200 BC ) and a later one ( 1200 -- 700 BC ) . Beaker pottery appears in England around 2475 -- 2315 cal. BC along with flat axes and burial practices of inhumation . With the revised Stonehenge chronology , this is after the Sarsen Circle and trilithons were erected at Stonehenge . Several regions of origin have been postulated for the Beaker culture , notably the Iberian peninsula , the Netherlands and Central Europe . Beaker techniques brought to Britain the skill of refining metal . At first the users made items from copper , but from around 2,150 BC smiths had discovered how to smelt bronze ( which is much harder than copper ) by mixing copper with a small amount of tin . With this discovery , the Bronze Age arrived in Britain . Over the next thousand years , bronze gradually replaced stone as the main material for tool and weapon making . Britain had large , easily accessible reserves of tin in the modern areas of Cornwall and Devon and thus tin mining began . By around 1600 BC the southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe , evidence of ports being found in Southern Devon at Bantham and Mount Batten . Copper was mined at the Great Orme in North Wales . The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from gold , silver and copper , and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of central southern Britain . Early Bronze Age Britons buried their dead beneath earth mounds known as barrows , often with a beaker alongside the body . Later in the period , cremation was adopted as a burial practice with cemeteries of urns containing cremated individuals appearing in the archaeological record , with deposition of metal objects such as daggers . People of this period were also largely responsible for building many famous prehistoric sites such as the later phases of Stonehenge along with Seahenge . The Bronze Age people lived in round houses and divided up the landscape . Stone rows are to be seen on , for example , Dartmoor . They ate cattle , sheep , pigs and deer as well as shellfish and birds . They carried out salt manufacture . The wetlands were a source of wildfowl and reeds . There was ritual deposition of offerings in the wetlands and in holes in the ground . There has been debate amongst archaeologists as to whether the `` Beaker people '' were a race of people who migrated to Britain en masse from the continent , or whether a Beaker cultural `` package '' of goods and behaviour ( which eventually spread across most of Western Europe ) diffused to Britain 's existing inhabitants through trade across tribal boundaries . A 2017 study suggests a major genetic shift in late Neolithic / early Bronze Age Britain , so that more than 90 % of Britain 's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the coming of a people genetically related to the Beaker people of the lower - Rhine area . There is evidence of a relatively large scale disruption of cultural patterns which some scholars think may indicate an invasion ( or at least a migration ) into Southern Great Britain c. the 12th century BC . This disruption was felt far beyond Britain , even beyond Europe , as most of the great Near Eastern empires collapsed ( or experienced severe difficulties ) and the Sea Peoples harried the entire Mediterranean basin around this time . Some scholars consider that the Celtic languages arrived in Britain at this time , but the more generally accepted view is that Celtic origins lie with the Hallstatt culture . Iron Age ( edit ) Wandsworth Shield , in the Insular version of La Tène style , 2nd century BC ( around 750 BC -- 43 AD ) Main article : British Iron Age In around 750 BC iron working techniques reached Britain from southern Europe . Iron was stronger and more plentiful than bronze , and its introduction marks the beginning of the Iron Age . Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life , most importantly agriculture . Iron tipped ploughs could turn soil more quickly and deeply than older wooden or bronze ones , and iron axes could clear forest lane more efficiently for agriculture . There was a landscape of arable , pasture and managed woodland . There were many enclosed settlements and land ownership was important . It is generally thought that by 500 BC most people inhabiting the British Isles were speaking Common Brythonic , on the limited evidence of place - names recorded by Pytheas of Massalia and transmitted to us second - hand , largely through Strabo . Certainly by the Roman period there is substantial place and personal name evidence which suggests that this was so ; Tacitus also states in his Agricola that the British language differed little from that of the Gauls . Among these people were skilled craftsmen who had begun producing intricately patterned gold jewellery , in addition to tools and weapons of both bronze and iron . It is disputed whether Iron Age Britons were `` Celts '' , with some academics such as John Collis and Simon James actively opposing the idea of ' Celtic Britain ' , since the term was only applied at this time to a tribe in Gaul . However , placenames and tribal names from the later part of the period suggest that a Celtic language was spoken . The traveller Pytheas , whose own works are lost , was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people `` Pretanoi '' , which is cognate with `` Britanni '' and is apparently Celtic in origin . The term `` Celtic '' continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as Welsh without controversy . The dispute essentially revolves around how the word `` Celtic '' is defined ; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age Gaul , but there were also many differences . Many leading academics , such as Barry Cunliffe , still use the term to refer to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain for want of a better label . Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups , ruled by a chieftain . As people became more numerous , wars broke out between opposing tribes . This was traditionally interpreted as the reason for the building of hill forts , although the siting of some earthworks on the sides of hills undermined their defensive value , hence `` hill forts '' may represent increasing communal areas or even ' elite areas ' . However some hillside constructions may simply have been cow enclosures . Although the first had been built about 1500 BC , hillfort building peaked during the later Iron Age . There are over 2,000 Iron Age hillforts known in Britain . By about 350 BC many hillforts went out of use and the remaining ones were reinforced . Pytheas was quoted as writing that the Britons were renowned wheat farmers . Large farmsteads produced food in industrial quantities and Roman sources note that Britain exported hunting dogs , animal skins and slaves . Late pre-Roman Iron Age ( lpria ) ( edit ) The Stanwick Horse Mask , La Tène style mount , British , 1st century AD , 10 cm The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw an influx of mixed Germanic - Celtic speaking refugees from Gaul ( approximately modern day France and Belgium ) known as the Belgae , who were displaced as the Roman Empire expanded around 50 BC . They settled along most of the coastline of southern Britain between about 200 BC and AD 43 , although it is hard to estimate what proportion of the population there they formed . A Gaulish tribe known as the Parisi , who had cultural links to the continent , appeared in northeast England . From around 175 BC , the areas of Kent , Hertfordshire and Essex developed especially advanced pottery - making skills . The tribes of southeast England became partially Romanised and were responsible for creating the first settlements ( oppida ) large enough to be called towns . The last centuries before the Roman invasion saw increasing sophistication in British life . About 100 BC , iron bars began to be used as currency , while internal trade and trade with continental Europe flourished , largely due to Britain 's extensive mineral reserves . Coinage was developed , based on continental types but bearing the names of local chieftains . This was used in southeast England , but not in areas such as Dumnonia in the west . As the Roman Empire expanded northwards , Rome began to take interest in Britain . This may have been caused by an influx of refugees from Roman occupied Europe , or Britain 's large mineral reserves . See Roman Britain for the history of this subsequent period . See also ( edit ) Timeline of prehistoric Britain Boxgrove Gough 's Cave Genetic history of the British Isles Happisburgh Happisburgh footprints Kents Cavern List of human evolution fossils List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain Pakefield Paviland Pontnewydd Swanscombe Arras Culture Wetwang Slack Danes Graves Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cunliffe , 2012 , pp. 47 - 56 Jump up ^ Prehistoric Britain 6000BC -- 55BC , Guide to Britain Archived 11 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Webster , Graham ( 1980 ) . The Roman Invasion of Britain . Batsford . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 1329 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry ( 1982 ) . `` Britain , the Veneti and beyond . 1982 '' . Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 1 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 68 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0092.1982. tb00298. x . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Higham , T ; Compton , T ; Stringer , C ; Jacobi , R ; Shapiro , B ; Trinkaus , E ; Chandler , B ; Groening , F ; Collins , C ; Hillson , S ; O'Higgins , P ; FitzGerald , C ; Fagan , M ( 2011 ) , `` The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe '' , Nature , 479 : 521 -- 524 , doi : 10.1038 / nature10484 , PMID 22048314 Jump up ^ `` Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought '' . The New York Times . 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dinnis , Robert ( Winter 2012 ) . `` Hunting the Hunter '' . The British Museum Magazine ( 74 ) : 26 . Jump up ^ Clark , Peter U. ; Dyke , Arthur S. ; Shakun , Jeremy D. ; Carlson , Anders E. ; Clark , Jorie ; Wohlfarth , Barbara ; Mitrovica , Jerry X. ; Hostetler , Steven W. & McCabe , A. Marshall ( 2009 ) . `` The Last Glacial Maximum '' . Science . 325 ( 5941 ) : 710 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 325 ... 710C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1172873 . PMID 19661421 . Jump up ^ Pettitt and White , p. 422 Jump up ^ U-series dating suggests Welsh reindeer is Britain 's oldest rock art , http://www.bris.ac.uk/news/2012/8606.html Jump up ^ Pettitt and White , pp. 489 , 497 Jump up ^ Walker , M. , Johnsen , S. , Rasmussen , S.O. , Popp , T. , Steffensen , J. - P. , Gibbard , P. , Hoek , W. , Lowe , J. , Andrews , J. , Bjo _̈ rck , S. , Cwynar , L.C. , Hughen , K. , Kershaw , P. , Kromer , B. , Litt , T. , Lowe , D.J. , Nakagawa , T. , Newnham , R. , and Schwander , J. 2009 . `` Formal definition and dating of the GSSP ( Global Stratotype Section and Point ) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core , and selected auxiliary records '' . J. Quaternary Sci. , Vol. 24 pp. 3 -- 17 . ISSN 0267 - 8179 . Jump up ^ Ashton , pp. 243 , 270 - 72 Jump up ^ Cunliffe , 2012 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Kobashi , T. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Precise timing and characterization of abrupt climate change 8,200 years ago from air trapped in polar ice '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 26 : 1212 -- 1222 . Bibcode : 2007QSRv ... 26.1212 K . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2007.01. 009 . Jump up ^ McIntosh , Jane Handbook of Prehistoric Europe Oxford University Press , USA ( Jun 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538476 - 5 p. 24 Jump up ^ Cunliffe , 2012 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Balter , Michael . `` DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe '' . Science . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bramanti B , Thomas MG , Haak W , et al. ( October 2009 ) . `` Genetic discontinuity between local hunter - gatherers and central Europe 's first farmers '' . Science . 326 ( 5949 ) : 137 -- 40 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1176869 . PMID 19729620 . Jump up ^ Malmstrom , H. ; et al. ( November 2009 ) . `` Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter - Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians '' ( PDF ) . Current Biology . 19 ( 20 ) : 1758 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2009.09. 017 . PMID 19781941 . Jump up ^ Deguilloux , M-F. ; et al. ( January 2011 ) . `` News from the west : Ancient DNA from a French megalithic burial chamber '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 144 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 18 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 21376 . PMID 20717990 . Jump up ^ Federico Sánchez - Quinto ; Hannes Schroeder ; Oscar Ramirez ; María C. Ávila - Arcos ; Marc Pybus ; Iñigo Olalde ; Amhed M.V. Velazquez ; María Encina Prada Marcos ; Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas ; Jaume Bertranpetit ; Ludovic Orlando ; M. Thomas P. Gilbert ; Carles Lalueza - Fox ( June 2012 ) . `` Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000 - Year - Old Iberian Hunter - Gatherers '' . Current Biology . 22 ( 16 ) : 1494 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2012.06. 005 . PMID 22748318 . Jump up ^ Fu , Qiaomei ( 2013 ) . `` A Revised Timescale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes '' . Current Biology . 23 : 553 -- 559 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2013.02. 044 . Jump up ^ Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 : 1008 -- 1021 ( full text ) Jump up ^ Stephen Openheimer , The Origins of the British Jump up ^ Overlapping Genetic and Archaeological Evidence Suggests Neolithic Migration , Say Stanford Researchers ( 2002 ) Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( press release ) Jump up ^ European Journal of Human Genetics ( 2005 ) 13 , 1293 -- 1302 ( full text ) ^ Jump up to : The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Pearson , Mike ; Julian Thomas ( September 2007 ) . `` The Age of Stonehenge '' . Antiquity. 811 ( 313 ) : 617 -- 639 . Jump up ^ Lemercier 2012 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Aberystwyth University - News Jump up ^ `` O'Donnell Lecture 2008 Appendix '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Koch , John ( 2009 ) . Tartessian : Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 ( 2009 ) ( PDF ) . Palaeohispanica . pp. 339 -- 351 . ISSN 1578 - 5386 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Koch , John . `` New research suggests Welsh Celtic roots lie in Spain and Portugal '' . Retrieved 10 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Karl , Guerra , McEvoy , Bradley ; Oppenheimer , Rrvik , Isaac , Parsons , Koch , Freeman and Wodtko ( 2010 ) . Celtic from the West : Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology , Genetics , Language and Literature . Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications . p. 384 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 410 - 4 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Rethinking the Bronze Age and the Arrival of Indo - European in Atlantic Europe '' ( PDF ) . University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies and Institute of Archaeology , University of Oxford . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ The Agricola , Tacitus . Jump up ^ Collis , John . The Celts -- Origins , Myths and Inventions . Tempus , 2003 Jump up ^ James . Simon . The Atlantic Celts British Museum Press , 1999 Jump up ^ Ball , Martin J. & James Fife ( ed . ) ( 1993 ) . The Celtic Languages . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01035 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Iron Age , smr.herefordshire.gov.uk Sources ( edit ) Ashton , Nick ( 2017 ) . Early Humans . London : William Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 815035 - 8 . Ball , Martin J. & James Fife ( ed . ) . 1993 . The Celtic Languages . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01035 - 7 . British History Encyclopedia . 1999 . Paragon House . ISBN 1 - 4054 - 1632 - 7 . Collis , John . 2003 . The Celts -- Origins , Myths and Inventions . Tempus . Cunliffe , Barry ( 2012 ) . Britain Begins . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 967945 - 4 . James , Simon . 1999 . The Atlantic Celts . British Museum Press . Pearson , Mike ; Cleal , Ros ; Marshall , Peter ; Needham , Stuart ; Pollard , Josh ; Richards , Colin ; Ruggles , Clive ; Sheridan , Alison ; Thomas , Julian ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` The Age of Stonehenge '' . Antiquity. 811 ( 313 ) : 617 -- 639 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Pettitt , Paul ; White , Mark ( 2012 ) . The British Palaeolithic : Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World . Abingdon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 67455 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Alonso , Santos , Carlos Flores , Vicente Cabrera , Antonio Alonso , Pablo Martín , Cristina Albarrán , Neskuts Izagirre , Concepción de la Rúa and Oscar García. 2005 . The place of the Basques in the European Y - chromosome diversity landscape . European Journal of Human Genetics 13 : 1293 - 1302 . Cunliffe , Barry 2001 . Facing the Ocean : The Atlantic and Its Peoples , 8000 BC to AD 1500 . Oxford University Press . Cunliffe , Barry . 2002 . The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek . Penguin . Darvill , Timothy C. 1987 . Prehistoric Britain . London : B.T. Batsford ISBN 0 - 7134 - 5179 - 3 Hawkes , Jaquetta and Christopher . 1943 . Prehistoric Britain . Harmondsworth : Penguin . Miles , David . 2016 . `` The Tale of the Axe : How the Neolithic Revolution Transformed Britain '' . London . Thames & Hudson Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05186 - 3 Oppenheimer , Stephen . 2006 . The Origins of the British . London : Constable . Pryor , Francis . 1999 . Farmers in Prehistoric Britain . Stroud , Gloucestershire and Charleston , SC : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1477 - 1 Pryor , Francis . 2003 . Britain BC : Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans . London , Harper - Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 712692 - 1 Sykes , Brian . 2001 . The Seven Daughters of Eve : The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry . Bantam , London . ISBN 0 - 593 - 04757 - 5 Sykes , Brian . 2006 . Saxons , Vikings , and Celts : The Genetic Roots of Britain and Ireland . New York , Norton & Co . ( Published in the UK , also in 2006 , as Blood of the Isles . London , Bantam Books . ) Wainright , Richard . 1978 . A Guide to Prehistoric Remains in Britain . London : Constable . Weale , Michael E. ; Weiss , Deborah A. ; Jager , Rolf F. ; Bradman , Neil ; Thomas , Mark G. ( 2002 ) . `` Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo - Saxon Mass Migration '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 ( 7 ) : 1008 -- 1021 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a004160 . PMID 12082121 . External links ( edit ) Ancient Human Occupation of Britain Project Britain 's human history revealed 700,000 - year - old remains in Norfolk The Boxgrove project Ancient Britons come mainly from Spain An audio - visual presentation by Dr Mike Weale of UCL talking about genetic evidence for migration ( hide ) Prehistoric Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria ( hide ) Prehistoric technology Prehistory timeline outline Stone Age subdivisions New Stone Age Technology history Tools Farming Neolithic Revolution founder crops New World crops Ard / plough Celt Digging stick Domestication Goad Irrigation Secondary products Sickle Terracing Food processing Fire Basket Cooking Earth oven Granaries Grinding slab Ground stone Hearth Aşıklı Höyük Qesem Cave Manos Metate Mortar and pestle Pottery Quern - 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what are most organisms on earth classified as			Organism	organism	In biology , an organism ( from Greek : οργανισμός , organismos ) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life . It is a synonym for `` life form '' .	Organisms are classified by taxonomy into specified groups such as the multicellular animals , plants , and fungi ; or unicellular microorganisms such as a protists , bacteria , and archaea . All types of organisms are capable of reproduction , growth and development , maintenance , and some degree of response to stimuli . Humans are multicellular animals composed of many trillions of cells which differentiate during development into specialized tissues and organs . An organism may be either a prokaryote or a eukaryote . Prokaryotes are represented by two separate domains -- bacteria and archaea . Eukaryotic organisms are characterized by the presence of a membrane - bound cell nucleus and contain additional membrane - bound compartments called organelles ( such as mitochondria in animals and plants and plastids in plants and algae , all generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria ) . Fungi , animals and plants are examples of kingdoms of organisms within the eukaryotes . Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which only about 1.2 million have been documented . More than 99 % of all species , amounting to over five billion species , that ever lived are estimated to be extinct . In 2016 , a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) of all living organisms living was identified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definitions 2.1 Non-cellular life 3 Chemistry 3.1 Macromolecules 4 Structure 4.1 Cell 5 Evolution 5.1 Last universal common ancestor 6 Location of the root 6.1 Reproduction 6.2 Horizontal gene transfer 6.3 Future of life ( cloning and synthetic organisms ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term `` organism '' ( from Greek ὀργανισμός , organismos , from ὄργανον , organon , i.e. `` instrument , implement , tool , organ of sense or apprehension '' ) first appeared in the English language in 1703 and took on its current definition by 1834 ( Oxford English Dictionary ) . It is directly related to the term `` organization '' . There is a long tradition of defining organisms as self - organizing beings , going back at least to Immanuel Kant 's 1790 Critique of Judgment . Definitions ( edit ) An organism may be defined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life . Dictionary definitions can be broad , using phrases such as `` any living structure , such as a plant , animal , fungus or bacterium , capable of growth and reproduction '' . Many definitions exclude viruses and possible man - made non-organic life forms , as viruses are dependent on the biochemical machinery of a host cell for reproduction . A superorganism is an organism consisting of many individuals working together as a single functional or social unit . There has been controversy about the best way to define the organism and indeed about whether or not such a definition is necessary . Several contributions are responses to the suggestion that the category of `` organism '' may well not be adequate in biology . Non-cellular life ( edit ) Main article : Non-cellular life Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are incapable of autonomous reproduction , growth or metabolism . This controversy is problematic because some cellular organisms are also incapable of independent survival ( but are capable of independent metabolism and procreation ) and live as obligatory intracellular parasites . Although viruses have a few enzymes and molecules characteristic of living organisms , they have no metabolism of their own ; they can not synthesize and organize the organic compounds from which they are formed . Naturally , this rules out autonomous reproduction : they can only be passively replicated by the machinery of the host cell . In this sense , they are similar to inanimate matter . While viruses sustain no independent metabolism , and thus are usually not classified as organisms , they do have their own genes , and they do evolve by mechanisms similar to the evolutionary mechanisms of organisms . The most common argument in support of viruses as living organisms is their ability to undergo evolution and replicate through self - assembly . Some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve , nor self - reproduce . In fact , viruses are evolved by their host cells , meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells . If host cells did not exist , viral evolution would be impossible . This is not true for cells . If viruses did not exist , the direction of cellular evolution could be different , but cells would nevertheless be able to evolve . As for the reproduction , viruses totally rely on hosts ' machinery to replicate . The discovery of viral megagenomes with genes coding for energy metabolism and protein synthesis fueled the debate about whether viruses belong in the tree of life . The presence of these genes suggested that viruses were once able to metabolize . However , it was found later that the genes coding for energy and protein metabolism have a cellular origin . Most likely , these genes were acquired through horizontal gene transfer from viral hosts . Chemistry ( edit ) Organisms are complex chemical systems , organized in ways that promote reproduction and some measure of sustainability or survival . The same laws that govern non-living chemistry govern the chemical processes of life . It is generally the phenomena of entire organisms that determine their fitness to an environment and therefore the survivability of their DNA - based genes . Organisms clearly owe their origin , metabolism , and many other internal functions to chemical phenomena , especially the chemistry of large organic molecules . Organisms are complex systems of chemical compounds that , through interaction and environment , play a wide variety of roles . Organisms are semi-closed chemical systems . Although they are individual units of life ( as the definition requires ) , they are not closed to the environment around them . To operate they constantly take in and release energy . Autotrophs produce usable energy ( in the form of organic compounds ) using light from the sun or inorganic compounds while heterotrophs take in organic compounds from the environment . The primary chemical element in these compounds is carbon . The chemical properties of this element such as its great affinity for bonding with other small atoms , including other carbon atoms , and its small size making it capable of forming multiple bonds , make it ideal as the basis of organic life . It is able to form small three - atom compounds ( such as carbon dioxide ) , as well as large chains of many thousands of atoms that can store data ( nucleic acids ) , hold cells together , and transmit information ( protein ) . Macromolecules ( edit ) Compounds that make up organisms may be divided into macromolecules and other , smaller molecules . The four groups of macromolecule are nucleic acids , proteins , carbohydrates and lipids . Nucleic acids ( specifically deoxyribonucleic acid , or DNA ) store genetic data as a sequence of nucleotides . The particular sequence of the four different types of nucleotides ( adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine ) dictate many characteristics that constitute the organism . The sequence is divided up into codons , each of which is a particular sequence of three nucleotides and corresponds to a particular amino acid . Thus a sequence of DNA codes for a particular protein that , due to the chemical properties of the amino acids it is made from , folds in a particular manner and so performs a particular function . These protein functions have been recognized : Enzymes , which catalyze all of the reactions of metabolism Structural proteins , such as tubulin , or collagen Regulatory proteins , such as transcription factors or cyclins that regulate the cell cycle Signaling molecules or their receptors such as some hormones and their receptors Defensive proteins , which can include everything from antibodies of the immune system , to toxins ( e.g. , dendrotoxins of snakes ) , to proteins that include unusual amino acids like canavanine A bilayer of phospholipids makes up the membrane of cells that constitutes a barrier , containing everything within the cell and preventing compounds from freely passing into , and out of , the cell . Due to the selective permeability of the phospholipid membrane only specific compounds can pass through it . In some multicellular organisms they serve as a storage of energy and mediate communication between cells . Carbohydrates are more easily broken down than lipids and yield more energy to compare to lipids and proteins . In fact , carbohydrates are the number one source of energy for all living organisms . Structure ( edit ) All organisms consist of structural units called cells ; some contain a single cell ( unicellular ) and others contain many units ( multicellular ) . Multicellular organisms are able to specialize cells to perform specific functions . A group of such cells is a tissue , and in animals these occur as four basic types , namely epithelium , nervous tissue , muscle tissue , and connective tissue . Several types of tissue work together in the form of an organ to produce a particular function ( such as the pumping of the blood by the heart , or as a barrier to the environment as the skin ) . This pattern continues to a higher level with several organs functioning as an organ system such as the reproductive system , and digestive system . Many multicellular organisms consist of several organ systems , which coordinate to allow for life . Cell ( edit ) The cell theory , first developed in 1839 by Schleiden and Schwann , states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells ; all cells come from preexisting cells ; and cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells . There are two types of cells , eukaryotic and prokaryotic . Prokaryotic cells are usually singletons , while eukaryotic cells are usually found in multicellular organisms . Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclear membrane so DNA is unbound within the cell ; eukaryotic cells have nuclear membranes . All cells , whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic , have a membrane , which envelops the cell , separates its interior from its environment , regulates what moves in and out , and maintains the electric potential of the cell . Inside the membrane , a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume . All cells possess DNA , the hereditary material of genes , and RNA , containing the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes , the cell 's primary machinery . There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells . All cells share several similar characteristics of : Reproduction by cell division ( binary fission , mitosis or meiosis ) . Use of enzymes and other proteins coded by DNA genes and made via messenger RNA intermediates and ribosomes . Metabolism , including taking in raw materials , building cell components , converting energy , molecules and releasing by - products . The functioning of a cell depends upon its ability to extract and use chemical energy stored in organic molecules . This energy is derived from metabolic pathways . Response to external and internal stimuli such as changes in temperature , pH or nutrient levels . Cell contents are contained within a cell surface membrane that contains proteins and a lipid bilayer . Evolution ( edit ) See also : Origin of life , Earliest known life forms , and Common descent Last universal common ancestor ( edit ) Precambrian stromatolites in the Siyeh Formation , Glacier National Park . In 2002 , a paper in the scientific journal Nature suggested that these 3.5 Gya ( billion years old ) geological formations contain fossilized cyanobacteria microbes . This suggests they are evidence of one of the earliest known life forms on Earth . Main article : Last universal common ancestor Further information : Timeline of the evolutionary history of life The last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) is the most recent organism from which all organisms now living on Earth descend . Thus it is the most recent common ancestor of all current life on Earth . The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago ( sometime in the Paleoarchean era ) . The earliest evidence for life on Earth is graphite found to be biogenic in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland and microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone discovered in Western Australia . Although more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on the planet are estimated to be extinct , there are currently 10 -- 14 million species of life on Earth . Information about the early development of life includes input from many different fields , including geology and planetary science . These sciences provide information about the history of the Earth and the changes produced by life . However , a great deal of information about the early Earth has been destroyed by geological processes over the course of time . All organisms are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool . Evidence for common descent may be found in traits shared between all living organisms . In Darwin 's day , the evidence of shared traits was based solely on visible observation of morphologic similarities , such as the fact that all birds have wings , even those that do not fly . There is strong evidence from genetics that all organisms have a common ancestor . For example , every living cell makes use of nucleic acids as its genetic material , and uses the same twenty amino acids as the building blocks for proteins . All organisms use the same genetic code ( with some extremely rare and minor deviations ) to translate nucleic acid sequences into proteins . The universality of these traits strongly suggests common ancestry , because the selection of many of these traits seems arbitrary . Horizontal gene transfer makes it more difficult to study the last universal ancestor . However , the universal use of the same genetic code , same nucleotides , and same amino acids makes the existence of such an ancestor overwhelmingly likely . Location of the root ( edit ) The LUCA used the Wood -- Ljungdahl or reductive acetyl -- CoA pathway to fix carbon . For branching of Bacteria phyla , see Bacterial phyla . The most commonly accepted location of the root of the tree of life is between a monophyletic domain Bacteria and a clade formed by Archaea and Eukaryota of what is referred to as the `` traditional tree of life '' based on several molecular studies . A very small minority of studies have concluded differently , namely that the root is in the domain Bacteria , either in the phylum Firmicutes or that the phylum Chloroflexi is basal to a clade with Archaea and Eukaryotes and the rest of Bacteria as proposed by Thomas Cavalier - Smith . Research published in 2016 , by William F. Martin , by genetically analyzing 6.1 million protein coding genes from sequenced prokaryotic genomes of various phylogenetic trees , identified 355 protein clusters from amongst 286,514 protein clusters that were probably common to the LUCA . The results `` depict LUCA as anaerobic , CO-fixing , H - dependent with a Wood -- Ljungdahl pathway ( the reductive acetyl - coenzyme A pathway ) , N - fixing and thermophilic . LUCA 's biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms . Its cofactors reveal dependence upon transition metals , flavins , S - adenosyl methionine , coenzyme A , ferredoxin , molybdopterin , corrins and selenium . Its genetic code required nucleoside modifications and S - adenosylmethionine - dependent methylations . '' The results depict methanogenic clostria as a basal clade in the 355 lineages examined , and suggest that the LUCA inhabited an anaerobic hydrothermal vent setting in a geochemically active environment rich in H , CO , and iron . However , the identification of these genes as being present in LUCA was criticized , suggesting that many of the proteins assumed to be present in LUCA represent later horizontal gene transfers between archaea and bacteria . Reproduction ( edit ) Main article : Reproduction Sexual reproduction is widespread among current eukaryotes , and was likely present in the last common ancestor . This is suggested by the finding of a core set of genes for meiosis in the descendants of lineages that diverged early form the eukaryotic evolutionary tree. and Malik et al. It is further supported by evidence that eukaryotes previously regarded as `` ancient asexuals '' , such as Amoeba , were likely sexual in the past , and that most present day asexual amoeboid lineages likely arose recently and independently . In prokaryotes , natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and integration of the donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by recombination . Natural bacterial transformation is considered to be a primitive sexual process and occurs in both bacteria and archaea , although it has been studied mainly in bacteria . Transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation and not an accidental occurrence , because it depends on numerous gene products that specifically interact with each other to enter a state of natural competence to perform this complex process . Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer among prokaryotes . Horizontal gene transfer ( edit ) Main article : Horizontal gene transfer The ancestry of living organisms has traditionally been reconstructed from morphology , but is increasingly supplemented with phylogenetics -- the reconstruction of phylogenies by the comparison of genetic ( DNA ) sequence . Sequence comparisons suggest recent horizontal transfer of many genes among diverse species including across the boundaries of phylogenetic `` domains '' . Thus determining the phylogenetic history of a species can not be done conclusively by determining evolutionary trees for single genes . Biologist Gogarten suggests `` the original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data from recent genome research '' , therefore `` biologists ( should ) use the metaphor of a mosaic to describe the different histories combined in individual genomes and use ( the ) metaphor of a net to visualize the rich exchange and cooperative effects of HGT among microbes . '' Future of life ( cloning and synthetic organisms ) ( edit ) Modern biotechnology is challenging traditional concepts of organism and species . Cloning is the process of creating a new multicellular organism , genetically identical to another , with the potential of creating entirely new species of organisms . Cloning is the subject of much ethical debate . In 2008 , the J. Craig Venter Institute assembled a synthetic bacterial genome , Mycoplasma genitalium , by using recombination in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments in a single step . 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'' Photosynthesis Research 33 : 137 -- 146 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00039176 Jump up ^ Gribaldo , S , and P Cammarano. 1998 . `` The Root of the Universal Tree of Life Inferred from Anciently Duplicated Genes Encoding Components of the Protein - Targeting Machinery . '' Journal of Molecular Evolution 47 ( 5 ) : 508 -- 516 . PMID : 9797401 Jump up ^ Iwabe , Naoyuki , Kei - Ichi Kuma , Masami Hasegawa , Syozo Osawa , Takashi Miyata Source , Masami Hasegawat , Syozo Osawat , and Takashi Miyata. 1989 . `` Evolutionary Relationship of Archaebacteria , Eubacteria , and Eukaryotes Inferred from Phylogenetic Trees of Duplicated Genes . '' Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 ( 86 ) : 9355 -- 9359 . PMID 2531898 Jump up ^ Boone , David R. ; Castenholz , Richard W. ; Garrity , George M. ( eds . ) . The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria . Bergey 's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 0 - 387 - 21609 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 21609 - 6 . Jump up ^ Valas , R.E. ; Bourne , P.E. ( 2011 ) . `` The origin of a derived superkingdom : how a gram - positive bacterium crossed the desert to become an archaeon '' . Biology Direct . 6 : 16 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 6 - 16 . PMC 3056875 . PMID 21356104 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavalier - Smith T ( 2006 ) . `` Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses '' . Biology Direct . 1 : 19 . doi : 10.1186 / 1745 - 6150 - 1 - 19 . PMC 1586193 . PMID 16834776 . Jump up ^ `` The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor '' by Madeline C. Weiss , FilipaL. Sousa , Natalia Mrnjavac , Sinje Neukirchen , Mayo Roettger , Shijulal Nelson - Sathi and William F. Martin ( July 25 , 2016 ) ( Nature Microbiology 16116 doi : 10.1038 / NMICROBIOL. 2016.116 Jump up ^ JP Gogarten , D Deamer D Is LUCA a thermophilic progenote ? Nat Microbiol. 2016 Nov 25 ; 1 : 16229 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2016.229 Jump up ^ Dacks J ; Roger AJ ( June 1999 ) . `` The first sexual lineage and the relevance of facultative sex '' . J. Mol . Evol. 48 ( 6 ) : 779 -- 83 . Bibcode : 1999JMolE ... 48 ... 779D . doi : 10.1007 / PL00013156 . PMID 10229582 . Jump up ^ Ramesh MA ; Malik SB ; Logsdon JM ( January 2005 ) . `` A phylogenomic inventory of meiotic genes ; evidence for sex in Giardia and an early eukaryotic origin of meiosis '' . Curr. Biol. 15 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2005.01. 003 . PMID 15668177 . Jump up ^ Malik SB ; Pightling AW ; Stefaniak LM ; Schurko AM ; Logsdon JM ( 2008 ) . `` An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis '' . PLoS ONE . 3 ( 8 ) : e2879 . Bibcode : 2008PLoSO ... 3.2879 M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0002879 . PMC 2488364 . PMID 18663385 . Jump up ^ Lahr DJ ; Parfrey LW ; Mitchell EA ; Katz LA ; Lara E ( July 2011 ) . `` The chastity of amoebae : re-evaluating evidence for sex in amoeboid organisms '' . Proc. Biol. Sci. 278 ( 1715 ) : 2081 -- 90 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2011.0289 . PMC 3107637 . PMID 21429931 . Jump up ^ Chen I ; Dubnau D ( March 2004 ) . `` DNA uptake during bacterial transformation '' . Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro844 . PMID 15083159 . Jump up ^ Johnsborg O ; Eldholm V ; Håvarstein LS ( December 2007 ) . `` Natural genetic transformation : prevalence , mechanisms and function '' . Res . Microbiol. 158 ( 10 ) : 767 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resmic. 2007.09. 004 . PMID 17997281 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State -- Horizontal Gene Transfer Jump up ^ Peter Gogarten . `` Horizontal Gene Transfer - A New Paradigm for Biology '' . esalenctr.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gibsona , Daniel G. ; Benders , Gwynedd A. ; Axelroda , Kevin C. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` One - step assembly in yeast of 25 overlapping DNA fragments to form a complete synthetic Mycoplasma genitalium genome '' ( PDF ) . PNAS. 105 ( 51 ) : 20404 -- 20409 . Bibcode : 2008PNAS ... 10520404G . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811011106 . PMC 2600582 . PMID 19073939 . External links ( edit ) BBCNews : 27 September 2000 , When slime is not so thick Citat : `` It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms , such as slime and amoeba , may not be as primitive as once thought '' SpaceRef.com , July 29 , 1997 : Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor The Eberly College of Science : Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication quality photos Artikel , 2000 : Methane Ice Worms : Hesiocaeca methanicola . Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves SpaceRef.com , May 04 , 2001 : Redefining `` Life as We Know it '' Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997 , Charles Fisher , professor of biology at Penn State , discovered this remarkable creature living on mounds of methane ice under half a mile of ocean on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico . BBCNews , 18 December 2002 , ' Space bugs ' grown in lab Citat : `` Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri ... Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space '' BBCNews , 19 June 2003 , Ancient organism challenges cell evolution Citat : `` It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes , since it is present in both '' Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04 , Saint Anselm College , Summer 2003 Jacob Feldman : Stramenopila NCBI Taxonomy entry : root ( rich ) Saint Anselm College : Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat : `` Number of kingdoms has not been resolved ... Bacteria present a problem with their diversity ... Protista present a problem with their diversity ... '' , Species 2000 Indexing the world 's known species . Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants , animals , fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity . It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms , using direct species - links . The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest , and may be as old as 10500 years . The Tree of Life . Frequent questions from kids about life and their answers Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Hierarchy of life Biosphere > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule Biology portal GND : 4043831 - 4 NDL : 00570259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organism&oldid=810647264 '' Categories : Organisms Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2014 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism	31,552
where was the 1950 movie hot rod filmed			Hot Rod Gang	hot rod gang	Hot Rod Gang is a 1958 film starring John Ashley . The working title was Hot Rod Rock with the film also released under the title Fury Unleashed . American International Pictures released the film as a double feature with High School Hellcats .	The movie features an appearance by Gene Vincent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Soundtrack 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) John Ashley ... John Abernathy III Jody Fair ... Lois Cavendish Steve Drexel ... Mark Scott Peters ... Jack Helen Spring ... Abigail Abernathy Lester Dorr ... Dryden Philpott Doodles Weaver ... Wesley Cavendish Dub Taylor ... Al Berrywhiff Gloria Grant ... Tammy Maureen Arthur ... Marley Dorothy Neumann ... Anastasia Abernathy Russ Bender ... Motorcycle cop Claire Du Brey ... Agatha Production ( edit ) Executive Producer : Charles Buddy Rogers Producer : Lou Rusoff Associate Produce : Lou Kimzey Soundtrack ( edit ) Hit and Run Lover Performed by John Ashley Annie Laurie Performed by John Ashley Dance In The Street Performed by Gene Vincent and The Blue Caps Baby Blue Performed by Gene Vincent and The Blue Caps Lovely Loretta Performed by Gene Vincent Dance to the Bop Performed by Gene Vincent Choo Choo Cha Poochie Performed by Maureen Arthur See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1958 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78447/Hot-Rod-Gang/notes.html Jump up ^ Sanders , Don and Susan ( 1997 ) . The American Drive - In Movie Theatre . Motorbooks International . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0425 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Gene Vincent 's rock ' Hot Rod Gang '' , The Astounding B Monster Archive accessed 14 December 2012 External links ( edit ) Hot Rod Gang on IMDb Hot Rod Gang at TCMDB ( hide ) Films directed by Lew Landers The Vanishing Shadow ( 1934 ) The Red Rider ( 1934 ) Tailspin Tommy ( 1934 ) Rustlers of Red Dog ( 1935 ) The Call of the Savage ( 1935 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) Stormy ( 1935 ) Night Waitress ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Buy Luck ( 1937 ) Border Cafe ( 1937 ) Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) Flight from Glory ( 1937 ) The Man Who Found Himself ( 1937 ) They Wanted to Marry ( 1937 ) Crashing Hollywood ( 1938 ) Condemned Women ( 1938 ) Law of the Underworld ( 1938 ) Blind Alibi ( 1938 ) Smashing the Rackets ( 1938 ) Annabel Takes a Tour ( 1938 ) Double Danger ( 1938 ) Twelve Crowded Hours ( 1939 ) Fixer Dugan ( 1939 ) The Girl and the Gambler ( 1939 ) Conspiracy ( 1939 ) Ski Patrol ( 1940 ) Wagons Westward ( 1940 ) Sing , Dance , Plenty Hot ( 1940 ) Girl from Havana ( 1940 ) Ridin ' on a Rainbow ( 1941 ) The Singing Hill ( 1941 ) Mystery Ship ( 1941 ) Harvard , Here I Come ! ( 1941 ) Canal Zone ( 1942 ) Alias Boston Blackie ( 1942 ) Atlantic Convoy ( 1942 ) The Boogie Man Will Get You ( 1942 ) Submarine Raider ( 1942 ) Doughboys in Ireland ( 1943 ) Power of the Press ( 1943 ) After Midnight with Boston Blackie ( 1943 ) Redhead from Manhattan ( 1943 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Cowboy Canteen ( 1944 ) Swing in the Saddle ( 1944 ) Black Arrow ( 1944 ) I 'm from Arkansas ( 1944 ) The Black Parachute ( 1944 ) Stars on Parade ( 1944 ) Crime , Inc. ( 1945 ) The Enchanted Forest ( 1945 ) Follow That Woman ( 1945 ) The Mask of Diijon ( 1946 ) Hot Cargo ( 1946 ) The Truth About Murder ( 1946 ) Danger Street ( 1947 ) Seven Keys to Baldpate ( 1947 ) Inner Sanctum ( 1948 ) Jungle Manhunt ( 1951 ) When the Redskins Rode ( 1951 ) A Yank in Korea ( 1951 ) The Magic Carpet ( 1951 ) Aladdin and His Lamp ( 1952 ) Adventures of Gallant Bess ( 1952 ) Arctic Flight ( 1952 ) Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land ( 1952 ) California Conquest ( 1952 ) Man in the Dark ( 1953 ) Tangier Incident ( 1953 ) Captain John Smith and Pocahontas ( 1953 ) Captain Kidd and the Slave Girl ( 1954 ) Hot Rod Gang ( 1958 ) This 1950s drama film - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Rod_Gang&oldid=792453602 '' Categories : 1958 films English - language films American films Films directed by Lew Landers 1950s drama films American International Pictures films American drama films 1950s drama film stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 16 : 25 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Rod%20Gang	107,920
keeping up with the kardashians season 14 ratings			Keeping up with the Kardashians ( season 14 )	keeping up with the kardashians ( season 14 )	The fourteenth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians , premiered on October 1 , 2017 on E ! cable network .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 3 Episodes 4 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Kris Jenner Kourtney Kardashian Kim Kardashian Khloé Kardashian Kendall Jenner Kylie Jenner Recurring cast ( edit ) Rob Kardashian Kanye West Jonathan Cheban Tristan Thompson Mary Jo Campbell Malika Haqq Corey Gamble Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On August 3 , 2017 It was announced the show 's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24 , 2017 following the show 's season 14 premiere . On September 19 , 2017 E ! introduced a new promo for the new season , in which the girls recreated the opening credits from the first season . This season has a new open sequence , which has not changed since Season 11 . This season will also have a Christmas themed episode . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 196 `` Cleveland Show '' October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 1.44 Kim and Kourtney finally get a glimpse into Khloé 's private life in Cleveland . Kendall receives some harsh feedback on a recent project . The family is blindsided when Cait reveals some shocking news . 197 `` MILFs Gone Wild '' October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 1.40 Scott gets jealous when Kourtney goes on a girls trip to Mexico for her birthday . Meanwhile Kim feels violated when some unflattering photos of her in Mexico surface on the Internet . 198 `` Cheers To That '' October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 1.26 Kim struggles to regain her confidence after her trip to Mexico . Khloé 's spirits sour when Kris becomes too busy for mother - daughter bonding . Kourtney acts sneaky about her dating life . 199 `` Clothes Quarters '' October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 1.13 Kourtney is distracted during a sister getaway with Kendall . Kim stages an unwelcome intervention on Khloé 's wardrobe . 200 `` Catch Me If You Cannes '' October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 0.89 Scott threatens to ruin Kourtney 's trip to Cannes with her new romantic interest . Kim struggles to set clear boundaries with her assistant . The girls get educated about Planned Parenthood . 201 6 `` Fan - Friction '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.15 Khloé fears that Cleveland fans may turn on her family during a trip to see Tristan . The girls wonder how to treat Scott after his bad behavior in Cannes . Kim gets fed up with her lack of willpower and makes a drastic lifestyle change . 202 7 `` Beauty Queen '' November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.01 Kim anxiously preps for the launch of her new KKW Beauty line . Kourtney tries to adopt a new positive attitude . Khloé scrambles to make arrangements for Tristan 's upcoming move to LA . 203 8 `` Close To Home '' November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 0.77 Kim is shocked to learn about the rising rate of homelessness in LA and sets out to bring awareness to the growing crisis . Meanwhile Kris hires a scribe to document her every word . 204 9 `` Dog Tired '' December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 0.96 Khloé and Kendall consider getting guns for protection . Kris imposes strict guidelines for her mom to follow in her new condo . Kim ca n't handle her rambunctious new puppy . 205 10 `` Baby One More Time '' December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.06 Kim gets some big news about the future of her family . The girls wonder if Kourtney sees a future with her current beau . Kim and Khloé compete to win Kris 's affection . 206 11 `` Press Pass '' December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.03 Khloé and Kourtney butt heads over the design of their fitness line . Kim thinks the family needs media training to learn to handle controversial topics . 207 12 `` My Mother 's Keeper '' January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.05 Khloé struggles to keep her explosive temper under control . Kris plants a secret tracking device on her mother and Kim wonders if Kourtney 's gluten - free diet is truly healthy . 208 13 `` Mime Over Matter '' January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.44 A guilt - ridden Kourtney must decide whether to take a trip to Egypt without her kids . Khloé recognizes that the stress of dealing with six kids is weighing on Kris , so she hires a mime to cheer her mom up . 209 14 `` Bun In The Oven '' January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 1.33 Khloé has some big news to share with her family , but her strained relationship with Corey threatens to overshadow the big reveal . Kris gets a complex about her sagging earlobes . 210 15 `` Diamonds Are Forever '' January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) 1.16 Scott 's behavior takes a turn for the worse after he learns that Kourtney has a boyfriend . Kourtney struggles to find her career passion . Kris comes up with a creative way to preserve her memory long after she 's gone . 211 16 `` A Tangled Web '' February 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 11 ) 1.14 Kim fears for her surrogate 's safety when sources begin exposing her personal information . Kris keeps a watchful eye on Scott during Fashion Week . Kourtney deals with a scary infestation . 212 17 `` Kris Jenner 's Legacy '' February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) 1.05 Scott sets out to make Kris a commemorative legacy video . Kendall 's anxiety strikes again right before Milan Fashion week . Khloé attempts to rebuild her friendship with Malika after a falling out . 213 18 `` Trimester Trouble '' February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 1.01 Khloé attempts to keep her pregnancy a secret while dealing with some complications . Kourtney questions whether she is done having children . Kris debuts a loud new hairdo . 214 19 `` The Gender Reveal '' March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) 1.28 The girls take one last sister getaway to San Francisco before their babies arrive , but they quickly tire of Kourtney 's bad attitude . Kim wants to include her family in the surrogacy process . Khloé anxiously awaits news of her baby 's gender . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Watch Kim , Khloe & Family Throw Shade in Keeping Up With the Kardashians 10 Year Anniversary Special First Look ! on Kardashians '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercer Than Ever ! Watch Kim Kardashian and Fam Recreate the Keeping Up Season One Opening Credits 10 Years Later '' . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Themed Episode '' . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' keeps improving , MLB playoffs on top '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Fear the Walking Dead ' finale steady ( but also down ) , NCLS on top again '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.03. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.11. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.18. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.25. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Showbuzz Daily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Up_with_the_Kardashians_(season_14)&oldid=836104358 '' Categories : Keeping Up with the Kardashians Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2017 All articles to be merged Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 18 : 12 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeping%20Up%20with%20the%20Kardashians%20%28season%2014%29	9,846
where does the salt come from in utah	Great Salt Lake contributes an estimated $1.3 billion annually to Utah 's economy , including $1.1 billion from industry ( primarily mineral extraction ) , $136 million from recreation , and $57 million from the harvest of brine shrimp .	Great Salt Lake	Great Salt Lake	great salt lake	The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth - largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km ) , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km2 ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3,300 square miles ( 8,500 km ) . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region .	The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity ( far saltier than seawater ) and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Due to the high density resulting from its mineral content , swimming in the Great Salt Lake is similar to floating . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake - effect snows from late fall through spring . Although it has been called `` America 's Dead Sea '' , the lake provides habitat for millions of native birds , brine shrimp , shorebirds , and waterfowl , including the largest staging population of Wilson 's phalarope in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Islands 3.2 Lake effect precipitation 4 Hydrology 4.1 Salinity 4.2 1930s Fresh Water Project 4.3 Willard Bay Reservoir 4.4 West Desert Pumping Project 5 Ecosystem 5.1 Pink Floyd the flamingo 5.2 Elevated mercury levels 6 Commerce 6.1 Causeway 6.2 Recreation 6.2. 1 Saltair 6.2. 2 Garfield Beach Resort 7 Legends and unusual features 8 See also 9 References 10 Footnotes 10.1 Works cited 11 External links Origin ( edit ) The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of a much larger prehistoric lake called Lake Bonneville . At its greatest extent , Lake Bonneville spanned 22,400 square miles ( 58,000 km ) , nearly as large as present - day Lake Michigan , and roughly ten times the area of the Great Salt Lake today . Bonneville reached 923 ft ( 281 m ) at its deepest point , and covered much of present - day Utah and small portions of Idaho and Nevada during the ice ages of the Pleistocene Epoch . Lake Bonneville existed until about 16,800 years ago , when a large portion of the lake was released through the Red Rock Pass in Idaho . With the warming climate , the remaining lake began to dry , leaving the Great Salt Lake , Utah Lake , Sevier Lake , and Rush Lake behind . History ( edit ) Map showing `` Lake Youta or Salt Lake '' in 1838 when it was in Mexico . From Britannica 7th edition . The Shoshone , Ute , and Paiute have lived near the Great Salt Lake for thousands of years . At the time of Salt Lake City 's founding , the valley was within the territory of the Northwestern Shoshone ; however , occupation was seasonal , near streams emptying from Canyons into the Salt Lake Valley . One of the local Shoshone tribes , the Western Goshute tribe , referred to the lake as Pi'a - pa , meaning `` big water '' , or Ti'tsa - pa , meaning `` bad water '' . The Great Salt Lake entered written European history through the records of Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , who learned of its existence from the Timpanogos Utes in 1776 . No European name was given to it at the time , and it was not shown on the map by Bernardo Miera y Pacheco , the cartographer for the expedition . In 1824 , it was observed , apparently independently , by Jim Bridger and Etienne Provost . Shortly thereafter other trappers saw it and walked around it . Most of the trappers , however , were illiterate and did not record their discoveries . As oral reports of their findings made their way to those who did make records , some errors were made . Escalante had been on the shores of Utah Lake , which he named Laguna Timpanogos . It was the larger of the two lakes that appeared on Miera 's map . Other cartographers followed his lead and charted Lake Timpanogos as the largest ( or larger ) lake in the region . As people came to know of the Great Salt Lake , they interpreted the maps to think that `` Timpanogos '' referred to the Great Salt Lake . On some maps the two names were used synonymously . In time `` Timpanogos '' was dropped from the maps and its original association with Utah Lake was forgotten . In 1843 , John C. Fremont led the first scientific expedition to the lake , but with winter coming on , he did not take the time to survey the entire lake . That happened in 1850 under the leadership of Howard Stansbury ( Stansbury discovered and named the Stansbury mountain range and Stansbury island ) . John Fremont 's overly glowing reports of the area were published shortly after his expedition . Stansbury also published a formal report of his survey work which became very popular . His report of the area included a discussion of Mormon religious practices based on Stansbury 's interaction with the Mormon community in Great Salt Lake City , which had been established three years earlier in 1847 . Beginning in November 1895 , artist and author Alfred Lambourne spent a year living on the remote Gunnison Island , where he wrote a book of musing and poetry , Our Inland Sea . From November 1895 to March 1896 , he was alone . In March , a few guano sifters arrived to harvest and sell the guano of the nesting birds as fertilizer . Lambourne included musings about these guano sifters in his work . Lambourne left the island early in the winter of 1896 along with the first group of guano sifters . Geography ( edit ) Great Salt Lake from airspace over Salt Lake City The Great Salt Lake lends its name to Salt Lake City , originally named `` Great Salt Lake City '' by the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) Brigham Young , who led a group of Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley southeast of the lake on July 24 , 1847 . The lake lies in parts of five counties : Box Elder , Davis , Tooele , Weber , and Salt Lake . Salt Lake City and its suburbs are located to the southeast and east of the lake , between the lake and the Wasatch Mountains , but land around the north and west shores are almost uninhabited . The Bonneville Salt Flats are to the west , and the Oquirrh and Stansbury Mountains rise to the south . The Great Salt Lake is fed by three major rivers and several minor streams . The three major rivers are each fed directly or indirectly from the Uinta Mountain range in northeastern Utah . The Bear River starts on the north slope of the Uintas and flows north past Bear Lake , into which some of Bear River 's waters have been diverted via a man - made canal into the lake , but later empty back into the river by means of the Bear Lake Outlet . The river then turns south in southern Idaho and eventually flows into the northeast arm of the Great Salt Lake . The Weber River also starts on the north slope of the Uinta Mountains and flows into the east edge of the lake . The Jordan River does not receive its water directly from the Uintas , rather it flows from freshwater Utah Lake , which itself is fed primarily by the Provo River ; the Provo River does originate in the Uintas , a few miles from the Weber and Bear . The Jordan flows from the north part of Utah Lake into the southeast corner of the Great Salt Lake . Due to its shallowness , the water level can fall dramatically in dry years and rise during high precipitation years , hence reflecting prolonged drought and wet periods . The lake level change is strongly modulated by the Pacific Ocean through atmospheric circulations that fluctuate at low frequency . By capturing these climate oscillations while using tree - ring reconstruction of lake level , the lake level fluctuation could be predicted onward for 5 -- 8 years . The Utah Climate Center provides prediction of the Great Salt Lake 's annual lake level . This forecast uses central tropical Pacific Ocean temperature , watershed precipitation , tree - ring data of 750 + years , and the lake level itself . Color difference A railroad line -- the Lucin Cutoff -- runs across the lake , crossing the southern end of Promontory Peninsula . The mostly solid causeway supporting the railway divides the lake into three portions : the northeast arm , northwest arm , and southern . This causeway obstructs the normal mixing of the waters of the lake because there are only three 100 - foot ( 30 m ) breaches . Because no rivers , except a few minor streams , flow directly into the northwest arm , Gunnison Bay , it is now substantially saltier than the rest of the lake . This saltier environment promotes different types of algae than those growing in the southern part of the lake , leading to a marked color difference on the two sides of the causeway . On December 1 , 2016 , the causeway was open under a newly constructed 180 - foot - long ( 55 m ) bridge that allowed water to flow from the southern arm of the lake into northwest arm . At the time of opening of causeway the northwest arm was nearly three feet lower than the southern arm . As of April 29 , 2017 , the levels of both arms of the lake have risen due to spring runoff , and the northwestern arm is within one foot of the southern arm . Islands ( edit ) Categorically stating the number of islands is difficult , as the method used to determine what is an island is not necessarily the same in each source . Since the water level of the lake can vary greatly between years , what may be considered an island in a high water year may be considered a peninsula in another , or an island in a low water year may be covered during another year . According to the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Geological Survey , `` there are eight named islands in the lake that have never been totally submerged during historic time . All have been connected to the mainland by exposed shoals during periods of low water . '' In addition to these eight islands , the lake also contains a number of rocks , reefs , or shoals that become fully or partially submerged at high water levels . The Utah Geological Survey , on the other hand , states `` the lake contains 11 recognized islands , although this number varies depending on the level of the lake . Seven islands are in the southern portion of the lake and four in the northwestern portion . '' The size and whether they are counted as islands during any particular year depends mostly on the level of the lake . From largest to smallest , they are Antelope Island , Stansbury Island , Fremont Island , Carrington Island , Dolphin Island , Cub Island , and Badger Island , and various rocks , reefs , or shoals with names like Strongs Knob , Gunnison Island , Goose , Browns , Hat ( Bird ) , Egg Island , Black Rock , and White Rock . Dolphin Island , Gunnison Island , Cub Island , and Strongs Knob are in the northwestern arm . The rest are in the southern portion of the Great Salt Lake . Sunset viewed from the western shore of Antelope Island . Carrington Island is visible in the distance . Black Rock , Antelope Island , White Rock , Egg Island , Fremont Island , and the Promontory mountain range are each extensions of the Oquirrh Mountain Range , which dips beneath the lake at its southeastern shore . Stansbury , Carrington , and Hat Islands are extensions of the Stansbury mountain range , and Strongs Knob is an extension of the Lakeside Mountains which run along the lake 's western shore . The lake is deepest in the area between these island chains , measured by Howard Stansbury in 1850 at about 35 feet ( 10.7 meters ) deep , and an average depth of 13 feet ( four meters ) . When the water levels are low , Antelope Island becomes connected to the shore as a peninsula , as do Goose Islands , Browns Island , and some of the other islands . Stansbury Island and Strongs Knob remain peninsulas unless the water level rises well - above the average . Lake effect precipitation ( edit ) Main article : Great Salt Lake effect Due to the warm waters of the Great Salt Lake , lake effect snowfalls are frequent phenomena of the surrounding area . Cold north , northwest , or west winds generally blow across the lake following the passage of a cold front , and the temperature difference between the warm lake and the cool air can form clouds that lead to precipitation downwind of the lake . It is typically heaviest from eastern Tooele County east and north into central Davis County . It can deposit excessive snowfall amounts , generally with a narrow band of snow highly dependent on the direction the wind is blowing . The lake effect snowfalls are more likely to occur in late fall , early winter , and during spring due to the higher temperature differences between the lake and the air above it . During summer , the temperature differences can cause thunderstorms to form over the lake and drift eastward along the northern Wasatch Front . Some rainstorms may also be partially attributed to the lake effect in fall and spring . It is estimated that approximately six to eight lake effect snowstorms occur in a year , and that 10 % of the average precipitation of Salt Lake City can be attributed to the lake effect . Hydrology ( edit ) Map of Great Salt Lake Because of its high salt concentration , the lake water is unusually dense , and most people can float more easily than in other bodies of water , particularly in Gunnison Bay , the saltier north arm of the lake . Water levels have been recorded since 1875 , averaging about 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) above sea level . Since the Great Salt Lake is a shallow lake with gently sloping shores around all edges except on the south side , small variations in the water level greatly affect the extent of the shoreline . The water level can rise dramatically in wet years and fall during dry years . The water level is also affected by the amount of water flow diverted for agricultural and urban uses . The Jordan and Weber rivers , in particular , are diverted for other uses . In the 1880s Grove Karl Gilbert predicted that the lake -- then in the middle of many years of recession -- would virtually disappear except for a small remnant between the islands . A 2014 study used tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake to create a 576 - year record of lake level reconstruction . The lake level change is strongly modulated by Pacific Ocean coupled ocean / atmospheric oscillations at low frequency , and therefore reflects the decadal - scale wet / dry cycles that characterize the region . By capturing these climate oscillations as well as utilizing the tree - ring reconstruction of lake level change , researchers were able to predict the lake level fluctuation onward for as long as 5 -- 8 years . The Great Salt Lake differs in elevation between the south and north parts . The causeway for the Lucin Cutoff divides the lake into two parts . The water - surface elevation of the south part of the lake is usually 0.5 to 2 feet ( 15 -- 61 cm ) higher than that of the north part because most of the inflow to the lake occurs from the south . Salinity ( edit ) Most of the salts dissolved in the lake and deposited in the desert flats around it reflect the concentration of solutes by evaporation ; Lake Bonneville itself was fresh enough to support populations of fish . More salt is added yearly via rivers and streams , though the amount is much less than the relict salt from Bonneville . The salinity of the lake 's main basin , Gilbert Bay , is highly variable and depends on the lake 's level ; it ranges from 5 to 27 % ( 50 to 270 parts per thousand ) . For comparison , the average salinity of the world ocean is 3.5 % ( 35 parts per thousand ) and 33.7 % in the Dead Sea . The ionic composition is similar to seawater , much more so than the Dead Sea 's water ; compared to the ocean , Great Salt Lake 's waters are slightly enriched in potassium and depleted in calcium . 1930s fresh water project ( edit ) In the early 1930s there was a project to dam off a third of the lake with dikes on the east side north of Salt Lake City to make a fresh water reservoir for drinking and irrigation . The project was abandoned before it got beyond the planning stage . Willard Bay reservoir ( edit ) Main article : Willard Bay Willard Bay , also known as Willard Bay Reservoir or Arthur V. Watkins Reservoir is a fresh water reservoir , completed in 1964 , which separated , drained , and subsequently filled with fresh water from the Weber River , a portion of the Great Salt Lake 's northeastern arm . West desert pumping project ( edit ) Record high water levels in the 1980s caused a large amount of property damage for owners on the eastern side of the Great Salt Lake , and the water started to erode the base of Interstate 80 . In response , the State of Utah built the West Desert Pumping Project on the western side of the lake . This project consists of a pumping station at Hogup Ridge , containing three pumps with a combined capacity of moving 1,500,000 US gallons per minute ( 95 m / s ) ; an inlet canal ; and an outlet canal . Also , there are 25 miles ( 40 km ) of dikes and a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) access road between the town of Lakeside and the pumping station . This pumping project was designed to increase the surface area of the Great Salt Lake , and thus increase the rate of water evaporation . The pumps drove some of the water of the Great Salt Lake into the 320,000 - acre ( 1300 - square kilometer ) Newfoundland Evaporation Basin in the desert west of the lake . A weir in the dike at the southern end of the Newfoundland Mountains regulated the level of water in the basin , and it sometimes returned salty water from the evaporation basin into the main body of the Great Salt Lake . At the end of their first year of operation , the pumps had removed about 500,000 acre feet ( 620,000,000 m ) of water from the Great Salt Lake . The project was shut down in June 1989 since the level of the lake had dropped by nearly six feet ( 1.8 meters ) since reaching its peak levels during June 1986 and March 1987 . The Utah Division of Water Resources credits the project with `` over one - third of that decline . '' In total , the pumps removed 2,730,000 acre feet ( 3.37 km ) of water while they operated . Although the pumps are no longer in use , they have been kept in place in case the level of the Great Salt Lake ever rises that high again . Ecosystem ( edit ) American avocets at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Mountains of the Great Salt Lake in winter . The high salinity in parts of the lake makes them uninhabitable for all but a few species , including brine shrimp , brine flies , and several forms of algae . The brine flies have an estimated population of over one hundred billion and serve as the main source of food for many of the birds which migrate to the lake . However , the fresh - and salt - water wetlands along the eastern and northern edges of the Great Salt Lake provide critical habitat for millions of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in western North America . These marshes account for approximately 75 % of the wetlands in Utah . Some of the birds that depend on these marshes include : Wilson 's phalarope , red - necked phalarope , American avocet , black - necked stilt , marbled godwit , snowy plover , western sandpiper , long - billed dowitcher , tundra swan , American white pelican , white - faced ibis , California gull , eared grebe , peregrine falcon , bald eagle , plus large populations of various ducks and geese . There are twenty - seven private duck clubs , seven state waterfowl management areas , and a large federal bird refuge on the Great Salt Lake 's shores . Wetland / wildlife management areas include the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge ; Gillmor Sanctuary ; Great Salt Lake Shorelands Preserve ; Salt Creek , Public Shooting Grounds , Harold Crane , Locomotive Springs , Ogden Bay , Timpie Springs , and Farmington Bay Waterfowl Management Areas . Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds . Access to Hat , Gunnison , and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) . The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species . Some species may have been extirpated from the islands . For example , a number of explorers who visited the area in the mid-1800s ( e.g. Emmanuel Domenech , Howard Stansbury , Jules Rémy ) noted an abundance of yellow - flowered `` onions '' on several of the islands , which they identified as Calochortus luteus . This species today occurs only in California , however , at that time the name C. luteus was applied to plants that later were named C. nuttallii A yellow - flowered Calochortus was first named as a variety of C. nuttallii but was later separated into a new species C. aureus . This species occurs in Utah today , though apparently no longer on the islands of the Great Salt Lake . Because of the Great Salt Lake 's high salinity , it has few fish , but they do occur in Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay when spring runoff brings fresh water into the lake . A few aquatic animals live in the lake 's main basin , including centimeter - long brine shrimp ( Artemia franciscana ) . Their tiny , hard - walled eggs or cysts ( diameter about 200 micrometers ) are harvested in quantity during the fall and early winter . They are fed to prawns in Asia , sold as novelty `` Sea - Monkeys , '' sold either live or dehydrated in pet stores as a fish food , and used in testing of toxins , drugs , and other chemicals . There are also two species of brine fly as well as protozoa , rotifers , bacteria and algae . Salinity differences between the sections of the lake separated by the railroad causeway result in significantly different biota . A phytoplankton community dominated by green algae or cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ) tint the water south of the causeway a greenish color . North of the causeway , the lake is dominated by Dunaliella salina , a species of algae which releases beta - carotene , and the bacteria - like haloarchaea , which together give the water an unusual reddish or purplish color , and the bacteria converts non-toxic mercury into toxic methyl mercury , which then flows into the Southern portion of the lake in a heavy brine layer through the causeway . Although brine shrimp can be found in the arm of the lake north of the causeway , studies conducted by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources indicate that these are likely transient . Populations of brine shrimp are mostly restricted to the lake 's south arm . In the two bays that receive most of the lake 's fresh water inflows , Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay , the diversity of organisms is much higher . Salinities in these bays can approach that of fresh water when the spring snow melt occurs , and this allows a variety of bacteria , algae and invertebrates to proliferate in the nutrient - rich water . The abundance of invertebrates such as gnat larvae ( chironomids ) and back swimmers ( Trichocorixa ) are fed upon extensively by the huge shorebird and waterfowl populations that utilize the lake . Fish in these bays are fed upon by diving terns and pelicans . Pink Floyd the flamingo ( edit ) A solitary Chilean flamingo , named Pink Floyd after the English rock band , wintered at the Great Salt Lake . He escaped from Salt Lake City 's Tracy Aviary in 1987 and lived in the wild , eating brine shrimp and socializing with gulls and swans . ( Pink Floyd is often referred to as a `` he '' , although the bird 's gender is not actually known . ) A group of Utah residents suggested petitioning the state to release more flamingos in an effort to keep Floyd company and as a possible tourist attraction . Wildlife biologists resisted these efforts , saying that deliberate introduction of a non-native species would be ecologically unsound and might have detrimental consequences . Pink Floyd was last seen in Idaho ( where he was known to migrate ) in 2005 . He has not been seen since then and is presumed not to have survived the winter of 2005 -- 2006 . Elevated mercury levels ( edit ) US Geological Survey and US Fish & Wildlife researchers , originally studying selenium levels in the lake , discovered some of the highest levels of methyl - mercury they had ever seen , at 25 nanograms per liter of water . For comparison , a fish consumption advisory was issued at the Florida Everglades after water there was found to contain 1 nanogram per liter . The extremely high methyl mercury concentrations have been only in the lake 's anoxic deep brine layer ( monimolimnion ) below a depth of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) , but concentrations are also moderately high up in the water column where there is oxygen to support brine shrimp and brine flies . The finding of high mercury levels prompted further studies and a health advisory warning hunters not to eat common goldeneye or northern shoveler , two species of duck found in the lake . It has been stated that this does not pose a risk to other recreational users of the lake . After later studies were conducted with a larger number of birds , the advisories were revised and another was added for cinnamon teal . Seven other species of duck were studied and found to have levels of mercury below EPA guidelines , thus being determined safe to eat . A study in 2010 concluded that the main source of the mercury is likely worldwide industry , rather than local sources . As water levels rise and fall , mercury accumulation does as well . About 16 percent of the mercury comes in from rivers , and 84 percent comes from the atmosphere in a non-toxic , inorganic form . The non-toxic mercury is converted into toxic methyl mercury by bacteria which thrive in the more saline water of the North arm affected by the causeway . Commerce ( edit ) Solar evaporation ponds in the Northeast portion of the lake . Fremont Island is visible to the South ( top of image ) Great Salt Lake contributes an estimated $1.3 billion annually to Utah 's economy , including $1.1 billion from industry ( primarily mineral extraction ) , $136 million from recreation , and $57 million from the harvest of brine shrimp . Solar evaporation ponds at the edges of the lake produce salts and brine ( water with high salt quantity ) . Minerals extracted from the lake include : sodium chloride ( common salt ) , used in water softeners , salt lick blocks for livestock , and to melt ice on local roadways ( food - grade salt is not produced from the lake , as it would require further costly processing to ensure its purity ) ; potassium sulfate , used as a commercial fertilizer ; and magnesium - chloride brine , used in the production of magnesium metal , chlorine gas , and as a dust suppressant . US Magnesium operates a plant on the southwest shore of the lake , which produces 14 percent of the worldwide supply of magnesium , more than any other North American magnesium operation . Mineral - extraction companies operating on the lake pay royalties on their products to the State of Utah , which owns the lake . The harvest of brine shrimp cysts during fall and early winter has developed into a significant local industry , with the lake providing 35 to 45 percent of the worldwide supply of brine shrimp , and cysts selling for as high as $35 per pound ( $77 / kg ) . Brine shrimp were first harvested during the 1950s and sold as commercial fish food . In the 1970s the focus changed to their eggs , known as cysts , which were sold primarily outside of the United States to be used as food for shrimp , prawns , and some fish . Today , these are mostly sold in East Asia and South America . The amount of cysts and the quality are affected by several factors , but salinity is most important . The cysts will hatch at 2 to 3 % salinity , but the greatest productivity is at salinities above about 10 % . If the salinity drops near 5 to 6 % , the cysts will lose buoyancy and sink , making them more difficult to harvest . The lake 's north arm contains deposits of oil , but it is of poor quality and it is not economically feasible to extract and purify it . As of 1993 , around 3,000 barrels ( 480 m ) of crude oil had been produced from shallow wells along the shore . The oil field at Rozel Point produced an estimated 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil from 30 to 50 wells , but has been inactive since the mid-1980s . Oil seeps in the area had been known since the late 19th century , and attempts at production began in 1904 . Industrial debris from this field remained in place near Spiral Jetty until a cleanup effort by the Division of Oil , Gas and Mining and the Division of Forestry , Fire , and State Lands was completed in December 2005 . Causeway ( edit ) The causeway running across the lake was built in the 1950s by the Morrison - Knudsen construction company for the Southern Pacific Railroad as a replacement to a previously built wooden trestle , and is now owned and operated by Union Pacific . About 15 trains cross the 20 - mile ( 30 km ) causeway each day . Previous to December 2 , 2016 , the causeway constrained the flow of water between northern and southern parts , which has a significant impact on various industries surrounding the lake . With the construction of a 180 - foot - long ( 55 m ) bridge and the opening of the causeway for water to flow between the arms of the lake , water levels have begun to equalize . The impact of the flow of water from the southern arm of the lake to the northern is yet to be seen . The northern arm of the lake has a much higher salinity , to the point that the native brine shrimp can not survive in its waters . In the southern portion , where the vast majority of the fresh water inlets are found , the salt level can dip below what is necessary for the brine shrimp to survive , while water in the northern bay is too salty . The salinity of northern arm of the lake will likely drop as lower salinity from the southern arm of the lake flows into the northern arm . The brine shrimp harvesting industry could benefit from the causeway allowing a freer flow of water . There were concerns from the brine shrimp harvesting industry that the lake conditions in the southern arm of the lake were becoming too saline for the brine shrimp due to several years of lower precipitation in the lake 's watershed . The precipitation in the watershed has been above normal for the current water year that begins its tracking October 1 , 2016 . This additional precipitation has allowed the levels of both arms of the lake to rise , and at least for the near future the conditions for a healthy brine shrimp population seem good . Great Salt Lake Minerals Company ( a subsidiary of Compass Minerals ) which extracts minerals from the northern bay . The company potentially benefits from the higher salinity of the northwest arm of the lake but has had difficulties accessing water from the lake because of lower water level . Previous to the opening of the causeway they had had to extend their intake channels to reach the water . Morton Salt , Cargill Salt , Broken Arrow Salt and the Renco Group 's U.S. Magnesium each extract minerals from the southern bay , and could benefit from a more natural mixture of water between the two sides of the lake . Recreation ( edit ) Dramatically fluctuating lake levels have inhibited the creation and success of tourist - related developments . Additionally , there is a problem with pollution from industrial and urban effluent , as well as a natural `` lake stink '' caused by the decay of insects and other wildlife , particularly during times of low water . Despite these issues , the lake remains one of Utah 's largest tourist attractions . Antelope Island State Park is a popular tourist destination that offers panoramic views of the lake , hiking and biking trails , wildlife viewing and access to beaches . The State of Utah operates a marina on the south shore of the lake at Great Salt Lake State Park , and another in Antelope Island State Park . With its sudden storms and expansive spread , the lake is a great test of sailing skills . Single mast , simple sloops are the most popular boats . Sudden storms and lack of experience on the part of boatmen are the two most dangerous elements in boating and sailing on the Great Salt Lake . Saltair ( edit ) The original Saltair , c. 1900 Main article : Saltair ( Utah ) Three resorts , each called Saltair , have been operated on the southern shore of the lake since 1893 , each one built as a successor to the previous one . Rising and lowering water levels have affected each iteration , and the first two were destroyed by fire . The first Saltair pavilion was destroyed by fire on April 22 , 1925 . A new pavilion was built and the resort was expanded at the same location by new investors , but after years of various challenges , it was eventually destroyed by an arsonist in 1970 . The current Saltair serves as a concert venue . The new resort was completed in 1981 , approximately a mile ( 1600 m ) west of the original . The second Saltair included a fun house and a dancing venue . Garfield Beach resort ( edit ) Garfield Beach Resort , late 1800s The Garfield Beach Resort was established by Captain Thomas Douris in 1881 and was originally called Garfield Landing . Located near Black Rock just outside of the town of Corinne , patrons traveled to the resort via a steamboat named `` General Garfield '' in memory of the commander and president James A. Garfield . After the great expansion of the resort , the General Garfield was eventually replaced by two steamers , the Susie Riter and the Whirlwind . The iconic General Garfield was tied to the dock as a landmark . The main attraction of the resort was a massive pavilion located 400 feet from shore . It covered 165 by 400 feet ( 50 by 122 m ) and included 300 feet ( 91 m ) of covered deck . The success of Garfield Beach eventually overtook the neighboring Black Rock resort . In 1887 , the resort was purchased by the Utah and Nevada railroad and they improved the site by adding an extensive array of bathhouses , a restaurant , and other amenities like a bowling alley and venue . The resort was the Salt Lake 's first to have an electric generator which powered its many concerts and parties held on the top of the pavilion tower . Garfield Beach was the most popular Salt Lake resort until Saltair was built in 1893 . The resort was eventually put out of service by a fire in 1904 . Legends and unusual features ( edit ) Robert Smithson 's Spiral Jetty Spiral Jetty The northwest arm of the lake , near Rozel Point , is the location for Robert Smithson 's work of land art , Spiral Jetty ( 1970 ) , which is only visible when the level of Great Salt Lake drops below 4,197.8 feet ( 1,280.2 m ) above sea level . Oolitic sand The lake and its shores contain oolitic sand , which are small , rounded , or spherical grains of sand made up of a nucleus ( generally a small mineral grain ) and concentric layers of calcium carbonate ( lime ) and look similar to very small pearls . Whales in the Great Salt Lake Local legend maintains that in 1875 , entrepreneur James Wickham had two whales released into the Great Salt Lake , with the intent of using them as a tourist attraction . The whales are said to have disappeared into the lake and subsequently sighted multiple times over a number of months , but there have never been any confirmed sightings of the whales since the time of their supposed release . Lake monster In mid-1877 , J.H. McNeil was with many other Barnes and Co . Salt Works employees on the lake 's north shore in the evening . They claimed to have seen a large monster with a body like a crocodile and a horse 's head in the lake . They claimed this monster attacked the men , who quickly ran away and hid until morning . This creature is regarded by some to have simply been a buffalo in the lake . Thirty years prior , `` Brother Bainbridge '' claimed to have sighted a creature that looked like a dolphin in the lake near Antelope Island . This monster is called by some the North Shore Monster. : See also ( edit ) List of lakes by area Pyramid Lake Neopluvial Mono Lake Salar de Uyuni References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake , Utah '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Arave , Lynn . `` Great Salt Lake : A Lively Recreational Jewel '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birds and Great Salt Lake '' . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Morgan ( 1947 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Arnow , T ( 1984 ) . `` Water - level and water - quality changes in Great Salt Lake , Utah , 1847 -- 1983 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Circular 913 . Washington , DC : United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Madsen , Brigham ( 1985 ) . The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre . University of Utah Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 494 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Place and Personal Names of the Gosiute Indians of Utah , Page 12 '' . 1913 . pp. 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 983995 . Jump up ^ `` Place and Personal Names of the Gosiute Indians of Utah , Page 9 '' . 1913 . pp. 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 983995 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica . Vol. 10 . 1971 . Jump up ^ Stansbury , Howard ( 1852 ) . Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah . Lippincott , Grambo & Co . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Lyndia ( June 1996 ) . `` Guano Sifters on Gunnison Island '' . History Blazer . Utah State Historical Society . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arave , Lynn . `` Great Tales Surrounding the Great Salt Lake '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ `` Bear Lake '' ( PDF ) . Utah Division of Water Quality . Jump up ^ Wang , S. - Y. ; Gillies , R.R. ; Jin , J. & Hipps , L.E. ( 2010 ) . `` Coherence between the Great Salt Lake level and the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 23 . pp. 2161 -- 2177 . Jump up ^ Gillies , R.R. ; Chung , O. - Y. ; Wang , S. - Y . & Kokoszka , P. ( 2011 ) . `` Incorporation of Pacific SSTs in a time series model towards a longer - term forecast for the Great Salt Lake elevation '' . Journal of Hydrometeorology . Vol. 12 . pp. 474 -- 480 . ^ Jump up to : DeRose , R. Justin ; Wang , Shih - Yu ; Buckley , Brendan M. & Bekker , Matthew F. ( 2014 ) . `` Tree - ring reconstruction of the level of Great Salt Lake , USA '' . The Holocene . Vol. 24 no . 7 . pp. 805 -- 813 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683614530441 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Surface - Water Daily Data for the Nation '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hassible & Keck ( 1993 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 05 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan ( 1947 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Islands '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauman , Joe . `` Lake has great impact on storms , weather '' . Deseret Morning News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can I float in Great Salt Lake ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1947 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Multidecadal Drought Cycles in the Great Basin Recorded by the Great Salt Lake : Modulation from a Transition - Phase Teleconnection '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 25 . pp. 1711 -- 1721 . doi : 10.1175 / 2011JCLI4225. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Coherence between the Great Salt Lake Level and the Pacific Quasi-Decadal Oscillation '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 23 . pp. 2161 -- 2177 . doi : 10.1175 / 2009JCLI2979. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporation of Pacific SSTs in a Time Series Model toward a Longer - Term Forecast for the Great Salt Lake Elevation '' . Journal of Hydrometeorology . Vol. 12 . pp. 474 -- 480 . doi : 10.1175 / 2010JHM1352. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Added value from 576 years of tree - ring records in the prediction of the Great Salt Lake level '' . Journal of Hydrology . Vol. 529 . pp. 962 -- 968 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhydrol. 2015.08. 058 . Jump up ^ `` Prediction Product '' . Utah Climate Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 3 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 02 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Water : Salinity '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Aim To Change Great Salt Lake Into Fresh Water '' . Popular Science . May 1932 . ^ Jump up to : Hassible & Keck ( 1993 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : West Desert Pumping Project '' . Utah Division of Water Resources . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake Pumping Project '' . Utah Division of Water Resources . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake Facts '' . Utah.com . Jump up ^ `` Utah Wetlands Interpretive Network '' . Utah Wetlands Interpretive Network . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake , UT : What Shorebird Species Use This Site ? '' . Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Utah 's Great Salt Lake : An Undervalued Resource '' . Friends of Great Salt Lake . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` R657 - 15 : Closure of Gunnison , Cub and Hat Islands '' . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2009 ) . Stromberg , N. , ed . `` Yellow Mariposa Lily : Calochortus luteus '' . GlobalTwitcher.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fiedler , P. ( 1993 ) . `` Calochortus '' . 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The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` Feeling Blue About Pink Floyd '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ `` Reader Tips '' . Roadside America . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toxic mercury lurking in Great Salt Lake '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Utah Waterfowl Advisory '' . Utah Office of Epidemiology . Jump up ^ `` High mercury levels found in two duck species '' ( Press release ) . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . Jump up ^ `` Duck mercury advisories revised '' ( Press release ) . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . ^ Jump up to : Fahys , Judy . `` Great Salt Lake causeway sinks , prompting emergency repairs '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Fahys , Judy . `` Great Salt Lake an economic powerhouse for the state '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ `` What minerals are produced from Great Salt Lake ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ LaRoe , Lisa Moore . `` Salt Lake Valley 's Leap of Faith '' . National Geographic . 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Jump up ^ Strack , Don . `` Salt Lake , Garfield & Western Railway '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saltair '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saltair Resort '' . Utah City Guide . ^ Jump up to : `` Resorts flourished at Great Salt Lake during the 1800s '' . Deseret News . March 29 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Dale ( 1995 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake Beaches '' . Tooele County Guide to Historical Attractions . Jump up ^ Ison , Yvette . `` The Steamboat Era Was Glamorous But Very Brief in Utah '' . historytogo.utah.gov . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Case , William F. `` Pink Water , White Salt Crystals , Black Boulders , and the Return of Spiral Jetty ! '' . Utah Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What are the round , white sand grains that make up the beaches ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` The University of Utah '' . biologylabs.utah.edu . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whale of a tale '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Works cited ( edit ) Hassible , W.R. & Keck , W.G. ( 1993 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1993 0 -- 337 -- 928 : QL 2 . Morgan , Dale L. ( 1947 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 478 - 7 . External links ( edit ) External images map ( FWS.gov ) map ( Friends of GSL map ( MrHall.com ) map ( USGS.gov ) daily surface level volume & area vs surface level photographic survey NASA images research images ( Westminster edu ) boating images ( UTAH.com ) gulls Media related to Great Salt Lake at Wikimedia Commons Texts on Wikisource : `` Great Salt Lake '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Deseret News Monitoring the Weather over the Great Salt Lake at University of Utah Department of Meteorology West Desert Pumping Project at Utah Division of Water Resources Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville at Utah Geological Survey Utah Museum of Fine Arts ( hide ) State of Utah Salt Lake City ( capital ) Topics Cities Congressional districts Counties Flag Geography Government Governors Healthcare History People Portal State fair Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert Monument Valley San Rafael Swell Uinta Basin Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Largest cities American Fork Bountiful Cedar City Clearfield Cottonwood Heights Draper Holladay Kaysville Layton Lehi Logan Midvale Millcreek Murray Ogden Orem Pleasant Grove Provo Riverton Roy St. George Salt Lake City Sandy South Jordan South Salt Lake Spanish Fork Springville Taylorsville Tooele West Jordan West Valley City Counties Beaver Box Elder Cache Carbon Daggett Davis Duchesne Emery Garfield Grand Iron Juab Kane Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uintah Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Attractions Festivals Sundance Film Festival Utah Shakespeare Festival National Monuments Bears Ears National Monument Cedar Breaks National Monument Dinosaur National Monument Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National Recreation Areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historic Site Great Salt Lake Lagoon ( amusement park ) Temple Square VIAF : 1146095140000371430 GND : 4093916 - 9 NDL : 00628462 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Salt_Lake&oldid=807503932 '' Categories : Great Salt Lake Lakes of Utah Saline lakes Bodies of water of Box Elder County , Utah Bodies of water of Davis County , Utah Lakes of Salt Lake County , Utah Bodies of water of Tooele County , Utah Bodies of water of Weber County , Utah Lakes of the Great Basin Endorheic lakes of Utah Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 11 : 35 . 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fate stay night heaven's feel good end			Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel	fate / stay night : heaven's feel	Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel ( Japanese : 劇場版「 Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) 」 , Hepburn : Gekijō - ban Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel ) is a planned trilogy of Japanese anime films produced by Ufotable , directed by Tomonori Sudō , written by Akira Hiyama and featuring music by Yuki Kajiura . The trilogy will follow Heaven 's Feel , the third and final route of the visual novel . The main heroine is Sakura Matou and the trilogy is focused on the human characters : Shirou , Rin , Sakura and Illya , how they relate to the previous Holy Grail War and the true nature of the Grail itself .	The first film , titled Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. presage flower , premiered in Japan on October 14 , 2017 , and premiered in the United States between November and December 2017 . Its English dub premiered on June 5 , 2018 and June 7 , 2018 in the USA . The second film , titled Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel II . lost butterfly , is scheduled to premiere on January 12 , 2019 in Japan . It is the fourth anime adaptation of Type - Moon 's works by Ufotable , following the Kara no Kyōkai film series , the Fate / Zero television series , and the Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works television series . The trilogy also is the first anime adaptation of the Heaven 's Feel route . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Part 1 : Presage Flower 2 Cast 2.1 Main characters 2.2 Supporting characters 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Reviews 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 : Presage Flower ( edit ) When Shirou was seven years old , a devastating fire that destroyed Fuyuki City left him orphaned and mentally traumatized . He was rescued and adopted by Kiritsugu Emiya , a mysterious magic - user who later inspired Shirou to pursue his ultimate goal to become a `` Hero of Justice '' . When Kiritsugu passed away , his friend and neighbor Taiga Fujimura became Shirou 's guardian , as well as his homeroom teacher . Shirou grew up to be the star of his high school 's archery team alongside Shinji Matou , until an injury sidelines him . Around that time , Shinji 's sister Sakura befriends Shirou and starts to regularly visit him at his home . This ultimately causes a rift between Shirou and Shinji but , over the course of 18 months , Sakura nevertheless forms a close bond with Shirou and Taiga . Shirou spends his nights practicing what little magecraft Kiritsugu was able to teach him before passing away . However , Shirou 's simple life with Sakura and Taiga is suddenly upended in a violent encounter with a blue - clad warrior of supernatural strength , wielding a red spear . Meanwhile , Sakura runs into a blond - haired man who says something that shocks her . After being impaled by the spear - wielder , Shirou is somehow revived from imminent death and later , when the spearman attacks him at home , accidentally summons Saber - an armored swordswoman with an invisible weapon . Saber protects Shirou from the spearman at the cost of an injury , driving him off before facing another superpowered foe , Archer , and nearly killing him in the process . However , Archer turns out to be in the service of Rin Tohsaka , a school acquaintance of Shirou . Noting that Shirou is utterly clueless regarding the current situation , Rin declares a temporary truce and takes Shirou and Saber to see Kirei Kotomine , a brooding priest at a nearby church . Kirei explains to Shirou that he is now entangled in a deadly conflict between magi that occurs in Fuyuki every few decades , called the Holy Grail War -- a battle royale to claim an ancient , magical artifact that is said to grant a wish to the victor . Each of the seven chosen magi that becomes a participant , or Master , is given the responsibility and protection of a single Servant , which takes the form of a powerful hero of legend . He also explains to Shirou that Kiritsugu himself was a Master in the previous war , but he inexplicably ordered his Servant - the same Saber - class hero whom Shirou now commands - to destroy the Holy Grail , causing the catastrophic fire that devastated Fuyuki and orphaned Shirou . Resolved to prevent any other mage with evil intentions from claiming the Grail , Shirou resolves to remain a Master and confirms his pact with Saber . En route back home , Shirou and Rin encounter Illyasviel von Einzbern , a mysterious white - haired girl , who attacks Shirou with her giant Servant Berserker . With Archer still injured , Saber defends Shirou alone but is hindered by the spearman 's wound and begins losing badly . Unable to watch Saber be killed , Shirou intervenes and is nearly killed by Berserker 's attack . Disappointed by the battle 's outcome , Illya recalls Berserker and leaves Shirou to die . Later , Shirou wakes to find his wounds gone , which Rin reveals to be a form of magical healing coming from Shirou himself . Saber dissuades Shirou from risking his life in the future , as he is her lifeline and his death would kill her anyway . Rin and Shirou go their separate ways , with Rin making clear that , as they are both participants of the War , only one of them will survive in the end . Some time later , Shirou and Saber run into Shinji , who reveals himself as the Master of Rider - a purple - haired Servant with a mask over her eyes , wielding two stake - like blades connected to chains . On Shinji 's orders , Rider captured their classmate and fellow archery team member Ayako Mitsuzuri , who had insulted Shinji earlier , and fed on her like a vampire . Confident of his victory due to Shirou 's scant training as a magus , Shinji hastily orders Rider to attack Saber . However , Saber proves a far superior combatant and defeats Rider in a single blow , seemingly killing her . Shinji panics and attempts to flee , but is stopped by the sudden appearance of his grandfather Zouken , who admonishes Shinji for his failure . Shirou asks if Sakura is involved in the war , but Shinji denies it as he bitterly departs , distraught and angered by his humiliating loss . Shirou then carries Ayako to the church so Kirei can treat her injuries . While Kirei is treating her , Shirou meets and is mocked by the blond - haired man . Later , Saber half - truthfully claims to Taiga and Sakura that she is an old friend of Kiritsugu , so that she will be allowed to stay in Shirou 's house . Despite Rin 's warnings to stay away from her at school , Shirou confronts Rin about the news of citizens suddenly falling ill and dying . Suspecting the Servant Caster is responsible , Rin agrees that they should set aside their participation in the War until they find the cause of the disruption , forming another temporary truce with Shirou - despite criticism from Archer . Shirou insists that Sakura stays at the Emiya Residence for the time being , hoping to keep her safe with Saber , which Sakura accepts . However , over the next few days , Sakura becomes ill and begins to have nightmares . At the nearby Ryuudou Temple , the Servant Assassin stands guard , but is suddenly killed by an entity emerging from within himself , after which a shadow appears and devours Assassin 's body . The figure that emerged from Assassin goes on to kill Souichirou Kuzuki - a teacher at Shirou 's high school - and his Servant Caster , revealing himself as the Heroic Spirit meant to be the `` True '' Assassin . A swarm of insects carries Caster 's body away before it can dissolve . Back home , Shirou has a strange dream where Rin tries to seduce him , but he realizes something is wrong as she speaks and acts like Rider , revealing inhuman eyes as she bites him like a vampire . As Shirou starts to give in , Rin 's image becomes Sakura and shocks him awake . Later , Shirou notices bruises on Sakura 's body and deduces Shinji as the culprit . When Shinji arrives and strikes his sister , Shirou nearly attacks him before Sakura pleads for him to stop , reluctantly letting Shinji leave . When Souichirou never returns to school , Rin meets with Shirou and deduces he was the Master of Caster , yet people are still falling ill as if Caster were alive . Investigating the matter , they encounter Zouken , who reveals he is controlling Caster 's corpse like a puppet and attacks them with it . Saber and Archer fend off the corpse , which can still use Caster 's powers , but the tense stand - off is suddenly interrupted by a shadowy figure that shocks even the old man . The shadow is unaffected by Caster 's attacks and devours the corpse . Archer decapitates Zouken while he is distracted , but he reveals his true form is a swarm of worms and insects and retreats . The shadow attempts to swallow Rin , but Shirou pushes Rin out of the way . While he is injured , the shadow retreats . The next night , Shirou and Sakura have a chat where she reveals when she first admired him ; the day she saw him constantly fail a high jump and yet refused to give up . She asks him about how his life with Kiritsugu was like , hiding her expression when he says he was happy . She then asks what he would do if she was a monster , seeming satisfied when he says he would simply admonish her and then save her from her troubles . Kirei meets with Shirou at lunch to discuss the mysterious circumstances of the current Holy Grail War . He admits having his own ambitions , but must cast them aside as the shadow 's actions are a grave threat to the entire city . Shirou declines Kirei 's invitation to work together . The blue spearman , Lancer , is ordered by Kirei to track down the new Assassin . After an intense duel across the city , Lancer overwhelms Assassin but is suddenly attacked by the shadow , which Assassin takes advantage of to extract Lancer 's heart with his Noble Phantasm Zabaniya . The shadow devours a defeated Lancer while he laments the bleakness of the situation . Assassin then devours Lancer 's heart to strengthen himself . Shirou and Saber go to investigate Ryuudou Temple , where Souichirou was killed , and Assassin ambushes them . Assassin draws Saber away in a duel while Zouken corners Shirou , attacking him with Crest Worms . Eventually , Saber is trapped between Assassin 's fatal attack and the encroaching shadow , unable to break free . Shirou tries to recall Saber but his Command Seals - the marks on his hand that indicate he is a Master - suddenly vanish , signifying Saber 's death . Shirou momentarily breaks free from Zouken 's assault , intriguing the old magus , and nearly manages to strike Zouken before Assassin intervenes . Zouken leaves them to their battle and , hopelessly outmatched , Shirou nears defeat but is suddenly saved by Rider , who appears out of thin air . Displaying speed and strength greater then when she fought Saber , she handily defeats Assassin and drives him away . Rider confirms that Shirou will live and disappears , leaving him confused about her intentions . As he departs the temple , Shirou finds himself face - to - face with the shadow , but it disappears without harming him . However , Saber is revealed to have survived , having chosen to let the shadow devour her rather than be killed by Assassin . Within the shadow , Saber reaches for a light but is discouraged by a familiar voice ; she turns and is greeted by an altered image of herself , with deathly pale skin , ominous amber eyes , and a black dress . Meanwhile , Rin and Archer break into the Matou 's basement and are horrified to find it infested with Crest Worms , alluding to Sakura 's abuse . Upstairs , Shinji writes in his diary and considers a vial containing a strange substance . Illyasviel looks over the city from her castle and tells her maids that things have gotten interesting . In an alley , Zouken has his insects devour a woman and explains he must do this every so often to sustain his life . While slightly disturbed , Assassin says his attachment to life is admirable and he is worthy to be his Master . Battered , defeated , and having just failed Saber , Shirou returns home and finds Sakura waiting for him in the snow . She displays her concern over him continually returning in an injured state , but Shirou consoles her and the two come back inside -- for Shirou is no longer a Master and can no longer fight . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Fate / stay night characters Main characters ( edit ) Shirou Emiya ( 衛宮士郎 , Emiya Shirō ) Voiced by : Noriaki Sugiyama ( Japanese ) ; Bryce Papenbrook ( English ) The main character of the trilogy and the master of Saber . Shirou is a survivor of the Fourth Holy Grail War and is adopted by the magus Kiritsugu Emiya . Following in the footsteps of his adoptive father , Shirou decides to be a hero of justice . As the story progresses , he falls in love with his friend Sakura , but that implies a series of sacrifices in order to protect her and keep her safe from the war - both of himself and those close to him . Sakura Matou ( 間桐桜 , Matō Sakura ) Voiced by : Noriko Shitaya ( Japanese ) ; Cristina Vee ( English ) The main heroine and the driving force of the story . She is the true master of Rider . Sakura is Shirou 's long time friend . She has been visiting his house very frequently since they met and helping him the house work , especially when it comes to cooking . Sakura endures an abusive relationship with her brother , even though she tries to hide it . She appears to be related to the Fifth Holy Grail War more than it seems . Rider ( ライダー , Raida ) Voiced by : Yuu Asakawa ( Japanese ) ; Melissa Fahn ( English ) Just like Saber was the focus in Fate and Archer was in Unlimited Blade Works , Rider is the servant protagonist in Heaven 's Feel . She is Shinji 's servant , summoned to fight for him in the Fifth Holy Grail War . Rider bonds with Sakura and seeks to protect her from her abusive family . Rider 's identity is revealed to be Medusa , the Gorgon witch of Greek myth . Illyasviel von Einzbern ( イリヤスフィール・フォン・アインツベルン , Iriyasufīru fon Aintsuberun ) Voiced by : Mai Kadowaki ( Japanese ) ; Stephanie Sheh ( English ) The secondary heroine . She is one of the seven participants of the Fifth Holy Grail War and the master of Berserker . At first , Illya appears to be an enemy to Shirou and Rin but later became very close to the former , becoming more like his older sister . She plays a vital role in the war and seems to have a past relationship with Kiritsugu Emiya , Shirou 's adoptive father . Rin Tohsaka ( 遠坂凛 , Tōsaka Rin ) Voiced by : Kana Ueda ( Japanese ) ; Mela Lee ( English ) Rin is a model student and idol of Shirou 's school . She is one of the seven participants of the Fifth Holy Grail War , being the master of Archer . Even though she starts as an adversary , Rin is Shirou 's most prominent ally during the story and the one who introduces him to the world of the magus . Rin has an unusual connection with Sakura and they tend to keep an eye on each - other from afar . Saber ( セイバー , Seibā , lit . `` Saber '' ) Voiced by : Ayako Kawasumi ( Japanese ) ; Kari Wahlgren ( English ) Saber is Shirō 's Servant for the Fifth Holy Grail War . Loyal , independent , and reserved , Saber acts coldly but is actually suppressing her emotions to focus on her goals . Her class is considered the `` Most Outstanding '' , with excellent ratings in all categories . Since her Master can not effectively provide her with Mana , she minimizes her activity to preserve her energy . Saber is frustrated by Shirō 's `` protective '' tendencies , believing his erratic and reckless behavior will jeopardize their chances of winning the Holy Grail War . She ultimately is devoured by the Shadow during her fight with True Assassin and , while trapped inside it , is confronted by a tainted copy of herself . Zoken Matō ( 間桐臓硯 , Matō Zōken ) Voiced by : Masane Tsukayama ( Japanese ) ; Michael Donovan ( English ) Zōken is a shrewd , powerful , and ancient sorcerer who is patriarch of the Matō family and is known to be the grandfather of Shinji and Sakura . He is the primary antagonist of Heaven 's Feel . He was one of the original three Magi to propose the Holy Grail system , being the designer of the Command Seals and was originally a Russian magus under the name Zolgen Makiri . He has amassed a large and extensive library of sorcery knowledge , yet his lessons are strict and harsh . Zōken considers Shinji to be a disgrace of a sorcerer , believing Sakura may have more potential than her brother . He is the master of True Assassin . Shinji Matō ( 間桐慎二 , Matō Shinji ) Voiced by : Hiroshi Kamiya ( Japanese ) ; Kyle McCarley ( English ) The supposed master of Rider and Sakura 's older brother . A very vain and self - assured person who prides himself as being an equal to Rin . He was once a good friend of Shirō 's , but became more distant after Sakura started spending her time with the latter . He is ousted as a false Master as his spellbook is burned and Rider returns to her true Master . True Assassin ( 真アサシン , Shin Asashin ) Voiced by : Tetsu Inada ( Japanese ) ; Patrick Seitz ( English ) Summoned by Zouken Mato , bursting out from within Assassin 's flesh when Zōken uses the dying Servant 's body as the catalyst to summon him . True Assassin manages to defeat Lancer by blindsiding him while the spearman is occupied by the Shadow , gouging his heart out and devouring it in order to increase his own mental acuity . He uses this same tag - team method to defeat Saber . Though she succeeds in slashing right arm off before he can remove her heart , it proves in vain as he manages to re-attach the limb while Saber is ultimately devoured by the Shadow . He attempts to kill Shirō immediately after but is defeated by Rider , who comes to Shirō 's defense . Kirei Kotomine ( 言峰綺礼 , Kotomine Kirei ) Voiced by : Joji Nakata ( Japanese ) ; Crispin Freeman ( English ) The church priest and the mediator of the Fifth Holy Grail War . He is close to Rin and her personal mentor since her father 's death . He is the master of Lancer and a former participant of the previous Holy Grail War , where he fought Shirō 's father Kiritsugu . Supporting characters ( edit ) Archer ( アーチャー , Āchā ) Voiced by : Junichi Suwabe ( Japanese ) ; Kaiji Tang ( English ) Servant of Rin . He is injured early in the war by Saber , forcing Rin to sacrifice the second of her three Command Spells to save him and form a truce with Shirō . Archer harbors a desire to kill Shirō , but abandons his goal when he learns of what contaminated the Grail . Berserker ( バーサーカー , Bāsākā ) Voiced by : Tadahisa Saizen ( Japanese ) ; Michael McConnohie ( English ) Servant of Illyasviel von Einzbern . As a powerful brute , he is nearly unstoppable . Waiting for Shirou and Rin to exit the church , he takes this opportunity to attack them . Saber intervenes and is almost defeated by him until Shirou takes a hard blow for Saber . Due to Illyasviel 's confusion , they leave . Gilgamesh ( ギルガメッシュ , Girugamesshu ) Voiced by : Tomokazu Seki ( Japanese ) ; David Earnest ( English ) Unknown to everyone , Gilgamesh is a servant . Seemingly out of nowhere , he pops up into the church while Shirou talks to Kirei . He is later seen standing in front of Sakura , chatting to her . Finally , he is seen standing in the way of Illyasviel and Berserker . Caster ( キャスター , Kyasutā ) Voiced by : Atsuko Tanaka ( Japanese ) ; Megan Hollingshead ( English ) Servant of Souichirou Kuzuki . First seen in Ryuudou Temple with her master . She leaves to go check on Assassin who is watching the gate . When arriving , she sees his sword at the bottom of the steps as it disappears . She returns to the temple as she sees her master maimed by True Assassin . Threatening to kill her master , she is told to use her Noble Phantasm , Rule Breaker , on herself . After doing so , True Assassin stabs her and kills Souichirou . Zoken 's bugs drag her body away , later to be reanimated and used to fight against Shirou , Rin , and Saber . Taiga Fujimura ( 藤村大河 , Fujimura Taiga ) Voiced by : Miki Itou ( Japanese ) ; Julie Ann Taylor ( English ) Shirō 's homeroom teacher and legal guardian following Kiritsugu 's passing , whom Shirō regards as an older sister . She is aware of how close Shirō is to Sakura and encourages - or occasionally teases - him to be more open to her about it . Souichirou Kuzuki ( 葛木宗一郎 , Kuzuki Sōichirō ) Voiced by : Kazuhiro Nakata ( Japanese ) ; Lex Lang ( English ) Master of Caster . A teacher at Homurahara Academy , the school where Shirou , Sakura , and Shinji attend . Meeting Caster at Ryuudou Temple , he is sliced up by True Assassin . As his limbs and head are cut but not severed , he is used as leverage for True Assassin against Caster . He is later killed once Caster uses Rule Breaker on herself . Assassin ( アサシン , Asashin ) Voiced by : Shin - ichiro Miki ( Japanese ) ; Todd Haberkorn ( English ) Servant of Caster . When first shown , Assassin has dropped his sword down the steps of Ryuudou Temple . Bloodied and on the ground , True Assassin explodes out of his body . Later , he disappears . Lancer ( ランサー , Ransā ) Voiced by : Nobutoshi Canna ( Japanese ) ; Tony Oliver ( English ) Servant of Kirei Kotomine . Obeying orders from his master , he follows Zoken to the Ryuudou Temple , where Caster is located . He sees True Assassin killing Caster as well as her Master . He pursues True Assassin through the city and to a lake where he has fallen for True Assassin 's trap . The Shadow holds Lancer down long enough for True Assassin to gouge out his heart and consume it before the Shadow finishes him off . Production ( edit ) An adaptation of the Heaven 's Feel route was first announced by Ufotable , the animation studio producing the Unlimited Blade Works anime adaptation , on July 27 , 2014 with the release of a preview featuring characters Shirō Emiya and Sakura Matō . In March 2016 , Ufotable announced that the movie would be split into a trilogy . The theme song for the first part of the trilogy , Presage Flower , titled `` Hana no Uta '' ( 花の唄 , `` The Song of a Flower '' ) , will be performed by Aimer . Release ( edit ) The first film in the trilogy , titled Presage Flower , was released on October 14 , 2017 . Aniplex of America screened the first film theatrically in the U.S from November 3 , 2017 . Madman Entertainment announced that it would premiere the first film in Australia at Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne on November 4 , 2017 , with a wider release to follow on November 16 , 2017 . In Europe the first film will be projected in Germany in January 2018 , in France on 2 February while in Italy on 13 February ( for this last case , already dubbed ) . The Japanese Blu - ray / DVD for Presage Flower was released on May 9 , 2018 , with the English release projected for November 20 , 2018 . Aniplex of America announced at Anime Expo 2018 that they would release Lost Butterfly theatrically in the United States in 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Presage Flower in its opening weekend reached # 1 at the Japanese box office , grossing ¥ 413,030,840 from 247,509 admissions within two days . Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel grossed $14,156,217 worldwide , including ¥ 1.5 billion ( $13.7 million ) in Japan and $456,217 overseas . Reviews ( edit ) Presage Flower received acclaim from critics and fans alike . Newcomers to the series gave a mixed reception , though newcomers are discouraged from watching this adaptation first . It was criticised on its pacing and lack of explanation of the scenario for newcomers , however , fans called that fact its strong point , calling it ' fast - paced ' and ' to the point ' . Anime News Network gave it an ' A ' , calling it a fine work of cinema and the best Fate anime ever . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film Reveals Full Title , October 14 Premiere '' . Anime News Network . March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film 's 2nd Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yuki Kajiura Returns to Compose Music For Heaven 's Feel Film Trilogy '' . Anime News Network . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Project Is Trilogy Starting in 2017 '' . Anime News Network . March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film 's Trailer Previews Aimer 's Song ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film 's English Dub Debuts in U.S. Theaters on June 5 '' . Anime News Network . April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / Stay night 's ' Heaven 's Feel ' Route Gets Film '' . Anime News Network . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Ufotable `` Fate / stay night '' Unlimited Blade and Heaven 's Feel Plans Previewed `` . Crunchyroll . July 27 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` STAFF / CAST '' . Fate / Stay Night USA . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night 's ' Heaven 's Feel ' Route Gets Film '' . Anime News Network . 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Project Is Trilogy Starting in 2017 '' . Anime News Network . 27 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aimer Performs Theme Song For 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film '' . Anime News Network . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA to Screen 1st Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Film Theatrically in U.S. '' Anime News Network . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Theater List , Screening Dates for 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Revealed '' . Anime News Network . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) I. presage flower '' . Facebook . Madman Entertainment . September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) I. presage flower - In Cinemas November 16 '' . Madman Films . Madman Entertainment . October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pep anime ( 3 July 2017 ) . Fate / stay night ( Heaven 's Feel ) I. presage flower - Trailer # 02 ( OmU ) . Retrieved 5 Oct 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le film animation Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel diffusé à Paris '' . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel 1 . -- THE MOVIE '' . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FATE / STAY NIGHT : HEAVEN 'S FEEL I ( Trailer - 90 '' ) ITA `` . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Antonio Pineda , Rafael ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` 2nd Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Screens in U.S. Theaters in 2019 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film Opens at # 1 '' . Anime News Network . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Fate / stay night Heaven 's Feel Film 's Teaser Trailer Streamed '' . Anime News Network . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel Ch. 1 - Presage Flower '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/fate/stay-night/heaven-feel-i-presage-flower/.122778 External links ( edit ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel on IMDb Official website Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. presage flower ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia show Fate franchise by Type - Moon Video games Visual novels Stay night characters Shirou Emiya Saber Rider Hollow ataraxia Others Tiger colosseum Unlimited codes Extra Grand Order Extella Print media Zero characters Kaleid liner Prisma Illya Apocrypha characters Strange Fake Anime Episodic Stay night Zero Kaleid liner Prisma Illya 2wei ! Unlimited Blade Works Apocrypha Last Encore Films Unlimited Blade Works Grand Order : First Order Prisma Illya : Oath Under Snow Heaven 's Feel Related Carnival Phantasm Nitroplus Blasterz : Heroines Infinite Duel show Type - Moon works Tsukihime series Tsukihime episodes Kagetsu Tohya Melty Blood Fate series stay night characters Shirou Emiya Saber Rider 2006 episodes 2014 episodes stay night : Unlimited Blade Works stay night : Heaven 's Feel hollow ataraxia Zero characters episodes Extra Last Encore tiger colosseum unlimited codes kaleid liner Prisma Illya episodes 2wei ! Oath Under Snow Apocrypha characters episodes strange fake Grand Order Extella : The Umbral Star The Garden of Sinners Characters Overlooking View A Study in Murder -- Part 1 Remaining Sense of Pain The Hollow Shrine Paradox Spiral Oblivion Recording A Study in Murder -- Part 2 Future Gospel Other Mahōtsukai no Yoru Canaan episodes Carnival Phantasm World Conquest Zvezda Plot People Kinoko Nasu Takashi Takeuchi show Works of Ufotable Films The Garden of Sinners : Overlooking View ( 2007 ) The Garden of Sinners : A Study in Murder -- Part 1 ( 2007 ) The Garden of Sinners : Remaining Sense of Pain ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : The Hollow Shrine ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : Paradox Spiral ( 2008 ) The Garden of Sinners : Oblivion Recording ( 2008 ) Gate of Seventh Heaven ( 2009 ) The Garden of Sinners : A Study in Murder -- Part 2 ( 2009 ) Sakura no Ondo ( 2011 ) The Garden of Sinners : Overlooking View 3D ( 2013 ) The Garden of Sinners : Future Gospel - Extra Chorus ( 2013 ) The Garden of Sinners : Future Gospel ( 2013 ) Majocco Shimai no Yoyo to Nene ( 2013 ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel I. Presage Flower ( 2017 ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel II . Lost Butterfly ( 2019 ) Fate / stay night : Heaven 's Feel III . ( TBA ) Katsugeki / Touken Ranbu ( TBA ) Television series Weiß Kreuz Glühen ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Dokkoida ? ! ( 2003 ) Ninja Nonsense ( 2004 ) Futakoi Alternative ( 2005 ) Coyote Ragtime Show ( 2006 ) Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight ! ( 2007 ) Yawarakame ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Fate / Zero ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works ( 2014 -- 2015 ) God Eater ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Tales of Zestiria the X ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Katsugeki / Touken Ranbu ( 2017 ) Demon Slayer : Kimetsu no Yaiba ( 2019 ) OVAs / ONAs Aoi Umi no Tristia ( 2004 ) Tales of Symphonia The Animation : Sylvarant Episode ( 2007 ) Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight ! ( 2007 ) Gods Eater Burst Prologue ( 2009 ) Toriko ( 2009 ) Tales of Symphonia : The Animation Tethe'alla Episode ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Yuri Seijin Naoko - san ( 2010 -- 2012 ) The Garden of Sinners : Epilogue ( 2011 ) Tales of Symphonia : The Animation The United World Episode ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Minori Scramble ! ( 2012 ) Gyo ( 2012 ) Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works - sunny day ( 2015 ) Video games God Eater ( 2010 ) Black Rock Shooter : The Game ( 2011 ) Tales of Xillia ( 2011 ) Tales of Xillia 2 ( 2012 ) Fate / stay night ( Réalta Nua ) ( 2012 ) Summon Night 5 ( 2013 ) God Eater 2 ( 2013 ) Natural Doctrine ( 2014 ) Fate / hollow ataraxia ( 2014 ) Tales of Zestiria ( 2015 ) Tales of Berseria ( 2016 ) Code Vein ( 2019 ) Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fate/stay_night:_Heaven%27s_Feel&oldid=854018649 '' Categories : 2017 anime films 2019 anime films Upcoming films Aniplex Anime films based on video games Fantasy anime and manga Fate / stay night Films set in 2004 Japanese animated fantasy films Japanese fantasy films Japanese films Japanese - language films Supernatural anime and manga Ufotable Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Italiano Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 12 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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where does the light of moon come from	Moonlight is the light that reaches Earth from the Moon , consisting mostly of sunlight , with some starlight and earthlight reflected from those portions of its surface which the Sun 's light strikes .	sunlight\|starlight\|earthlight reflected from those portions of its surface which the Sun 's light strikes	Moonlight	moonlight	Moonlight is the light that reaches Earth from the Moon , consisting mostly of sunlight , with some starlight and earthlight reflected from those portions of its surface which the Sun 's light strikes .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Illumination 2 Folklore 3 Moonlight in art 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Illumination ( edit ) The intensity of moonlight varies greatly depending on its mood but even the full Moon typically provides only about 0.05 - 0.1 lux illumination . When the Moon is nearest to Earth and viewed at high altitude at tropical latitudes , the illuminance can reach 0.32 lux . The full Moon is about 1,000,000 times fainter than the Sun . The color of moonlight , particularly near full Moon , appears bluish to the human eye compared to most artificial light sources . This is because of the Purkinje effect - the light is not actually tinted blue , and although moonlight is often referred to as `` silvery '' it has no inherent silvery quality . The Moon 's albedo is 0.136 , meaning only 13.6 % of sunlight incident on the Moon is reflected . Moonlight generally hampers astronomical viewing , so astronomers usually avoid making observations near full Moon . It takes approximately 1.26 seconds for the moonlight to hit the Earths surface . Moonlight over the VLT Moonlight illuminates a lake and surroundings on the Earth Moon colored red by an eclipse Left side lit by the Earth , other side by the Sun With the right manipulation , photographs of moonlight do n't appear that much different from sunlight . Folklore ( edit ) In folklore , moonlight sometimes has a harmful influence . For example , sleeping in the light of a full Moon on certain nights was said to transform a person into a werewolf . The light of the Moon was thought to worsen the symptoms of lunatics , and to sleep in moonlight could make one blind , or mad . Nyctalopia ( night blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A ) was thought to be caused by sleeping in moonlight in the tropics . `` Moon blindness '' is a name for equine recurrent uveitis . Moonlight is no longer thought of as the cause . In the 16th century , moonmilk , a soft white limestone precipitate found in caves , was thought to be caused by the rays of the moon . Moonlight in art ( edit ) Dovedale by Moonlight by Joseph Wright of Derby Seaport by Moonlight by Claude Joseph Vernet The Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh Clair de lune sur le port de Boulogne - Seaport of Boulogne by Moonlight by Édouard Manet Visitor to a moonlit churchyard by Philip James de Loutherbourg See also ( edit ) Moon portal Airglow Daylight Diffuse reflection Earthlight ( astronomy ) Scotobiology Starlight References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Toomer , G.J. ( December 1964 ) . `` Review : Ibn al - Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm '' . Isis. 55 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 465 ( 463 -- 4 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 349914 . ^ Jump up to : Kyba , Christopher CM ; Mohar , Andrej ; Posch , Thomas ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` How bright is moonlight ? '' . Astronomy & Geophysics. 58 ( 1 ) : 1.31 -- 1.32 . doi : 10.1093 / astrogeo / atx025 . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Grant ( 2008 ) . `` Celestial body irradiance determination from an underfilled satellite radiometer : application to albedo and thermal emission measurements of the Moon using CERES '' . Applied Optics. 47 ( 27 ) : 4981 -- 93 . Bibcode : 2008ApOpt ... 47.4981 M. PMID 18806861 . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 47.004981 . Jump up ^ A Dictionary of English folklore , Oxford University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Gessner , Conrad ( 1555 ) . Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati ( Description of Mount Fractus , or Mount Pilatus ) ( in Latin ) . p. 54 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Look up moonlight in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moonlight . Phases of the Moon at USNO Strange Moonlight at Science@NASA Moonlight Brightness at LunarLight Photography ( hide ) The Moon Physical features Face on the Moon Internal structure Gravity field Topography Magnetic field Atmosphere Ion tail Moonlight Lunar swirls Orbit Orbit of the Moon Phases Lunation Lunar libration Full Moon Lunar terminator Full moon cycle Earthshine Lunar eclipse Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Tide Surface Selenography Near side Far side North pole South pole Lunar mare List Craters List Calderas Mountains Valleys Volcanic features South Pole -- Aitken basin Shackleton crater Water Soil Ray systems Peak of eternal light Crater of eternal darkness Space weathering Transient lunar phenomenon Lunar basalt 70017 Science Geology timescale Giant - impact hypothesis Hill sphere Moon rocks Lunar meteorites KREEP Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Observation Origin Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 lunar sample display Apollo 17 lunar sample display Exploration Apollo program Exploration of the Moon Colonization of the Moon List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Related topics Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Craters named after people Double planet Lunar effect Man in the Moon Memorials on the Moon Month Lunar month Moon illusion Harvest moon Hunter 's moon Moon in art and literature Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil ( Norse legends ) Moon is made of green cheese Natural satellite Solar System Supermoon Theia Tourism Phases / Occurrence Black moon Blue moon Lunar phase New moon Dark moon Wet moon Lilith ( hypothetical moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moonlight&oldid=800739577 '' Categories : Lunar observation Light Light sources Moon Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 08 . 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who owns the rights to thundarr the barbarian	Thundarr the Barbarian is an American Saturday morning animated series , created by Steve Gerber and produced by Ruby - Spears Productions . The series ran for two seasons on ABC from October 4 , 1980 to October 31 , 1981 , and was rerun on NBC in 1983 .		Thundarr the Barbarian	thundarr the barbarian		This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thundarr the Barbarian 1980 Thundarr the Barbarian promotional image Foreground from left to right Thundarr , Ariel , and Ookla Genre Post-apocalyptic Science fantasy Action - adventure Created by Steve Gerber Joe Ruby Ken Spears Written by Buzz Dixon Martin Pasko Mark Evanier Ted Petersen Steve Gerber Christopher Vane Directed by Charles A. Nichols John Kimball Rudy Larriva Voices of Robert Ridgely Nellie Bellflower Henry Corden Narrated by Dick Tufeld Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 21 Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Ruby Ken Spears Producer ( s ) Jerry Eisenberg Production company ( s ) Ruby - Spears Productions Distributor Filmways ( season 1 ) Taft Broadcasting ( season 2 ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( present ) Release Original network ABC Original release October 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 04 ) -- October 31 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 31 ) Thundarr the Barbarian is an American Saturday morning animated series , created by Steve Gerber and produced by Ruby - Spears Productions . The series ran for two seasons on ABC from October 4 , 1980 to October 31 , 1981 , and was rerun on NBC in 1983 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Additional voices 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 1980 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 1981 ) 5 DVD releases 6 Toys 7 Influence 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Thundarr the Barbarian is set in a future ( c. 3994 ) post-apocalyptic wasteland divided into kingdoms or territories -- the majority of which are ruled by wizards -- and whose ruins typically feature recognizable geographical features from the United States , such as New York City , Los Angeles , Las Vegas , the Badlands , Mount Rushmore , San Francisco , Washington , D.C. , Cape Canaveral , and the Grand Canyon . Other episodes with recognizable settings are set in Mexico and London . Another notable feature of this future Earth is that the Moon was broken in two pieces . The shattered moon and the ruins of the former human civilization were caused by the passage of a runaway planet between the Earth and the Moon in 1994 , which , from scenes shown in the opening sequence , caused radical changes in the Earth 's climate and geography . However , by the time period in which the series is set , the Earth and Moon seem to have settled into a new physical balance . Earth is reborn as `` New Earth '' , as world `` savagery , super-science , and sorcery '' , and far more chaotic than `` Old Earth '' ( the show 's name for the preapocalyptic world ) . The hero Thundarr ( voiced by Robert Ridgely ) , a muscular warrior , whose companions include Princess Ariel , a formidable young sorceress , and Ookla the Mok traveled the world on horseback , battling mostly evil wizards who combine magical spells with reanimating technologies from the pre-catastrophe world . Some of these malevolent wizards enlist the service of certain mutant species in doing their bidding . Other enemies include The Brotherhood of Night ( a group of werewolves who could transform others into werewolves by their touch ) , the cosmic Stalker from The Stars ( a predatory , malevolent cosmic vampire ) , and various mutants . Intelligent humanoid - animal races include the rat - like Groundlings , the crocodile - like Carocs , and talking hawk - and pig - like mutants . New animals that existed include fire - shooting whales , a giant green snake with a grizzly bear head , and mutated dragonflies and rabbits . Thundarr 's weapon of choice , the Sunsword , projects a blade - like beam of energy when activated , and can be deactivated so that it is only a hilt . The Sunsword 's energy blade can deflect other energy attacks as well as magical ones , can cut through nearly anything , and can disrupt magical spells and effects . The Sunsword is magically linked to Thundarr and as such , only he can use it ; however , this link can be disrupted . Comic book writer - artist Jack Kirby worked on the production design for the show . The main characters were designed by fellow comic book writer - artist Alex Toth . Toth , however , was unavailable to continue working on the show , so most of the wizards and other villains and secondary characters that appear on the show were designed by Kirby . He was brought onto the show at the recommendation of comic writer Steve Gerber and Mark Evanier . The series was the creation of Steve Gerber . Gerber and friend Martin Pasko were having dinner in the Westwood area one night during the time Gerber was developing the series . Gerber commented to Pasko that he had not yet decided upon a name for the wookiee - like character the network insisted be added to the series , over Gerber 's objections . As the two walked past the gate to the UCLA campus , Pasko quipped , `` Why not call him Oo - clah ? '' Pasko later became one of several screenwriters also known for their work in comics , such as Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway , to contribute to the show . After writing several scripts , singly and in collaboration with Gerber , Pasko became a story editor on the second season . Other writers included Buzz Dixon and Mark Jones . Characters ( edit ) The series ' narrator was Dick Tufeld . Thundarr ( voiced by Robert Ridgely ) -- The main protagonist of the series . He is a barbarian who was once a slave to Sabian until he was freed by Princess Ariel and given the Sunsword which he uses as a weapon in his fight against evil wizards and other villains . Thundarr was known for frequently uttering such pronouncements as `` Demon dogs ! '' , `` Lords of Light ! '' , and the Thundarr war - cry `` Aaaaahh - ee ! '' . Thundarr , along with his friend Ookla , are largely unknowledgeable about the world and rely on Ariel 's guidance , but Thundarr is respectful of knowledge gained . When once asked what kind of man he was , Thundarr simply replied `` Free ! '' Ookla the Mok ( voiced by Henry Corden ) -- Ookla is a member of the Mok species , a leonine humanoid with fangs and yellow eyes . In Thundarr the Barbarian 's backstory , Ookla and Thundarr were enslaved in the court of the wizard Sabian until Sabian 's stepdaughter Princess Ariel helped them escape . As a Mok , Ookla has great strength , usually fighting by ripping up a nearby sapling or piece of wreckage to club his enemies . On a few occasions he is shown to use a longbow that fires a type of paralyzing arrow . However , he is also the most likely of the heroes to charge right into an enemy attack or to be enraged by unusual nuisances or threats . Moks dwell in their own territory , ruled by a king ; they fear and hate water , preferring to face overwhelming odds in battle rather than wade through a stream to escape . Both Thundarr and Ariel generally understand the howls that make up Ookla 's speech , but Thundarr seems to know more about Mok culture than Ariel , perhaps because he and Ookla met and worked together as slaves before either met Ariel . Whereas Thundarr and Ariel ride horses for transportation ( his is white ; hers is brown ) , Ookla 's steed is another quadrupedal species called an equort . Princess Ariel ( voiced by Nellie Bellflower ) -- Ariel is a beautiful and powerful sorceress . Not much was revealed about her past before she met Thundarr except that she was the stepdaughter of an evil wizard named Sabian . She learned of Earth 's history from his library , and thus is considered the `` academic '' of the group . In the episode `` Battle of The Barbarians '' , it is revealed that Thundarr was once a slave of the evil wizard Sabian before being freed by Princess Ariel . It was never revealed exactly where she was a princess . Her most common feats of sorcery involved creating light constructs , ranging from throwing exploding spheres to levitating weights to summoning nets , shields , or bridges over chasms . She could also produce powerful energy blasts , blinding light and magically reanimate machines . At times she shows romantic feelings towards Thundarr ; although he never outwardly returns them , it is clear that he does care greatly for her . Also , they are shown to share a tent . Ariel 's attire consists of knee - high boots , wrist bracelets , and an open - backed , leg - baring cyan ( with yellow trim ) costume which resembles a bathing suit . Additional voices ( edit ) The series ' voice director was Alan Dinehart . Henry Corden -- In addition to Ookla the Mok , Corden voiced : Caroc Leader , Gemini , Vortak , Skullus , Captain Willows ( in `` Island of the Body Snatchers '' ) , Mutant Deputy # 2 ( in `` Trial by Terror '' ) Michael Ansara -- Vashtarr Marlene Aragon -- Maya Liz Aubrey -- Valorie Storm Michael Bell -- Yondo Alan Dinehart Al Fann Joe Higgins -- Korb Stacy Keach Sr . Keye Luke -- Zevon , Kublai Chuck McCann -- Artemus , Mutant Deputy # 1 ( in `` Trial of Terror '' ) Nancy McKeon -- Tye Julie McWhirter -- Stryia Shepard Menken Alan Oppenheimer -- Mindok , Morag Avery Schreiber -- Octagon Hal Smith -- Simius Joan Van Ark -- Cinda Janet Waldo -- Cerci William Woodson -- Crom Production ( edit ) Twenty - one half - hour episodes were produced by Ruby - Spears Productions , an animation house formed by former Hanna - Barbera head writers Joe Ruby and Ken Spears , from October 1980 to September 1982 . Despite high ratings , the show was cancelled , possibly due to the violent content . The show ran on the ABC network . Reruns of the program appeared on NBC 's Saturday morning lineup in 1983 . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1980 ) ( edit ) All episodes of season 1 were directed by Rudy Larriva and produced by Jerry Eisenberg . List of Thundarr the Barbarian season 1 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Location Original air date Prod . code `` Secret of the Black Pearl '' New York City ( Manhattan ) October 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 04 ) 27 - 01 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla escort a man who is carrying a magical black pearl that can defend against the two - faced wizard Gemini and his Groundlings ( a race of mutated rat people ) . The man needs the pearl to protect the inhabitants of the village of `` Manhat '' , which is actually the ruins of Manhattan . `` Harvest of Doom '' Chichen Itza , Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico October 11 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 11 ) 27 - 02 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla encounter a train carrying Death Flowers ( whose pollen can hypnotise both humans and Moks ) being transported by the Carocs ( a race of crocodile people ) to a wizard that they work for . The episode introduces Tye , a swamp - urchin , who agrees to aid Thundarr on the basis that he capture the train and give it to her . Tye would reappear in Season 2 's `` Last Train to Doomsday '' . `` Mindok the Mind Menace '' Cape Canaveral , Florida October 18 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 18 ) 27 - 04 The evil wizard Mindok lost his body in the Great Cataclysm 2000 years earlier , although his brain survived . He , General Zoa , and Zoa 's minions seek out cryogenically frozen 20th - century scientists called `` Ice People '' in a plot to build Mindok a new body for his brain . `` Raiders of the Abyss '' New York City October 25 , 1980 ( 1980 - 10 - 25 ) 27 - 03 The evil wizard Morag and his raiders attack a cruise ship village to kidnap its inhabitants and steal their life essence . 5 5 `` Treasure of the Moks '' Norfolk , Virginia November 1 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 01 ) 27 - 05 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla come to the aid of the Mok Chieftain Oblach against Captain Kordon , Queen of the River Pirates , who is after the Moks ' hidden treasure and intends to use the `` fire lances of the ancients '' to get it . Thundarr learns that these `` fire lances '' are actually 20th century torpedoes . Thundarr and the Moks defend the ruins of a U.S. Navy base against being captured by the River Pirates , however Ookla must overcome something else beside the River Pirates , his longstanding fear of water . 6 6 `` Attack of the Amazon Women '' Mount Rushmore , South Dakota November 8 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 08 ) 27 - 07 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla come to the aid of a race of amphibious Amazons whose queen has been usurped by Stryia , an evil witch who plans to conquer both the land and seas with her shark legion army . 7 7 `` The Brotherhood of Night '' Washington , D.C. November 15 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 15 ) 27 - 06 Zevon is the leader of the Brotherhood of Night , a tribe of werewolves that can add anyone to their ranks by touching them and is also targeting the evil wizard Infernus hoping to make the pack completely invincible . 8 8 `` Challenge of the Wizards '' Las Vegas , Nevada November 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 22 ) 27 - 08 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla are caught up in a battle between the wizards Showlow and contestants Basim , Skorpos and Chom who seek the Helmet of Power . Thundarr ends up having to side with the wizard Sholow when he threatens a group of villagers . 9 9 `` Valley of the Man Apes '' San Fernando Valley , California November 29 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 29 ) 27 - 09 Simius and his fellow Man Apes assemble salvaged parts of a movie studio 's giant robotic gorilla in a plot to terrorize the local villagers . 10 10 `` Stalker from the Stars '' Alaska December 6 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 06 ) 27 - 10 A spaceship containing an alien vampire lands on Earth . The alien captures Princess Ariel and some villagers in an amusement park 's ruins as a source of food . 11 11 `` Portal Into Time '' San Antonio , Texas December 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 13 ) 27 - 12 The evil wizard Crom threatens a tribe of humans at the Alamo . They can protect themselves by using a sophisticated Guardian machine that utilizes flying robot drones that can disable the wizard 's laser tanks . However , it blows a circuit and can not be replaced as circuits are no longer produced . Their only hope is to infiltrate Crom 's lair in order to use his moon dial , which sends them to Old Earth . In the 20th century , Thundarr , Ookla and Ariel are aided by a little girl named Samantha , who helps them obtain a fresh circuit . The trio return to New Earth and prepare for battle with Crom , but are glad they had a chance to see the preapocalyptic world . 12 12 `` Battle of the Barbarians '' San Francisco , California December 20 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 20 ) 27 - 11 The evil wizard Kublai seeks the Golden Scepter of the Yantzee ( the only item which can strip him of his magic ) and terrorizes the villagers of San Francisco 's Chinatown in the process . When Thundarr thwarts his initial attempts , the wizard recruits another barbarian named Zogar to engage him in battle while Kublai tries again to find the scepter . 13 13 `` Den of the Sleeping Demon '' Grand Canyon , Arizona December 27 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 27 ) 27 - 13 Judag is a bitter , escaped former slave of an evil wizard who plans to awaken a sleeping demon that allegedly can grant whoever wakes it the powers of 1,000 wizards . It is up to Thundarr to prevent Judag from accomplishing this mission . Season 2 ( 1981 ) ( edit ) All episodes of season 2 were directed by Rudy Larriva and John Kimball , with animation supervision by Milt Gray & Bill Reed . List of Thundarr the Barbarian season 2 episodes No . overall No. in season Title Location Original air date Prod . code 14 `` Wizard Wars '' St. Louis , Missouri September 12 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 12 ) R20 - 001 The wizard Skullus and his soldiers are enslaving villagers living in a ruined oil refinery and using them to attack the fortress of his enemy , the equally evil wizard Octagon . 15 `` Fortress of Fear '' La Brea Tar Pits , Los Angeles , California September 19 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 19 ) R20 - 002 When coming to the aid of an escaped slave , Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla are captured by robots working for the multi-eyed wizard Lord Argoth who wants Ariel as his bride . 16 `` Island of the Body Snatchers '' London , England , UK September 26 , 1981 ( 1981 - 09 - 26 ) R20 - 003 The trio investigate a sector called the Mystery Zone where several ships get wrecked on an island . They learn the evil witch Circe is responsible as she needs a young sorceress to overcome a curse in which she will turn to stone if she leaves the island . When Ariel arrives with Thundarr and Ookla , Circe gets her opportunity as she switches bodies with her and becomes a threat to the others as she tries to leave the island . 17 `` City of Evil '' Boston , Massachusetts October 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 03 ) R20 - 004 After being defeated by Thundarr , the evil wizard Sarott finds a research lab that holds the miniaturized City of Thieves . Its ruler Vortak promises Sarott a free rein to use the city 's advanced army to enslave humans and other wizards if he can restore it to normal size . To do so , he 'll need the Gauntlet of Power which can boost his magic to enlarge the city . 18 5 `` Last Train to Doomsday '' unknown October 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 10 ) R20 - 005 Thundarr , Ookla , and Ariel are in pursuit of Janus after he and a race of hawk mutants attack villages and the train route of Tye ( the former swamp urchin from `` Harvest of Doom '' ) . The group is in for a surprise when it turns out Janus is actually Gemini ( the two - faced wizard from `` Secret of the Black Pearl '' ) in disguise seeking revenge on Thundarr . Tye , from `` Harvest of Doom '' , returns as a train driving `` businesswoman '' . 19 6 `` Master of the Stolen Sunsword '' Beverly Hills and Hollywood , California October 17 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 17 ) R20 - 006 During a battle with Yando ( a supposed wizard with unusual magic ) , Thundarr is struck by red negative lightning which significantly diminishes the power of his Sunsword . The weapon can be restored at the nearby Pool of Power , but it is stolen by Yando who seeks to have the Sunsword 's power for himself . 20 7 `` Trial by Terror '' Atlanta , Georgia October 24 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 24 ) R20 - 007 Thundarr 's friend Thorac is accused of stealing a village 's fuel and is about to receive a death sentence ( by being boiled alive over a geyser ) when the barbarian rescues him . Thorac is granted a reprieve when Thundarr and the group investigate the crime , eventually learning the town 's sheriff Korb is in league with the evil wizard Artemus . Artemus had stolen the fuel to power his Death Ship and gain the approval of the Council of Wizards . 21 8 `` Prophecy of Peril '' unknown October 31 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 31 ) R20 - 008 Thundarr , Princess Ariel , and Ookla battle the evil wizard Vashtarr when he steals the Crystal of Prophecy that can give the details of his downfall . When it shatters in his efforts to retrieve it , the prophecy is foretold as they learn three women will unite to defeat him . One is Maya , an element - shifter buried in the ruins of the old city of Endorr . Another is Cinda , a hermitic barbarian living in the Canyon of Death whose staff grants her great strength . The last is Valerie Storm , a fashion model from Old Earth who is abducted and taken prisoner by Vashtarr himself . DVD releases ( edit ) The debut episode of Thundarr the Barbarian was released on DVD as part of Warner Home Video 's Saturday Morning Cartoons : 1980s compilation series . The DVD set , containing episodes of ten other shows , was released on May 4 , 2010 . On September 28 , 2010 , Warner Archive released Thundarr the Barbarian : The Complete Series to DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna -- Barbera Classics Collection . This is a Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) release , available exclusively through Warner 's online store and Amazon.com . The DVD set is branded as part of the Hanna - Barbera Classics Collection as Thundarr and the other 1978 -- 91 Ruby - Spears programs were sold to Turner Broadcasting in 1991 alongside Hanna - Barbera by Great American Broadcasting . Toys ( edit ) Action figures of the three main characters were released by Toynami in 2003 . Influence ( edit ) In a November 2017 interview with Revolver , Morbid Angel guitarist Trey Azagthoth stated that the band 's new album , Kingdoms Disdained , is based on Thundarr the Barbarian , `` Thundarr the Barbarian ( inspired the new album 's title ) ... Man 's civilization is cast in ruin . 2000 years later Earth is reborn . A strange new world rises from the old -- a world of savagery , super science and sorcery ... One man burst his bonds to fight for justice and with his companions -- Ookla the Mok and Princess Ariel -- he pits his strength , his courage and his fabulous Sun Sword against the forces of evil . WE MUST BE FREE ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' There 's also a band from New York called Ookla the Mok . The series was referenced and was involved in the plot of the episode `` One Watson , One Holmes '' ( S3E19 ) of the CBS TV show Elementary . See also ( edit ) Blackstar ( TV series ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The episode `` Master of the Stolen Sunsword '' details events where the Sunsword needs to be recharged , and viewers learn it becomes linked to whoever does the charging . Jump up ^ Ariel refers to the U.S. Badlands , but the ruins of New York City 's Empire State Building and World Trade Center ( Twin Towers ) appear later in the background . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ro , Ronin ( 2005 ) . Tales to Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , and the American Comic Book Revolution . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 9781582345666 . Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Krypton Companion . TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 158 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 61 - 6 . We passed one of the entrances to the UCLA campus and when I saw the acronym on signage , the phonetic pronunciation leapt to mind . Jump up ^ Terrace , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Series , Pilots and Specials : 1974 -- 1984 . New York : New York Zoetrope . p. 419 . ISBN 0 - 918432 - 61 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` '' Demon dogs '' sounds clip `` . Thundarr.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Lords of Light '' sound clip `` . Thundarr.com . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` '' Aaaaahh - ee '' battle cry sound clip `` . Thundarr.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Episode 1.01 , `` Secret of the Black Pearl '' Jump up ^ `` Thundarr The Barbarian -- Joe Ruby & Ken Spears Interview '' . Thundarr.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2002 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lords of Light - The Thundarr the Barbarian Story ^ Jump up to : `` Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) - Basic Search ( search : `` Thundarr the Barbarian '' ) `` . United States Copyright Office . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Thundarr The Barbarian -- Episode Guide '' . Thundarr.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corey , Joe ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Saturday Morning Cartoons : 1980s , Vol. 1 -- DVD Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Thundarr the Barbarian - The Complete Series '' . TV Shows on DVD . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Thundarr the Barbarian -- 4 - DVD Release of ' The Complete Series ' Available Next Week ... But Online Only '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shostak , Stu ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Interview with Joe Ruby and Ken Spears '' . Stu 's Show . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Evanier ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Live by the Sword '' . News from Mew . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Morbid Angel 's Trey Azagthoth on Complete New `` Acid and Terror '' Album With Steve Tucker `` . Revolver . November 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . 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( 1987 -- 88 ) 2 Hip 4 TV ( 1988 ) Saved by the Bell ( 1989 -- 93 ) Rebroadcasts The Daffy Duck Show ( The Daffy / Speedy Show ) Jonny Quest The Jetsons Dynomutt , Dog Wonder Hong Kong Phooey Batman and the Super 7 Bullwinkle ( 1981 -- 82 ) Thundarr the Barbarian Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related topics Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thundarr_the_Barbarian&oldid=853107348 '' Categories : 1980 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1980s American science fiction television series American Broadcasting Company network shows NBC network shows 1980s American animated television series Television series set in the future Ruby - Spears superheroes Television series by Ruby - Spears Post-apocalyptic television series American children 's animated superhero television series Works by Jack Kirby American children 's animated science fantasy television series American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series Television series about the Moon 1994 in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 13 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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current cm and governors of all states of india			List of current Indian Chief ministers	list of current indian chief ministers		Indian states according to party of their chief minister Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Other parties Governor 's rule In the Republic of India , a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty - nine states and two union territories ( Delhi and Puducherry ) . According to the Constitution of India , at the state - level , the governor is de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the state legislative assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given he has the assembly 's confidence , the chief minister 's term is usually for a maximum of five years ; there are no limits to the number of terms he / she can serve . Since June 2018 , the office of Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir has been vacant ; Governor 's rule is in force there . Of the thirty incumbents , two are women -- Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan . Serving since December 1994 ( for 23 years , 318 days ) , Sikkim 's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency . Amarinder Singh ( b . 1942 ) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister while Arunachal Pradesh 's Pema Khandu ( b . 1979 ) is the youngest . Fifteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party and three to the Indian National Congress ; no other party has more than one chief minister in office . Current Indian Chief ministers ( edit ) Colour key for parties Aam Aadmi Party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam All India Trinamool Congress Bharatiya Janata Party Biju Janata Dal Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Indian National Congress Janata Dal ( Secular ) Janata Dal ( United ) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party National People 's Party Sikkim Democratic Front Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telugu Desam Party N / A ( Governor 's rule ) State ( past chief ministers ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Party Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) N. Chandrababu Naidu 8 June 2014 ( 7003160100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 140 days ) Telugu Desam Party Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Pema Khandu 17 July 2016 ( 7002831000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 101 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Assam ( list ) Sarbananda Sonowal 24 May 2016 ( 7002885000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 155 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Bihar ( list ) Nitish Kumar 22 February 2015 ( 7003134200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 246 days ) Janata Dal ( United ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Raman Singh 7 December 2003 ( 7003543700000000000 ♠ 14 years , 323 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Delhi ( list ) Arvind Kejriwal 14 February 2015 ( 7003135000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 254 days ) Aam Aadmi Party Goa ( list ) Manohar Parrikar 14 March 2017 ( 7002591000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 226 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Gujarat ( list ) Vijay Rupani 7 August 2016 ( 7002810000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 80 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Haryana ( list ) Manohar Lal Khattar 26 October 2014 ( 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Jai Ram Thakur 27 December 2017 ( 7002303000000000000 ♠ 303 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) 20 June 2018 ( 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 days ) N / A Jharkhand ( list ) Raghubar Das 28 December 2014 ( 7003139800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 302 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka ( list ) H.D. Kumaraswamy 23 May 2018 ( 7002156000000000000 ♠ 156 days ) Janata Dal ( Secular ) Kerala ( list ) Pinarayi Vijayan 25 May 2016 ( 7002884000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 154 days ) Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 29 November 2005 ( 7003471400000000000 ♠ 12 years , 331 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Maharashtra ( list ) Devendra Fadnavis 31 October 2014 ( 7003145600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 360 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Manipur ( list ) N. Biren Singh 15 March 2017 ( 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 225 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Meghalaya ( list ) Conrad Sangma 6 March 2018 ( 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 days ) National People 's Party Mizoram ( list ) Lal Thanhawla 7 December 2008 ( 7003361000000000000 ♠ 9 years , 323 days ) Indian National Congress Nagaland ( list ) Neiphiu Rio 8 March 2018 ( 7002232000000000000 ♠ 232 days ) Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party Odisha ( list ) Naveen Patnaik 5 March 2000 ( 7003680900000000000 ♠ 18 years , 235 days ) Biju Janata Dal Puducherry ( list ) V. Narayanasamy 6 June 2016 ( 7002872000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 142 days ) Indian National Congress Punjab ( list ) Amarinder Singh 16 March 2017 ( 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 224 days ) Indian National Congress Rajasthan ( list ) Vasundhara Raje 13 December 2013 ( 7003177800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 317 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Sikkim ( list ) Pawan Kumar Chamling 12 December 1994 ( 7003871900000000000 ♠ 23 years , 318 days ) Sikkim Democratic Front Tamil Nadu ( list ) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 16 February 2017 ( 7002617000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 252 days ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telangana ( list ) K. Chandrashekhar Rao 2 June 2014 ( 7003160700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 146 days ) Telangana Rashtra Samithi Tripura ( list ) Biplab Kumar Deb 9 March 2018 ( 231 Days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Yogi Adityanath 19 March 2017 ( 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 221 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party Uttarakhand ( list ) Trivendra Singh Rawat 18 March 2017 ( 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 222 days ) Bharatiya Janata Party West Bengal ( list ) Mamata Banerjee 20 May 2011 ( 7003271600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 159 days ) All India Trinamool Congress Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister 's party . The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; those are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers ( headed by the chief minister ) , they are officially union territories . Jump up ^ Similar to President 's rule , Governor 's rule is imposed as per Section 92 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir . See also ( edit ) List of current Indian governors List of current Indian chief justices List of current Indian legislative speakers List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian chief ministers List of chief ministers from the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th edition , 2011 reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Pema Khandu : India 's youngest Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Chief Ministers . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM '' . The Hindu . 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam '' . The Hindu . 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Arun ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Alliance to NDA : Nitish Kumar changes partner , continues as Bihar CM '' . Hindustan Times . Patna . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar . `` Raman Singh takes oath '' . The Hindu . 8 December 2003 . Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran , Shubhomoy Sikdar . `` Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft - free in 5 years '' . The Hindu . 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar , Prakash Kamat . `` Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong . plea '' . The Hindu . 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa . `` Vijay Rupani sworn in ; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah 's stamp '' . The Hindu . 7 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher . `` Khattar sworn in '' . The Hindu . 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jai Ram Thakur sworn in as Himachal Chief Minister '' . The Indian Express . 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bharti Jain . `` Governor 's rule imposed in Jammu & Kashmir '' . The Times of India . 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governor 's rule imposed in Jammu and Kashmir '' . The Hindu . 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary . `` Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kumaraswamy sworn in ; floor test tomorrow '' . The Hindu . 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair . `` Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 30 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar . `` Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing - in '' . The Hindu . 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Isha Gupta . `` BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister '' . India Today . 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Shiv Sahay Singh . `` Conrad Sangma sworn - in as Meghalaya CM '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister '' . The Times of India . 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar . `` Neiphiu Rio takes charge as Nagaland Chief Minister again '' . The Hindu . 8 March 2018 . Jump up ^ N. Ramdas . `` Naveen Govt . installed '' . The Hindu . 6 March 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Puducherry : V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister '' . The Indian Express . 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM '' . The Hindu . 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vasundhara swearing - in , a show of strength '' . The Hindu . 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 May 2014 . Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan . `` Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy . `` KCR sworn in ; heads cabinet of 11 ministers '' . The Hindu . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar . `` Biplab Kumar Deb sworn in as Tripura CM '' . The Hindu . 9 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay . `` Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister '' . The Hindu . 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mamata , 37 Ministers sworn in '' . The Hindu . 21 May 2011 . Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant ( Governor 's rule ) Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=865358452 '' Categories : Lists of current office - holders of country subdivisions Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Featured lists Use dmy dates from May 2016 Talk About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली संस्कृतम् தமிழ் 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 12 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20current%20Indian%20chief%20ministers	1,780
where did the nuclear power plant explode in japan	The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 福島第一原子力発電所事故 , Fukushima Dai - ichi ( pronunciation ) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko ) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma , Fukushima , initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 . Immediately after the earthquake , the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions . However , the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors . The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns , hydrogen - air explosions , and the release of radioactive material in Units 1 , 2 , and 3 from 12 March to 15 March . Loss of cooling also caused the pool for storing spent fuel from Reactor 4 to overheat on 15 March due to the decay heat from the fuel rods .	Ōkuma , Fukushima	Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster	fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster	The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( 福島第一原子力発電所事故 , Fukushima Dai - ichi ( pronunciation ) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko ) was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma , Fukushima , initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 . Immediately after the earthquake , the active reactors automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions . However , the tsunami disabled the emergency generators that would have provided power to control and operate the pumps necessary to cool the reactors . The insufficient cooling led to three nuclear meltdowns , hydrogen - air explosions , and the release of radioactive material in Units 1 , 2 , and 3 from 12 March to 15 March . Loss of cooling also caused the pool for storing spent fuel from Reactor 4 to overheat on 15 March due to the decay heat from the fuel rods .	On 5 July 2012 , the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) found that the causes of the accident had been foreseeable , and that the plant operator , Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) , had failed to meet basic safety requirements such as risk assessment , preparing for containing collateral damage , and developing evacuation plans . On 12 October 2012 , TEPCO admitted for the first time that it had failed to take necessary measures for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants . The Fukushima disaster was the most significant nuclear incident since the April 26 , 1986 Chernobyl disaster and the second disaster to be given the Level 7 event classification of the International Nuclear Event Scale . Though there have been no fatalities linked to radiation due to the accident , the eventual number of cancer deaths , according to the linear no - threshold theory of radiation safety , that will be caused by the accident is expected to be around 130 -- 640 people in the years and decades ahead . The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation and World Health Organization report that there will be no increase in miscarriages , stillbirths or physical and mental disorders in babies born after the accident . However , an estimated 1,600 deaths are believed to have occurred due to the resultant evacuation conditions . There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant , but the plant management estimate is 30 or 40 years . A frozen soil barrier has been constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' . In February 2017 , TEPCO released images taken inside Reactor 2 by a remote - controlled camera , that show there is a 2 - meter ( 6.5 ft ) hole in the metal grating under the pressure vessel in the reactor 's primary containment vessel , which could have been caused by fuel escaping the pressure vessel . Radiation levels of about 210 Sv per hour were subsequently detected inside the Unit 2 containment vessel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Plant description 2.1 Cooling 2.2 Backup generators 2.3 Central fuel storage areas 2.4 Zircaloy 3 Prior safety concerns 3.1 1967 : Layout of the emergency - cooling system 3.2 1991 : Backup generator of Reactor 1 flooded 3.3 2008 : Tsunami study ignored 3.4 Vulnerability to earthquakes 4 Events 4.1 Tōhoku earthquake 4.2 Tsunami and flooding 4.3 Evacuation 4.4 Units 1 , 2 , and 3 4.4. 1 Core meltdowns 4.5 Units 4 , 5 , and 6 4.5. 1 Unit 4 4.5. 2 Units 5 and 6 4.6 Central fuel storage areas 4.7 Contamination 4.7. 1 Contamination in the eastern Pacific 5 Response 5.1 Poor communication and delays 6 Event rating 7 Aftermath 7.1 Risks from radiation 7.2 Thyroid screening program 7.2. 1 Chernobyl comparison 7.3 Effects on evacuees 7.4 Radioactivity releases 7.5 Insurance 7.6 Compensation 7.7 Energy policy implications 7.8 Equipment , facility , and operational changes 8 Reactions 8.1 Japan 8.2 International 8.3 Investigations 8.3. 1 NAIIC 8.3. 2 Investigation Committee 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links 11.1 Investigation 11.2 Video , drawings , and images 11.3 Artwork 11.4 Other Overview ( edit ) The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant comprised six separate boiling water reactors originally designed by General Electric ( GE ) and maintained by the Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) . At the time of the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 , Reactors 4 , 5 , and 6 were shut down in preparation for re-fueling . However , their spent fuel pools still required cooling . Immediately after the earthquake , the electricity - producing Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 automatically shut down their sustained fission reactions by inserting control rods in a legally - mandated safety procedure referred to as SCRAM , which ceases the reactors ' normal running conditions . As the reactors were unable to generate power to run their own coolant pumps , emergency diesel generators came online , as designed , to power electronics and coolant systems . These operated nominally until the tsunami destroyed the generators for Reactors 1 -- 5 . The two generators cooling Reactor 6 were undamaged and were sufficient to be pressed into service to cool the neighboring Reactor 5 along with their own reactor , averting the overheating issues that Reactor 4 suffered . The largest tsunami wave was 13 meters ( 43 ft ) high and hit 50 minutes after the initial earthquake , overwhelming the plant 's seawall , which was 10 m ( 33 ft ) high . The moment of impact was recorded by a camera . Water quickly flooded the low - lying rooms in which the emergency generators were housed . The flooded diesel generators failed soon afterwards , resulting in a loss of power to the critical coolant water pumps . These pumps needed to continuously circulate coolant water through a Generation II reactor for several days to keep the fuel rods from melting , as the fuel rods continued to generate decay heat after the SCRAM event . The fuel rods would become hot enough to melt during the fuel decay time period if an adequate heat sink was not available . After the secondary emergency pumps ( run by back - up electrical batteries ) ran out , one day after the tsunami , 12 March , the water pumps stopped and the reactors began to overheat . Meanwhile , as workers struggled to supply power to the reactors ' coolant systems and restore power to their control rooms , a number of hydrogen - air chemical explosions occurred , the first in Unit 1 , on 12 March and the last in Unit 4 , on 15 March . It is estimated that the hot zirconium fuel cladding - water reaction in Reactors 1 -- 3 produced 800 to 1000 kilograms of hydrogen gas each . The pressurized gas was vented out of the reactor pressure vessel where it mixed with the ambient air , and eventually reached explosive concentration limits in Units 1 and 3 . Due to piping connections between Units 3 and 4 , or alternatively from the same reaction occurring in the spent fuel pool in Unit 4 itself , Unit 4 also filled with hydrogen , resulting in an explosion . In each case , the hydrogen - air explosions occurred at the top of each unit , that was in their upper secondary containment buildings . Drone overflights on 20 March and afterwards captured clear images of the effects of each explosion on the outside structures , while the view inside was largely obscured by shadows and debris . Coinciding with the well understood implications of a loss of coolant accident , the insufficient cooling eventually led to meltdowns in Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 . The full extent of the movement of the resulting corium is unknown but it is now considered to be at least through the bottom of each reactor pressure vessel ( RPV ) , residing somewhere between there and the water - table below each reactor . In a similar manner to what was observed at reactor 4 in Chernobyl . There have been no fatalities linked to short term overexposure to radiation reported due to the Fukushima accident , while approximately 18,500 people died due to the earthquake and tsunami . The maximum cancer mortality and morbidity estimate according to the linear no - threshold theory is 1,500 and 1,800 but with most estimates considerably lower , in the range of a few hundred . In addition , the rates of psychological distress among evacuated people rose fivefold compared to the Japanese average due to the experience of the disaster and evacuation . In 2013 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) indicated that the residents of the area who were evacuated were exposed to low amounts of radiation and that radiation - induced health impacts are likely to be low . In particular , the 2013 WHO report predicts that for evacuated infant girls , their 0.75 % pre-accident lifetime risk of developing thyroid cancer is calculated to be increased to 1.25 % by being exposed to radioiodine , with the increase being slightly less for males . The risks from a number of additional radiation - induced cancers are also expected to be elevated due to exposure caused by the other low boiling point fission products that were released by the safety failures . The single greatest increase is for thyroid cancer , but in total , an overall 1 % higher lifetime risk of developing cancers of all types , is predicted for infant females , with the risk slightly lower for males , making both some of the most radiation - sensitive groups . Along with those within the womb , which the WHO predicted , depending on their gender , to have the same elevations in risk as the infant groups . A screening program a year later in 2012 found that more than a third ( 36 % ) of children in Fukushima Prefecture have abnormal growths in their thyroid glands . As of August 2013 , there have been more than 40 children newly diagnosed with thyroid cancer and other cancers in Fukushima prefecture as a whole . In 2015 , the number of thyroid cancers or detections of developing thyroid cancers numbered 137 . However , whether these incidences of cancer are elevated above the rate in un-contaminated areas and therefore were due to exposure to nuclear radiation is unknown at this stage . Data from the Chernobyl accident showed that an unmistakable rise in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986 only began after a cancer incubation period of 3 -- 5 years ; however , whether this data can be directly compared to the Fukushima nuclear disaster is yet to be determined . A survey by the newspaper Mainichi Shimbun computed that of some 300,000 people who evacuated the area , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures , had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Fukushima Prefecture in 2011 . The exact causes of the majority of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , as according to the municipalities , that would hinder application for condolence money compensation by the relatives of the deceased . On 5 July 2012 , the Japanese National Diet - appointed Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) submitted its inquiry report to the Japanese Diet . The Commission found the nuclear disaster was `` manmade '' , that the direct causes of the accident were all foreseeable prior to 11 March 2011 . The report also found that the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was incapable of withstanding the earthquake and tsunami . TEPCO , the regulatory bodies ( NISA and NSC ) and the government body promoting the nuclear power industry ( METI ) , all failed to correctly develop the most basic safety requirements -- such as assessing the probability of damage , preparing for containing collateral damage from such a disaster , and developing evacuation plans for the public in the case of a serious radiation release . Meanwhile , the government - appointed Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company submitted its final report to the Japanese government on 23 July 2012 . A separate study by Stanford researchers found that Japanese plants operated by the largest utility companies were particularly unprotected against potential tsunami . TEPCO admitted for the first time on 12 October 2012 that it had failed to take stronger measures to prevent disasters for fear of inviting lawsuits or protests against its nuclear plants . There are no clear plans for decommissioning the plant , but the plant management estimate is thirty or forty years . A frozen soil barrier was constructed in an attempt to prevent further contamination of seeping groundwater by melted - down nuclear fuel , but in July 2016 TEPCO revealed that the ice wall had failed to stop groundwater from flowing in and mixing with highly radioactive water inside the wrecked reactor buildings , adding that they are `` technically incapable of blocking off groundwater with the frozen wall '' . Plant Description ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant site close - up Map of Japan 's electricity distribution network , showing incompatible systems between regions . Fukushima is in the 50 hertz Tohoku region . Simplified cross-section sketch of a typical BWR Mark I containment as used in units 1 to 5 Key : RPV : reactor pressure vessel DW : dry well enclosing reactor pressure vessel . WW : wet well - torus - shaped all around the base enclosing steam suppression pool . Excess steam from the dry well enters the wet well water pool via downcomer pipes . SFP : spent fuel pool area SCSW : secondary concrete shield wall The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant consisted of six GE light water boiling water reactors ( BWRs ) with a combined power of 4.7 gigawatts , making it one of the world 's 25 largest nuclear power stations . It was the first GE - designed nuclear plant to be constructed and run entirely by the Tokyo Electric Power Company ( TEPCO ) . Reactor 1 was a 439 MWe type ( BWR - 3 ) reactor constructed in July 1967 , and commenced operation on 26 March 1971 . It was designed to withstand an earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.18 g ( 1.4 m / s , 4.6 ft / s ) and a response spectrum based on the 1952 Kern County earthquake . Reactors 2 and 3 were both 784 MWe type BWR - 4s . Reactor 2 commenced operation in July 1974 , and Reactor 3 in March 1976 . The earthquake design basis for all units ranged from 0.42 g ( 4.12 m / s , 13.5 ft / s ) to 0.46 g ( 4.52 m / s , 14.8 ft / s ) . After the 1978 Miyagi earthquake , when the ground acceleration reached 0.125 g ( 1.22 m / s , 4.0 ft / s ) for 30 seconds , no damage to the critical parts of the reactor was found . Units 1 -- 5 have a Mark - 1 type ( light bulb torus ) containment structure ; unit 6 has Mark 2 - type ( over / under ) containment structure . In September 2010 , Reactor 3 was partially fueled by mixed - oxides ( MOX ) . At the time of the accident , the units and central storage facility contained the following numbers of fuel assemblies : Location Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Central storage Reactor fuel assemblies 400 548 548 0 548 764 N / A Spent fuel assemblies 292 587 514 1331 946 876 6375 Fuel type UO UO UO 2 / MOX UO UO UO UO New fuel assemblies 100 28 52 204 48 64 N / A There was no MOX fuel in any of the cooling ponds at the time of the incident . The only MOX fuel was currently loaded in the Unit 3 reactor . Cooling ( edit ) Diagram of the cooling systems of a BWR See also : Decay heat § Power reactors in shutdown , and Nuclear reactor safety system Nuclear reactors generate electricity by using the heat of the fission reaction to produce steam , which is used to drive turbines in order to generate electricity . When the reactor stops operating , the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes in the fuel continues to generate heat ( decay heat ) for a time , and so require continued cooling . Initially this decay heat amounts to approximately 6.5 % of the amount produced by fission , decreasing over several days before reaching shutdown levels . Afterwards , spent fuel rods typically require several years in a spent fuel pool before they can be safely transferred to dry cask storage vessels . The decay heat in the Unit 4 spent fuel pool had the capacity to boil about 70 metric tons ( 69 long tons ; 77 short tons ) of water per day . In the reactor core , high - pressure systems cycle water between the reactor pressure vessel and heat exchangers . These systems transfer heat to a secondary heat exchanger via the essential service water system , using water pumped out to sea or an onsite cooling tower . Units 2 and 3 were equipped with steam turbine - driven emergency core cooling systems that could be directly operated by steam produced by decay heat , and which could inject water directly into the reactor . Some electrical power was needed to operate valves and monitoring systems . Unit 1 was equipped with a different , entirely passive cooling system , the Isolation Condenser ( IC ) . It consisted of a series of pipes run from the reactor core to the inside of a large tank of water . When the valves are opened , steam flows upward to the IC where the cool water in the tank condenses the steam back to water , and it runs under gravity back to the reactor core . For unknown reasons , Unit 1 's IC was operated only intermittently during the emergency . However , during a 25 March 2014 presentation to the TVA , Dr Takeyuki Inagaki explained that the IC was being operated intermittently to maintain reactor vessel level and to prevent the core from cooling too quickly which can increase reactor power . Unfortunately , as the tsunami engulfed the station , the IC valves were closed and could not be reopened automatically due to the loss of electrical power , but could have been opened manually . On 16 April 2011 , TEPCO declared that cooling systems for Units 1 -- 4 were beyond repair . Backup generators ( edit ) When a reactor is not producing electricity , its cooling pumps can be powered by other reactor units , the grid , diesel generators , or batteries . Two emergency diesel generators were available for each of Units 1 -- 5 and three for Unit 6 . In the late 1990s , three additional backup generators for Units 2 and 4 were placed in new buildings located higher on the hillside , to comply with new regulatory requirements . All six units were given access to these generators , but the switching stations that sent power from these backup generators to the reactors ' cooling systems for Units 1 through 5 were still in the poorly protected turbine buildings . The switching station for Unit 6 was protected inside the only GE Mark II reactor building and continued to function . All three of the generators added in the late 1990s were operational after the tsunami . If the switching stations had been moved to inside the reactor buildings or to other flood - proof locations , power would have been provided by these generators to the reactors ' cooling systems . The reactor 's emergency diesel generators and DC batteries , crucial components in powering cooling systems after a power loss , were located in the basements of the reactor turbine buildings , in accordance with GE 's specifications . Mid-level engineers expressed concerns that this left them vulnerable to flooding . Fukushima I was not designed for such a large tsunami , nor had the reactors been modified when concerns were raised in Japan and by the IAEA . Fukushima II was also struck by the tsunami . However , it had incorporated design changes that improved its resistance to flooding , reducing flood damage . Generators and related electrical distribution equipment were located in the watertight reactor building , so that power from the electricity grid was being used by midnight . Seawater pumps for cooling were protected from flooding , and although 3 of 4 initially failed , they were restored to operation . Central fuel storage areas ( edit ) Used fuel assemblies taken from reactors are initially stored for at least 18 months in the pools adjacent to their reactors . They can then be transferred to the central fuel storage pond . Fukushima I 's storage area contains 6375 fuel assemblies . After further cooling , fuel can be transferred to dry cask storage , which has shown no signs of abnormalities . Zircaloy ( edit ) Many of the internal components and fuel assembly cladding are made from zircaloy because it is relatively transparent to neutrons . At normal operating temperatures of approximately 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) , zircaloy is inert . However , above 1,200 degrees Celsius ( 2,190 ° F ) , zirconium metal can react exothermically with water to form free hydrogen gas . The reaction between zirconium and the coolant produces more heat , accelerating the reaction . In addition , zircaloy can react with uranium dioxide to form zirconium dioxide and uranium metal . This exothermic reaction together with the reaction of boron carbide with stainless steel can release additional heat energy , thus contributing to the overheating of a reactor . Prior safety concerns ( edit ) 1967 : layout of the emergency - cooling system ( edit ) The Fukushima reactor control room in 1999 On 27 February 2012 , the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency ordered TEPCO to report its reasoning for changing the piping layout for the emergency cooling system . The original plans separated the piping systems for two reactors in the isolation condenser from each other . However , the application for approval of the construction plan showed the two piping systems connected outside the reactor . The changes were not noted , in violation of regulations . After the tsunami , the isolation condenser should have taken over the function of the cooling pumps , by condensing the steam from the pressure vessel into water to be used for cooling the reactor . However , the condenser did not function properly and TEPCO could not confirm whether a valve was opened . 1991 : backup generator of reactor 1 flooded ( edit ) On 30 October 1991 , one of two backup generators of Reactor 1 failed , after flooding in the reactor 's basement . Seawater used for cooling leaked into the turbine building from a corroded pipe at 20 cubic meters per hour , as reported by former employees in December 2011 . An engineer was quoted as saying that he informed his superiors of the possibility that a tsunami could damage the generators . TEPCO installed doors to prevent water from leaking into the generator rooms . The Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission stated that it would revise its safety guidelines and would require the installation of additional power sources . On 29 December 2011 , TEPCO admitted all these facts : its report mentioned that the room was flooded through a door and some holes for cables , but the power supply was not cut off by the flooding , and the reactor was stopped for one day . One of the two power sources was completely submerged , but its drive mechanism had remained unaffected . 2008 : tsunami study ignored ( edit ) In 2007 , TEPCO set up a department to supervise its nuclear facilities . Until June 2011 , its chairman was Masao Yoshida , the Fukushima Daiichi chief . A 2008 in - house study identified an immediate need to better protect the facility from flooding by seawater . This study mentioned the possibility of tsunami - waves up to 10.2 meters ( 33 ft ) . Headquarters officials insisted that such a risk was unrealistic and did not take the prediction seriously . A Mr. Okamura of the Active Fault and Earthquake Research Center ( replaced in 2014 by Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology ( IEVG ) , Geological Survey of Japan ( GSJ ) , AIST ) urged TEPCO and NISA to review their assumption of possible tsunami heights based on a ninth century earthquake , but it was not seriously considered at that time . The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission warned of a risk of losing emergency power in 1991 ( NUREG - 1150 ) and NISA referred to the report in 2004 . No action to mitigate the risk was taken . Vulnerability to earthquakes ( edit ) Japan , like the rest of the Pacific Rim , is in an active seismic zone , prone to earthquakes . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) had expressed concern about the ability of Japan 's nuclear plants to withstand earthquakes . At a 2008 meeting of the G8 's Nuclear Safety and Security Group in Tokyo , an IAEA expert warned that a strong earthquake with a magnitude above 7.0 could pose a `` serious problem '' for Japan 's nuclear power stations . The region had experienced three earthquakes of magnitude greater than 8 , including the 869 Sanriku earthquake , the 1896 Sanriku earthquake , and the 1933 Sanriku earthquake . Events ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Tohoku earthquake ( edit ) The 9.0 M Tōhoku earthquake occurred at 14 : 46 on Friday , 11 March 2011 , with the epicenter near Honshu , the largest island of Japan . It produced maximum ground g - forces of 0.56 , 0.52 , 0.56 ( 5.50 , 5.07 and 5.48 m / s , 18.0 , 16.6 and 18.0 ft / s ) at units 2 , 3 , and 5 respectively . This exceeded the earthquake tolerances of 0.45 , 0.45 , and 0.46 g ( 4.38 , 4.41 and 4.52 m / s , 14.4 , 14.5 and 14.8 ft / s ) . The shock values were within the design tolerances at units 1 , 4 , and 6 . When the earthquake struck , units 1 , 2 , and 3 were operating , but units 4 , 5 , and 6 had been shut down for a scheduled inspection . Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 immediately shut down automatically ; this meant the plant stopped generating electricity and could no longer use its own power . One of the two connections to off - site power for units 1 -- 3 also failed , so 13 on - site emergency diesel generators began providing power . Tsunami and flooding ( edit ) The height of the tsunami that struck the station approximately 50 minutes after the earthquake . A : Power station buildings B : Peak height of tsunami C : Ground level of site D: Average sea level E : Seawall to block waves The earthquake triggered a 13 - to - 15 - meter ( 43 to 49 ft ) - high tsunami that arrived approximately 50 minutes later . The waves overtopped the plant 's 5.7 - meter ( 19 ft ) seawall , flooding the basements of the power plant 's turbine buildings and disabling the emergency diesel generators at approximately 15 : 41 . TEPCO then notified authorities of a `` first - level emergency '' . The switching stations that provided power from the three backup generators located higher on the hillside failed when the building that housed them flooded . Power for the plant 's control systems switched to batteries designed to provide power for about eight hours . Further batteries and mobile generators were dispatched to the site , but were delayed by poor road conditions ; the first arrived at 21 : 00 11 March , almost six hours after the tsunami struck . Unsuccessful attempts were made to connect portable generating equipment to power water pumps . The failure was attributed to flooding at the connection point in the Turbine Hall basement and the absence of suitable cables . TEPCO switched its efforts to installing new lines from the grid . One generator at unit 6 resumed operation on 17 March , while external power returned to units 5 and 6 only on 20 March . Evacuation ( edit ) The government initially set in place a four - stage evacuation process : a prohibited access area out to 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) , an on - alert area 3 -- 20 km ( 1.9 -- 12.4 mi ) and an evacuation prepared area 20 -- 30 km ( 12 -- 19 mi ) . On day one , an estimated 170,000 people were evacuated from the prohibited access and on - alert areas . Prime Minister Kan instructed people within the on - alert area to leave and urged those in the prepared area to stay indoors . The latter groups were urged to evacuate on 25 March . The 20 km ( 12 mi ) exclusion zone was guarded by roadblocks to ensure that fewer people would be affected by the radiation . The earthquake and tsunami damaged or destroyed more than one million buildings leading to a total of 470,000 people needing evacuation . Of the 470,000 , the nuclear accident was responsible for 154,000 being evacuated . As of March 2016 , of the original 470,000 evacuees , 174,000 remain . Units 1 , 2 , and 3 ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2013 ) See also : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 1 Reactor ) , Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 2 Reactor ) , and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster ( Unit 3 Reactor ) In Reactors 1 , 2 , and 3 , overheating caused a reaction between the water and the zircaloy , creating hydrogen gas . On 12 March , an explosion in Unit 1 was caused by the ignition of the hydrogen , destroying the upper part of the building . On 14 March , a similar explosion occurred in the Reactor 3 building , blowing off the roof and injuring eleven people . On the 15th , there was an explosion in the Reactor 4 building due to a shared vent pipe with Reactor 3 . Core meltdowns ( edit ) The amount of damage sustained by the reactor cores during the accident , and the location of molten nuclear fuel ( `` corium '' ) within the containment buildings , is unknown ; TEPCO has revised its estimates several times . On 16 March 2011 , TEPCO estimated that 70 % of the fuel in Unit 1 had melted and 33 % in Unit 2 , and that Unit 3 's core might also be damaged . As of 2015 it can be assumed that most fuel melted through the reactor pressure vessel ( RPV ) , commonly known as the `` reactor core '' ) and is resting on the bottom of the primary containment vessel ( PCV ) , having been stopped by the PCV concrete . In July 2017 a remotely controlled robot filmed for the first time apparently melted fuel , just below the pressure vessel of Unit 3 . TEPCO released further estimates of the state and location of the fuel in a November 2011 report . The report concluded that the Unit 1 RPV was damaged during the disaster and that `` significant amounts '' of molten fuel had fallen into the bottom of the PCV . The erosion of the concrete of the PCV by the molten fuel after the core meltdown was estimated to stop at approx . 0.7 meters ( 2 ft 4 in ) in depth , while the thickness of the containment is 7.6 meters ( 25 ft ) thick . Gas sampling carried out before the report detected no signs of an ongoing reaction of the fuel with the concrete of the PCV and all the fuel in Unit 1 was estimated to be `` well cooled down , including the fuel dropped on the bottom of the reactor '' . Fuel in Units 2 and 3 had melted , however less than in Unit 1 , and fuel was presumed to be still in the RPV , with no significant amounts of fuel fallen to the bottom of the PCV . The report further suggested that `` there is a range in the evaluation results '' from `` all fuel in the RPV ( none fuel fallen to the PCV ) '' in Unit 2 and Unit 3 , to `` most fuel in the RPV ( some fuel in PCV ) '' . For Unit 2 and Unit 3 it was estimated that the `` fuel is cooled sufficiently '' . According to the report , the greater damage in Unit 1 ( when compared to the other two units ) was due to the longer time that no cooling water was injected in Unit 1 . This resulted in much more decay heat accumulating , as for about 1 day there was no water injection for Unit 1 , while Unit 2 and Unit 3 had only a quarter of a day without water injection . In November 2013 , Mari Yamaguchi reported for Associated Press that there are computer simulations which suggest that `` the melted fuel in Unit 1 , whose core damage was the most extensive , has breached the bottom of the primary containment vessel and even partially eaten into its concrete foundation , coming within about 30 centimeters ( 1 ft ) of leaking into the ground '' -- a Kyoto University nuclear engineer said with regards to these estimates : `` We just ca n't be sure until we actually see the inside of the reactors . '' According to a December 2013 report , TEPCO estimated for Unit 1 that `` the decay heat must have decreased enough , the molten fuel can be assumed to remain in PCV ( primary container vessel ) '' . In August 2014 , TEPCO released a new revised estimate that Reactor 3 had a complete melt through in the initial phase of the accident . According to this new estimate within the first three days of the accident the entire core content of Reactor 3 had melted through the RPV and fallen to the bottom of the PCV . These estimates were based on a simulation , which indicated that Reactor 3 's melted core penetrated through 1.2 meters ( 3 ft 11 in ) of the PCV 's concrete base , and came close to 26 -- 68 centimeters ( 10 -- 27 in ) of the PCV 's steel wall . In February 2015 , TEPCO started the muon scanning process for Units 1 , 2 , and 3 . With this scanning setup it will be possible to determine the approximate amount and location of the remaining nuclear fuel within the RPV , but not the amount and resting place of the corium in the PCV . In March 2015 TEPCO released the result of the muon scan for Unit 1 which showed that no fuel was visible in the RPV , which would suggest that most if not all of the molten fuel had dropped onto the bottom of the PCV -- this will change the plan for the removal of the fuel from Unit 1 . In February 2017 , six years after the disaster , radiation levels inside the Unit 2 containment building were crudely estimated to be about 650 Sv / h . The estimation was revised later to 80 Sv / h . These readings were the highest recorded since the disaster occurred in 2011 and the first recorded in that area of the reactor since the meltdowns . Images showed a hole in metal grating beneath the reactor pressure vessel , suggesting that melted nuclear fuel had escaped the vessel in that area . Units 4 , 5 , and 6 ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi units 4 , 5 and 6 Aerial view of the station in 1975 , showing separation between units 5 and 6 , and 1 -- 4 . Unit 6 , not completed until 1979 , is seen under construction . Unit 4 ( edit ) Reactor 4 was not operating when the earthquake struck . All fuel rods from Unit 4 had been transferred to the spent fuel pool on an upper floor of the reactor building prior to the tsunami . On 15 March , an explosion damaged the fourth floor rooftop area of Unit 4 , creating two large holes in a wall of the outer building . It was reported that water in the spent fuel pool might be boiling . Radiation inside the Unit 4 control room prevented workers from staying there for long periods . Visual inspection of the spent fuel pool on 30 April revealed no significant damage to the rods . A radiochemical examination of the pond water confirmed that little of the fuel had been damaged . In October 2012 , the former Japanese Ambassador to Switzerland and Senegal , Mitsuhei Murata , said that the ground under Fukushima Unit 4 was sinking , and the structure may collapse . In November 2013 , TEPCO started the process of moving the 1533 fuel rods in the Unit 4 cooling pool to the central pool . This process was completed on 22 December 2014 . Units 5 and 6 ( edit ) Reactors 5 and 6 were also not operating when the earthquake struck . Unlike Reactor 4 , their fuel rods remained in the reactor . The reactors had been closely monitored , as cooling processes were not functioning well . Both Unit 5 and Unit 6 shared a working generator and switchgear during the emergency and achieved a successful cold shutdown nine days later on 20 March . Central fuel storage areas ( edit ) On 21 March , temperatures in the fuel pond had risen slightly , to 61 ° C ( 142 ° F ) and water was sprayed over the pool . Power was restored to cooling systems on 24 March and by 28 March , temperatures were reported down to 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . Contamination ( edit ) Main article : Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Sub article : Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents with detailed tables inside This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( November 2017 ) This section does not follow Wikipedia 's guidelines on the use of different tenses . Please consider copy editing to past tense if historic , present tense if not time - based ( e.g. fiction ) , or future tense if upcoming . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of contaminated areas around the plant ( 22 March -- 3 April 2011 ) Fukushima dose rate comparison to other incidents and standards , with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events from 11 to 30 March Radiation measurements from Fukushima Prefecture , March 2011 Seawater - contamination along coast with Caesium - 137 , from 21 March until 5 May 2011 ( Source : GRS ) Radiation hotspot in Kashiwa , February 2012 Radioactive material was released from the containment vessels for several reasons : deliberate venting to reduce gas pressure , deliberate discharge of coolant water into the sea , and uncontrolled events . Concerns about the possibility of a large scale release led to a 20 - kilometer ( 12 mi ) exclusion zone around the power plant and recommendations that people within the surrounding 20 -- 30 km ( 12 -- 19 mi ) zone stay indoors . Later , the UK , France , and some other countries told their nationals to consider leaving Tokyo , in response to fears of spreading contamination . In 2015 , the tap water contamination was still higher in Tokyo compared to other cities in Japan . Trace amounts of radioactivity , including iodine - 131 , caesium - 134 , and caesium - 137 , were widely observed . Between 21 March and mid-July , around 27 PBq of caesium - 137 ( about 8.4 kg or 19 lb ) entered the ocean , with about 82 percent having flowed into the sea before 8 April . However , the Fukushima coast has some of the world 's strongest currents and these transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean , thus causing great dispersion of the radioactive elements . The results of measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments led to the supposition that the consequences of the accident , in terms of radioactivity , would be minor for marine life as of autumn 2011 ( weak concentration of radioactivity in the water and limited accumulation in sediments ) . On the other hand , significant pollution of sea water along the coast near the nuclear plant might persist , due to the continuing arrival of radioactive material transported towards the sea by surface water running over contaminated soil . Organisms that filter water and fish at the top of the food chain are , over time , the most sensitive to caesium pollution . It is thus justified to maintain surveillance of marine life that is fished in the coastal waters off Fukushima . Despite caesium isotopic concentrations in the waters off of Japan being 10 to 1000 times above the normal concentrations prior to the accident , radiation risks are below what is generally considered harmful to marine animals and human consumers . A monitoring system operated by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization ( CTBTO ) tracked the spread of radioactivity on a global scale . Radioactive isotopes were picked up by over 40 monitoring stations . On 12 March , radioactive releases first reached a CTBTO monitoring station in Takasaki , Japan , around 200 km ( 120 mi ) away . The radioactive isotopes appeared in eastern Russia on 14 March and the west coast of the United States two days later . By day 15 , traces of radioactivity were detectable all across the northern hemisphere . Within one month , radioactive particles were noted by CTBTO stations in the southern hemisphere . Estimates of radioactivity released ranged from 10 -- 40 % of that of Chernobyl . The significantly contaminated area was 10 - 12 % of that of Chernobyl . In March 2011 , Japanese officials announced that `` radioactive iodine - 131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected at 18 water - purification plants in Tokyo and five other prefectures '' . On 21 March , the first restrictions were placed on the distribution and consumption of contaminated items . As of July 2011 , the Japanese government was unable to control the spread of radioactive material into the nation 's food supply . Radioactive material was detected in food produced in 2011 , including spinach , tea leaves , milk , fish , and beef , up to 320 kilometres from the plant . 2012 crops did not show signs of radioactivity contamination . Cabbage , rice and beef showed insignificant levels of radioactivity . A Fukushima - produced rice market in Tokyo was accepted by consumers as safe . On 24 August 2011 , the Nuclear Safety Commission ( NSC ) of Japan published the results of the recalculation of the total amount of radioactive materials released into the air during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station . The total amounts released between 11 March and 5 April were revised downwards to 130 PBq ( petabecquerels , 3.5 mega curies ) for iodine - 131 and 11 PBq for caesium - 137 , which is about 11 % of Chernobyl emissions . Earlier estimations were 150 PBq and 12 PBq . In 2011 , scientists working for the Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Kyoto University and other institutes , recalculated the amount of radioactive material released into the ocean : between late March through April they found a total of 15 PBq for the combined amount of iodine - 131 and caesium - 137 , more than triple the 4.72 PBq estimated by TEPCO . The company had calculated only the direct releases into the sea . The new calculations incorporated the portion of airborne radioactive substances that entered the ocean as rain . In the first half of September 2011 , TEPCO estimated the radioactivity release at some 200 MBq ( megabecquerels , 5.4 milli curies ) per hour . This was approximately one four - millionth that of March . Traces of iodine - 131 were detected in several Japanese prefectures in November and December 2011 . According to the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety , between 21 March and mid-July around 27 PBq of caesium - 137 entered the ocean , about 82 percent before 8 April . This emission represents the most important individual oceanic emissions of artificial radioactivity ever observed . The Fukushima coast has one of the world 's strongest currents ( Kuroshio Current ) . It transported the contaminated waters far into the Pacific Ocean , dispersing the radioactivity . As of late 2011 measurements of both the seawater and the coastal sediments suggested that the consequences for marine life would be minor . Significant pollution along the coast near the plant might persist , because of the continuing arrival of radioactive material transported to the sea by surface water crossing contaminated soil . The possible presence of other radioactive substances , such as strontium - 90 or plutonium , has not been sufficiently studied . Recent measurements show persistent contamination of some marine species ( mostly fish ) caught along the Fukushima coast . Migratory pelagic species are highly effective and rapid transporters of radioactivity throughout the ocean . Elevated levels of caesium - 134 appeared in migratory species off the coast of California that were not seen pre-Fukushima . As of March 2012 , no cases of radiation - related ailments had been reported . Experts cautioned that data was insufficient to allow conclusions on health impacts . Michiaki Kai , professor of radiation protection at Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences , stated , `` If the current radiation dose estimates are correct , ( cancer - related deaths ) likely wo n't increase . '' In May 2012 , TEPCO released their estimate of cumulative radioactivity releases . An estimated 538.1 PBq of iodine - 131 , caesium - 134 and caesium - 137 was released . 520 PBq was released into the atmosphere between 12 -- 31 March 2011 and 18.1 PBq into the ocean from 26 March -- 30 September 2011 . A total of 511 PBq of iodine - 131 was released into both the atmosphere and the ocean , 13.5 PBq of caesium - 134 and 13.6 PBq of caesium - 137 . TEPCO reported that at least 900 PBq had been released `` into the atmosphere in March last year ( 2011 ) alone '' . In 2012 researchers from the Institute of Problems in the Safe Development of Nuclear Energy , Russian Academy of Sciences , and the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia concluded that `` on March 15 , 2011 , ~ 400 PBq iodine , ~ 100 PBq cesium , and ~ 400 PBq inert gases entered the atmosphere '' on that day alone . In August 2012 , researchers found that 10,000 nearby residents had been exposed to less than 1 millisievert of radiation , significantly less than Chernobyl residents . As of October 2012 , radioactivity was still leaking into the ocean . Fishing in the waters around the site was still prohibited , and the levels of radioactive Cs and Cs in the fish caught were not lower than immediately after the disaster . On 26 October 2012 , TEPCO admitted that it could not stop radioactive material entering the ocean , although emission rates had stabilized . Undetected leaks could not be ruled out , because the reactor basements remained flooded . The company was building a 2,400 - foot - long steel and concrete wall between the site and the ocean , reaching 100 feet ( 30 m ) below ground , but it would not be finished before mid-2014 . Around August 2012 two greenling were caught close to shore . They contained more than 25,000 becquerels ( 0.67 milli curies ) of caesium - 137 per kilogram ( 11,000 Bq / lb ; 0.31 μCi / lb ) , the highest measured since the disaster and 250 times the government 's safety limit . On 22 July 2013 , it was revealed by TEPCO that the plant continued to leak radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean , something long suspected by local fishermen and independent investigators . TEPCO had previously denied that this was happening . Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe ordered the government to step in . On 20 August , in a further incident , it was announced that 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of heavily contaminated water had leaked from a storage tank , approximately the same amount of water as one eighth ( 1 / 8 ) of that found in an Olympic - size swimming pool . The 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of water was radioactive enough to be hazardous to nearby staff , and the leak was assessed as Level 3 on the International Nuclear Event Scale . On 26 August , the government took charge of emergency measures to prevent further radioactive water leaks , reflecting their lack of confidence in TEPCO . As of 2013 , about 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of water per day of cooling water was being pumped into the reactors . Another 400 metric tons ( 390 long tons ; 440 short tons ) of groundwater was seeping into the structure . Some 800 metric tons ( 790 long tons ; 880 short tons ) of water per day was removed for treatment , half of which was reused for cooling and half diverted to storage tanks . Ultimately the contaminated water , after treatment to remove radionuclides other than tritium , may have to be dumped into the Pacific . TEPCO intend to create an underground ice wall to reduce the rate contaminated groundwater reaches the sea . In February 2014 , NHK reported that TEPCO was reviewing its radioactivity data , after finding much higher levels of radioactivity than was reported earlier . TEPCO now says that levels of 5 MBq ( 0.12 milli curies ) of strontium per liter ( 23 MBq / imp gal ; 19 MBq / U.S. gal ; 610 μCi / imp gal ; 510 μCi / U.S. gal ) were detected in groundwater collected in July 2013 and not the 900 kBq ( 0.02 milli curies ) ( 4.1 MBq / imp gal ; 3.4 MBq / U.S. gal ; 110 μCi / imp gal ; 92 μCi / U.S. gal ) that were initially reported . On 10 September 2015 , floodwaters driven by Typhoon Etau prompted mass evacuations in Japan and overwhelmed the drainage pumps at the stricken Fukushima nuclear plant . A TEPCO spokesperson said that hundreds of metric tons of radioactive water had entered the ocean as a result . Plastic bags filled with contaminated soil and grass were also swept away by the flood waters . Contamination in the eastern Pacific ( edit ) In March 2014 , numerous news sources , including NBC , began predicting that the radioactive underwater plume traveling through the Pacific Ocean would reach the western seaboard of the continental United States . The common story was that the amount of radioactivity would be harmless and temporary once it arrived . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration measured cesium - 134 at points in the Pacific Ocean and models were cited in predictions by several government agencies to announce that the radiation would not be a health hazard for North American residents . Groups , including Beyond Nuclear and the Tillamook Estuaries Partnership , challenged these predictions on the basis of continued isotope releases after 2011 , leading to a demand for more recent and comprehensive measurements as the radioactivity made its way east . These measurements were taken by a cooperative group of organizations under the guidance of a marine chemist with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , and it was revealed that total radiation levels , of which only a fraction bore the fingerprint of Fukushima , were not high enough to pose any direct risk to human life and in fact were far less than Environmental Protection Agency guidelines or several other sources of radiation exposure deemed safe . Integrated Fukushima Ocean Radionuclide Monitoring project ( InFORM ) also failed to show any significant amount of radiation and as a result authors received death threats from supporters of a Fukushima - induced `` wave of cancer deaths across North America '' theory . Response ( edit ) See also : Investigations into the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Government agencies and TEPCO were unprepared for the `` cascading nuclear disaster '' . The tsunami that `` began the nuclear disaster could and should have been anticipated and that ambiguity about the roles of public and private institutions in such a crisis was a factor in the poor response at Fukushima '' . In March 2012 , Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda said that the government shared the blame for the Fukushima disaster , saying that officials had been blinded by a false belief in the country 's `` technological infallibility '' , and were taken in by a `` safety myth '' . Noda said `` Everybody must share the pain of responsibility . '' According to Naoto Kan , Japan 's prime minister during the tsunami , the country was unprepared for the disaster , and nuclear power plants should not have been built so close to the ocean . Kan acknowledged flaws in authorities ' handling of the crisis , including poor communication and coordination between nuclear regulators , utility officials , and the government . He said the disaster `` laid bare a host of an even bigger man - made vulnerabilities in Japan 's nuclear industry and regulation , from inadequate safety guidelines to crisis management , all of which he said need to be overhauled . '' Physicist and environmentalist Amory Lovins said that Japan 's `` rigid bureaucratic structures , reluctance to send bad news upwards , need to save face , weak development of policy alternatives , eagerness to preserve nuclear power 's public acceptance , and politically fragile government , along with TEPCO 's very hierarchical management culture , also contributed to the way the accident unfolded . Moreover , the information Japanese people receive about nuclear energy and its alternatives has long been tightly controlled by both TEPCO and the government . '' Poor communication and delays ( edit ) The Japanese government did not keep records of key meetings during the crisis . Data from the SPEEDI network were emailed to the prefectural government , but not shared with others . Emails from NISA to Fukushima , covering 12 March 11 : 54 PM to 16 March 9 AM and holding vital information for evacuation and health advisories , went unread and were deleted . The data was not used because the disaster countermeasure office regarded the data as `` useless because the predicted amount of released radiation is unrealistic . '' On 14 March 2011 TEPCO officials were instructed not to use the phrase `` core meltdown '' at press conferences . On the evening of March 15 , Prime Minister Kan called Seiki Soramoto , who used to design nuclear plants for Toshiba , to ask for his help in managing the escalating crisis . Soramoto formed an impromptu advisory group , which included his former professor at the University of Tokyo , Toshiso Kosako , a top Japanese expert on radiation measurement . Mr. Kosako , who studied the Soviet response to the Chernobyl crisis , said he was stunned at how little the leaders in the prime minister 's office knew about the resources available to them . He quickly advised the chief cabinet secretary , Yukio Edano , to use SPEEDI , which used measurements of radioactive releases , as well as weather and topographical data , to predict where radioactive materials could travel after being released into the atmosphere . The Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company 's interim report stated that Japan 's response was flawed by `` poor communication and delays in releasing data on dangerous radiation leaks at the facility '' . The report blamed Japan 's central government as well as TEPCO , `` depicting a scene of harried officials incapable of making decisions to stem radiation leaks as the situation at the coastal plant worsened in the days and weeks following the disaster '' . The report said poor planning worsened the disaster response , noting that authorities had `` grossly underestimated tsunami risks '' that followed the magnitude 9.0 earthquake . The 12.1 - meter ( 40 ft ) high tsunami that struck the plant was double the height of the highest wave predicted by officials . The erroneous assumption that the plant 's cooling system would function after the tsunami worsened the disaster . `` Plant workers had no clear instructions on how to respond to such a disaster , causing miscommunication , especially when the disaster destroyed backup generators . '' In February 2012 , the Rebuild Japan Initiative Foundation described how Japan 's response was hindered by a loss of trust between the major actors : Prime Minister Kan , TEPCO 's Tokyo headquarters and the plant manager . The report said that these conflicts `` produced confused flows of sometimes contradictory information '' . According to the report , Kan delayed the cooling of the reactors by questioning the choice of seawater instead of fresh water , accusing him of micromanaging response efforts and appointing a small , closed , decision - making staff . The report stated that the Japanese government was slow to accept assistance from U.S. nuclear experts . A 2012 report in The Economist said : `` The operating company was poorly regulated and did not know what was going on . The operators made mistakes . The representatives of the safety inspectorate fled . Some of the equipment failed . The establishment repeatedly played down the risks and suppressed information about the movement of the radioactive plume , so some people were evacuated from more lightly to more heavily contaminated places . '' From 17 to 19 March 2011 , US military aircraft measured radiation within a 45 km ( 28 mi ) radius of the site . The data recorded 125 micro sieverts per hour of radiation as far as 25 km ( 15.5 mi ) northwest of the plant . The US provided detailed maps to the Japanese Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) on 18 March and to the Ministry of Education , Culture , Sports , Science and Technology ( MEXT ) two days later , but officials did not act on the information . The data were not forwarded to the prime minister 's office or the Nuclear Safety Commission ( NSC ) , nor were they used to direct the evacuation . Because a substantial portion of radioactive materials reached ground to the northwest , residents evacuated in this direction were unnecessarily exposed to radiation . According to NSC chief Tetsuya Yamamoto , `` It was very regrettable that we did n't share and utilize the information . '' Itaru Watanabe , from the Science and Technology Policy Bureau , blamed the US for not releasing the data . Data on the dispersal of radioactive materials were provided to the U.S. forces by the Japanese Ministry for Science a few days after March 11 ; however , the data was not shared publicly until the Americans published their map on March 23 , at which point Japan published fallout maps compiled from ground measurements and SPEEDI the same day . According to Watanabe 's testimony before the Diet , the US military was given access to the data `` to seek support from them '' on how to deal with the nuclear disaster . Although SPEEDI 's effectiveness was limited by not knowing the amounts released in the disaster , and thus was considered `` unreliable '' , it was still able to forecast dispersal routes and could have been used to help local governments designate more appropriate evacuation routes . On 19 June 2012 , science minister Hirofumi Hirano stated that his `` job was only to measure radiation levels on land '' and that the government would study whether disclosure could have helped in the evacuation efforts . On 28 June 2012 Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency officials apologized to mayor Yuko Endo of Kawauchi Village for NISA having failed to release the American - produced radiation maps in the first days after the meltdowns . All residents of this village were evacuated after the government designated it a no - entry zone . According to a Japanese government panel , authorities had shown no respect for the lives and dignity of village people . One NISA official apologized for the failure and added that the panel had stressed the importance of disclosure ; however , the mayor said that the information would have prevented the evacuation into highly polluted areas , and that apologies a year too late had no meaning . In June 2016 , it was revealed that TEPCO officials had been instructed on 14 March 2011 not to describe the reactor damage using the word `` meltdown '' . Officials at that time were aware that 25 -- 55 % of the fuel had been damaged , and the threshold for which the term `` meltdown '' became appropriate ( 5 % ) had been greatly exceeded . TEPCO President Naomi Hirose told the media : `` I would say it was a cover - up ... It 's extremely regrettable . '' Event Rating ( edit ) Main article : Accident rating of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Comparison of radiation levels for different nuclear events The incident was rated 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale ( INES ) . This scale runs from 0 , indicating an abnormal situation with no safety consequences , to 7 , indicating an accident causing widespread contamination with serious health and environmental effects . Prior to Fukushima , the Chernobyl disaster was the only level 7 event on record , while the Three Mile Island accident was rated as level 5 . A 2012 analysis of the intermediate and long - lived radioactivity released found about 10 -- 20 % of that released from the Chernobyl disaster . Approximately 15 PBq of caesium - 137 was released , compared with approximately 85 PBq of caesium - 137 at Chernobyl , indicating the release of 26.5 kilograms ( 58 lb ) of caesium - 137 . Unlike Chernobyl , all Japanese reactors were in concrete containment vessels , which limited the release of strontium - 90 , americium - 241 , and plutonium , which were among the radioisotopes released by the earlier incident . Some 500 PBq of iodine - 131 were released , compared to approximately 1,760 PBq at Chernobyl . Iodine - 131 has a half life of 8.02 days , decaying into a stable nuclide . After ten half lives ( 80.2 days ) , 99.9 % has decayed to xenon - 131 , a stable isotope . Aftermath ( edit ) Main article : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster casualties No deaths followed short - term radiation exposure , though there were a number of deaths in the evacuation of the nearby population , while 15,884 died ( as of 10 February 2014 ) due to the earthquake and tsunami . Risks from radiation ( edit ) Very few cancers would be expected as a result of accumulated radiation exposures , even though people in the area worst affected by Japan 's Fukushima nuclear accident have a slightly higher risk of developing certain cancers such as leukemia , solid cancers , thyroid cancer , and breast cancer . Estimated effective doses from the accident outside Japan are considered to be below ( or far below ) the dose levels regarded as very small by the international radiological protection community . In 2013 , WHO reported that area residents who were evacuated were exposed to so little radiation that radiation - induced health effects were likely to be below detectable levels . The health risks were calculated by applying conservative assumptions , including the conservative linear no - threshold model of radiation exposure , a model that assumes even the smallest amount of radiation exposure will cause a negative health effect . The report indicated that for those infants in the most affected areas , lifetime cancer risk would increase by about 1 % . It predicted that populations in the most contaminated areas faced a 70 % higher relative risk of developing thyroid cancer for females exposed as infants , and a 7 % higher relative risk of leukemia in males exposed as infants and a 6 % higher relative risk of breast cancer in females exposed as infants . One - third of involved emergency workers would have increased cancer risks . Cancer risks for fetuses were similar to those in 1 year old infants . The estimated cancer risk to children and adults was lower than infants . These percentages represent estimated relative increases over the baseline rates and are not absolute risks for developing such cancers . Due to the low baseline rates of thyroid cancer , even a large relative increase represents a small absolute increase in risks . For example , the baseline lifetime risk of thyroid cancer for females is just three - quarters of one percent and the additional lifetime risk estimated in this assessment for a female infant exposed in the most affected location is one - half of one percent . -- World Health Organization . `` Health Risk Assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami based on a preliminary dose estimation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 22 . According to a linear no - threshold model ( LNT model ) , the accident would most likely cause 130 cancer deaths . However , radiation epidemiologist Roy Shore countered that estimating health effects from the LNT model `` is not wise because of the uncertainties . '' Darshak Sanghavi noted that to obtain reliable evidence of the effect of low - level radiation would require an impractically large number of patients , Luckey reported that the body 's own repair mechanisms can cope with small doses of radiation and Aurengo stated that `` The LNT model can not be used to estimate the effect of very low doses ... '' In April 2014 , studies confirmed the presence of radioactive tuna off the coasts of the Pacific U.S. Researchers carried out tests on 26 albacore tuna caught prior to the 2011 power plant disaster and those caught after . However , the amount of radioactivity is less than that found naturally in a single banana . Caesium - 137 and caesium - 134 have been noted in Japanese whiting in Tokyo Bay as of 2016 . `` Concentration of radiocesium in the Japanese whiting was one or two orders of magnitude higher than that in the sea water , and an order of magnitude lower than that in the sediment . '' They were still within food safety limits . As of June 2016 , dispersed nuclear fallout and associated radiation contamination continue to pollute the environment . Tilman Ruff , a professor at the University of Melbourne , stated that every day 300 metric tons ( 300 long tons ; 330 short tons ) of contaminated water leak from the crippled nuclear plant . The Reconstruction Agency states that 174,000 people have been unable to return to their homes . Ecological diversity has decreased and malformations have been found in trees , birds , and mammals . Five years after the event , the Department of Agriculture from the University of Tokyo ( which holds many experimental agricultural research fields around the affected area ) has noted that `` the fallout was found at the surface of anything exposed to air at the time of the accident . The main radioactive nuclides are now caesium - 137 and caesium - 134 '' , but these radioactive compounds have not dispersed much from the point where they landed at the time of the explosion , `` which was very difficult to estimate from our understanding of the chemical behavior of cesium '' . Thyroid screening program ( edit ) The World Health Organization stated that a 2013 thyroid ultrasound screening program was , due to the screening effect , likely to lead to an increase in recorded thyroid cases due to early detection of non-symptomatic disease cases . The overwhelming majority of thyroid growths are benign growths that will never cause symptoms , illness , or death , even if nothing is ever done about the growth . Autopsy studies on people who died from other causes show that more than one third of adults technically have a thyroid growth / cancer . As a precedent , in 1999 in South Korea , the introduction of advanced ultrasound thyroid examinations resulted in an explosion in the rate of benign thyroid cancers being detected and needless surgeries occurring . Despite this , the death rate from thyroid cancer has remained the same . According to the Tenth Report of the Fukushima Prefecture Health Management Survey released in February 2013 , more than 40 % of children screened around Fukushima prefecture were diagnosed with thyroid nodules or cysts . Ultrasonographic detectable thyroid nodules and cysts are extremely common and can be found at a frequency of up to 67 % in various studies . 186 ( 0.5 % ) of these had nodules larger than 5.1 mm ( 0.20 in ) and / or cysts larger than 20.1 mm ( 0.79 in ) and underwent further investigation , while none had thyroid cancer . A Russia Today report into the matter was highly misleading . Fukushima Medical University give the number of children diagnosed with thyroid cancer , as of December 2013 , as 33 and concluded `` it is unlikely that these cancers were caused by the exposure from I - 131 from the nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 '' . In October 2015 , 137 children from the Fukushima Prefecture were described as either being diagnosed with or showing signs of developing thyroid cancer . The study 's lead author Toshihide Tsuda from Okayama University stated that the increased detection could not be accounted for by attributing it to the screening effect . He described the screening results to be `` 20 times to 50 times what would be normally expected . '' By the end of 2015 , the number had increased to 166 children . However , despite his paper being widely reported by the media , an undermining error , according to teams of other epidemiologists who point out Tsuda 's remarks are fatally wrong , is that Tsuda did an apples and oranges comparison by comparing the Fukushima surveys , which uses advanced ultrasound devices that detect otherwise unnoticeable thyroid growths , with data from traditional non-advanced clinical examinations , to arrive at his `` 20 to 50 times what would be expected '' conclusion . In the critical words of epidemiologist Richard Wakeford , `` It is inappropriate to compare the data from the Fukushima screening program with cancer registry data from the rest of Japan where there is , in general , no such large - scale screening , '' . Wakeford 's criticism was one of seven other author 's letters that were published criticizing Tsuda 's paper . According to Takamura , another epidemiologist , who examined the results of small scale advanced ultrasound tests on Japanese children not near Fukushima , `` The prevalence of thyroid cancer ( using the same detection technology ) does not differ meaningfully from that in Fukushima Prefecture , '' . Thyroid cancer is one of the most survivable cancers , with an approximate 94 % survival rate after first diagnosis . That rate increases to a nearly 100 % survival rate if caught early . Chernobyl comparison ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents Radiation deaths at Chernobyl were also statistically undetectable . Only 0.1 % of the 110,645 Ukraninian cleanup workers , included in a 20 - year study out of over 500,000 former Soviet clean up workers , had as of 2012 developed leukemia , although not all cases resulted from the accident . Data from Chernobyl showed that there was a steady then sharp increase in thyroid cancer rates following the disaster in 1986 , but whether this data can be directly compared to Fukushima is yet to be determined . Chernobyl thyroid cancer incidence rates did not begin to increase above the prior baseline value of about 0.7 cases per 100,000 people per year until 1989 to 1991 , 3 -- 5 years after the incident in both adolescent and child age groups . The rate reached its highest point so far , of about 11 cases per 100,000 in the decade of the 2000s , approximately 14 years after the accident . From 1989 to 2005 , an excess of 4,000 children and adolescent cases of thyroid cancer were observed . Nine of these had died as of 2005 , a 99 % survival rate . Effects on evacuees ( edit ) In the former Soviet Union , many patients with negligible radioactive exposure after the Chernobyl disaster displayed extreme anxiety about radiation exposure . They developed many psychosomatic problems , including radiophobia along with an increase in fatalistic alcoholism . As Japanese health and radiation specialist Shunichi Yamashita noted : We know from Chernobyl that the psychological consequences are enormous . Life expectancy of the evacuees dropped from 65 to 58 years -- not because of cancer , but because of depression , alcoholism , and suicide . Relocation is not easy , the stress is very big . We must not only track those problems , but also treat them . Otherwise people will feel they are just guinea pigs in our research . A survey by the Iitate local government obtained responses from approximately 1,743 evacuees within the evacuation zone . The survey showed that many residents are experiencing growing frustration , instability , and an inability to return to their earlier lives . Sixty percent of respondents stated that their health and the health of their families had deteriorated after evacuating , while 39.9 % reported feeling more irritated compared to before the disaster . Summarizing all responses to questions related to evacuees ' current family status , one - third of all surveyed families live apart from their children , while 50.1 % live away from other family members ( including elderly parents ) with whom they lived before the disaster . The survey also showed that 34.7 % of the evacuees have suffered salary cuts of 50 % or more since the outbreak of the nuclear disaster . A total of 36.8 % reported a lack of sleep , while 17.9 % reported smoking or drinking more than before they evacuated . Stress often manifests in physical ailments , including behavioral changes such as poor dietary choices , lack of exercise , and sleep deprivation . Survivors , including some who lost homes , villages , and family members , were found likely to face mental health and physical challenges . Much of the stress came from lack of information and from relocation . A survey computed that of some 300,000 evacuees , approximately 1,600 deaths related to the evacuation conditions , such as living in temporary housing and hospital closures that had occurred as of August 2013 , a number comparable to the 1,599 deaths directly caused by the earthquake and tsunami in the Prefecture . The exact causes of these evacuation related deaths were not specified , because according to the municipalities , that would hinder relatives applying for compensation . Radioactivity releases ( edit ) In June 2011 , TEPCO stated the amount of contaminated water in the complex had increased due to substantial rainfall . On 13 February 2014 , TEPCO reported 37 kBq ( 1.0 micro curie ) of cesium - 134 and 93 kBq ( 2.5 micro curies ) of cesium - 137 were detected per liter of groundwater sampled from a monitoring well . Insurance ( edit ) According to reinsurer Munich Re , the private insurance industry will not be significantly affected by the disaster . Swiss Re similarly stated , `` Coverage for nuclear facilities in Japan excludes earthquake shock , fire following earthquake and tsunami , for both physical damage and liability . Swiss Re believes that the incident at the Fukushima nuclear power plant is unlikely to result in a significant direct loss for the property & casualty insurance industry . '' Compensation ( edit ) The amount of compensation to be paid by TEPCO is expected to reach 7 trillion yen . Costs to Japanese taxpayers are likely to exceed 12 trillion yen ( $100 billion ) . In December 2016 the government estimated decontamination , compensation , decommissioning , and radioactive waste storage costs at 21.5 trillion yen ( $187 billion ) , nearly double the 2013 estimate . In March 2017 , a Japanese court ruled that negligence by the Japanese government had led to the Fukushima disaster by failing to use its regulatory powers to force TEPCO to take preventive measures . The Maebashi district court near Tokyo awarded ¥ 39 million ( US $345,000 ) to 137 people who were forced to flee their homes following the accident . Energy policy implications ( edit ) The number of nuclear power plant constructions started each year worldwide , from 1954 to 2013 . Following an increase in new constructions from 2007 to 2010 , there was a decline after the Fukushima nuclear disaster . Electricity generation by source in Japan ( month - level data ) . Nuclear energy 's contribution declined steadily throughout 2011 due to shutdowns and has been mainly replaced with thermal power stations such as fossil gas and coal power plants . Komekurayama Solar Power Plant owned and operated by TEPCO in Kofu , Yamanashi Prefecture Part of the Seto Hill Windfarm in Japan , one of several windfarms that continued generating without interruption after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster Price of PV modules ( yen / Wp ) in Japan Anti-nuclear power plant rally on 19 September 2011 at the Meiji Shrine complex in Tokyo By March 2012 , one year after the disaster , all but two of Japan 's nuclear reactors had been shut down ; some had been damaged by the quake and tsunami . Authority to restart the others after scheduled maintenance throughout the year was given to local governments , who in all cases decided against . According to The Japan Times , the disaster changed the national debate over energy policy almost overnight . `` By shattering the government 's long - pitched safety myth about nuclear power , the crisis dramatically raised public awareness about energy use and sparked strong anti-nuclear sentiment '' . An energy white paper , approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011 , says `` public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged '' by the disaster and called for a reduction in the nation 's reliance on nuclear power . It also omitted a section on nuclear power expansion that was in the previous year 's policy review . Michael Banach , the current Vatican representative to the IAEA , told a conference in Vienna in September 2011 that the disaster created new concerns about the safety of nuclear plants globally . Auxiliary Bishop of Osaka Michael Goro Matsuura said this incident should cause Japan and other countries to abandon nuclear projects . He called on the worldwide Christian community to support this anti-nuclear campaign . Statements from Bishops ' conferences in Korea and the Philippines called on their governments to abandon atomic power . Author Kenzaburō Ōe , who received a Nobel prize in literature , urged Japan to abandon its reactors . The nuclear plant closest to the epicenter of the earthquake , the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , successfully withstood the cataclysm . According to Reuters it may serve as a `` trump card '' for the nuclear lobby , providing evidence that it is possible for a correctly designed and operated nuclear facility to withstand such a cataclysm . The loss of 30 % of the country 's generating capacity led to much greater reliance on liquified natural gas and coal . Unusual conservation measures were undertaken . In the immediate aftermath , nine prefectures served by TEPCO experienced power rationing . The government asked major companies to reduce power consumption by 15 % , and some shifted their weekends to weekdays to smooth power demand . Converting to a nuclear - free gas and oil energy economy would cost tens of billions of dollars in annual fees . One estimate is that even including the disaster , more lives would have been lost if Japan had used coal or gas plants instead of nuclear . Many political activists have begun calling for a phase - out of nuclear power in Japan , including Amory Lovins , who claimed , `` Japan is poor in fuels , but is the richest of all major industrial countries in renewable energy that can meet the entire long - term energy needs of an energy - efficient Japan , at lower cost and risk than current plans . Japanese industry can do it faster than anyone -- if Japanese policymakers acknowledge and allow it '' . Benjamin K. Sovacool asserted that Japan could have exploited instead its renewable energy base . Japan has a total of `` 324 GW of achievable potential in the form of onshore and offshore wind turbines ( 222 GW ) , geothermal power plants ( 70 GW ) , additional hydroelectric capacity ( 26.5 GW ) , solar energy ( 4.8 GW ) and agricultural residue ( 1.1 GW ) . '' In contrast , others have said that the zero mortality rate from the Fukushima incident confirms their opinion that nuclear fission is the only viable option available to replace fossil fuels . Journalist George Monbiot wrote `` Why Fukushima made me stop worrying and love nuclear power . '' In it he said , `` As a result of the disaster at Fukushima , I am no longer nuclear - neutral . I now support the technology . '' He continued , `` A crappy old plant with inadequate safety features was hit by a monster earthquake and a vast tsunami . The electricity supply failed , knocking out the cooling system . The reactors began to explode and melt down . The disaster exposed a familiar legacy of poor design and corner - cutting . Yet , as far as we know , no one has yet received a lethal dose of radiation . '' In September 2011 , Mycle Schneider said that the disaster can be understood as a unique chance `` to get it right '' on energy policy . `` Germany -- with its nuclear phase - out decision based on a renewable energy program -- and Japan -- having suffered a painful shock but possessing unique technical capacities and societal discipline -- can be at the forefront of an authentic paradigm shift toward a truly sustainable , low - carbon and nuclear - free energy policy . '' On the other hand , climate and energy scientists James Hansen , Ken Caldeira , Kerry Emanuel , and Tom Wigley released an open letter calling on world leaders to support development of safer nuclear power systems , stating `` There is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nuclear power . '' In December 2014 , an open letter from 75 climate and energy scientists concluding `` nuclear power has lowest impact on wildlife and ecosystems -- which is what we need given the dire state of the world 's biodiversity . '' As of September 2011 , Japan planned to build a pilot offshore floating wind farm , with six 2 MW turbines , off the Fukushima coast . The first became operational in November 2013 . After the evaluation phase is complete in 2016 , `` Japan plans to build as many as 80 floating wind turbines off Fukushima by 2020 . '' In 2012 , Prime Minister Kan said the disaster made it clear to him that `` Japan needs to dramatically reduce its dependence on nuclear power , which supplied 30 % of its electricity before the crisis , and has turned him into a believer of renewable energy '' . Sales of solar panels in Japan rose 30.7 % to 1,296 MW in 2011 , helped by a government scheme to promote renewable energy . Canadian Solar received financing for its plans to build a factory in Japan with capacity of 150 MW , scheduled to begin production in 2014 . As of September 2012 , the Los Angeles Times reported that `` Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda acknowledged that the vast majority of Japanese support the zero option on nuclear power '' , and Prime Minister Noda and the Japanese government announced plans to make the country nuclear - free by the 2030s . They announced the end to construction of nuclear power plants and a 40 - year limit on existing nuclear plants . Nuclear plant restarts must meet safety standards of the new independent regulatory authority . The plan requires investing $500 billion over 20 years . On 16 December 2012 , Japan held its general election . The Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) had a clear victory , with Shinzō Abe as the new Prime Minister . Abe supported nuclear power , saying that leaving the plants closed was costing the country 4 trillion yen per year in higher costs . The comment came after Junichiro Koizumi , who chose Abe to succeed him as premier , made a recent statement to urge the government to take a stance against using nuclear power . A survey on local mayors by the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper in January 2013 found that most of them from cities hosting nuclear plants would agree to restarting the reactors , provided the government could guarantee their safety . More than 30,000 people marched on 2 June 2013 , in Tokyo against restarting nuclear power plants . Marchers had gathered more than 8 million petition signatures opposing nuclear power . In October 2013 , it was reported that TEPCO and eight other Japanese power companies were paying approximately 3.6 trillion yen ( 37 billion dollars ) more in combined imported fossil fuel costs compared to 2010 , before the accident , to make up for the missing power . Equipment , facility , and operational changes ( edit ) As the crisis unfolded , the Japanese government sent a request for robots developed by the U.S. military . The robots went into the plants and took pictures to help assess the situation , but they could n't perform the full range of tasks usually carried out by human workers . The Fukushima disaster illustrated that robots lacked sufficient dexterity and robustness to perform critical tasks . In response to this shortcoming , a series of competitions were hosted by DARPA to accelerate the development of humanoid robots that could supplement relief efforts . Eventually a wide variety of specially designed robots were employed ( leading to a robotics boom in the region ) , but as of early 2016 three of them had promptly become non-functional due to the intensity of the radioactivity ; one was destroyed within a day . A number of nuclear reactor safety system lessons emerged from the incident . The most obvious was that in tsunami - prone areas , a power station 's sea wall must be adequately tall and robust . At the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant , closer to the epicenter of 11 March earthquake and tsunami , the sea wall was 14 meters ( 46 ft ) tall and successfully withstood the tsunami , preventing serious damage and radioactivity releases . Nuclear power station operators around the world began to install Passive Auto - catalytic hydrogen Recombiners ( `` PARs '' ) , which do not require electricity to operate . PARs work much like the catalytic converter on the exhaust of a car to turn potentially explosive gases such as hydrogen into water . Had such devices been positioned at the top of Fukushima I 's reactor and containment buildings , where hydrogen gas collected , the explosions would not have occurred and the releases of radioactive isotopes would arguably have been much less . Unpowered filtering systems on containment building vent lines , known as Filtered Containment Venting Systems ( FCVS ) , can safely catch radioactive materials and thereby allow reactor core de-pressurization , with steam and hydrogen venting with minimal radioactivity emissions . Filtration using an external water tank system is the most common established system in European countries , with the water tank positioned outside the containment building . In October 2013 , the owners of Kashiwazaki - Kariwa nuclear power station began installing wet filters and other safety systems , with completion anticipated in 2014 . For generation II reactors located in flood or tsunami prone areas , a 3 + day supply of back - up batteries has become an informal industry standard . Another change is to harden the location of back - up diesel generator rooms with water - tight , blast - resistant doors and heat sinks , similar to those used by nuclear submarines . The oldest operating nuclear power station in the world , Beznau , which has been operating since 1969 , has a ' Notstand ' hardened building designed to support all of its systems independently for 72 hours in the event of an earthquake or severe flooding . This system was built prior to Fukushima Daiichi . Upon a station blackout , similar to the one that occurred after Fukushima 's back - up battery supply was exhausted , many constructed Generation III reactors adopt the principle of passive nuclear safety . They take advantage of convection ( hot water tends to rise ) and gravity ( water tends to fall ) to ensure an adequate supply of cooling water to handle the decay heat , without the use of pumps . Reactions ( edit ) Japan ( edit ) Main article : Japanese reaction to Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Japan towns , villages , and cities in and around the Daiichi nuclear plant exclusion zone . The 20 and 30 km ( 12 and 19 mi ) areas had evacuation and shelter in place orders , and additional administrative districts that had an evacuation order are highlighted . However , the above map 's factual accuracy is called into question as only the southern portion of Kawamata district had evacuation orders . More accurate maps are available . Japanese authorities later admitted to lax standards and poor oversight . They took fire for their handling of the emergency and engaged in a pattern of withholding and denying damaging information . Authorities allegedly wanted to `` limit the size of costly and disruptive evacuations in land - scarce Japan and to avoid public questioning of the politically powerful nuclear industry '' . Public anger emerged over an `` official campaign to play down the scope of the accident and the potential health risks '' . In many cases , the Japanese government 's reaction was judged to be less than adequate by many in Japan , especially those who were living in the region . Decontamination equipment was slow to be made available and then slow to be utilized . As late as June 2011 , even rainfall continued to cause fear and uncertainty in eastern Japan because of its possibility of washing radioactivity from the sky back to earth . To assuage fears , the government enacted an order to decontaminate over a hundred areas with a level contamination greater than or equivalent to one millisievert of radiation . This is a much lower threshold than is necessary for protecting health . The government also sought to address the lack of education on the effects of radiation and the extent to which the average person was exposed . Previously a proponent of building more reactors , Kan took an increasingly anti-nuclear stance following the disaster . In May 2011 , he ordered the aging Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant closed over earthquake and tsunami concerns , and said he would freeze building plans . In July 2011 , Kan said , `` Japan should reduce and eventually eliminate its dependence on nuclear energy '' . In October 2013 , he said that if the worst - case scenario had been realized , 50 million people within a 250 - kilometer ( 160 mi ) radius would have had to evacuate . On 22 August 2011 , a government spokesman mentioned the possibility that some areas around the plant `` could stay for some decades a forbidden zone '' . According to Yomiuri Shimbun the Japanese government was planning to buy some properties from civilians to store waste and materials that had become radioactive after the accidents . Chiaki Takahashi , Japan 's foreign minister , criticized foreign media reports as excessive . He added that he could `` understand the concerns of foreign countries over recent developments at the nuclear plant , including the radioactive contamination of seawater '' . Due to frustration with TEPCO and the Japanese government `` providing differing , confusing , and at times contradictory , information on critical health issues '' a citizen 's group called `` Safecast '' recorded detailed radiation level data in Japan . The Japanese government `` does not consider nongovernment readings to be authentic '' . The group uses off - the - shelf Geiger counter equipment . A simple Geiger counter is a contamination meter and not a dose rate meter . The response differs too much between different radioisotopes to permit a simple GM tube for dose rate measurements when more than one radioisotope is present . A thin metal shield is needed around a GM tube to provide energy compensation to enable it to be used for dose rate measurements . For gamma emitters either an ionization chamber , a gamma spectrometer or an energy compensated GM tube are required . Members of the Air Monitoring station facility at the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Berkeley , California have tested many environmental samples in Northern California . In 2014 Japan enacted the State Secrecy Law . The Fukushima incident falls under this law and , as a `` state secret '' , independent investigations and reports are forbidden by law . International ( edit ) Main article : International reactions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Evacuation flight departs Misawa U.S. Navy humanitarian flight undergoes radioactive decontamination The international reaction to the disaster was diverse and widespread . Many inter-governmental agencies immediately offered help , often on an ad hoc basis . Responders included IAEA , World Meteorological Organization and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization . In May 2011 , UK chief inspector of nuclear installations Mike Weightman traveled to Japan as the lead of an International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) expert mission . The main finding of this mission , as reported to the IAEA ministerial conference that month , was that risks associated with tsunamis in several sites in Japan had been underestimated . In September 2011 , IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano said the Japanese nuclear disaster `` caused deep public anxiety throughout the world and damaged confidence in nuclear power '' . Following the disaster , it was reported in The Economist that the IAEA halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035 . In the aftermath , Germany accelerated plans to close its nuclear power reactors and decided to phase the rest out by 2022 . Italy held a national referendum , in which 94 percent voted against the government 's plan to build new nuclear power plants . In France , President Hollande announced the intention of the government to reduce nuclear usage by one third . So far , however , the government has only earmarked one power station for closure -- the aging plant at Fessenheim on the German border -- which prompted some to question the government 's commitment to Hollande 's promise . Industry Minister Arnaud Montebourg is on record as saying that Fessenheim will be the only nuclear power station to close . On a visit to China in December 2014 he reassured his audience that nuclear energy was a `` sector of the future '' and would continue to contribute `` at least 50 % '' of France 's electricity output . Another member of Hollande 's Socialist Party , the MP Christian Bataille , says the plan to curb nuclear was hatched as a way of securing the backing of his Green coalition partners in parliament . Nuclear power plans were not abandoned in Malaysia , the Philippines , Kuwait , and Bahrain , or radically changed , as in Taiwan . China suspended its nuclear development program briefly , but restarted it shortly afterwards . The initial plan had been to increase the nuclear contribution from 2 to 4 percent of electricity by 2020 , with an escalating program after that . Renewable energy supplies 17 percent of China 's electricity , 16 % of which is hydroelectricity . China plans to triple its nuclear energy output to 2020 , and triple it again between 2020 and 2030 . New nuclear projects were proceeding in some countries . KPMG reports 653 new nuclear facilities planned or proposed for completion by 2030 . By 2050 , China hopes to have 400 -- 500 gigawatts of nuclear capacity -- 100 times more than it has now . The Conservative Government of the United Kingdom is planning a major nuclear expansion despite widespread public objection . So is Russia . India are also pressing ahead with a large nuclear program , as is South Korea . Indian Vice President M Hamid Ansari said in 2012 that `` nuclear energy is the only option '' for expanding India 's energy supplies , and Prime Minister Modi announced in 2014 that India intended to build 10 more nuclear reactors in a collaboration with Russia . Investigations ( edit ) Three investigations into the Fukushima disaster showed the man - made nature of the catastrophe and its roots in regulatory capture associated with a `` network of corruption , collusion , and nepotism . '' Regulatory capture refers to the `` situation where regulators charged with promoting the public interest defer to the wishes and advance the agenda of the industry or sector they ostensibly regulate . '' Those with a vested interest in specific policy or regulatory outcomes lobby regulators and influence their choices and actions . Regulatory capture explains why some of the risks of operating nuclear power reactors in Japan were systematically downplayed and mismanaged so as to compromise operational safety . Many reports say that the government shares blame with the regulatory agency for not heeding warnings and for not ensuring the independence of the oversight function . The New York Times said that the Japanese nuclear regulatory system sided with and promoted the nuclear industry because of amakudari ( ' descent from heaven ' ) in which senior regulators accepted high paying jobs at companies they once oversaw . To protect their potential future position in the industry , regulators sought to avoid taking positions that upset or embarrass the companies . TEPCO 's position as the largest electrical utility in Japan made it the most desirable position for retiring regulators . Typically the `` most senior officials went to work at TEPCO , while those of lower ranks ended up at smaller utilities . '' In August 2011 , several top energy officials were fired by the Japanese government ; affected positions included the Vice-minister for Economy , Trade and Industry ; the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency , and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy . In 2016 three former TEPCO executives , chairman Tsunehisa Katsumata and two vice presidents , were indicted for negligence resulting in death and injury . In June 2017 the first hearing took place , in which the three pleaded not guilty to professional negligence resulting in death and injury . NAIIC ( edit ) Main article : National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission ( NAIIC ) was the first independent investigation commission by the National Diet in the 66 - year history of Japan 's constitutional government . Fukushima `` can not be regarded as a natural disaster , '' the NAIIC panel 's chairman , Tokyo University professor emeritus Kiyoshi Kurokawa , wrote in the inquiry report . `` It was a profoundly man - made disaster -- that could and should have been foreseen and prevented . And its effects could have been mitigated by a more effective human response . '' `` Governments , regulatory authorities and Tokyo Electric Power ( TEPCO ) lacked a sense of responsibility to protect people 's lives and society , '' the Commission said . `` They effectively betrayed the nation 's right to be safe from nuclear accidents . The Commission recognized that the affected residents were still struggling and facing grave concerns , including the `` health effects of radiation exposure , displacement , the dissolution of families , disruption of their lives and lifestyles and the contamination of vast areas of the environment '' . Investigation Committee ( edit ) Main article : Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company The purpose of the Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations ( ICANPS ) was to identify the disaster 's causes and propose policies designed to minimize the damage and prevent the recurrence of similar incidents . The 10 member , government - appointed panel included scholars , journalists , lawyers , and engineers . It was supported by public prosecutors and government experts . and released its final , 448 - page investigation report on 23 July 2012 . The panel 's report faulted an inadequate legal system for nuclear crisis management , a crisis - command disarray caused by the government and TEPCO , and possible excess meddling on the part of the Prime Minister 's office in the crisis ' early stage . The panel concluded that a culture of complacency about nuclear safety and poor crisis management led to the nuclear disaster . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear accidents Environmental issues in Japan Fukushima disaster cleanup Japanese nuclear incidents Japanese Nuclear Safety Commission List of civilian nuclear accidents Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents Nuclear power in Japan Nuclear power phase - out Radiation effects from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` High - resolution photos of Fukushima Daiichi '' ( Press release ) . Air Photo Service Co. Ltd. , Japan . 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Negishi , Mayumi ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` Japan raises nuclear crisis severity to highest level '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima accident upgraded to severity level 7 '' . IEEE Spectrum. 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAEA Update on Japan Earthquake '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . As reported earlier , a 400 millisieverts ( mSv ) per hour radiation dose observed at Fukushima Daiichi occurred between 1s 3 and 4 . This is a high dose - level value , but it is a local value at a single location and at a certain point in time . The IAEA continues to confirm the evolution and value of this dose rate . It should be noted that because of this detected value , non-indispensable staff was evacuated from the plant , in line with the Emergency Response Plan , and that the population around the plant is already evacuated . Jump up ^ `` Radiation - exposed workers to be treated at Chiba hospital '' . Kyodo News . 17 April 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillip Lipscy , Kenji Kushida , and Trevor Incerti. 2013 . `` The Fukushima Disaster and Japan 's Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective . '' Environmental Science and Technology 47 ( May ) , 6082 -- 6088 . ^ Jump up to : Fackler , Martin ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Japan Power Company Admits Failings on Plant Precautions '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldrick , Aaron ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Fukushima operator must learn from mistakes , new adviser says '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yamaguchi , Mari ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Japan utility agrees nuclear crisis was avoidable '' . Boston.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese nuclear plant operator admits playing down risk '' . CNN Wire Staff . CNN . 12 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . 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Science of The Total Environment. 500 - 501 : 155 -- 172 . doi : 10.1016 / j. scitotenv. 2014.08. 102 . Jump up ^ UNIS / OUS / 237 2 April 2014 Increase in Cancer Unlikely following Fukushima Exposure -- says UN Report Low Risk of Thyroid Cancer Among Children Most Exposed Jump up ^ Fukushima disaster predicted to raise cancer rates slightly , 5 March 2013 , Ned Stafford ^ Jump up to : Smith , Alexander ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Fukushima evacuation has killed more than earthquake and tsunami , survey says '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stress - induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Mccurry ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Fukushima operator may have to dump contaminated water into Pacific '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 18 . 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JAIF ( 30 December 2011 ) Earthquake report 304 : Fukushima plant 's backup generator failed in 1991 Archived 3 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... The Mainichi Daily News ( 30 December 2011 ) TEPCO neglected anti-flood measures at Fukushima plant despite knowing risk . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO did not act on tsunami risk projected for nuclear plant `` . Jagadees.wordpress.com. 2012 - 02 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` AFERC urged to review assumption on Tsunami in 2009 '' . Yomiuri News Paper . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima Nuclear Accident -- U.S. NRC warned a risk on emergency power 20 years ago '' . Bloomberg L.P. 16 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IAEA warned Japan over nuclear quake risk : WikiLeaks '' . physorg.com . Daily Telegraph . 17 March 2011 . 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Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Tokyo Electric Power Company , or TEPCO , says it has detected a record high 5 million becquerels ( 0.13 milli curies ) per liter of radioactive strontium in groundwater collected last July from one of the wells close to the ocean ... Based on the result , levels of radioactive substances that emit beta particles are estimated to be 10 million becquerels ( 0.26 milli curies ) per liter , which is more than 10 times the initial reading . Jump up ^ `` TEPCO to Review Erroneous Radiation Data '' . Yomiuri Online . Yomiuri Shimbun. 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . On February 6 , TEPCO announced that 5 million Bq / Liter of radioactive strontium was detected from the groundwater sample taken on June 5 last year from one of the observation wells on the embankment of Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant . The density is 160,000 times that of the legal limit for release into the ocean , and it is about 1,000 times that of the highest density in the groundwater that had been measured so far ( 5,100 Bq / L ) . TEPCO did n't disclose the result of measurement of strontium alone , as the company believed there was a possibility that the result of measurement was wrong . As to this particular sample , TEPCO had announced on July last year that the sample had contained 900,000 Bq / L of all - beta including strontium . On February 6 , TEPCO explained that they had `` underestimated all of the results of high - density all - beta , which exceeded the upper limit of measurement . '' This particular sample may contain about 10 million Bq / L of all - beta , according to TEPCO . The company recently switched to a different method of analysis that uses diluted samples when the density of radioactive materials is high . 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Archived 20 April 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ Isotopic ratio of radioactive iodine ( 129I / 131I ) released from Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident Jump up ^ Johnson , George ( 21 September 2015 ) . `` When Radiation Is n't the Real Risk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fukushima disaster : Ex-Tepco executives charged with negligence '' . BBC News . 29 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Japan Earthquake -- Tsunami Fast Facts , CNN , 20 February 2014 , archived from the original on 31 October 2013 , retrieved 6 April 2014 Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Geoffrey ( 23 May 2012 ) . `` World Health Organization weighs in on Fukushima '' . Nature ( journal ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Geoff ( Jan 2013 ) . `` Fukushima : Fallout of fear '' . Nature . 493 ( 7432 ) : 290 -- 293 . doi : 10.1038 / 493290a . PMID 23325191 . 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( 2005 ) . `` Dose - Effect Relationships and Estimation of the Carcinogenic Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation '' . Academies of Sciences and Medicine , Paris . 2 : 135 . doi : 10.1504 / IJLR. 2006.009510 . Jump up ^ `` Radioactive Tuna Fish From Fukushima Reactor Spotted Off U.S. Shores '' . Fox Weekly . 2014 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sebens , Shelby ( 2014 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Study finds Fukushima radioactivity in tuna off Oregon , Washington '' . Yahoo . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Worstall , Tim ( 2013 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Fukushima Radiation In Pacific Tuna Is Equal To One Twentieth Of A Banana '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Teishima , Hirohiko et . al ( 2017 ) . `` Concentration of radiocesium in Japanese whiting Sillago japonica living in Tokyo Bay after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station accident '' . Journal of Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society ( in Japanese with English abstract ) . 23 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.14928 / amstec. 23.1 _1 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Tilman Ruff . Fukushima : The Misery Piles up , Pursuit magazine , University of Melbourne , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nakanishi , Tomoko M. ( 2017 ) . `` What Has Become Obvious from an Agricultural Perspective in These 5 Years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident '' . Bunseki Kagaku ( in Japanese with English abstract ) . 66 ( 4 ) : 217 -- 222 . doi : 10.2116 / bunsekikagaku. 66.217 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ WHO 2013 , p. 87 - 88 . Jump up ^ Welch , H. Gilbert ; Woloshin , Steve ; Schwartz , Lisa A. ( 2011 ) . Overdiagnosed : Making People Sick in the Pursuit of Health . Beacon Press . pp. 61 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 2200 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Screening effect ? Examining thyroid cancers found in Fukushima children . Jonathan Kellogg PhD , 2016 Jump up ^ Guth , S ; Theune , U ; Aberle , J ; Galach , A ; Bamberger , CM ( 2009 ) . `` Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency ( 13 MHz ) ultrasound examination '' . Eur. J. Clin. Invest . 39 : 699 -- 706 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2362.2009. 02162. x . PMID 19601965 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima kids have skyrocketing number of thyroid abnormalities -- report '' . Russia Times . 18 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Experts divided on causes of high thyroid cancer rates among Fukushima children -- The Mainichi '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ cancer.org Thyroid Cancer By the American Cancer Society . In turn citing : AJCC Cancer Staging Manual ( 7th ed ) . Archived 18 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brumfiel , Geoff ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Fukushima 's doses tallied '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Zablotska , Lydia ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Chernobyl Cleanup Workers Had Significantly Increased Risk of Leukemia '' . UCSF . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl : the true scale of the accident . 20 Years Later a UN Report Provides Definitive Answers and Ways to Repair Lives '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Studying the Fukushima Aftermath : ' People Are Suffering from Radiophobia ' -- Spiegel Online . Spiegel.de ( 2011 - 08 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Evacuees of Fukushima village report split families , growing frustration '' ( PDF ) . Mainichi Daily News . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Katherine Harmon ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Post-Fukushima Earthquake Health Woes Go Beyond Radiation Effects '' . Nature . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stress - induced deaths in Fukushima top those from 2011 natural disasters '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rain raises fear of more contamination at Fukushima '' . CNN . 4 Jun 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` about the situation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant '' . 3 Feb 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` estimates claims burden from earthquake in Japan at around € 1.5 bn '' . Munich Re . 22 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Swiss Re provides estimate of its claims costs from Japan earthquake and tsunami , Swiss Re , news release , 21 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` UPDATE 1 - Fukushima operator 's mounting legal woes to fuel nuclear opposition '' . Reuters. 2015 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robin Harding ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Japan taxpayers foot $100 bn bill for Fukushima disaster '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Justin McCurry ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Possible nuclear fuel find raises hopes of Fukushima plant breakthrough '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` Japanese government liable for negligence in Fukushima disaster '' . The Guardian . London , United Kingdom . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Inajima ; Yuji Okada ( 28 Oct 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Promotion Dropped in Japan Energy Policy After Fukushima '' . Bloomberg . 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Jump up ^ Dr. Ken Caldeira , Senior Scientist , Department of Global Ecology , Carnegie Institution , Dr. Kerry Emanuel , Atmospheric Scientist , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Dr. James Hansen , Climate Scientist , Columbia University Earth Institute , Dr. Tom Wigley , Climate Scientist , University of Adelaide and the National Center for Atmospheric Research . `` There is no credible path to climate stabilization that does not include a substantial role for nuclear power '' . cnn.com . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barry W. Brook -- Professor of Environmental Sustainability at University of Tasmania , Corey Bradshaw Professor and Director of Ecological Modelling at University of Adelaide . `` It 's time for environmentalists to give nuclear a fair go '' . theconversation.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Plans Floating Wind Power Plant '' . Breakbulk. 16 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Elaine Kurtenbach . `` Japan starts up offshore wind farm near Fukushima '' The Sydney Morning Herald , 12 November 2013 . Accessed : 11 November 2013 . Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joshua S Hill ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Canadian Solar Signs Loan Agreement For Japan Development '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carol J. Williams ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` In wake of Fukushima disaster , Japan to end nuclear power by 2030s '' . LA Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Gerhardt , Tina ( 22 July 2012 ) . `` After Fukushima , Nuclear Power on Collision Course With Japanese Public '' . Alternet . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abe dismisses Koizumi 's call for zero nuclear power plants '' . Asahi Shimbun. 25 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . 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This was a crisis that played out in real time on TV . Chernobyl did not . '' Jump up ^ Hasegawa , Koichi ( 2012 ) . `` Facing Nuclear Risks : Lessons from the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster '' . International Journal of Japanese Sociology. 21 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 91 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 6781.2012. 01164. x . Jump up ^ Hiroko Tabuchi ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` Japan Premier Wants Shift Away From Nuclear Power '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Naoto Kan ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Encountering the Fukushima Daiichi Accident '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ ( dutch ) Nu.nl ( 22 August 2011 ) Area around Fukushima maybe a forbidden zone for decades to come Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Guardian ( 22 August 2011 ) residents may never return to radiation - hit homes Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Earthquake Report -- JAIF , No. 45 : 20 : 00 , 7 April . 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The Indian Express . 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modi : India to build 10 more nuclear reactors with Russia '' . International Business Times . 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Tanter ( October -- December 2013 ) . After Fukushima : A Survey of Corruption in the Global Nuclear Power Industry . Asian Perspective . Vol. 37 , No. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Kingston ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Japan 's Nuclear Village '' . Japan Focus . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Daniel ; Veronika Penciakova ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Japan 's triple disaster : Governance and the earthquake , tsunami and nuclear crises '' . Brookings Institution . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Culture of complicity tied to stricken nuclear plant , NYTimes , 27 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` Japan to fire 3 top nuclear officials -- CNN '' . Articles.cnn.com. 4 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3 former TEPCO executives face criminal trial over Fukushima crisis '' . The Asahi Shimbun. 31 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` Fukushima nuclear disaster : former Tepco executives go on trial '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fukushima nuclear accident ' man - made ' , not natural disaster '' . Bloomberg L.P . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan says Fukushima disaster was ' man - made ' '' . Al Jazeera and agencies . AL Jazeera English . 5 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official website of the Investigation Committee on the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company '' . Archived from the original on 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . This committee was established with the aim of conducting an investigation to determine the causes of the accident that occurred at Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Stations of Tokyo Electric Power Company , and those of the damages generated by the accident , and thereby making policy proposals designed to prevent the expansion of the damages and the recurrence of similar accidents in the future . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan nuclear plants ' still not safe ' '' . Al Jazeera Online . 23 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan , TEPCO ignored atomic accident risks due to ' myth of nuclear safety ' : Report '' . Asian News International ( ANI ) . News Track India . 23 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitsuru Obe ; Eleanor Warnock ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` Japan Panel Says Plant Operator Falls Short on Nuclear Safety '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Inajima ; Yuji Okada ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` Fukushima Investigators Say More Study Needed on What Went Wrong '' . Bloomsberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Hancocks , Paula ( 23 July 2012 ) . `` New report criticizes TEPCO over Fukushima nuclear crisis '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kazuaki Nagata ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` Government , Tepco again hit for nuke crisis '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Cited WHO ( 2013 ) . Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 92 4 150513 0 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Other Caldicott , Helen ( ed . ) : Crisis Without End : The Medical and Ecological Consequences of the Fukushima Nuclear Catastrophe . ( From the `` Symposium at the New York Academy of Medicine , March 11 -- 12 , 2013 '' ) . The New Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 970 - 5 ( eBook ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fukushima Daichi nuclear disaster . Investigation ( edit ) The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission Report website in English Investigation Committee on the accidents at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Station of Tokyo Electric Power Company The Radioactive Waters of Fukushima Lessons Learned From Fukushima Dai - ichi -- Report & Movie Video , drawings , and images ( edit ) Webcam Fukushima nuclear power plant I , Unit 1 through Unit 4 Inside the slow and dangerous clean up of the Fukushima nuclear crisis TerraFly Timeline Aerial Imagery of Fukushima Nuclear Reactor after 2011 Tsunami and Earthquake In graphics : Fukushima nuclear alert , as provided by the BBC , 9 July 2012 Analysis by IRSN of the Fukushima Daiichi accident Kumamoto , Murata & Nakate : `` Fukushima Evacuees Face New Hardship Six Years On '' , provided by the Foreign Correspondents ' Club of Japan , 9 March 2017 Artwork ( edit ) Ah humanity ! - a film essay by Lucien Castaign - Taylor , Ernst Karel and Véréna Paravel Other ( edit ) Fukushima Revitalization Station ( Fukushima Prefectural Government ) in English TEPCO News Releases , Tokyo Electric Power Company `` Reassessment of Fukushima Nuclear Accident and Outline of Nuclear Safety Reform Plan ( Interim Report ) '' by TEPCO Nuclear Reform Special Task Force. 14 December 2012 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Aftermath Geology Japan Trench Pacific Plate North American Plate Okhotsk Plate Honshu Island Oshika Peninsula Pacific Ocean Affected areas Areas severely damaged Hokkaido Hokkaido Oshima Subprefecture Hakodate Tōhoku Region Iwate Prefecture Kamaishi Miyako Ōfunato Ōtsuchi Rikuzentakata Yamada Miyagi Prefecture East - Matsushima ( Naruse ) Ishinomaki Kesennuma Kurihara Natori Onagawa Sendai South - Sanriku ( Shizugawa ) Yamamoto Fukushima Prefecture Iwaki Ōkuma Sōma South - Sōma ( Haranomachi ) Tomioka Kantō Region Ibaraki Prefecture Hitachinaka Itako Kashima North - Ibaraki ( Isohara ) Ōarai Chiba Prefecture Asahi Chōshi Ichihara Urayasu Affected infrastructure Ichihara refinery Fujinuma Dam Sendai Airport Taro sea wall Rail lines Ōarai - Kashima Line Tōhoku Shinkansen Joban Line Shinchi Station Tomioka Station Senseki Line Nobiru Station Kesennuma Line Nuclear Accidents and Incidents Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Accident reactors Fukushima Daiichi plant Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Units 4 - 6 Sequence of events Timeline reactions International Japanese Radiation effects Topics Casualties Cleanup Fukushima 50 Investigation National Diet Government Comparison Accident Rating Movements Project Sunshine for Japan Safecast ( organization ) Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Others Reactors / Facilities Fukushima Daini plant Tōkai plant Onagawa plant Higashidori plant Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant Foreshocks , Aftershocks Miyagi , Japan ( 7.1 , 7 April 2011 ) Fukushima , Japan ( 6.6 , 11 April 2011 ) Miyagi , Japan ( 7.3 , 7 December 2012 ) People Naoto Kan Yukio Edano Katsuhiko Ishibashi Kiyoo Mogi Masao Yoshida Miki Endo Takashi Shimokawara Hideaki Akaiwa Katsunobu Sakurai ( fr ; ja ) Relief and Recovery Efforts Humanitarian response Operation Pacific Assist Operation Tomodachi Reconstruction Agency Fundraisers All Together Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders Download to Donate : Tsunami Relief Fight and Smile Songs for Japan Pray for Japan Side by Side Reunion Media Documentaries Pray for Japan Surviving Japan Surviving the Tsunami - My Atomic Aunt The Tsunami and the Cherry Blossom Movies Himizu Homeland Land of Hope Reunion Stalingrad Drama Amachan Songs Side by Side Songs for Japan Books Strong in the Rain Other Impact on video game industry No. 18 Kyotoku - maru Tsunami fish Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project Ryou - Un Maru 869 Sanriku earthquake 2011 local elections Miracle pine ( ja ; fr ) Shinkansen Relay See also : Japanese earthquakes Seismicity of the Sanriku coast List of historical tsunamis Nuclear power in Japan , section Seismicity Nuclear and radioactive incidents Nuclear power in Japan Energy in Japan Nuclear power Reactors ( Active ) LWR Hokkaido Tomari Tohoku Onagawa Higashidōri TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Fukushima Daini Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Chubu Hamaoka Hokuriku Shika Kansai Ōi Mihama Takahama Chugoku Shimane Shikoku Ikata Kyushu Sendai Genkai JAPC Tōkai Tsuruga Closed Fugen ATR Canceled Maki Namie - Odaka Under construction Ōma Other Jōyō research fast reactor Monju prototype fast ( breeder ) reactor Organisations Regulatory bodies Japanese Atomic Energy Commission ( JAEC ) Nuclear Regulation Authority ( NRA ) formerly Japan 's NSC and NISA Companies Hitachi Toshiba Mitsubishi FBR Systems Japan Nuclear Fuel Limited JCO Research institutions Japan Atomic Energy Agency ( JAEA ) Dōnen ( abolished ) Other Japan Electric Association ( JEA ) membership organization Rokkasho reprocessing Accidents Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Tokaimura nuclear accident Mihama nuclear accidents Japanese nuclear incidents Anti-nuclear movement Ashes to Honey Japanese Communist Party Genpatsu - shinsai Mizuho Fukushima Katsumi Furitsu Nobuto Hosaka Tetsunari Iida Kiyoshiro Imawano Project Sunshine for Japan Sanshiro Kume Kenzaburō Ōe Rokkasho Rhapsody Ryuichi Sakamoto Sayonara Nuclear Power Plants Jinzaburo Takagi Commons Asia pollution topics Air pollution North , East and Northeast Asia Asian Dust 2010 China drought and dust storms Green Wall of China Pollution in China South and Southeast Asia ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution Southeast Asian haze 1997 SEA haze 1997 Indonesian forest fires 2005 Malaysian haze 2006 SEA haze 2009 SEA haze 2013 SEA haze 2015 SEA haze 2016 Malaysian haze 2016 SEA haze Asian brown cloud Operation Haze Air pollution in India Shamal Pollutant Standards Index Water pollution China water crisis Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Water pollution in China Water pollution in India Water pollution in Japan Water pollution in the Philippines Related pages Air pollution in China Hong Kong Macau Air pollution in India Air pollution in Malaysia Pollution of the Pasig River ( Philippines ) LCCN : sh2011003738 BNF : cb16500489j ( data ) NDL : 01228618 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster&oldid=812091280 '' Categories : Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Civilian nuclear power accidents Environmental controversies Fukushima Prefecture Health disasters in Japan Nuclear accidents and incidents 2011 in Japan 2011 in the environment 2011 industrial disasters 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Japanese - 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when was the last time england was at war	Conflict Britain & Her Allies Belligerent Opposing Britain Outcome Adwan Rebellion ( 1923 ) United Kingdom Emir Abdullah 's forces Hashemite allied tribesmen : Sheykh Minwar al - Hadid Sultan al - Adwan 's forces Victory Sultan al - Adwan 's defeat and exile Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Kuwait Nejd and Hejaz RAF Ikhwan Victory Ikhwan attack on Kuwait repelled . The remnants of the Ikhwan incorporated into regular Saudi units . The Ikhwan leadership was either slain or imprisoned . Great Arab Revolt in Palestine ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Jewish Settlement Police Jewish Supernumerary Police Haganah Special Night Squads FOSH Peulot Meyuhadot Irgun Peace Bands Arab Higher Committee Victory Revolt suppressed Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine ( 1938 -- 1948 ) United Kingdom Haganah Palmach Irgun Lehi British terminate Mandate and withdraw Israeli Declaration of Independence S - Plan 16 January 1939 -- March 1940 United Kingdom Irish Republican Army Victory IRA failure World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) The Allies France Denmark Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Norway Greece Yugoslavia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Canada Australia New Zealand India Nepal South Africa Brazil China Axis Powers Germany Italy Hungary Japan Bulgaria Croatia Romania Manchukuo Mengjiang Finland Thailand Vichy France Victory Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . On August 15 , 1945 , following the dropping of atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan announces its surrender , ending World War II British ( and Commonwealth ) , French , American , and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955 , Italy and Japan lose their colonies , Europe is divided into ' Soviet ' and ' Western ' spheres of interest . Northern Campaign 2 September 1942 -- December 1944 Royal Ulster Constabulary Irish Republican Army Victory IRA campaign failure Greek Civil War ( 1944 -- 1948 ) Kingdom of Greece United Kingdom United States D.S.E. ( Δ. Σ. Ε . ) Albania Yugoslavia Bulgaria Victory Communist forces defeated , many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe . Battalion of UK troops still in Greece till 1948 Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945 -- 1949 ) United Kingdom Netherlands Empire of Japan ( Until 1945 ) Indonesia Hand over to Dutch in 1946 Netherlands recognises Indonesian Independence Operation Masterdom ( 1945 -- 1946 ) United Kingdom India France Empire of Japan Viet Minh Hand over to French First Indochina War begins Corfu Channel incident ( 1946 -- 1948 ) United Kingdom People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Victory ICJ awards compensation to Britain , which is not settled till 1992 . Britain breaks off talks aimed at establishing diplomatic relations with Albania . Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 1960 ) British Commonwealth United Kingdom Federation of Malaya Australia New Zealand Southern Rhodesia Fiji Kenya Malayan Communist Party Malayan Races Liberation Army Victory Communist retreat from Malaya Malayan independence Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) United Nations Command South Korea United States Commonwealth of Nations ( British Commonwealth Forces Korea ) North Korea People 's Republic of China Soviet Union Ceasefire Communist invasion of South Korea repelled UN invasion of North Korea repelled 1951 Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1951 -- 1952 ) United Kingdom Egypt Victory Ended with the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 . Mau Mau Uprising ( 1952 -- 1960 ) United Kingdom British Kenya Mau Mau Victory Defeat of Mau Mau Kenyan independence Jebel Akhdar War ( 1954 -- 1959 ) Sultanate of Muscat and Oman United Kingdom Imamate of Oman Ibadi sect Saudi Arabia Victory Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 1959 ) United Kingdom Cyprus Colony EOKA TMT Cyprus became an independent republic in 1960 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas , at Akrotiri and Dhekelia . Enosis not achieved Suez Crisis ( 1956 -- 1957 ) United Kingdom France Israel Egypt Coalition military victory Egyptian political victory Anglo - French withdrawal following international pressure ( December 1956 ) Israeli occupation of Sinai ( until March 1957 ) UNEF deployment in Sinai Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping Border Campaign ( 1956 -- 1962 ) United Kingdom Irish Republican Army Victory IRA campaign fails First Cod War ( 1958 -- 1961 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation ( 1962 -- 1966 ) Commonwealth of Nations Malaysia United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Indonesia Victory Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo Dhofar Rebellion ( 1962 -- 1975 ) Oman United Kingdom Iran Jordan Various insurgents Victory Insurgency defeated Modernisation of Oman Aden Emergency ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Federation of South Arabia United Kingdom NLF FLOSY Defeat People 's Republic of South Yemen established Nigerian Civil War ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Nigeria Egypt United Kingdom Biafra Victory Biafra rejoins Nigeria The Troubles ( 1968 -- 1998 ) United Kingdom Loyalist paramilitaries : Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force Provisional Irish Republican Army Official Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation Army Irish People 's Liberation Organisation Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Stalemate Good Friday Agreement : Devolution in Northern Ireland Power - sharing deal Cross-border cooperation Disarming of paramilitary groups Demilitarisation Second Cod War ( 1972 - 1973 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat UK accept Iceland 's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone Third Cod War ( 1975 - 1976 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles Falklands War ( 1982 ) United Kingdom Argentina Victory British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands re-established . Multinational Force in Lebanon ( 1982 -- 1984 ) United Kingdom France United States Italy Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement Defeat Lebanese Army collapsed following Multinational Force withdrawal . Civil War continued until 1990 . Britain provides smaller contribution than other 3 powers from Feb 1983 , while the 3 others had intervened in Aug 1982 , Britain , US , and Italy left in Feb 1984 , with the French leaving by March 31 , 1984 . Gulf War ( 1991 ) Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Egypt Syria Other Allies Iraq Victory Kuwait regains its independence Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) UNPROFOR NATO Republika Srpska Victory Dayton Accords Operation Desert Fox ( 1998 ) United States United Kingdom Iraq Victory Objectives largely achieved Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 1999 ) United States United Kingdom France Canada Denmark Germany Italy Kosovo Liberation Army Yugoslavia Victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces Kosovo administered by UNMIK Sierra Leone Civil War ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Sierra Leone United Kingdom Rebels Liberia Victory Rebels defeated War in Afghanistan Fourth Anglo - Afghan War ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Afghanistan United States United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy France Denmark Poland Romania Turkey Australia Spain ISAF Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Ongoing Fall of Taliban régime and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Osama bin Laden killed Taliban insurgency Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2009 ) United States United Kingdom Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein Australia Poland Denmark Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq under Saddam Hussein Islamic State of Iraq Various insurgents Victory Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government Occupation of southern Iraq Iraqi insurgency , emergence of al - Qaeda in Iraq , and Sectarian Violence Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in Iraq British withdrawal in 2009 , US withdrawal in 2011 Libyan Civil War ( 2011 ) Many NATO members acting under UN mandate , including : United States United Kingdom France Denmark Italy Canada and Anti-Gaddafi forces several Arab League states Sweden Pro-Gaddafi forces Victory Fall of Gaddafi regime Muammar Gaddafi killed National Transitional Council take control Operation Shader ( 2014 -- present ) United States United Kingdom Iraq Syrian Opposition Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey Bahrain Jordan Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Rojava Egypt Libya Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Russia Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram al - Nusra Front Khorasan Ahrar ash - Sham Ongoing The UK 's Operation Shader is ongoing as part of intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- present ) 3,000 + ISIL fighters killed in 1,700 British airstrikes. Drone Wars UK : Operation Shader. British armed forces provide material and training to Iraqi Security Forces and Peshmerga . As part of the American - led interventions in Syria and Iraq , contributes to the loss of all of ISIL 's territory in Iraq and the majority of their territory in Syria .		List of wars involving the United Kingdom	list of wars involving the united kingdom	This is a list of wars involving the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Great Britain and generally the British Isles . Notable militarized interstate disputes are included .	Historically , the British relied most heavily on Royal Navy and maintained relatively small land forces . Most of the episodes listed here deal with insurgencies and revolts in the various colonies of the British Empire . During its history , British forces or forces with a British mandate have invaded , had some control over or fought conflicts in 171 of the world 's 193 countries that are currently UN member states , or nine out of ten of all countries . British victory British defeat Another result ( e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result , status quo ante bellum , result of civil or internal conflict , result unknown or indecisive ) Ongoing conflict Contents 1 England , Scotland and Wales to 1707 2 Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) 3 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) 4 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography England , Scotland and Wales to 1707 ( edit ) Main article : List of wars involving England List of Anglo - Welsh wars Anglo - Scottish Wars List of battles between Scotland and England Timeline of the English Civil War Wars of the Three Kingdoms , 1639 - 1651 Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) ( edit ) Conflict Britain & allies Belligerents opposing Britain Outcome The Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 1721 ) Tsardom of Russia Kalmyk Khanate Cossack Hetmanate Denmark -- Norway Electorate of Saxony Poland -- Lithuania Prussia Hanover Swedish Empire Ottoman Empire United Provinces Brunswick - Lüneburg Coalition victory : Britain played a very minor role Tsardom of Russia establishes itself as a new power in Europe . Decline of Swedish Empire and the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1714 ) including Queen Anne 's War Austria Dutch Republic Savoy Prussia Portugal France Spain Bavaria Hungarians Treaty of Utrecht : Philip V recognized as King of Spain by the Grand Alliance Territory in Canada and the West Indies ceded from France Territory in Europe ceded from Spain Civil war : ( 1715 -- 1716 ) Jacobite rising of 1715 including The Jacobite uprising in Cornwall Government forces Jacobites France Victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated The War of the Quadruple Alliance including The Nineteen Uprising in Britain ( 1717 -- 1720 ) Holy Roman Empire France Dutch Republic Savoy Spain Jacobites ( against the British Crown and government only ) Quadruple Alliance Victory : Royal navy won a battle ; a small - scale Jacobite invasion was defeated Treaty of The Hague : Spanish attempt at expansion fails . Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 1725 ) New England Colonies Mohawk France Wabanaki Confederacy Victory Britain recognises the rights of the region 's indigenous inhabitants . The War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 -- 1748 ) including King George 's War The War of Jenkins ' Ear ( Start 1739 ) The First Carnatic War Austria Hanover Dutch Republic Saxony Sardinia Russia East India Company France Prussia Spain Spanish Empire Bavaria Saxony Naples and Sicily Genoa Sweden French East India Company Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle : Status quo ante bellum Civil War : Jacobite rising of 1745 ( 1741 -- 1745 ) Government forces Jacobites France Victory Jacobite restoration attempt defeated The Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 1754 ) East India Company Forces of Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad Forces of Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan French East India Company Forces of Chanda Shahib Forces of Muhyi ad - Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat Victory Treaty of Pondicherry : Pro-British Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan became Nawab of the Carnatic Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) Great Britain Prussia Hanover Iroquois Confederacy Portugal Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Hesse - Kassel Schaumburg - Lippe France New France Holy Roman Empire Russian Empire Sweden Spain Spanish Empire Saxony Sardinia Mughal Empire Victory Treaty of Paris : Extensive North American lands ( incl . all of Canada ) ceded from France Caribbean colonies ceded from France Senegal River colony ( excluding Gorée ) ceded from France Florida ceded from Spain The Third Carnatic War ( 1757 -- 1763 ) East India Company France French East India Company Victory Treaty of Paris : French trading posts in India administered by British Sumatra ceded from France Anglo - Cherokee War ( 1758 -- 1761 ) Great Britain Cherokee Victory Pro-British Attakullakulla becomes Cherokee leader Tacky 's War ( 1760 ) Great Britain Jamaican Government Jamaican Maroons Ashanti Slaves Victory Slave defeat Death of Tacky Tacky 's men committed suicide Pontiac 's Rebellion ( 1763 -- 1766 ) Confederation of First Nation Tribes Stalemate British policy change British suzerainty over First Nation Tribes Niagara Falls area ceded from Seneca Nation First Anglo - Mysore War ( 1766 -- 1769 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad State Kingdom of Mysore British defeat , Hyderabad cedes territory to Mysore First Anglo - Maratha War ( 1774 -- 1783 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Indecisive Pre-war status quo remained . Treaty of Salbai : Maratha support for Britain against Mysore War of the American Independence ( 1775 -- 83 ) Anglo - French War ( 1778 -- 83 ) Anglo - Spanish War ( 1779 -- 83 ) 4th Anglo - Dutch War ( 1780 -- 83 ) Iroquois Cherokee Hanover Loyalists United States France Spain Dutch Republic Vermont Republic Kingdom of Mysore Oneida tribe Tuscarora tribe Watauga Association Catawba tribe Defeat Treaty of Paris : 13 North American colonies recognised as the independent United States of America Territory in North America ceded to the newly independent United States of America Senegal River colony returned to France French recognises British suzerainty over the Gambia river Territory in India returned to France Menorca ceded to Spain East & West Florida ceded to Spain All British settlers to be expelled from Florida De-militarisation of British Honduras Territory in India ceded by the Dutch 2nd Anglo - Mysore War ( 1780 -- 1784 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad State Kingdom of Mysore France Treaty of Mangalore : Status quo ante bellum Northwest Indian War ( 1785 -- 1795 ) Western Confederacy United States Defeat Treaty of Greenville British withdrawal American occupation of the Northwest Territory 3rd Anglo - Mysore War ( 1789 -- 1792 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad State Travancore Kingdom of Mysore France Victory Treaty of Seringapatam : Half of Mysore territory ceded to East India Company War of the French Revolution ( 1793 -- 1802 ) Austria Prussia French Royalists Dutch Republic Spain Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of Sardinia Naples and Sicily Italian states Ottoman Empire Russia French Republic Polish Legions Denmark -- Norway Spain Sister republics : Batavian Republic Helvetic Republic Cisalpine Republic Roman Republic Parthenopaean Republic Defeat Treaty of Amiens : General French victory Britain recognises the French Republic Cape Colony returned to the Batavian Republic British withdrawal from Egypt French withdrawal from the Papal States Trinidad and Tobago ceded from France Ceylon ceded from the Batavian Republic Ibn Ufaisan 's Invasion ( 1793 ) Kuwait Great Britain British East India Company Emirate of Diriyah Victory Saudi retreat from Kuwait . Second Maroon War ( 1795 -- 1796 ) Great Britain British Jamaica Jamaican Maroons Victory Maroon defeat Treaty signed established that the Maroons would beg on their knees for the King 's forgiveness , return all runaway slaves , and be relocated elsewhere in Jamaica Breach of treaty caused deportation of several Maroons to Nova Scotia and later to Sierra Leone in Africa Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars ( 1795 -- 1816 ) Burrberongal Tribe Great Britain from 1801 : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Dharug Eora Tharawal Gandangara Irish - convict sympathisers Victory Displacement of Aborigines from their land Kandyan Wars ( 1796 -- 1818 ) Great Britain from 1801 : United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Kingdom of Kandy Victory End of 2357 years of Sinhalese independence Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 1798 ) Kingdom of Ireland United Irishmen Defenders French Republic Victory Rebellion defeated 1801 Act of Union 4th Anglo - Mysore War ( 1798 -- 1799 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Hyderabad State Kingdom of Mysore French Republic Victory Complete annexation of Mysore by Britain and allies United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) ( edit ) Conflict Britain & Her Allies Belligerents Opposing Britain Outcome Temne War ( 1801 -- 1807 ) Susu tribes Kingdom of Koya Victory Northern shore of Sierra Leone ceded by Koya Tunisian - Sicilian War ( 1801 - 1804 ) Kingdom of Sicily Albanian , German , and Greek mercenaries Kingdom of Sardinia ( from 1802 ) United Kingdom Beylik of Tunis Tunisian pirates Regency of Algiers Eyalet of Tripolitania ( from 1803 ) Victory End of Tunisian attacks on Sicilian ships and impression on sailors . Sicilian occupation of Aryanah and La Goulette until 1808 . Sardinian occupation of Bizerte and La Marsa until 1809 . 3,560 captured Christian - European slaves released . Second Anglo - Maratha War ( 1802 -- 1805 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Victory Extensive territory in India ceded by the Maratha Empire First Kandyan War ( 1803 -- 1805 ) Kandy Victory Territory captured from Kandy Civil War : Emmet 's Insurrection ( 1803 ) Forces of Robert Emmet Victory Rebellion defeated British Expedition to Ceylon ( 1803 ) Dutch Republic United Kingdom Chiefdom of Vanni Kingdom of Kandy Victory Vanni region lost to the British The last Tamil resistance against colonial rule was crushed . War of the Third Coalition ( 1803 -- 1805 ) Austrian Empire Russian Empire Naples and Sicily Portugal Sweden French Empire Batavia Italy Etruria Spain Bavaria Württemberg ? ? Fourth Peace of Preßburg : French victory Austria surrenders to France Pro-French Confederation of the Rhine formed War of the Fourth Coalition ( 1806 -- 1807 ) Prussia Russia Saxony Sweden Sicily French Empire Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Württemberg Polish Legions Italy Naples Etruria Holland Swiss Confederation Spain Treaties of Tilsit : French victory Half of Prussia ceded to French allies Russia exits the war Anglo - Russian War begins British invasions of the Río de la Plata ( 1806 -- 1807 ) Spain River Plate Viceroyalty Invasion defeated Ashanti - Fante War ( 1806 -- 1807 ) Ashanti Empire Fante Confederacy Dutch Empire Anglo - Turkish War ( 1807 -- 1809 ) Ottoman Empire Treaty of the Dardanelles : Turkish Military victory Commercial and legal concessions to British interests within the Ottoman Empire Promise to protect the empire against French encroachment Gunboat War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) United Kingdom Denmark - Norway Victory Treaty of Kiel : Denmark and Norway split up Heligoland ceded from Denmark Anglo - Russian War ( 1807 -- 1812 ) United Kingdom Russian Empire Treaty of Örebro : Anglo - Russian - Swedish pact against France Peninsular War ( 1807 -- 1814 ) Spain Portugal French Empire Victory Treaty of Paris : Bourbon dynasty restored Tobago , St. Lucia , Mautitius ceded from France All other French possessions restored as per 1792 borders Abolition of French Slave Trade Swiss independence Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 ( 1809 ) United Kingdom Al Qasimi Victory War of the Fifth Coalition ( 1809 ) Austrian Empire Tyrol Hungary Black Brunswickers Sicily Sardinia French Empire Warsaw Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Württemberg Westphalia Kingdom of Italy Naples Swiss Confederation Holland ? ? Treaty of Schönbrunn : Complete Austrian surrender Peninsular War continued Merina Conquest of Madagascar ( 1810 -- 1817 ) Merina Kingdom French Empire Victory Merina control of Madagascar Merina pro-British policies Punjab War ( 1810 -- 1820 ) East India Company Sikh Empire Defeat Status quo ante bellum 4th Xhosa War ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Xhosa tribes Victory Xhosa tribes pushed beyond the Fish River , reversing their gains in the previous Xhosa wars Ga - Fante War ( 1811 ) Ashanti Empire Ga tribes Dutch Empire Fante Confederacy Akwapim tribes Akim tribes Tantamkweri ceded to Akwapim tribes War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom British North America Tecumseh 's Confederacy United States Stalemate Treaty of Ghent ; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes United States invasions of British Canada repulsed Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy British invasions of the United States repulsed Anglo - Spanish troops forced out of Pensacola , Spanish Florida Majority of Great Lakes falls under American control War of the Sixth Coalition ( 1812 -- 1814 ) Original Coalition Russian Empire Prussia Austrian Empire United Kingdom Sweden Spain Portugal Two Sicilies Kingdom of Sardinia After Battle of Leipzig Saxony Bavaria Württemberg Netherlands Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands First French Empire Napoleonic Italy Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Warsaw Until January 1814 Denmark -- Norway Confederation of the Rhine ( Many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig ) Victory Coalition victory , Treaty of Fontainebleau , First Treaty of Paris Bourbon Restoration ; Napoleon 's exile to Elba Various territorial changes Beginning of the Congress of Vienna Hostilities resume with the return of Napoleon to power in 1815 Second Kandyan War ( 1815 ) Kandy Victory Kandyan Convention : Dissolution of the Kandy royal line British King declared King of Kandy Hundred Days ( 1815 ) War of the Seventh Coalition Prussia France Hanover German Confederation Austria Russia Sweden Netherlands Spain Portugal Sardinia Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Tuscany French Empire Naples Victory Treaty of Paris : General French defeat Restoration of the House of Bourbon Abolition of the slave trade ( all signatories ) ₣ 100,000,000 compensation from France Third Anglo - Maratha War ( 1817 -- 1818 ) East India Company Maratha Empire Victory Virtually all territory south of the Sutlej River controlled by Britain 5th Xhosa War ( 1818 -- 1819 ) Khoikhoi Forces Forces of Xhosa Chief Maqana Nxele Victory Xhosa pushed beyond Keiskama River Greek War of Independence ( 1820 -- 1830 ) Greek revolutionaries Ionian Islands Ottoman Empire Egypt Victory Establishment of the Kingdom of Greece First Ashanti War ( 1823 -- 1831 ) Ashanti Empire Stalemate with a truce First Anglo - Burmese War ( 1824 -- 1826 ) East India Company Native tribes Kingdom of Burma Victory Treaty of Yandabo : Assam , Manipur , Rakhine , and Taninthayi coast south of Salween river ceded from Burmah £ 1,000,000 compensation from Burma Revolt of the Mercenaries ( 1828 ) Brazil United Kingdom France German Mercenaries Irish Mercenaries Victory Mutiny suppressed Portuguese Civil War ( 1828 -- 1834 ) Liberal Forces of Queen Maria II Spain Absolutist Forces of King Miguel Victory Concession of Evoramonte : Defeat and exile of King Miguel Baptist War ( 1831 -- 1832 ) United Kingdom Jamaican Government Rebel Slaves Victory Slave defeat Rebellion suppressed First Carlist War ( 1833 -- 1840 ) Forces of Queen Isabella II French Kingdom Forces of Queen Maria II Auxiliary Legion Carlists : Forces of Infante Carlos Forces of King Miguel British withdrawal before war 's conclusion British mediated Convention of Vergara The 6th Xhosa War ( 1834 -- 1836 ) Free Khoikhoi Xhosa tribes Victory Extensive territorial gains from Xhosa Rebellions of 1837 ( 1837 -- 1838 ) United Kingdom Province of Upper Canada Province of Lower Canada British Loyalists Patriotes Hunters ' Lodges Reform Movement Victory Patriote rebellion crushed by loyalist forces ; Republic of Canada dismantled Defeat of Hunters ' Lodges Unification of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada First Anglo - Afghan War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) East India Company Emirate of Afghanistan Defeat British retreat from Afghanistan First Opium War ( 1839 -- 1842 ) Qing dynasty Victory Treaty of Nanking : Five Chinese ports open to foreign trade $21,000,000 compensation from the Qing Empire Hong Kong Island ceded from the Qing Empire Second Egyptian - Ottoman War ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Ottoman Empire British Empire Egypt Eyalet Kingdom of the French Spain Victory Egypt renounced its claim to Syria . Uruguayan Civil War ( 1839 -- 1851 ) Colorados Argentine Unitarians French Kingdom Riograndense Republic Brazil Italian Legion Blancos Argentine Confederation British and French withdrawal before war 's conclusion Peace treaty with the Argentine Confederation Eventual Colorados victory First Anglo - Sikh War ( 1845 -- 1846 ) East India Company Patiala State Sikh Empire Victory Treaty of Lahore : Extensive territory ceded from the Sikh Empire Partial control over Sikh foreign affairs Flagstaff War ( 1845 -- 1846 ) Forces of Tāmati Wāka Nene Ngāpuhi Iwi Stalemate Hutt Valley Campaign ( 1846 ) Te Āti Awa Iwi Ngāti Toa Iwi Victory Ngāti Toa Iwi retreat The 7th Xhosa War ( 1846 -- 1847 ) The War of the Axe Xhosa tribes Victory Territory ceded from Xhosa Wanganui Campaign ( 1847 ) Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis Stalemate 12 year peace and trade Second Anglo - Sikh War ( 1848 -- 1849 ) East India Company Sikh Empire Victory Complete annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company Battle of Tysami ( 1849 ) United Kingdom Chui A-poo 's pirates Victory The 8th Xhosa War ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Mlanjeni 's War Xhosa tribes Khoikhoi tribes Native Kafir Police Victory Xhosa - Khoi attacks defeated Status quo ante bellum Taiping Rebellion ( 1850 -- 1864 ) Qing dynasty France United Kingdom Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Victory Qing Dynasty victory Fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Weakening of the Qing dynasty Second Anglo - Burmese War ( 1852 -- 1853 ) Kingdom of Burma Victory Burmese revolution ended fighting Lower Burma annexed Crimean War ( 1853 -- 1856 ) French Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Russian Empire Bulgarian Legion Victory Treaty of Paris The National War in Nicaragua ( 1856 -- 1857 ) Costa Rica Honduras Rebel Forces of Patricio Rivas The Mosquito Coast Guatemala El Salvador United States Sonora Nicaragua Victory Sonora / Nicaraguan government defeat . Slavery outlawed . William Walker 's army is defeated and he is arrested by the U.S. Navy . Second Opium War ( 1856 -- 1860 ) Arrow War French Empire United States Qing dynasty Victory The Treaty of Tientsin : Kowloon ceded from the Qing Empire Peking opened to foreign trade 11 more Chinese ports opened to foreign trade Yangtze River opened to foreign warships 4,000,000 taels of silver compensation China banned from referring to subjects of the crown as barbarians Anglo - Persian War ( 1856 -- 1857 ) Afghanistan East India Company Persia Herat Victory Persian withdrawal from Herat Indian Mutiny ( 1857 -- 1858 ) East India Company Nepal Jammu and Kashmir Princely states : Jaipur Bikaner Marwar Rampur Kapurthala Nabha Bhopal Sirohi Udaipur Patiala Sirmur Alwar Bharathpur Bundi Jaora Bijawar Ajaigarh Rewa Kendujhar Hyderabad Sepoys of the East India Company Mughal Empire Awadh Jhansi 7 Princely states Victory Act for the Better Government of India : Company rule in India dissolved Indian Empire established Ban on Christian missionaries in India First Taranaki War ( 1860 -- 1861 ) Second Māori War Māori Iwis Māori King Movement Stalemate Bombardment of Kagoshima ( 1863 ) British Empire Satsuma Domain Victory Tactical stalemate and mitigated British victory Second Ashanti War ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Ashanti Empire Stalemate Invasion of Waikato ( 1863 -- 1866 ) Third Māori War Māori Kupapa Māori King Movement Victory Māori King Movement defeated , confined to King Country Bhutan War ( 1864 -- 1865 ) India Bhutan Victory Treaty of Sinchula : Bhutan cedes Assam Duars and Bengal Duars to India Bhutan cedes territory in Dewangiri to India British Expedition to Abyssinia ( 1867 -- 1868 ) United Kingdom Ethiopia Victory Klang War ( 1867 -- 1874 ) Selangor Civil War Forces of Raja Abdullah of Klang British Straits Settlements Forces of Raja Mahadi Victory Titokowaru 's War ( 1868 -- 1869 ) Part of the New Zealand land wars Māori Kupapa Ngāti Ruanui Iwi Victory Ngāti Ruanui Iwi withdrawal 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia ( 1868 ) India Abyssinia Victory British hostages freed War of the Abyssinian Succession begins Te Kooti 's War Part of the New Zealand land wars ( 1868 -- 1872 ) Māori Kupapa Māori Iwis Victory End of New Zealand land wars Territory ceded by Māori Iwis Red River Rebellion ( 1869 -- 1869 ) Dominion of Canada Métis Loyalists Métis Forces of Louis Riel Victory Defeat of rebellion Manitoba Act : Creation of the Province of Manitoba Third Ashanti War ( 1873 -- 1874 ) Ashanti Empire Victory Treaty of Fomena : 50,000 oz of gold compensation from Ashanti Empire Ashanti withdrawal from coastal areas Ashanti banned from practicing human sacrifice The 9th Xhosa War ( 1877 -- 1879 ) Mfengu Tribe Xhosa Gcaleka Tribe Victory All Xhosa territory annexed to the Cape Colony Second Anglo - Afghan War ( 1878 -- 1880 ) India Afghanistan Some goals achieved British control over Afghan foreign affairs Anglo - Zulu War ( 1879 ) Natal Zulu Kingdom Victory Zululand annexed to Natal ' Urabi Revolt ( 1879 -- 1882 ) United Kingdom Khedivate of Egypt Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ' Urabi Victory ' Urabi forces defeated and exiled First Boer War ( 1880 -- 1881 ) South African Republic Defeat Pretoria Convention : South African Republic granted self - government Mahdist War ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Egypt Italy Belgium Mahdist Sudan Victory Sudan ruled by Britain and Egypt Third Anglo - Burmese War ( 1885 ) Kingdom of Burma Victory Upper Burma annexed to British Raj Sikkim Expedition ( 1888 ) India Tibet Victory Tibet recognizes British suzerainty over Sikkim Anglo - Manipur War ( 1891 ) Kingdom of Manipur Victory Anglo - Zanzibar War ( 1896 ) Zanzibar Victory Pro-British Sultan installed Boxer Rebellion ( 1899 -- 1901 ) Japan Russia France United States Germany Italy Austria - Hungary Righteous Harmony Society Qing dynasty Victory Boxer Protocol : Anti-foreign societies banned in China Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State South African Republic Foreign volunteers Victory Treaty of Vereeniging : All Boers to surrender arms and swear allegiance to the Crown Dutch language permitted in education Promise to grant Boer republics self - government £ 3,000,000 compensation `` reconstruction aid '' to Afrikaners Anglo - Aro War ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Aro Confederacy Victory Aro Confederacy destroyed British expedition to Tibet ( 1903 -- 1904 ) India Tibet Victory Status quo ante bellum Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) Empire of Japan Supported by : United Kingdom Russian Empire Victory ( limited involvement ) Treaty of Portsmouth World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) India Dominion of Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Newfoundland Belgium France Greece Portugal Romania Russia Italy Japan United States Serbia Montenegro Other Allies Austria - Hungary Germany German Empire Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Victory Treaty of Versailles : German demobilisation Treaties of Saint - Germain - en - Laye and Trianon : Demise of Austria - Hungary Russia pulls out in 1917 Russian Civil War Creation of the Soviet Union Creation of League of Nations : Mesopotamia ceded from the Ottoman Empire Palestine and Jordan ceded from the Ottoman Empire Tanganyika ceded from Germany Part of Kamerun ceded from Germany Part of Togoland ceded from Germany German New Guinea ceded to Australia German Samoa ceded to New Zealand German South - West Africa ceded to South Africa Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Estonia United Kingdom Finland Denmark Latvia White movement Swedish volunteers Soviet Russia Baltische Landeswehr Victory Independence of Estonia Vidzeme gained by the Republic of Latvia Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Latvia Estonia White Movement Poland Lithuania United Kingdom German Empire West Russian Volunteer Army Russian SFSR Latvian SSR Victory Independence of Latvia Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War ( 1918 -- 1920 ) British Empire France United States Japan Greece Soviet Russia Far Eastern Republic Defeat Allied withdrawal from Russia Bolshevik victory over White Army Soviet Union new Russian Power Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1923 ) Greece France Armenia ( in 1920 ) United Kingdom Ottoman Empire ( until 1922 ) Kuva - yi Inzibatiye ( in 1920 ) Italy Georgia ( in 1921 ) Turkish National Movement Grand National Assembly ( after 1920 ) Kuva - yi Nizamiye Kuva - yi Milliye ( until 1920 ) Supported by : Russian SFSR Azerbaijan SSR Georgian SSR Bukharan PSR Afghanistan All - India Muslim League Defeat Treaty of Lausanne Overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate Withdrawal of Allied forces from occupied lands of Turkey Establishment of the Republic of Turkey Starting of the series of reforms led by Atatürk Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 -- 1919 ) India Afghanistan Afghan diplomatic victory Defeat of Afghan invasion of north - west British India Inconclusive military operation Reaffirmation of the Durand Line Afghan independence with full sovereignty in foreign affairs Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 1921 ) Royal Irish Constabulary ( RIC ) Irish Republic Anglo - Irish Treaty : Dominion status for southern Ireland as the Irish Free State Somaliland campaign ( 1920 ) ( 1920 ) British Somaliland British East Africa Dervish State Victory Demise of the Dervish State Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920 ( 1920 ) Iraqi rebels Victory Revolt suppressed , greater autonomy given to Iraq United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- Present ) ( edit ) Conflict Britain & Her Allies Belligerent Opposing Britain Outcome Adwan Rebellion ( 1923 ) United Kingdom Emir Abdullah 's forces Hashemite allied tribesmen : Sheykh Minwar al - Hadid Sultan al - Adwan 's forces Victory Sultan al - Adwan 's defeat and exile Ikhwan Revolt ( 1927 -- 1930 ) Kuwait Nejd and Hejaz RAF Ikhwan Victory Ikhwan attack on Kuwait repelled . The remnants of the Ikhwan incorporated into regular Saudi units . The Ikhwan leadership was either slain or imprisoned . Great Arab Revolt in Palestine ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Jewish Settlement Police Jewish Supernumerary Police Haganah Special Night Squads FOSH Peulot Meyuhadot Irgun Peace Bands Arab Higher Committee Victory Revolt suppressed Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine ( 1938 -- 1948 ) United Kingdom Haganah Palmach Irgun Lehi British terminate Mandate and withdraw Israeli Declaration of Independence S - Plan 16 January 1939 -- March 1940 United Kingdom Irish Republican Army Victory IRA failure World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) The Allies France Denmark Poland Belgium Netherlands Luxembourg Czechoslovakia Norway Greece Yugoslavia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Canada Australia New Zealand India Nepal South Africa Brazil China Axis Powers Germany Italy Hungary Japan Bulgaria Croatia Romania Manchukuo Mengjiang Finland Thailand Vichy France Victory Nazi Germany formally surrenders 8 May 1945 , ending World War II in Europe . On August 15 , 1945 , following the dropping of atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan announces its surrender , ending World War II British ( and Commonwealth ) , French , American , and Soviet troops occupy Germany until 1955 , Italy and Japan lose their colonies , Europe is divided into ' Soviet ' and ' Western ' spheres of interest . Northern Campaign 2 September 1942 -- December 1944 Royal Ulster Constabulary Irish Republican Army Victory IRA campaign failure Greek Civil War ( 1944 -- 1948 ) Kingdom of Greece United Kingdom United States D.S.E. ( Δ. Σ. Ε . ) Albania Yugoslavia Bulgaria Victory Communist forces defeated , many D.S.E. soldiers exiled in Eastern Europe . Battalion of UK troops still in Greece till 1948 Indonesian National Revolution ( 1945 -- 1949 ) United Kingdom Netherlands Empire of Japan ( Until 1945 ) Indonesia Hand over to Dutch in 1946 Netherlands recognises Indonesian Independence Operation Masterdom ( 1945 -- 1946 ) United Kingdom India France Empire of Japan Viet Minh Hand over to French First Indochina War begins Corfu Channel incident ( 1946 -- 1948 ) United Kingdom People 's Socialist Republic of Albania Victory ICJ awards compensation to Britain , which is not settled till 1992 . Britain breaks off talks aimed at establishing diplomatic relations with Albania . Malayan Emergency ( 1948 -- 1960 ) British Commonwealth United Kingdom Federation of Malaya Australia New Zealand Southern Rhodesia Fiji Kenya Malayan Communist Party Malayan Races Liberation Army Victory Communist retreat from Malaya Malayan independence Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) United Nations Command South Korea United States Commonwealth of Nations ( British Commonwealth Forces Korea ) North Korea People 's Republic of China Soviet Union Ceasefire Communist invasion of South Korea repelled UN invasion of North Korea repelled 1951 Anglo - Egyptian War ( 1951 -- 1952 ) United Kingdom Egypt Victory Ended with the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 . Mau Mau Uprising ( 1952 -- 1960 ) United Kingdom British Kenya Mau Mau Victory Defeat of Mau Mau Kenyan independence Jebel Akhdar War ( 1954 -- 1959 ) Sultanate of Muscat and Oman United Kingdom Imamate of Oman Ibadi sect Saudi Arabia Victory Dissolution of the Imamate of Oman Cyprus Emergency ( 1955 -- 1959 ) United Kingdom Cyprus Colony EOKA TMT Cyprus became an independent republic in 1960 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas , at Akrotiri and Dhekelia . Enosis not achieved Suez Crisis ( 1956 -- 1957 ) United Kingdom France Israel Egypt Coalition military victory Egyptian political victory Anglo - French withdrawal following international pressure ( December 1956 ) Israeli occupation of Sinai ( until March 1957 ) UNEF deployment in Sinai Straits of Tiran re-opened to Israeli shipping Border Campaign ( 1956 -- 1962 ) United Kingdom Irish Republican Army Victory IRA campaign fails First Cod War ( 1958 -- 1961 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat Iceland expands its territorial waters to 12 nautical miles Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation ( 1962 -- 1966 ) Commonwealth of Nations Malaysia United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Indonesia Victory Indonesia recognises Malaysian rule over former North Borneo Dhofar Rebellion ( 1962 -- 1975 ) Oman United Kingdom Iran Jordan Various insurgents Victory Insurgency defeated Modernisation of Oman Aden Emergency ( 1963 -- 1967 ) Federation of South Arabia United Kingdom NLF FLOSY Defeat People 's Republic of South Yemen established Nigerian Civil War ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Nigeria Egypt United Kingdom Biafra Victory Biafra rejoins Nigeria The Troubles ( 1968 -- 1998 ) United Kingdom Loyalist paramilitaries : Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Red Hand Commando Ulster Resistance Loyalist Volunteer Force Provisional Irish Republican Army Official Irish Republican Army Irish National Liberation Army Irish People 's Liberation Organisation Continuity Irish Republican Army Real Irish Republican Army Stalemate Good Friday Agreement : Devolution in Northern Ireland Power - sharing deal Cross-border cooperation Disarming of paramilitary groups Demilitarisation Second Cod War ( 1972 - 1973 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat UK accept Iceland 's 50 nautical mile exclusive fishery zone Third Cod War ( 1975 - 1976 ) United Kingdom Iceland Defeat Iceland expands its exclusive fishery zone to 200 nautical miles Falklands War ( 1982 ) United Kingdom Argentina Victory British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands re-established . Multinational Force in Lebanon ( 1982 -- 1984 ) United Kingdom France United States Italy Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement Defeat Lebanese Army collapsed following Multinational Force withdrawal . Civil War continued until 1990 . Britain provides smaller contribution than other 3 powers from Feb 1983 , while the 3 others had intervened in Aug 1982 , Britain , US , and Italy left in Feb 1984 , with the French leaving by March 31 , 1984 . Gulf War ( 1991 ) Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Egypt Syria Other Allies Iraq Victory Kuwait regains its independence Bosnian War ( 1992 -- 1995 ) UNPROFOR NATO Republika Srpska Victory Dayton Accords Operation Desert Fox ( 1998 ) United States United Kingdom Iraq Victory Objectives largely achieved Kosovo War ( 1998 -- 1999 ) United States United Kingdom France Canada Denmark Germany Italy Kosovo Liberation Army Yugoslavia Victory Kosovo occupied by Nato forces Kosovo administered by UNMIK Sierra Leone Civil War ( 2000 -- 2002 ) Sierra Leone United Kingdom Rebels Liberia Victory Rebels defeated War in Afghanistan Fourth Anglo - Afghan War ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Afghanistan United States United Kingdom Canada Germany Italy France Denmark Poland Romania Turkey Australia Spain ISAF Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Ongoing Fall of Taliban régime and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Osama bin Laden killed Taliban insurgency Iraq War ( 2003 -- 2009 ) United States United Kingdom Iraq after the fall of Saddam Hussein Australia Poland Denmark Iraqi Kurdistan Iraq under Saddam Hussein Islamic State of Iraq Various insurgents Victory Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government Occupation of southern Iraq Iraqi insurgency , emergence of al - Qaeda in Iraq , and Sectarian Violence Rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in Iraq British withdrawal in 2009 , US withdrawal in 2011 Libyan Civil War ( 2011 ) Many NATO members acting under UN mandate , including : United States United Kingdom France Denmark Italy Canada and Anti-Gaddafi forces several Arab League states Sweden Pro-Gaddafi forces Victory Fall of Gaddafi regime Muammar Gaddafi killed National Transitional Council take control Operation Shader ( 2014 -- present ) United States United Kingdom Iraq Syrian Opposition Australia Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Turkey Bahrain Jordan Morocco Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Rojava Egypt Libya Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Russia Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram al - Nusra Front Khorasan Ahrar ash - Sham Ongoing The UK 's Operation Shader is ongoing as part of intervention in Iraq ( 2014 -- present ) 3,000 + ISIL fighters killed in 1,700 British airstrikes. Drone Wars UK : Operation Shader. British armed forces provide material and training to Iraqi Security Forces and Peshmerga . As part of the American - led interventions in Syria and Iraq , contributes to the loss of all of ISIL 's territory in Iraq and the majority of their territory in Syria . See also ( edit ) List of wars involving England List of wars in Great Britain Military history of the United Kingdom Declaration of war by the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Laycock , S. ( 2012 ) . All the Countries We 've Ever Invaded -- And the Few We Never Got Round To . The History Press . ^ M.R. Kantak , The First Anglo - Maratha War , 1774 - 1783 : A Military Study of Major Battles , quote : `` Inspite of British superiority in the military science , the British troops could not force a decisive win over the Maratha troops in the First Anglo - Maratha War . The ultimate result of the War showed that the two sides remained evenly balanced . '' , p. 226 ^ John Bowman , Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , quote : `` First Anglo - Maratha War ... The war ends inconclusively . '' , Columbia University Press , p. 290 ^ `` British Slaves on the Barbary Coast '' . ^ Rosa , José María ( 1974 ) ( 1970 ) . Historia Argentina ( History of Argentina ) ( in Spanish ) . V. Buenos Aires : Editorial Oriente S.A. pp. 279 -- 288 . ^ Abad de Santillán , Diego . Historia Argentina ( in Spanish ) . Buenos Aires : TEA ( Tipográfica Editora Argentina ) . p. 383 . ^ `` British Assistance to the Japanese Navy during the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 -- 5 '' . The Great Circle . Australian Association for Maritime History . 2 ( 1 ) : 44 . April 1980 . JSTOR 41562319 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . ^ Jelavich , Barbara ( 1983 ) . History of the Balkans : Twentieth century . Cambridge University Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27459 - 3 . ^ Lansford 2017 , p. 47 . ^ Sidebotham , Herbert ( 1919 ) . `` The Third Afghan War '' . New Statesman , 16 August 1919 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . ^ Cavanna 2015 , p. xviii . ^ Egypt 1951 War with Britain , Globalsecurity.org ^ Tal ( 2001 ) p 203 ^ Mart , Michelle . Eye on Israel : How America Came to View the Jewish State as an Ally . p. 159 . ISBN 0791466876 . ^ Stewart ( 2013 ) p 133 ^ Kunz , Diane B . The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 1967 - 0 . ^ `` The Collapse of Lebanon 's Army : U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism '' . March 11 , 1984 . ^ The Fourth Afghan War is lost The Daily Telegraph , 4 September 2009 ^ `` Sectarian divisions change Baghdad 's image '' . MSNBC. 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 18 February 2007 . ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . Ctc.usma.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S Department of State . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ `` British air strikes killed 3,000 ISIS militants in Iraq and Syria in three years . '' ^ UK troops training Kurdish forces in Iraq , says MoD ^ British trained Iraqi soldiers gear up to back Baghdad surge ^ Ahmed Aboulenein ( 10 December 2017 ) . `` Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813 , though most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon Further reading ( edit ) Barnett , Correlli . Britain and her army , 1509 - 1970 : a military , political and social survey ( 1970 ) . Black , Jeremy . A military history of Britain : from 1775 to the present ( 2008 ) . Bradford , James C. ed . International Encyclopedia of Military History ( 2 vol. 2006 ) . Brownstone , David and Irene Franck . Timelines of War : A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present ( 1996 ) , Global coverage . Cannon , John , ed . The Oxford Companion to British History ( 2003 ) Carlton , Charles . This Seat of Mars : War and the British Isles , 1485 - 1746 ( Yale UP ; 2011 ) 332 pages ; studies the impact of near unceasing war from the individual to the national levels . Chandler , David G. , and Ian Frederick William Beckett , eds . The Oxford history of the British army ( Oxford UP , 2003 ) . Cole , D. H and E. C Priestley . An outline of British military history , 1660 - 1936 ( 1936 ) . online Dupuy , R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy . The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History : From 3500 B.C. to the Present ( 1993 ) . Fortescue , John William . History of the British Army from the Norman Conquest to the First World War ( 1899 -- 1930 ) , in 13 volumes with six separate map volumes . Available online for downloading ; online volumes ; The standard highly detailed full coverage of operations . Haswell , Jock , and John Lewis - Stempel . A Brief History of the British Army ( 2017 ) . Higham , John , ed . A Guide to the Sources of British Military History ( 1971 ) 654 pages excerpt ; Highly detailed bibliography and discussion up to 1970 ; includes local and naval forces . James , Lawrence . Warrior race : a history of the British at war ( Hachette UK , 2010 ) . excerpt Johnson , Douglas , et al. Britain and France : Ten Centuries ( 1980 ) Mulligan , William , and Brendan Simms , eds . The Primacy of Foreign Policy in British History , 1660 -- 2000 ( Palgrave Macmillan ; 2011 ) 345 pages Neville , Peter ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy . Scarecrow Press . pp. xix -- xxxi . timeline pp xix to xxxi Otte , T.G. The Makers of British Foreign Policy : From Pitt to Thatcher ( 2002 ) Ranft , Bryan . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy ( Oxford UP , 2002 ) . Rodger , N.A.M. The safeguard of the sea : A naval history of Britain , 660 - 1649 ( Vol. 1 . 1998 ) . excerpt Rodger , N.A.M. The Command of the Ocean : A Naval History of Britain , 1649 - 1815 ( vol 2 2006 ) excerpt Sheppard , Eric William . A short history of the British army ( 1950 ) . online Ward , A.W. and G.P. Gooch , eds . The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy , 1783 - 1919 ( 3 vol , 1921 -- 23 ) , old detailed classic ; vol 1 , 1783 - 1815 ; vol 2 , 1815 - 1866 ; vol 3 . 1866 - 1919 Historiography ( edit ) Messenger , Charles , ed . Reader 's Guide to Military History ( 2001 ) pp 55 -- 74 etc. ; annotated guide to most important books . Schroeder , Paul W. `` Old Wine in Old Bottles : Recent Contributions to British Foreign Policy and European International Politics , 1789 -- 1848 . '' Journal of British Studies 26.01 ( 1987 ) : 1 - 25 . Lists of wars involving European countries Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=843203815 '' Categories : Country data templates of former countries Country data templates of France Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving Great Britain Lists of wars by country United Kingdom history - related lists United Kingdom military - related lists Great Britain - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages with login required references or sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 16 : 12 . 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how many bones make up the human skeleton	The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones . It is composed of 270 bones at birth , which decreases to 80 bones in the axial skeleton ( 28 in the skull and 52 in the torso ) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton ( 32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs ) . Many small and variable supernumerary bones , such as some sesamoid bones , are not included in this count .	206	List of bones of the human skeleton	list of bones of the human skeleton	The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones . It is composed of 270 bones at birth , which decreases to 80 bones in the axial skeleton ( 28 in the skull and 52 in the torso ) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton ( 32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs ) . Many small and variable supernumerary bones , such as some sesamoid bones , are not included in this count .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Bones 2.1 Spine ( vertebral column ) 2.2 Chest ( thorax ) 2.3 Skull ( cranium and mandible ) 2.4 Arm 2.5 Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) 2.6 Leg 2.7 Sesamoid bones 3 References Introduction ( edit ) The bones in a human skeleton will be more as the age will be more , as multiple bones fuse , a process which typically reaches completion in the third decade of life . In addition , the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones , despite being fused naturally . Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted , while others , such as the hallux sesamoids , are not . Individuals may have more or fewer bones than this owing to anatomical variations . The most common variations include sutural ( wormian ) bones , which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull , and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons , mainly in the hands and feet . Some individuals may also have additional ( i.e. supernumerary ) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae . Bones ( edit ) Spine ( vertebral column ) ( edit ) A fully grown adult features 30 bones in the spine , whereas a child can have 33 . The cervical vertebrae ( 7 ) The thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) The lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) The sacral vertebrae ( 5 at birth , later fused into one ) The coccygeal vertebrae ( 5 at birth , some or all of the bones fuse together but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be . Some say the most common is 1 , others say 2 or 3 , with 4 being the least likely . It is counted as 1 in this article. ) Chest ( thorax ) ( edit ) There are usually 25 bones in the chest but sometimes there can be additional cervical ribs in humans . Cervical ribs occur naturally in other animals such as reptiles . The sternum ( 1 ) The ribs ( 24 , in 12 pairs ) It is important to note that three pairs ( the 8th , 9th and 10th ) , also known as false ribs , are attached to each other . They are also attached to the 7th rib by cartilage and synovial joints . Also two pairs of floating ribs ( the 11th and 12th ) , have no anterior attachment . Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some humans . Skull ( cranium and mandible ) ( edit ) There are 22 bones in the skull . Including the hyoid and the bones of the middle ear , the head contains 29 bones . The cranial bones ( 8 ) The occipital bone The parietal bones ( 2 ) The frontal bone The temporal bones ( 2 ) The sphenoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) The ethmoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) The facial bones ( 14 ) The nasal bones ( 2 ) The maxillae ( upper jaw ) ( 2 ) The lacrimal bone ( 2 ) The zygomatic bone or cheekbone ( 2 ) ; The palatine bone ( 2 ) The inferior nasal concha ( 2 ) The vomer The mandible ( lower jaw ) The hyoid bone ( not connected to any other bone ) In the middle ears ( 6 ) malleus ( 2 ) incus ( 2 ) stapes ( 2 ) Arm ( edit ) There are a total of 64 bones in the arm . The upper arm bones ( 6 bones , 3 on each side ) The humerus The shoulder ( pectoral girdle ) The scapula The clavicles The lower arm bones ( 4 bones , 2 on each side ) The ulna The radius The hand ( 54 bones , 27 in each hand ) The carpals scaphoid bone ( 2 ) lunate bone ( 2 ) triquetral bone ( 2 ) pisiform bone ( 2 ) trapezium ( 2 ) trapezoid bone ( 2 ) capitate bone ( 2 ) hamate bone ( 2 ) The metacarpals ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) The phalanges of the hand proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) intermediate phalanges ( 4 × 2 = 8 ) distal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) ( edit ) The hip bone has three regions : ilium , ischium , and pubis ( 2 ) The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis , but are more important to the spinal column . For this reason it is omitted from the pelvic girdle . Leg ( edit ) The femur ( 2 ) The patella or kneecap ( 2 ) The tibia ( 2 ) The fibula ( 2 ) The foot ( 52 bones in total , 26 per foot ) The tarsus calcaneus or heel bone ( 2 ) talus ( 2 ) navicular bone ( 2 ) medial cuneiform bone ( 2 ) intermediate cuneiform bone ( 2 ) lateral cuneiform bone ( 2 ) cuboid bone ( 2 ) The metatarsals ( 10 ) The phalanges of the foot proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) intermediate phalanges ( 4 x 2 = 8 ) distal phalanges ( 5 x 2 = 10 ) Sesamoid bones ( edit ) Patella Pisiform bone Fabella Sesamoids in the first and second metacarpal bones Sesamoids in the first metatarsal bone Lenticular process of the incus For inconsistent bones , see Accessory bone . References ( edit ) The 206 Bones of the Human Body ( hide ) Bones in the human skeleton Axial skeleton Skull Neurocranium occipital parietal frontal temporal sphenoid ethmoid Face nasal maxilla lacrimal zygomatic palatine inferior nasal conchae vomer mandible hyoid Ear ossicles malleus incus stapes Thorax sternum rib cage rib Vertebral column vertebrae cervical thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx Appendicular Shoulder clavicle scapula Arm humerus ulna radius Hand carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform , trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) metacarpals phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) Pelvis ilium ischium pubis Leg femur patella fibula tibia Foot tarsals heelbone anklebone navicular cuneiform cuboid metatarsals phalanges proximal intermediate distal accessory accessory navicular Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton&oldid=809200172 '' Categories : Skeletal system Lists of human anatomical features Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Башҡортса Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 18 : 45 . 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what does saffron colour in indian flag represent	Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively .	courage and sacrifice	Flag of India	flag of india	The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya .	By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20India	3,788
how many times is bethel mentioned in the bible			Bethel	bethel	Bethel ( Ugaritic : bt il , meaning `` House of El '' or `` House of God '' , Hebrew : בֵּית אֵל ‬ , also transliterated Beth El , Beth - El , or Beit El ; Greek : Βαιθηλ ; Latin : Bethel ) was a border city described in the Hebrew Bible as being located between Benjamin and Ephraim and also a location named by Jacob . Under Israelite rule , Bethel first belonged to the Tribe of Benjamin , but was later conquered by the Tribe of Ephraim .	Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome describe Bethel in their time as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem , to the right or east of the road leading to Neapolis . Modern scholar Edward Robinson identified the village of Beitin in the West Bank with ancient Bethel in Biblical Researches in Palestine , 1838 -- 52 . He based this assessment on its fitting the location described in earlier texts , and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name , arguing that the replacement of the Hebrew el with the Arabic in was not unusual . Ten years after the Six - Day War , the biblical name was applied to an Israeli settlement Beit El constructed adjacent to Beitin . In several countries -- particularly in the US -- the name has been given to various locations ( see Bethel ( disambiguation ) ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links History ( edit ) Depiction of Jacob 's dream at Bethel , by José de Ribera . Bethel is mentioned several times in Genesis . It is first mentioned in Genesis 12 and 13 , as a place near where Abram stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return . It is said to be close to Hai ( Ai ) and just to the west of it . More famously it is mentioned again in Genesis 28 , when Jacob , fleeing from the wrath of his brother Esau , falls asleep on a stone and dreams of a ladder stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with angels ; God stands at the top of the ladder , and promises Jacob the land of Canaan ; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone ( baetylus ) with oil and names the place Bethel . Another account , from Genesis 35 repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place ( as El - Bethel ) , and makes this the site of Jacob 's own change of name to Israel . Both versions state that the original name of the place was Luz , a Canaanite name . Bethel is mentioned again in the book of Joshua 7 : 2 , 8 : 9 as being close to Ai and on the west side of it ; in this episode Joshua sent men from Jericho to capture Ai . At Joshua 16 : 1 it is again said to be next to Luz , near Jericho , and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph ( that is Manasseh and Ephraim , cf . Joshua 16 : 4 ) . In the book of Judges 1 : 22 ff the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel , which again is said to have previously been called Luz . At Judges 4 : 5 the prophetess Deborah is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm - tree of Deborah ( presumably a reference to Genesis 35 : 8 , where another Deborah , the nurse of Jacob 's mother Rebecca , is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel ) . Bethel is said in Judges 4 : 5 to be in Mt Ephraim . At Judges 20 : 18 , where the Hebrew Beth - El is translated in the King James Version as the ' House of God ' , the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah . They make a second visit ( Judges 20 : 26 ) after losing the battle . Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time ; so important in fact that the Ark of the Covenant was kept there , under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron ( Judges 20 : 27f ) . At Judges 21 : 19 , Bethel is said to be south of Shiloh . At the next mention of the Ark , in 1 Samuel 4 : 3 , it is said to be kept at Shiloh . In the book I Samuel 7 : 16 , it is said that the prophet Samuel , who resided at Ramah , used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel , Gilgal and Mizpah to judge Israel . At I Samuel 10 : 3 , Samuel tells Saul to go to Bethel to visit the ' Hill of God ' , where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a ' psaltery , and a tabret , and a pipe , and a harp ' . It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time . Bethel is mentioned again in I Samuel 13 : 2 and 2 Samuel 30 : 27 . Ruins of Jeroboam 's temple in Bethel After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King Solomon ( c. 931 BC ) , Jeroboam , the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel , made two calves of gold ( 1 Kings 12 : 28 ff ) and set one up in Bethel , and the other in Dan in the far north of his kingdom . This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there . It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans . A story is told at 1 Kings 13 : 1 ff of how a man from Judah visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by Josiah . At 2 Kings 2 : 1ff the prophets Elijah and Elisha are said to have visited Bethel on a journey from Gilgal to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven without dying ( 2 Kings 2 : 11 ) . ( 9th century BC ) . Later , when Elisha returned alone to Bethel , he is said to have been taunted by some young men ( not ' young boys ' as it is translated in some English Bibles ) as he climbed up to the shrine , and cursed them ; whereupon 42 of the young men were killed by bears ( 2 Kings 2 : 23ff ) . Bethel is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel , Jehu ( c. 842 - 815 BC ) . Despite his killing of the prophets of Baal and destruction of their temple , it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan . ( 2 Kings 10 : 29 ) . The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722 , but was finally completely destroyed by King Josiah of Judah ( c. 640 - 609 BC ) . Bethel is mentioned in Ezra 2 : 28 and Nehemiah 7 : 32 as being resettled at the time of the return of the exiles from Babylon . The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by the prophet Amos ( c. 750 ) : But seek not Beth -- el , nor enter into Gilgal , and pass not to Beer -- sheba : for Gilgal shall surely go into captivity , and Beth -- el shall come to nought . - King James Bible But prophesy not again any more at Beth -- el : for it is the king 's chapel , and it is the king 's court . - King James Bible A few years later the prophet Hosea ( 10 : 15 ) ( 8th century BC ) speaks of the `` wickedness '' of Bethel ( at least according to modern translations ) and Jeremiah ( 48 : 13 ) ( 6th century BC ) speaks of the `` shame '' which it brought on Israel . Hosea 13 : 1 -- 3 describes how the Israelites are abandoning Adonai for the worship of Baal , and accuses them of making or using images for ' idol ' worship . Chief among these , it appears , was the image of the bull at Bethel , which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal . Bethel was again inhabited and fortified by Bacchides the Syrian in the time of the Maccabees . Josephus tells us that Bethel was captured by Vespasian . Robinson notes that after the writings of Eusebius and Jerome , he found no further references to Bethel in the written historical record . However , he notes that the ruins at Beitin are greater than those of a village and seem to have undergone expansion after the time of Jerome , noting also the presence of what appear to be ruins of churches from the Middle Ages . See also ( edit ) Beytullah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bleeker and Widegren , 1988 , p. 257 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson and Smith , 1856 , pp. 449 -- 450 . Jump up ^ Confronting the Past : Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever , ed . Gitin , Wright and Dessel Jump up ^ Genesis 12 / בראשית י `` ב ( Origin ) , Genesis 12 : 8 ( Translation ) Jump up ^ Genesis 28 / בראשית כ `` ח ( Origin ) , Genesis 28 : 19 ( Translation ) Jump up ^ Genesis 35 / בראשית ל `` ה ( Origin ) , Genesis 35 : 7 ( Translation ) Jump up ^ Stephen L. Cook ( 2004 ) . The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism , Part 2 . Society of Biblical Literature . p. 90 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gomes , Jules Francis ( 2006 ) , The Sanctuary of Bethel and the Configuration of Israelite Identity , Walter de Gruyter & Co , ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 018993 - 3 Bleeker , C.J. ; Widengren , G. ( 1988 ) , Historia Religionum : Handbook for the History of Religions , BRILL , ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08928 - 0 Robinson , Edward ; Smith , Eli ( 1856 ) , Biblical Researches in Palestine , 1838 -- 52 : A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838 , University of Michigan Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite External links ( edit ) Media related to Bethel ( biblical village ) at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates : 31 ° 56 ′ 31.2 '' N 35 ° 13 ′ 19.2 '' E / 31.942000 ° N 35.222000 ° E / 31.942000 ; 35.222000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethel&oldid=826207679 '' Categories : Ancient Israel and Judah Former populated places in Southwest Asia Hebrew language Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Ladino Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська ייִדיש 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 21 : 04 . 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where can nucleic acids be found in a cell	Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules . They are found in abundance in all living things , where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life - form organism on Earth . In turn , they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus -- to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism . The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence , which provides the ' ladder - step ' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA .	the nucleus	Nucleic acid	nucleic acid	Nucleic acids are the biopolymers , or small biomolecules , essential to all known forms of life . The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA . They are composed of nucleotides , which are the monomers made of three components : a 5 - carbon sugar , a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base . If the sugar is a compound ribose , the polymer is RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) ; if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose , the polymer is DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) .	Nucleic acids are the most important of all biomolecules . They are found in abundance in all living things , where they function to create and encode and then store information in the nucleus of every living cell of every life - form organism on Earth . In turn , they function to transmit and express that information inside and outside the cell nucleus -- to the interior operations of the cell and ultimately to the next generation of each living organism . The encoded information is contained and conveyed via the nucleic acid sequence , which provides the ' ladder - step ' ordering of nucleotides within the molecules of RNA and DNA . Strings of nucleotides are bonded to form helical backbones -- typically , one for RNA , two for DNA -- and assembled into chains of base - pairs selected from the five primary , or canonical , nucleobases , which are : adenine , cytosine , guanine , thymine , and uracil ; note , thymine occurs only in DNA and uracil only in RNA . Using amino acids and the process known as protein synthesis , the specific sequencing in DNA of these nucleobase - pairs enables storing and transmitting coded instructions as genes . In RNA , base - pair sequencing provides for manufacturing new proteins that determine the frames and parts and most chemical processes of all life forms . Contents 1 History 2 Occurrence and nomenclature 3 Molecular composition and size 4 Topology 5 Sequences 6 Types 6.1 Deoxyribonucleic acid 6.2 Ribonucleic acid 6.3 Artificial nucleic acid 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Nuclein were discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . In 1889 Richard Altmann discovered that nuclein has acidic properties , and it became called nucleic acid In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA . In 1953 Watson and Crick determined the structure of DNA . Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of modern biological and medical research , and form a foundation for genome and forensic science , and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries . Occurrence and nomenclature ( edit ) The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA , members of a family of biopolymers , and is synonymous with polynucleotide . Nucleic acids were named for their initial discovery within the nucleus , and for the presence of phosphate groups ( related to phosphoric acid ) . Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells , nucleic acids are now known to be found in all life forms including within bacteria , archaea , mitochondria , chloroplasts , viruses , and viroids . ( note : there is debate as to whether viruses are living or non-living ) . All living cells contain both DNA and RNA ( except some cells such as mature red blood cells ) , while viruses contain either DNA or RNA , but usually not both . The basic component of biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide , each of which contains a pentose sugar ( ribose or deoxyribose ) , a phosphate group , and a nucleobase . Nucleic acids are also generated within the laboratory , through the use of enzymes ( DNA and RNA polymerases ) and by solid - phase chemical synthesis . The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that are not found in nature , for example peptide nucleic acids . Molecular composition and size ( edit ) Nucleic acids are generally very large molecules . Indeed , DNA molecules are probably the largest individual molecules known . Well - studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides ( small interfering RNA ) to large chromosomes ( human chromosome 1 is a single molecule that contains 247 million base pairs ) . In most cases , naturally occurring DNA molecules are double - stranded and RNA molecules are single - stranded . There are numerous exceptions , however -- some viruses have genomes made of double - stranded RNA and other viruses have single - stranded DNA genomes , and , in some circumstances , nucleic acid structures with three or four strands can form . Nucleic acids are linear polymers ( chains ) of nucleotides . Each nucleotide consists of three components : a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase ( sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base ) , a pentose sugar , and a phosphate group . The substructure consisting of a nucleobase plus sugar is termed a nucleoside . Nucleic acid types differ in the structure of the sugar in their nucleotides -- DNA contains 2 ' - deoxyribose while RNA contains ribose ( where the only difference is the presence of a hydroxyl group ) . Also , the nucleobases found in the two nucleic acid types are different : adenine , cytosine , and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA , while thymine occurs in DNA and uracil occurs in RNA . The sugars and phosphates in nucleic acids are connected to each other in an alternating chain ( sugar - phosphate backbone ) through phosphodiester linkages . In conventional nomenclature , the carbons to which the phosphate groups attach are the 3 ' - end and the 5 ' - end carbons of the sugar . This gives nucleic acids directionality , and the ends of nucleic acid molecules are referred to as 5 ' - end and 3 ' - end . The nucleobases are joined to the sugars via an N - glycosidic linkage involving a nucleobase ring nitrogen ( N - 1 for pyrimidines and N - 9 for purines ) and the 1 ' carbon of the pentose sugar ring . Non-standard nucleosides are also found in both RNA and DNA and usually arise from modification of the standard nucleosides within the DNA molecule or the primary ( initial ) RNA transcript . Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) molecules contain a particularly large number of modified nucleosides . Topology ( edit ) Double - stranded nucleic acids are made up of complementary sequences , in which extensive Watson - Crick base pairing results in a highly repeated and quite uniform double - helical three - dimensional structure . In contrast , single - stranded RNA and DNA molecules are not constrained to a regular double helix , and can adopt highly complex three - dimensional structures that are based on short stretches of intramolecular base - paired sequences including both Watson - Crick and noncanonical base pairs , and a wide range of complex tertiary interactions . Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched , and may occur as linear and circular molecules . For example , bacterial chromosomes , plasmids , mitochondrial DNA , and chloroplast DNA are usually circular double - stranded DNA molecules , while chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus are usually linear double - stranded DNA molecules . Most RNA molecules are linear , single - stranded molecules , but both circular and branched molecules can result from RNA splicing reactions . The total amount of pyrimidine is equal to the total amount of purines . The diameter of the helix is about 20A . Sequences ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid sequence One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the sequence of nucleotides . Nucleotide sequences are of great importance in biology since they carry the ultimate instructions that encode all biological molecules , molecular assemblies , subcellular and cellular structures , organs , and organisms , and directly enable cognition , memory , and behavior ( see Genetics ) . Enormous efforts have gone into the development of experimental methods to determine the nucleotide sequence of biological DNA and RNA molecules , and today hundreds of millions of nucleotides are sequenced daily at genome centers and smaller laboratories worldwide . In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database , the National Center for Biotechnology Information ( NCBI , https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site . Types ( edit ) Deoxyribonucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms . The DNA segments carrying this genetic information are called genes . Likewise , other DNA sequences have structural purposes , or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information . Along with RNA and proteins , DNA is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called nucleotides , with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups joined by ester bonds . These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are , therefore , anti-parallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes information . This information is read using the genetic code , which specifies the sequence of the amino acids within proteins . The code is read by copying stretches of DNA into the related nucleic acid RNA in a process called transcription . Within cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi , and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast , prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . Ribonucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : RNA Ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) functions in converting genetic information from genes into the amino acid sequences of proteins . The three universal types of RNA include transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , and ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) . Messenger RNA acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes , directing protein synthesis . Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome , and catalyzes peptide bond formation . Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis , and is responsible for decoding the mRNA . In addition , many other classes of RNA are now known . Artificial nucleic acid ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid analogue Artificial nucleic acid analogues have been designed and synthesized by chemists , and include peptide nucleic acid , morpholino - and locked nucleic acid , glycol nucleic acid , and threose nucleic acid . Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecules . See also ( edit ) Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software History of biochemistry History of molecular biology History of RNA biology Molecular biology Nucleic acid methods Nucleic acid structure Nucleic acid thermodynamics Oligonucleotide synthesis Quantification of nucleic acids Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ He called them nuclein . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , A Short History of Nearly Everything , Broadway Books , 2015. p. 500 . Jump up ^ `` What is DNA '' . What is DNA . Linda Clarks . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dahm , R ( January 2008 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Human Genetics . 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . ISSN 0340 - 6717 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ Cox , Michael ; Nelson , David ( 2008 ) . Principles of Biochemistry . Susan Winslow . p. 288 . ISBN 9781464163074 . Jump up ^ `` DNA Structure '' . What is DNA . Linda Clarks . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ( 2001 ) . `` Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 409 ( 6822 ) : 860 -- 921 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 860L . doi : 10.1038 / 35057062 . PMID 11237011 . Jump up ^ Venter , JC ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Science . 291 ( 5507 ) : 1304 -- 1351 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . PMID 11181995 . Jump up ^ Budowle B , van Daal A ( April 2009 ) . `` Extracting evidence from forensic DNA analyses : future molecular biology directions '' . BioTechniques. 46 ( 5 ) : 339 -- 40 , 342 -- 50 . doi : 10.2144 / 000113136 . PMID 19480629 . Jump up ^ Elson D ( 1965 ) . `` Metabolism of nucleic acids ( macromolecular DNA and RNA ) '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 34 : 449 -- 86 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 34.070165. 002313 . PMID 14321176 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Health ( September 28 , 2007 ) . `` Discovering DNA : Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research '' . Hum . Genet . nih.gov. 122 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0433 - 0 . PMID 17901982 . Jump up ^ Aparadh , V.T. & B.A. Karadge ( 2012 ) . `` Infrared Spectroscopic Studies in Some Cleome species '' ( PDF ) . ISSN 2319 - 8877 . ^ Jump up to : Brock , Thomas D. ; Madigan , Michael T. ( 2009 ) . Brock biology of microorganisms . Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 321 - 53615 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hardinger , Steven ; University of California , Los Angeles ( 2011 ) . `` Knowing Nucleic Acids '' ( PDF ) . ucla.edu . Jump up ^ Mullis , Kary B . The Polymerase Chain Reaction ( Nobel Lecture ) . 1993 . ( retrieved December 1 , 2010 ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/mullis-lecture.html Jump up ^ Verma S , Eckstein F ( 1998 ) . `` Modified oligonucleotides : synthesis and strategy for users '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67 : 99 -- 134 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 67.1. 99 . PMID 9759484 . Jump up ^ Gregory SG , Barlow KF , McLay KE , et al. ( May 2006 ) . `` The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1 '' . Nature . 441 ( 7091 ) : 315 -- 21 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 315G . doi : 10.1038 / nature04727 . PMID 16710414 . Jump up ^ Todorov TI , Morris MD ( April 23 , 2002 ) . National Institutes of Health . `` Comparison of RNA , single - stranded DNA and double - stranded DNA behavior during capillary electrophoresis in semidilute polymer solutions '' . Electrophoresis . nih.gov. 23 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 1033 -- 44 . doi : 10.1002 / 1522 - 2683 ( 200204 ) 23 : 7 / 8 3.0.CO ; 2 - 7 . PMID 11981850 . Jump up ^ Margaret Hunt ; University of South Carolina ( 2010 ) . `` RN Virus Replication Strategies '' . sc.edu . Jump up ^ McGlynn Peter ; Robert G. Lloyd ( June 10 , 1999 ) . `` RecG helicase activity at three - and four - strand DNA structures '' . oxfordjournals.org . ISSN 1362 - 4962 . Jump up ^ Stryer , Lubert ; Berg , Jeremy Mark ; Tymoczko , John L. ( 2007 ) . Biochemistry . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 6766 - X . Jump up ^ Rich A , RajBhandary UL ( 1976 ) . `` Transfer RNA : molecular structure , sequence , and properties '' . Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45 : 805 -- 60 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 45.070176. 004105 . PMID 60910 . Jump up ^ Watson JD , Crick FH ( April 1953 ) . `` Molecular structure of nucleic acids ; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid '' . Nature . 171 ( 4356 ) : 737 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1953Natur. 171 ... 737W . doi : 10.1038 / 171737a0 . PMID 13054692 . Jump up ^ Ferré - D'Amaré AR , Doudna JA ( 1999 ) . `` RNA folds : insights from recent crystal structures '' . Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 28 : 57 -- 73 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biophys. 28.1. 57 . PMID 10410795 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Walter G. 1980 . DNA Sequencing and Gene Structure ( Nobel Lecture ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/gilbert-lecture.html Jump up ^ Sanger , Frederick . 1980 . Determination of Nucleotide Sequences in DNA ( Nobel Lecture ) http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-lecture.html Jump up ^ `` Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 42 ( Database issue ) : D7 -- 17 . 2014 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkt1146 . PMC 3965057 . PMID 24259429 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wolfram Saenger , Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure , 1984 , Springer - Verlag New York Inc . Bruce Alberts , Alexander Johnson , Julian Lewis , Martin Raff , Keith Roberts , and Peter Walter Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . Fourth edition is available online through the NCBI Bookshelf : link Jeremy M Berg , John L Tymoczko , and Lubert Stryer , Biochemistry 5th edition , 2002 , WH Freeman . Available online through the NCBI Bookshelf : link Astrid Sigel , Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel , eds. ( 2012 ) . Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 10 . Springer . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2172 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 007 - 2171 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Palou - Mir , Joana ; Barceló - Oliver , Miquel ; Sigel , Roland K.O. ( 2017 ) . `` Chapter 12 . The Role of Lead ( II ) in Nucleic Acids '' . In Astrid , S. ; Helmut , S. ; Sigel , R.K.O. Lead : Its Effects on Environment and Health . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 17 . de Gruyter . pp. 403 -- 434 . doi : 10.1515 / 9783110434330 - 012 . External links ( edit ) Interview with Aaron Klug , Nobel Laureate for structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic - acid protein complexes provided by the Vega Science Trust . Nucleic Acids Research journal Nucleic Acids Book ( free online book on the chemistry and biology of nucleic acids ) Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Molecular and cellular biology portal GND : 4172117 - 2 NARA : 10643252 NDL : 00564756 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleic_acid&oldid=865435327 '' Categories : Nucleic acids Genetics Biomolecules Organic acids Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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where does most of the world's rice come from	Rice production -- 2014 Country Production ( millions of tonnes ) China 206.5 India 157.2 Indonesia 70.8 Bangladesh 52.3 Vietnam 45.0 Thailand 32.6 Myanmar 26.4 World 741.5 Source : FAOSTAT of the United Nations		Rice	rice	Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa ( Asian rice ) or Oryza glaberrima ( African rice ) . As a cereal grain , it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world 's human population , especially in Asia . It is the agricultural commodity with the third - highest worldwide production ( rice , 741.5 million tonnes in 2014 ) , after sugarcane ( 1.9 billion tonnes ) and maize ( 1.0 billion tonnes ) .	Oryza sativa with small wind - pollinated flowers Since sizable portions of sugarcane and maize crops are used for purposes other than human consumption , rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake , providing more than one - fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans . There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally . Cooked brown rice from Bhutan Rice can come in many shapes , colors and sizes . Rice , a monocot , is normally grown as an annual plant , although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years . Rice cultivation is well - suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall , as it is labor - intensive to cultivate and requires ample water . However , rice can be grown practically anywhere , even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water - controlling terrace systems . Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa , centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide . Oryza sativa , commonly known as Asian rice The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while , or after , setting the young seedlings . This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling , but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state , and deters vermin . While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice , all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil . The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia , both wild and domesticated , although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Characteristics 3 Cooking 3.1 Preparation 3.2 Dishes 4 Food 4.1 Nutrition 4.2 Arsenic concerns 4.3 Bacillus cereus 5 Rice - growing environments 6 History of domestication and cultivation 7 Regional history 7.1 Africa 7.2 Asia 7.2. 1 Nepal 7.2. 2 Philippines 7.2. 3 Sri Lanka 7.2. 4 Thailand 7.2. 5 Companion plant 7.3 Middle East 7.4 Europe 7.5 Caribbean and Latin America 7.6 United States 7.7 Australia 8 Production and commerce 8.1 Production 8.2 Processing 8.3 Harvesting , drying and milling 8.4 Distribution 8.5 Trade 8.6 World 's most productive rice farms and farmers 9 Price 9.1 Worldwide consumption 10 Environmental impacts 10.1 Rainfall 10.2 Temperature 10.3 Solar radiation 10.4 Atmospheric water vapor 10.5 Wind 11 Pests and diseases 11.1 Insects 11.2 Diseases 11.3 Nematodes 11.4 Other pests 11.5 Integrated pest management 11.6 Parasitic weeds 12 Ecotypes and cultivars 13 Biotechnology 13.1 High - yielding varieties 13.2 Future potential 13.3 Golden rice 13.4 Expression of human proteins 13.5 Flood - tolerant rice 13.6 Drought - tolerant rice 13.7 Salt - tolerant rice 13.8 Environment - friendly rice 14 Meiosis and DNA repair 15 Cultural roles of rice 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Etymology First used in English in the middle of the 13th century , the word `` rice '' derives from the Old French ris , which comes from Italian riso , in turn from the Latin oriza , which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα ( oruza ) . The Greek word is the source of all European words ( cf . Welsh reis , German Reis , Lithuanian ryžiai , Serbo - Croatian riža , Polish ryż , Dutch rijst , Hungarian rizs , Romanian orez ) . The origin of the Greek word is unclear . It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word ( arisi ) , or rather Old Tamil arici . However , Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term , and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto - Dravidian * wariñci instead . Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types * vrīz - or * vrinj - ( Source of the modern Persian word Berenj ) , but these are ultimately traced back to Indo - Aryan ( as in Sanskrit vrīhí - ) . P.T. Srinivasa Iyengar assumed that the Sanskrit vrīhí - is derived from the Tamil arici , while Ferdinand Kittel derived it from the Dravidian root variki . However , R. Swaminatha Aiyar believes that the Sanskrit vrīhí - is derived from a Proto - Indo - Iranian root , and the Old Tamil arici is also of Indo - European origin . Characteristics The rice plant can grow to 1 -- 1.8 m ( 3.3 -- 5.9 ft ) tall , occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility . It has long , slender leaves 50 -- 100 cm ( 20 -- 39 in ) long and 2 -- 2.5 cm ( 0.79 -- 0.98 in ) broad . The small wind - pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30 -- 50 cm ( 12 -- 20 in ) long . The edible seed is a grain ( caryopsis ) 5 -- 12 mm ( 0.20 -- 0.47 in ) long and 2 -- 3 mm ( 0.079 -- 0.118 in ) thick . Cooking tteumul , water from the washing of rice The varieties of rice are typically classified as long - , medium - , and short - grained . The grains of long - grain rice ( high in amylose ) tend to remain intact after cooking ; medium - grain rice ( high in amylopectin ) becomes more sticky . Medium - grain rice is used for sweet dishes , for risotto in Italy , and many rice dishes , such as arròs negre , in Spain . Some varieties of long - grain rice that are high in amylopectin , known as Thai Sticky rice , are usually steamed . A stickier medium - grain rice is used for sushi ; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded . Medium - grain rice is used extensively in Japan , including to accompany savoury dishes , where it is usually served plain in a separate dish . Short - grain rice is often used for rice pudding . Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried , though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture . Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness . Preparation Unmilled to milled rice , from left to right , brown rice , rice with germ , white rice ( Japanese rice ) A : Rice with chaff B : Brown rice C : Rice with germ D: White rice with bran residue E : Musenmai ( Japanese : 無洗米 ) , `` Polished and ready to boil rice '' , literally , non-wash rice ( 1 ) : Chaff ( 2 ) : Bran ( 3 ) : Bran residue ( 4 ) : Cereal germ ( 5 ) : Endosperm Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch . Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals , and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients . Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste . Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time , conserve fuel , minimize exposure to high temperature , and reduce stickiness . For some varieties , soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains . Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours . Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination . This process , called germinated brown rice ( GBR ) , activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma - aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice . This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice . Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming , and absorbs water during cooking . With the absorption method , rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice . With the rapid - boil method , rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving . Rapid - boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice , as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded . Electric rice cookers , popular in Asia and Latin America , simplify the process of cooking rice . Rice ( or any other grain ) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling ( for example saffron rice or risotto ) ; this makes the cooked rice less sticky , and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani in India and Pakistan . Dishes Main article : List of rice dishes In Arab cuisine , rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish , poultry , and other types of meat . It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves ( dolma ) . When combined with milk , sugar , and honey , it is used to make desserts . In some regions , such as Tabaristan , bread is made using rice flour . Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant . Rice may also be made into congee ( also called rice porridge or rice gruel ) by adding more water than usual , so that the cooked rice is saturated with water , usually to the point that it disintegrates . Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food , and is also a traditional food for the sick . Food Nutrition Cooked , unenriched , white , long - grained rice is composed of 68 % water , 28 % carbohydrates , 3 % protein , and negligible fat ( table ) . In a 100 gram serving , it provides 130 calories and contains no micronutrients in significant amounts , with all less than 10 % of the Daily Value ( DV ) ( table ) . Cooked , white , short - grained rice also provides 130 calories and contains moderate amounts of B vitamins , iron , and manganese ( 10 -- 17 % DV ) per 100 gram amount ( table ) . A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors . It depends on the strain of rice , that is between white , brown , red , and black ( or purple ) varieties of rice -- each prevalent in different parts of the world . It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in , whether and how the rice is polished or processed , the manner it is enriched , and how it is prepared before consumption . Rice is the staple food of over half the world 's population . It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific , 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa . Rice provides 20 % of the world 's dietary energy supply , while wheat supplies 19 % and maize ( corn ) 5 % . Nutrient content of major staple foods per 100 g portion Nutrient component : Maize / Corn Rice ( white ) Rice ( brown ) Wheat Potato Cassava Soybean ( Green ) Sweet potato Yam Sorghum Plantain RDA Water ( g ) 10 12 10 13 79 60 68 77 70 9 65 3000 Energy ( kJ ) 1528 1528 1549 1369 322 670 615 360 494 1419 511 8368 -- 10,460 Protein ( g ) 9.4 7.1 7.9 12.6 2.0 1.4 13.0 1.6 1.5 11.3 1.3 50 Fat ( g ) 4.74 0.66 2.92 1.54 0.09 0.28 6.8 0.05 0.17 3.3 0.37 Carbohydrates ( g ) 74 80 77 71 17 38 11 20 28 75 32 130 Fiber ( g ) 7.3 1.3 3.5 12.2 1.8 4.2 4.1 6.3 2.3 30 Sugar ( g ) 0.64 0.12 0.85 0.41 0.78 1.7 0 4.18 0.5 0 15 Calcium ( mg ) 7 28 23 29 12 16 197 30 17 28 1000 Iron ( mg ) 2.71 0.8 1.47 3.19 0.78 0.27 3.55 0.61 0.54 4.4 0.6 8 Magnesium ( mg ) 127 25 143 126 23 21 65 25 21 0 37 400 Phosphorus ( mg ) 210 115 333 288 57 27 194 47 55 287 34 700 Potassium ( mg ) 287 115 223 363 421 271 620 337 816 350 499 4700 Sodium ( mg ) 35 5 7 6 14 15 55 9 6 1500 Zinc ( mg ) 2.21 1.09 2.02 2.65 0.29 0.34 0.99 0.3 0.24 0 0.14 11 Copper ( mg ) 0.31 0.22 0.43 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18 - 0.08 0.9 Manganese ( mg ) 0.49 1.09 3.74 3.99 0.15 0.38 0.55 0.26 0.40 - - 2.3 Selenium ( μg ) 15.5 15.1 70.7 0.3 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.7 0 1.5 55 Vitamin C ( mg ) 0 0 0 0 19.7 20.6 29 2.4 17.1 0 18.4 90 Thiamin ( B1 ) ( mg ) 0.39 0.07 0.40 0.30 0.08 0.09 0.44 0.08 0.11 0.24 0.05 Riboflavin ( B2 ) ( mg ) 0.20 0.05 0.09 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.06 0.03 0.14 0.05 1.3 Niacin ( B3 ) ( mg ) 3.63 1.6 5.09 5.46 1.05 0.85 1.65 0.56 0.55 2.93 0.69 16 Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) ( mg ) 0.42 1.01 1.49 0.95 0.30 0.11 0.15 0.80 0.31 - 0.26 5 Vitamin B6 ( mg ) 0.62 0.16 0.51 0.3 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.21 0.29 - 0.30 1.3 Folate Total ( B9 ) ( μg ) 19 8 20 38 16 27 165 11 23 0 22 400 Vitamin A ( IU ) 214 0 0 9 13 180 14187 138 0 1127 5000 Vitamin E , alpha - tocopherol ( mg ) 0.49 0.11 0.59 1.01 0.01 0.19 0 0.26 0.39 0 0.14 15 Vitamin K1 ( μg ) 0.3 0.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 0 1.8 2.6 0 0.7 120 Beta - carotene ( μg ) 97 0 5 8 0 8509 83 0 457 10,500 Lutein + zeaxanthin ( μg ) 1355 0 220 8 0 0 0 0 0 30 Saturated fatty acids ( g ) 0.67 0.18 0.58 0.26 0.03 0.07 0.79 0.02 0.04 0.46 0.14 Monounsaturated fatty acids ( g ) 1.25 0.21 1.05 0.2 0.00 0.08 1.28 0.00 0.01 0.99 0.03 Polyunsaturated fatty acids ( g ) 2.16 0.18 1.04 0.63 0.04 0.05 3.20 0.01 0.08 1.37 0.07 yellow corn raw unenriched long - grain white rice hard red winter wheat raw potato with flesh and skin raw cassava raw green soybeans raw sweet potato raw sorghum raw yam raw plantains raw long - grain brown rice Rice , white , long - grain , regular , unenriched , cooked without salt Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 130 kcal ( 540 kJ ) Carbohydrates 28.1 g Sugars 0.05 g Dietary fiber 0.4 g Fat 0.28 g Protein 2.69 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Thiamine ( B1 ) 2 % 0.02 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 1 % 0.013 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 3 % 0.4 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 0 % 0 mg Vitamin B6 7 % 0.093 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 1 % 10 mg Iron 2 % 0.2 mg Magnesium 3 % 12 mg Manganese 0 % 0 mg Phosphorus 6 % 43 mg Potassium 1 % 35 mg Sodium 0 % 1 mg Zinc 1 % 0.049 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 68.44 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Rice , white , short - grain , cooked Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 544 kJ ( 130 kcal ) Carbohydrates 29 g Sugars 0 g Dietary fiber 0 g Fat 0 g Protein 2.4 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Thiamine ( B1 ) 17 % 0.2 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 0 % 0.0 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 10 % 1.5 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 8 % 0.4 mg Vitamin B6 13 % 0.164 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Calcium 0 % 1 mg Iron 12 % 1.5 mg Magnesium 2 % 8 mg Manganese 19 % 0.4 mg Phosphorus 5 % 33 mg Potassium 0 % 23 mg Zinc 4 % 0.4 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 68.5 g Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Arsenic concerns Main article : Arsenic toxicity As arsenic is a natural element in soil , water , and air , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) monitors the levels of arsenic in foods , particularly in rice products used commonly for infant food . While growing , rice plants tend to absorb arsenic more readily than other food crops , requiring expanded testing by the FDA for possible arsenic - related risks associated with rice consumption in the United States . In April 2016 , the FDA proposed a limit of 100 parts per billion ( ppb ) for inorganic arsenic in infant rice cereal and other foods to minimize exposure of infants to arsenic . For water contamination by arsenic , the United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a lower standard of 10 ppb . Arsenic is a Group 1 carcinogen . The amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton , such as in Arkansas , Louisiana , Missouri , and Texas . White rice grown in Arkansas , Louisiana , Missouri , and Texas , which account collectively for 76 percent of American - produced rice , had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied , possibly because of past use of arsenic - based pesticides to control cotton weevils . Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study . China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice . Bacillus cereus Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores , which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4 -- 60 ° C ( 39 -- 140 ° F ) . When storing cooked rice for use the next day , rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production . One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat - resistant ; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria , but does not destroy the toxin already present . Rice - growing environments Rice can be grown in different environments , depending upon water availability . Generally , rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area , yet it can survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding . Lowland , rainfed , which is drought prone , favors medium depth ; waterlogged , submergence , and flood prone Lowland , irrigated , grown in both the wet season and the dry season Deep water or floating rice Coastal wetland Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice , well known for its drought tolerance History of domestication and cultivation Rice broker in 1820s Japan of the Edo period ( `` 36 Views of Mount Fuji '' Hokusai ) See also : Oryza sativa § History of domestication and cultivation Wild rice , from which the crop was developed , may have its native range in Australia . Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong , the legendary emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture . Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200 -- 13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of Ancient China . Previously , archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China . From East Asia ( particularly from China ) , rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia across the caravan routes of the central Asian steppes . Because Buddhist monks were vegetarian , they carried rice with them across the steppes . Thus , a Buddhist text called the Aggañña Sutta stated that `` rice grows as long as Buddhism spreads . '' Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia , and to the Americas through European colonization . There have been many debates on the origins of the domesticated rice . Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America ( PNAS ) shows that all forms of Asian rice , both indica and japonica , spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200 -- 13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon . A 2012 study published in Nature , through a map of rice genome variation , indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence . From East Asia , rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia . Before this research , the commonly accepted view , based on archaeological evidence , is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China . Some scholars have also suggested that it was first cultivated in the southern slopes of the Himalayas . Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice . The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000 -- 11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence . Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000 -- 8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated . Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China . In the late 3rd millennium BC , there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal . In 2003 , Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world 's oldest domesticated rice . Their 15,000 - year - old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago . These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism , and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests . In 2011 , a combined effort by the Stanford University , New York University , Washington University in St. Louis , and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice , in the Yangtze Valley of China . Rice spread to the Middle East where , according to Zohary and Hopf ( 2000 , p. 91 ) , O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran ( dated to the 1st century AD ) . Regional History Africa Main article : Oryza glaberrima Rice crop in Madagascar African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years . Between 1500 and 800 BC , Oryza glaberrima propagated from its original centre , the Niger River delta , and extended to Senegal . However , it never developed far from its original region . Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species , which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward . African rice helped Africa conquer its famine of 1203 . Asia Ricefields at Santa Maria , Bulacan , Philippines Rice fields in Dili , East Timor Indian women separating rice from straw Cambodian women planting rice . Today , the majority of all rice produced comes from China , India , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Vietnam , Thailand , Myanmar , Pakistan , Philippines , Korea and Japan . Asian farmers still account for 87 % of the world 's total rice production . Nepal Rice is the major food amongst all the ethnic groups in Nepal . In the Terai , most rice varieties are cultivated during the rainy season . The principal rice growing season , known as `` Berna - Bue Charne '' , is from June to July when water is sufficient for only a part of the fields ; the subsidiary season , known as `` Ropai , is from April to September , when there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields . Farmers use irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons . Philippines See also : Banaue Rice Terraces The Banaue Rice Terraces ( Filipino : Hagdan - hagdang Palayan ng Banawe ) are 2,000 - year - old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people . The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to as the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' . It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment , largely by hand . The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters ( 5000 ft ) above sea level . They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces . It is said that if the steps were put end to end , it would encircle half the globe . The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the Ifugao people have been its caretakers . Ifugao culture revolves around rice and the culture displays an elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption . The harvest season generally calls for thanksgiving feasts , while the concluding harvest rites called tango or tungul ( a day of rest ) entails a strict taboo on any agricultural work . Partaking of the bayah ( rice beer ) , rice cakes , and betel nut constitutes an indelible practise during the festivities . The Ifugao people practice traditional farming spending most of their labor at their terraces and forest lands while occasionally tending to root crop cultivation . The Ifugaos have also been known to culture edible shells , fruit trees , and other vegetables which have been exhibited among Ifugaos for generations . The building of the rice terraces consists of blanketing walls with stones and earth which are designed to draw water from a main irrigation canal above the terrace clusters . Indigenous rice terracing technologies have been identified with the Ifugao 's rice terraces such as their knowledge of water irrigation , stonework , earthwork and terrace maintenance . As their source of life and art , the rice terraces have sustained and shaped the lives of the community members . Sri Lanka Rice is the staple food amongst all the ethnic groups in Sri Lanka . Agriculture in Sri Lanka mainly depends on the rice cultivation . Rice production is acutely dependent on rainfall and government supply necessity of water through irrigation channels throughout the cultivation seasons . The principal cultivation season , known as `` Maha '' , is from October to March and the subsidiary cultivation season , known as `` Yala '' , is from April to September . During Maha season , there is usually enough water to sustain the cultivation of all rice fields , nevertheless in Yala season there is only enough water for cultivation of half of the land extent . Traditional rice varieties are now making a comeback with the recent interest in green foods . Thailand Main article : Rice production in Thailand Rice is the main export of Thailand , especially white jasmine rice 105 ( Dok Mali 105 ) . Thailand has a large number of rice varieties , 3,500 kinds with different characters , and five kinds of wild rice cultivates . In each region of the country there are different rice seed types . Their use depends on weather , atmosphere , and topography . The northern region has both low lands and high lands . The farmers ' usual crop is non-glutinous rice such as Niew Sun Pah Tong rice . This rice is naturally protected from leaf disease , and its paddy ( unmilled rice ) ( Thai : ข้าวเปลือก ) has a brown color . The northeastern region is a large area where farmers can cultivate about 36 million square meters of rice . Although most of it is plains and dry areas , white jasmine rice 105 -- the most famous Thai rice -- can be grown there . White jasmine rice was developed in Chonburi Province first and after that grown in many areas in the country , but the rice from this region has a high quality , because it 's softer , whiter , and more fragrant . This rice can resist drought , acidic soil , and alkaline soil . The central region is mostly composed of plains . Most farmers grow Jao rice . For example , Pathum Thani 1 rice which has qualities similar to white jasmine 105 rice . Its paddy has the color of thatch and the cooked rice has fragrant grains also . In the southern region , most farmers transplant around boundaries to the flood plains or on the plains between mountains . Farming in the region is slower than other regions because the rainy season comes later . The popular rice varieties in this area are the Leb Nok Pattani seeds , a type of Jao rice . Its paddy has the color of thatch and it can be processed to make noodles . Companion plant One of the earliest known examples of companion planting is the growing of rice with Azolla , the mosquito fern , which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy 's water , blocking out any competing plants , as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use . The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla . This method has been used for at least a thousand years . Middle East Rice was grown in some areas of Mesopotamia ( southern Iraq ) . With the rise of Islam it moved north to Nisibin , the southern shores of the Caspian Sea ( in Gilan and Mazanderan provinces of Iran ) and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of the Volga . In Egypt , rice is mainly grown in the Nile Delta . In Palestine , rice came to be grown in the Jordan Valley . Rice is also grown in Saudi Arabia at Al - Hasa Oasis and in Yemen . Europe Rice cropping . Rice was known to the Classical world , being imported from Egypt , and perhaps west Asia . It was known to Greece ( where it is still cultivated in Macedonia and Thrace ) by returning soldiers from Alexander the Great 's military expedition to Asia . Large deposits of rice from the first century AD have been found in Roman camps in Germany . The Moors brought Asiatic rice to the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th century . Records indicate it was grown in Valencia and Majorca . In Majorca , rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian conquest , although historians are not certain . Muslims also brought rice to Sicily with cultivation starting in the 9th century , where it was an important crop long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa ( 1468 ) or in the Lombard plain ( 1475 ) , where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan , and demonstrated in his model farms . After the 15th century , rice spread throughout Italy and then France , later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration . In European Russia , a short - grain , starchy rice similar to the Italian varieties , has been grown in the Krasnodar Krai , and known in Russia as `` Kuban Rice '' or `` Krasnodar Rice '' . In the Russian Far East several japonica cultivars are grown in Primorye around the Khanka lake . Increasing scale of rice production in the region has recently brought criticism towards growers ' alleged bad practices in regards to the environment . Caribbean and Latin America Most of the rice used today in the cuisine of the Americas is not native , but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date . However , there are at least two native ( endemic ) species of rice present in the Amazon region of South America , and one or both were used by the indigenous inhabitants of the region to create the domesticated form Oryza sp. , some 4000 years ago . Spanish colonizers introduced Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz ; and the Portuguese and their African slaves introduced it at about the same time to colonial Brazil . Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period . Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies , Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas . United States US Food and Drug Administration officials at a rice farm in California In 1694 , rice arrived in South Carolina , probably originating from Madagascar . Tradition ( possibly apocryphal ) has it that pirate John Thurber was returning from a slave - trading voyage to Madagascar when he was blown off course and put into Charleston for repairs . While there he gave a bag of seed rice to explorer Dr. Henry Woodward , who planted the rice and experimented with it until finding that it grew exceptionally well in the wet Carolina soil . In the United States , colonial South Carolina and Georgia grew and amassed great wealth from the slave labor obtained from the Senegambia area of West Africa and from coastal Sierra Leone . At the port of Charleston , through which 40 % of all American slave imports passed , slaves from this region of Africa brought the highest prices due to their prior knowledge of rice culture , which was put to use on the many rice plantations around Georgetown , Charleston , and Savannah . From the enslaved Africans , plantation owners learned how to dyke the marshes and periodically flood the fields . At first the rice was laboriously milled by hand using large mortars and pestles made of wood , then winnowed in sweetgrass baskets ( the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa ) . The invention of the rice mill increased profitability of the crop , and the addition of water power for the mills in 1787 by millwright Jonathan Lucas was another step forward . Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the American Civil War , and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century . Today , people can visit the only remaining rice plantation in South Carolina that still has the original winnowing barn and rice mill from the mid-19th century at the historic Mansfield Plantation in Georgetown , South Carolina . The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as ' Carolina Gold ' . The cultivar has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop . In the southern United States , rice has been grown in southern Arkansas , Louisiana , and east Texas since the mid-19th century . Many Cajun farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low - lying prairies where they could also farm crayfish when the fields were flooded . In recent years rice production has risen in North America , especially in the Mississippi embayment in the states of Arkansas and Mississippi ( see also Arkansas Delta and Mississippi Delta ) . Rice paddy fields just north of the city of Sacramento , California . Rice cultivation began in California during the California Gold Rush , when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption . However , commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of Richvale in Butte County . By 2006 , California produced the second - largest rice crop in the United States , after Arkansas , with production concentrated in six counties north of Sacramento . Unlike the Arkansas -- Mississippi Delta region , California 's production is dominated by short - and medium - grain japonica varieties , including cultivars developed for the local climate such as Calrose , which makes up as much as 85 % of the state 's crop . References to `` wild rice '' native to North America are to the unrelated Zizania palustris . More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states ( Arkansas , Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , and California ) in the U.S. According to estimates for the 2006 crop year , rice production in the U.S. is valued at $1.88 billion , approximately half of which is expected to be exported . The U.S. provides about 12 % of world rice trade . The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use ( 58 % ) , while 16 % is used in each of processed foods and beer . 10 % is found in pet food . Australia Rice was one of the earliest crops planted in Australia by British settlers , who had experience with rice plantations in the Americas and India . Although attempts to grow rice in the well - watered north of Australia have been made for many years , they have consistently failed because of inherent iron and manganese toxicities in the soils and destruction by pests . In the 1920s , it was seen as a possible irrigation crop on soils within the Murray - Darling Basin that were too heavy for the cultivation of fruit and too infertile for wheat . Because irrigation water , despite the extremely low runoff of temperate Australia , was ( and remains ) very cheap , the growing of rice was taken up by agricultural groups over the following decades . Californian varieties of rice were found suitable for the climate in the Riverina , and the first mill opened at Leeton in 1951 . Monthly value ( A $ millions ) of rice imports to Australia since 1988 Even before this Australia 's rice production greatly exceeded local needs , and rice exports to Japan have become a major source of foreign currency . Above - average rainfall from the 1950s to the middle 1990s encouraged the expansion of the Riverina rice industry , but its prodigious water use in a practically waterless region began to attract the attention of environmental scientists . These became severely concerned with declining flow in the Snowy River and the lower Murray River . Although rice growing in Australia is highly profitable due to the cheapness of land , several recent years of severe drought have led many to call for its elimination because of its effects on extremely fragile aquatic ecosystems . The Australian rice industry is somewhat opportunistic , with the area planted varying significantly from season to season depending on water allocations in the Murray and Murrumbidgee irrigation regions . Australian Aboriginal people have harvested native rice varieties for thousands of years , and there are ongoing efforts to grow commercial quantities of these species . Production and commerce Rice production -- 2014 Country Production ( millions of tonnes ) China 206.5 India 157.2 Indonesia 70.8 Bangladesh 52.3 Vietnam 45.0 Thailand 32.6 Myanmar 26.4 World 741.5 Source : FAOSTAT of the United Nations Production Worldwide rice production Burning of rice residues after harvest , to quickly prepare the land for wheat planting , around Sangrur , Punjab , India . In 2014 , world production of paddy rice was 741.5 million tonnes , led by China and India with a combined 49 % of this total ( table ) . Other major producers were Indonesia , Bangladesh and Vietnam ( table ) . The average world farm yield for rice in 2014 was 4.6 tonnes per hectare . Rice farms in France were the most productive in 2014 , with a nationwide average of 50.1 tonnes per hectare . Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security . It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare . Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors . Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia , as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa ; it is central to the food security of over half the world population . Developing countries account for 95 % of the total production , with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output . Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads , inadequate storage technologies , inefficient supply chains and farmer 's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers . A World Bank -- FAO study claims 8 % to 26 % of rice is lost in developing nations , on average , every year , because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure . Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40 % . Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world , the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China , India and others lose approximately US $89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses , poor transport , the lack of proper storage and retail . One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network , in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year . Processing The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff ( the outer husks of the grain ) . At this point in the process , the product is called brown rice . The milling may be continued , removing the bran , i.e. , the rest of the husk and the germ , thereby creating white rice . White rice , which keeps longer , lacks some important nutrients ; moreover , in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice , brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi . Either by hand or in a rice polisher , white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder ( often called polished rice , though this term may also refer to white rice in general ) , parboiled , or processed into flour . White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients , especially those lost during the milling process . While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off ( in the United States , rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing ) , more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain , coating the grain with a water - insoluble substance which is resistant to washing . In some countries , a popular form , parboiled rice ( also known as converted rice ) is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain . The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains . The grains become less brittle , and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow . The rice is then dried , and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice . Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice , because the process causes nutrients from the outer husk ( especially thiamine ) to move into the endosperm , so that less is subsequently lost when the husk is polished off during milling . Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking , as happens when cooking regular white rice . This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice . Rice bran , called nuka in Japan , is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs . It is a moist , oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil . It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan . Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses , including making many kinds of beverages , such as amazake , horchata , rice milk , and rice wine . Rice does not contain gluten , so is suitable for people on a gluten - free diet . Rice may also be made into various types of noodles . Raw , wild , or brown rice may also be consumed by raw - foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted ( usually a week to 30 days -- gaba rice ) . Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating . Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter ( known as fried rice ) , or beaten in a tub to make mochi . Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world , but it is not a complete protein : it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health , and should be combined with other sources of protein , such as nuts , seeds , beans , fish , or meat . Rice , like other cereal grains , can be puffed ( or popped ) . This process takes advantage of the grains ' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber . Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low - pressure chamber . The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation , resulting in a puffy texture . Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g / cm3 . It decreases to less than one - tenth that when puffed . Harvesting , drying and milling Rice combine harvester Katori - city , Chiba Prefecture , Japan After the harvest , rice straw is gathered in the traditional way from small paddy fields in Mae Wang District , Chiang Mai Province , Thailand Further information : Paddy field Unmilled rice , known as `` paddy '' ( Indonesia and Malaysia : padi ; Philippines , palay ) , is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25 % . In most Asian countries , where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture , harvesting is carried out manually , although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting . Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves , but is also frequently done by seasonal labor groups . Harvesting is followed by threshing , either immediately or within a day or two . Again , much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers . Subsequently , paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20 % for milling . A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads . However , in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills , with village - level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families . Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both . Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of molds . Mills range from simple hullers , with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day , that simply remove the outer husk , to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice . A good mill can achieve a paddy - to - rice conversion rate of up to 72 % but smaller , inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60 % . These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption . Distribution Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia , the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement . While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries , agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia , the NFA in the Philippines , VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people . BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam . Drying rice in Peravoor , India Trade World trade figures are very different from those for production , as less than 8 % of rice produced is traded internationally . In economic terms , the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1 % of world mercantile trade . Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple , and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions . Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade , accounting for 83 % of exports and 85 % of imports . While there are numerous importers of rice , the exporters of rice are limited . Just five countries -- Thailand , Vietnam , China , the United States and India -- in decreasing order of exported quantities , accounted for about three - quarters of world rice exports in 2002 . However , this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years . In 2010 , the three largest exporters of rice , in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand , Vietnam and India . By 2012 , India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100 % increase in its exports on year - to - year basis , and Thailand slipped to third position . Together , Thailand , Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70 % of the world rice exports . The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice , while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety . China , an exporter of rice in early 2000s , was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer , surpassing Nigeria , in 2013 . According to a USDA report , the world 's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India ( 9.75 million tonnes ) , Vietnam ( 7 million tonnes ) , Thailand ( 6.5 million tonnes ) , Pakistan ( 3.75 million tonnes ) and the United States ( 3.5 million tonnes ) . Major importers usually include Nigeria , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Iraq , Malaysia , the Philippines , Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries . In common with other West African countries , Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production . However , its very heavy import duties ( 110 % ) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries . Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria . Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world , both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically , leaving little to be traded internationally . World 's most productive rice farms and farmers The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare , in 2010 . Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010 , with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center , China , set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar . Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in rice farming . SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields , within the last 10 years , in many countries . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven - hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm . Price In late 2007 to May 2008 , the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries ( particularly Australia ) , increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production . Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers , government rice export bans ( in particular , by Vietnam and India ) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board , the National Food Authority . This caused significant rises in rice prices . In late April 2008 , prices hit 24 US cents a pound , twice the price of seven months earlier . Over the period of 2007 to 2013 , the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice , rising to US $ 500 per metric ton by 2013 . The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low US $ 350 per metric ton . On April 30 , 2008 , Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries ( OREC ) with the intention that this should develop into a price - fixing cartel for rice . However , little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this . Worldwide consumption Food consumption of rice by country -- 2009 ( million metric ton of paddy equivalent ) World Total 531.6 China 156.3 India 123.5 Bangladesh 50.4 Indonesia 45.3 Vietnam 18.4 Philippines 17.0 Thailand 13.7 Japan 10.2 Burma 10.0 Brazil 10.0 South Korea 5.8 Nigeria 4.8 Egypt 4.6 Pakistan 4.3 United States 3.8 Nepal 3.5 Cambodia 3.4 Sri Lanka 3.2 Madagascar 3.2 Malaysia 3.1 North Korea 2.8 As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric tons of paddy equivalent ( 354,603 of milled equivalent ) , while the far largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of paddy equivalent ( 29.4 % of the world consumption ) and India consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent ( 23.3 % of the world consumption ) . Between 1961 and 2002 , per capita consumption of rice increased by 40 % . Rice is the most important crop in Asia . In Cambodia , for example , 90 % of the total agricultural area is used for rice production . U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years , fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production . Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day . Environmental impacts Work by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture to measure the greenhouse gas emissions of rice production . Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 11 % of the anthropogenic methane emissions . Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains . Rice production uses almost a third of Earth 's fresh water . Long - term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil . Methane production from rice cultivation contributes ~ 1.5 % of anthropogenic greenhouse gases . Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide . A 2010 study found that , as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century , the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia , compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred . The yield growth rate had fallen 10 -- 20 % at some locations . The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand , Vietnam , Nepal , India , China , Bangladesh , and Pakistan . The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear , but might involve increased respiration during warm nights , which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize . Rainfall Temperature Rice requires high temperature above 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) but not more than 35 to 40 ° C ( 95 to 104 ° F ) . Optimum temperature is around 30 ° C ( T ) and 20 ° C ( T ) . Solar radiation The amount of solar radiation received during the 45 days leading up to harvest determines final crop output . Atmospheric water vapor High water vapor content ( in humid tropics ) subjects unusual stress which favors the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases . Wind Light wind transports CO to the leaf canopy but strong wind causes severe damage and may lead to sterility ( due to pollen dehydration , spikelet sterility , and abortive endosperms ) . Pests and diseases Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop ( or of rice seeds ) . Rice pests include weeds , pathogens , insects , nematode , rodents , and birds . A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks , including climatic factors , improper irrigation , the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application . Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks . For example , rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season , while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought . Insects Chinese rice grasshopper ( Oxya chinensis ) Borneo , Malaysia Major rice insect pests include : the brown planthopper ( BPH ) , several spp. of stemborers -- including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo , the rice gall midge , several spp. of rice bugs -- notably in the genus Leptocorisa , the rice leafroller , rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper . The fall army worm , a species of Lepidoptera , also targets and causes damage to rice crops . Diseases Main article : List of rice diseases Rice blast , caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea , is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation . Other major rice diseases include : sheath blight , rice ragged stunt ( vector : BPH ) , and tungro ( vector : Nephotettix spp ) . There is also an ascomycete fungus , Cochliobolus miyabeanus , that causes brown spot disease in rice . Nematodes Several nematode species infect rice crops , causing diseases such as Ufra ( Ditylenchus dipsaci ) , White tip disease ( Aphelenchoide bessei ) , and root knot disease ( Meloidogyne graminicola ) . Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp . are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world . Rice root nematode ( Hirschmanniella oryzae ) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop . Beyond being obligate parasites , they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants ' susceptibility to other pests and diseases . Other pests These include the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata , panicle rice mite , rats , and the weed Echinochloa crusgali . Integrated pest management Main article : Integrated pest management Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable . In other words , to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened . Sustainable pest management is based on four principles : biodiversity , host plant resistance ( HPR ) , landscape ecology , and hierarchies in a landscape -- from biological to social . At present , rice pest management includes cultural techniques , pest - resistant rice varieties , and pesticides ( which include insecticide ) . Increasingly , there is evidence that farmers ' pesticide applications are often unnecessary , and even facilitate pest outbreaks . By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests , misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks . The International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI ) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5 % reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers . IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003 , respectively , which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam . Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks . Some synthetic chemicals , such as the herbicide 2 , 4 - D , cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant 's resistance to some types of pests . Conversely , other chemicals , such as the insecticide imidacloprid , can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5 - Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice . Botanicals , so - called `` natural pesticides '' , are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests . Botanicals include extracts of leaves , or a mulch of the leaves themselves . Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush ( Chromolaena odorata ) over the surface of fields after planting . This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination . Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations . Chloroxylon is used for Pest Management in Organic Rice Cultivation in Chhattisgarh , India Among rice cultivars , there are differences in the responses to , and recovery from , pest damage . Many rice varieties have been selected for resistance to insect pests . Therefore , particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems . The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance . Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference , antibiosis , and tolerance . Nonpreference ( or antixenosis ) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid ; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue ; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation . Over time , the use of pest - resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance . When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations , resistance is said to have broken down . Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance . Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance . Parasitic weeds Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica , which is of local importance for this crop . Ecotypes and cultivars Main article : List of rice varieties Rice seed collection from IRRI While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity , there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture , smell , and firmness . There are four major categories of rice worldwide : indica , japonica , aromatic and glutinous . The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable , either in food preparation or agriculture , so as a result , each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties . It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price . Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions , season of planting , and season of harvest , called ecotypes . Some major groups are the Japan - type ( grown in Japan ) , `` buly '' and `` tjereh '' types ( Indonesia ) ; `` aman '' ( main winter crop ) , `` aus '' ( `` aush '' , summer ) , and `` boro '' ( spring ) ( Bengal and Assam ) . Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding , and these are generally called `` floating rice '' . The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines , with over 100,000 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank . Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture . For example , Thai Jasmine rice is long - grain and relatively less sticky , as some long - grain rice contains less amylopectin than short - grain cultivars . Chinese restaurants often serve long - grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short - grain rice is common as well . Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short - grain . Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as `` glutinous rice '' ( note : glutinous refer to the glue - like characteristic of rice ; does not refer to `` gluten '' ) to make zongzi . The Japanese table rice is a sticky , short - grain rice . Japanese sake rice is another kind as well . Indian rice cultivars include long - grained and aromatic Basmati ( ਬਾਸਮਤੀ ) ( grown in the North ) , long and medium - grained Patna rice , and in South India ( Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka ) short - grained Sona Masuri ( also called as Bangaru theegalu ) . In the state of Tamil Nadu , the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River . Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown . In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra , a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular . This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom . Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors ; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice , Basmati , Patna rice , Vietnamese fragrant rice , and a hybrid cultivar from America , sold under the trade name Texmati . Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn - like aroma and flavor . In Indonesia , there are also red and black cultivars . High - yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa and other dry ecosystems , called the new rice for Africa ( NERICA ) cultivars , have been developed . It is hoped that their cultivation will improve food security in West Africa . Draft genomes for the two most common rice cultivars , indica and japonica , were published in April 2002 . Rice was chosen as a model organism for the biology of grasses because of its relatively small genome ( ~ 430 mega base pairs ) . Rice was the first crop with a complete genome sequence . On December 16 , 2002 , the UN General Assembly declared the year 2004 the International Year of Rice . The declaration was sponsored by more than 40 countries . Biotechnology High - yielding varieties The high - yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production . This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture , and into industrial sectors . The first `` Rice Car '' , IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines ' Los Baños site . IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named `` Peta '' and a Chinese variety named `` Dee Geo Woo Gen . '' Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway , including GAI1 ( Gibberellin Insensitive ) and SLR1 ( Slender Rice ) . Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype . Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically . Assimilates become redirected to grain production , amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield . In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers , and intensive crop management , these varieties increase their yield two to three times . Future potential As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa , the `` Green Revolution '' is cited as the model for economic development . With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity , groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems , hoping to increase productivity . An important way this can happen is the production of `` New Rices for Africa '' ( NERICA ) . These rices , selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture , are produced by the African Rice Center , and billed as technology `` from Africa , for Africa '' . The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times ( October 10 , 2007 ) and International Herald Tribune ( October 9 , 2007 ) , trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence . Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security . Golden rice Main article : Golden rice Rice kernels do not contain vitamin A , so people who obtain most of their calories from rice are at risk of vitamin A deficiency . German and Swiss researchers have genetically engineered rice to produce beta - carotene , the precursor to vitamin A , in the rice kernel . The beta - carotene turns the processed ( white ) rice a `` gold '' color , hence the name `` golden rice . '' The beta - carotene is converted to vitamin A in humans who consume the rice . Although some rice strains produce beta - carotene in the hull , no non-genetically engineered strains have been found that produce beta - carotene in the kernel , despite the testing of thousands of strains . Additional efforts are being made to improve the quantity and quality of other nutrients in golden rice . The International Rice Research Institute is currently further developing and evaluating Golden Rice as a potential new way to help address vitamin A deficiency . Expression of human proteins Ventria Bioscience has genetically modified rice to express lactoferrin , lysozyme which are proteins usually found in breast milk , and human serum albumin , These proteins have antiviral , antibacterial , and antifungal effects . Rice containing these added proteins can be used as a component in oral rehydration solutions which are used to treat diarrheal diseases , thereby shortening their duration and reducing recurrence . Such supplements may also help reverse anemia . Flood - tolerant rice Due to the varying levels that water can reach in regions of cultivation , flood tolerant varieties have long been developed and used . Flooding is an issue that many rice growers face , especially in South and South East Asia where flooding annually affects 20 million hectares . Standard rice varieties can not withstand stagnant flooding of more than about a week , mainly as it disallows the plant access to necessary requirements such as sunlight and essential gas exchanges , inevitably leading to plants being unable to recover . In the past , this has led to massive losses in yields , such as in the Philippines , where in 2006 , rice crops worth $65 million were lost to flooding . Recently developed cultivars seek to improve flood tolerance . Drought - tolerant rice Drought represents a significant environmental stress for rice production , with 19 -- 23 million hectares of rainfed rice production in South and South East Asia often at risk . Under drought conditions , without sufficient water to afford them the ability to obtain the required levels of nutrients from the soil , conventional commercial rice varieties can be severely affected -- for example , yield losses as high as 40 % have affected some parts of India , with resulting losses of around US $800 million annually . The International Rice Research Institute conducts research into developing drought - tolerant rice varieties , including the varieties 5411 and Sookha dhan , currently being employed by farmers in the Philippines and Nepal respectively . In addition , in 2013 the Japanese National Institute for Agrobiological Sciences led a team which successfully inserted the DEEPER ROOTING 1 ( DRO1 ) gene , from the Philippine upland rice variety Kinandang Patong , into the popular commercial rice variety IR64 , giving rise to a far deeper root system in the resulting plants . This facilitates an improved ability for the rice plant to derive its required nutrients in times of drought via accessing deeper layers of soil , a feature demonstrated by trials which saw the IR64 + DRO1 rice yields drop by 10 % under moderate drought conditions , compared to 60 % for the unmodified IR64 variety . Salt - tolerant rice Further information : Crop tolerance to seawater Soil salinity poses a major threat to rice crop productivity , particularly along low - lying coastal areas during the dry season . For example , roughly 1 million hectares of the coastal areas of Bangladesh are affected by saline soils . These high concentrations of salt can severely affect rice plants ' normal physiology , especially during early stages of growth , and as such farmers are often forced to abandon these otherwise potentially usable areas . Progress has been made , however , in developing rice varieties capable of tolerating such conditions ; the hybrid created from the cross between the commercial rice variety IR56 and the wild rice species Oryza coarctata is one example . O. coarctata is capable of successful growth in soils with double the limit of salinity of normal varieties , but lacks the ability to produce edible rice . Developed by the International Rice Research Institute , the hybrid variety can utilise specialised leaf glands that allow for the removal of salt into the atmosphere . It was initially produced from one successful embryo out of 34,000 crosses between the two species ; this was then backcrossed to IR56 with the aim of preserving the genes responsible for salt tolerance that were inherited from O. coarctata . Extensive trials are planned prior to the new variety being available to farmers by approximately 2017 -- 18 . The irrigated rice ( paddy ) crop in Egypt has a salt tolerance of ECe = 5.5 dS / m beyond which the yield declines . When the problem of soil salinity arises it will be opportune to select salt tolerant varieties ( IRRI or to resort to soil salinity control . Soil salinity is often measured as the electric conductivity ( EC ) of the extract of a saturated soil paste ( ECe ) . The EC units are usually expressed in millimho / cm or dS / m . The critical ECe value of 5.5 dS / m in the figure , obtained from measurements in farmers ' fields , indicates that the rice crop is slightly salt sensitive . Environment - friendly rice Producing rice in paddies is harmful for the environment due to the release of methane by methanogenic bacteria . These bacteria live in the anaerobic waterlogged soil , and live off nutrients released by rice roots . Researchers have recently reported in Nature that putting the barley gene SUSIBA2 into rice creates a shift in biomass production from root to shoot ( above ground tissue becomes larger , while below ground tissue is reduced ) , decreasing the methanogen population , and resulting in a reduction of methane emissions of up to 97 % . Apart from this environmental benefit , the modification also increases the amount of rice grains by 43 % , which makes it a useful tool in feeding a growing world population . Meiosis and DNA repair Rice is used as a model organism for investigating the molecular mechanisms of meiosis and DNA repair in higher plants . Meiosis is a key stage of the sexual cycle in which diploid cells in the ovule ( female structure ) and the anther ( male structure ) produce haploid cells that develop further into gametophytes and gametes . So far , 28 meiotic genes of rice have been characterized . Studies of rice gene OsRAD51C showed that this gene is necessary for homologous recombinational repair of DNA , particularly the accurate repair of DNA double - strand breaks during meiosis . Rice gene OsDMC1 was found to be essential for pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis , and rice gene OsMRE11 was found to be required for both synapsis of homologous chromosomes and repair of double - strand breaks during meiosis . Cultural roles of rice Ancient statue of Dewi Sri from Java ( c. 9th century ) Rice plays an important role in certain religions and popular beliefs . In many cultures relatives will scatter rice during or towards the end of a wedding ceremony in front of the bride and groom . The pounded rice ritual is conducted during weddings in Nepal . The bride gives a leafplate full of pounded rice to the groom after he requests it politely from her . In the Philippines rice wine , popularly known as tapuy , is used for important occasions such as weddings , rice harvesting ceremonies and other celebrations . Dewi Sri is the traditional rice goddess of the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese people in Indonesia . Most rituals involving Dewi Sri are associated with the mythical origin attributed to the rice plant , the staple food of the region . In Thailand a similar rice deity is known as Phosop ; she is a deity more related to ancient local folklore than a goddess of a structured , mainstream religion . The same female rice deity is known as Po Ino Nogar in Cambodia and as Nang Khosop in Laos . Ritual offerings are made during the different stages of rice production to propitiate the Rice Goddess in the corresponding cultures . 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CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yoshida , Satoko ; Maruyama , Shinichiro ; Nozaki , Hisayoshi ( 2010 ) . `` Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant Stiga hermanthica '' . Science . 328 ( 5982 ) : 1128 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1128 Y . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1187145 . PMID 20508124 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Rice Export Market '' ( PDF ) . USDA . November 2000 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ T. Morinaga ( 1968 ) . `` Origin and geographical distribution of Japanese rice '' ( PDF ) . Trop . Agric . Res . Ser. 3 : 1 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Kabir , SM Humayun ( 2012 ) . `` Rice '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ Rice Archived May 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Cgiar.org . Retrieved on May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Irri.org . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The International Rice Genebank -- conserving rice . IRRI.org Archived October 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jackson MT ( 1997 ) . `` Conservation of rice genetic resources : the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI '' . Plant Mol. Biol. 35 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 61 -- 7 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1005709332130 . PMID 9291960 . Jump up ^ Gillis , Justing ( August 11 , 2005 ) . `` Rice Genome Fully Mapped '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Rice Varieties '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2006 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) . IRRI Knowledge Bank . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , S. ( 2008 ) . `` Gibberellin Metabolism and its Regulation '' . Annu Rev Plant Biol. 59 ( 1 ) : 225 -- 251 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 59.032607. 092804 . PMID 18173378 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Determine That Golden Rice Is an Effective Source of Vitamin A '' ( PDF ) . American Society for Nutrition. 2009 . 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Jump up ^ On line collection of salt tolerance data of agricultural crops obtained from measurements in farmers ' fields ( 1 ) Jump up ^ International Rice Research Institute , Rice Breeding Course , Breeding for salt tolerance in rice , on line : ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Su , J. ; Hu , C. ; Yan , X. ; Jin , Y. ; Chen , Z. ; Guan , Q. ; Wang , Y. ; Zhong , D. ; Jansson , C. ; Wang , F. ; Schnürer , A. ; Sun , C. ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high - starch low - methane rice '' . Nature . 523 ( 7562 ) : 602 -- 606 . Bibcode : 2015Natur. 523 ... 602S . doi : 10.1038 / nature14673 . PMID 26200336 . Jump up ^ Gerry . `` Feeding the World One Genetically Modified Tomato at a Time : A Scientific Perspective '' . SITN . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luo , Q ; Li , Y ; Shen , Y ; Cheng , Z ( 2014 ) . `` Ten years of gene discovery for meiotic event control in rice '' . 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Ahearn ( 2011 ) , Living Language : An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology , p. 3 Jump up ^ Tapuy Cookbook & Cocktails , Philippine Rice Research Institute ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Early Mythology -- Dewi Sri '' . Sunda.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Indonesian ) Mitos Nyi Pohaci / Sanghyang Asri / Dewi Sri '' . My.opera.com . March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` On the Role of Food Habits in the Context of the Identity and Cultural Heritage of South and South East Asia '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talhelm , T. ; Zhang , X. ; Oishi , S. ; Shimin , C. ; Duan , D. ; Lan , X. ; Kitayama , S. ( May 9 , 2014 ) . `` Large - Scale Psychological Differences Within China Explained by Rice Versus Wheat Agriculture '' . Science . 344 ( 6184 ) : 603 -- 608 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 344 ... 603T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246850 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 24812395 . Further reading Calpe , Concepción . `` International trade in rice : recent developments and prospects . '' Rice is Life : scientific perspectives for the 21st century ( 2005 ) . online De Datta , Surajit K. Principles and practices of rice production ( International Rice Research Institute , 1981 ) . online Latham , Anthony John Heaton . `` From competition to constraint : The international rice trade in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Business and economic history ( 1988 ) : 91 - 102 . in JSTOR Watson , Andrew ( 1983 ) . Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06883 - 5 . Vespada , Yaowanuch ( 1998 ) . The genetic wonder of Thai rice . Plan Motif Publisher . Songkran Chitrakon and Boriboon Somrith ( 2003 ) . Science and technology with Thai rice , National center for genetic engineering . The public information department . p. 30 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Singh , BN ( 2018 ) . Global Rice Cultivation & Cultivars . New Delhi : Studium Press Llc . ISBN 1626991073 . 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when is the next generation of gaming consoles coming out			Eighth generation of video game consoles	eighth generation of video game consoles	In the history of video games , the eighth generation includes consoles released since 2012 by Nintendo , Microsoft , and Sony . For home consoles , the eighth generation began on November 18 , 2012 with the release of the Wii U , and continued with the release of the PlayStation 4 on November 15 , 2013 , and Xbox One on November 22 , 2013 . These video game consoles follow their seventh generation predecessors : Nintendo 's Wii , Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , respectively . For video game handhelds , the generation began in February 2011 with the release of the Nintendo 3DS , successor to the Nintendo DS , in Japan , followed by a North American and European release in March . Nintendo released the New Nintendo 3DS XL in North America on February 13 , 2015 . The successor of the PlayStation Portable , the PlayStation Vita , was released in Japan in December 2011 , and in Western markets in February 2012 .	The generation was predicted to face competition from smartphones , tablets , and smart TVs . In 2013 , gaming revenue on Android overtook portable game console revenue , while remaining a distant second to iOS gaming revenue . In FY 2013 ( ending early 2013 ) , Nintendo sold 23.7 million consoles , while Apple sold 58.2 million iPads in FY 2012 ( ending late 2012 ) . All three of the eighth generation home consoles use AMD GPUs , and two of them use AMD CPUs , a transition from IBM 's PowerPC Architecture used in the previous generation . Microsoft , Nintendo , and Sony were not aware that they were all using AMD processors until all their consoles were announced . Both AMD and Nvidia are optimistic for the PC market , as the unified CPU / GPU processors in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One use the same x86 programming architecture found in PCs , with AMD planning to introduce similar processors to desktop and laptop PCs in the near future . The million dollar pre-sale success of Ouya , an Android - based microconsole initially founded through crowdfunding has raised open - source development and the free - to - play model as key issues to be addressed by eighth generation consoles . The microconsoles like Nvidia Shield Console , MOJO , Razer Switchblade , GamePop , GameStick , Ouya , and PC - based Steam Machine consoles are attempting to compete in this market ; these are seldom referred to as `` eighth generation '' consoles or even as `` seventh generation '' consoles , however . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transition 2 Chinese market 3 Home consoles 3.1 Wii U 3.2 PlayStation 4 3.3 Xbox One 3.4 Comparison 4 Handheld systems 4.1 Nintendo 3DS 4.2 PlayStation Vita 4.3 Comparison 5 See also 6 References Transition ( edit ) Though prior console generations have normally occurred in five to six - year cycles , the transition from seventh to eighth generation has lasted more than six years . The transition is also unusual in that the prior generation 's best - selling unit , the Wii , is the first to be replaced in the eighth generation . In 2011 , Microsoft had stated they began looking at their next console , but they , along with Sony , considered themselves only halfway through a ten - year lifecycle for their seventh - generation offerings . Sony and Microsoft representatives have stated that the addition of motion controllers and camera - based controllers like Kinect and PlayStation Move have extended these systems ' lifetimes . Nintendo president Satoru Iwata had stated that his company would be releasing the Wii U due to declining sales of seventh generation home consoles and that `` the market is now waiting for a new proposal for home consoles '' . Sony considered making its next console a digital download only machine , but decided against it due to concerns about the inconsistency of internet speeds available globally , especially in developing countries . Chinese market ( edit ) The eighth generation of consoles also sees a re-entry of manufacturers into the Chinese market , following the lifting of a 14 - year video game console ban there during 2014 . The Chinese government banned video game consoles in 2000 , citing concerns of their effect on youth , meaning that consoles were forbidden to be officially and legally sold in retail stores in China , forcing console gaming into a niche and creating a black market for imported game devices . Both Microsoft and Sony have announced that they intend on releasing their consoles in China via the Shanghai Free - Trade Zone , with the Xbox One released there in September 2014 , whilst the PlayStation 4 has yet to have a fixed release schedule . CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Andrew House has also explained in September 2013 that the company intends on using the PlayStation Vita TV as a low - cost alternative for consumers in an attempt to penetrate the Chinese gaming market . Home consoles ( edit ) Wii U ( edit ) Main article : Wii U In November 2010 , Nintendo of America CEO Reggie Fils - Aime stated that the release of the next generation of Nintendo would be determined by the continued success of the Wii . Nintendo announced their successor to the Wii , the Wii U , at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7 , 2011 . After the announcement , several journalists classified the system as the first eighth generation home console . However , prominent sources have disputed this because of its comparative lack of power and older disc media type with respect to the announced specifications for PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One . The Wii U 's main controller , the Wii U GamePad , features an embedded touchscreen that can work as an auxiliary interactive screen in a fashion similar to the Nintendo DS / 3DS , or if compatible with `` Off TV Play '' , can even act as the main screen itself , enabling games to be played without the need of a television . The Wii U is compatible with its predecessor 's peripherals , such as the Wii Remote Plus , the Nunchuk , and the Wii Balance Board . The Wii U was released in North America on November 18 , 2012 , in Europe on November 30 , 2012 , and in Japan on December 8 , 2012 . It came in two versions , the Basic Model and the Deluxe / Premium Model , at the price of $300 and $349 US Dollars , respectively . On August 28 , 2013 , Nintendo announced the production of the Basic model has ended and expected supplies to be exhausted by September 20 , 2013 . On October 4 , 2013 , the Deluxe / Premium model was price cut from US $349 to US $300 . The Wii U had lifetime sales of about 13 million , in sharp contrast with the Wii , which had over 100 million over its life . Partially due to poor Wii U sales , Nintendo suffered several quarters of financial loss through 2014 , at which point they revived a strategy to recover , primarily through exploring the mobile game market , and developing its next console to avoid the missteps of the Wii U . That console , the Nintendo Switch , was released in March 2017 , and within 10 months , exceeded the Wii U 's lifetime sales . Nintendo officially discontinued the Wii U on January 31 , 2017 , about a month before the release of the Switch . PlayStation 4 ( edit ) Main article : PlayStation 4 On February 20 , 2013 , Sony announced the PlayStation 4 during a press conference in New York City , and it was released on November 15 , 2013 , in North America . The new console places a heavy emphasis on features surrounding social interaction ; gameplay videos can be shared via the PlayStation Network and other services , and users can stream games being played by themselves or others ( either through the console , or directly to services such as Twitch ) . The PS4 's DualShock 4 controller is similar to the previous model , but adds a touchpad and a `` Share '' button , along with an LED light bar on the front to allow motion tracking . An updated camera accessory will also be offered for the system ; it now uses 1280 × 800px stereo cameras with support for depth sensing similar to Kinect , and remains compatible with the PlayStation Move peripherals . The PS4 will also have second screen capabilities through both mobile apps and the PlayStation Vita , and game streaming through the recently acquired Gaikai service . The PlayStation 4 was released on November 15 , 2013 , in North America and November 29 , 2013 , in Australia and Europe at US $399.99 , A $549 and € 399 respectively . Xbox One ( edit ) Main article : Xbox One On May 21 , 2013 , Microsoft announced the Xbox One at an event in Redmond , Washington . The console has an increased focus on entertainment , including the ability to pass television programming from a set - top box over HDMI and use a built - in electronic program guide , and the ability to multitask by snapping applications ( such as Skype and Internet Explorer ) to the side of the screen , similarly to Windows 8 . The Xbox One features a new controller with `` Impulse Triggers '' that provide force feedback , and the ability to automatically record and save highlights from gameplay . An updated version of Kinect was developed for Xbox One , with a 1080p camera and expanded voice controls . Originally bundled with the console , it has since been downplayed and excluded from later bundles . The Xbox One was released in North America , Europe , and Australia on November 22 , 2013 , at a launch price of US $499.99 , € 499 and A $599 respectively with Japan , and was later released in 26 other markets in 2014 . Comparison ( edit ) Product Line Wii U PlayStation 4 Xbox One Name Wii U PlayStation 4 PlayStation 4 Slim PlayStation 4 Pro Xbox One Xbox One S Xbox One X Manufacturer Nintendo Sony Microsoft Image ( s ) A white Wii U console and GamePad A PlayStation 4 console and DualShock 4 controller A PlayStation 4 Slim console A PlayStation 4 Pro console An Xbox One console , controller and Kinect sensor An Xbox One S console and controller An Xbox One X console Release dates NA : November 18 , 2012 EU : November 30 , 2012 AU : November 30 , 2012 JP : December 8 , 2012 NA : November 15 , 2013 EU : November 29 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 JP : February 22 , 2014 WW : September 15 , 2016 WW : November 10 , 2016 NA : November 22 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 ( select countries only ) AU : November 22 , 2013 JP : September 4 , 2014 NA : August 2 , 2016 ( select countries only ) EU : August 2 , 2016 ( select countries only ) AU : August 2 , 2016 JP : November 24 , 2016 WW : November 7 , 2017 Launch prices Basic Model US $299.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers AU $ 348.00 ¥ 26,250 Deluxe / Premium Model US $349.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers AU $428.00 ¥ 31,500 Launch Model US $399.99 € 399 £ 349 A $549 ¥ 41,979 Launch Model US $499.99 € 499 £ 429 A $599 Current prices Deluxe / Premium Model US $299.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers Launch Model US $349 £ 299 A $479 ( 500 GB Model ) US $299 US $399 £ 345 A $560 CAD $499 Launch Model Same as launch prices 1TB Model ( without Kinect ) US $349 £ 299 A $499 ( 500GB Model ) US $299 1TB Model US $499.99 Discontinued WW : January 31 , 2017 WW : September 15 , 2016 No information WW : November 22 , 2016 No information Units shipped Worldwide : 13.56 million ( As of 31 December 2016 ) Worldwide : 67.5 million ( As of 30 September 2017 ) Worldwide : 10 million ( As of December 2014 ; as of fall 2015 , Microsoft does not report shipped unit numbers ) Units sold Worldwide : 13.56 million ( as of June 30 , 2017 ) Worldwide : 73.6 million ( As of 9 January 2018 ) Worldwide : 33 million ( As of 30 November 2017 , updated sales totals are no longer published ) Best - selling game Further information : List of best - selling Wii U video games Further information : List of best - selling PlayStation 4 video games Further information : List of best - selling Xbox One video games Media Wii U Optical Disc Similar to a 25 GB single layer BD at 5x CAV Wii Optical Disc Similar to a 4.7 GB DVD or 8.4 GB DVD - DL at 6x CAV Blu - ray , DVD Blu - ray at 6x CAV , DVD at 8x CAV Blu - ray , DVD , CD HDR - supported Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , DVD , CD CPU Tri-Core IBM PowerPC `` Espresso '' @ 1.24 GHz L1 cache : 64 kB per core ( 32 kB instruction + 32 kB data ) L2 cache : 3 MB L2 cache ( Core 0 : 512 KB , Core 1 : 2 MB , Core 2 : 512 KB ) L3 cache : Shared 32 MB ( off - chip ) 45 nm Secondary low power ARM9 processor ( for background tasks ) Octa - Core ( 2 quad - core modules ) AMD x86 - 64 `` Jaguar '' - based @ 1.6 GHz L2 cache : 4 MB ( Cores 0 - 3 : 2 MB , Cores 4 - 7 : 2 MB ) 28 nm Secondary low power ARM processor ( for background tasks ) Octa - Core AMD x86 - 64 `` Jaguar '' - based @ 2.1 GHz 14nm Octa - Core ( 2 quad - core modules ) AMD x86 - 64 `` Jaguar '' - based @ 1.75 GHz L2 cache : 4 MB ( Cores 0 - 3 : 2 MB , Cores 4 - 7 : 2 MB ) 28 nm ( Xbox One ) , 16 nm ( Xbox One S ) Octa - Core ( 2 quad - core modules ) AMD x86 - 64 `` Jaguar '' - based @ 2.3 GHz 14 nm GPU AMD Radeon `` Latte '' 320 shaders @ 550 MHz ( 0.35 TFLOP / s ) 4.4 Gpixel / s , 8.8 Gtexel / s 40 nm AMD Radeon `` Liverpool '' 1152 shaders @ 800 MHz ( 1.84 TFLOP / s ) 25.6 Gpixel / s , 57.6 Gtexel / s 28 nm AMD Radeon `` Neo '' 2304 shaders @ 911 MHz ( 4.20 TFLOP / s ) 29.15 GPixel / s , 131.2 GTexel / s 14 nm AMD Radeon `` Durango '' 768 shaders @ 853 MHz ( 1.31 TFLOP / s ) 13.6 Gpixel / s , 40.9 Gtexel / s 28 nm AMD Radeon 768 shaders @ 914 MHz ( 1.4 TFLOP / s ) 14.6 Gpixel / s , 43.8 Gtexel / s 16 nm AMD Radeon 2560 shaders @ 1,172 MHz ( 6 TFLOP / s ) 16 nm Memory 2 GB DDR3 RAM @ 800 MHz ( 1600 MHz effective ) ( 12.8 GB / s ) 1 GB available for games 32 MB eDRAM @ 550 MHz ( on - die ) 3 MB eSRAM ( on - die ) 8 GB GDDR5 RAM @ 1375 MHz ( 5500 MHz effective ) ( 176.0 GB / s ) 4.5 - 5.5 GB ( flexible memory ) available for games 256 MB DDR3 RAM ( for background tasks ) 8 GB GDDR5 RAM @ 1700 MHz ( 6800 MHz effective ) ( 217.6 GB / s ) 1GB DDR3 RAM ( for background tasks ) 8 GB DDR3 RAM @ 1066.5 MHz ( 2133 MHz effective ) ( 68.3 GB / s ) 5 GB available for games 32 MB eSRAM @ 1706 MHz ( 3412 MHz effective ) ( 204 - 218 GB / s ( Xbox One ) , 219 GB / s ( Xbox One S ) ) ( on - die ) 12 GB GDDR5 RAM ( 326 GB / s ) Storage 8 GB / 32 GB eMMC flash memory ( non-replaceable ) 1 GB flash memory ( reserved for the OS ) 500 GB HDD , 1 TB HDD ( user replaceable ) 1 TB HDD ( user replaceable ) 500 GB HDD , 1 TB HDD ( non-replaceable ) 8 GB flash memory ( reserved for the OS ) 500 GB HDD , 1 TB HDD , 2 TB HDD ( non-replaceable ) 8 GB flash memory ( reserved for the OS ) 1 TB HDD , ( non-replaceable ) 8 GB flash memory ( reserved for the OS ) Supports up to 32 GB SDHC cards Supports up to 2 TB USB HDD ( Wii U Mode only ) Supports USB HDD over 240GB up to 8 TB ( with System Software 4.50 ) Supports USB HDD larger than 256 GB Game Installation Only downloaded games can be installed to storage All games must be installed to a connected HDD All games must be installed to a connected HDD Network Fast Ethernet ( requires an attachment ) Built - in 802.11 a / b / g / n Wi - Fi @ 2.4 GHz Built - in 802.11 n Wi - Fi @ 5 GHz ( connection to the Wii U GamePad ) Gigabit Ethernet Built - in 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi @ 2.4 GHz Gigabit Ethernet Built - in 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac Wi - Fi Gigabit Ethernet Built - in 802.11 a / b / g / n dual - band Wi - Fi @ 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Gigabit Ethernet Built - in 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac dual - band Wi - Fi @ 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Dimensions When lying down on its side : Width : 172 mm ( 6.7 in ) Height : 46 mm ( 1.8 in ) Length : 268.5 mm ( 10.5 in ) ( can be oriented vertically using a stand ) When lying down on its side : Width : 275 mm ( 10.8 in ) Height : 53 mm ( 2.0 in ) Length : 305 mm ( 12.0 in ) ( can be oriented vertically using a stand ) When lying down on its side : Width : 265 mm ( 10.4 in ) Height : 39 mm ( 1.5 in ) Length : 288 mm ( 11.3 in ) ( can be oriented vertically using a stand ) When lying down on its side : Width : 295 mm ( 11.6 in ) Height : 55 mm ( 2.2 in ) Length : 327 mm ( 12.9 in ) ( can be oriented vertically using a stand ) When lying down on its side : Width : 309 mm ( 12.1 in ) Height : 83 mm ( 3.2 in ) Length : 258 mm ( 10.1 in ) ( must be oriented horizontally ) When lying down on its side : Width : 295 mm ( 11.6 in ) Height : 64 mm ( 2.5 in ) Length : 227 mm ( 8.9 in ) ( can be oriented vertically using a stand ) When lying down on its side : Width : 300 mm Height : 60 mm Length : 240 mm Weight 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ) 2.8 kg ( 6.2 lb ) 2.1 kg ( 4.6 lb ) 3.3 kg ( 7.3 lb ) 3.2 kg ( 7.0 lb ) 2.9 kg ( 6.4 lb ) 3.8 kg ( 8.4 lb ) Power 75 W ( external power supply ) Max . 223 W ( internal power supply ) Max . 163 W ( internal power supply ) Max . 289 W ( internal power supply ) ( PSU ) Max . 310 W ( internal power supply ) ( Product Page ) Max . 220 W ( external power supply ) Max . 125 W ( internal power supply ) Max . 240 W ( internal power supply ) Included accessories All Models Wii U GamePad Stylus Wii Sensor Bar HDMI cable Deluxe / Premium Model only Wii U GamePad stand Wii U GamePad charging cradle Wii U console stand DualShock 4 controller Micro-USB cable ( for charging DualShock 4 ) Wired mono headset HDMI cable Xbox One controller Kinect sensor ( in some bundles ) Wired mono headset HDMI cable Xbox One controller Wired mono headset HDMI cable Video 1080p , 1080i , 720p , 480p HDMI out Component video YP P ( D - Terminal out Japan only ) 576i , 480i ( standard 4 : 3 and 16 : 9 anamorphic widescreen ) Composite video S - Video ( NTSC consoles only ) RGB SCART ( PAL consoles only ) D - Terminal ( Japanese consoles only ) 1080p , 1080i and 720p HDMI out 1.4 b 4K , 1080p , 1080i and 720p HDMI out 2.0 1080p and 720p HDMI in / out 1.4 b 4K , 1080p and 720p HDMI in / out 2.0 a 4K , 1080p and 720p AMD FreeSync support HDMI in / out 2.0 a Integrated 3DTV support Yes Yes Yes Second screen Wii U GamePad ( bundled with console ) PlayStation Vita PlayStation App on iOS and Android devices SmartGlass on Windows 8 , Windows Phone , iOS , and Android devices Local game streaming via Off - TV Play to Wii U GamePad for some games Local and remote game streaming via Remote Play to PS Vita , OS X and Windows , or selected Sony Xperia smartphone for all games , except those that require the PS Camera or PS Move Local game streaming via Xbox App to Windows 10 PC . Audio 5.1 LPCM output via HDMI Analog stereo via `` AV Multi Out '' port Stereo output via 3.5 mm jack in the Wii U GamePad 7.1 LPCM and bitstreaming output via HDMI 2.0 LPCM and bitsreaming output via optical out Stereo output via 3.5 mm jack in the DualShock 4 7.1 LPCM and bitstreaming output via HDMI 2.0 LPCM and bitstreaming output via optical out Internal system speaker Stereo output via extension port on controller ( requires adapter for 3.5 mm jacks ) Peripheral abilities SD / SDHC memory card slot Bluetooth 4.0 HDMI ( 1 out port ) `` AV Multi Out '' port 4 USB 2.0 ports ( 2 at front of console , 2 at rear ) Sensor Bar power port Near Field Communication ( NFC ) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR HDMI ( 1 out port ) 2 USB 3.0 ports ( at front of console ) PS Camera AUX port Optical out port Ethernet port Bluetooth 4.0 ( LE ) HDMI ( 1 out port ) 3 USB 3.1 ( gen 1 ) ports PS Camera AUX port Optical out port Ethernet port Wi - Fi Direct HDMI ( 1 in port and 1 out port ) 3 USB 3.0 ports ( 1 at side of console , 2 at rear ) Kinect port ( original Xbox One only ) Optical out port Ethernet port IR Blaster Bluetooth 4.0 2 HDMI ( 1 in port and 1 out port ) 3 USB 3.0 ports ( 1 at front of console , 2 at rear ) Optical out port S / PDIF Ethernet port Controller Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller ( up to 7 ) Wii Remote / Plus ( up to 7 ) Nunchuk attachment Classic Controller attachment Wii Balance Board Nintendo 3DS ( select games only ) Nintendo GameCube controller ( adapter required , only supports Super Smash Bros. for Wii U ) DualShock 4 controller ( up to 4 ) PlayStation Move PlayStation Camera PlayStation Vita ( select games only ) Xbox One controller ( up to 8 ) Kinect Touch capability Wii U GamePad includes an integrated resistive touchscreen DualShock 4 controller includes an integrated 2 point capacitive touchpad N / A Camera Wii U GamePad camera ( bundled with all consoles ) PlayStation Camera Kinect Kinect ( Adapter required to use ) Online services Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop Miiverse Nintendo TVii Wii U Chat PlayStation Network PlayStation Store PlayStation Now PlayStation Music PlayStation Video PlayMemories Online PlayStation Vue Xbox Live Xbox Games Store Groove Music Microsoft Movies & TV Downloads games and automatic updates in the background via SpotPass Downloads games and automatic updates in the background Downloads games and automatic updates in the background Free Paid PlayStation Plus subscription required for online multiplayer , except for free - to - play titles . Paid Xbox Live Gold subscription required for online multiplayer and party chat . Game DVR Screenshots with Miiverse integration ( can be shared on Facebook , Twitter , Google Plus and Tumblr ) Screenshots with Facebook and Twitter integration Screenshots with Twitter integration Gameplay replays with YouTube integration ( select games only ) Up to 1 hour of gameplay with Dailymotion , Facebook , Twitter and YouTube integration . 720p for PS4 and 1080p for PS4 Pro . Up to 5 minutes of gameplay . 1080p for all Xbox One consoles . 4K on Xbox One X ( external storage required ) N / A Live streaming with Dailymotion , Twitch , Ustream and YouTube Gaming integration Live streaming with Mixer and Twitch integration Free Free Paid subscription to Xbox Live Gold required Regional lockout Region locked Unrestricted Unrestricted List of games List of Wii U software List of PlayStation 4 games List of Xbox One games Backward compatibility Supports Wii software on disc and downloaded from Wii Shop Channel . Games from previous generations available for digital purchase and download via Virtual Console on Nintendo eShop . PlayStation Now cloud support for selected PlayStation 3 games began in January 2015 for North America . Subscription required . Selected Xbox 360 and Xbox games ; Requires download of digital version of game at no additional charge to existing owners of the game . System software Wii U system software PlayStation 4 system software Xbox One system software Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Standby Mode Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Rest Mode Updates are downloaded and installed automatically in Instant - on Mode Handheld systems ( edit ) A trend starting from the eighth generation of handheld systems is that the general shift from dedicated handheld gaming consoles to mobile gaming on smart devices , such as smartphones and tablets . As such , smart devices have eroded sales of dedicated handheld gaming consoles , with analysts predicting that smart devices will replace handheld gaming consoles in the near future . Nintendo 3DS ( edit ) Main article : Nintendo 3DS The Nintendo 3DS is a portable game console produced by Nintendo . It is the successor to the Nintendo DS . The autostereoscopic device is able to project stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or any additional accessories . The Nintendo 3DS features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS series software , including Nintendo DSi software . Announcing the device in March 2010 , Nintendo officially unveiled it at E3 2010 , with the company inviting attendees to use demonstration units . The console succeeds the Nintendo DS series of handheld systems , which primarily competes with PlayStation Portable . It competes with Sony 's handheld , the PlayStation Vita . The Nintendo 3DS was released in Japan on February 26 , 2011 ; in Europe on March 25 , 2011 ; in North America on March 27 , 2011 ; and in Australia on March 31 , 2011 . On July 28 , 2011 , Nintendo announced a major price drop starting August 12 . In addition , as of September 2011 consumers who bought the system at its original price have access to ten Nintendo Entertainment System games before they are available to the general public , after which the games may be updated to the versions publicly released on the Nintendo eShop . In December 2011 , ten Game Boy Advance games were made available to consumers who bought the system at its original price at no charge , with Nintendo stating it has no plans to release to the general public . On June 21 , 2012 , Nintendo announced a new , bigger model of the 3DS called the Nintendo 3DS XL . It has 90 % larger screens than the 3DS and slightly longer battery life . It was released on July 28 , 2012 , in Europe and August 19 , 2012 , in North America as well as Australasia on August 23 , 2012 , and Brazil on September 1 , 2012 . On August 28 , 2013 , Nintendo announced a low cost , 2D version of the 3DS called the Nintendo 2DS . This redesign plays all Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS games , albeit without a 3D option . Unlike previous machines of the DS family , the Nintendo 2DS uses a slate - like design instead of a clamshell one . The console launched on October 12 in both Europe and North America as well as Australasia . On August 29 , 2014 , Nintendo announced a newer model of the 3DS called the New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL . It was released in Japan on October 11 , 2014 ; in Australasia on November 21 , 2014 ; in Europe on February 13 , 2015 ; in North America on February 13 , 2015 , for the XL version . The smaller version for North America was released on September 25 , 2015 bundled with the game Animal Crossing : Happy Home Designer . In April 2017 , Nintendo announced the New Nintendo 2DS XL , due for release in Japan on July 13 , 2017 , and in North America on July 28 , 2017 . It is a streamlined version of the New Nintendo 3DS XL , with identical screen sizes and its updated processor , but with a refreshed design and a thinner build . PlayStation Vita ( edit ) Main article : PlayStation Vita PlayStation Vita is a handheld game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices . It was released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 and was released in Europe and North America on February 22 , 2012 . The handheld includes two analog sticks , a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) OLED / LCD multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , and supports Bluetooth , Wi - Fi and optional 3G . Internally , the PS Vita features a 4 core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor and a 4 core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit , as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface , which succeeds the XrossMediaBar . The device is backward - compatible with a subset of the PlayStation Portable and PS One games digitally released on the PlayStation Network via the PlayStation Store . However , PS One Classics and TurboGrafx - 16 titles were not compatible at launch . The Vita 's dual analog sticks are supported on selected PSP games via button mapping . The graphics for PSP releases are up - scaled , with a smoothing filter to reduce pixelation . Comparison ( edit ) Product Line Nintendo 3DS PlayStation Vita Name Nintendo 3DS Nintendo 3DS XL Nintendo 2DS New Nintendo 3DS New Nintendo 3DS XL New Nintendo 2DS XL PS Vita ( PCH - 1000 ) PS Vita ( PCH - 2000 ) Manufacturer Nintendo Sony ( SCE / SIE ) Console Release dates JP : February 26 , 2011 EU : March 25 , 2011 NA : March 27 , 2011 AU : March 31 , 2011 KOR : April 28 , 2012 JP : July 28 , 2012 EU : July 28 , 2012 NA : August 19 , 2012 AU : August 23 , 2012 KOR : September 20 , 2012 EU : October 12 , 2013 NA : October 12 , 2013 AU : October 12 , 2013 KOR : December 2013 JP : February 27 , 2016 JP : October 11 , 2014 AU : November 20 , 2014 EU : January 6 , 2015 ( Ambassador Edition ) EU : February 13 , 2015 ( General release ) NA : September 25 , 2015 JP : October 11 , 2014 AU : November 20 , 2014 EU : February 13 , 2015 NA : February 13 , 2015 AU : June 15 , 2017 JP : July 13 , 2017 KOR : July 13 , 2017 NA : July 28 , 2017 EU : July 28 , 2017 JP : December 17 , 2011 EU : February 22 , 2012 NA : February 22 , 2012 AU : February 23 , 2012 JP : October 10 , 2013 EU : February 7 , 2014 NA : May 6 , 2014 Launch prices ¥ 25,000 US $249.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers A $349.95 ¥ 18,900 US $199.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers A $249.90 US $129.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers A $149.95 ¥ 16,000 A $219.95 £ / € , set by individual retailers ¥ 18,900 A $249.95 £ / € , set by individual retailers US $199.99 US $149.99 A $199.95 Wi - Fi ¥ 24,980 US $249 € 249 £ 229.99 A $349.95 Wi - Fi + 3G ¥ 29,980 US $299 € 299 £ 279.99 A $419.95 ¥ 19,929 £ 180 Current prices ¥ 15,000 US $169.99 £ / € , set by individual retailers A $249.99 Wi - Fi / Wi - Fi + 3G ¥ 19,980 US $199.99 € 199 £ , set by individual retailers A $269.95 Units shipped Worldwide : 66.12 million ( As of 31 March 2017 ) Worldwide : 4 million ( As of 4 January 2013 ) Best - selling game Pokémon X and Y , 16.15 million units ( As of 30 June 2017 ) TBA Display Top Screen : Autostereoscopic ( 3D ) LCD 3.53 in ( 90 mm ) 800 × 240 px ( 400 × 240 px per eye in 3D ) Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 3.02 in ( 77 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA Top Screen : Autostereoscopic ( 3D ) LCD 4.88 in ( 124 mm ) 800 × 240 px ( 400 × 240 px per eye in 3D ) Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA Top Screen : 2D LCD 3.53 in ( 90 mm ) 400 × 240 px Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 3.02 in ( 77 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA Top Screen : Autostereoscopic ( 3D ) LCD 3.88 in ( 99 mm ) 800 × 240 px ( 400 × 240 px per eye in 3D ) Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 3.33 in ( 85 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA Top Screen : Autostereoscopic ( 3D ) LCD 4.88 in ( 124 mm ) 800 × 240 px ( 400 × 240 px per eye in 3D ) Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA Top Screen : 2D LCD 4.88 in ( 124 mm ) 400 × 240 px Bottom Screen : 2D LCD touchscreen 4.18 in ( 106 mm ) 320 × 240 px QVGA 5 in ( 130 mm ) OLED 960 × 544 px 5 in ( 130 mm ) IPS LCD 960 × 544 px Approximately 16.77 million colors Approximately 16.77 million colors 5 brightness levels 0 - 100 % brightness levels Autostereoscopy ( 3D ) Yes No Yes ( with ' Super Stable 3D ' technology ) No No CPU Dual - core ARM11 MPCore & Dual - core VFP Co-Processor Quad - core ARM11 MPCore & Quad - core VFP Co-Processor TBA Quad - core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore GPU Digital Media Professionals PICA200 TBA PowerVR SGX543MP4+ RAM 128 MB FCRAM , 6 MB VRAM 256 MB FCRAM , 10 MB VRAM TBA 512 MB RAM , 128 MB VRAM Camera One front - facing and a set of two rear - facing 3D 0.3 MP ( VGA ) camera sensors Front and rear 0.3 MP ( VGA ) camera sensors Audio Stereo speakers ( 2 ) ( with pseudo-surround support ) Headphone jack Mono speaker ( 1 ) Headphone jack Stereo speakers ( 2 ) ( with pseudo-surround support ) Headphone jack Headphone jack Stereo speakers ( 2 ) Headphone jack Storage 1 GB internal flash memory TBA No internal storage 1 GB internal flash memory Supports up to 512 GB SDXC , up to 32 GB SDHC and up to 2 GB SD memory cards Supports up to 512 GB Micro SDXC , up to 32 GB Micro SDHC and up to 2 GB Micro SD memory cards Supports 4 GB , 8 GB , 16 GB , 32 GB and 64 GB proprietary removable memory cards 2 GB SD card included 4 GB SDHC card included 4 GB microSDHC card included No external storage included Media Nintendo 3DS Game Card ( 1 -- 8 GB ) / Nintendo DS Game Card ( 8 -- 512 MB ) Digital distribution PlayStation Vita Game Card ( 2 -- 4 GB ) Digital distribution User interface Circle Pad ( 2 × with add - on ( 3DS / 3DS XL only ) ) C - Stick ( New 3DS / New 2DS XL / New 3DS XL Only ) D - pad Autostereoscopic ( 3D ) 15 : 9 ( 5 : 3 ) screen ( top screen ) ( 2DS and New 2DS XL displays 2D only ) Resistive 4 : 3 touchscreen ( bottom screen ) 3 - axis accelerometer and 3 - axis gyroscope Volume slider 3D depth slider ( Not available on 2DS or New 2DS XL ) Front 2D camera and rear 3D camera sensors Microphone Wireless communications switch ( 3DS / 3DS XL only ) SLEEP switch ( 2DS only ) 12 × buttons ( X , Y , A , B , L , R ( ZL and ZR with add - on or New 3DS / New 2DS XL / New 3DS XL ) , START , SELECT , HOME , POWER ) 2 × analog sticks D - pad Capacitive 16 : 9 touchscreen Rear touchpad Sixaxis motion sensing ( 3 - axis accelerometer and 3 - axis gyroscope ) Three - axis electronic compass Front & rear 2D camera sensors Microphone 12 × buttons ( , , , , L , R , Start , Select , Home , Volume ± , Power ) Battery 1300 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS Mode : 3 -- 5 hours DS Mode : 5 -- 8 hours 1750 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS Mode : 3.5 -- 6.5 hours DS Mode : 6 -- 10 hours 1300 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS Mode : 3.5 -- 5.5 hours DS Mode : 6 -- 9 hours 1400 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS Mode : 3.5 -- 6 hours DS Mode : 6.5 - 10.5 hours 1700 mAh lithium - ion battery 3DS Mode : 3.5 -- 7 hours DS Mode : 7 -- 12 hours TBA 2200 mAh lithium - ion battery Gameplay : 3 -- 5 hours Video playback : 5 hours Music : 9 hours 2210 mAh lithium - ion battery Gameplay : 4 -- 6 hours Video playback : 6 hours Music : 10 hours Determined by screen brightness , Wi - Fi , sound volume , and whether 3D is active ( 3DS models only ) Determined by screen brightness , Wi - Fi , sound volume , and whether 3G is active ( 3G model only ) Connectivity Integrated 802.11 b / g Wi - Fi IR port NFC for Amiibo support ( only on New 3DS / 3DS XL . Older 3DS series need to use a 3DS NFC reader accessory ) Integrated 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi 3G ( 3G model only ) Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Integrated 802.11 b / g / n Wi - Fi Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR Console Connection Wii / Wii U PlayStation 3 / PlayStation 4 Stylus Extendable up to 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) long 96 mm ( 3.8 in ) long 76.5 mm ( 3.01 in ) long 86 mm ( 3.4 in ) long N / A Weight 235 grams ( 8.3 oz ) 336 grams ( 11.9 oz ) 260 grams ( 9.2 oz ) 253 grams ( 8.9 oz ) 329 grams ( 11.6 oz ) TBA Wi - Fi 260 grams ( 9.2 oz ) Wi - Fi + 3G 279 grams ( 9.8 oz ) 219 grams ( 7.7 oz ) Dimensions Width : 134 mm ( 5.3 in ) Depth : 74 mm ( 2.9 in ) Height : 21 mm ( 0.83 in ) Width : 156 mm ( 6.1 in ) Depth : 93 mm ( 3.7 in ) Height : 22 mm ( 0.87 in ) Width : 144 mm ( 5.7 in ) Depth : 127 mm ( 5.0 in ) Height : 20.3 mm ( 0.80 in ) Width : 156 mm ( 6.1 in ) Depth : 93 mm ( 3.7 in ) Height : 22 mm ( 0.87 in ) Width : 160 mm ( 6.3 in ) Depth : 93.5 mm ( 3.68 in ) Height : 21.5 mm ( 0.85 in ) Width : 182 mm ( 7.2 in ) Depth : 83.6 mm ( 3.29 in ) Height : 18.6 mm ( 0.73 in ) Width : 183.6 mm ( 7.23 in ) Depth : 85.1 mm ( 3.35 in ) Height : 15 mm ( 0.59 in ) Online services Nintendo Network Nintendo eShop Miiverse Nintendo Video Swapnote ( Nintendo Letter Box in PAL region ) StreetPass StreetPass Mii Plaza ( local & online players met ) SpotPass Nintendo 3DS Internet Browser Sony Entertainment Network PlayStation Network PlayStation Store PlayStation Video PlayStation Music PlayStation Mobile Full game download / installation and automatic updates in the background via SpotPass Full game download / installation in the background Free Free Preloaded applications Applications Health & Safety Information Nintendo 3DS Camera ( Photo + Video Recording and Editing ) Nintendo 3DS Sound Nintendo eShop Mii Maker StreetPass Mii Plaza AR Games Face Raiders Swapnote ( Nintendo Letter Box in PAL regions ) Nintendo Video Netflix ( w / paid subscription ) Hulu Plus ( w / paid subscription ) YouTube Nintendo Zone Activity Log Download Play System Settings Multitasking Applications Game Notes Friend List Notifications Internet Browser Miiverse Welcome Park near Photos Music Videos PlayStation Store Trophies Friends Party Group Messaging Notifications Internet Browser Email Maps Content Manager Remote Play Cross-Controller Settings Regional lockout Region locked No region lock List of games List of Nintendo 3DS games List of PlayStation Vita games Backward compatibility Nintendo DS / Nintendo DSi Downloadable only DSiWare Virtual Console Virtual Console Arcade ( 3D Classics only ) ( select games only ) Game Boy ( select games only ) Game Boy Color ( select games only ) Game Boy Advance ( Ambassadors only ) ( select games only ) Sega Game Gear ( select games only ) Nintendo Entertainment System ( select games only ) Sega Master System ( SEGA 3D Classics only ) ( select games only ) Sega Genesis ( SEGA 3D Classics only ) ( select games only ) Super Nintendo ( only on New 3DS / 3DS XL ) ( select games only ) Downloadable only PlayStation Portable ( select games only ) PlayStation ( select games only ) PlayStation 2 ( select games only ) Neo Geo AES ( select games only ) PC Engine ( select games only ) ( Japan and North America only ) System software Nintendo 3DS system software PlayStation Vita system software Jump up ^ The Virtual Console classic video game re-release distribution service on Nintendo 3DS , Nintendo 3DS XL , Nintendo 2DS , New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL currently have available for purchase digital versions of select games for the Game Boy , Game Boy Color , Sega Game Gear , Nintendo Entertainment System , and Super Nintendo Entertainment System platforms , via Nintendo eShop . Nintendo 3DS Ambassadors also have 10 Game Boy Advance games available for download . See also ( edit ) List of video game consoles List of home video game consoles List of handheld game consoles List of dedicated consoles List of microconsoles Video games portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PS4 release date specs confirmed '' . Pcadvisor.co.uk . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Confirms Next - Gen Xbox Announcement '' . IGN. April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bass , Dina ; King , Ian ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Microsoft Said to Plan Next Xbox for 2013 Holiday Season '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is New Nintendo 3DS ? '' . Nintendo of America . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cull , James ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Nvidia Tegra : The Future of Android Gaming '' . appstorm.net . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Gaming is Dominating the Gaming Industry '' . Geekaphone . July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Alpeyev , Pavel ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` Nintendo May Fail to Replicate Wii Success as IPhone Games Bloom '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Dan ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sony , Nintendo Place Big Bets on Handhelds '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agnello , Anthony John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Will Smart TVs End the Game Console Business ? '' . InvestorPlace . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ App Annie , IDC . `` App Annie & IDC Portable Gaming Report Q2 2013 : iOS & Google Play Game Revenue 4x Higher Than Gaming - Optimized Handhelds '' . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . July 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Hardware Sales In FY 2012 : 125.04 M iPhones , 58.23 M iPads , 18.1 M Macs And 35.2 M iPods '' . TechCrunch . Jump up ^ Gorman , Michael ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` AMD 's Saeid Moshkelani on building custom silicon for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Wii U '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` AMD won the next - gen console war , and PC gamers could reap the reward '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ `` Nevermind PS4 or Xbox , Ouya is the real next - gen console , argues Astrogun -- interview -- Astrogun news '' . PocketGamer.biz . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kubba , Sinan ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sony , Microsoft going ' heavily ' on free - to - play next - gen , says Epic VP Rein '' . Joystiq . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ; Reynolds , Matthew ( January 13 , 2013 ) . `` Can Android consoles Ouya , Project Shield challenge PlayStation , Xbox ? '' . DigitalSpy.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Tadhg ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` With Ouya , GameStick , Steam Box and more , will 2013 be the year of the ' microconsole ' ? '' . Edge Online . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Digital and Nontraditional : Breaking Down Ouya , Steam Box , And Other New Wave Systems '' . 1up.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Radd , David . `` Nintendo 's Project Cafe : Will Gamers Feel The Buzz ? '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` PlayStation 4 in the Works , Sony Confirms '' . IndustryGamers Inc . Eurogamer Network Ltd . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ewalt , David M. `` PlayStation Chief Jack Tretton : How To Sell Vita , Navigate Clouds , and Debut The PS4 '' . Forbes . Interview with Jack Tretton , president and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment America . Jump up ^ Brightman , James ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft Hiring Engineers for Next Xbox '' . IndustryGamers Inc . Eurogamer Network Ltd . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Andrew . `` Microsoft : Xbox 360 ' about halfway ' through generation '' . Shacknews.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` E3 2009 : 360 to Stick Around Until 2015 -- Xbox360 News at IGN '' . Uk.xbox360.ign.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . `` The Xbox 360 's recently unveiled motion control technology will help extend the console 's life span into 2015 , according to Microsoft executive Shane Kim . '' Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` Nintendo : market is now waiting for new home consoles '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sherr , Ian ; Wakabayashi , Daisuke ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sony Rejects Web - Based PlayStation Console '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2014 - 04 - 30 , It 's finally official : Xbox One to hit China in September , Tech in Asia Jump up ^ `` Ban on Video Game Consoles Tentatively Lifted in the Shanghai FTZ '' , China Briefing , Shanghai , April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2010 - 07 - 15 , Why Are Consoles Banned In China ? , Kotaku Jump up ^ 2014 - 05 - 26 , ソニーが中国でプレステ販売へ、上海貿易試験区に合弁 2 社設立 ( Sony to sell the PlayStation in China , establishes joint ventures with two companies in the Shanghai Free - trade Zone ) , Reuters Japan Jump up ^ 2014 - 05 - 01 , 上海自由貿易試験区、ゲーム機の製造・販売を正式に解禁 ( 中国 ) ( The ban on production and sales of videogame consoles formally lifted in the Shanghai Free - trade Zone ) , Jetro Jump up ^ `` BesTV and Microsoft to bring Xbox One to China in September '' . Xbox Marketing , Microsoft . April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2014 - 05 - 26 , Sony to sell PlayStation 4 console in China , CNET Jump up ^ 2014 - 05 - 27 , Sony Confirms PS4 is Heading to China , IGN Jump up ^ 2013 - 09 - 12 , Sony not planning to release PlayStation Vita TV in the US or Europe ' at this point ' , Videogamer Jump up ^ Ryan Fleming ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Nintendo to talk next - gen consoles after selling 15 million more Wii systems '' . digitaltrends.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Press Release From Nintendo Details The Wii U And Gives Information on New Titles '' . Gameon.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Saenz , Aaron ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Nintendo 's New Wii U Wows at E3 , and Changes Gaming Forever ... Again '' . singularityhub.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , Derek . `` Nindendo Wii 2 , Project Cafe : the Milestone of Next Generation '' . brothersoft.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` EA CEO Does n't Think Wii U is a ' Next Gen ' Console '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbetter , Richard ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wii U graphics power finally revealed '' . EuroGamer.net . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U technical specs '' . Nintendo of America . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wii U price cut in North America , Wind Waker HD hardware bundle announced '' . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final Wii U models discontinued in Japan - Polygon '' . www.polygon.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Sony announces the PlayStation 4 '' . The Verge . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica . `` PS4 Eye has two cameras : One to watch you , one to make you pretty '' . Joystiq . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One : a next - gen console with a focus on interactive TV and apps '' . The Verge . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One guide brings HDMI in / out , overlays for live TV '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sledge , Kyle . `` PS4 Slim Price and Release Date Revealed '' . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ; Pereira , Chris . `` PS4 Pro : Specs , Release Date , and Price Confirmed '' . Jump up ^ `` 21 launch countries listed for Xbox One '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` box One hits Japan Sept. 4 -- Will it find success where Xbox 360 did not ? '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One X is Microsoft 's next game console , arriving on November 7th for $499 '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2013 : PlayStation 4 Launching for $399 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crossley , Rob ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` PS4 Price Slashed to £ 290 Following Xbox One Discount '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayne Murphy . PlayStation 4 now available from only € 349.99 / £ 299.99 , playstation.com , October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox one Goes Back Down To $349 '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poeter , Damon ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Slashes Xbox One Price in U.K. '' PC Magazine . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IR Information : Sales Data - Hardware and Software Sales Units '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The final Wii U will roll off Nintendo 's production line this week '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Nintendo Begrudgingly Acknowledges Wii U 3D Support '' . Giantbomb.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` PS4 Remote Play is coming to Sony Xperia Z3 phones and tablets this November '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Sony Confirms Vita Remote Play For PS4 Games Is ( Mostly ) Mandatory - News '' . www.GameInformer.com . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Sony 's Shuhei Yoshida talks Remote Play ubiquity on PlayStation 4 , not bundling the Eye with the console '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Windows 10 includes in - home game streaming from Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One iFixit Teardown '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sakr , Sharif ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One hardware and specs : 8 - core CPU , 8GB RAM , 500GB hard drive and more '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One S Teardown '' . iFixit . iFixit . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U GameCube controller adapter compatible with more than just Smash Bros '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vita as a PS4 Controller Clarified - IGN . Uk.ign.com . Retrieved on August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matt ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` How to claim your free Kinect adapter for the Xbox One S '' . Mobile Nations . Windows Central . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Next - gen Xbox Live details : Background downloads , skill tracking , 1000 friends '' . Computerandvideogames.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 online multiplayer gaming requires PlayStation Plus subscription '' . polygon.com . Polygon . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PS4 online multiplayer requirements Archived February 1 , 2015 , at Archive.is , support.us.playstation.com , November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One will soon capture your epic plays in full HD '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Game DVR on Xbox One X will support up to 4K recording with HDR '' . Neowin . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Xbox One Can Capture Up to 5 Minutes of Gameplay , PS4 Can Store Up to 15 Archived July 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gengame ( July 22 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wii U Will Be Region - Locked -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mat ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` The PS4 wo n't be region - locked '' . Engadget.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Your Feedback Matters -- Update on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Alice ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One firmware update removes ' Region Lock ' in China '' . The Stack . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` PlayStation Now all - you - can - play subscriptions hit next week for $20 a month , $45 for three months '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL Inc . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast Digital . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphones , and tablets to be gamer 's primary screen in 2017 '' . NintendoLife . ^ Jump up to : `` Launch of New Portable Game Machine '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Minami - ku , Kyoto : Nintendo . March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Nintendo to Make 3 - D Version of Its DSi Handheld Game '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . It takes place June 15 ~ 17 , 2010 , at the Los Angeles Convention Center . Jump up ^ Tabuchi , Hiroko ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Nintendo to Make 3 - D Version of Its DS Handheld Game '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . ' We wanted to give the gaming industry a head 's up about what to expect from Nintendo at E3 , ' said Ken Toyoda , chief spokesman at Nintendo . ' We 'll invite people to play with the new device then . ' Jump up ^ Alexander , Leigh ( January 15 , 2010 ) . `` Analyst : DS Successor To Hit In Next 15 Months ? '' . Gamasutra . Think Services . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . In the year 2010 , Nintendo 's continuing face - off against the PSP seems less relevant than the overall sea change in the portable market brought about by the explosive iPhone . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS vs. PS Vita : Handheld Wars , The Next Generation '' . IndustryGamers Inc . Eurogamer Network Ltd . September 16 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's 3DS Hits the U.S. On March 27 for $249.99 '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 's 3DS Hits Europe on March 25 '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` What Do You Think About Nintendo 's Big 3DS Announcement ? '' . IGN DS . IGN . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . In an astounding and unexpected set of announcements , Nintendo took a huge leap in righting the wrongs of the 3DS ' shaky launch . The system , which released in the US on March 27 with a hefty $250 - dollar price tag , will see a massive price cut to $170 come August 12 . Jump up ^ IGN - Nintendo Reveals 3DS XL Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS family comparison chart '' ( PDF ) ( PDF ) . Nintendo of Europe . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Announces a New Member to the Nintendo 3DS Family '' . Nintendo Australia . 29 August 2013 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo announces two New Nintendo 3DS systems coming this fall '' . Nintendo of America . August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Plunkett , Luke ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Announces The New 2DS XL '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NGP becomes PlayStation Vita '' . Eurogamer . June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TGS : Sony Reveals Vita 's Release Date -- PSP News at IGN '' . Psp.ign.com . September 14 , 2011 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Vita Launches From 22 February 2012 -- PlayStation. Blog. Europe '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony . October 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready : PS Vita is Coming February 22nd -- PlayStation Blog '' . PlayStation Blog . Sony . October 18 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sony outs tech specs for NGP '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlad Savov ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Sony 's next PSP , codenamed NGP '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sony ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sony US FAQ '' . Sony . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kat Bailey ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` No PS One Classics '' . Gamepro . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin Robinson ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` NGP 's backwards compatibility unveiled '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hardware -- 3dbrew '' . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaluszka , Aaron ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` 3DS North American Price , Date , Colors Set '' . Nintendo World Report . Jump up ^ $250 3DS launching March 27 GameSpot Jump up ^ Nick Vuckovic ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Nintendo 3DS launches in Australia on March 31st for $349 '' . Vooks.net . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Nintendo 2DS XL portable system to launch in Australia & New Zealand on June 15 ! '' . Nintendo . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 '' . Au.playstation.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bob Munir ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` E3 : Sony 's PlayStation Vita due end of 2011 for $249 '' . destructoid.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3DS price cut 40 % in Japan , now $169.99 in the U.S. -- Video Games Reviews , Cheats '' . Geek.com . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An exciting message for people who own a Nintendo 3DS and those who want to '' . Nintendo.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Luke ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` IGN. 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 '' . Ign.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lester , Jonathan . `` Dealspwn. 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 '' . Dealspwn.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IR Information : Sales Data - Top Selling Software Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software '' . Nintendo Co. , Ltd. April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official PlayStation website : PlayStation Vita , PS Vita - Specifications for PlayStation ® Vita '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nintendo 3DS Hardware Specs '' . Nintendo of America . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony outs tech specs for NGP '' . VG247 . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' PlayStation ® Vita '' Expands Its Entertainment Experience by Introducing Various Applications for Social Networking Services and Communications `` . SYS - CON Media . August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS can accept 128GB SDXC cards '' . Nintendo Everything . August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Johnny ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sony outs tech specs for NGP '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McFerran , Damien ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Nintendo 2DS review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( December 22 , 2011 ) . `` How Good is the PS Vita 's Battery Life ? '' . IGN . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony PS Vita Slim review - Pocket - lint '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nintendo 3DS features Game Coins system Archived April 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . aussie - nintendo Jump up ^ DS games on 3DS -- a few more details Archived July 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . GoNintendo Jump up ^ `` Nintendo 3DS Region Locked -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris . `` Vita is Not Region Locked , Says Sony Exec '' . 1up.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . Video game consoles ( eighth generation ) Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) Eighth generation Home PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox One Handheld Nintendo 3DS family Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL PlayStation Vita ( PlayStation TV ) Micro Amazon Fire TV Apple TV GameStick MOJO Nexus Player OnLive Ouya SHIELD Android TV ← Seventh generation Emulator Game History List Manufacturer History of video games By system Golden age of arcade video games Timeline of arcade video game history Video game crash of 1983 Early mainframe games By year Early history 1947 -- 1972 1970s 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Near future By console generation First ( 1972 -- 1980 ) Second ( 1976 -- 1992 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2003 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) By region Australia Bangladesh Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Republic Colombia Finland France Germany Ghana India Indonesia Ireland Lithuania Japan Kenya Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Philippines Russia South Africa South Korea Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles&oldid=827728169 '' Categories : Eighth - generation video game consoles History of video games Video game consoles by generation 2010s in video gaming 2010s toys 2010s video games Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth%20generation%20of%20video%20game%20consoles	107,923
who sings the song statue of a fool			Statue of a Fool	statue of a fool	`` Statue of a Fool '' is a song , whose authorship is surrounded in controversy . According to Genna Sapia - Ruffin , the mother of David Ruffin , former member of The Temptations ' son , on page 251 of her book A Memoir : Davod Ruffin -- My Temptation ( 1993 - 2003 , 1st Books Library ) , David Ruffin wrote and originally released the song on a 78 RPM in 1958 , when he was recording under the name `` Little Eddie Bush . ' However , as he was only seventeen years old at that time , later covers of the song gave writing credits to Jan Crutchfield . It was recorded by a number of country artists . In 1969 , it was recorded by country music artist Jack Greene , released as a single and became a number 1 hit . Brian Collins recorded and released it in 1974 from his second album , This Is Brian Collins . It peaked at number 10 on the country charts . David Ruffin , formerly of The Temptations , rerecorded the song in 1975 , with his name unchallenged as the sole writer . Bill Medley , formerly of The Righteous Brothers , also released a rendition in 1979 that went to number 91 on the same chart . In 1989 , it was recorded by country music artist Ricky Van Shelton , who released it as a single from the album , RVS III . It peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and hit # 1 on the Canadian RPM country singles chart .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Jack Greene version 1.2 Brian Collins version 1.3 Bill Medley version 1.4 Ricky Van Shelton version 1.4. 1 Year - end charts 2 References 3 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Jack Greene version ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs Canadian RPM Country Tracks Brian Collins version ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 6 Bill Medley version ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 91 Ricky Van Shelton version ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 39 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 19 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 05 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Greatest Hits Plus ( CD ) . Ricky Van Shelton . Columbia Records . 1992 . 52753 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Illegal name entered Brian Collins / Brian + Collins / chart ? f = 357 `` Brian Collins -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Brian Collins . Jump up ^ `` Bill Medley -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Bill Medley . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 6704 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . February 17 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Van Shelton -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Ricky Van Shelton . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1990 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1990 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Running Bear '' by Sonny James Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Jack Greene version ) July 5 -- 12 , 1969 Succeeded by `` I Love You More Today '' by Conway Twitty Preceded by `` Nobody 's Home '' by Clint Black RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Ricky Van Shelton version ) February 17 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Southern Star '' by Alabama Jack Greene Singles `` There Goes My Everything '' `` All the Time '' `` You Are My Treasure '' `` Until My Dreams Come True '' `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Bring Me Sunshine '' Related articles Decca Records Bill Medley Albums Damn Near Righteous Singles `` Statue of a Fool '' `` Do n't Know Much '' `` I Still Do '' `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Portal : R&B and Soul Music Ricky Van Shelton Studio albums Wild - Eyed Dream Loving Proof RVS III Backroads Do n't Overlook Salvation A Bridge I Did n't Burn Love and Honor Making Plans Fried Green Tomatoes Compilation albums Greatest Hits Plus Super Hits Super Hits Vol. 2 16 Biggest Hits Christmas albums Ricky Van Shelton Sings Christmas Blue Christmas Notable singles `` Wild - Eyed Dream '' `` Crime of Passion '' `` Somebody Lied '' `` Life Turned Her That Way '' `` Do n't We All Have the Right '' `` I 'll Leave This World Loving You '' `` From a Jack to a King '' `` Hole in My Pocket '' `` Living Proof '' `` Statue of a Fool '' `` I 've Cried My Last Tear for You '' `` I Meant Every Word He Said '' `` Life 's Little Ups and Downs '' `` I Am a Simple Man '' `` Keep It Between the Lines '' `` After the Lights Go Out '' `` Backroads '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Wild Man '' `` Just as I Am '' `` Where Was I '' Guest singles `` Rockin ' Years '' ( with Dolly Parton ) Related articles Discography Columbia Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_a_Fool&oldid=805324772 '' Categories : 1969 singles Jack Greene songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1974 singles Brian Collins ( 1970s singer ) songs 1989 singles Ricky Van Shelton songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Bill Medley songs Song recordings produced by Owen Bradley Song recordings produced by Steve Buckingham ( record producer ) Music videos directed by Deaton - Flanigen Productions Decca Records singles Dot Records singles Columbia Records singles 1969 songs Songs attributed to Jan Crutchfield Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles using Billboard ID with invalid artist Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 16 : 32 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20a%20Fool	71,065
cause if it's aching you have to rub it			In the Closet	in the closet	`` In the Closet '' is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on April 9 , 1992 as the third single from his eighth album , Dangerous ( 1991 ) . The song was written and produced by Jackson and Teddy Riley . It became the album 's third consecutive top ten pop single , reaching number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It also became its second number one R&B single . The song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 20 in 2006 .	Contents 1 Song information 1.1 Critical reception 1.2 Collaboration with Madonna 2 Music video 3 Formats and track listings 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Personnel 6 See also 7 References Song information ( edit ) The song , written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley , is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers . `` In the closet '' is an English idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life , particularly in regard to sexual orientation . Despite the song 's suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship ; `` Do n't hide our love / Woman to man . '' The New York Times stated , `` Only Jackson would use that title for a heterosexual love song ... '' The song 's female vocal was originally labeled `` Mystery Girl '' but was later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco . The song , with its heavy industrial - sounding percussion and uptempo arrangement , is typical of producer Teddy Riley 's style . The unique , Eastern - influenced backing vocals , reaching crescendo at middle eight imbue the song with an erotic edge usually missing from Jackson 's music . With mostly whispered and subdued vocals , embellished with gasps , moans , and shudders , along with lyrics that include `` ... And if it 's aching , you have to rub it , '' it is generally considered one of Jackson 's most provocative songs . The song was not performed during Jackson 's Dangerous World Tour ( however , during his concert in Toulouse , the band played a short instrumental before `` Man in the Mirror '' ) , but a short version , with the intro of `` She Drives Me Wild , '' was the third song of a medley including `` Scream '' and `` They Do n't Care About Us '' during the HIStory World Tour . Princess Stéphanie 's spoken lines were replaced with Jackson 's live speech for the sequence . Critical reception ( edit ) AllMusic wrote that this song is fine and there 's a lot to be said for professional craftsmanship at its peak and he highlighted it . Robert Christgau praised and described : `` he 's hawking the most credible sex - and - romance of his career . `` In the Closet '' implores his mystery woman to keep their -- get this -- `` lust '' behind closed doors . Soon he 's going wild , or fabricating desperate nostalgia for their used - to - be . '' Alan Light of Rolling Stone called this song : repressed lust in the titillatingly titled ( and determinedly heterosexual ) '' and he wrote that this song has a `` snaky , unexpected bridge . '' Collaboration with Madonna ( edit ) `` In the Closet '' was originally conceived as a duet between Jackson and Madonna . According to a 1992 interview with British journalist Jonathan Ross , Madonna said she worked on some lyrical ideas for the song but when she presented them to Michael , he decided they were too provocative and they decided not to continue with the project . Music video ( edit ) The sepia colored music video was directed by Herb Ritts and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell . The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video . The clip was filmed in late March 1992 in Salton Sea , California and premiered on April 23 , 1992 . It was Jackson 's most sexually provocative piece and was even banned in South Africa because of its imagery . The video is featured on the DVDs Dangerous : The Short Films and Michael Jackson 's Vision . Clips from the music video were used in Jackson 's posthumous music video for his song `` A Place with No Name '' , which was released as the second single from his posthumous compilation album Xscape in 2014 . Formats and track listings ( edit ) In the Closet ( U.K. single ) `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 00 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 32 `` In the Closet '' ( Touch Me Dub ) -- 7 : 53 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 6 : 55 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 18 In the Closet ( U.S. CD Single 49K74267 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Edit ) -- 4 : 07 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 34 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 20 `` In the Closet '' ( The Vow ) -- 4 : 49 `` Remember The Time '' ( New Jack Jazz 21 ) -- 5 : 06 In the Closet ( U.S. Promo CD Single ESK4537 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 37 ( trayliner lists a time of 4 : 16 ) `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 49 `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 28 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 7 : 17 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 57 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Newark Mix ) -- 7 : 08 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 51 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Freestyle Mix ) -- 6 : 34 ( trayliner lists a time of 6 : 26 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission ) -- 9 : 26 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 1 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5610 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Mix ) -- 5 : 40 `` In the Closet '' ( Touch Me Dub ) -- 6 : 42 `` In the Closet '' ( KI 's 12 `` ) -- 7 : 17 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 2 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5611 ) `` In the Closet '' ( The Mission ) -- 9 : 27 `` In the Closet '' ( Freestyle Mix ) -- 6 : 35 `` In the Closet '' ( The Mix Of Life ) -- 7 : 41 `` In the Closet '' ( The Underground Dub ) -- 6 : 27 In the Closet : Mixes Behind Door # 3 ( Japanese CD Single ESCA5622 ) `` In the Closet '' ( Club Edit ) -- 4 : 11 `` In the Closet '' ( The Newark Mix ) -- 7 : 09 `` In the Closet '' ( The Promise ) -- 7 : 26 `` In the Closet '' ( The Vow ) -- 4 : 53 `` Remember The Time '' ( New Jack Jazz 21 ) -- 5 : 06 In the Closet ( U.K. PAL Visionary DualDisc Single 82876773342 5 ) CD side `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 47 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 02 DVD side `` In the Closet '' ( Music video ) -- 6 : 02 In the Closet ( U.S. NTSC Visionary DualDisc Single 82876773352 4 ) CD side `` In the Closet '' ( 7 '' Edit ) -- 4 : 47 `` In the Closet '' ( Club Mix ) -- 8 : 02 DVD side `` In the Closet '' ( Music video ) -- 6 : 02 ( Note : In the U.S. Visionary was only sold as the complete boxset . Individual DualDiscs were not able to be purchased ) Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 23 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 16 Canada Dance / Urban ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Greece ( IFPI ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( Musica e dischi ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot Dance Club Play ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B Singles ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 Pop Singles 6 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 63 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 36 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 53 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 99 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 66 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 66 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley Produced by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley Recorded and mixed by Bruce Swedien , Teddy Riley , Jean - Marie Horvat and Dave Way Vocal duet with Michael Jackson and Mystery Girl ( later revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco ) Michael Jackson : Solo and background vocals Rhythm and synthesizer arrangements by Teddy Riley Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Teddy Riley : Keyboards and synthesizers Wayne Cobham : Sequencing and programming See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1992 ( U.S. ) Michael Jackson videography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In the Closet -- Single '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Buzz Fight against Trump condos '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . May 15 , 1991 . p . D / 2 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byron , Tim ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Music Dump : Rihanna 's Pitbull Stopped Frank Ocean 's New Jack Swing '' . The Vine . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Powers , Ann ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` ' American Idol ' needs to open the closet door '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . A tight , New Jack Swing track co-produced by Teddy Riley , the song expresses bald lust in the face of a lover 's wish to retreat . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( November 24 , 1991 ) . `` RECORDINGS VIEW ; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7690 - 1 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Dangerous '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Michael Jackson : Dangerous '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Light , Alan ( January 1 , 1992 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Dangerous '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna speak working with MJ '' . YouTube . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landis , David ( March 26 , 1992 ) . `` Asthma Costs '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scaduto , Anthony ; Vaughan , Doug ; Stasi , Linda ( March 20 , 1992 ) . `` Inside New York '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection ( booklet ) . Sony BMG . pp. 45 -- 6 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet USA CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Green USA Promo CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door # 1 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door # 2 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet -- Mixes Behind Door 3 Japan CD single ( CD5 / 5 '' ) `` . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson In The Closet UK Dual Disc '' . Eil.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Visionary : The Video Singles ( Box Set , Dual Disc ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2144 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Dance / Urban : Issue 2153 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Sales in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Music & Media . Vol. 9 no . 25 . June 20 , 1992 . p. 16 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- In the Closet '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 104 no . 32 . August 8 , 1992 . p. 43 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halstead , Craig ; Cadman , Chris ( 2003 ) . Jacksons Number Ones . Authors On Line Ltd. p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7552 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . Vol. 104 no . 22 . May 30 , 1992 . p. 72 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Music '' . Billboard . Vol. 104 no . 24 . June 13 , 1992 . p. 24 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B Singles '' . Billboard . Vol. 104 no . 26 . June 27 , 1992 . p. 24 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Pop Singles -- Week ending JUNE 13 , 1992 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- In The Closet '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1992 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1992 '' . Offiziellecharts.de ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1992 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1992 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Michael Jackson -- In the Closet '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Closet&oldid=853219457 '' Categories : 1991 songs 1992 singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Greece Epic Records singles Michael Jackson songs Music videos directed by Herb Ritts New jack swing songs Songs about sexuality Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs written by Teddy Riley Song recordings produced by Teddy Riley Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadadance Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for United Kingdom Singlechart making named ref Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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who is the nba player who scored 100 points	Professionally , there have been a number of occurrences of 100 - point games worldwide . It has only happened once in the United States , however . Wilt Chamberlain of the National Basketball Association 's Philadelphia Warriors scored 100 points on March 2 , 1962 against the New York Knicks during a game played at Hersheypark Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . He made 36 - of - 63 field goals and 28 - of - 32 free throws , the latter being a particularly boggling statistic considering Chamberlain was a 51.1 % free throw shooter for his career .	Wilt Chamberlain	List of Basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game	list of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game	In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through field goals ( two or three points ) and free throws ( one point ) . It is a rare achievement for an individual player to score 100 points in a single game . What follows is an incomplete list of all of the verified occurrences of players scoring 100 points or more . Each individual instance of the achievement may have had different circumstances surrounding it , such as game length , opponent skill level and the league in which it occurred .	Internationally , the highest single player total between national teams is 116 points , scored by the Philippines ' Luis `` Lou '' Salvador in May 1923 against China . It happened during the 1923 Far Eastern Games . The highest single game total in worldwide organized basketball history , irrespective of gender , age or competition level , is 272 points , scored by a 13 - year - old boy named Mats Wermelin of Sweden . He recorded every single point in his team 's 272 -- 0 win on February 5 , 1974 , during a regional boys ' tournament held in Stockholm . The highest total by a female basketball player worldwide is 136 , scored by Anat Draigor of Israel . It happened on April 5 , 2006 , in a 158 -- 41 win . Draigor was 46 years old playing in an Israel Division III League playoff game , which also makes her the oldest player in history to score 100 points . Only one player , other than the United States ' Bevo Francis and Jack Taylor , has recorded multiple 100 - point games in organized competition . Croatia 's Marin Ferenčević scored 101 and 178 points in April and May 2006 , respectively , during Under - 14 Croatian League matches . In the United States , 100 - point games have occurred at least once at most levels of education . At the middle school level , 13 - year - old 8th grader Bob Harrison scored all 139 of his team 's points in a 139 -- 8 win on February 3 , 1941 . In high school , there have been 24 verified occurrences , 19 by male players and 5 by female players . The first recorded instance was in 1913 , when Herman Saygar of Culver High School ( Indiana ) scored 113 points against Winamac High School . The first female to score 100 points at the high school level was Denise Long of Union - Whitten High School ( Iowa ) , who scored 111 points during a state playoff game in the spring of 1968 against Dows High School . That season , Long 's senior year of 1967 -- 68 , she averaged a still - standing national record 68.2 points per game . Her single game total stood as the high school female record for 38 years until Epiphanny Prince scored 113 for Murry Bergtraum High School ( New York ) on February 2 , 2006 . The boys ' high school record is 135 points , scored by Danny Heater on January 26 , 1960 . Playing for Burnsville High School ( West Virginia ) against Widen High School , Heater made 53 of 70 field goals and 29 of 41 free throws . His 135 - point outburst is still the highest total for the high school level worldwide . At the college level , there have been six 100 - point games , two of which were recorded by Clarence `` Bevo '' Francis of Rio Grande College and two by Jack Taylor of Grinnell College . Francis scored 116 points against Ashland College on January 9 , 1953 , but the opponent was not a four - year institution , so the total did not count as the official college record . One year later , on February 2 , 1954 , Francis scored 113 against Hillsdale College , which had been the recognized highest total in United States college basketball history for 59 years ; Grinnell 's Taylor scored 138 points on November 20 , 2012 to set the new all - time NCAA all - divisions mark . He again recorded 100 + points on November 17 , 2013 when he scored 109 against Crossroads College . Frank Selvy of Furman University is the only player to score 100 points at the Division I level . Selvy recorded exactly 100 points on February 13 , 1954 -- less than two weeks after Francis scored 113 -- against Newberry College . He scored his 99th and 100th points on a 40 - foot shot as the final buzzer sounded . Professionally , there have been a number of occurrences of 100 - point games worldwide . It has only happened once in the United States , however . Wilt Chamberlain of the National Basketball Association 's Philadelphia Warriors scored 100 points on March 2 , 1962 against the New York Knicks during a game played at Hersheypark Arena in Hershey , Pennsylvania . He made 36 - of - 63 field goals and 28 - of - 32 free throws , the latter being a particularly boggling statistic considering Chamberlain was a 51.1 % free throw shooter for his career . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 International 3 United States 3.1 Professional 3.2 Collegiate 3.3 High school 3.4 Others 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Key ( edit ) Most of the players ' exact statistics can not be found , but whatever information was able to be verified is included . When a dash ( -- ) appears in the three - point field goal statistic , it indicates that three - pointers had yet to be implemented as a rule and were therefore not an applicable statistic . FGM Field goals made FGA Field goals attempted 3FGM Three - point field goals made 3FGA Three - point field goals attempted FTM Free throws made FTA Free throws attempted Ref . Reference ( s ) Nationality Denotes the player 's nationality , not the country in which it occurred Denotes player who is still active at the level of competition in which s / he scored 100 points Denotes female player * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ( United States ) Elected to both the Naismith Hall and the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame ( United States ) Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player has scored 100 points up to and including that occurrence International ( edit ) Points Nationality Player Date Team Opponent Final score FGM FGA 3FGM 3FGA FTM FTA Notes Ref . 272 SWED ! Sweden Wermelin , Mats Mats Wermelin 000000001974 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1974 272 -- 0 -- -- According to Guinness World Records , Wermelin , a 13 - year - old boy , scored all 272 points in the shutout win in Stockholm during a regional boys tournament . 227 POL ! Poland Migdalski , Konrad Konrad Migdalski 000000002005 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 2005 MKS - MOS Pruszków UKS Czarodzieje z Bielan 326 -- 15 He scored 100 points 3 minutes before end of 2nd quarter . The game was a local U-14 Polish league match . 178 CROA ! Croatia Ferenčević , Marin Marin Ferenčević ( 2 ) 000000002006 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2006 KK Virovitica ABN Graminea 187 -- 70 67 86 9 14 17 18 He also grabbed 22 rebounds and had 16 steals in the contest . The game was a local U-14 Croatian league match . His scoring by quarter went : 34 , 61 , 55 , 28 . 153 TUR ! Turkey Kunter , Erman Erman Kunter 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1988 Fenerbahçe Hilalspor 175 -- 101 Kunter scored 81 points in the first half and 72 in the second half and set the Turkish Basketball League record . 145 GREE ! Greece Moumoglou , Aristeidis Aristeidis Moumoglou 000000001972 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1972 Iraklis VAO 172 -- 94 -- -- Scored in a Greek Basket League game . 144 YUGO ! Yugoslavia Babić , Zdenko Zdenko Babić 000000001985 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1985 KK Zadar Apoelo of Cyprus 192 -- 116 Scored in the first round of the 1985 -- 86 FIBA Korać Cup . It only took 26 minutes ( of the 40 - minute game ) for Babić to score 113 points . 136 ISRA ! Israel Draigor , Anat Anat Draigor 000000002006 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 2006 Hapoel Mate Yehuda Elitzur Givat Shmuel 158 -- 41 Draigor 's total is recognized by Guinness World Records as the highest single game point total in women 's professional basketball history . When she accomplished the feat , she was a 46 - year - old mother and playing in an Israel Division III League playoff game . She scored 61 first - half points and 75 second - half points . 134 POL ! Poland Doliński , Leszek Leszek Doliński 000000001993 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1993 ATS Koszalin Gajjal Choszczno Scored during a III Liga ( 3rd division ) game . Doliński was a former Polish National Team player . Record in Polish senior leagues . 129 BRA ! Brazil Carvalho , Marx Martins Rodrigues Marx Martins Rodrigues Carvalho 000000001984 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 1984 CR Vasco da Gama Hebraica Sociedade Cultural Esportiva e Recreativa Scored in a Rio de Janeiro State Championship game . 129 POL ! Poland Jakóbczyk , Krzysztof Krzysztof Jakóbczyk 000000002007 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2007 AWF Wrocław WSH Wrocław During local academic league game . 124 GREA ! Great Britain Ogden , Paul Paul Ogden 000000001982 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 , 1982 St. Alban 's School South Chadderton School 226 -- 82 Scored at the British high school level . 124 BRAZ ! Brazil Marcari , Hortência Hortência Marcari 000000001987 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1987 Minercal 252 -- 31 The game was played at São Paulo State College , which was the location of a city tournament . 120 PHIL ! Philippines Quijano , Clark Clark Quijano 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2013 AMA University High School Grace Christian College 166 -- 85 Set a new Philippine high school record during the Freego Tiong Lian Basketball Association Tournament . 116 PHIL ! Philippines Salvador , Lou Lou Salvador 000000001923 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1923 Philippines national team China national team -- -- Achieved in the gold medal game at the 1923 Far Eastern Games and still remains the highest single game total in international competition . 116 USA ! United States Talley , Archie Archie Talley 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1978 TV Clausen Tria 132 -- 91 Scored during a game in Germany . 113 LEB ! Lebanon Akkari , Mohammad Mohammad Akkari 000000002012 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2012 Al Mouttahed Tripoli Bejje SC 173 -- 141 40 69 32 59 This was the first 100 - point performance in any official game of any league in a FIBA Asia member country . El Akkari had only been averaging 7.6 points per game until this game . 112 YUGO ! Yugoslavia Petrović , Dražen Dražen Petrović * 000000001985 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1985 Cibona Zagreb SMELT Olimpija 40 60 10 20 22 22 Scored in a Yugoslav First League game . 111 CAN ! Canada Brown , Denham Denham Brown 000000002002 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2002 West Hill Collegiate Institute R.H. King Academy 150 -- 58 13 He set the Canadian high school single game record . Brown scored 51 first half points and 41 in the third quarter alone . 111 CROA ! Croatia Kuna , Matej Matej Kuna 000000002006 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 2006 Belišće Požega 159 -- 77 20 26 Matej was a 21 - year - old playing in the Croatian A2 League and fell two points shy of breaking Dražen Petrović 's record of 112 . He thought he had broken the record and substituted out with 90 seconds remaining , but officials later revealed he had `` only '' scored 111 . 110 KOS ! Kosovo Rugova , Granit Granit Rugova 000000002011 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2011 Sigal Prishtina KB Mitrovica 150 -- 54 Highest total in Kosovar basketball history . 107 NICA ! Nicaragua Wilson , Derick Omeir Derick Omeir Wilson 000000001978 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1978 Bluefields Selection National School of Agriculture Set a Nicaraguan national scoring record . 105 USA ! United States Harris , Tony Tony Harris 000000001992 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1992 Swift Premiums Ginebra San Miguel 152 -- 147 Harris broke Michael Hackett 's seven - year - old Philippine Basketball Association record , which still stands to this day . 104 PHIL ! Philippines Teng , Jeron Jeron Teng 000000002011 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 2011 Xavier School Grace Christian College 164 -- 74 37 70 29 34 Set a then - Philippine high school record ( later broken in October 2013 ) . 103 USA ! United States Hackett , Michael Michael Hackett 000000001985 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 1985 Ginebra San Miguel Great Taste 197 -- 168 Set a then - Philippine Basketball Association record . 101 USA ! United States Bradshaw , Kevin Kevin Bradshaw 000000001993 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1993 M.M. Giv'at Shmuel Maccabi Tverya 165 -- 109 Scored during a Liga Leumit ( Division 2 ) game towards the beginning of the 1993 -- 94 season . Previously , in college , Bradshaw set the NCAA Division I single game scoring record with 72 points . 101 USA ! United States Eubanks , J.J. J.J. Eubanks 000000001994 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1994 Maccabi Ramat Gan Beitar Ramat Gan Scored during an Israeli Basketball Super League ( Division 1 ) game . Due to financing issues , Beitar Ramat Gan played with youth players all season long , allowing several records , including this , to be set against them . 101 CROA ! Croatia Ferenčević , Marin Marin Ferenčević 000000002006 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2006 KK Virovitica Ferenčević , 13 at the time , is the son of ex-basketball player Branko Ferenčević . 100 USA ! United States Shouse , Danny Danny Shouse 000000001979 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1979 Ármann Skallagrímur 118 -- 109 Scored during an Icelandic Division I game . 100 CRO ! Croatia Petranović , Veljko Veljko Petranović 000000002003 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2003 Postojna Vipava 150 -- 49 Set during Spar pokal . Petranović was 43 years old and played only three quarters . 100 POL ! Poland Klimek , Borys Borys Klimek 000000002014 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2014 Stal Ostrów Wielkopolski KT Kosz Kalisz 165 -- 86 He played 32 minutes . The game was a local U-20 Polish league match . 100 PHIL ! Philippines Tan Jr. , Lucio Lucio Tan Jr . Triton Securities Phil Stock Exchange Set during the Philippines Stock Exchange Basketball Tournament semi-finals . He later repeated the feat in 1997 Class of ' 83 vs. Class of ' 82 at the St. Jude Catholic School Alumni Tournament semi-finals . United States ( edit ) Professional ( edit ) National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Points Player Date Team Opponent Final score FGM FGA 3FGM 3FGA FTM FTA Notes 100 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 000000001962 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1962 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169 -- 147 36 63 -- -- 28 32 Chamberlain is the only NBA player to score 100 points in a single game . He also grabbed 25 rebounds in the performance . Collegiate ( edit ) Points Player Date Team Opponent Final score FGM FGA 3FGM 3FGA FTM FTA Notes Ref . 138 Taylor , Jack Jack Taylor 000000002012 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2012 Grinnell College Faith Baptist 179 -- 104 52 108 27 71 7 10 Taylor set the NCAA all - division scoring record in the fast - paced Grinnell offense . 116 Francis , Bevo ! Clarence `` Bevo '' Francis 000000001953 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1953 Rio Grande College Ashland College 150 -- 85 47 -- -- 22 Initially recognized by both the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as a college record , public uproar eventually forced NCAA to throw out the record because it did not occur in a game against a four - year institution . He had 61 points in the first half and scored all of his team 's points , a total of 55 , in the fourth quarter . 113 Francis , Clarence `` Bevo '' Clarence `` Bevo '' Francis ( 2 ) 000000001954 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1954 Rio Grande College Hillsdale College 134 -- 91 38 70 -- -- 37 45 Francis also set college records for field goals made and free throws made . 109 Taylor , Jack Jack Taylor ( 2 ) 000000002013 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2013 Grinnell College Crossroads College 173 -- 123 35 70 24 48 15 17 Occurred in the second game of the season . Scored 71 in the game before . 100 + Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * Villanova University -- -- Similar to Bevo Francis 's games , this is not officially recognized by the NCAA due to it being played against a junior college . 100 Selvy , Frank Frank Selvy 000000001954 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1954 Furman University Newberry College 149 -- 95 41 66 -- -- 18 22 The only occurrence of a 100 - point game at the NCAA Division I level . He scored his 99th and 100th points on a 40 - foot shot as the final buzzer sounded . High school ( edit ) Since 1913 , 19 male and six female players have scored 100 points or more in United States high school basketball games . Points Player Date High school ( State ) Opponent Final score FGM FGA 3FGM 3FGA FTM FTA Notes Ref . 135 Heater , Danny Danny Heater 000000001960 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1960 Burnsville ( WV ) Widen ( WV ) 173 -- 43 53 70 -- -- 29 41 Heater set the world record for high school - level single game scoring , not just the United States ' record . He scored 85 points in the second half alone , including 55 in the final 10 minutes . Heater also collected 32 rebounds and 7 assists during the game . 127 Morris , John John Morris 000000001961 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1961 Portsmouth Norcom ( VA ) Mary Smith ( VA ) 173 -- 47 -- -- 120 Bogenrife , Dick Dick Bogenrife 000000001953 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1953 Sedalia - Midway ( OH ) Canaan ( OH ) 137 -- 47 52 -- -- 16 114 Oakley , Wayne Wayne Oakley 000000001954 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1954 Hanson ( KY ) St. Agnes ( KY ) 128 -- 56 47 55 -- -- 20 24 114 Cimino , Pete Pete Cimino 000000001960 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1960 Bristol ( PA ) Palisades ( PA ) 134 -- 86 44 79 -- -- 26 29 Cimino scored all 69 of his team 's second half points . 113 Saygar , Herman Herman Saygar 000000001913 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1913 Culver ( IN ) Winamac ( IN ) 154 -- 10 56 -- -- 113 Prince , Epiphanny Epiphanny Prince 000000002006 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2006 Murry Bergtraum ( NY ) Brandeis ( NY ) 137 -- 32 54 60 111 Long , Denise Denise Long 1968 ! Spring 1968 Union - Whitten ( IA ) Dows ( IA ) -- -- Long averaged a still - standing national record 68.2 points per game during her senior year and finished her career with 6,250 points , a then - national record for girls ' high school basketball . 108 Mathis , Morris Dale Morris Dale Mathis 000000001955 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1955 St. Joe ( AR ) Witt Springs ( AR ) -- -- 108 Robinson , Ken Ken Robinson 000000001961 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1961 Cassatt Midway ( SC ) Ruby South ( SC ) 130 -- 30 48 -- -- 12 13 Robinson scored 62 points in the second half . 105 Johnson , Kenneth Kenneth Johnson 000000001979 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1979 Grandfield ( OK ) Terral ( OK ) 120 -- 65 45 85 -- -- Johnson scored 71 first half points . 105 Miller , Cheryl Cheryl Miller 000000001982 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1982 Riverside Poly ( CA ) Norte Vista ( CA ) 179 -- 15 -- -- 104 Boyd , Danny Danny Boyd 000000001961 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1961 Camden ( TN ) Clarksburg ( TN ) 130 -- 43 -- -- 103 Pitts , Dickie Dickie Pitts 000000001956 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1956 Wimauma ( FL ) -- -- 103 Payne , Brian Brian Payne 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1988 New Port Richey Christian ( FL ) Clearwater St. Paul ( FL ) 111 -- 60 102 Vondra , Ed Ed Vondra 000000001922 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1922 Brainard ( NE ) -- -- 102 Fuller , Bennie Bennie Fuller 000000001971 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1971 Arkansas School for the Deaf ( AR ) Leola ( AR ) 133 -- 58 -- -- 101 Leslie , Lisa Lisa Leslie 000000001990 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1990 Morningside ( CA ) South Torrance ( CA ) 102 -- 24 37 56 0 0 27 35 Leslie scored all 101 points in the first half alone ; she scored 49 points in the first quarter and 52 in the second quarter . The opponent forfeited the game at halftime . 101 Hensley , Cedrick Cedrick Hensley 000000002001 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2001 Heritage Christian ( TX ) Banff Christian ( TX ) 178 -- 28 46 59 5 6 Hensley coincidentally scored 101 points on the same night as Dajuan Wagner scored 100 ( listed below ) . 100 Coward , Wayne Wayne Coward 000000001961 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1961 J.C. Lynch ( SC ) Britton 's Neck ( SC ) 139 -- 31 -- -- Coward scored 80 points in the second half . 100 Procell , Greg Greg Procell 000000001970 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1970 Noble - Ebarb ( LA ) Elizabeth ( LA ) 139 -- 79 -- -- 100 Page , Linda Linda Page 000000001981 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1981 Dobbins Tech ( PA ) Mastbaum ( PA ) 131 -- 38 41 57 -- -- 18 21 100 Lorenzen , Lynne Lynne Lorenzen 000000001986 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1986 Ventura ( IA ) Woden - Crystal Lake ( IA ) 126 -- 74 43 48 -- -- 14 Lorenzen scored a national prep record ( boys or girls ) of 6,736 points during her four - year career . Her 100 - point game was during six - on - six competition . 100 Wagner , Dajuan Dajuan Wagner 000000002001 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2001 Camden ( NJ ) Gloucester Twp . Tech ( NJ ) 157 -- 67 42 60 10 15 6 Wagner set the New Jersey state prep single game scoring record en route to setting the state career scoring mark of 3,462 points . He also substituted out of the game with four minutes remaining once he reached 100 . 100 Grigorian , Tigran Tigran Grigorian 000000002003 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2003 Pico Rivera Mesrobian ( CA ) Los Angeles Pacific Christian ( CA ) 114 -- 47 11 Others ( edit ) Points Player Date Team Opponent Final score FGM FGA 3FGM 3FGA FTM FTA Notes Ref . 139 Harrison , Bob Bob Harrison 000000001941 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1941 LaGrange School Arch Street School 139 -- 8 69 -- -- Harrison was a 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) , 13 - year old 8th grader from Toledo , Ohio . This game was played in eight - minute quarters on a regulation basketball court . 113 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) -- -- According to the Harvey Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook , this occurred during an amateur league game . 105 Fisher , Corey Corey Fisher 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 Dyckman GymRatsNYC 138 -- 130 23 28 It is believed to set a new organized street basketball scoring record , surpassing Fly Williams ' previous record of 100 set back in 1978 . Played at Watson Gleason Playground in the Bronx , New York City , Fisher scored 72 points by the end of the third quarter and shot 23 - for - 28 from three - point range . 100 Williams , Fly Fly Williams 000000001978 - 07 - 01 - 0000 Summer 1978 Set a then - record for organized street basketball during an IS8 League game in Jamaica , Queens , New York City . See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game Notes ( edit ) The date of Bennie Fuller 's 100 - point game is unclear . According to National Federation of State High School Associations , the game occurred on December 4 , 1971 . According to MaxPreps.com , the game occurred on January 20 , 1971 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) . 2007 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bocobo , Christian ; Beth Celis ( 2004 ) . Legends and Heroes of Philippine Basketball . Philippines : Christian Bocobo . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 9763202 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Games Ever '' . Dime Magazine . November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts , Oddments for the Book '' . Los Angeles Times . July 4 , 1985 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Glenday , Craig ( May 2008 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 2008 . New York City : Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 446 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 58995 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lazarevic , Milan ( May 18 , 2006 ) . `` Amazing kid has 178pts for a game '' . 24sec.net . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scores Whole Game '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . February 4 , 1941 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2009 National High School Sports Record Book . National Federation of State High School Associations. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Askeland , Kevin ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Chamberlain 's 100 points not so rare at high school level '' . MaxPreps.com . CBS MaxPreps , Inc . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Woman Athlete by Birth State : Denise Long -- Iowa '' . Sports Illustrated . 2010 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Kevin ( February 10 , 1985 ) . `` Denise Long , the Patron Saint of Girls Basketball , Is Now 33 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burdick , Chuck ( April 18 , 1982 ) . `` Denise Long , Whitten , 1982 '' . The Des Moines Register . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lawlor , Christopher ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` High school star 's 113 are points of contention '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hose , Dan ( 2010 ) . `` Danny Heater Sets National Scoring Record '' . wvculture.org . West Virginia Division of Culture and History . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Paul ( February 24 , 1964 ) . `` He Scored Every Time He Shot '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Puma , Mike . `` At one time , everyone knew Bevo '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Puma , Mike ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` Bevo had multi-100 point games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Taylor Scores 109 Points for Grinnell '' . ABCnews.com . Gannett Company . November 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Birch , Tommy ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Grinnell 's Jack Taylor scores NCAA - record 138 points in a game '' . DesMoinesRegister.com . Gannett Company . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Timanus , Eddie ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` 50 years since Selvy 's 100 '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , William F. ( February 6 , 1995 ) . `` Man Of The Century : Frank Selvy 's 100 - point game secured him a spot in college hoops history '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Srogosz , Krzysztof . `` Pruszkowski Garnett -- Talent jakiego nie było ? '' . probasket.pl . Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Century Scorers '' . The Association for Professional Basketball Research . 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Το φανταστικό ρεκόρ του Μούμογλου ! ( in Greek ) . sport-fm.gr . July 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerolimov , Pavao ( 8 October 2008 ) . `` Zdenko Babić '' . Zadarski list ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Babic consigue 144 puntos en un partido de baloncesto y supera el récord del también yugoslayo Drazen Petrovic '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . October 12 , 1985 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DOLIŃSKI -- 134 '' . archiwum.wyborcza.pl . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` História da FBERJ '' ( in Portuguese ) . FBERJ . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DLM -- koszykówka mężczyzn '' . azs.wroclaw.pl . Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Norris ; McFarlan , Donald ( October 1991 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1992 . Facts On File . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2643 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hortencia may start trend with Playboy '' . Houston Chronicle . United Press International . October 25 , 1987 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards Gets Upper Hand On Hortencia -- This Time '' . Los Angeles Times . August 16 , 1987 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` High school cager scores record 120 points in QC league '' . philstar.com . Philippine Star . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Messer , Jacob ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` Catching Up With ... Archie Talley '' . West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Association . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Akkari breaks into the 100 - plus point club ! '' . FIBAasia.com . FIBA . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Dražen Petrović '' . DockSquadSports.com . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagan , Matt ( February 9 , 2002 ) . `` UCONN Recruit Scores 111 Points '' . The Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ `` Kuna Scores 111 points in Croatian second division game '' . International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) . February 16 , 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Granit Rugova scores 110 points in a single match '' . mlbb.d11.gr . eurobasket.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derick Wilfred Omeir Wilson '' . manfut.org ( in Spanish ) . August 2004 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hardcourt : The 2001 Official PBA Annual . Philippines : The Philippine Basketball Association . 2001 . p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Xavier School 's Teng scores 104 points '' . MB.com.ph . Manila Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2011 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ginebra 's History '' . ginebraonline.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` Kevin Bradshaw Set an NCAA Record that , to some , Was n't Made to be Broken '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Bradshaw Biography '' . `` B the Best Basketball '' Clinics . 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ליגת לאומית א ' גברים -- סיכום עונת 1994 / 95 ( Men 's Liga Leumit A - 1994 / 95 season summary ) ( in Hebrew ) . safsal.co.il . June 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ruslakjaftur Ívars Websters lykillinn að 100 stiga leik Danny Shouse '' . Vísir.is. 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . ( in Icelandic ) Jump up ^ Jurisic , Bernard . `` Veljko Petranović zabio 100 poena '' . hrsport.hr . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pankowiak , Patryk . `` Ostrowianin niczym Chamberlain ! 100 punktów w meczu rozgrywek U20 ! '' . sportowefakty.pl . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tanduay making PBA comeback ? Sports , News , The Philippine Star philstar.com '' . philstar.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of the Century '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolfley , Bob ( March 1 , 1987 ) . `` THE GAME and Wilt still loom large '' ( PDF ) . The Milwaukee Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Game of the Century Mark '' . USA Today . February 1 , 2001 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , David ( April 30 , 2002 ) . `` Lisa Leslie : The Best of the Bunch '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bamberger , Michael ( January 29 , 2001 ) . `` Player Of The Century : With a controversial 100 - point performance , Dajuan Wagner Showed Why he May be the Sport 's Next Big Thing '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Jeff . `` Two high school players top 100 - point mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Girl hits 100 points in high school game '' . Star - News . February 15 , 1981 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Rob . `` Lynne Lorenzen '' . Des Moines Register . Gannett Co. Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sondheimer , Eric ( February 13 , 2003 ) . `` Coach Learns Lesson of Winning Humbly '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Harvey ( 2010 ) . `` 2009 -- 10 Harvey Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook '' ( PDF ) . NBA . p. 209 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Beekman , Daniel ( August 14 , 2010 ) . `` Villanova guard Corey Fisher sets street basketball record scoring 105 points in one game in Bronx '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ( hide ) Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellaneous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_basketball_players_who_have_scored_100_points_in_a_single_game&oldid=830817821 '' Categories : Lists of basketball players Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 uses Greek - language script ( el ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 uses Hebrew - language script ( he ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles with Icelandic - language external links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Dynamic lists Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 03 : 26 . 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when did the herald of free enterprise sink	MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll - on / roll - off ( RORO ) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987 , killing 193 passengers and crew .	6 March 1987	MS Herald of Free Enterprise	ms herald of free enterprise	MS Herald of Free Enterprise was a roll - on / roll - off ( RORO ) ferry which capsized moments after leaving the Belgian port of Zeebrugge on the night of 6 March 1987 , killing 193 passengers and crew .	The modern 8 - deck car and passenger ferry , owned by Townsend Thoresen , had been designed for rapid loading and unloading on the competitive cross-channel route , and there were no watertight compartments . When the ship left harbour with its bow - door open , the sea immediately flooded the decks , and within minutes it was lying on its side in shallow water . Although the immediate cause of the sinking was found to be negligence by the assistant boatswain , who was asleep in his cabin when he should have been closing the bow - door , the official inquiry placed more blame on his supervisors and a general culture of poor communication in Townsend Thoresen . The vessel was salvaged and put up for sale , and on September 30 , 1987 , was sold to Naviera SA Kingstown , and was renamed Flushing Range . Then on March 22 , 1988 , she was taken to Taiwan to be broken up . Since the disaster , improvements have been made to the design of RORO vessels , with watertight ramps , indicators showing the position of the bow - doors , and the banning of undivided decks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction 2 Capsizing 2.1 Background 2.2 Sinking 2.3 Investigation and inquiry 3 Inquest 4 Aftermath 4.1 Immediate 4.2 Long term 4.3 Disaster Action 4.4 Gallantry awards 5 See also 5.1 Sister ships 6 References 7 External links Design and construction ( edit ) In the late 1970s , Townsend Thoresen commissioned the design and construction of three new identical ships for its Dover -- Calais route for delivery from 1980 . The ships were branded the Spirit - class and were named Herald of Free Enterprise , Pride of Free Enterprise and Spirit of Free Enterprise . The name `` Free Enterprise '' dates from Townsend Car Ferries ' pioneering private sector roll on / roll off ferries , introduced in 1962 . The Herald began active service on 29 May 1980 . To remain competitive with other ferry operators on the route , Townsend Thoresen required ships designed to permit fast loading and unloading and quick acceleration . The ships comprised eight decks numbered A to H from top to bottom which contained the following : A-deck : Crew accommodation and radio room B - deck : Crew accommodation and galley C - deck : Passenger areas and galley D - deck : Suspended vehicle deck within E deck E-deck : Upper vehicle deck F - deck : Mezzanine level G - deck : Main vehicle deck H - deck : Engine rooms , stores and passenger accommodation Loading of vehicles onto G deck was through watertight doors at the bow and stern . The wheel house was positioned towards the stern , making it difficult to see the bow doors . Loading of vehicles onto E deck and F deck was through a weathertight door at the bow and an open portal at the stern . Vehicles could be loaded and unloaded onto E and G deck simultaneously using double - deck linkspans in use at Dover and Calais . The ships were constructed by Schichau - Unterweser AG in Bremerhaven , Germany . Propulsive power was by means of three 8000bhp 12 - cylinder Sulzer medium - speed diesel engines driving variable - pitch propellers . The vehicle deck bow doors were constructed by Cargospeed , Glasgow , Scotland . Capsizing ( edit ) Background ( edit ) On the day the ferry capsized , Herald of Free Enterprise was working the route between Dover and the Belgian port of Zeebrugge . This was not her normal route and the linkspan at Zeebrugge had not been designed specifically for the Spirit - class vessels : she used a single deck , preventing the simultaneous loading of both E and G decks , and the ramp could not be raised high enough to reach E deck . To compensate for this , the vessel 's bow ballast tanks were filled . However , the ship 's natural trim was not restored after loading . Had Herald of Free Enterprise survived , she would have been modified to obviate the need for this procedure . It was normal practice for the assistant boatswain to close the doors before moorings were dropped . However , the assistant boatswain , Mark Stanley , had returned to his cabin for a short break after cleaning the car deck upon arrival , and was still asleep when the harbour - stations call sounded and the ship dropped her moorings . The first officer , Leslie Sabel , was required to stay on deck to make sure the doors were closed . Sabel said he thought he saw Stanley approaching . He was seriously injured in the disaster and the court concluded that his evidence was inaccurate . It is believed that , under pressure to get to his harbour station on the bridge , he had left G deck with the bow doors open in the expectation that Stanley would arrive shortly . The court also described the attitude of boatswain Terence Ayling , believed to have been the last person on G deck , as most unfortunate . Asked why he did not close the doors given there was no one else there to do it , he said it was not his duty . However the court praised his work in the rescue . Captain David Lewry assumed that the doors had been closed since he could not see them from the wheelhouse owing to the ship 's design , and had no indicator lights in the wheelhouse . Sinking ( edit ) The ship on her side half - submerged The ship left her berth in Zeebrugge inner harbour at 18 : 05 ( GMT ) with a crew of 80 and carrying 459 passengers , 81 cars , 3 buses and 47 trucks . She passed the outer mole at 18 : 24 ( GMT ) and capsized about four minutes later . When the ferry reached 18.9 knots ( 35.0 km / h ; 21.7 mph ) 90 seconds after leaving the harbour , water began to enter the car deck in large quantities . The resulting free surface effect destroyed her stability . In a matter of seconds , the ship began to list 30 degrees to port . The ship briefly righted herself before listing to port once more , this time capsizing . The entire event took place within 90 seconds . The water quickly reached the ship 's electrical systems , destroying both main and emergency power and leaving the ship in darkness . The ship ended on her side half - submerged in shallow water 1 kilometre ( 0.5 nmi ; 0.6 mi ) from the shore . Only a fortuitous turn to starboard in her last moments , and then capsizing on a sandbar , prevented the ship from sinking entirely in much deeper water . Crew aboard a nearby dredger noticed Herald of Free Enterprise 's lights disappear , and notified the port authorities . The alarm was raised at 19 : 37 local time ( 18 : 37 GMT ) . Rescue helicopters were quickly dispatched , shortly followed by assistance from the Belgian Navy , who were undertaking an exercise within the area . Wolfgang Schröder ( de ) , the German captain of a nearby ferry , was commended by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and received a medal from King Baudouin of Belgium for his heroic efforts in rescuing passengers . The disaster resulted in the deaths of 193 people . Many of those on board had taken advantage of a promotion in The Sun newspaper offering cheap trips to the continent . Most of the victims were trapped inside the ship and succumbed to hypothermia because of the frigid water . The rescue efforts of the Belgian Navy limited the death toll . Recoverable bodies were removed in the days following the accident . During the rescue the tide started to rise and the rescue team was forced to stop all efforts until morning . The last of the people left on board died of hypothermia . Investigation and inquiry ( edit ) A public Court of Inquiry into the incident was held under British judge Lord Justice Barry Sheen in 1987 . It found the sinking was caused by three main factors -- Stanley 's failure to close the bow doors , Sabel 's failure to make sure the bow doors were closed , and Lewry leaving port without knowing whether the bow doors were closed . While the court determined the immediate cause of the sinking was Stanley 's failure to close the bow doors , it was very critical of Sabel for not being in a position to prevent the disaster , calling his actions `` the most immediate '' cause of the sinking . The fact that Stanley was asleep at the time of departure led Sheen to examine the working practices of Townsend Thoresen , from which he concluded that the poor workplace communication and stand - off relationship between ship operators and shore - based managers was the root cause of the sinking , and identified a `` disease of sloppiness '' and negligence at every level of the corporation 's hierarchy . Issues relating to the breaking of waves high on the bow doors while under way and requests to have an indicator installed on the bridge showing the position of the doors were dismissed ; the former because of the attitude that ships ' masters would come and `` bang on the desk '' if an issue was truly important , and the latter because it was thought frivolous to spend money on equipment to indicate if employees had failed to do their job correctly . The design of Herald of Free Enterprise was also found to be a contributory cause of the sinking . Unlike other ships , which are subdivided into watertight compartments , the vehicle decks of RORO vessels are normally contiguous : any flooding on these decks would allow the water to flow the length of the ship . This issue had been identified as early as 1980 , following the losses of Seaspeed Dora and Hero in June and November 1977 respectively . The need to adjust the ship 's bow trim to use the port facilities at Zeebrugge and failure to readjust before departure was another factor in the sinking . In October 1983 , Herald of Free Enterprise 's sister ship Pride of Free Enterprise had sailed from Dover to Zeebrugge with the bow doors open , after her assistant boatswain fell asleep . It was therefore believed that leaving the bow doors open alone should not have caused the ship to capsize . However , tests by the Danish Maritime Institute after the accident found that once water began to enter the vehicle deck of a RORO , it was likely that the vessel would capsize within 30 minutes , while other tests showed that the lack of watertight subdivision common on other vessels allowed the weight of water to flow freely and increase the likelihood of capsizing . Another factor that contributed to the capsizing was the `` squat effect '' . When a vessel is under way , the movement under it creates low pressure , which has the effect of increasing the vessel 's draught . In deep water the effect is small but in shallow water it is greater , because as the water passes underneath it moves faster and causes the draught to increase . This reduced the clearance between the bow doors and water line to between 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) and 1.9 metres ( 6.2 ft ) . After extensive tests , the investigators found that when the ship travelled at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ) , the wave was enough to engulf the bow doors . This caused a `` step change '' : if the ship had been sailing at less than 18 knots and not in shallow water , people on the car deck would probably have had time to notice the bow doors were open and close them . Inquest ( edit ) In October 1987 , a coroner 's inquest jury into the capsizing returned verdicts of unlawful killing . Seven people involved at the company were charged with gross negligence manslaughter , and the operating company , P&O European Ferries ( Dover ) Ltd , was charged with corporate manslaughter , but the case collapsed after Justice Turner directed the jury to acquit the company and the five most senior individual defendants . It did , however , set a precedent that corporate manslaughter is legally admissible in English courts . The disaster was one of a number that influenced thinking leading to the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 . Aftermath ( edit ) Immediate ( edit ) MS Herald of Free Enterprise towed into the harbour at Vlissingen after salvage , May 1987 A salvage operation , conducted by Dutch company Smit - Tak Towage and Salvage ( part of Smit International ) , was embarked upon almost immediately to refloat the ship . The operation was successfully concluded in late April 1987 , allowing the remaining bodies trapped underwater to be removed . The ship was towed to Zeebrugge , and then across the Western Scheldt to the yard of De Schelde in Flushing , where her fate was decided . It had originally been assumed that she could be repaired and continue sailing . However , no buyer was found ; she was sold to Compania Naviera SA of Kingstown , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , for scrapping . She was renamed Flushing Range and the Townsend Thoresen branding painted over before her final sailing to Kaohsiung , Taiwan , for scrapping . She began her final voyage on 5 October 1987 , together with MV Gaelic , towed by the Dutch tug Markusturm . The voyage was interrupted for four days when the ships encountered the Great Storm of 1987 off Cape Finisterre , where Herald of Free Enterprise was cast adrift after its tow rope parted , resuming on 19 October 1987 . The hulk began to disintegrate while off the coast of South Africa on 27 December 1987 , and had to be towed into Port Elizabeth on 2 January 1988 to undergo temporary repairs to allow her to continue her voyage . She finally arrived in Taiwan on 22 March 1988 . Owing to the incident , the Townsend Thoresen name had inevitably been broadcast on television and in newspapers around the world . P&O quickly decided to rebrand the company as P&O European Ferries , repaint their fleet 's red hulls in navy blue and remove the TT logo from the funnels . Long term ( edit ) The sinking of the Herald of Free Enterprise caused the highest death - count of any peacetime maritime disaster involving a British ship since the sinking of HMY Iolaire on 1 January 1919 near Stornoway , Isle of Lewis , where at least 205 perished of the 280 aboard . Since the accident several improvements to the design of this type of vessel have been made . These include indicators that display the state of the bow doors on the bridge , watertight ramps being fitted to the bow sections of the front of the ship , and `` freeing flaps '' to allow water to escape from a vehicle deck in the event of flooding . The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea regulations were changed in 1990 to require 125 centimetres ( 49 in ) of freeboard ( in the case of RORO vessels , defined as the height between the vehicle deck and the water line ) for all new ROROs , instead of the previous 76 centimetres ( 30 in ) . Some vessels omit the bow door configuration altogether and vehicles enter and exit from rear doors only . New International Maritime Organization ( IMO ) regulations are in place that prohibit an open ( undivided ) deck of this length on a passenger RORO vessel . The divers and rescuers who entered the capsized vessel to retrieve corpses received psychosocial support designed and delivered by Belgian Army psychologist Luc Quintyn . This was the first step to the establishment of a Crisis Psychology Unit within the Belgian Army Hospital . Neither of Herald of Free Enterprise 's two sister ships are still operational ; the former Spirit of Free Enterprise was extended to increase her cargo capacity during her time under the P&O flag in a stretch and total rebuild operation and scrapped in 2012 . Pride of Free Enterprise was still more or less as built ; she was scrapped in 2015 . A few scenes of the disaster videotaped live by the media were used by film director Krzysztof Kieślowski as part of the conclusion of his film Three Colours : Red that bound together the Three Colours trilogy . In Britain , a group named Ferry Aid released a charity record of the song `` Let It Be '' by The Beatles . Nicholas Ridley , a government minister at the time , was criticised for alluding to the accident ( while speaking on another subject ) on 10 March 1987 . He was quoted as saying that `` although he is the pilot of the ( parliamentary ) Bill , he has not got his bow doors open '' . He apologised for the remark . In 2007 Belgian singer Jonathan Vandenbroeck , more commonly known as Milow , released a song to mark the 20th anniversary of the tragedy . Titled `` Herald of Free Enterprise '' , the song echoes the tragic events of the evening and was featured on his 2009 album Milow . The disaster was the subject of an episode from Series 2 of Seconds From Disaster . On 1 July 2014 , The History Press released a book called Ninety Seconds At Zeebrugge : The Herald of Free Enterprise Story , telling the story of the disaster and its aftermath . St Mary 's Church , Dover houses a permanent memorial to the disaster . Disaster Action ( edit ) Australian businessman Maurice de Rohan , who lost his daughter and son - in - law in the tragedy , founded Disaster Action , a charity which assists people affected by similar events . Gallantry awards ( edit ) The following British awards for gallantry on the night of the sinking were gazetted on 30 December 1987 : Herald of Free Enterprise crew Michael Ian Skippen , Head Waiter , George Medal ( posthumous ) Leigh Cornelius , Seaman , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Stephen Robert Homewood , Assistant Purser , Queen 's Gallantry Medal William Sean Walker , Seaman , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Thomas Hume Wilson , Quartermaster , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Herald of Free Enterprise passenger Andrew Clifford Parker , Assistant Bank Manager , Nippon Credit International , George Medal Belgian Navy Lieutenant - Ter - Zee 1ste Klas Guido A. Couwenbergh , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Lieutenant - Ter - Zee 1ste Klas Alfons M.A.C. Daems , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Royal Navy Lieutenant Simon Nicholas Bound , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Able Seaman Eamon Christopher McKinley Fullen , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Chief Petty Officer Edward Gene Kerr , Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct Chief Petty Officer Peter Frank Still , Queen 's Commendation for Brave Conduct Tijdelijke Vereniging Bergingswerken Piet Lagast , Diver , Queen 's Gallantry Medal Dirk van Mullem , Diver , Queen 's Gallantry Medal See also ( edit ) Belgium portal United Kingdom portal Nautical portal Disasters portal List of RORO vessel accidents List of maritime disasters MV Tricolor , an automobile cargo ship which sank nearby in 2002 List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll Why -- because analysis Ferry Aid Coordinates : 51 ° 22 ′ 28.5 '' N 3 ° 11 ′ 26 '' E / 51.374583 ° N 3.19056 ° E / 51.374583 ; 3.19056 Sister ships ( edit ) Fate of the three sister ships : the Herald , renamed Flushing Range , was scrapped in 1988 the Spirit of Free Enterprise sailed under a range of names on the English Channel and between the Greek islands . She was scrapped in September 2012 as MS Anthi Marina . The Pride of Free Enterprise sailed as MF Sherbatskiy between Spain and Morocco . She was scrapped in 2015 . References ( edit ) Citations Jump up ^ MV Herald of Free Enterprise Report of Court N0. 8074 , Formal Investigation . UK Department of Transportation Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Yardley 2014 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiles , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Business Continuity : Best Practices : World - class Business Continuity Management . Rothstein Associates Inc. p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931332 - 22 - 4 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Wittingham , The Blame Machine , p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Robins , Nick ( 1995 ) The evolution of the British ferry , Kilgetty : Ferry , ISBN 1 - 871947 - 31 - 6 , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Wittingham , The Blame Machine , p. 120 ^ Jump up to : `` mv HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE Report of Court No. 8074 Chap 10 The immediate cause of the disaster '' ( PDF ) . DTI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Wittingham , The Blame Machine , p. 120 -- 1 Jump up ^ http://www.maib.gov.uk/cms_resources.cfm?file=/HofFE%20part%201.pdf court report ^ Jump up to : Bell , Bethan ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Zeebrugge Herald of Free Enterprise disaster remembered '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Geoffrey ( 4 March 2017 ) . `` Zeebrugge Ferry Disaster 30 Years On '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wittingham , The Blame Machine , p. 122 Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 114 - 116 . Jump up ^ Maitland , Clay ( 26 August 2010 ) . `` Tragic death of Wolfgang Schroeder '' . ClayMaitland.com . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zim Mexico III accident in Mobile , AL '' ( PDF ) . Sidelights . The Council of American Master Mariners , Inc. 36 ( 4 ) . Winter 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Captain Schröder was a hero of the MV Herald of Free Enterprise Disaster some years back , when he and his ship saved a large number of the passengers . For his heroic actions , he received a letter of commendation from the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom ( Margaret Thatcher ) and a medal from the King of Belgium . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , pp. 86,100 . Jump up ^ Yardley 2014 , pp. 137 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Wittingham , The Blame Machine , p. 119 Jump up ^ `` mv HERALD OF FREE ENTERPRISE Report of Court No. 8074 Chap 14 The management '' ( PDF ) . DTI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roll on , roll off freight ships with open garage decks potential death traps , naval men believe '' . The Times ( 61529 ) . London . 20 January 1981 . col A , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The `` Squat '' effect and the sinking of the `` Herald of Free Enterprise '' `` . ExpoNav . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( 1990 ) 93 Cr App R 72 ) Jump up ^ Foundation , Internet Memory . `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) UK Government Web Archive -- The National Archives '' . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Micke Asklander . `` M / S Herald of Free Enterprise '' . Fakta om Fartyg . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ History and photos of Gaelic Ferry Archived 12 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , visited 5 November 2011 Jump up ^ Gripper , Ann ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` UK weather : A look back at the devastating Great Storm of 1987 that nobody predicted '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ History of the Herald of Free Enterprise , visited 6 November 2011 Jump up ^ Burtles , Jim ( 2014 ) . Emergency Evacuation Planning for Your Workplace : From Chaos to Life - Saving Solution . Rothstein Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931332 - 56 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` A BBC drama - documentary will delve into one of the biggest disasters in Dover history '' . Kent Live . 14 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Koefoed - Hansen , Michael ( 2007 ) M / F Oleander , The ferry site , www page , accessed 22 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` House of Commons PQs - Margaret Thatcher Foundation '' . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zeebrugge disaster marked by memorial service 25 years on '' . BBC News . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster Action '' . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 51183 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 30 December 1987 . p. 61 . Jump up ^ mv Herald of Free Enterprise : Report of Court No. 8074 Formal Investigation ( PDF ) , Crown Department of Transport , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 11 - 550828 - 7 , Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 , retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Sources Whittingham , Robert B. ( 2004 ) . `` Organizational and management errors '' . The Blame Machine : why human error causes accidents . Oxford : Elsevier Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 5510 - 0 . Yardley , Iain ( 2014 ) . Ninety Seconds at Zeebrugge : The Herald of Free Enterprise Story . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 5736 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Hundreds trapped as car ferry capsizes ( BBC News ) Zeebrugge disaster was no accident ( BBC News ) Disaster Action website Herald of Free Enterprise accident 3D simulation The time line from the Heralds launch to her eventual breaking up Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1987 Shipwrecks 20 Feb : USS Accokeek 4 Mar : HMAS Colac 6 Mar : Herald of Free Enterprise 15 Jun : ARA Comodoro Py 16 Jun : HMS Yarmouth 16 Jul : Havel 17 Jul : USS Bausell July ( unknown date ) : USS McKean 26 Sep : Iran Ajr 27 Nov : USCGC Duane 28 Nov : USCGC Bibb 5 Dec : Cason 12 Dec : Rainbow Warrior , Samson 20 Dec : Doña Paz Other incidents 7 Apr : USS Daniel Boone 1 May : Saint Eloi 24 Jul : Bridgeton 16 Oct : Hengist , Sea Isle City 20 Dec : Vector 1986 1988 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Herald_of_Free_Enterprise&oldid=823415185 '' Categories : 1980 ships Connections across the English Channel Ferries of the United Kingdom Maritime incidents in 1987 Ships built in Bremen ( state ) Shipwrecks in the North Sea Zeebrugge Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages using deprecated image syntax IMO Number Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Scots Suomi Svenska West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . 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an example of someone likely to be in negative nitrogen balance would be			Nitrogen balance	nitrogen balance	Nitrogen balance is a measure of nitrogen input minus nitrogen output .	Nitrogen Balance = Nitrogen intake - Nitrogen loss Sources of nitrogen intake include meat , dairy , eggs , nuts and legumes , and grains and cereals . Examples of nitrogen losses include urine , feces , sweat , hair , and skin . Blood urea nitrogen can be used in estimating nitrogen balance , as can the urea concentration in urine . Nitrogen balance and protein metabolism ( edit ) Nitrogen is a fundamental component of amino acids , which are the molecular building blocks of protein . Therefore , measuring nitrogen inputs and losses can be used to study protein metabolism . Positive nitrogen balance is associated with periods of growth , hypothyroidism , tissue repair , and pregnancy . This means that the intake of nitrogen into the body is greater than the loss of nitrogen from the body , so there is an increase in the total body pool of protein . Negative nitrogen balance is associated with burns , serious tissue injuries , fevers , hyperthyroidism , wasting diseases , and during periods of fasting . This means that the amount of nitrogen excreted from the body is greater than the amount of nitrogen ingested . A negative nitrogen balance can be used as part of a clinical evaluation of malnutrition . Nitrogen balance is the traditional method of determining dietary protein requirements . Determining dietary protein requirements using nitrogen balance requires that all nitrogen inputs and losses are carefully collected , to ensure that all nitrogen exchange is accounted for . In order to control nitrogen inputs and losses , nitrogen balance studies usually require participants to eat very specific diets ( so total nitrogen intake is known ) and stay in the study location for the duration of the study ( to collect all nitrogen losses ) . Because of these conditions , it can be difficult to study the dietary protein requirements of certain populations using the nitrogen balance technique ( e.g. children ) . Dietary nitrogen , from metabolising proteins and other nitrogen - containing compounds , has been linked to changes in genome evolution . Species which primarily obtain energy from metabolising nitrogen - rich compounds use more nitrogen in their DNA than species which primarily break down carbohydrates for their energy. Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms . See also ( edit ) Protein ( nutrient ) Biological value Net protein utilization Protein efficiency ratio Protein digestibility Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definition : nitrogen balance from Online Medical Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ World Health Organization Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition . WHO Technical Report Series 935 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` VII . Monitoring Nutrition Therapy '' . Jump up ^ Barbosa - Silva MC ( May 2008 ) . `` Subjective and objective nutritional assessment methods : what do they really assess ? '' . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care . 11 ( 3 ) : 248 -- 54 . PMID 18403920 . doi : 10.1097 / MCO. 0b013e3282fba5d7 . Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine . Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy , Carbohydrate , Fiber , Fat , Fatty Acids , Cholesterol , Protein and Amino Acids ( Macronutrients ) . The National Academies Press : 2005 Jump up ^ Rand WM , Pellett PL , Young VR ( 2003 ) . Meta - analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in health adults . Am. J. Nutr 77 ( 1 ) : 109 - 127 . Jump up ^ Elango R , Humayun MA , Ball RO , Pencharz PB ( 2011 ) . Protein requirements of healthy , school - aged children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 94 ( 6 ) : 1545 - 1552 . Jump up ^ Seward EA and Kelly S ( Nov 2016 ) . `` Dietary nitrogen alters codon bias and genome composition in parasitic microorganisms '' . Genome Biology . 17 ( 226 ) : 1 -- 15 . PMID 27842572 . doi : 10.1186 / s13059 - 016 - 1087 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_balance&oldid=784261157 '' Categories : Nitrogen Talk About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Қазақша Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 10 : 04 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20balance	83,099
what does it mean for waves to be in phase	Phase difference is the difference , expressed in degrees or time , between two waves having the same frequency and referenced to the same point in time . Two oscillators that have the same frequency and no phase difference are said to be in phase . Two oscillators that have the same frequency and different phases have a phase difference , and the oscillators are said to be out of phase with each other .		Phase ( waves )	phase ( waves )	Phase is the position of a point in time ( an instant ) on a waveform cycle . A complete cycle is defined as the interval required for the waveform to return to its arbitrary initial value . The graph to the right shows how one cycle constitutes 360 ° of phase . The graph also shows how phase is sometimes expressed in radians , where one radian of phase equals approximately 57.3 ° . '	Phase can also be an expression of relative displacement between two corresponding features ( for example , peaks or zero crossings ) of two waveforms having the same frequency . In sinusoidal functions or in waves `` phase '' has two different , but closely related , meanings . One is the initial angle of a sinusoidal function at its origin and is sometimes called phase offset or phase difference . Another usage is the fraction of the wave cycle that has elapsed relative to the origin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Phase shift 2 Phase difference 2.1 Phase comparison 3 Formula for phase of an oscillation or a wave 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Phase shift ( edit ) Illustration of phase shift . The horizontal axis represents an angle ( phase ) that is increasing with time . Phase shift is any change that occurs in the phase of one quantity , or in the phase difference between two or more quantities . This symbol : φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi \ , ) is sometimes referred to as a phase shift or phase offset because it represents a `` shift '' from zero phase . For infinitely long sinusoids , a change in φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi \ , ) is the same as a shift in time , such as a time delay . If x ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle x ( t ) \ , ) is delayed ( time - shifted ) by 1 4 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ , ) of its cycle , it becomes : x ( t − 1 4 T ) = A ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f ( t − 1 4 T ) + φ ) = A ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t − π 2 + φ ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x \ left ( t - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) T \ right ) & = A \ cdot \ cos \ left ( 2 \ pi f \ left ( t - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) T \ right ) + \ varphi \ right ) \ \ & = A \ cdot \ cos \ left ( 2 \ pi ft - ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) + \ varphi \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) whose `` phase '' is now φ − π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ varphi \ , - \ , ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) . It has been shifted by π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ) radians ( the variable A ( \ displaystyle A ) here just represents the amplitude of the wave ) . Phase difference ( edit ) In - phase waves Out - of - phase waves Representation of phase comparison . Left : the real part of a plane wave moving from top to bottom . Right : the same wave after a central section underwent a phase shift , for example , by passing through a glass of different thickness than the other parts . Phase difference is the difference , expressed in degrees or time , between two waves having the same frequency and referenced to the same point in time . Two oscillators that have the same frequency and no phase difference are said to be in phase . Two oscillators that have the same frequency and different phases have a phase difference , and the oscillators are said to be out of phase with each other . The amount by which such oscillators are out of phase with each other can be expressed in degrees from 0 ° to 360 ° , or in radians from 0 to 2π . If the phase difference is 180 degrees ( π radians ) , then the two oscillators are said to be in antiphase . If two interacting waves meet at a point where they are in antiphase , then destructive interference will occur . It is common for waves of electromagnetic ( light , RF ) , acoustic ( sound ) or other energy to become superposed in their transmission medium . When that happens , the phase difference determines whether they reinforce or weaken each other . Complete cancellation is possible for waves with equal amplitudes . Time is sometimes used ( instead of angle ) to express position within the cycle of an oscillation . A phase difference is analogous to two athletes running around a race track at the same speed and direction but starting at different positions on the track . They pass a point at different instants in time . But the time difference ( phase difference ) between them is a constant - same for every pass since they are at the same speed and in the same direction . If they were at different speeds ( different frequencies ) , the phase difference is undefined and would only reflect different starting positions . Technically , phase difference between two entities at various frequencies is undefined and does not exist . Time zones are also analogous to phase differences . A real - world example of a sonic phase difference occurs in the warble of a Native American flute . The amplitude of different harmonic components of same long - held note on the flute come into dominance at different points in the phase cycle . The phase difference between the different harmonics can be observed on a spectrogram of the sound of a warbling flute . Phase comparison ( edit ) Phase comparison is a comparison of the phase of two waveforms , usually of the same nominal frequency . In time and frequency , the purpose of a phase comparison is generally to determine the frequency offset ( difference between wave cycles ) with respect to a reference . A phase comparison can be made by connecting two signals to a two - channel oscilloscope . The oscilloscope will display two sine waves , as shown in the graphic to the right . In the adjacent image , the top sine wave is the test frequency , and the bottom sine wave represents a signal from the reference . If the two frequencies were exactly the same , their phase relationship would not change and both would appear to be stationary on the oscilloscope display . Since the two frequencies are not exactly the same , the reference appears to be stationary and the test signal moves . By measuring the rate of motion of the test signal the offset between frequencies can be determined . Vertical lines have been drawn through the points where each sine wave passes through zero . The bottom of the figure shows bars whose width represents the phase difference between the signals . In this case the phase difference is increasing , indicating that the test signal is lower in frequency than the reference . Formula for phase of an oscillation or a wave ( edit ) The phase of an oscillation or wave refers to a sinusoidal function such as the following : x ( t ) = A ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t + φ ) y ( t ) = A ⋅ sin ⁡ ( 2 π f t + φ ) = A ⋅ cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t + φ − π 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) x ( t ) & = A \ cdot \ cos ( 2 \ pi ft+ \ varphi ) \ \ y ( t ) & = A \ cdot \ sin ( 2 \ pi ft+ \ varphi ) = A \ cdot \ cos \ left ( 2 \ pi ft+ \ varphi - ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where A ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle A \ , ) , f ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle f \ , ) , and φ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ varphi \ , ) are constant parameters called the amplitude , frequency , and phase of the sinusoid . These functions are periodic with period T = 1 f ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle T = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( f ) ) \ , ) , and they are identical except for a displacement of T 4 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle ( \ frac ( T ) ( 4 ) ) \ , ) along the t ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle t \ , ) axis . The term phase can refer to several different things : It can refer to a specified reference , such as cos ⁡ ( 2 π f t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ cos ( 2 \ pi ft ) \ , ) , in which case we would say the phase of x ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle x ( t ) \ , ) is φ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ varphi \ , ) , and the phase of y ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle y ( t ) \ , ) is φ − π 2 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ varphi \ , - \ , ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ , ) . It can refer to φ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ varphi \ , ) , in which case we would say x ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle x ( t ) \ , ) and y ( t ) ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle y ( t ) \ , ) have the same phase but are relative to their own specific references . In the context of communication waveforms , the time - variant angle 2 π f t + φ ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle 2 \ pi ft \ , + \ , \ varphi ) , or its principal value , is referred to as instantaneous phase , often just phase . See also ( edit ) In - phase and quadrature components Instantaneous phase Lissajous curve Phase angle Phase cancellation Phase problem Phase velocity Phasor Polarity Polarization Coherence , the quality of a wave to display a well defined phase relationship in different regions of its domain of definition Absolute phase References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Time and Frequency from A to Z '' . `` Phase '' . National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . This content has been copied and pasted from an NIST web page and is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Ballou , Glen ( 2005 ) . Handbook for sound engineers ( 3 ed . ) . Focal Press , Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 1499 . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80758 - 8 . Jump up ^ Clint Goss ; Barry Higgins ( 2013 ) . `` The Warble '' . Flutopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phase ( waves ) . `` What is a phase ? '' . Prof. Jeffrey Hass . `` An Acoustics Primer '' , Section 8 . Indiana University . © 2003 . See also : ( pages 1 thru 3 . © 2013 ) Phase angle , phase difference , time delay , and frequency ECE 209 : Sources of Phase Shift -- Discusses the time - domain sources of phase shift in simple linear time - invariant circuits . Phase Difference Java Applet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase_(waves)&oldid=804987684 '' Categories : Wave mechanics Physical quantities Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20%28waves%29	57,610
the word masjid (mosque) literally means a place of	The word ' mosque ' entered the English language from the French word mosqueé that was probably derived from Italian moschea , a variant of Italian moscheta , from either Middle Armenian մզկիթ ( mzkit ' ) or Medieval Greek : μασγίδιον ( masgídion ) or Spanish mezquita , from Arabic : مَـسْـجِـد ‎ , translit . masjid ( meaning `` place of worship '' or `` prostration in prayer '' ) , either from Nabataean masg dhā́ or from Arabic Arabic : سَـجَـدَ ‎ , translit . sajada ( meaning `` to bow down in prayer '' ) , probably ultimately from Aramaic s ghēdh .	worship	Mosque	mosque	A mosque ( / mɒsk / ; from Arabic : مَـسْـجِـد ‎ , translit . masjid ) is a place of worship for Muslims . There are strict and detailed requirements in Sunni jurisprudence ( Arabic : فِـقْـه ‎ , fiqh ) for a place of worship to be considered a mosque , with places that do not meet these requirements regarded as musallas . There are stringent restrictions on the uses of the area formally demarcated as the mosque ( which is often a small portion of the larger complex ) , and in the Islamic Sharī'ah ( Arabic : شَـرِيْـعَـة ‎ , Law ) , after an area is formally designated as a mosque , it remains so until the Last Day .	Many mosques have elaborate domes , minarets , and prayer halls , in varying styles of architecture . Mosques originated on the Arabian Peninsula , but are now found in all inhabited continents . The mosque serves as a place where Muslims can come together for Ṣalāh ( Arabic : صَـلَاة ‎ , meaning `` prayer '' ) as well as a center for information , education , social welfare , and dispute settlement . The Imām ( Arabic : إِمَـام ‎ , Leader ) leads the congregation in prayer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Diffusion and evolution 2.2 Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship 3 Religious functions 3.1 Prayers 3.2 Ramadan 3.3 Charity 3.4 Frequency of attendance 4 Contemporary political roles 4.1 Advocacy 4.2 Social conflict 4.3 Saudi influence 4.4 Political Controversy 5 Architecture 5.1 Styles 5.2 Minarets 5.3 Mihrab 5.4 Domes 5.5 Prayer hall 5.6 Ablution facilities 5.7 Contemporary features 5.8 Symbols 6 Rules and etiquette 6.1 Prayer leader 6.2 Cleanliness 6.3 Dress 6.4 Concentration 6.5 Gender separation 6.6 Non-Muslims in mosques 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) A nomad 's mosque orientated towards Mecca , 2013 The word ' mosque ' entered the English language from the French word mosqueé that was probably derived from Italian moschea , a variant of Italian moscheta , from either Middle Armenian մզկիթ ( mzkit ' ) or Medieval Greek : μασγίδιον ( masgídion ) or Spanish mezquita , from Arabic : مَـسْـجِـد ‎ , translit . masjid ( meaning `` place of worship '' or `` prostration in prayer '' ) , either from Nabataean masg dhā́ or from Arabic Arabic : سَـجَـدَ ‎ , translit . sajada ( meaning `` to bow down in prayer '' ) , probably ultimately from Aramaic s ghēdh . History ( edit ) The Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque standing on the eastern side of Naghsh - i Jahan Square , Isfahan , Iran The first mosque in the world is often considered to be the area around the Ka'bah ( Arabic : كَـعْـبَـة ‎ , ' Cube ' ) in Mecca , which is now known as Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarâm ( Arabic : ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام ‎ , the Sacred Mosque ) . A Hadith in Sahih al - Bukhari states that the Kaaba was the First Mosque on Earth , and the Second Mosque was the Temple in Jerusalem . Since as early as 638 AD , the Sacred Mosque has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as Ḥajj ( Arabic : حَـجّ ‎ ) to the city . Others regard the first mosque in history to be the Quba Mosque in present - day Medina since it was the first structure built by Muhammad upon his emigration from Mecca in 622 , though the Mosque of the Companions in the Eritrean city of Massawa may have been constructed at around the same time . The Great Mosque of Kairouan , in Tunisia , is the oldest mosque in the Muslim West The Islamic Prophet Muhammad went on to establish another mosque in Medina , which is now known as the Masjid an - Nabawi , or the Prophet 's Mosque . Built on the site of his home , Muhammad participated in the construction of the mosque himself and helped pioneer the concept of the mosque as the focal point of the Islamic city . The Masjid al - Nabawi introduced some of the features still common in today 's mosques , including the niche at the front of the prayer space known as the mihrab and the tiered pulpit called the minbar . The Masjid al - Nabawi was also constructed with a large courtyard , a motif common among mosques built since then . Diffusion and evolution ( edit ) The Great Mosque of Xi'an incorporates traditional elements of Chinese architecture Mosques had been built in Iraq and North Africa by the end of the 7th century , as Islam spread outside the Arabian Peninsula with early caliphates . The Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala is reportedly one of the oldest mosques in Iraq , although its present form -- typical of Persian architecture -- only goes back to the 11th century . The shrine , while still operating as a mosque , remains one of the holiest sites for Shia Muslims , as it honors the death of the third Shia imam , and Prophet Muhammad 's grandson , Hussein ibn Ali . The Mosque of Amr ibn al - As was reportedly the first mosque in Egypt , serving as a religious and social center for Fustat ( present - day Cairo ) during its prime . Like the Imam Husayn Shrine , though , nothing of its original structure remains . With the later Shia Fatimid Caliphate , mosques throughout Egypt evolved to include schools ( known as madrasas ) , hospitals , and tombs . The Great Mosque of Kairouan in present - day Tunisia was reportedly the first mosque built in northwest Africa , with its present form ( dating from the 9th century ) serving as a model for other Islamic places of worship in the Maghreb . It was the first to incorporate a square minaret ( as opposed to the more common circular minaret ) and includes naves akin to a basilica . Those features can also be found in Andalusian mosques , including the Grand Mosque of Cordoba , as they tended to reflect the architecture of the Moors instead of their Visigoth predecessors . Still , some elements of Visigothic architecture , like horseshoe arches , were infused into the mosque architecture of Spain and the Maghreb . The first mosque in East Asia was reportedly established in the 8th century in Xi'an . However , the Great Mosque of Xi'an , whose current building dates from the 18th century , does not replicate the features often associated with mosques elsewhere . Indeed , minarets were initially prohibited by the state . Following traditional Chinese architecture , the Great Mosque of Xi'an , like many other mosques in eastern China , resembles a pagoda , with a green roof instead of the yellow roof common on imperial structures in China . Mosques in western China were more likely to incorporate elements , like domes and minarets , traditionally seen in mosques elsewhere . Inside the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad , Iran Kampung Hulu Mosque , the oldest mosque in Malaysia influenced by the Malay , Chinese and Hindu architecture A similar integration of foreign and local influences could be seen on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java , where mosques , including the Demak Great Mosque , were first established in the 15th century . Early Javanese mosques took design cues from Hindu , Buddhist , and Chinese architectural influences , with tall timber , multi-level roofs similar to the pagodas of Balinese Hindu temples ; the ubiquitous Islamic dome did not appear in Indonesia until the 19th century . In turn , the Javanese style influenced the styles of mosques in Indonesia 's Austronesian neighbors -- Malaysia , Brunei , and the Philippines . The Jama Masjid in Delhi is India 's largest mosque , and a classic example of the Mughal style of architecture Badshahi Mosque ( 1673 ) in Lahore , currently the fifth largest mosque in the world Muslim empires were instrumental in the evolution and spread of mosques . Although mosques were first established in India during the 7th century , they were not commonplace across the subcontinent until the arrival of the Mughals in the 16th and 17th centuries . Reflecting their Timurid origins , Mughal - style mosques included onion domes , pointed arches , and elaborate circular minarets , features common in the Persian and Central Asian styles . The Jama Masjid in Delhi and the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore , built in a similar manner in the mid-17th century , remain two of the largest mosques on the Indian subcontinent . The Umayyad Caliphate was particularly instrumental in spreading Islam and establishing mosques within the Levant , as the Umayyads constructed among the most revered mosques in the region -- Al - Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem , and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus . The designs of the Dome of the Rock and the Umayyad Mosque were influenced by Byzantine architecture , a trend that continued with the rise of the Ottoman Empire . Several of the early mosques in the Ottoman Empire were originally churches or cathedrals from the Byzantine Empire , with the Hagia Sophia ( one of those converted cathedrals ) informing the architecture of mosques from after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople . Still , the Ottomans developed their own architectural style characterized by large central rotundas ( sometimes surrounded by multiple smaller domes ) , pencil - shaped minarets , and open facades . Mosques from the Ottoman period are still scattered across Eastern Europe , but the most rapid growth in the number of mosques in Europe has occurred within the past century as more Muslims have migrated to the continent . Many major European cities are home to mosques , like the Grand Mosque of Paris , that incorporate domes , minarets , and other features often found with mosques in Muslim - majority countries . The first mosque in North America was founded by Albanian Americans in 1915 , but the continent 's oldest surviving mosque , the Mother Mosque of America , only dates back to the 1930s . As in Europe , the number of American mosques has rapidly increased in recent decades as Muslim immigrants , particularly from South Asia , have come in the United States . Greater than forty percent of mosques in the United States were constructed after 2000 . Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship ( edit ) Main article : Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques The Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 According to early Muslim historians , towns that surrendered without resistance and made treaties with the Muslims were allowed to retain their churches and the towns captured by Muslims had many of their churches converted to mosques . One of the earliest examples of these kinds of conversions was in Damascus , Syria , where in 705 Umayyad caliph Al - Walid I bought the church of St. John from the Christians and had it rebuilt as a mosque in exchange for building a number of new churches for the Christians in Damascus . Overall , Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan ( Al - Waleed 's father ) is said to have transformed 10 churches in Damascus into mosques . The process of turning churches into mosques were especially intensive in the villages where most of the inhabitants converted to Islam . The Abbasid caliph al - Ma'mun turned many churches into mosques . Ottoman Turks converted nearly all churches , monasteries , and chapels in Constantinople , including the famous Hagia Sophia , into mosques immediately after capturing the city in 1453 . In some instances mosques have been established on the places of Jewish or Christian sanctuaries associated with Biblical personalities who were also recognized by Islam . Mosques have also been converted for use by other religions , notably in southern Spain , following the conquest of the Moors in 1492 . The most prominent of them is the Great Mosque of Cordoba . Outside of the Iberian Peninsula , such instances also occurred in southeastern Europe once regions were no longer under Muslim rule . Religious functions ( edit ) The masjid jāmi ' ( Arabic : مَـسـجِـد جَـامِـع ‎ ) , a central mosque , can play a role in religious activities such as teaching the Quran and educating future imams . Prayers ( edit ) Inside the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta , Indonesia , during Eid ul - Fitr There are two holidays ( Eids ) in the Islamic calendar : ʻĪd al - Fiṭr ( Arabic : عِـيـد الْـفِـطْـر ‎ ) and ʿĪd al - Aḍḥā ( Arabic : عِـيـد الْأَضْـحَى ‎ ) , during which there are special prayers held at mosques in the morning . These Eid prayers are supposed to be offered in large groups , and so , in the absence of an outdoor Eidgah ( Urdu : عید گاہ ‬ ‎ ) , a large mosque will normally host them for their congregants as well as the congregants of smaller local mosques . Some mosques will even rent convention centers or other large public buildings to hold the large number of Muslims who attend . Mosques , especially those in countries where Muslims are the majority , will also host Eid prayers outside in courtyards , town squares or on the outskirts of town in an Eidgah . Ramadan ( edit ) Islam 's holiest month , Ramaḍān ( Arabic : رَمَـضَـان ‎ ) , is observed through many events . As Muslims must fast during the day during Ramadan , mosques will host Ifṭār ( Arabic : إِفْـطَـار ‎ ) dinners after sunset and the fourth required prayer of the day , that is Maghrib ( Arabic : مَـغْـرِب ‎ ) . Food is provided , at least in part , by members of the community , thereby creating daily potluck dinners . Because of the community contribution necessary to serve iftar dinners , mosques with smaller congregations may not be able to host the iftar dinners daily . Some mosques will also hold Suḥūr ( Arabic : سُـحُـور ‎ ) meals before dawn to congregants attending the first required prayer of the day , Fajr ( Arabic : فَـجْـر ‎ ) . As with iftar dinners , congregants usually provide the food for suhoor , although able mosques may provide food instead . Mosques will often invite poorer members of the Muslim community to share in beginning and breaking the fasts , as providing charity during Ramadan is regarded in Islam as especially honorable . Iftar at Taipei Grand Mosque , Taiwan during Ramadan Following the last obligatory daily prayer ( ' Ishâ ' ( Arabic : عِـشَـاء ‎ ) ) special , optional Ṫarâwîḥ ( Arabic : تَـرَاوِيـح ‎ ) prayers are offered in larger mosques . During each night of prayers , which can last for up to two hours each night , usually one member of the community who has memorized the entire Quran ( a Hafiz ) will recite a segment of the book . Sometimes , several such people ( not necessarily of the local community ) take turns to do this . During the last ten days of Ramadan , larger mosques will host all - night programs to observe Laylat al - Qadr , the night Muslims believe that Muhammad first received Quranic revelations . On that night , between sunset and sunrise , mosques employ speakers to educate congregants in attendance about Islam . Mosques or the community usually provide meals periodically throughout the night Nasir al - Mulk Mosque vault ceiling Shiraz , Iran During the last ten days of Ramadan , larger mosques within the Muslim community will host I'ṫikāf ( Arabic : إِعْـتِـكَـاف ‎ ) , a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate . Muslims performing itikaf are required to stay within the mosque for ten consecutive days , often in worship or learning about Islam . As a result , the rest of the Muslim community is responsible for providing the participants with food , drinks , and whatever else they need during their stay . Charity ( edit ) The third of the Five Pillars of Islam states that Muslims are required to give approximately one - fortieth of their wealth to charity as Zakâṫ ( Arabic : زَكَـاة ‎ ) . Since mosques form the center of Muslim communities , they are where Muslims go to both give zakat and , if necessary , collect it . Before the holiday of Eid ul - Fitr , mosques also collect a special zakat that is supposed to assist in helping poor Muslims attend the prayers and celebrations associated with the holiday . Frequency of attendance ( edit ) Islamic Center of Campinas , Brazil The Lipka Tatar wooden mosque in Poland The frequency by which Muslims attend mosque services vary greatly around the world . In some countries , weekly attendance at religious services are common among Muslims while in others , attendance is rare . In the United States in particular , it has been shown in a study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding that Muslim Americans who regularly attend mosques are more likely to work with their neighbors to solve community problems ( 49 vs. 30 percent ) , be registered to vote ( 74 vs. 49 percent ) , and plan to vote ( 92 vs. 81 percent ) . Overall , `` there is no correlation between Muslim attitudes toward violence and their frequency of mosque attendance . '' When it comes to mosque attendance , data shows that American Muslim women and American Muslim men attend the mosque at similar rates ( 45 % for men and 35 % for women ) . Additionally , when compared to the general public looking at the attendance of religious services , young Muslim Americans attend the mosque at closer rates to older Muslim Americans . Percentage of Muslims who attend mosque at least once a week , 2009 -- 2012 Country Percentage Ghana 100 % Liberia 94 % Ethiopia 93 % Uganda 93 % Guinea - Bissau 92 % Mozambique 92 % Kenya 91 % Niger 88 % Nigeria 87 % Democratic Republic of the Congo 85 % Cameroon 84 % Djibouti 84 % Tanzania 82 % Chad 81 % Mali 79 % Indonesia 72 % Jordan 65 % Senegal 65 % Afghanistan 61 % Egypt 61 % Pakistan 59 % Malaysia 57 % United Kingdom 56 % Palestine 55 % Morocco 54 % Spain 54 % Bangladesh 53 % Thailand 52 % Yemen 51 % Israel 49 % Italy 49 % Canada 48 % Algeria 47 % Tunisia 47 % United States of America 47 % Turkey 44 % Australia 40 % Iraq 40 % Germany 35 % Lebanon 35 % Libya 35 % Bosnia and Herzegovina 30 % France 30 % Tajikistan 30 % Belgium 28 % Iran 27 % Saudi Arabia 27 % Denmark 25 % Netherlands 24 % Kyrgyzstan 23 % Kosovo ( Serbia ) 22 % Bulgaria 21 % Russia 19 % Georgia 14 % Kazakhstan 10 % Uzbekistan 9 % Albania 5 % Azerbaijan 1 % Contemporary political roles ( edit ) See also : Political aspects of Islam The East London Mosque was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan The late 20th century saw an increase in the number of mosques used for political purposes . Today , civic participation is commonly promoted in mosques in the Western world . Because of the importance in the community , mosques are used for preaching peaceful coexistence with non-believers , even in times of adversity . Large mosques sometimes play a political role as well . In Islamic countries like Bangladesh , Pakistan , Iran , and Saudi Arabia , political subjects are preached by imams at Friday congregations on a regular basis . In other Islamic countries , imams are usually banned from mentioning political issues . Advocacy ( edit ) Countries with a minority Muslim population are more likely than Muslim - majority countries of the Greater Middle East to use mosques as a way to promote civic participation . American mosques host voter registration and civic participation drives that promote involving Muslims , who are often first - or second - generation immigrants , in the political process . As a result of these efforts as well as attempts at mosques to keep Muslims informed about the issues facing the Muslim community , regular mosque attendants are more likely to participate in protests , sign petitions , and otherwise be involved in politics . Nevertheless , a link between political views and mosque attendance can still be seen in other parts of the world . Following the al - Askari Mosque bombing in February 2006 , imams and other Islamic leaders used mosques and Friday prayers as vehicles to call for calm and peace in the midst of widespread violence . Social conflict ( edit ) See also : Islamophobia and Israeli -- Palestinian conflict Hindu nationalist politician Arun Pathak organised a celebration in Varanasi to commemorate the 1992 demolition of the Babri Masjid mosque . As they are considered important to the Muslim community , mosques , like other places of worship , can be at the heart of social conflicts . The Babri Mosque was the subject of such a conflict up until the early 1990s when it was demolished . Before a mutual solution could be devised , the mosque was destroyed on December 6 , 1992 as the mosque was built by Babur allegedly on the site of a previous Hindu temple marking the birthplace of Rama . The controversy surrounded the mosque was directly linked to rioting in Bombay ( present - day Mumbai ) as well as bombings in 1993 that killed 257 people . Bombings in February 2006 and June 2007 seriously damaged Iraq 's al - Askari Mosque and exacerbated existing tensions . Other mosque bombings in Iraq , both before and after the February 2006 bombing , have been part of the conflict between the country 's groups of Muslims . However , mosque bombings have not been exclusive to Iraq ; in June 2005 , a suicide bomber killed at least 19 people at an Afghan Shia mosque near Jade Maivand . In April 2006 , two explosions occurred at India 's Jama Masjid . Following the September 11 attacks , several American mosques were targeted in attacks ranging from simple vandalism to arson . Furthermore , the Jewish Defense League was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City , California . Similar attacks occurred throughout the United Kingdom following the 7 July 2005 London bombings . Outside the Western world , in June 2001 , the Hassan Bek Mosque was the target of vandalism and attacks by hundreds of Israelis after a suicide bomber killed 19 people in a night club in Tel Aviv . Although mosquegoing is highly encouraged for men , it is permitted to stay at home when one feels at risk from Islamophobic persecution . Saudi influence ( edit ) Funded by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia , the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad is the largest mosque in Pakistan Although the Saudi involvement in Sunni mosques around the world can be traced back to the 1960s , it was not until later in the 20th century that the government of Saudi Arabia became a large influence in foreign Sunni mosques . Beginning in the 1980s , the Saudi Arabian government began to finance the construction of Sunni mosques in countries around the world . An estimated US $ 45 billion has been spent by the Saudi Arabian government financing mosques and Sunni Islamic schools in foreign countries . Ain al - Yaqeen , a Saudi newspaper , reported in 2002 that Saudi funds may have contributed to building as many as 1,500 mosques and 2,000 other Islamic centers . Saudi citizens have also contributed significantly to mosques in the Islamic world , especially in countries where they see Muslims as poor and oppressed . Following the fall of the Soviet Union , in 1992 , mosques in war - torn Afghanistan saw many contributions from Saudi citizens . The King Fahd Mosque in Culver City , California and the Islamic Cultural Center of Italy in Rome represent two of Saudi Arabia 's largest investments in foreign mosques as former Saudi king Fahd bin Abdul Aziz al - Saud contributed US $8 million and US $50 million to the two mosques , respectively . Political controversy ( edit ) In the western world , and in the United States in particular , Anti-Muslim sentiment and targeted domestic policy has created challenges for mosques and those looking to build them . There has been government and police surveillance of mosques in the US and local attempts to ban mosques and block constructions , despite data showing that in fact , most Americans opposing banning the building of mosques ( 79 % ) and the surveillance of U.S. mosques ( 63 % ) as shown in a 2018 study done by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding . Architecture ( edit ) A 14th century mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani in Srinagar , Kashmir Styles ( edit ) Further information : Islamic architecture Huseina Čauša džamija ( a.k.a. Džindijska ) , 17th century traditional wooden mosque in Tuzla , Bosnia and Herzegovina Arab - plan or hypostyle mosques are the earliest type of mosques , pioneered under the Umayyad Dynasty . These mosques have square or rectangular plans with an enclosed courtyard and covered prayer hall . Historically , in the warm Middle Eastern and Mediterranean climates , the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers . Most early hypostyle mosques had flat roofs on prayer halls , which required the use of numerous columns and supports . One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain , the building being supported by over 850 columns . Frequently , hypostyle mosques have outer arcades so that visitors can enjoy the shade . Arab - plan mosques were constructed mostly under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties ; subsequently , however , the simplicity of the Arab plan limited the opportunities for further development , the mosques consequently losing popularity . The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia is one of the earliest remaining mosques The mosque of Isfahan international conference center , Isfahan , Iran Shah Mosque , Isfahan , Iran The first departure within mosque design started in Persia ( Iran ) . The Persians had inherited a rich architectural legacy from the earlier Persian dynasties , and they began incorporating elements from earlier Parthian and Sassanid designs into their mosques , influenced by buildings such as the Palace of Ardashir and the Sarvestan Palace . Thus , Islamic architecture witnessed the introduction of such structures as domes and large , arched entrances , referred to as iwans . During Seljuq rule , as Islamic mysticism was on the rise , the four - iwan arrangement took form . The four - iwan format , finalized by the Seljuqs , and later inherited by the Safavids , firmly established the courtyard façade of such mosques , with the towering gateways at every side , as more important than the actual buildings themselves . They typically took the form of a square - shaped central courtyard with large entrances at each side , giving the impression of gateways to the spiritual world . The Persians also introduced Persian gardens into mosque designs . Soon , a distinctly Persian style of mosques started appearing that would significantly influence the designs of later Timurid , and also Mughal , mosque designs . The Ottomans introduced central dome mosques in the 15th century . These mosques have a large dome centered over the prayer hall . In addition to having a large central dome , a common feature is smaller domes that exist off - center over the prayer hall or throughout the rest of the mosque , where prayer is not performed . This style was heavily influenced by Byzantine architecture with its use of large central domes . Hajja Soad 's mosque took a pyramid shape that is a creative style in Islamic architecture . The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad , Pakistan , in a relatively unusual design fuses contemporary lines with the more traditional look of an Arab Bedouin 's tent , with its large triangular prayer hall and four minarets . However , unlike traditional mosque design , it lacks a dome . The mosque 's architecture is a departure from the long history of South Asian Islamic architecture . Yavuz Selim Mosque , an Ottoman mosque in Istanbul Mosques built in Southeast Asia often represent the Indonesian - Javanese style architecture , which are different from the ones found throughout the Greater Middle East . The ones found in Europe and North America appear to have various styles but most are built on Western architectural designs , some are former churches or other buildings that were used by non-Muslims . In Africa , most mosques are old but the new ones are built in imitation of those of the Middle East . This can be seen in the Abuja National Mosque in Nigeria and others . Minarets ( edit ) The oldest standing minaret in the world at the Great Mosque of Kairouan , Tunisia Typical Ottoman minarets in Turkey A common feature in mosques is the minaret , the tall , slender tower that usually is situated at one of the corners of the mosque structure . The top of the minaret is always the highest point in mosques that have one , and often the highest point in the immediate area . The tallest minaret in the world is located at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca , Morocco . It has a height of 210 metres ( 689 ft ) and completed in 1993 , it was designed by Michel Pinseau . The first mosques had no minarets , and even nowadays the most conservative Islamic movements , like Wahhabis , avoid building minarets , seeing them as ostentatious and hazardous in case of collapse . The first minaret was constructed in 665 in Basra during the reign of the Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I. Muawiyah encouraged the construction of minarets , as they were supposed to bring mosques on par with Christian churches with their bell towers . Consequently , mosque architects borrowed the shape of the bell tower for their minarets , which were used for essentially the same purpose -- calling the faithful to prayer . The oldest standing minaret in the world is the minaret of the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia , built between the 8th and the 9th century , it is a massive square tower consisting of three superimposed tiers of gradual size and decor . Before the five required daily prayers , a Mu'adhdhin ( Arabic : مُـؤَذِّن ‎ ) calls the worshippers to prayer from the minaret . In many countries like Singapore where Muslims are not the majority , mosques are prohibited from loudly broadcasting the Adhān ( Arabic : أَذَان ‎ , Call to Prayer ) , although it is supposed to be said loudly to the surrounding community . The adhan is required before every prayer . However , nearly every mosque assigns a muezzin for each prayer to say the adhan as it is a recommended practice or Sunnah ( Arabic : سُـنَّـة ‎ ) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . At mosques that do not have minarets , the adhan is called instead from inside the mosque or somewhere else on the ground . The Iqâmah ( Arabic : إِقَـامَـة ‎ ) , which is similar to the adhan and said immediately before the start of prayer , is usually not said from the minaret even if a mosque has one . Mihrab ( edit ) Mihrab in Hagia Sophia , Istanbul , Turkey A miḥrāb ( Arabic : مِـحْـرَاب ‎ ) , also spelled as mehrab is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qiblah ( Arabic : قِـبْـلَـة ‎ , the direction of the Kaaba ) in Mecca , and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying . The wall in which a mihrab appears is thus the `` qibla wall . '' Mihrabs should not be confused with the minbar ( Arabic : مِـنـۢبَـر ‎ ) , which is the raised platform from which an Imam ( leader of prayer ) addresses the congregation . Domes ( edit ) Shait Gombuj Moshjid in Bangladesh built in the 1400s The domes , often placed directly above the main prayer hall , may signify the vaults of the heaven and sky . As time progressed , domes grew , from occupying a small part of the roof near the mihrab to encompassing the whole roof above the prayer hall . Although domes normally took on the shape of a hemisphere , the Mughals in India popularized onion - shaped domes in South Asia which has gone on to become characteristic of the Arabic architectural style of dome . Some mosques have multiple , often smaller , domes in addition to the main large dome that resides at the center . Prayer hall ( edit ) The prayer hall , also known as the muṣallá ( Arabic : مُـصَـلَّى ‎ ) , rarely has furniture ; chairs and pews are generally absent from the prayer hall so as to allow as many worshipers as possible to line the room . Some mosques have Islamic calligraphy and Quranic verses on the walls to assist worshippers in focusing on the beauty of Islam and its holiest book , the Quran , as well as for decoration . The hypostyle prayer hall in the Great Mosque of Kairouan Often , a limited part of the prayer hall is sanctified formally as a masjid in the sharia sense ( although the term masjid is also used for the larger mosque complex as well ) . Once designated , there are onerous limitations on the use of this formally designated masjid , and it may not be used for any purpose other than worship ; restrictions that do not necessarily apply to the rest of the prayer area , and to the rest of the mosque complex ( although such uses may be restricted by the conditions of the waqf that owns the mosque ) . In many mosques , especially the early congregational mosques , the prayer hall is in the hypostyle form ( the roof held up by a multitude of columns ) . One of the finest examples of the hypostyle - plan mosques is the Great Mosque of Kairouan ( also known as the Mosque of Uqba ) in Tunisia . Usually opposite the entrance to the prayer hall is the qiblah wall , the visually emphasized area inside the prayer hall . The qiblah wall should , in a properly oriented mosque , be set perpendicular to a line leading to Mecca , the location of the Kaaba . Congregants pray in rows parallel to the qiblah wall and thus arrange themselves so they face Mecca . In the qiblah wall , usually at its center , is the mihrab , a niche or depression indicating the direction of Mecca . Usually the mihrab is not occupied by furniture either . Sometimes , especially during Friday prayers , a raised minbar or pulpit is located to the side of the mihrab for a Khaṭīb ( Arabic : خَـطِـيـب ‎ ) , or some other speaker to offer a Khuṭbah ( Arabic : خُـطْـبَـة ‎ , Sermon ) . The mihrab serves as the location where the imam leads the five daily prayers on a regular basis . Ablution facilities ( edit ) The wudu ( `` ablution '' ) area , where Muslims wash their hands , forearm , face and feet before they pray . Example from the Badshahi Mosque , Lahore , Pakistan As ritual purification precedes all prayers , mosques often have ablution fountains or other facilities for washing in their entryways or courtyards . However , worshippers at much smaller mosques often have to use restrooms to perform their ablutions . In traditional mosques , this function is often elaborated into a freestanding building in the center of a courtyard . This desire for cleanliness extends to the prayer halls where shoes are disallowed to be worn anywhere other than the cloakroom . Thus , foyers with shelves to put shoes and racks to hold coats are commonplace among mosques . Contemporary features ( edit ) Modern mosques have a variety of amenities available to their congregants . As mosques are supposed to appeal to the community , they may also have additional facilities , from health clinics to libraries to gymnasiums , to serve the community . Symbols ( edit ) Certain symbols are represented in a mosque 's architecture to allude to different aspects of the Islamic religion . One of these feature symbols is the spiral . The `` cosmic spiral '' found in designs and on minarets is a references to heaven as it has `` no beginning and no end '' . Mosques also often have floral patterns or images of fruit and vegetables . These are allusions to the paradise after death . Rules and etiquette ( edit ) Mosques , in accordance with Islamic practices , institute a number of rules intended to keep Muslims focused on worshiping God . While there are several rules , such as those regarding not allowing shoes in the prayer hall , that are universal , there are many other rules that are dealt with and enforced in a variety of ways from mosque to mosque . Prayer leader ( edit ) The prayer room inside the Taipei Grand Mosque in Taiwan Appointment of a prayer leader is considered desirable , but not always obligatory . The permanent prayer leader ( imam ) must be a free honest individual and is authoritative in religious matters . In mosques constructed and maintained by the government , the prayer leader is appointed by the ruler ; in private mosques , however , appointment is made by members of the congregation through majority voting . According to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence , the individual who built the mosque has a stronger claim to the title of imam , but this view is not shared by the other schools . Leadership at prayer falls into three categories , depending on the type of prayer : five daily prayers , Friday prayer , or optional prayers . According to the Hanafi and Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence , appointment of a prayer leader for Friday service is mandatory because otherwise the prayer is invalid . The Shafi'i and Hanbali schools , however , argue that the appointment is not necessary and the prayer is valid as long as it is performed in a congregation . A slave may lead a Friday prayer , but Muslim authorities disagree over whether the job can be done by a minor . An imam appointed to lead Friday prayers may also lead at the five daily prayers ; Muslim scholars agree to the leader appointed for five daily services may lead the Friday service as well . All Muslim authorities hold the consensus opinion that only men may lead prayer for men . Nevertheless , women prayer leaders are allowed to lead prayer in front of all - female congregations . Cleanliness ( edit ) See also : Ritual purity in Islam Storage for shoes All mosques have rules regarding cleanliness , as it is an essential part of the worshippers ' experience . Muslims before prayer are required to cleanse themselves in an ablution process known as wudu . However , even to those who enter the prayer hall of a mosque without the intention of praying , there are still rules that apply . Shoes must not be worn inside the carpeted prayer hall . Some mosques will also extend that rule to include other parts of the facility even if those other locations are not devoted to prayer . Congregants and visitors to mosques are supposed to be clean themselves . It is also undesirable to come to the mosque after eating something that smells , such as garlic . Dress ( edit ) Islam requires that its adherents wear clothes that portray modesty . Men are supposed to come to the mosque wearing loose and clean clothes that do not reveal the shape of the body . Likewise , it is recommended that women at a mosque wear loose clothing that covers to the wrists and ankles , and cover their heads with a Ḥijāb ( Arabic : حِـجَـاب ‎ ) , or other covering . Many Muslims , regardless of their ethnic background , wear Middle Eastern clothing associated with Arabic Islam to special occasions and prayers at mosques . Tippu Mosque , Mysore Concentration ( edit ) As mosques are places of worship , those within the mosque are required to remain respectful to those in prayer . Loud talking within the mosque , as well as discussion of topics deemed disrespectful , is forbidden in areas where people are praying . In addition , it is disrespectful to walk in front of or otherwise disturb Muslims in prayer . The walls within the mosque have few items , except for possibly Islamic calligraphy , so Muslims in prayer are not distracted . Muslims are also discouraged from wearing clothing with distracting images and symbols so as not to divert the attention of those standing behind them during prayer . In many mosques , even the carpeted prayer area has no designs , its plainness helping worshippers to focus . Gender separation ( edit ) Further information : Gender segregation and Islam A women - only mosque in Byblos , Lebanon There is nothing written in the Qurʼan about the issue of space in mosques and gender separation . However , traditional rules have segregated women and men . By traditional rules , women are most often told to occupy the rows behind the men . In part , this was a practical matter as the traditional posture for prayer -- kneeling on the floor , head to the ground -- made mixed - gender prayer uncomfortably revealing for many women and distracting for some men . Traditionalists try to argue that Muhammad preferred women to pray at home rather than at a mosque , and they cite a ḥadīth ( Arabic : حَـدِيـث ‎ ) in which Muhammad supposedly said : `` The best mosques for women are the inner parts of their houses , '' although women were active participants in the mosque started by Muhammad . Muhammad told Muslims not to forbid women from entering mosques . They are allowed to go in . The second Sunni caliph ʻ Umar at one time prohibited women from attending mosques especially at night because he feared they may be sexually harassed or assaulted by men , so he required them to pray at home . Sometimes a special part of the mosque was railed off for women ; for example , the governor of Mecca in 870 had ropes tied between the columns to make a separate place for women . Many mosques today will put the women behind a barrier or partition or in another room . Mosques in South and Southeast Asia put men and women in separate rooms , as the divisions were built into them centuries ago . In nearly two - thirds of American mosques , women pray behind partitions or in separate areas , not in the main prayer hall ; some mosques do not admit women at all due to the lack of space and the fact that some prayers , such as the Friday Jumuʻah , are mandatory for men but optional for women . Although there are sections exclusively for women and children , the Grand Mosque in Mecca is desegregated . Non-Muslims in mosques ( edit ) Barack Obama and Michelle Obama at the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta , the Indonesian island of Java Under most interpretations of sharia , non-Muslims are permitted to enter mosques provided that they respect the place and the people inside it . A dissenting opinion and minority view is presented by followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence , who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances . The Quran addresses the subject of non-Muslims , and particularly polytheists , in mosques in two verses in its ninth chapter , Sura At - Tawba . The seventeenth verse of the chapter prohibits those who join gods with Allah -- polytheists -- from entering mosques : It is not for such as join gods with Allah , to visit or maintain the mosques of Allah while they witness against their own souls to infidelity . The works of such bear no fruit : In Fire shall they dwell . -- Quran , Sura 9 ( At - Tawba ) , Ayah 17 The twenty - eighth verse of the same chapter is more specific as it only considers polytheists in the Sacred Mosque , the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca : O ye who believe ! Truly the Pagans are unclean ; so let them not , after this year of theirs , approach the Sacred Mosque . And if ye fear poverty , soon will Allah enrich you , if He wills , out of His bounty , for Allah is All - knowing , All-wise . -- Quran , Sura 9 ( At - Tawba ) , ayah 28 According to Ahmad ibn Hanbal , these verses were followed to the letter at the times of Muhammad , when Jews and Christians , considered monotheists , were still allowed to the Masjid al - Haram . However , the Umayyad caliph Umar II later forbade non-Muslims from entering mosques , and his ruling remains in practice in present - day Saudi Arabia . Today , the decision on whether non-Muslims should be allowed to enter mosques varies . With few exceptions , mosques in the Arabian Peninsula as well as Morocco do not allow entry to non-Muslims . For example , the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca is one of only two mosques in Morocco currently open to non-Muslims . President George W. Bush inside the Islamic Center of Washington , D.C. However , there are also many other places in the West as well as the Islamic world where non-Muslims are welcome to enter mosques . Most mosques in the United States , for example , report receiving non-Muslim visitors every month . Many mosques throughout the United States welcome non-Muslims as a sign of openness to the rest of the community as well as to encourage conversions to Islam . In modern - day Saudi Arabia , the Grand Mosque and all of Mecca are open only to Muslims . Likewise , the Al - Masjid al - Nabawi and the city of Medina that surrounds it are also off - limits to those who do not practice Islam . For mosques in other areas , it has most commonly been taken that non-Muslims may only enter mosques if granted permission to do so by Muslims and if they have a legitimate reason . All entrants regardless of religious affiliation are expected to respect the rules and decorum for mosques . The Badshahi Mosque ( Royal Mosque ) in Lahore , Pakistan , built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb , is open to non-Muslim tourists In modern Turkey , non-Muslim tourists are allowed to enter any mosque , but there are some strict rules . Visiting a mosque is allowed only between prayers ; visitors are required to wear long trousers and not to wear shoes , women must cover their heads ; visitors are not allowed to interrupt praying Muslims , especially by taking photos of them ; no loud talk is allowed ; and no references to other religions are allowed ( no crosses on necklaces , no cross gestures , etc . ) Similar rules apply to mosques in Malaysia , where larger mosques that are also tourist attractions ( such as the Masjid Negara ) provide robes and headscarves for visitors who are deemed inappropriately attired . In certain times and places , non-Muslims were expected to behave a certain way in the vicinity of a mosque : in some Moroccan cities , Jews were required to remove their shoes when passing by a mosque ; in 18th - century Egypt , Jews and Christians had to dismount before several mosques in veneration of their sanctity . Mariam Al - Batool Mosque is the only Mosque in Malta and is open to everyone but during Friday prayers women are segregated to nearby rooms of the Islamic Center The association of the mosque with education remained one of its main characteristics throughout history , and the school became an indispensable appendage to the mosque . From the earliest days of Islam , the mosque was the center of the Muslim community , a place for prayer , meditation , religious instruction , political discussion , and a school . Anywhere Islam took hold , mosques were established ; and basic religious and educational instruction began . See also ( edit ) Salah Holiest sites in Islam Imam khatib ( Sunni Islam ) Imamah ( Shi'a doctrine ) Lists of mosques Loudspeakers in mosques Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia . The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008 , but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory . The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013 , as part of the Brussels Agreement . Kosovo has received formal recognition as an independent state from 113 out of 193 United Nations member states . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2016 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was only conducted in the southern five provinces . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2013 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Sample was taken from entire population of Yemen , which is approximately 99 % Muslim . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2015 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2016 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2008 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2015 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2008 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2013 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Sample was taken from entire population of Libya , which is approximately 97 % Muslim . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2016 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2008 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2008 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2017 , not 2009 -- 2012 . Jump up ^ Survey was conducted in 2017 , not 2009 -- 2012 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fiqh of Masjid & Musalla '' . Qa.sunnipath.com. 2005 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ McLoughlin , S. 2005 . `` Mosques and the Public Space : Conflict and Cooperation in Bradford . '' Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 ( 6 ) : 1045 -- 1066 . Jump up ^ For the word 's origin from French and probable origin from Italian moscheta , see `` mosque , n . '' . OED Online . December 2011 . Oxford University Press . ( 1 ) . For the derivation of moscheta from Arabic sajada see `` mesquita , n . '' . OED Online . December 2011 . Oxford University Press . ( 2 ) . For the probable origin of `` sajada '' from Aramaic , and the meanings of sajada and masjid in Arabic , see `` masjid , n . '' . OED Online . December 2011 . Oxford University Press . ( 3 ) . For the inclusion of Spanish mesquita , possible derivation from Nabataean masg dhā́ , and the Aramaic s ghēdh , see Klein , E. , A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language ( Elsevier Publishing , 1966 ) , p. 1007 . Jump up ^ Kuban 1974 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` 55 . Prophets - Sahih Al - Bukhari - 585 '' . www.searchtruth.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Dumper & Stanley 2007 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Tajuddin 1998 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Reid , Richard J. ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa '' . A History of Modern Africa : 1800 to the Present . John Wiley and Sons . p. 106 . ISBN 0470658983 . 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Symmetries of Nature : A Handbook for Philosophy of Nature and Science . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 012990 - 8 . the dome arching over the believers like the spherical dome of the sky Jump up ^ Asher , Catherine B. ( September 24 , 1992 ) . `` Aurangzeb and the Islamization of the Mughal style '' . Architecture of Mughal India . Cambridge University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26728 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mosque FAQ '' . The University of Tulsa . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2010 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective . Cengage Learning . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57355 - 5 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2010 ) . Gardner 's Art Through the Ages : The Western Perspective . Cengage Learning . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 57355 - 5 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierman , Irene A. ( December 16 , 1998 ) . Writing Signs : Fatimid Public Text . University of California Press . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20802 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Terms 1 : Mosque '' . University of Tokyo Institute of Oriental Culture . Retrieved April 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ERZEN , JALE NEJDET . `` Reading Mosques : Meaning and Architecture in Islam . '' The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 69 , no . 1 ( 2011 ) : 129 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/42635843 . Jump up ^ ERZEN , JALE NEJDET . `` Reading Mosques : Meaning and Architecture in Islam . '' The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 69 , no . 1 ( 2011 ) : 126 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/42635843 . ^ Jump up to : Abu al - Hasankok Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib , Al - Mawardi ( 2000 ) . The Ordinances of Government ( Al - Ahkam al - Sultaniyya w'al - Wilayat al - Diniyya ) . Lebanon : Garnet Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85964 - 140 - 8 . Jump up ^ Karin van Nieuwkerk , `` Women Embracing Islam '' . University of Texas Press . 2006 . p. 63 . ISBN 9780292773769 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 16 . The Description of the Prayer '' . SunniPath Library . SunniPath . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Connecting Cultures , Inc . `` Building Cultural Competency : Understanding Islam , Muslims , and Arab Culture '' . Connecting Cultures , Inc. : 15 . Archived from the original ( Doc ) on July 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ John Renard ( 1996 ) , Seven Doors to Islam : Spirituality and the Religious Life of Muslims . University of California Press . p. 47 Jump up ^ Doi , Abdur Rahman I. `` Women in Society '' . Compendium of Muslim Texts . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved April 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rezk , Rawya ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Muslim Women Seek More Equitable Role in Mosques '' . The Columbia Journalist . Retrieved April 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 17 Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 28 Jump up ^ `` Morocco travel '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Takim , Liyakatali ( July 2004 ) . `` From Conversion to Conversation : Interfaith Dialogue in Post 9 -- 11 America '' ( PDF ) . The Muslim World . 94 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 355 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 1913.2004. 00058. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 18 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Liyakatali Takim is a professor at McMaster University Jump up ^ `` Laptop link - up : A day at the mosque '' . BBC . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Goring , Rosemary ( May 1 , 1997 ) . Dictionary of Beliefs & Religions . Wordsworth Editions . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 354 - 5 . Jump up ^ Turner , Peter ; Taylor , Chris ; Finlay , Hugh ( 1996 ) . Malaysia , Singapore & Brunei ( 6 ed . ) . Hawthorn , Vic. : Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86442 - 393 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman ( 1979 ) . The Jews of Arab Lands : A History and Source Book . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 0116 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bat Ye'or ( 2002 ) . Islam and Dhimmitude . Where Civilizations Collide . Madison / Teaneck , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press / Associated University Presses . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3943 - 6 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , M. 1990 . The Role of the Mosque in Islam . New Delhi : International Islamic Publishers . Bibliography ( edit ) Ahmed , Akbar S. ( 2002 ) . Discovering Islam : Making Sense of Muslim History and Society . Abingdon , Eng. : Psychology Press . ISBN 9780415285254 . Asher , Catherine B. ( 1992 ) . Architecture of Mughal India . The New Cambridge History of India . Cambridge , Eng. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521267281 . Bearman , P.J. ; Bianquis , Th. ; Bosworth , C.E. ; van Donzel , E. ; Heinrichs , W.P. ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Bellows , Keith , ed. ( 2008 ) . Sacred Places of a Lifetime : 500 of the World 's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Books . ISBN 9781426203367 . Bloom , Jonathan M. ; Blair , Sheila , eds. ( 2009 ) . The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture . Oxford , Eng. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195309911 . Budge , E.A. Wallis ( 2001 ) . Budge 's Egypt : A Classic 19th - Century Travel Guide . Toronto : Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486149530 . Chiu , Y.C. An Introduction to the History of Project Management : From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 , Part 1900 . Delft , the Netherlands : Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. ISBN 9789059724372 . Cosman , Madeleine Pelner ; Jones , Linda Gale ( 2008 ) . Handbook to Life in the Medieval World . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9781438109077 . Cowen , Jill S. ( July -- August 1985 ) . `` Muslims in China '' . Saudi Aramco World . 36 ( 4 ) . Dumper , Michael ; Stanley , Bruce E. , eds. ( 2007 ) . Cities of the Middle East and North Africa : A Historical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 919 - 5 . Elleh , Nnamdi ( 2002 ) . Architecture and Power in Africa . Westport , Ct. : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275976798 . Essa , Ahmed ; Ali , Othman ( 2010 ) . Title Studies in Islamic Civilization : The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance . Herndon , Va. : The International Institute of Islamic Thought . ISBN 9781565643505 . Flood , Finbarr Barry ( 2001 ) . The Great Mosque of Damascus : Studies on the Makings of an Ummayyad Visual Culture . Islamic History and Civilization . Leiden , the Netherlands : BRILL . ISBN 9789004116382 . Goldschmidt , Jr. , Arthur ; Davidson , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Kuban , Doğan ( 1974 ) . The Mosque and Its Early Development . Iconography of Religions : Islam . Leiden , the Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ISBN 9789004038134 . Kuban , Doğan ( 1985 ) . Muslim Religious Architecture : Development of Religious Architecture in Later Periods . Iconography of Religions : Islam . Leiden , the Netherlands : E.J. Brill . ISBN 9789004070844 . Netton , Ian Richard ( 1996 ) . Seek Knowledge : Thought and Travel in the House of Islam ( annotated ed . ) . Abingdon , Eng. : Psychology Press . ISBN 9780700703401 . Nielsen , Jørgen Schøler ; Akgönül , Samim ; Alibašić , Ahmet ; Goddard , Hugh ; Maréchal , Brigitte , eds. ( 2011 ) . Yearbook of Muslims in Europe . 3 . Leiden , the Netherlands : BRILL . ISBN 9789004205161 . Nimer , Mohamed ( 2002 ) . The North American Muslim Resource Guide : Muslim Community Life in the United States and Canada . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 9780415937283 . Ruggles , D. Fairchild ( 2002 ) . Gardens , Landscape , and Vision in the Palaces of Islamic Spain . University Park , Penn. : Penn State Press . ISBN 9780271042725 . Tajuddin , Mohamed ( 1998 ) . The Mosque as a Community Development Centre : Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines for Contemporary Muslim Societies . Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit UTM . ISBN 9789835201318 . Further reading ( edit ) Yahya Abdullahi ; Mohamed Rashid Bin Embi ( 2013 ) . Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns . Frontiers of Architectural Research : Elsevier . Abdullahi , Y. ; Embi , M.R. B ( 2015 ) . Evolution Of Abstract Vegetal Ornaments On Islamic Architecture . International Journal of Architectural Research : Archnet - IJAR . Arberry , A.J. ( 1996 ) . The Koran Interpreted : A Translation ( 1st ed . ) . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82507 - 6 . Campanini , Massimo , Mosque , in Muhammad in History , Thought , and Culture : An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God ( 2 vols . ) , Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker , Santa Barbara , ABC - CLIO , 2014 . ISBN 1610691776 Hawting , Gerald R. ( 2000 ) . The First Dynasty of Islam : The Umayyard Caliphate AD 661 -- 750 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24072 - 7 . Kahera , Akel ( 2008 ) . Deconstructing the American Mosque : Space , Gender and Aesthetics . Austin TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 74344 - 0 . Khan , Muhammad Muhsin ; Al - Hilali Khan ; Muhammad Taqi - ud - Din ( 1999 ) . Noble Quran ( 1st ed . ) . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 9960 - 740 - 79 - 9 . Kramer ( ed . ) , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Jewish Discovery of Islam : Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis . Syracuse University . ISBN 978 - 965 - 224 - 040 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kuban , Doğan ( 1974 ) . Muslim Religious Architecture . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 03813 - 4 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1993 ) . Islam in History : Ideas , People , and Events in the Middle East . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9217 - 4 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509061 - 1 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1996 ) . Cultures in Conflict : Christians , Muslims , and Jews in the Age of Discovery . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510283 - 3 . Mubarkpuri , Saifur - Rahman ( 2002 ) . The Sealed Nectar : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 071 - 0 . Najeebabadi , Akbar Shah ( 2001 ) . History of Islam . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 034 - 5 . Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices ( New ed . ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21627 - 4 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 1979 ) . Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 70281 - 0 . Walker , Benjamin ( 1998 ) . Foundations of Islam : The Making of a World Faith . Peter Owen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1038 - 3 . Stachowski , Marek . Slawische Bezeichnungen für Moschee unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Polnischen , Schlesischen , Tschechischen und Slowakischen . ‒ Janyšková I. / Karlíková H. / Boček V. ( ed . ) : Etymological research into Czech ( = Studia Etymologica Brunensia 22 ) , Brno 2017 : 361 - 369 . External links ( edit ) Texts on Wikisource : `` Mosque '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . Spiers , R. Phené ( 1911 ) . `` Mosque '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . `` Mosque '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Images of mosques from throughout the world , from the Aga Khan Documentation Center at MIT People and things in the Quran hide Characters Non-humans Allāh ( `` The God '' ) Names of Allah found in the Quran , such as Karīm ( Generous ) Beings in Paradise Ghilmān or Wildān Ḥūr Animals Related The baqarah ( cow ) of Israelites The dhi'b ( wolf ) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph The fīl ( elephant ) of the Abyssinians ) Ḥimār ( Domesticated donkey ) The hud - hud ( hoopoe ) of Solomon The kalb ( dog ) of the sleepers of the cave The nūn ( fish or whale ) of Jonah The nāqat ( she - camel ) of Saleh Non-related Ḥimār ( Wild ass ) Qaswarah ( `` Lion '' , `` beast of prey '' or `` hunter '' ) Angels Angels of Hell Mālik Zabāniyah Angel of the Trumpet ( Isrāfīl or Raphael ) Jibrīl ( Gabriel ) Mīkāl ( Michael ) ' Izrā'īl Malakul - Mawt ( Azrael , Angel of Death ) Riḍwān Munkar Nakir Harut and Marut Kirāman Kātibīn ( Honourable Scribes ) Raqib Atid Jinn ' Ifrīt ( `` Strong one '' ) Jann Mārid ( `` Rebellious one '' ) Iblīs the Shayṭān ( Devil ) Other Shayāṭīn ( Demons ) Qarīn Prophets Mentioned Ādam ( Adam ) Al - Yasa ' ( Elisha ) Ayyūb ( Job ) Dāwūd ( David ) Dhūl - Kifl ( Ezekiel ? ) Hārūn ( Aaron ) Hūd ( Eber ? ) Idrīs ( Enoch ? ) Ilyās ( Elijah ) ' Imrān ( Joachim the father of Maryam ) Isḥāq ( Isaac ) Ismā'īl ( Ishmael ) Dhabih Ullah Isma'il Ṣādiq al - Wa 'd ( Fulfiller of the Promise ) Lūṭ ( Lot ) Ṣāliḥ Shu'ayb ( Jethro , Reuel or Hobab ? ) Sulaymān ibn Dāwūd ( Solomon son of David ) ' Uzair ( Ezra ? ) Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyā ( John the Baptist the son of Zechariah ) Ya'qūb ( Jacob ) Isrā'īl ( Israel ) Yūnus ( Jonah ) Dhūn - Nūn ( `` He of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' or `` Owner of the Fish ( or Whale ) '' ) Ṣāḥib al - Ḥūt ( `` Companion of the Whale '' ) Yūsuf ibn Ya'qūb ( Joseph son of Jacob ) Zakariyyā ( Zechariah ) Ulu - l - ' Azm Muḥammad Aḥmad Other names and titles of Muhammad ʿĪsā ( Jesus ) Al - Masīḥ ( The Messiah ) Ibn Maryam ( Son of Mary ) Mūsā Kalīmullāh ( Moses He who spoke to God ) Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh ( Abraham Friend of God ) Nūḥ ( Noah ) Debatable ones Dhūl - Qarnain ( Cyrus the Great ? ) Luqmān Maryam ( Mary ) Ṭālūt ( Saul or Gideon ? ) Implied Irmiyā ( Jeremiah ) Ṣamū'īl ( Samuel ) Yūsha ' ibn Nūn ( Joshua , companion and successor of Moses ) People of Prophets Evil ones Āzar ( possibly Terah ) Fir'awn ( Pharaoh of Moses ' time ) Hāmān Jālūt ( Goliath ) Qārūn ( Korah , cousin of Moses ) As - Sāmirī Abī Lahab Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Good ones Adam 's immediate relatives Martyred son Wife Believer of Ya - Sin Family of Noah Father Lamech Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos Luqman 's son People of Aaron and Moses Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Imra'at Fir'awn ( Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim or Bithiah ) Khidr Magicians of the Pharaoh Moses ' wife Moses ' sister - in - law Mother Sister People of Abraham Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo Ishmael 's mother Isaac 's mother People of Jesus Disciples ( including Peter ) Mary 's mother Zechariah 's wife People of Joseph Brothers ( including Binyāmin ( Benjamin ) and Simeon ) Egyptians ' Azīz ( Potiphar , Qatafir or Qittin ) Malik ( King Ar - Rayyān ibn Al - Walīd ) ) Wife of ' Azīz ( Zulaykhah ) Mother People of Solomon Mother Queen of Sheba Vizier Zayd Implied or not specified Abrahah Bal'am / Balaam Barsisa Caleb or Kaleb the companion of Joshua Luqman 's son Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Rahmah the wife of Ayyub Shaddad Groups Mentioned Aṣḥāb al - Jannah People of Paradise People of the Burnt Garden Aṣḥāb as - Sabt ( Companions of the Sabbath ) Christian apostles Ḥawāriyyūn ( Disciples of Jesus ) Companions of Noah 's Ark Aṣḥāb al - Kahf war - Raqīm ( Companions of the Cave and Al - Raqaim ? Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of a township in Surah Ya - Sin People of Yathrib or Medina Qawm Lūṭ ( People of Sodom and Gomorrah ) Nation of Noah Tribes , ethnicities or families A'rāb ( Arabs or Bedouins ) ʿĀd ( people of Hud ) Companions of the Rass Qawm Tubba ' ( People of Tubba ) People of Saba ' or Sheba Quraysh Thamūd ( people of Saleh ) Aṣḥāb al - Ḥijr ( `` Companions of the Stoneland '' ) ' Ajam Ar - Rūm ( literally `` The Romans '' ) Banī Isrā'īl ( Children of Israel ) Mu'tafikāt ( The overthrown cities of Sodom and Gomorrah ) People of Ibrahim People of Ilyas People of Nuh People of Shuaib Ahl Madyan People of Madyan ) Aṣḥāb al - Aykah ( `` Companions of the Wood '' ) Qawm Yūnus ( People of Jonah ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Ahl al - Bayt ( `` People of the Household '' ) Household of Abraham Brothers of Yūsuf Daughters of Abraham 's nephew Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Progeny of Imran Household of Moses Household of Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul - Muttalib ibn Hashim Daughters of Muhammad Wives of Muhammad Household of Salih People of Fir'aun Current Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Aṣḥāb Muḥammad ( Companions of Muhammad ) Muhajirun ( Emigrants ) Anṣār Muslims of Medina who helped Muhammad and his Meccan followers , literally ' Helpers ' ) People of Mecca Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ( son of Adam ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Ya'jūj wa Ma'jūj ( Gog and Magog ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Implicitly mentioned Amalek Ahl as - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Aus & Khazraj People of Quba Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Kāfirūn ( Infidels ) Zoroastrians Munāfiq ūn ( Hypocrites ) Muslims People of the Book ( Ahl al - Kitāb ) Naṣārā ( Christian ( s ) or People of the Injil ) Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Yahūd ( Jews ) Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Rabbani / Rabbi Sabians Polytheists Meccan polytheists at the time of Muhammad Mesopotamian polytheists at the time of Abraham and Lot Locations Mentioned Al - Arḍ Al - Muqaddasah ( `` The Holy Land '' ) ' Blessed ' Land In the Arabian Peninsula ( excluding Madyan ) Al - Aḥqāf ( `` The Sandy Plains , '' or `` the Wind - curved Sand - hills '' ) Iram dhāt al - ' Imād ( Iram of the Pillars ) Al - Madīnah ( formerly Yathrib ) ' Arafāt Al - Ḥijr ( Hegra ) Badr Ḥunayn Makkah ( Mecca ) Bakkah Ḥaraman Āminan ( `` Sanctuary ( which is ) Secure '' ) Ka'bah ( Kaaba ) Maqām Ibrāhīm ( Station of Abraham ) Safa and Marwah Saba ' ( Sheba ) ' Arim Saba ' ( Dam of Sheba ) Rass Al - Jannah ( Paradise , literally `` The Garden '' ) Jahannam ( Hell ) In Mesopotamia : Al - Jūdiyy Munzalanm - Mubārakan ( `` Place - of - Landing Blessed '' ) Bābil ( Babylon ) Qaryat Yūnus ( `` Township of Jonah , '' that is Nineveh ) Door of Hittah Madyan ( Midian ) Majma ' al - Baḥrayn Miṣr ( Mainland Egypt ) Salsabīl ( A river in Paradise ) Sinai Region or Tīh Desert Al - Wād Al - Muqaddas Ṭuwan ( The Holy Valley of Tuwa ) Al - Wādil - Ayman ( The valley on the ' righthand ' side of the Valley of Tuwa and Mount Sinai ) Mount Sinai or Mount Tabor Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Miḥrāb Monastery Masjid ( Mosque , literally `` Place of Prostration '' ) Al - Mash'ar Al - Ḥarām ( `` The Sacred Grove '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Aqṣā ( Al - Aqsa Mosque , literally `` The Farthest Place - of - Prostration '' ) Al - Masjid Al - Ḥarām ( The Sacred Mosque of Mecca ) Masjid al - Dirar A Mosque in the area of Medina , possibly : Masjid Qubā ' ( Quba Mosque ) The Prophet 's Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Implied Antioch Antakya Arabia Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas & ' Ariha Bilād ar - Rāfidayn ( Mesopotamia ) Canaan Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār an - Nadwa Al - Ḥijāz ( literally `` The Barrier '' ) Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) & Al - Hijr of Isma'il Cave of Hira & Ghar al - Thawr ( Cave of the Bull ) Ta'if Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Nile River Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Plant matter Baṣal ( Onion ) Fūm ( Garlic or wheat ) Shaṭ ' ( Shoot ) Sūq ( Plant stem ) Zar ' ( Seed ) Fruits ' Adas ( Lentil ) Baql ( Herb ) Ḥabb dhul - ' aṣf ( Corn of the husk ) Qith - thā ' ( Cucumber ) Rummān ( Pomegranate ) Tīn ( Fig ) Ukul khamṭ ( Bitter fruit or food of Sheba ) Zaytūn ( Olive ) In Paradise Forbidden fruit of Adam Bushes , trees or plants Plants of Sheba Athl ( Tamarisk ) Sidr ( Lote - tree ) Līnah ( Tender Palm tree ) Nakhl ( Date palm ) Rayḥān ( Scented plant ) Sidrat al - Muntahā Zaqqūm Islamic holy books Al - Injīl ( The Gospel of Jesus ) Al - Qur'ān ( The Book of Muhammad ) Ṣuḥuf - i Ibrāhīm ( Scroll ( s ) of Abraham ) At - Tawrāt ( The Torah ) Ṣuḥuf - i - Mūsā ( Scroll ( s ) of Moses ) Tablets of Stone Az - Zabūr ( The Psalms of David ) Umm al - Kitāb ( `` Mother of the Book ( s ) '' ) Objects of people or beings Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tābūt as - Sakīnah ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) ' Ansāb Idols of Israelites : Baal The ' ijl ( golden calf statue ) of Israelites Idols of Noah 's people : Nasr Suwā ' Wadd Yaghūth Ya'ūq Idols of Quraysh : Al - Lāt Al - ' Uzzá Manāt Jibt and Ṭāghūt Celestial bodies Maṣābīḥ ( literally ' lamps ' ) : Al - Qamar ( The Moon ) Kawākib ( Planets ) Al - Arḍ ( The Earth ) Nujūm ( Stars ) Ash - Shams ( The Sun ) Liquids Mā ' ( Water or fluid ) Nahr ( River ) Yamm ( River or sea ) Sharāb ( Drink ) Events , incidents , occasions or times Incident of Ifk Laylat al - Qadr Mubahalah Sayl al - ' Arim ( Flood of the Great Dam of Marib in Sheba ) The Farewell Pilgrimage Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Battles or military expeditions Battle of al - Aḥzāb ( `` the Confederates '' ) Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Days Al - Jumu'ah ( The Friday ) As - Sabt ( The Sabbath or Saturday ) Days of battles Days of Hajj Doomsday Months of the Islamic calendar Four holy months Ramaḍān Pilgrimages Al - Ḥajj ( literally `` The Pilgrimmage '' , the Greater Pilgrimage ) Al - ' Umrah ( The Lesser Pilgrimage ) Times for Prayer or Remembrance Times for Duʿāʾ ( ' Invocation ' ) , Ṣalāh and Dhikr ( ' Remembrance ' , including Taḥmīd ( ' Praising ' ) , Takbīr and Tasbīḥ ) : Al - ' Ashiyy ( The Afternoon or the Night ) Al - Ghuduww ( `` The Mornings '' ) Al - Bukrah ( `` The Morning '' ) Aṣ - Ṣabāḥ ( `` The Morning '' ) Al - Layl ( `` The Night '' ) Al - ' Ishā ' ( `` The Late - Night '' ) Aẓ - Ẓuhr ( `` The Noon '' ) Dulūk ash - Shams ( `` Decline of the Sun '' ) Al - Masā ' ( `` The Evening '' ) Qabl al - Ghurūb ( `` Before the Setting ( of the Sun ) '' ) Al - Aṣīl ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Al - Aṣr ( `` The Afternoon '' ) Qabl ṭulū ' ash - Shams ( `` Before the rising of the Sun '' ) Al - Fajr ( `` The Dawn '' ) Implied Event of Ghadir Khumm Laylat al - Mabit The first pilgrimage Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Islam topics Outline of Islam Beliefs God in Islam Tawhid Muhammad In Islam Prophets of Islam Angels Revelation Predestination Judgement Day Five Pillars Shahada Salah Sawm Zakat Hajj History Leaders Timeline of Islamic history Early conquests Golden Age Historiography Sahaba Ahl al - Bayt Shi'a Imams Caliphates Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Córdoba Fatimid Almohad Sokoto Ottoman Religious texts Quran Sunnah Hadith Tafsir Seerah Denominations Sunni Shia Ibadi Nation of Islam Ahmadiyya Quranism Non-denominational Life Culture Animals Art Calendar Children Clothing Holidays Mosques Madrasas Moral teachings Music Philosophy Political aspects Qurbani Science medieval Social welfare Women LGBT Islam by country Law Jurisprudence Economics Banking Economic history Sukuk Takaful Murabaha Riba Hygiene Ghusl Miswak Najis Tayammum Toilet Wudu Marriage Sex Marriage contract Mahr Mahram Masturbation Nikah Nikah mut'ah Zina Other aspects Cleanliness Criminal Dhabiĥa Dhimmi Divorce Diet Ethics Etiquette Gambling Gender segregation Honorifics Hudud Inheritance Jizya Leadership Ma malakat aymanukum Military POWs Slavery Sources of law Theological baligh kalam Islamic studies Arts Arabesque Architecture Calligraphy Carpets Gardens Geometric patterns Music Pottery Medieval science Alchemy and chemistry Astronomy Cosmology Geography and cartography Mathematics Medicine Ophthalmology Physics Philosophy Early Contemporary Eschatology Theological Other areas Astrology Creationism ( evolution ) Feminism Inventions Liberalism and progressivism Literature poetry Psychology Shu'ubiyya Conversion to mosques Other religions Christianity Mormonism Protestantism Hinduism Jainism Judaism Sikhism Related topics Apostasy Criticism of Islam Muhammad Quran Cultural Muslim Islamism Criticism Post-Islamism Qutbism Salafi movement Islamophobia Incidents Islamic terrorism Islamic view of miracles Domestic violence Nursing Persecution of Muslims Quran and miracles Symbolism Islam portal Islamic architecture categories Arabic architecture Berber architecture Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mughal architecture Ottoman architecture styles Abbasid Anatolia Beyliks Ayyubid Bengali Chinese Fatimid Indo - Islamic Indonesian / Malaysian Mamluk Modern Moorish Moroccan Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Persian ( Khorasani , Razi , Azeri , Isfahani , Vernacular ) Seljuk Somali Sudano - Sahelian Tatar Timurid Umayyad Yemenite elements structural Ablaq Chahartaq Chhajja Hasht - Bihisht Hypostyle Iwan Jharokha Kucheh Liwan Mashrabiya Moroccan riad Qadad Riwaq Sahn Semi-dome Shabestan Squinch Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Windcatcher Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem arch styles Discharging arch Four - centred arch Horseshoe arch Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch roof styles Dome ( Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome ) Guldasta Tajug religious objects Bedug Dikka Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Müezzin mahfili Qibla Zarih decorations Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Jali Mocárabe Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Shabaka Socarrat Yeseria Zellige rooms Andaruni Harem Qa'a Zenana garden Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal gardens Ottoman gardens Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool outdoor objects Chhatri Eidgah Howz Shading Umbrellas Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan types religious Dargah Gongbei Jama Masjid Jama'at Khana Khanqah Külliye Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Surau Tekyeh Türbe Zawiya civilian Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al - 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when did england last reach world cup semi	Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27	2018	England at the FIFA World Cup	england at the fifa world cup	The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War .	The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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does the tesla model s have a gas engine	The 2012 Tesla Model S Performance model has a three - phase , four - pole AC induction 416 hp ( 310 kW ) and 443 ft ⋅ lb ( 601 N ⋅ m ) rear - mounted electric motor with copper rotor . The base model uses a 362 hp ( 270 kW ) and 325 ft ⋅ lb ( 441 N ⋅ m ) motor .		Tesla Model S	tesla model s		This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( June 2017 ) Tesla Model S Overview Manufacturer Tesla , Inc . Also called Code name : WhiteStar Production 2012 -- present Model years 2012 -- present Assembly United States : Fremont , California ( Tesla Factory ) Europe : Tilburg , Netherlands ( all parts ) Designer Franz von Holzhausen Body and chassis Class Full - size / Mid-size luxury / Executive car ( E ) / Grand tourer ( S ) Body style 5 - door liftback Layout Rear - motor , rear - wheel drive Dual - motor all - wheel drive ( D models ) Related Tesla Model X Tesla Model 3 Powertrain Electric motor Front and rear motor combined output up to 779 bhp ( 581 kW ) , 920 lb ⋅ ft ( 1,250 N ⋅ m ) , 3 - phase AC induction motor Transmission 1 - speed fixed gear ( 9.73 : 1 ) Battery 75 , or 100 kWh lithium ion 60 , 70 , 85 , 90 kWh discontinued Electric range 75 kWh ( 270 MJ ) 249 -- 259 mi ( 401 -- 417 km ) ( EPA ) 85 kWh ( 310 MJ ) 253 -- 272 mi ( 407 -- 438 km ) ( EPA ) 310 mi ( 500 km ) ( NEDC ) 90 kWh ( 320 MJ ) 270 -- 294 mi ( 435 -- 473 km ) ( EPA ) 100 kWh ( 360 MJ ) 315 -- 335 mi ( 507 -- 539 km ) ( EPA ) Plug - in charging Onboard charger 3φ 400 V 16 A ( Type 2 ) ; 1φ 85 -- 300 V 48 A ( new front fascia variant ) Optional charger : 20 kW from 1φ 277 V 72 A Dual charger : 21.1 kW from 1φ 264 V 80 A and 22 kW from 3φ 400 V 32 A ; 19.2 kW from 2φ 240 V 80 A ( old front fascia variant ) ; 16.5 kW from 3φ 400 V 24 A ( new front fascia variant ) Offboard charger Supercharger at 120 kW DC Wheelbase 117 in ( 2,960 mm ) Length 195.9 in ( 4,980 mm ) Width 77.3 in ( 1,964 mm ) Height 56.5 in ( 1,440 mm ) Curb weight 4,323 lb ( 1,961 kg ) ( 40 ) 4,323 lb ( 1,961 kg ) ( 60 ) 4,608 lb ( 2,090 kg ) ( 60D ) 4,410 lb ( 2,000 kg ) ( 70 ) 4,608 lb ( 2,090 kg ) ( 70D ) 4,410 lb ( 2,000 kg ) ( 75 ) 4,608 lb ( 2,090 kg ) ( 75D ) 4,647 lb ( 2,108 kg ) ( 85 ) 4,656 lb ( 2,112 kg ) ( P85 ) 4,731 lb ( 2,146 kg ) ( P85+ ) 4,824 lb ( 2,188 kg ) ( 85D ) 4,936 lb ( 2,239 kg ) ( P85D ) 4,850 lb ( 2,200 kg ) ( 90D ) 4,960 lb ( 2,250 kg ) ( P90D ) 4,850 lb ( 2,200 kg ) ( 100D ) 4,960 lb ( 2,250 kg ) ( P100D ) The Tesla Model S is a full - sized / mid-size luxury all - electric five - door liftback car , produced by Tesla , Inc. , and introduced on June 22 , 2012 . The EPA official range for the 2017 Model S 100D , which is equipped with a 100 kWh ( 360 MJ ) battery pack , is 335 miles ( 539 km ) , higher than any other electric car . The December 2017 Consumer Reports owner satisfaction survey has the Tesla Model S at the top . The EPA rated the 2017 90D Model S 's energy consumption at 3.096 miles per kWh ( 200.9 watt - hours per kilometer or 32.33 kWh / 100 mi or 20.09 kWh / 100 km ) for a combined fuel economy of 104 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( 2.26 L / 100 km or 125 mpg ) . In 2016 , Tesla updated the design of the Model S to closely match that of the Model X . As of October 2017 , the following versions are available : 75D , 100D and P100D . In 2013 , the Model S became the first electric car to top the monthly new car sales ranking in any country , twice leading in Norway , in September and December 2013 and also in Denmark in December 2015 . Global Model S sales passed the 200,000 unit milestone early in the fourth quarter of 2017 . The U.S. is its leading market , with about 119,000 units delivered through December 2017 . The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug - in electric car worldwide in 2015 and 2016 , and by the end of 2017 continued to rank as the second most - sold electric car in history after the Nissan Leaf . Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Design 3.1 Powertrain 3.2 Dual - motor all - wheel - drive versions 3.3 Battery 3.4 Practicality and livability 3.5 Specifications 3.6 Energy consumption 3.7 Battery placement 3.8 Charger 3.8. 1 North America 3.8. 2 Europe / Asia - Pacific 3.9 Suspension 3.10 Autopilot 3.10. 1 Fatal accident 3.11 Instrument panel 3.12 Options 3.13 Vehicle warranty and maintenance 4 Environmental impact 5 Charging 5.1 Home charging 5.2 Destination charging 5.3 Tesla Superchargers 5.4 Battery swapping 6 Editions 7 Sales and markets 7.1 Global 7.2 Sales by country 7.2. 1 Asia / Pacific 7.2. 1.1 Australia 7.2. 1.2 China 7.2. 1.3 Hong Kong 7.2. 2 Europe 7.2. 2.1 Czech Republic 7.2. 2.2 Denmark 7.2. 2.3 Germany 7.2. 2.4 Netherlands 7.2. 2.5 Norway 7.2. 2.6 Switzerland 7.2. 2.7 United Kingdom 7.2. 3 North America 7.2. 3.1 Canada 7.2. 3.2 Mexico 7.2. 3.3 United States 8 Safety 8.1 Safety features 8.2 First crash with battery fire 8.3 Subsequent fires 8.4 NHTSA safest car 8.5 Recalls 9 Recognition 9.1 Awards 9.2 Distance records 10 Controversies 10.1 Range limitation 10.2 Production delay 10.3 Power dissipation when not in use 10.4 Consumer Reports ' recommendation 10.5 Power discrepancy 10.6 Autonomy limitations 10.7 Power consumption 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Tesla Model S prototype at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show The Model S was styled by Franz von Holzhausen , who previously worked for Mazda North American Operations . The car was codenamed WhiteStar during research and preliminary development . It was officially announced in a press release on June 30 , 2008 . The prototype vehicle was displayed at a press conference on March 26 , 2009 . Exclusive premier of their Model S electric car was held at their Menlo Park store on April 8 , 2009 . In February 2008 it was reported that Tesla , Inc. ( then Tesla Motors ) was planning to offer a range - extended version of its Model S . This version would have included a gasoline engine to extend the driving range of the vehicle , but it was removed in later revisions . At the GoingGreen conference in September 2008 Tesla 's CEO , Elon Musk , announced that Tesla was developing only electric cars . Construction of an assembly factory in Albuquerque , New Mexico ( a central location for shipping ) was supposed to begin in April 2007 , but was cancelled . A factory to be built in San Jose , California was also announced . In May 2010 Tesla announced it would produce the Model S at the former NUMMI assembly plant in Fremont , California , now known as the Tesla Factory . This third plan was implemented . First production Model S , with owner and Tesla Board member Steve Jurvetson The Tesla Model S was the 2013 World Green Car of the Year , 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year , Automobile magazine 's 2013 Car of the Year , Time Magazine 's Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 , and Consumer Reports ' top - scoring car in road testing . In 2015 , Car and Driver named the Model S the Car of the Century . After not recommending the Model S in 2015 due to poor reliability , one year later , Consumer Reports added the car to its recommended list . Pre-facelift Tesla Model S Facelifted Tesla Model S Front view Pre-facelift Tesla Model S Facelifted Tesla Model S Rear view Tesla said that after three years ( by June 2015 ) , Model S cars traveled over 1 billion miles ( 1.6 billion km ) , the first plug - in electric car to reach that total . In 2014 the Volt total was 629 million all - electric miles ( 1 billion km ) out of a total of 1 billion miles traveled , while Nissan said the Leaf had accumulated 625 million total miles . Tesla said 68 % of Model S travel was in North America , 25 % in Europe and 7 % in Asia - Pacific . Global Model S sales passed the 100,000 units in 2015 , and the 150,000 mark in November 2016 . The 200,000 milestone was achieved by early in the fourth quarter of 2017 . In 2016 , the `` Electric GT World Series '' was promoted in preparation for a 2017 racing season using the P85+ as a race car on certain traditional tracks . The first season is planned to have 20 cars in 10 teams . In April 2016 , Tesla made minor changes in the Model S . The front fascia has a similar design as the Model X , adding adaptive LED headlights . A HEPA cabin air filtration system was added . The standard charger increased from 40 to 48 amps , speeding charging at higher - amperage outlets . Two ash wood interior options were added . In May 2018 Tesla released source code for the Model S on a github.com repository as part of their software license compliance process in collaboration with the Software Freedom Conservancy . Production ( edit ) Main article : Tesla Factory § Tesla Model S manufacturing process Model S manufacturing at the Tesla Factory Tesla manufactures the Model S at the 5,400,000 square feet ( 500,000 m ) Tesla Factory in Fremont , California . For the European market , Tesla assembles and distributes from its European Distribution Center in Tilburg , the Netherlands . Cars are built and tested in Fremont , California . The battery pack , the electric motor and parts are disassembled and shipped separately to Tilburg , where the cars are reassembled . The center occupies a 203,000 sq ft ( 18,900 m ) industrial building that also serves as a workshop and spare parts warehouse . Tesla expects the Model S to `` pay back '' the energy that went into producing the car in fewer than 10,000 miles ( 16,000 km ) . The first ten customers received their cars at the Fremont factory on June 22 , 2012 at the official launch . Production grew from 15 -- 20 cars completed per week in August 2012 to about 1,000 cars per week in 2015 . In October 2015 , Tesla announced the company is negotiating with the Chinese government on producing its electric cars domestically . Local production has the potential to reduce the sales prices of Tesla models by a third . Agreement for a production facility with capacity for up to 500,000 vehicles was formally announced in July 2018 . Design ( edit ) Model S chassis with powertrain and battery pack The Model S exists in several versions , differing in energy capacity ( battery size ) , power ( motor size ) , and equipment . It is classified as a full - size luxury car in the US , or as a `` Large Car '' ( 120 cu ft or more ) or `` Luxury Sedan '' by the EPA . The Euro Car Segment classification is S - segment ( sports car ) , or `` Oberklasse '' ( F - segment ) in Germany . Powertrain ( edit ) Model S P85+ using regenerative braking power in excess of 60 kW . During regenerative braking , the power indicator is green . The 2012 Tesla Model S Performance model has a three - phase , four - pole AC induction 416 hp ( 310 kW ) and 443 ft ⋅ lb ( 601 N ⋅ m ) rear - mounted electric motor with copper rotor . The base model uses a 362 hp ( 270 kW ) and 325 ft ⋅ lb ( 441 N ⋅ m ) motor . The company claimed a drag coefficient of Cd = 0.24 , lower than any other production car when released . Independent measurement by Car And Driver in May 2014 bore out Tesla 's claim by exactly confirming a drag coefficient of Cd = 0.24 . The rear axle has a traditional open differential . Models with dual motors also have an open differential on the front axles as well . The front and rear axles have no mechanical linkage -- with dual motors , the power distribution among them is controlled electronically . The Model S P90D has a top speed of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) and it can accelerate from 0 to 60 miles per hour ( 0 to 97 km / h ) in 2.8 seconds , despite the lower total motor power , in part due to the improved traction of the all - wheel drive powertrain . The Model S P85D , a dual - motor all - wheel - drive vehicle has a governed top speed of 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) and it accelerates from 0 to 60 miles per hour ( 0 to 97 km / h ) in 3.2 seconds ( tested to 3.1 seconds ) , under `` Insane Mode '' , with 1 g of acceleration . New P85Ds have an optional `` Ludicrous Mode '' hardware package available with the 90 kWh battery upgrade ( thus becoming a P90D ) that improves the 0 to 60 miles per hour ( 0 to 97 km / h ) acceleration to 2.8 seconds and 1.1 g . Tesla initially reported the total output in the P85D as the arithmetic addition of the maximum power of the individual electric motors at 691 hp ( 515 kW ) but later reported it as 463 hp ( 345 kW ) because the two motors do not give their maximum power at the same time . As of March 2017 , the P100D variant holds the record for the fastest acceleration of any production vehicle with a NHRA rolling start to 60 mph in Motor Trend tests with 2.28 seconds ( 0 to 100 km / h in 2.36 seconds ) in ludicrous mode , although other independent tests have placed it behind the Porsche 918 Spyder . Due to overheating issues , Tesla limits the amount of times that a driver is able to use ludicrous mode within a certain amount of time , as driving the car in that mode may shorten the battery 's lifespan and can cause damage to the car . According to Motor Trend , selecting the `` Yes , bring it on ! '' option for maximum acceleration `` initiates a process of battery and motor conditioning , wherein the battery temperature is raised slightly and the motors are cooled using the air - conditioning system . It usually takes just a few minutes , longer in extreme ambient temperatures or after repeated runs . You should expect to wait a minimum of 10 minutes in - between runs . '' The powertrain provides regenerative braking power of more than 60 kW , which both reduces energy consumption and improves brake lifetime . Owners reported many powertrain issues from 2012 , improving significantly over the years . In July 2015 , Tesla announced its goal to make the Model S powertrain last for one million miles . By 2017 , in the Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey , Tesla 's position on the list had moved up four spots ; the predicted reliability rating for Model S reached `` above average '' for the first time . Dual - motor all - wheel - drive versions ( edit ) On October 9 , 2014 , Tesla announced the introduction of All - Wheel Drive ( AWD ) versions of the Model S 's 60 , 85 , and P85 models , designated by a D at the end of the model number . On April 8 , 2015 , Tesla introduced the Model S 70D as its new entry - level car , with all - wheel drive and an improved range of 240 miles ( 385 km ) ; an 5 kWh battery improvement could be purchased with a software unlock . The 70D replaced the 60 and 60D in the Model S lineup , with the latter two models no longer being available for purchase . The P85 option was also dropped . In the 85D , the rear drive unit is replaced by a smaller one to save on cost and weight , while a second motor of similar size is added to the front wheels . This results in an AWD car with comparable power and acceleration to the Rear Wheel Drive ( RWD ) version . Additionally , Tesla said the 85D has a 2 % ( 5 - mile ) range increase and 11 % increase in top speed over the 85 . In the P85D , the high - power rear drive unit is retained , while a new front drive motor boosts the total power by about 50 % . This results in a significant increase in acceleration and top speed . Deliveries of the P85D started in December 2014 , with the 85D models starting in February 2015 , and the 70D models starting in April 2015 . On June 9 , 2016 , Tesla reintroduced the 60 and 60D , which has a 75 kWh battery , software locked to 60 kWh and there is an option to purchase an unlock for the 75 kWh capacity . The early 2016 refresh also offers the `` Bioweapon Defense Mode '' air filter first offered on the Model X . On August 23 , 2016 , Tesla introduced the Model S P100D with ludicrous mode as its new top - level car , with all - wheel drive and an improved EPA estimated range of 315 mi ( 507 km ) . This version of the Model S is notable for being the first electric vehicle to have an EPA estimated range greater than 300 miles ( 485 km ) and for being the fastest accelerating vehicle currently in production , with a 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) time of 2.5 seconds , when optioned with ludicrous mode . On April 16 , 2017 , Tesla removed the model 60 and 60D options , since most customers pick the larger 75 - kwh battery option . This made the Model S 75 the entry - level Model S . Battery ( edit ) Tesla Model S battery is made of several thousand cylindrical cells ( 18650 ) In 2012 , the EPA range for the 60 kWh battery pack model was 208 mi ( 335 km ) and the 85 kWh battery was 265 miles ( 426 km ) . According to Musk , the Model S has a battery with twice the energy density of that on the Nissan Leaf , but the difference in range is more than double . This is also due to other factors such as drag coefficient , weight , motor efficiency and rolling resistance . Musk stated that driving at 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) , under normal conditions , gives a reasonable range of 250 miles ( 400 km ) . The energy - saving sleep state powers off the display and other vehicle electronics , after the car goes to sleep . This increases the time it takes the touchscreen and instrument panel to become usable . This mode can decrease the loss of the car 's range when not being used to 2.3 mi ( 3.7 km ) per day , as of 2013 . The 85 kWh battery pack weighs 1,200 lb ( 540 kg ) and contains 7,104 lithium - ion battery cells in 16 modules wired in series ( 14 in the flat section and two stacked on the front ) . Each module contains 6 groups of 74 cells wired in parallel ; the 6 groups are then wired in series within the module . As of June 2012 , the battery pack used modified Panasonic cells with nickel - cobalt - aluminum cathodes . Each cell was of the 18650 form factor ( i.e. , an 18 mm diameter , 65 mm height cylinder ) , similar to the Panasonic NCR18650B cell that has an energy density of 265 Wh / kg . Analysts estimate battery cost to be around 21 -- 22 % of the car cost . Lithium - ion batteries operate best at certain temperatures . The Model S motor , controller and battery temperatures are controlled by a liquid cooling / heating circuit . Waste heat from the motor heats the battery in cold conditions , and battery performance is reduced until a suitable battery temperature is reached . The battery is guaranteed for eight years or 125,000 miles ( 200,000 km in metric countries ) for the base model with the 60 kWh battery pack . The 85 kWh battery pack is guaranteed for eight years and unlimited miles . A poll among drivers indicate that accumulated battery loss steadies around 5 % after 30,000 miles ( 50,000 km ) , decreasing further about 1 % per additional 30,000 miles ( 50,000 km ) . Unlike Nissan , Tesla does not specify a limit for battery loss , but some early battery packs have been replaced . A separate battery replacement guarantee takes effect after the eighth year for the 60 kWh and 85 kWh batteries . In 2013 , Tesla canceled a 40 kWh version of the car due to lack of demand , saying that only 4 % of pre-orders were for the 40 kWh battery option . Customers who ordered this option instead received the 60 kWh pack , with charge software - limited to 40 kWh ( 139 miles , 224 km ) . It has the improved acceleration and top speed of the bigger pack and can be upgraded to use the full 60 kWh . On April 8 , 2015 , Tesla discontinued the Model S 60 , and replaced the base model with the Model S 70 . In 2015 , Tesla introduced a 70 kWh battery to replace the existing 60 kWh batteries and base 60 kWh Model S vehicles , as the 60 was low margin and not sufficiently welcomed by customers . All 70 kWh cars can be had with rear - wheel drive or all wheel drive . The 60 was re-introduced in 2016 as a software - limited 75 , upgradable to 75 . In July 2015 , Tesla introduced its 70 , 90 , 90D and P90D variants along with a `` ludicrous mode '' for the performance model . The P90D combines a front axle power of 259 horsepower ( 193 kW ) and rear axle power of 503 horsepower ( 375 kW ) for a 0 -- 60 mph time of 2.8 seconds . The acceleration of the P90D can reach 1.1 g , described by Tesla as `` faster than falling '' . Model S front trunk , which Tesla calls the frunk Tesla described its July 2015 introduction of the 90 kWh battery as a `` range upgrade '' of the 85 kWh battery and explained that the 6 % energy increase was due to `` improved cell chemistry '' and the introduction of silicon into the cell 's graphite anode . Tesla additionally announced its expectation of an annual improvement in battery capacity of about 5 % . Tesla also explained that apart from the P90D the Model S has its main battery conductor protected by a fuse rated for 1,300 A and that this rating is somewhat conservative given the uncertainty of the exact conditions under which a fuse melts . To reduce this uncertainty Tesla has for the P90D introduced Inconel battery contactors and an electronically controlled pyro - activated fuse , which monitors the current at the millisecond level , cuts the power with `` extreme precision and certainty '' and has a rating of 1,500 A . In February 2016 , the 85 kWh battery option was discontinued in countries including the US , Australia and Canada . In March 2016 , media reported that a firmware version distributed for the Tesla Model S had support for a P100D variant that was yet to come . This battery is more complicated to make than the 90 version . The P100D was released in August 2016 . In April 2017 , Tesla ceased offering the 60 kWh software limited battery option . The lowest capacity option became the 75 kWh , and at the same time Tesla significantly reduced the software upgrade options for facelifted 60 and 70 models to be upgraded over-the - air to 75 ( and rebadged at their next visit to a Tesla service centre ) . Practicality and livability ( edit ) The Model S is notable for being designed solely with an electric powertrain in mind , unlike other vehicles where the manufacturer has simply swapped out or supplanted an internal combustion engine with an electric motor . As a result , the Model S is able to offer unique features such as a front trunk ( a ' frunk ' ) in addition to a spacious rear trunk ( with a total cargo volume of 31.56 cu ft ( 894 L ) ) and a greatly enlarged front crumple zone compared to the typical combustion engine powered vehicle . To enhance livability , Tesla has developed a network of fast - charging ' Supercharger ' stations that allow the driver to quickly and easily top - up the charge on their Model S. A Supercharger takes about 20 minutes to charge to 50 % , 40 minutes to charge to 80 % , and 75 minutes to 100 % on the original 85 kWh Model S. Supercharger networks have rapidly expanded in Europe , across the United States , and in other countries where there is significant demand , and as of September 2016 , the network has been established in most American states , thus making cross-country and long distance trips in an electric vehicle feasible and greatly alleviating fears of range anxiety . Researchers from the University of California , Davis conducted a study to identify the factors influencing the decision to adopt high - end battery electric vehicles ( BEV ) , such as the Tesla Model S , as these vehicles are remarkably different from mainstream BEVs . The 2016 study found that `` environmental , performance , and technological motivations are reasons for adoption ; the new technology brings a new segment of buyers into the market ; and financial purchase incentives are not important in the consumer 's decision to adopt a high - end BEV . '' Specifications ( edit ) Model S features ( past and current ) 40 kWh 60 kWh 70 kWh 75 kWh 85 kWh 90 kWh 100 kWh RWD RWD ( 60 ) AWD ( 60D ) RWD ( 70 ) AWD ( 70D ) RWD ( 75 ) AWD ( 75D ) RWD ( 85 ) AWD ( 85D ) RWD Perf . ( P85 ) RWD Perf . Plus ( P85+ ) AWD Perf . ( P85D ) Ludicrous ( P85D ) AWD ( 90D ) AWD Perf . ( P90D ) Ludicrous ( P90D ) Ludicrous ( P100D ) AWD ( 100D ) Range EPA : 139 mi 224 km EPA : 210 mi 340 km NEDC : 375 km 233 mi EPA : 218 mi 351 km EPA : 230 mi 370 km NEDC : 420 km 260 mi EPA : 240 mi 390 km NEDC : 442 km 275 mi EPA : 249 mi 401 km NEDC : 480 km 300 mi EPA : 259 mi 417 km NEDC : 490 km 300 mi EPA : 265 mi 426 km NEDC : 502 km 312 mi EPA : 270 mi 430 km NEDC : 528 km 328 mi EPA : 265 mi 426 km NEDC : 502 km 312 mi EPA : 265 mi 426 km EPA : 253 mi 407 km NEDC : 480 km 300 mi EPA : 253 mi 407 km NEDC : 480 km 300 mi EPA : 294 mi 473 km NEDC : 528 km 328 mi EPA : 270 mi 430 km NEDC : 509 km 316 mi EPA : 270 mi 430 km NEDC : 509 km 316 mi EPA : 315 mi 507 km NEDC : 613 km 381 mi EPA : 335 mi 539 km NEDC : 632 km 393 mi Max . power , motor 382 hp 285 kW 382 hp 285 kW 518 hp 386 kW 382 hp 285 kW 518 hp 386 kW 382 hp 285 kW 518 hp 386 kW 382 hp 285 kW 518 hp 386 kW 470 hp 350 kW 470 hp 350 kW 762 hp 568 kW 762 hp 568 kW 518 hp 386 kW 762 hp 568 kW 762 hp 568 kW 762 hp 568 kW Unknown Max . power , battery 235 hp 175 kW 302 hp 225 kW 315 hp 235 kW 329 hp 245 kW 373 hp 278 kW 417 hp 311 kW 470 hp 350 kW 470 hp 350 kW 463 hp 345 kW 532 hp 397 kW 417 hp 311 kW 463 hp 345 kW 532 hp 397 kW 605 hp 451 kW 417 hp 311 kW Max . torque 317 lb ⋅ ft 430 N ⋅ m 317 lb ⋅ ft 430 N ⋅ m 325 lb ⋅ ft 441 N ⋅ m 387 lb ⋅ ft 525 N ⋅ m 325 lb ⋅ ft 441 N ⋅ m 486 lb ⋅ ft 659 N ⋅ m 325 lb ⋅ ft 441 N ⋅ m 485 lb ⋅ ft 658 N ⋅ m 443 lb ⋅ ft 601 N ⋅ m 443 lb ⋅ ft 601 N ⋅ m 687 lb ⋅ ft 931 N ⋅ m 687 lb ⋅ ft 931 N ⋅ m 485 lb ⋅ ft 658 N ⋅ m 687 lb ⋅ ft 931 N ⋅ m 687 lb ⋅ ft 931 N ⋅ m 687 lb ⋅ ft 931 N ⋅ m 487 lb ⋅ ft 660 N ⋅ m 0 -- 60 mph ( seconds ) 6.5 5.5 5.2 5.5 5.2 4.3 4.2 5.4 3.75 4.2 4.2 3.1 2.8 3.75 3.1 2.8 2.275 3.6 0 -- 100 km / h 5.8 5.4 4.5 4.4 5.4 4.0 4.4 4.4 3.3 3.0 4.0 3.3 3.0 2.4 3.8 Top speed 110 mph 180 km / h 130 mph 210 km / h 130 mph 210 km / h 140 mph 230 km / h 140 mph 230 km / h 140 mph 230 km / h 140 mph 230 km / h 140 mph 230 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 130 mph 210 km / h 130 mph 210 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h 155 mph 249 km / h Supercharging No Optional Included for all cars , ordered by January 15 , 2017 . Ordered after January 15 , 2017 : 400 kWh / yr ( approx . 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) ) free Availability 2012 -- April 2013 2012 -- April 2015 ; June 2016 -- April 2017 June 2016 -- April 2017 April 2015 -- May 2016 April 2015 -- May 2016 May 2016 -- September 2017 May 2016 -- present 2012 -- February 2016 November 2014 -- February 2016 2012 -- November 2014 2012 -- November 2014 November 2014 -- February 2016 August 2015 -- February 2016 August 2015 -- June 2017 August 2015 -- November 2016 August 2015 -- August 2016 August 2016 -- present January 2017 -- present Jump up ^ Original stated 40 kWh model specifications . Range limited 60 kWh versions actually delivered . ^ Jump up to : Only available for Dual - Motor Performance models with optional Ludicrous Mode upgrade , which requires 90 kWh battery for new cars ( P90D ) . Only available until January 2016 for P85D already in ownership . ^ Jump up to : Total motor power specification , battery power limited to less . Jump up ^ Tesla subtracts `` one foot rollout '' from acceleration times . Jump up ^ After purchase , a Supercharging upgrade was available Energy consumption ( edit ) Under its five - cycle testing protocol , the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rated the 90 kWh Model S model with a combined fuel economy equivalent of 104 MPGe ( 2.26 L / 100 km or 125 mpg ) , with an equivalent 102 mpg ( 2.3 L / 100 km ; 122 mpg ) in city driving and 107 mpg ( 2.2 L / 100 km ; 129 mpg ) on highways . The following table shows the EPA 's official ratings for fuel economy in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPGe ) . 2012 -- 16 Tesla Model S fuel economy Model Model year Fuel economy ( MPGe ) Combined City Highway 60 kWh 2013 -- 15 95 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 94 ; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 97 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km AWD 60D 60 kWh 2016 104 ; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km 101 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 107 ; 31 kWh / 100 mi 19 kWh / 100 km AWD 70D 70 kWh 2015 101 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km 101 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km 102 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km AWD 75D 75 kWh 2016 103 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 102 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 105 ; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km 85 kWh 2012 -- 15 89 ; 38 kWh / 100 mi 24 kWh / 100 km 88 ; 38 kWh / 100 mi 24 kWh / 100 km 90 ; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km AWD 85 kWh 2014 89 ; 38 kWh / 100 mi 24 kWh / 100 km 86 ; 40 kWh / 100 mi 25 kWh / 100 km 94 ; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km AWD 85D 85 kWh 2015 100 ; 34 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 95 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 106 ; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km AWD 90D 90 kWh 2015 100 ; 34 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 95 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 106 ; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km AWD 90D 90 kWh 2016 103 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 101 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 107 ; 32 kWh / 100 mi 20 kWh / 100 km AWD P85D 85 kWh 2015 93 ; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 89 ; 38 kWh / 100 mi 24 kWh / 100 km 98 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km AWD P90D 90 kWh 2015 93 ; 36 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 89 ; 38 kWh / 100 mi 24 kWh / 100 km 98 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km AWD P90D 90 kWh 2016 95 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 91 ; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km 100 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km AWD P100D 100 kWh 2016 98 ; 35 kWh / 100 mi 22 kWh / 100 km 92 ; 37 kWh / 100 mi 23 kWh / 100 km 105 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km AWD 100D 100 kWh 2017 102 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 101 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km 102 ; 33 kWh / 100 mi 21 kWh / 100 km Battery placement ( edit ) In contrast to most earlier battery electric vehicles including the Roadster , the battery pack of the Model S forms the floor of the vehicle between the axles , providing the vehicle with several advantages . Most notably , since the battery pack is the heaviest component of the vehicle , the Model S has a center of gravity height of only 18 inches ( 46 cm ) ( about the same as a Lotus Elise ) , helping it to achieve a lateral acceleration of 0.9 g and good protection against rollover . Secondly , the absence of a heavy engine between the front or rear axle allows the bulk of the mass to be centralized between the axles , lowering rotational inertia allowing it to turn more quickly for its weight . Thirdly , the placement of the battery pack increases the rigidity of the passenger compartment , improving the passive safety of the vehicle . Fourth , placing the battery pack under the vehicle makes it possible to remove or replace the entire unit in 90 seconds for maintenance . Charger ( edit ) Model S charge port located in front of the left tail light For comparison : Illuminated non-round Tesla 's own `` charge port '' on a US Model S Tesla Universal Mobile Connector ( UMC ) , NEMA 5 - 15 Adapter ( plugged in wall AC socket ) , NEMA 14 - 50 Adapter and SAE J1772 to Tesla TSL02 Charging Connector Adapter In all markets the charge port is located behind a door in the left taillight . During charging , the charge port pulses green . The frequency at which the charge port 's light pulses slows down as the charge level approaches full . When charging is complete , the light stops pulsing and is solid green . The Model S comes equipped with a different charger and connector in North American versus other markets , derived from differences in the local electric grid systems . North America ( edit ) The standard North American onboard charger accepts single phase 120 or 240 volt sources at a rate of up to 10 kW . Included adapters allow the car to charge from a standard 120 volt outlet , a 240 volt NEMA 14 - 50 outlet , a 208 volt leg to leg of a 208Y / 120V 3 - phase configuration , a 277 volt leg to neutral of a 480Y / 277V 3 - phase configuration and SAE J1772 public chargers . An optional upgrade for a second 10 kW onboard charger supports a total of up to 20 kW charging from an 80 amp available Tesla Wall Connector . The North American connector uses a proprietary Tesla design . Charging times vary depending on the battery pack 's state - of - charge , its overall capacity , the available voltage , and the available circuit breaker amperage . From a 120 volt / 15 amp household outlet , the range increases by 3.75 miles ( 6 km ) for every hour of charging . From a 10 kW , NEMA 14 -- 50 240 V / 50 A outlet ( like those used by RVs or standard cooking ranges ) , the charge rate is 28.75 miles ( 46 km ) per hour . Using Tesla 's 20 kW , 240 V High Power Wall Connector increases the rate to 57 miles ( 92 km ) per hour if the car is configured with dual chargers ( 20 kW ) . Europe / Asia - Pacific ( edit ) Type 2 compatible inlet implementing a three - phase AC charging and DC Supercharging on European Model S The standard European charger accepts single phase 230 V at up to 7.6 KW , three phase 230 V ( 400 V ) at up to 11 KW . The Type 2 connector on the car directly accepts `` Mennekes '' IEC 62196 charging from public stations at up to 400 V , and included adapters allow the car to charge from standard continental European outlets and IEC 60309 230 volt ( blue 3 - pin ) or 400 volt ( red 5 - pin ) outlets , depending on region . The addition of a second charger supports charging at up to 22 kW ( up to 16.5 kW with new charger for 3 phase 400 V 24 A on new front fascia Model S ) , providing up to 68 mi ( 110 km ) ( 50 mi ( 80 km ) on new front fascia Model S ) of range per hour of charge . Type 2 compatible outlet found on Tesla Superchargers in Europe , Middle East and Asia - Pacific Suspension ( edit ) The Model S has independent coil spring suspension on all four wheels -- front double wishbone , virtual steer axis control arm and rear independent multilink . As an extra-cost option , the car is available with self - leveling , height - adjustable air suspension . This is accomplished via adjustable Bilstein shock absorbers controlled by the driver . The car is meant to lower itself at highway speed and raise itself to traverse steep driveways and rough terrain , despite the low 6 inches ( 15 cm ) ground clearance and rather long 116 inches ( 290 cm ) wheelbase . Because , in the Tesla , electronic systems can be upgraded by `` over-the - air '' download , rather than recall , the suspension system has been changed retroactively on several occasions . During the 2013 ' fire investigation ' , NHTSA asked Tesla to disable the car 's ability to lower itself at speed on the theory that a ground clearance below 6 inches ( 15 cm ) might cause the batteries underneath the car to contact road debris . In September 2014 , Tesla upgraded the height adjustment feature for Model S cars equipped with air suspension to remember locations that require higher clearance such as those with potholes and steep driveways , and automatically adjusts to avoid them . Autopilot ( edit ) Main article : Tesla Autopilot See also : Autonomous car and Connected car Beginning in September 2014 , Model S vehicles come equipped with a camera ( supplied by Mobileye ) mounted at the top of the windshield , forward looking radar ( supplied by Bosch ) in the lower grille , and ultrasonic acoustic location sensors in the front and rear bumpers that provide a 360 - degree buffer zone around the car . This equipment allows Model S to detect road signs , lane markings , obstacles , and other vehicles . In addition to adaptive cruise control and lane departure warning , a `` Tech Package '' , together known as Autopilot , option enables semi-autonomous drive and parking capabilities . All Model S cars sold since October 2014 have the option to enable Autopilot , which allows limited hands - free driving . Autopilot - enabled cars receive software wirelessly , the same as other car software updates . According to Elon Musk , the Model S was designed to be a computer on wheels : `` We really designed the Model S to be a very sophisticated computer on wheels . Tesla is a software company as much as it is a hardware company . A huge part of what Tesla is , is a Silicon Valley software company . We view this the same as updating your phone or your laptop . '' Full autonomy is `` really a software limitation : The hardware exists to create full autonomy , so it 's really about developing advanced , narrow AI for the car to operate on . '' Fatal accident ( edit ) The first known fatal accident involving a Model S occurred when Autopilot was active in Williston , Florida on May 7 , 2016 . In June 2016 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) opened a formal investigation into the accident , working with the Florida Highway Patrol . According to the NHTSA , preliminary reports indicate the crash occurred when a tractor - trailer made a left turn in front of the Tesla at an intersection on a non-controlled access highway , and the car failed to apply the brakes . The NHTSA 's preliminary evaluation was opened to examine the design and performance of any automated driving systems in use at the time of the crash , which involves a population of an estimated 25,000 Model S cars . According to Tesla , `` neither autopilot nor the driver noticed the white side of the tractor - trailer against a brightly lit sky , so the brake was not applied . '' The car attempted to drive full speed under the trailer , `` with the bottom of the trailer impacting the windshield of the Model S . '' Tesla also stated that this was Tesla 's first known Autopilot - related death in over 130 million miles ( 208 million km ) driven by its customers while Autopilot was activated . According to Tesla there is a fatality every 94 million miles ( 150 million km ) among all type of vehicles in the U.S. In January 2017 , the NTSB report concluded Tesla was not at fault since the driver in the crash had seven seconds to see the truck and take action ; the investigation revealed that the Tesla car crash rate dropped by 40 percent after autopilot was installed . Instrument panel ( edit ) Production dashboard with 12.3 - inch ( 31 cm ) main dashboard digital display ( left ) and central 17 - inch ( 43 cm ) touchscreen control panel ( right ) The instrument panel is a 12.3 - inch ( 31 cm ) liquid - crystal display electronic instrument cluster that indicates speed , power usage , charge level , estimated range and active gear , as well as navigation directions ( driven by Garmin ) . The gear selector can be set to drive , neutral , reverse , and park . The infotainment control touchscreen is a 17 - inch ( 43 cm ) multi-touch panel divided into four areas . A top line displays status symbols and provides shortcuts to Charging , HomeLink , Driver Profiles , vehicle information ( software version and the vehicle identification number ) and Bluetooth . The second line provides access to several apps including Media , Nav ( driven by Google Maps , and thus is separate from the navigation on instrument panel ) , Energy , Web , Camera and Phone . The central main viewing area displays the ( two ) active apps , subdivided into upper and lower areas . ( Most apps can be expanded to take up the entire area ) . At the bottom is access to various controls and settings for the vehicle such as doors , locks and lights as well as temperature controls and a secondary volume control . The instrument cluster and the infotainment panel are driven by separate Nvidia Tegra 3 3D Visual Computing Modules . Tesla was the first company to ship this technology . The Tegra system on a chip ( SoC ) integrates eight specialized processors , including a multi-core ARM CPU , a GPU , and dedicated audio , video and image processors . Nvidia claimed that it consumes 2 % of the energy of a typical CPU . The navigation system uses GPS and a mix of Garmin and Google Maps route guidance . The map display on the 17 inches ( 43 cm ) screen requires a constant Internet connection , so navigation is limited in areas without mobile network coverage . The Nav on the instrument panel is loaded on the car and does not need Internet access to function . Update 6.2 features automatic navigation guidance to charging stations if range is insufficient . Enthusiasts have developed the Open Vehicle Monitoring System ( OVMS ) which allows the owner to remotely observe a variety of different vehicle operating parameters , such as battery state of charge , typically using a smartphone . Some switchgear used are Mercedes parts , such as window switches , cruise control lever , and drive selector . According to Elon Musk , the Model S runs on the open - source Linux operating system . In 2014 , Autoblog reported that Tesla Models S owners had determined via the car 's combined diagnostics and Ethernet port that a Ubuntu system controlling the central touchscreen is connected to the car 's internal Ethernet . The same users determined that another Ubuntu system controlling the dashboard / navigation screen also is connected to the internal network , together with a third computer of unknown type with an unknown function . Options ( edit ) The Model S has an optional folding third row with rear - facing seats for two children with a five - point harness All versions of the Model S have the same body and normally seat five passengers . A four passenger version with executive rear seats was an option briefly in 2015 in the United States ; other locations may still offer this option . An optional folding third row becomes a rear - facing two - place child seat with a five - point harness . Consumer Reports said that the 7 - passenger capacity afforded by this option is larger than any other electric vehicle , though not really the same as a full - size SUV that seats 7 adults . The two extra seats are only for children over 37 in ( 940 mm ) tall and weighing between 35 to 77 lb ( 16 to 35 kg ) , which the magazine described as `` a narrow size range . It 's too big for smaller kids , and larger ones wo n't fit under the sloping glass window . '' The seats fold away under the rear cargo area , which Consumer Reports said is a `` cumbersome and awkward '' operation , though for the third row seats are `` useful for occasional extra passengers when your kids bring friends along '' , provided the driver had planned ahead and left the cargo area empty . Though the rear - seat option includes a stronger rear bumper , the magazine also said that seating behind the rear axle on the Model S , like any third - row seat , is an additional risk in severe rear impacts , though these are relatively rare . Cargo space is available under the front hood , which Tesla calls the `` frunk '' . In October 2014 , the upgraded Model S P85D , D for dual , was introduced . The upgraded version has two electric motors , one driving the rear wheels as in prior versions , and one driving the front wheels . The dual motor version will be available also for the basic 85 kWh versions . The rear wheel drive version of the P85 was removed , and the dual motor option is not available for the 60 kWh version . The 2015 model year update introduced electromechanical brakes . In 2016 , the 85 kWh and later 90 kWh battery was discontinued from all markets . A glass roof with no horizontal roof bar between the B - pillars was introduced in late 2016 . Before adding an all - glass roof option for the Model S , possible roof options were : body colored roof , a black painted roof , or the panoramic sunroof . Vehicle warranty and maintenance ( edit ) The Model S is covered by a 4 - year , 50,000 mi ( 80,000 km ) limited warranty , that includes all standard equipment , the transmission and the complete powertrain ( excluding tires ) . The warranty can be extended an additional 4 years or 50,000 miles ( 80,000 km ) beyond the original terms . Warranty coverage includes a complementary loaner car -- a Performance 85 or Tesla Roadster -- when service is required . In April 2013 , Tesla announced that a previously mandatory annual vehicle inspection and maintenance fee would be made optional , and would not be required to maintain warranty coverage . If chosen , the fee covers a complete inspection , tire alignment , new brake pads , hardware upgrades and miscellaneous other maintenance items as needed . The battery and drive unit are covered for eight years or 125,000 miles ( 200,000 km in metric countries ) for the 60 kWh base model , or eight years and unlimited distance for all 70 and 85 kWh models . The unconditional battery warranty covers everything except deliberate damage , even including user error . However , loss of battery capacity over time or usage is not covered under warranty . Environmental impact ( edit ) Tesla 's lithium - ion batteries contain small amounts of nickel and cobalt , the extraction and refining of which has been identified by the EPA as having a high potential for environmental impact due to the toxicity of the refining processes . Tesla claims to recycle all the battery packs that are returned to the company , and is optimistic that its Gigafactory 1 , once fully operational , will be capable of recycling a significant part of the elements from old batteries , approaching a `` closed loop '' in which old batteries are turned into new batteries . Tesla has worked with ToxCo / Kinsbursky in the US since 2008 and Umicore in Europe to recycle worn out RoHS batteries , which will be performed at the new factory . While ToxCo / Kinsbursky uses a hydro - metallurgical process to recover lithium from the battery , Umicore only recovers nickel and cobalt for reuse in new batteries and turns approximately 30 % of the battery , including the battery 's lithium , into slag that is sold to steel refiners and cement manufacturers . In February 2014 , the Automotive Science Group ( ASG ) published the result of a study conducted to assess the life - cycle of over 1,300 automobiles across nine categories sold in North America . The study ranked the Model S as the best environmental performer in the 2014 full - size cars category . Based on the assessment of life - cycle environmental footprint , the study concluded that the increased environmental impacts of manufacturing the vehicle are more than offset with increased environmental performance during operation . For the assessment , the study used the average electricity mix of the U.S. grid in 2014 . The Nissan Leaf had the smallest life - cycle environmental footprint of any model year 2014 automobile available in the North American market . The Automotive Service Group is an advertising - supported website and marketing consulting company founded by a Seattle couple in 2009 . In 2012 , a study by the Union of Concerned Scientists found that an electric vehicle in the United States with similar efficiency to the Model S is responsible for the production of the same amount of CO as a gasoline - powered car that gets 34 to 115 MPG , depending on the source of electricity in the region in which the car is being charged . The study estimated that nearly half of Americans lived in regions where an electric vehicle would result in less emissions than a 50 MPG hybrid vehicle . A 2015 study by Union of Concerned Scientists found that in the US regions where the Model S is popular , the 68 % higher manufacturing emissions are offset within a few years of average driving . During their lifecycle , EVs emit about half the amount of comparable fossil cars . The report assumes electric materials are recycled at a rate similar to other cars , but excludes the problem of battery disposal , `` because there are sparse data on how industry is currently recycling batteries or intends to do so in the future '' . Charging ( edit ) Home charging ( edit ) Tesla recommends that the primary method of charging be overnight charging at home , `` just like your mobile phone '' . Tesla Model S vehicles come with the Mobile Connector , which allows charging at up to 40 amps and includes adapters for connecting to a variety of electricity sources . In North America , adapters for 120 volt NEMA 5 - 15 and 240 volt NEMA 14 - 50 outlets , as well as an adapter for SAE J1772 charging stations , are included . In Europe , adapters for CEE red 3P + N + E , CEE blue 2P + E , CEE 7 , and BS 1363 are available ( inclusion varies by country ) , and an adapter cable for connecting to chargers with a Type 2 connector is also included . The Tesla Wall Connector is available for installation at a home or business , and it allows charging at up to 19.2 kW in North America and 22 kW in Europe ( although charging the vehicle at 11.5 kW requires the High Amperage Charger option on the vehicle ) . Destination charging ( edit ) The Tesla Destination charging network is a network of businesses that have installed Tesla Wall Connectors . These units are provided to the businesses by Tesla for free or at a heavily discounted price , although the business is responsible for the cost of electricity . As of April 2017 , over 5,000 businesses were participating in the program , and Tesla plans to increase that number to 15,000 by the end of 2017 . Not all destination chargers are available to the public , as some businesses limit them to customers or residents only . Tesla vehicles are also able to utilize public charging stations using the SAE J1772 , Type 2 , and CHAdeMO charging standards via adapters . SAE J1772 and Type 2 adapters are included in the appropriate regions , while the CHAdeMO adapter is available for purchase . Tesla Superchargers ( edit ) Tesla Model S charging at the Supercharger network station in Harris Ranch , California , United States Main article : Tesla Supercharger In 2012 , Tesla began building a network of 480 - volt charging stations , called Tesla Superchargers , to facilitate long - distance travel . As of June 2017 , 861 Supercharger stations , with 5,655 chargers , were operating worldwide , and Tesla planned to have 10,000 chargers installed by the end of 2017 . The Tesla network is usable only by Tesla vehicles , which are engineered for compatibility . The Supercharger is a proprietary DC rapid - charging station that provides up to 145 kW of power , giving 85 kWh vehicles an additional 180 mi ( 290 km ) of range in about 15 -- 30 minutes . Older 60 kWh models may have a reduced charge rate . Along the West Coast corridor , the Superchargers 's grid access is assisted by a solar carport system ( some including a battery of a few hundred kWh ) provided by SolarCity . All Tesla Supercharger stations were originally planned to be assisted by solar power . Supercharging hardware is a standard on all vehicles sold by Tesla except the original Roadster . In November 2013 , Tesla reported that 90 % of its customers had opted for supercharging capability . As of April 2016 , there are over 620 operating Superchargers around the world . Elon Musk said at the unveiling of the Model 3 that that number would be doubled by the end of 2017 . Tesla built 120 - kW Tesla supercharger stations to allow long distance travel in North America , Europe , Asia , and Australia . A Supercharger can add up to 125 miles ( 201 km ) of range in 20 minutes and a full charge in approximately one hour assuming a nearly empty 85 kWh battery . Supercharging hardware and usage is included in all Model S cars except the 60 kWh model , which had its supercharging disabled by software ; a customer had to pay an extra fee to enable supercharging . The first Supercharger corridor opened in October 2012 , with six stations placed along routes connecting San Francisco , Lake Tahoe , Los Angeles and Las Vegas . A second corridor opened in December 2012 connecting Washington , D.C. , New York City , and Boston ; it includes three stations located in highway rest areas in Delaware and Connecticut . The first Tesla Superchargers in Europe opened in Norway in August 2013 . Tesla next focused on Germany and the Netherlands , which were covered by mid-2014 . Switzerland , Belgium , Austria , Denmark and Luxembourg were covered by the end of 2014 . Stations are planned to be within 200 mi ( 320 km ) for about 90 % of the population in France , England , Wales and Sweden by the end of 2014 . Battery swapping ( edit ) Tesla designed the Model S to allow fast battery swapping , which also facilitates vehicle assembly . At a demonstration Tesla showed a battery swap operation taking around 90 seconds , about half the time it takes to refill an empty fuel tank . In June 2013 , Tesla announced plans to deploy Tesla stations , with facilities to support battery pack swaps , although by June 2015 Tesla said that it was unlikely that more battery swap stations would be added . Battery swapping was planned to be deployed along Interstate 5 in California between San Francisco to Los Angeles , followed by the Washington , D.C. to Boston corridor . Each swapping station costs US $500,000 and stocks about 50 batteries . Owners can pick up their original battery pack fully charged on the return trip , which is included in the swap fee . Panoramic view of Tesla Supercharger rapid charging station in Tejon Ranch , California Tesla 's only battery swap station is located at Harris Ranch near Selma , California , and was available for pilot testing in late December 2014 . As of 2015 , Tesla says they have hundreds of cars in the battery swap program , although few owners were interested in using the service . In June 2015 , Tesla said that it was unlikely that more battery swap stations would be added due to lack of demand for swapping . Editions ( edit ) The official car of the Chief Minister of Gibraltar , a Signature Model S bought in 2014 Tesla allocated the first 1,000 units to its Signature and Signature Performance limited edition configurations , equipped with the 85 kWh battery pack . Tesla does not make a convertible Model S . A custom Model S was designed for the Oceanic Preservation Society in collaboration with Obscura Digital , and was used to project images of endangered animals to help educate the public about the ongoing Holocene mass extinction , as featured in the 2015 documentary Racing Extinction . Sales and markets ( edit ) Global ( edit ) Model S first retail deliveries ceremony at the Tesla Factory in Fremont , California , held on June 22 , 2012 Tesla reported 520 reservations for the Model S during the first week they were available and by December 2012 , a total 15,000 net reservations ( after deliveries and cancellations ) had been received by year - end . The special edition Model S Signature model was sold out before deliveries began in June 2012 , and according to Tesla all models were sold out for that year shortly after . A car ordered in May 2012 would be delivered in early to mid-2013 . Initially Tesla expected to reach global sales of 35,000 units in 2014 , but in November 2014 reduced its sales target to 33,000 units due to a deficit in production of 2,000 units during the third quarter of 2014 . The company expected its annual production to increase by over 50 % in 2014 to 35,000 units , and another increase of 50 % in 2015 . Tesla set a target of between 50,000 and 52,000 deliveries for Model S and Model X cars in 2015 , and delivered 50,658 units . Tesla plans to deliver 80,000 to 90,000 new Model S and Model X vehicles in 2016 . 2012 U.S. deliveries began June 2012 . Deliveries of the 60 kWh model were rescheduled from November 2012 to January / February 2013 . A total of 2,650 cars were delivered in North America in 2012 . 2013 During the first six months of 2013 , 10,050 were delivered . The Model S was released in Europe in early August 2013 , and the first deliveries took place in Norway , Switzerland and the Netherlands , and by November 2013 , the Model S was on sale in 20 countries . Sales totaled about 22,477 units in North America and Europe , surpassing Tesla 's annual sales target of 21,500 units . Global cumulative sales passed the 25,000 unit milestone in December 2013 . By the end of 2013 , according to Elon Musk , Norway and Switzerland became the company 's largest per capita sales markets . Tesla Model S global sales by quarter Quarter Units sold 3Q 2012 250 4Q 2012 2,400 1Q 2013 4,900 2Q 2013 5,150 3Q 2013 5,500 4Q 2013 6,892 1Q 2014 6,457 2Q 2014 7,579 3Q 2014 7,785 4Q 2014 9,834 1Q 2015 10,045 2Q 2015 11,532 3Q 2015 11,597 4Q 2015 17,272 1Q 2016 12,420 2Q 2016 9,764 3Q 2016 16,047 4Q 2016 12,700 1Q 2017 13,450 2Q 2017 12,000 3Q 2017 14,065 4Q 2017 15,200 2014 Retail deliveries in China began in April 2014 . The right - hand - drive model was released in the UK in June 2014 , followed by Hong Kong in July 2014 and Japan in September 2014 . Deliveries in Australia began in December 2014 . Global cumulative sales of the Model S passed the 50,000 unit mark in October 2014 . A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide in 2014 , allowing the Model S to rank as the world 's second best selling plug - in electric vehicle after the Nissan Leaf that year . In 2014 about 55 % of Model S deliveries took place in North America , 30 % in Europe , and 15 % in the Asia - Pacific market . 2015 A total of 21,577 units were sold worldwide during the first half of 2015 , of which , 11,532 were delivered during the second quarter alone , up about 52 % over the same quarter the previous year . As of June 2015 , the Model S was sold in 30 countries . A total of 11,597 Model S cars were delivered during the third quarter , up about 49 % over the same quarter in 2014 . A total of 17,272 Model S were delivered during the fourth quarter , up 76 % over the same quarter the previous year , and setting a new record for the most cars delivered in a quarter . Global Model S sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in December 2015 , three years and a half after its introduction . A total of 50,446 Model S sedans were sold globally in 2015 , making the Model S the world 's best - selling plug - in electric car in 2015 , ahead of the Nissan Leaf ( about 43,000 units ) . As of December 2015 , a total of 107,228 Model S sedans had been sold worldwide since its introduction , ranking as the world 's second best selling plug - in car ever after the Nissan Leaf ( 200,000 ) . The United States continued as the largest market with 63,161 units sold . Norway listed as the Model S largest overseas market , with 10,062 new units registered , followed by China with 5,524 units registered through September 2015 , and the Netherlands with 4,382 units registered at the end of December 2015 . 2016 Model S global sales totaled 12,420 units during the first quarter of 2016 . Sales during the second quarter of 2016 were lower than anticipated by Tesla , with 9,764 Model S cars delivered worldwide during the quarter . Although production was up 20 % from the previous quarter , the number of vehicles in transit at the end of June 2016 was much higher than expected ( 5,150 including Model X cars ) , representing 35.8 % of the number of cars delivered in the quarter ( 14,402 vehicles including the Model X ) . Deliveries in the third quarter of 2016 totaled 16,047 units , for cumulative sales of 38,231 Model S cars during the first nine months of 2016 , allowing the Model S to rank as the world 's top selling plug - in car during this period , just ahead of the Nissan Leaf . Global Model S sales passed the 150,000 units in November 2016 , four years and five months after its introduction , with the largest share , 57 % , in the US . With an estimated 12,700 units delivered during the fourth quarter of 2016 , sales totaled about 50,931 units in 2016 , making the Model S the world 's top selling plug - in car for the second year running . The United States had about 29,156 units delivered , followed by China with 6,334 , surpassing Norway as the largest Model S overseas market . As of December 2016 , about 158,159 Model S cars have been sold worldwide since its introduction , making the Model S the world 's all - timeond best - selling plug - in electric car after the Nissan Leaf ( 250,000 ) , and ahead of the Volt / Ampera family of plug - in hybrids ( 134,500 ) . 2017 Tesla delivered its 200,000 th Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017 . About 54,715 Model S cars were sold globally in 2017 . Of these , an estimated 26,500 were delivered in the United States ( 48.4 % ) , its main market . After being the world 's top selling plug - in car for two consecutive years , the Model S ranked in 2017 as the world 's second best seller plug - in after the BAIC EC - Series city car , which sold over 78,000 units in China during 2017 . As of December 2017 , with global deliveries of about 212,874 units , the Tesla Model S continued to rank as the world 's all - time second best selling plug - in car after the Nissan Leaf ( 300,000 ) . Sales by country ( edit ) The following table shows sales by year for the top selling countries through December 2017 : Tesla Model S sales / registrations by top national markets ( June 2012 -- December 2017 ) Country Cumulative sales % of global sales 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 US ~ 118,817 55.8 % 26,500 29,156 25,202 16,689 ~ 18,650 ~ 2,620 Norway 15,825 7.4 % 3,712 2,051 4,039 4,040 1,983 N / A China 11,858 5.6 % 6,334 3,025 2,499 N / A N / A Netherlands 8,206 3.9 % 2,051 1,693 1,805 1,465 1,192 N / A Canada 6,731 3.2 % 1,675 1,466 2,010 847 638 95 Germany 6,303 3.0 % 2,241 1,474 1,582 815 191 N / A UK 6,217 2.9 % 1,389 698 N / A N / A Switzerland 4,695 2.2 % 1,131 1,299 1,556 496 213 N / A Denmark 3,432 1.6 % 46 78 2,736 460 112 N / A Sweden 2,905 1.4 % 800 838 996 266 5 N / A Belgium 2,823 1.3 % 659 675 820 521 148 N / A France 2,706 1.3 % 850 785 708 328 35 N / A Hong Kong 2,221 1.0 % 2,221 N / A N / A N / A Austria 1,835 0.9 % 584 575 492 136 48 N / A Australia ~ 1,319 0.6 % ~ 1,250 69 N / A N / A Italy 662 0.3 % 264 218 120 52 8 N / A Global 212,874 54,715 50,931 50,446 31,655 22,477 ~ 2,650 Jump up ^ Percentage of global sales by country , inception through December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chinese market sales in 2015 only through September . ^ Jump up to : Sales figures not available Jump up ^ UK registrations at the end of September 2017 ( not cumulative sales ) . Jump up ^ Includes registrations in Liechtenstein . Jump up ^ Hong Kong sales for 2015 only . Jump up ^ Only includes registrations in New South Wales and Victoria . Asia / Pacific ( edit ) Model S at a quick charging CHAdeMO station in Japan Australia ( edit ) The first nine units were delivered in Sydney on December 9 , 2014 . Tesla also opened its first store and service centre in St Leonards , and its first Supercharger station at Pyrmont in December 2014 . Initially , only two versions were available , the 60 and the 85 . The Model S P85D had deliveries scheduled to begin in June 2015 . As of December 2014 , a total of 65 Model S cars were registered in New South Wales and only four in Victoria . At the end of March 2015 , registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria . Although there were no sales figures reported for Tesla in other states , the combined sales of these two states alone were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling all - electric car in the country for the first quarter of 2015 , ahead of the BMW i3 ( 46 ) and the Nissan Leaf ( 31 ) . China ( edit ) The first deliveries took place on April 22 , 2014 . The Model S has the same standard equipment as the continental European version , but was adapted to provide larger back seats because the car was expected to be driven by a chauffeur . Only two versions with an 85 kWh battery pack are available in the Chinese market , standard and performance . Chinese sales up to June 2014 were estimated between 1,000 to 1,300 units . JLWarren Capital , an equity firm , estimated that about 2,800 Tesla Model S cars have been imported to China by mid September 2014 , but only 432 had received the license plates . According to a Tesla spokesman , the major reasons for the discrepancy could be that registration rules were holding deliveries in Shanghai , and Tesla only recently was able to start delivering the electric cars to customers who bought them in Shanghai . Secondly , many Chinese customers have delayed taking possession of their Model S car while waiting for the government to add the Tesla to the list of electric vehicles exempt from its 8 % to 10 % purchase tax . As of December 2014 , Tesla had imported 4,800 Model S cars , but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China . Tesla 's CEO expressed disappointment with the Chinese sales , as stock continued to be high by early 2015 . As sales improved , Model S sales reached 2,147 units representing an 80 % share of the imported plug - in hybrid or electric car segment in China for the first half of 2015 . Sales totaled 3,025 units during the first nine months of 2015 , for cumulative registrations of 5,524 units through September 2015 . Tesla 's initial sales target for 2015 was 10,000 units . Sales totaled 6,334 units in 2016 . Hong Kong ( edit ) Sales of the Model S began in July 2014 . According to Tesla , as of June 2015 , Hong Kong has the world 's highest density of Tesla superchargers , with eight stations comprising a total of 36 supercharger stalls . This infrastructure allows most Model S owners to have a supercharger within 20 minutes ' drive . Sales totaled 2,221 units in 2015 , and by August 2016 about 80 % of 5,800 EVs in Hong Kong were Teslas . Europe ( edit ) First European deliveries were at Tesla 's Oslo store in August 2013 Retail deliveries began in Europe in early August 2013 , in Norway , Switzerland and the Netherlands . The two biggest markets for the Model S in Europe are Norway and the Netherlands . The Model S , with about 3,900 units sold , ended 2013 as the third - best selling all - electric car in Europe after the Nissan Leaf and the Renault Zoe . A total of 8,734 Model S cars were sold in 2014 , representing a market share of 15.5 % of new all - electric passenger car sales in Europe , and again allowing the Model S to rank as the third best selling all - electric car in Europe after the Leaf and the Zoe . Accounting for sales during the first nine months of 2014 , the Model S outsold the Audi A8 , BMW 7 Series and Jaguar XJ , ranking second in the European luxury vehicle segment after the Mercedes - Benz S - Class . European Model S sales in 2015 totaled 15,515 units , ranking second after the Renault Zoe ( 18,727 ) and ahead of the Leaf ( 15,455 ) . The Model S captured 15.9 % of the European all - electric segment sales in 2015 . The Model S topped the European luxury car segment in 2015 , ahead of the Mercedes - Benz S - Class ( 14,990 ) , the segment 's leader in previous years . Norway was the largest market in 2015 with 4,039 units sold . Cumulative Model S sales in Europe totaled 28,149 units by the end of 2015 . Czech Republic ( edit ) A total of 23 units were sold during 2014 . Denmark ( edit ) During its first full month in the Danish market , the Model S was the top selling electric vehicle with 42 units sold . Sales were 112 units in 2013 and 460 in 2014 . Model S sales constituted 35 % of the sales of luxury cars by mid 2014 . A Model S was tested as a taxi , but high price and low range made the project uneconomical . When the AWD model was announced in Autumn 2014 , used Model S were sold fast at high price . In October 2015 , the Danish Parliament approved to phase out the tax exemption for electric vehicles , and customers rushed to order the Model S before the price increase . It became the most sold car of any kind in Denmark in December 2015 , with 1,248 cars delivered that month , out of 1,573 electric cars sold in December . This is the first time ever that an electric car is the best selling car in Denmark . The Model S comprised 98 % of luxury cars sold in Denmark in 2015 . Cumulative sales in the country reached 3,308 units through December 2015 , of which , a record of 2,736 units were sold in 2015 . Sales plummeted to 78 units in 2016 after the phasing out of the country 's tax break for electric vehicles at the end of 2015 . Germany ( edit ) The company announced that by November 2013 the first Tesla Supercharger stations would open between Munich and Stuttgart , Munich and Zurich , Switzerland , and Cologne and Frankfurt . Tesla planned to cover more than 50 % of Germany by the end of March 2014 , and 100 % by the end of 2014 . Germany would then have the most Superchargers per capita of any country . By late 2013 Tesla announced a goal to sell 10,000 Model S in Germany in 2015 . Registrations totaled 815 units in 2014 , representing 2.7 % of the luxury segment sales in the country . As of November 2015 , cumulative registrations totaled 2,354 units . A total of 1,474 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2016 . Netherlands ( edit ) Model S used since 2014 for all - electric taxi service at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol The first deliveries in the country occurred on August 22 , 2013 , at Tesla 's European Distribution Center in Tilburg . A total of 1,194 units were sold in 2013 . After the end of the registration tax exemption , sales fell significantly , and only 262 units were sold during the first four months of 2014 . In April 2014 the Schiphol Group announced that three companies were selected to provide all - electric taxi service in Amsterdam Airport Schiphol . The concessions started on June 1 , 2014 and service is provided with 100 Tesla Model S cars , which jointed service to the electric buses and hybrid cars already operating at the airport . Sales in 2015 totaled 1,805 units , and declined to 1,693 in 2016 . As of October 2016 , combined registrations of the Model S ( 5,681 ) and the Model X ( 250 ) represented 48.6 % of the 12,196 all - electric cars on Dutch roads at the end of that month . The Model S remained as the all - time top selling all - electric car in the Netherlands with 6,049 cars registered at the end of December 2016 . Norway ( edit ) The first delivery of a Model S in Europe took place in Oslo on August 7 , 2013 . By the end of August 2013 , Europe 's first six charging stations were opened , in Lyngdal , Aurland , Dombås , Gol , Sundebru and Lillehammer . That month 186 units were delivered , ranking second among all - electric cars behind the Nissan Leaf ( 448 units ) . Sales surged in September totaling 616 units , beating the Leaf and achieving an overall new car market share of 5.1 % . Geiranger , Norway , the country with second largest Model S market by volume , comprising about 9.4 % of cumulative global sales as of December 2015 In 2013 , a five - month waiting list emerged creating a used market . Sales dropped to 98 units in October , before jumping back to 527 units in November , ranking it number two in new car registrations after the Volkswagen Golf . In December , sales of 553 units made it the top - selling new car again and capturing a 4.9 % market share of new car sales . With less than five months of sales , the Model S ranked 20th for the year with a market share of 1.4 % of Norwegian new car sales , Tesla 's largest in Europe . The Model S topped the monthly sales ranking for a third time in March 2014 , with 1,493 units sold , breaking the 28 - year - old monthly sales record , surpassing the Ford Sierra , which sold 1,454 units in May 1986 . Sales totaled 2,056 Model S cars during the first quarter of 2014 , making the Model S the best selling new car in Norway during this period . The Model S captured a 5.6 % market share of new car sales and 38.8 % of the new plug - in electric car segment during this quarter . By the end of 2014 , the Model S ranked as the fifth best selling new car in the Norwegian market , with 4,040 units registered and a market share of 2.8 % of new car sales in the country that year . As of July 2014 , Norway ranked as Tesla 's largest overseas market , with an average of 436 Model S sedans sold per month since August 2013 . In comparison , the average in the United States was about 1,630 units delivered per month since the electric car went on sales in 2012 . As of December 2015 , Norway continued as the second largest Model S market by volume , with about 9.4 % of cumulative global sales . After a stagnant year of 4,000 plus deliveries for 2015 , deliveries of Tesla dropped 54 % in the first quarter and 52 % in the second quarter of 2016 in Norway . Tesla Model S registrations in Norway totaled 2,051 new units in 2016 and 3,712 in 2017 . Since its introduction , a total of 15,825 new Model S cars have been registered in Norway through December 2017 . Switzerland ( edit ) Retail deliveries began in August 2013 , and a total of 213 units were registered in 2013 . The Model S , with 496 units registered , ranked as the top selling plug - in electric car in the country in 2014 . With 835 units sold during the first seven months of 2015 , the Model S outsold combined Swiss sales of the luxury segment including such models as the Mercedes S - Class , Audi A8 and BMW 7 Series during the same period . Cumulative Model S sales totaled 3,060 units up until June 2016 , which includes units sold in Liechtenstein . United kingdom ( edit ) Deliveries began in June 2014 , and a total of 698 units were registered in the UK by the end of 2014 . Model S owners are also exempted from the London congestion charge . During the first half of 2016 , slightly more Model S cars were registered in the UK than in Norway , the largest Model S market in Europe . During the first six months of 2016 a total of 1,263 Model S sedans were registered in the UK and 1,248 in Norway . A total of 3,907 Model S sedans were registered in the UK at the end of September 2016 . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The first Model S sedans were delivered in December 2012 . Cumulative sales totaled 3,590 units as of December 2015 , and ranks as the second best - selling plug - in car in the country ever after the Chevrolet Volt ( 5,415 ) and ahead of the Nissan Leaf ( 3,198 ) . The Model S was the top selling plug - in electric car in Canada in 2015 with 2,010 units sold . Mexico ( edit ) Retail sales began in Mexico City in December 2015 . Initially , no Supercharger stations are available in the country . United States ( edit ) Personalized delivery of Model S The first delivery took place on June 1 , 2012 . Deliveries for retail customers in the United States started on June 22 , at a special event held at the Tesla Factory in Fremont , California . The first 1,000 production units were Signature and Signature Performance limited editions equipped with an 85 kWh battery pack . Cumulative sales passed the 50,000 unit milestone in early July 2015 . About 2,620 units were sold in the U.S. during 2012 out of 2,650 units delivered in North America . California is the largest American regional market for the Model S. In March 2013 , Tesla reported the delivery of the 3,000 th Model S in California , representing around 50 % of US sales to that date . During the first quarter of 2013 the Model S ranked as the top selling plug - in electric vehicle in the U.S. with about 4,900 units delivered , followed by the Chevrolet Volt with 4,244 units . During 2013 , the Model S was called as the least stolen car in the United States by the Value Walk financial website , with a theft rate of 0.15 per 1,000 units produced . By comparison , the U.S. average is 3.51 cars stolen per 1,000 produced . According to Edmunds.com , between January and August 2013 the Model S achieved a high market share of new car sales among the U.S. most expensive ZIP codes , as rated by Forbes , led by California . Atherton ranked first with a 15.4 % share , followed by Los Altos Hills with 11.9 % , and Portola Valley with 11.2 % . During this period the Model S had the highest number of new passenger car registrations in 8 of the 25 most expensive American ZIP codes . With 8,347 units sold in 2013 , it was the third - best selling luxury car in California ( after the Mercedes - Benz E-Class and BMW 5 Series sedans ) , with a 9.8 % share of the Californian luxury and sports segment . As of November 2013 , the Model S was available nationwide , with California having 48 % share U.S. sales . California is the top selling regional market of the Model S. Shown in San Francisco . American sales totaled about 18,650 units in 2013 , placing the Model S as the third selling plug - in electric car after the Chevrolet Volt ( 23,094 ) and the Nissan Leaf ( 22,610 ) . Also in 2013 , the Model S was the top seller in the full - size luxury sedan category , ahead of the Mercedes - Benz S - Class at 13,303 . In 2014 , 16,689 Model S sedans were delivered , down 10.5 % from 2013 , but the electric sedan ranked again as the third best selling plug - in car in the U.S. In 2015 the Model S ranked as the top selling plug - in electric car in the U.S , with 25,202 delivered , surpassing both the Leaf ( 17,296 ) and the Volt ( 15,393 ) . The Model S was also the country 's best - selling car in the large luxury segment among comparably priced four - door sedans , ahead of the Mercedes - Benz S - Class ( 21,934 ) and BMW 7 Series ( 9,292 ) . Registrations in California totaled 10,723 units in 2015 , representing a 12.1 % market share of the state 's luxury and sports segment , making the Model S the third best selling car in the segment after the Mercedes - Benz E-Class ( 12,324 ) and BMW 5 Series ( 11,133 ) . By the end of 2015 , cumulative sales in the American market represented almost 60 % of Model S global sales since its introduction . Tesla reported 9,156 units sold nationwide in the third quarter of 2016 , up 59 % from the same quarter in 2015 , allowing the Model S to led national sales in the large luxury car segments , representing almost a third of the segment sales , and ahead of the Mercedes - Benz S - Class ( 4,921 ) and the BMW 7 Series ( 3,634 ) . The Model S was the top selling plug - in electric in the American market for the second year in a row with an estimated 29,156 units delivered in 2016 . Registrations in California totaled 11,326 units in 2016 , representing a 14.1 % market share of the state 's luxury and sports segment , making the Model S the second best selling car in the segment after the Mercedes - Benz E-Class ( 11,684 ) and ahead of the BMW 5 Series ( 10,551 ) . According to Wards 's Auto , the Model S topped the American upper luxury segment in 2016 , followed by the Mercedes S - Class ( 18,803 ) and the BMW 7 - Series ( 12,918 ) . An estimated 92,317 Model S cars have been sold in the United States up until December 2016 , representing about 57 % of Model S global sales through November 2016 . Model S sales in the American market passed the 100,000 th unit mark in early June 2016 , achieving this milestone in less time since inception than both the Chevrolet Volt and the Nissan Leaf . A total of 11,813 Model S were sold in California in 2017 , representing of 16.0 % of the state 's luxury and sports segment , ranking second after the Mercedes - Benz E-Class ( 12,326 ) . Among all - electric models sold in California in 2017 , the Model S listed second after the Chevrolet Bolt ( 13,487 ) . An estimated 26,500 Model S cars were sold in the U.S. in 2017 , down 9.1 % year - on - year , but allowing the Model S to end 2017 as the best selling plug - in car in the American market for the third consecutive year . California registrations represented 44.6 % of national sales . Cumulative sales since inception totaled an estimated 118,817 units through December 2017 . Owners profile Owners of the Model S are overwhelmingly male and over 45 years old . Retail sales model disputes Main article : Tesla US dealership disputes Tesla sells its cars directly to consumers without creating a dealer network , as other manufacturers have done and as many states require by legislation . In support of its approach , the company has fought legal and legislative battles in Ohio , New Jersey , New York and other states . With law changes in recent years in New Jersey , New York , Maryland , Ohio , and Pennsylvania the Tesla direct sales model is permitted in 22 states as of March 2015 . As of May 2015 the sales procedure in other states such as Texas is somewhat different with the Tesla salesperson being prevented from discussing prices , the actual sale having to be made online and the sales tax having to be paid up front . Delivery of a Tesla car to a Texas address is no different than in other states . Consequently , while Tesla showcases and sells its cars directly to the consumer in Tesla Stores abroad , it operates a mix of Tesla Stores and Tesla Galleries in the US . Safety ( edit ) Safety features ( edit ) External video NHTSA Frontal crash test on YouTube NHTSA Side crash test on YouTube NHTSA Pole crash test on YouTube EuroNCAP crash test on YouTube Tesla EV Safety Training for rescuers on YouTube In 2014 , the Model S has a 5 - star safety rating from both Euro NCAP and the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . At that time , only two other cars had earned the same recognition since 2011 ( when the NHTSA introduced its latest rating scheme ) . NHTSA Euro NCAP IIHS Overall Overall Small overlap Acceptable Frontal , driver Adult occupant 31 pts / 82 % Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Frontal , passenger Child occupant 38 pts / 77 % Side impact Good Side , driver Pedestrian 24 pts / 66 % Roof strength Good Side , passenger Driver assist 9 pts / 71 % Roof strength ( P100D ) Acceptable Side pole , driver Headlights Poor Rollover / 5.7 % However , in July 2017 , the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) found that during front crash tests , the Model S safety belts let the driver 's torso move too far forward , resulting in the head striking the steering wheel hard through the airbag . This problem was already pointed out in one of the IIHS 's earliers tests , to which Tesla responded they would improve their safety belt design , which , according to the IIHS 's latest tests , has not been done . The IIHS also gave the Model S the worst possible rating for its headlights . The report caused Tesla to lose 6.4 % of its stock value . First crash with battery fire ( edit ) See also : Tesla Model S fire incidents The first widely reported Model S fire occurred several minutes after the vehicle hit metal debris on the Washington State Route 167 highway in Kent , Washington on October 1 , 2013 . The driver `` was able to exit the highway as instructed by the onboard alert system , bring the car to a stop and depart the vehicle without injury '' . He then contacted authorities and , while awaiting their arrival , smoke began coming out the front of the vehicle . The driver stated that he hit something while exiting the HOV lane . Tesla stated that the fire was caused by the `` direct impact of a large metallic object to one of the 16 battery modules '' , and that by design , the modules were separated by firewalls , limiting the fire to `` a small section in the front of the vehicle '' . The module was evidently punctured by a `` curved section '' that fell off a truck and was recovered near the accident . Tesla stated that the debris punched a 3 - inch ( 76 mm ) diameter hole through the . 25 - inch ( 6.4 mm ) armor plate under the vehicle , applying force of some 25 tons . Built - in vents directed the flames away from the vehicle so that the fire did not enter the passenger compartment . According to Tesla , the firefighters followed standard procedure ; using large amounts of water to extinguish the fire was correct , however , puncturing the metal firewall to gain access to the fire also allowed the flames to spread to the front trunk . Tesla also stated that because the battery pack contains `` only about 10 % of the energy contained in a gasoline tank '' , the effective combustion potential of a single module is only about 1 % that of a conventional vehicle . On October 24 , 2013 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) announced , `` After reviewing all available data , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not found evidence at this time that would indicate the recent battery fire involving a Tesla Model S was the result of a vehicle safety defect or noncompliance with federal safety standards . '' But the following month , the NHTSA opened a preliminary evaluation to determine `` the potential risks associated with undercarriage strikes on model year 2013 Tesla Model S vehicles '' . On March 28 , 2014 , NHTSA closed its investigation , claiming that the new titanium underbody shield and aluminum deflector plates , along with increased ground clearance , `` should reduce both the frequency of underbody strikes and the resultant fire risk '' . Subsequent Fires ( edit ) On November 6 , 2013 another fire broke out after a Model S struck a tow hitch on the roadway , causing damage beneath the vehicle . The incidents led Tesla to extend its vehicle warranty to cover fire damage and to apply a software update to increase ground clearance when operating at highway speed . Another fire incident took place in Toronto , Canada , in early February 2014 . The Model S was parked in a garage and was not charging when the fire started . The origin of the fire is undetermined . According to Tesla `` in this particular case , we do n't yet know the precise cause , but have definitively determined that it did not originate in the battery , the charging system , the adapter or the electrical receptacle , as these components were untouched by the fire '' . Starting with vehicle bodies manufactured as of 6 March 2014 , all units were outfitted with a triple underbody shield . Existing cars were retrofitted upon request or as part of a normally scheduled service . On January 1 , 2016 , a 2014 Model S caught fire in Norway while supercharging unsupervised in Brokelandsheia , Norway . The vehicle was totally destroyed but nobody was injured . The fire was slow , and the owner had time to unplug the car and retrieve possessions . An investigation by the Norwegian Accident Investigation Board ( AIBN ) indicated that the fire originated in the car , but was otherwise inconclusive . In March 2016 , Tesla stated that their own investigation into the incident concluded that the fire was caused by a short circuit in the vehicle 's distribution box , but that the amount of damage prevented them from determining the exact cause . Tesla stated that the Supercharger detected the short circuit and deactivated , and a future Model S software update would stop the vehicle from charging if a short circuit is detected . The National Transport Safety Board ( NTSB ) has stated that the Tesla 's electric cars are not more prone to fires than other vehicles on the road today . NHTSA Safest car ( edit ) On August 19 , 2013 , based on NHTSA safety ratings , a Tesla press release claimed that the Model S had achieved the best safety rating of any car ever tested . Tesla stated , `` NHTSA does not publish a star rating above 5 , however safety levels better than 5 stars are captured in the overall Vehicle Safety Score ( VSS ) provided to manufacturers , where the Model S achieved a new combined record of 5.4 stars . '' However , a few days later NHTSA rebutted Tesla 's claim , explaining that the rating for the Model S was equal to any other car receiving 5 - stars , and claiming that the carmaker did not follow its advertising guidelines . Recalls ( edit ) As of April 2018 , Tesla has had six recalls for the Model S : On June 14 , 2013 , Tesla issued a recall to all Model S vehicles manufactured between May 10 , 2013 , and June 8 , 2013 , due to improper methods for aligning the left hand seat back striker to the bracket , which could weaken the weld between the bracket and frame of the car . On January 13 , 2014 , Tesla recalled Model S vehicles manufactured in 2013 , because the adapter , cord , or wall outlet could overheat during charging . On November 20 , 2015 , Tesla announced a voluntary worldwide recall of all of its 90,000 Model S vehicles , in order to check for a possible defect in the cars ' front seat belt assemblies . The problem was raised in early November by one customer in Europe . Tesla 's resulting investigation was unable to identify a root cause for the failure , and the company decided to examine every single car . Tesla reported that there have been no accidents or injuries related to the problem . On January 20 , 2017 , Tesla recalled Model S from 2012 in January 2017 due to defective Takata airbags . Cars manufactured later ( until 2017 ) have smaller risk , and may also be recalled . On April 20 , 2017 , Tesla issued a worldwide recall of 53,000 ( ~ 70 % ) of the 76,000 Model S and Model X vehicles it sold in 2016 due to faulty parking brakes . On March 30 , 2018 all 123,000 Model S cars manufactured before April 2016 were recalled due to excessive corrosion of the bolts which secure the power steering , particularly those cars used in cold countries where roads are salted . Recognition ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader 's Choice Car of the Year 2013 World Green Car of the Year . Automobile Magazine 's 2013 Car of the Year , a unanimous decision . CNET Tech Car of the Year for 2012 Consumer Reports gave the Model S a score of 103 out of 100 , its highest ever . The Model S broke the rating scale of Consumer Reports during its most recent test . Consumer Reports ' 2013 survey of owner satisfaction produced a score of 99 out of 100 , `` the highest the magazine has seen in years . '' In 2014 the Model S topped for the second year in a row Consumer Reports survey of owner satisfaction . This time the Model S had a score of 98 out of 100 . Consumer Reports found the Model S to be ' Best Overall ' for 2014 across all 10 categories of cars , light trucks and SUVs , chosen from more than 260 vehicles the organization has recently tested . The magazine considers the Model S a `` technological tour de force , while pricey , is brimming with innovation . '' In 2015 they rated the Model S at 103 ( breaking the scale ) . Green Car Reports ' Best Car To Buy 2013 Hagerty Greatest Car of the Decade ( 2010s ) Motor Trend 2013 Car of the Year , also a unanimous decision and the first winner in the award 's history to not be powered by an internal combustion engine . Natural Resources Canada 2013 EcoENERGY for Vehicles Awards in the full - size category Popular Science 's Auto Grand Award Winner Best of What 's New list 2012 . The Telegraph included the Model S in its list of the top 10 cars that changed the world published in December 2014 , and also named the electric sedan the most important car of the last 20 years . Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year 2012 award . Yahoo ! Autos 2013 Car of the Year . American Automobile Association Green Car Guide 2015 , top spot ( P85D ) . The Model S also won the 2014 AAA Green Car Guide . Distance records ( edit ) A distance record of 670 mi ( 1,080 km ) in a P100D was set on August 5 , 2017 by Italian drivers , making it the Model S the first production electric car to exceed 620 mi ( 1,000 km ) on a single charge . Previously the record of 560 miles ( 901.2 km ) in a P100D was set on June 20 , 2017 by Belgian drivers . Before that the distance record was 452.8 miles ( 728.7 km ) in a Model S. It was made by Norwegian Bjørn Nyland and Morgan Tørvolt on a flat stretch with low traffic around the supercharger in Rødekro , Denmark . All of these records used hypermiling techniques such as front motor only , low speed 24 mph ( 39 km / h ) , no air conditioning and minimal use of the brakes . The first record of 423.5 miles ( 681.6 km ) was set during November 2012 by David and Adam Metcalf . These attempts were inspired by a blog written by Elon Musk about the planned range and efficiency of the Tesla Model S , offering a prize for anyone exceeding 400 miles ( 643.7 km ) on a single charge , where it was estimated the 85 kwh model could do it by driving at a constant 36 mph ( 58 km / h ) under ideal conditions . Controversies ( edit ) Range limitation ( edit ) On February 8 , 2013 , The New York Times published a review by John M. Broder about a trip between Washington , D.C. , and Boston using Tesla 's Supercharger network . At the time it included only two stations on the East Coast . Broder made a variety of critical claims about the battery 's performance in cold weather and the distance between charging stations . The trip ended with the Model S carried by a flatbed truck to the Milford , Connecticut , station . Tesla responded by publishing logs of the vehicle 's charge levels and driving speed that contradicted Broder 's account on several factual details . Tesla implied that Broder 's behavior forced the car to fail . Broder replied to the criticism in a blog post and suggested that the speed discrepancies may have been because the car had been equipped with 19 - inch wheels rather than the specified 21 - inch wheels . In the midst of the controversy , a CNN reporter recreated Broder 's trip without exhausting the battery . However , two key differences distinguished the two journeys . The weather was about 10 ° F ( 6 ° C ) warmer and CNN did the trip in one day ; the Times let the car sit overnight without being plugged in . A reporter from CNBC also recreated the trip in one day without incidents . One week later , a group of Tesla owners recreated Broder 's trip without problems . One owner was delayed because his car failed to charge and required two firmware updates . On February 18 , 2013 , The New York Times Public Editor Margaret Sullivan published an editorial stating that Broder took `` casual and imprecise notes '' of his test drive and did not use good judgment , but she maintained that the article was written in good faith . She also admitted that Broder 's vehicle logs were `` sometimes quite misleading . '' In July and September 2014 tests performed by an independent German car magazine in cooperation with the TÜV ( German Association for Technical Inspection ) and Tesla owners seemed to reveal issues with the battery 's performance . According to the magazine , Tesla did not take up the invitation to repeat the test , and also seemed to refuse to offer vehicles for a second test . A test performed by another German publication ( `` Die Welt '' ) supported the findings . Production Delay ( edit ) In 2007 , Tesla announced plans to build 10,000 Model S sedans annually starting in 2009 . Production was delayed , and Tesla 's website later stated that deliveries would start in 2011 . However , in January 2010 , Musk stated that he expected to launch the Model S sedan `` within two and a half years '' , translating to Q3 2012 . Power dissipation when not in use ( edit ) Older versions of the system software suffered from power drain issues when the car was n't being used , with the batteries losing 4.5 kWh overnight ( known commonly as `` vampire drain '' ) . System software v5. 8 ( v1. 49.30 ) , released December 12 , 2013 , reduced overnight energy loss substantially , to 1.1 kWh per night , or around 3 miles . Consumer Reports ' recommendation ( edit ) In October 2015 , two months after naming the Tesla ' the best car ever tested , ' Consumer Reports declined to give the Tesla Model S a `` recommended '' designation , citing too many complaints from owners . Complaints ranged from minor , such as misaligned doors and squeaky body , to severe - things like total drive train replacement and inoperable door handles . Tesla 's shares dropped 15 % , both because of the magazine 's cut and because of concerns over the Tesla Model X luxury SUV . Similarly , Edmunds.com found quality and safety issues in their long - term road test and `` amassed quite the repair résumé during the last 17 months . '' Both Edmunds and Consumer Reports reported issues , including the vehicle stalling while driving . In their 2016 Annual Auto Reliability Survey , Consumer Reports improved the Model S rating to average reliability , while reporting that the Model X has had significant malfunction issues . The magazine also raised `` serious concerns about how some automakers , including Tesla , have designed , deployed , and marketed semi-autonomous technology . '' By 2017 , in the Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey , Tesla 's position on the list had moved up four spots ; the predicted reliability rating for Model S reached `` above average '' for the first time . Power discrepancy ( edit ) The P85D `` Insane '' was widely reported to have 691 horsepower , but some owners reported 20 % less power on dynamometer in various circumstances . Manufacturers are required by EU law to display power `` at full setting of the power controller '' ( from an external DC source when performing laboratory vehicle approval ) , but not necessarily to show power limited by battery . Other equipment must be removed , or their power added to the measurement . Actual power available depends on circumstances , as it does for piston cars which until 1972 could be 25 -- 30 % less than given . As of November 2015 , Tesla website showed battery - limited combined 463 hp for P85D ( 532 hp for `` Ludicrous '' ) . A lawsuit by 126 owners in Norway was settled in December 2016 . Autonomy limitations ( edit ) The autonomy functions of the Model S , including Autosteer and Traffic - Aware Cruise Control , have limitations that have led to collisions when the driver becomes inattentive . Tesla warns in the owners manual that drivers always must be aware of road conditions and not rely on the cruise control to prevent a collision , as the system may not detect stationary vehicles or obstacles , bicycles , and pedestrians . However , critics such as scientist Andrew Ng have accused Tesla of being irresponsible by releasing a product with such limitations as it can lull drivers into a false sense of security . Power consumption ( edit ) In early March 2016 , a report by Stuff magazine revealed that test performed by VICOM , Ltd on behalf of Singapore 's Land Transport Authority had found a 2014 Tesla Model S to be consuming 444 Wh / km ( 0.715 kW ⋅ h / mi ) , which was greater than the 240 Wh / km ( 0.38 kW ⋅ h / mi ) reported by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the 181 Wh / km ( 0.291 kW ⋅ h / mi ) reported by Tesla . As a result , a carbon surcharge was imposed on the Model S , making Singapore the only country in the world to impose an environmental surcharge on a fully electric car . The Land Transport Authority justified this by stating that it had to `` account for CO emissions during the electricity generation process '' and therefore `` a grid emission factor of 0.5 g / watt - hour was also applied to the electric energy consumption '' , however Tesla countered that when the energy used to extract , refine , and distribute gasoline was taken into account , the Model S produces approximately one - third the CO of an equivalent gasoline - powered vehicle . Later that month , the Land Transport Authority released a statement stating that they and the VICOM Emission Test Laboratory will be working with Tesla engineers to determine if there was a flaw in the test , and a Tesla statement indicated that the discussions were `` positive '' and that they were confident of a quick resolution . See also ( edit ) Electric car use by country Government incentives for plug - in electric vehicles List of electric cars currently available List of fastest production cars by acceleration List of modern production plug - in electric vehicles List of production battery electric vehicles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lam , Brian ( 2007 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Tesla Whitestar Electric Sedan : 4 Doors , Half the Price of the Roadster '' . Gizmodo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Merritt ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Whitestar to be offered as both an EV and a REV '' . CNET News . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Abuelsamid , Samuel ( 2008 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Super-secret photo of Tesla Whitestar leaks out of San Carlos '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model S Specs and Standard features '' . Tesla Motors . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Optionen und Preis '' ( Model S options and Price ) ( in German ) . Germany : Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Dual 80 A Charger ( second onboard 40 A Charger ) '' . Tesla Motors . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sabatini , Jeff ( November 2014 ) . `` 2014 Tesla Model S 60 Full Test -- Review '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cantle , Chriss ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Model S P85D : Dual motors , AWD , 691 hp , 3.2 to 60 '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Don ( May 2015 ) . `` 2015 Tesla Model S 70D '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : John Boudreau ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) . `` In a Silicon Valley milestone , Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla introduces new performance enhancements to Model S and Model X '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tesla Model S AWD - 100D '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Quietly Introduces Longest - Range Electric Car on the Market '' . Fortune . 2017 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model 3 actually has 334 miles of range according to EPA data '' . US : Teslarati. 2017 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Satisfying Cars '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Side - by - Side '' . fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors Model S '' . Tesla Model S. Official Site . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Grønn bil ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Norges mest solgte bil i september er en elbil '' ( Norway 's best selling car in September is an electric vehicle ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Gasnier , Mat ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Norway September 2013 : Tesla Model S in pole position ! '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Model S Was Best - Selling Car in Norway For September '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Kane ( 2014 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Model S Again No. 1 in Overall Sales in Norway in December ! '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Christensen , Thomas Bo ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Tesla blev Danmarks mest solgte bil i december '' ( Tesla was Denmark 's best selling car in December ) . Energi Watch ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Tesla Quietly Sold 200,000 th Model S Last Year '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . `` Tesla sold its 200,000 Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017 , in October or early November , becoming the second plug - in car to cross this sales threshold after the Nissan Leaf ( 300,000 units by early 2017 ) . As of December 2017 , Tesla reported global sales of 212,874 Model S cars . '' ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` America 's Plug - in Car Sales Were Their Best Ever in 2016 '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 12 . Plug - in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units , up 37.6 % from 2015 ( 114,248 ) . The plug - in car segment achieved an all - time high market share of 0.90 % of new car sales in 2016 . December sales totaled a record monthly volume of 23,288 units and also achieved a record monthly market share of 1.39 % of new car sales . The top selling model for the second year in a row was the Tesla Model S with 29,156 units sold in 2016 , followed by the Chevrolet Volt ( 24,739 ) , Tesla Model X ( 18,028 ) , Ford Energi Fusion ( 15,938 ) , and the Nissan Leaf ( 14,006 ) . As of December 2016 , cumulative sales totaled 570,187 plug - in cars since 2008 , with the Chevrolet Volt as the all - time best selling plug - in car with 113,489 units . The Tesla Model S ranks third with an estimated 92,317 units since its inception in 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) . `` December 2017 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Tesla Model S Is World 's Best - Selling Plug - in Car For Second Year In A Row '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Sharan , Zachary ( 2017 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Model S & Nissan LEAF Clocked As World 's Best - Selling Electric Cars In 2016 '' . EV Volumes . 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Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Severns , Dave . `` Tesla Motors blog post regarding Albuquerque decision '' . Teslamotors.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors press release -- announcement of Albuquerque plant '' . Teslamotors.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Albuquerque Tribune Editorial : Do n't hold your breath on Tesla Motors plant '' . Abqtrib.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla to build electric car factory in Bay Area '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Wants NUMMI Operational By 2012 '' . Ktvu.com. 2010 - 05 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Don . `` 2015 Tesla Model S 70D '' . Tesla Model S. Car and Driver . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consumer Reports Cuts Tesla From Its Recommended List Over Reliability '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consumer Reports Car Reliability Survey 2016 '' . Consumer Reports . 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S one billion miles '' . Western Morning News . 2015 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Happy 3rd Birthday Tesla Model S : Fleet Is First To Travel One Billion Miles '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Tesla Model S Crossed 100,000 Sales Milestone This Month '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Tesla Model S Is Second Plug - in Car To Cross 150,000 Sales Milestone '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ van Leeuwen , Andrew ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) . `` World - first electric GT series launched '' . Motorsport . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Korosec , Kirsten ( 2016 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Tesla 's Model S Will Look Different Starting Today '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla , Inc '' . Tesla . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 -- via GitHub . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2018 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Tesla releases some of its software to comply with open source licences '' . Electrek . US . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kuhn , Bradley M. ; Sandler , Karen M. ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Congratulations to Tesla on Their First Public Step Toward GPL Compliance '' . Software Freedom Conservancy . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors 10 - k Page 42 '' . 2015 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ King , Danny ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Tesla will assemble , distribute vehicles in Holland for European market '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Willebrands , Michiel ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Tesla opent assemblagecentrum in Tilburg '' ( Tesla opens assembly center in Tilburg ) ( in Dutch ) . Auto Week Netherlands . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Rogowsky , Mark ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Musk : ' We Hope The Big Car Companies Do Copy Tesla ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Blankenship , George ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) . `` Inside Tesla '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gordon - Bloomfield , Nikki ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Tesla Motors Posts Q1 2015 Losses , Due to Strong Dollar , High Capital Expenditures . Hits 1,000 Car / Week Model S Production '' . Transport Evolved . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Spring , Jake ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) . `` CORRECTED - ( OFFICIAL ) - UPDATE 2 - Tesla CEO says negotiating with China on local production '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Tesla sold sold 3,025 Model S cars in China from January to September 2015 . Jump up ^ Yu , Rose ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Tesla Aims to Build Its Electric Cars in China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's Latest Aim : Build 500,000 Cars a Year in China '' . New York Times . 2018 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dillard , Ted ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Rare Look Inside A Tesla Model S Battery Pack '' . InsideEVs . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Tesla Model S ( 70 kW - hr battery pack ) ( click `` Specs '' ) `` . U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel Economy of 2016 Luxury Sedans with MPG > = 45 '' . U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Thiel , Christian ; Krause , Jette ; Dilara , Panagiota ( 2015 ) . `` Electric vehicles in the EU from 2010 to 2014 -- is full scale commercialisation near ? '' ( PDF ) . European Commission Joint Research Centre . pp. 9 , 15 -- 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Fergusson , Malcolm ( 2015 ) . `` How clean are Europe 's cars ? '' ( PDF ) . European Federation for Transport and Environment . p. 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2015 '' ( New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2015 ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ( KBA ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . A total of 1,582 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model S Specifications '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S first drive '' . CNET . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Berman , Bradley ( 2012 - 09 - 28 ) . `` One Big Step for Tesla , One Giant Leap for E.V. 's '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Don ( June 2014 ) . `` Drag Queens : Aerodynamics Compared -- Comparison Test '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` front / rear differential ? '' . Tesla Forums. 2014 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tingwall , Eric ( June 2015 ) . `` 2015 Tesla Model S P85D -- Driving 40,000 miles , 250 miles at a time '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Shahan , Zachary ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) . `` JB Straubel Answers ( Trolls ? ) Tesla Horsepower Critics '' . Clean Technica . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Performance -- Battery '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Davies , Alex ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Tesla 's New ' Ludicrous Mode ' Makes the Model S a Supercar '' . Wired . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Paul A. ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` When ' Insane Mode ' Is n't Enough -- Tesla Adds `` Luuudicrous Mode '' `` . The Detroit Bureau . 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Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Blanco , Sebastian ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Tesla announces Model S Ludicrous upgrade , 90 - kWh battery '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Mukherjee , Sy ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) . `` This YouTuber Takes 25 Minutes to Explain Everything Wrong With His Tesla Model S '' . Fortune . US . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Alspach , Kyle ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) . `` New Tesla Is Way More Robotic and Also One of the Fastest Sedans on the Planet '' . BostInno . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Alex ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` The Model D Is Tesla 's Most Powerful Car Ever , Plus Autopilot '' . Wired . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model D: Elon Musk 's new electric car is company 's most powerful yet '' . The Independent . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The refreshed Tesla Model S 70 lets you pay to ' unlock ' a bigger battery '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Noland , David ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) . `` 2014 Tesla Model S : 2014 Tesla Model S : Killing 3 Versions , 2 Colors , Some Options '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Chris ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Tesla adds Model S 70D with all - wheel drive to lineup for $75 k '' . AutoBlog . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Design Studio '' . my.teslamotors.com . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Seth ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Tesla 's new 60kWh pricing option is a software revolution , here are the exclusive details '' . Electrek . US . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) . `` Tesla just released two cheaper versions of the Model S '' . The Verge . Vox Media . 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Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Markus , Frank ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) . `` 2012 Tesla Model S First Drive '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Randy ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Tesla : Gigafactory Tipping Point '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , Stephen ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Tesla Model 3 Will Benefit From Lowest Battery Costs of Any Maker : Jefferies '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , George ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Tesla Patent Outlines Sensible Approach to Cabin Heating '' . InsideEVs . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bower , George ( 2016 ) . `` Tesla Model S Recycles Waste Heat to Warm the Battery '' . insideevs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Once you start driving , heat generated by the motor is used to heat up the battery ... it might take several minutes before the battery is warm enough to provide full acceleration . ^ Jump up to : `` Model S / Options and pricing '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Service plans '' . Tesla Motors . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S battery degradation shown to level off at 5 % after 30,000 miles '' . Electrek. 2015 - 05 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Noland , David ( 2015 - 02 - 17 ) . `` Tesla Model S Battery Life : How Much Range Loss For Electric Car Over Time ? '' . Green car reports . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steinbuch , Maarten ( 2015 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Tesla Model S battery degradation data '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Blankenship , George ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) . `` 2013 Model S Price Increase '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . See more details in Press Release . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Tesla Model S ( 40 kW - hr battery pack ) '' . fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Sales Exceed Target '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2013 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the All - Wheel Drive Model - S 70D '' . Tesla Motors . 2015 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors ( TSLA ) Earnings Report : Q1 2015 Conference Call Transcript '' . TheStreet. 2015 - 05 - 07 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors ( TSLA ) Earnings Report : Q1 2015 Conference Call Transcript '' . TheStreet. 2015 - 05 - 07 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Design Studio Tesla Motors '' . my.teslamotors.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Specs and Standards '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ LeVine , Steve ( 2015 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Why did Elon Musk pass up a chance to boast about a scientific coup ? '' . Quartz . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk 's recent `` Ludicrous '' announcement hints at more synergy between Tesla and SpaceX `` . Electrek . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ayre , James ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Pulls 85 kWh Battery Option From US Design Studio '' . evobsession.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Steve ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Breaking News : Tesla P100D Is On The Way '' . gas2.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's vision of an all - electric car future is still years off '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Audi A3 Sportback e-tron ( 2017 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hardman , Scott ; Tal , Gil ( 2016 ) . `` Exploring the Decision to Adopt a High - End Battery Electric Vehicle : Role of Financial and Nonfinancial Motivations '' . Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board . US . 2572 : 20 -- 27 . doi : 10.3141 / 2572 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Three Dog Day '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Tesla Model S ( 85 kW - hr battery pack ) ; 2014 Tesla Model S AWD ( 85 kW - hr battery pack ) ; 2015 Tesla Model S AWD -- 85D ; and 2015 Tesla Model S AWD -- P85D '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2015 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Tesla Model S ( 60 kW - hr battery pack ) ; 2014 Tesla Model S ( 85 kW - hr battery pack ) ; 2014 Tesla Model S AWD ( 85 kW - hr battery pack ) '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2015 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Tesla Model S ( 40 kW - hr battery pack ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Tesla Model S AWD - 100D '' . US Department of Energy . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Steve ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Longest Range Electric Car = Tesla Model S 100D ( 335 Miles ! ) '' . CleanTechnica . US . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : 75D and 75 delivered before July 2017 is 1 second slower Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOj54sRI65k Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KV3pIZRAwhQ ^ Jump up to : `` `` Model S '' . Australia : Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOj54sRI65k Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KV3pIZRAwhQ Jump up ^ `` An Update to Our Supercharging Program '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model Year 2015 Fuel Economy Guide -- Electric vehicles & Plug - in Hybrid Electric Vehicles '' ( PDF ) . fueleconomy.gov . United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2015 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 17 . pp. 32 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Tesla Model S ( 60 kWh battery pack ) '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2012 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare Side - by - Side -- 2015 Tesla Model S 60 kWh / AWD -- 70D / AWD -- 90D / AWD -- P90D '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2015 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Tesla Model S ( all models ) '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Tesla Model S '' . Fueleconomy.gov . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy . 2012 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` P90D Tesla cars can be upgraded to P100D -- for a price '' . Tesla Central . 2016 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Biello , David . `` How Tesla Motors Builds One of the World 's Safest Cars ( Video ) '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ `` Suspension '' . 2014 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . The Lotus Elise has a kinematic roll center height of 30mm above the ground and a center of gravity height of 470mm . The Lotus Elise RCH is 6 % the height of the CG , meaning 6 % of lateral force is transferred through the suspension arms and 94 % is transferred through the springs and dampers . Jump up ^ 2015 Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat vs. 2015 Tesla Model S P85D ! - Head 2 Head Ep. 65 at 14m . Motor Trend Channel , April 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ Read , Richard ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Tesla Model S : So Safe , It Broke NHTSA 's Testing Equipment '' . TheCarConnection.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . NHTSA 's normal tests could n't induce the car to flip , so the agency had to resort to `` special means '' . Tesla credits the sedan 's battery pack for that , which gives the Model S a very low center of gravity ^ Jump up to : Ingram , Antony . `` Tesla Models S Gets Highest Safety - Test Score Ever Awarded By NHTSA '' . Green Car Reports . Jump up ^ Tesla Model S -- Charging in North America . Tesla , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Owner 's Manual '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charge your Model S -- Adapter Guide , High Power Charging , and Supercharge '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tesla Model S - Charging in Europe . Tesla , Inc . Jump up ^ New Tesla Type 2 charge port lighting . Tesla , Inc . Jump up ^ Edmunds , Dan ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) . `` 2012 Tesla Model S Signature Performance Suspension Walkaround '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Gabe ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` NHTSA closes Tesla fire inquiry as Model S gets new battery shield '' . Automotive News . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Korosec , Kirsten ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Potholes and Tesla 's Model S : Never the twain shall meet '' . Fortunes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Elon Musk says Autopilot upgrade could be coming '' . US : CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Twitter '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Riding shotgun in Tesla 's fastest car ever '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla D is , as expected , an AWD Model S but new autopilot features surprise '' . AutoblogGreen . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph B. ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Tesla Aims to Leapfrog Rivals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Elon Musk : Model S not a car but a ' sophisticated computer on wheels ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Joe ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` When Will Elon Musk Announce Autopilot 2.0 and the Model 3 HUD ? '' . Inverse . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Jeff ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Software Is The Last Obstacle To Fully Autonomous Vehicles , Elon Musk Says '' . Forbes . US . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Yadron , Danny ; Tynan , Dan ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Tesla driver dies in first fatal crash while using autopilot mode '' . The Guardian . San Francisco . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Vlasic , Bill ; Boudette , Neal E. ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Self - Driving Tesla Involved in Fatal Crash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Morris , David Paul ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Highway patrol found DVD player in wreckage of fatal Tesla accident '' . CNBC . Associated Press . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ODI Resume - Investigation : PE 16 - 007 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. : Office of Defects Investigations , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . 2016 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` A Tragic Loss '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Tesla Autopilot accident investigation ends with no recall ordered '' . The Verge. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` PE 16 - 007 . MY2014 - 2016 Tesla Model S and Model X '' ( PDF ) . NHTSA. 2017 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` NVIDIA Powers Digital Dashboard in New Tesla Motors Electric Sedan '' ( Press release ) . NVidia. 2012 - 06 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hesseldahl , Arik . `` What 's Inside the Tesla Model S Dashboard '' . Re / code . Jump up ^ `` Visual Computing Module '' ( Press release ) . NVIDIA . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Stein Jarle ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Tesla Model S -- Slik vil Tesla gjøre slutt på rekkeviddeangsten '' ( Tesla Model S -- How will end the Tesla range anxiety ) . Teknisk Ukeblad ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Shareholder Meeting '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S owners hack their cars , find Ubuntu '' . Autoblog. 2014 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Shenhar , Gabe ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Our Tesla Model S gets a third - row seat and now seats seven '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S third - row seats are suitable only for kids '' , Consumer Reports , 2013 - 05 - 14 Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Reveals the Car of the Future , and It Is Glorious '' . Inc.com . Associated Press . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cantle , Chris . `` Tesla Model S P85D : Dual motors , AWD , 691 hp , 3.2 to 60 '' . Road & Track . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dow , Jameson ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Tesla adds new `` Glass Roof '' Model S option ; discontinues P90D `` . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S now in production '' . DesignBoom. 2012 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Specs and Standard Features '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Service '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Musk , Elon ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Tesla Blo -- Creating the World 's Best Service and Warranty Program '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model S new vehicle limited warranty for North America '' ( PDF ) . Tesla. 2015 . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Valdes - Dapena , Peter ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Tesla offers idiot - proof battery warranty '' . CNN . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Quick Guide '' ( PDF ) . Tesla. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Amarakoon , Shanika ; Smith , Jay ; Segal , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Application of Life Cycle Assessment to Nanoscale Technology : Lithium - ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles '' ( PDF ) . Design for the Environment Program / Office of Research and Development . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Westervelt , Amy ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Tesla 's new batteries may be harder on the environment than you think '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Wade , Lizzie ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) , Tesla 's Electric Cars Are n't as Green as You Might Think ^ Jump up to : Spence , Katie ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) , `` Will Battery Recycling Help Tesla Motors ' Massive Shortcoming ? The Model S has a lot going for it . But it also has one big problem that could severely hurt its future '' , Motley Fool ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla 's Closed Loop Battery Recycling Program '' . Tesla Motors . 2011 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mythbusters Part 3 : Recycling our Non-Toxic Battery Packs '' . teslamotors.com. 2008 - 03 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Spence , Katie ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Will Battery Recycling Help Tesla Motors ' Massive Shortcoming ? '' . fool.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Electric Vehicle Battery ' Can And Should Be Recycled ' '' . CleanTechnica. 2015 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Nealer , Rachael ; Reichmuth , David ; Anair , Don ( November 2015 ) . `` Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave : How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emissions '' ( PDF ) . Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Eric ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Nissan LEAF Has Smallest Lifecycle Footprint of Any 2014 Model Year Automobile Sold in North America '' . Inside EVs . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Life - cycle Assessment of 1,300 Models Reveals Best of 2014 '' ( Press release ) . Automotive Science Group ( ASG ) . 2014 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ DiBenedetto , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 28 ) , `` How green is that product ? Seattle startup lets you know '' , Seattle P-I Jump up ^ Anair , Don ; Mahmassani , Amine ( June 2012 ) . `` State of Charge : Electric Vehicles ' Global Warming Emissions and Fuel - Cost Savings across the United States '' ( PDF ) . Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) . `` UCS : Well - to - wheel , EVs cleaner than pretty much all gas cars '' . Autoblog ( website ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home charging installation '' . Tesla.com . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home charging installation '' . Tesla UK . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Installation der Lademöglichkeiten zu Hause '' ( Home charging installationwork = Tesla Deutschland ) ( in German ) . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Tesla expands its Destination Charging network to over 5,000 locations '' . electrek . 9to5 Network . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Field , Kyle ( 2016 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Tesla Makes Full - Court Press With Destination Charging '' . Clean Technica . Sustainable Enterprises Media . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla CHAdeMO Adapter '' . Tesla Gear . Tesla Motors , Inc . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Supercharger Tesla '' . www.tesla.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` Tesla is making a big expansion to its Supercharger network '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Supercharging Tesla Model S 60 kWh Versus 85 kWh - Video + Graphs '' . Inside EVs . US . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Godske , Bjørn ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Tesla gør Køge til knudepunkt for hurtigopladning '' ( Tesla makes Køge a hub for fast charging ) ( in Danish ) . Ingeniøren . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla launches first six Supercharger locations ; 100 kW charging , with 120 kW in future '' . Green Car Congress . 2012 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2012 - 10 - 12 ) . `` First Tesla Superchargers Open October 19 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Motavalli , Jim ( 2012 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Begins East Coast Fast - Charging Corridor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Motors , Inc . -- Third Quarter 2013 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Supercharger : An In - Depth Look '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Supercharger '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Tesla Motors '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Kane , Mark ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` First Six Tesla Supercharger Stations Up And Runing ( sic ) in Norway ; ~ 120 kW of Power '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( 2009 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Report : Tesla Model S was designed with battery swaps in mind '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Rogowsky , Mark ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Tesla 90 - Second Battery Swap Tech Coming This Year '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors demonstrates battery swap in the Model S '' . Green Car Congress . 2013 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sorokanich , Robert . `` Musk : Tesla `` unlikely '' to pursue battery swapping stations `` . Road & Track . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Wayne ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Tesla tentatively tests battery swap plan '' . CNET . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors ( TSLA ) Earnings Report : Q1 2015 Conference Call Transcript '' . TheStreet. 2015 - 05 - 07 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 27 January 2016 ) . `` First hybrid taxi arrives in Gibraltar '' . EuroWeekly News . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Want A 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Edition ? Too Late , They 're All Gone '' . Green Cars Reports . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Garthwaite , Josie ( 2011 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Tesla Prepares for a Gap as Roadster Winds Down '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` First Tesla Model S Convertible Hits the Streets of San Francisco '' . TESLARATI.com. 2014 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ ABC video Quote : '' One thing it does n't make , is a convertible '' Jump up ^ `` 520 Model S Reserved in the First Week '' . Business Wire. 2009 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Lienert ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) . `` UPDATE 2 - Tesla Motors expects first profit in Q1 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . A total of about 2,650 Model S sedans were sold during 2012 Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( 2012 - 06 - 04 ) . `` 2013 Tesla Model S Signature Series Is Sold Out '' . Edmunds Inside Line . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Motavalli , Jim ( 2012 - 05 - 12 ) . `` In White Plains , Tesla Motors Sells the Sizzle and Maybe a Car or Two '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors , Inc . -- Third Quarter 2014 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2014 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 05 . Global sales during 3Q 2014 Totaled 7,785 units . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Motors -- Third Quarter 2015 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Palo Alto , California : Tesla Motors . 2015 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Tesla global electric car sales totaled 11,603 units during the third quarter of 2015 , including six Model X units . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2015 Update '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2016 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . A total of 17,478 units were delivered globaly during the fourth quarter of 2015 , including 206 Model X vehicles . Model S sales in the United States totaled 16,689 units in 2014 and 25,202 in 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jay ( 2012 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Tesla 60 kWh Model S Deliveries Delayed To January -- February , Entry Level Until March -- April '' . Inside EVs . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Yoney , Domenick ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Tesla delivered 2,650 Model S EVs last year , Musk confident of profit in Q1 and beyond '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ohnsman , Alan ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Tesla Posts First Quarterly Profit on Model S Deliveries '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Motors , Inc . -- Second Quarter 2013 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2013 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Jerry ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Tesla Motors ends year with higher sales but still a big loss '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 . A total of 22,477 Model S sedans were sold in 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ohnsman , Alan ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Tesla Rises After Model S Sales in 2013 Exceed Forecast '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Elon Musk vs The New York Times : battle escalates Thursday with dueling blog posts '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Julie Makinen ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) . `` Tesla delivers its first electric cars in China ; delays upset some '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Loveday , Eric ( 2014 - 06 - 07 ) . `` First Right Hand Drive Tesla Model S EVs Get Delivered in UK '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Loveday ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Tesla Celebrates First Model S Deliveries in Hong Kong -- Video '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mochizuki , Takashi ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Tesla 's Musk , in Tokyo , Says ' Heart ' of Model S Is Japanese '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Philippe ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Officially Open For Business in Australia '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Tesla Due To Sell 75,000 th Model S This Month '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) . `` 2014 's Top - 10 Global Best - Selling Plug - in Cars '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . A total of 31,655 units were sold worldwide in 2014 . Global cumulative sales since June 2012 totaled 56,782 Model S cars by the end of 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors -- Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2014 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2014 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . Global sales during 4Q 2014 totaled 9,834 units . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Motors -- Second Quarter 2015 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2015 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 05 . A total of 11,532 units were delivered globally during the second quarter of 2015 . The Model S was the best - selling electric vehicle in the U.S for the first half of 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Tesla Model S Is Top - Selling Plug - in Car For First Half of 2015 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . An estimated 11,900 Model S sedans were sold in the U.S. during the first half of 2015 , and as of June 2015 , global cumulative Model S sales totaled over 78,300 units sold through June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors -- First Quarter 2015 Shareholder Letter '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2015 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . A total of 10,045 units were delivered globaly during the first quarter of 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Delivers 17,400 Vehicles in Q4 2015 ; Total 2015 Deliveries Were 50,580 '' ( Press release ) . Palo Alto , California : Market Wired. 2016 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Tesla Model S Was World 's Best - Selling Plug - in Car in 2015 '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2014 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . An estimated 18,650 Model S sedans were sold in the U.S. in 2013 , and about 2,620 in 2012 . See section `` December 2013 Plug - in Electric Car Sales Numbers '' ^ Jump up to : Young , Angelo ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Tesla in Norway : 436 Model S Sedans Are Being Delivered Monthly In Tesla 's Largest Overseas Market '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilsalget i desember og hele 2013 '' ( Car sales in December and during 2013 ) ( in Norwegian ) . Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS ( OFV , Norwegian Road Federation ) . January 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilsalget i 2014 '' ( Car sales in 2014 ) ( in Norwegian ) . Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS ( OFV , Norwegian Road Federation ) . January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Click on `` Modellfordelt '' to display the top 20 selling new cars in Norway : A total of 4,040 Model S cars were sold in 2014 , representing a 2.8 % market share of new car sales in the country . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilsalget i desember '' ( Car sales in December ) ( in Norwegian ) . Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS ( OFV , Norwegian Road Federation ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . A total of 4,039 new Model S cars were registered in Norway in 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla cutting 30 % of staff in China '' . Want China Times . 2015 - 03 - 07 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Tesla imported 4,800 Model S cars in 2014 , but only 2,499 of those vehicles were registered for road use in China . Jump up ^ `` Cijfers elektrisch vervoer -- Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto ( 31 - 12 - 2015 ) '' ( Figures electric transport -- Top 10 registered fully electric vehicle models ) ( PDF ) . Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland ( RVO ) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising - ( in Dutch ) . BovagWebsite. 2015 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Delivers 14,820 Vehicles in Q1 2016 ; On Track for Full - Year Delivery Guidance '' . Tesla Motors ( Press release ) . Palo Alto : Market Wired. 2016 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla second Quarter 2016 Update '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Palo Alto : Tesla Motors . 2016 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . During the second quarter of 2016 Tesla Motors delivered 14,402 new vehicles consisting of 9,764 Model S and 4,638 Model X . Production during 2Q 2016 totaled 18,345 vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Q2 2016 Vehicle Production and Deliveries '' ( Press release ) . Palo Alto : Tesla Motors . 2016 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Third Quarter 2016 Update '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . Palo Alto . 2016 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) . `` World 's Top 10 Selling EVs Led By The Tesla Model S After Strong September '' . EV Sales Blog . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla Q4 2016 Production and Deliveries '' . Tesla Motors ( Press release ) . Palo Alto : Market Wired. 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Tesla delivered approximately 22,200 vehicles in Q4 , of which 12,700 were Model S and 9,500 were Model X . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , Bertel ( 2017 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Tesla 's Sudden Chinese Billion , Where Are The Cars Behind It ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Schmitt , Bertel ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) . `` The Tesla China Numbers That Elon Musk Wo n't Tell You '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Norway was the largest Model S overseas market in 2015 , and China ranked as Tesla 's most important market behind the U.S. in 2016 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Nissan 's Quarter - Millionth Leaf Means It 's The Best - Selling Plug - in Car In History '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . As of December 2016 , the Nissan Leaf is the world 's best - selling plug - in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered , followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales , the Volt / Ampera family of vehicles with 134,500 vehicles sold . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Q1 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries '' . Tesla Motors ( Press release ) . Palo Alto : Market Wired. 2017 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Tesla ( NASDAQ : TSLA ) delivered just over 25,000 vehicles in Q1 , of which approx 13,450 were Model S and approx 11,550 were Model X . Jump up ^ `` Update -- Tesla Q2 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries '' . Tesla Motors ( Press release ) . Palo Alto . 2017 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Tesla ( Nasdaq : TSLA ) delivered just over 22,000 vehicles in Q2 , of which just over 12,000 were Model S and just over 10,000 were Model X . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Q3 2017 Vehicle Deliveries and Production '' . Tesla. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Q4 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries '' . Tesla. 2018 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Norwegian Road Federation ( OFV ) ( January 2017 ) . `` Bilsalget i 2016 '' ( Car sales in 2016 ) ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Tesla Model S registrations in Norway totaled 2,051 new units in 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS ( OFV ) . `` Bilsalget i 2017 '' ( Car sales in 2017 ) ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verkoopstatistieken -- Meer marktinformatie '' ( Sales Statistics -- More Market Information ) ( in Dutch ) . RAI Vereniging. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2013 ( `` Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201312 '' ) . Jump up ^ `` Verkoopstatistieken '' ( Sales Statistics ) ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . RAI Vereniging. 2015 - 01 - 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 31 . Download the pdf file for detailed sales by model during 2014 : `` nieuwverkoop personenautos 201412 Archived 2015 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Nieuwverkoop Personenautos Per Merk / Model '' ( New passenger cars sales by brand / model ) ( in Dutch ) . RAI Vereniging . January 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . A total of 1,805 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2015 `` . ^ Jump up to : `` RAI BOVAG Persbericht Verkopen Personenauto 's '' ( RAI BOVAG Press Release car sales ) ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . = RAI Vereniging . January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . A total of 1,693 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2016 . '' Jump up ^ `` Maandelijkse verkoopcijfers '' ( Monthly sales figures ) ( in Dutch ) . RAI Vereniging. 2018 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Download the XLS file `` Personenauto 's maandrapportage nieuwverkopen 2017 '' -- A total of 2,051 Model S cars were sold in the Netherlands in 2017 . '' ^ Jump up to : Klippenstein , Matthew ( January 2018 ) . `` Canadian Plug - in Electric Vehicle Sales '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Tesla Model S sales figures from IHS data . ^ Jump up to : `` Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen 2013 nach Herstellern , Handelsnamen und ausgewählten Merkmalen '' ( New registrations of passenger cars 2013 by manufacturers , trade names and selected characteristics ) ( PDF ) . Statistische Mitteilungen des Kraftfahrt - Bundesamtes FZ 4 , Jahr 2013 ( in German ) . Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ( KBA ) . May 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . A total of 183 units were registered in Germany in 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im Dezember 2014 '' ( New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in December 2014 ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ( KBA ) . January 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . A total of 815 units were registered in Germany in 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen im Dezember 2016 nach Segmenten und Modellreihen '' ( New registrations of passenger cars in December 2016 by segments and models ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ( KBA ) . January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . A total of 1,474 Model S cars were registered in Germany in 2016 . Jump up ^ Bekker , Henk ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) . `` 2017 ( Full Year ) Germany : Best - Selling Electric Car Brands and Models '' . best-selling-cars.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Plug - in grant eligible vehicles licensed ( at the end of Q3 2017 ) '' . UK : RAC Foundation . January 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . This figure corresponds to eligible vehicles for the plug - in car and van grant schemes as licensed in the UK at the end of Q2 2017 ( not cumulative sales ) . Jump up ^ `` Plug - in grant eligible vehicles licensed ( at the end of Q1 2016 ) '' . UK : RAC Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Figures correspond to the number of vehicles registered at the end of the corresponding quarter . Jump up ^ Lilly , Chris ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Outlander PHEV tops ultra-low emission league table as plug - in sales soar '' . Next Green Car . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . A total of 1,047 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plug - in grant eligible vehicles licensed ( at the end of Q3 2016 ) '' . UK : RAC Foundation . March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . A total of 3,907 Model S cars were registered in the UK at the end of September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Autoverkäufe nach Modellen -- Modellstatistik '' ( Passenger cars by model -- Statistics by model ) ( in German ) . Auto Schweiz Suisse . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Under `` Modellstatistik Januar - Dezember 2017 '' download the xls file for 2017 sales , under `` Modellstatistiken 2011 -- 2016 '' download the xls file `` ModellePW2016 '' for 2016 sales , click `` 2015 Statistik '' to download the file `` ModellePW2015 '' with sales by model for 2015 , `` 2014 Statistik '' to download the file `` ModellePW2014 '' with sales by model for 2014 , and `` 2013 Statistik '' to download the file `` ModellePW2013 '' with sales by model for 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistik -- Nyregistreringstal -- Personbiler -- Pr. model : januar -- juni 2016 '' ( Statistics -- Passenger cars by model : January -- June 2015 ) ( in Danish ) . Bilimp . July 2016 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . `` Select `` 2015 or 2014 or 2013 -- Hele året '' for the corresponding year and click on `` Pr . model '' for details of sales by brand and model . ^ Jump up to : `` Bilsalget i december samt hele 2016 '' ( Car sales in December and throughout 2016 ) ( in Danish ) . Bilimp. 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . Download the file `` 12 - 2016. xls '' and click on the tab `` Pressemeddelelse '' Jump up ^ `` ÅRETS BILSALG 2017 '' ( Car sales 2017 ) ( in Danish ) . Bilimp. 2018 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Download the file `` 12 - 2017. xls '' and click on the tab `` Pressemeddelelse '' Jump up ^ `` Topplistan december 2014 ( def ) '' ( Highscore in December 2014 ( definitely ) ) ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . Bil Sweden . 2015 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nyregistreringar december 2016 def '' ( New Registrations December 2015 ( final ) ) ( in Swedish ) . Bil Sweden . 2016 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Download the pdf file `` Nyregistreringar december 2015 def '' See table : Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar December 2015 Jump up ^ `` Nyregistrerade miljöbilar december 2016 ( def ) '' ( New Registrations Super Green car December 2016 ( final ) ) ( in Swedish ) . Bil Sweden . 2017 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Download the file `` Nyregistrerade miljöbilar december 2016 ( def ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017 '' ( Definitive new registrations in 2017 ) ( in Swedish ) . Bil Sweden . 2018 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Download the pdf file `` PressRel1712_DEF. pdf '' See table : `` Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017 '' Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2014 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Belgium December 2013 '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Immatriculations de Voitures Neuves Par Marque -- December 2015 '' ( New Car Registrations per Brand -- December 2015 ) ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Fédération Belge De L _́ Autombile Et Du Cycle ( FEBIAC ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . See in the left side cumulative sales for 2015 ( 820 ) and 2014 ( 521 ) . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Belgium December 2016 '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Belgium December 2017 '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Torregrossa , Michaël ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Tesla Model S -- Plus de 22.000 ventes dans le monde en 2013 '' ( Tesla Model S -- More than 22,000 sales worldwide in 2013 ) ( in French ) . Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen ( AVEM ) . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . A total of 15 units were registered in France in 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France '' ( Sales figures & electric car registrations in France ) ( in French ) . Automobile Propre . January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . See `` Ventes de voitures électriques '' in 2016 , 2015 , 2014 and 2013 . It shows all - electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016 . A total of 785 Model S cars were registered in 2016 , 708 in 2015 and 328 in 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Près de 31 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2017 ! '' ( Nearly 31,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2017 ! ) ( in French ) . France : France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE. 2018 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Soo , Zen ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) . `` With Tesla 's Model S now Hong Kong 's top - selling sedan , chief Elon Musk predicts city to become world leader in electric vehicles '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bundesländer - Statistik -- Dezember 2015 '' ( Federal Statistics -- December 2015 ) ( in German ) . Myampera.wordpress.com . August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Click on the tables by model by year . Jump up ^ `` Neuzulassungen nach Jahren '' ( Registrations by year ) ( in German ) . Statistik Austria . January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Download the pdf file `` Kfz - Neuzulassungen Jänner bis Dezember 2014 '' for Tesla 's monthly sales during 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BEV Overview table -- Austria '' . European Alternative Fuels Observatory . March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Filter by country Austria . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Austria December 2017 '' . EV Sales . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gasnier , Mat ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Australia Full Year 2015 : Mazda first full importer to # 2 in record market '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . Model S deliveries estimated at 1,250 units in 2015 . Jump up ^ David McCowen ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Why the Tesla is Australia 's best - selling electric car '' . Drive . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 18 . There were 65 Tesla Model S registered in New South Wales at the end of 2014 , and 4 in Victoria . Jump up ^ `` BEV Overview table - Italy '' . European Alternative Fuels Observatory . March 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Filter by country Italy . Jump up ^ Luca Moroni ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Dados para a venda de carros elétricos na Itália em dezembro de 2017 '' ( Electric car salles data in Italy in December 2017 ) ( in Italian ) . Green Start . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla CHAdeMO Adapter '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Philippe Crowe ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Officially Open For Business in Australia '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Tesla Model S Launches in Australia ; First Australian Supercharger Comes Online '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : David McCowen ( 2015 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Why the Tesla is Australia 's best - selling electric car '' . Drive . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ucilia Wang ( 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Tesla Makes Record Delivery of Model S , Promises A ' Pioneering Approach ' To Servicing Its Cars '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Over 5,500 units delivered during 3Q 2013 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tesla Model S 85 kWh ' Fairly Priced ' From $121,000 in China '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Alan Ohnsman ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Tesla Seen Reporting Record Deliveries on China Expansion '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Sales in China up to June 2014 are estimated at about 1,000 units by Barclays analysts . Jump up ^ Michelle Jones ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Motors ' Q2 Delivery Guidance Hinges on China '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 31 . Based on several sources Chinese sales are estimated between 1,000 to 1,300 units through June 2014 ^ Jump up to : Charles Fleming ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Are Teslas disappearing in China ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16 . Estimates by JLWarren Capital . Jump up ^ Sarita Pereira ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Tesla Motors : The Road To China Is Getting Harder '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Angelo Young ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Tesla Motors Inc in China : Hundreds Of Model S Cars Sent To China Are Unsold , According To ' Insiders ' '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . CEO Elon Musk has admitted the Model S is n't selling as well as expected . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Tesla sells well in China but Q2 report indicates losses '' . Greentech Leaf . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Xiang , Nina ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) . `` After Three Years In China : What Are Tesla 's Hits And Misses ? '' . China Money Network . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zen Soo ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Hong Kong now has highest density of Tesla superchargers in the world '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Tesla has 80 % market share of Hong Kong 's growing electric vehicle market , German automakers are not happy '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Angelo Young ( 2014 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Tesla Motors ' Tesla Model S Is Outselling Nissan Leaf in Northern European Markets '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Winton ( 2014 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Electric Car Sales in Western Europe Spurt , But From Miniscule Base '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Sales figures based on Automotive Industry Data ( AID ) . About 3,900 Tesla Model S cars were sold in Europe in 2013 ... Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Europe December 2013 '' . EVSales.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . The Tesla Model S ranked as the third best selling all - electric passenger car and as the seventh among highway - capable plug - in electric vehicles ... ^ Jump up to : `` Nissan LEAF is the best - selling electric car in Europe for fourth year in a row '' ( Press release ) . Rolle , Switzerland : Nissan Europe . 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Bennett ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) . `` New cars : Europe 's recovery continues -- JATO '' . Automotive Management online . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Electrique ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Quelle est la place de la France sur le marché européen du véhicule électrique ? '' ( What is the place of France in the European electric vehicle market ) ( in French ) . AVERE France . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 27 . A total of 97,687 all - electric vehicles were registered in the European market in 2015 . The top selling electric cars were the Renault Zoe ( 18,727 ) , the Tesla Model S ( 15,515 ) , and the Nissan Leaf ( 15,455 ) . Jump up ^ Automotive Industry Data ( AID ) ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Tesla 's Model S outsold Mercedes S - Class in Europe last year '' . AID Newsletter . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . During 2015 Tesla Models S sales in Western Europe totaled 15,787 units , while Mercedes - Benz S - Class sales totaled 14,990 units . Jump up ^ Kreč , Luboš ; Skoupá , Adéla ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Drahým autům se v Česku daří . Lamborghini chce prodávat 15 vozů ročně '' ( Expensive cars in the Czech Republic . Lamborghini wants to sell 15 cars a year ) . Hospodářské noviny ( in Czech ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Tesla Model S Soars to Top of EV Sales Chart in Denmark '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kurt Hedevang ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Tesla spurter fra luksusbilerne '' ( in Danish ) . Jyllandsposten . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` RTT med Cleardrive og TaxiNord 4 × 48 til test af Tesla Model S Archived 2015 - 04 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . '' 25 . 07 . 2012 Jump up ^ Larsen , Lars - Bo ( 2014 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Forsøg med eltaxa stopper '' ( Trial ends for electric taxi ) . Politiken . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Graubæk , Allan ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Ny Tesla får brugt - salget til at eksplodere '' ( New Tesla makes second - hand sale explode ) . Politiken . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rydberg , Anders Vestergaard ; Baunsgaard , Casper ( June 2016 ) . `` Assessment of the Danish Car Market - With Emphasis on Consumer Behaviour '' ( PDF ) . Aarhus University , School of Business and Social Sciences . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Tesla victim of its own success in Denmark : 2 to 3 months wait for service , some owners are furious '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla eyes annual sales of 10,000 cars in Germany , Musk says '' . Automotive News Europe . Reuters. 2013 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kraftfahrt - Bundesamt ( KBA ) ( December 2015 ) . `` Neuzulassungen von Personenkraftwagen nach Segmenten und Modellreihen im November 2015 '' ( New registrations of passenger cars by segments and models in November 2015 ) ( PDF ) ( in German ) . KBA . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . A total of 1,348 Model S sedans were registered in Germany between January and November 2015 . Jump up ^ RAI ( May 2014 ) . `` Nieuwverkoop Per Merk / Model '' ( New Sales By Brand / Model ) ( in Dutch ) . RAI Vereniging . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schiphol Group press release ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Schiphol kiest voor duurzaam taxivervoer : Tesla '' ( Schiphol chooses sustainable taxi : Tesla ) ( in Dutch ) . Groen7.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) . `` The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug - in Vehicles '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cijfers elektrisch vervoer -- Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug - in hybride elektrische auto -- Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto '' ( Figures electric transport -- Top 5 registered plug - in hybrids -- Top 10 registered fully electric vehicle models ) . Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland ( RVO ) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising - ( in Dutch ) . BovagWebsite . January 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . With a total of 25,984 Mitsubishi Outlander P - HEVs registered by the end of December 2016 , the plug - in hybrid is the all - time top registered plug - in electric vehicle in the Netherlands . The Tesla Model S is the best selling all - electric car with 6,049 units registered . Jump up ^ Antony Ingram ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) . `` First 2013 Tesla Model S Delivered Outside North America -- In Oslo '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Rekordsalg av elbiler i august '' ( Record sales of electric cars in August ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's $110,000 Model S is now Norway 's best - selling car '' . The Globe and Mail . Reuters. 2013 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Norwegians Buying `` Used '' Tesla Model S Sedans at Prices Higher Than New to Avoid 5 - Month Wait `` . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan Leaf tops Norway Oct. car sales , beats Toyota Auris , VW Golf '' . Automotive News Europe . Reuters. 2013 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ OFV ( 2013 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Bilsalget i november OFV AS '' ( Car sales in August ) ( in Norwegian ) . Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken ( OFV ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Mat Gasnier ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Norway Full Year 2013 : VW Golf No. 1 , Nissan Leaf on podium ! '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Angelo Young ( 2013 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Tesla Owners in Norway Get $134,000 Tax Break , Which Is More Than The Base Price of the Model S '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Ståle Frydenlund ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Tesla knuste 28 år gammel rekord '' ( Tesla broke 28 - year - old record ) ( in Norwegian ) . Norsk Elbilforening ( Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ John D. Stoll ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Tesla Breaks Norway 's All - Time Sales Record '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder '' ( Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records ) ( in Norwegian ) . Grønn bil . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Road Federation ( OFV ) ( April 2014 ) . `` Bilsalget i mars '' ( Car sales in March ) ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 03 . A total of 36,492 new passenger cars were registered in Norway during the first quarter of 2014 . The Model S ranks first with 2,056 units and a market share of 5.6 % , followed by the VW Golf with 1,577 ( 4.3 % ) and the Nissan Leaf with 1,559 ( 4.3 % ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Tesla Model S deliveries down 52 % in Norway during the second quarter '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pontes , Jose ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Switzerland December 2014 '' . EVSales.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Automotive Industry Data ( AID ) ( 2015 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Switzerland 's status - conscious rich dump conventional luxury saloons for Tesla 's Green - Halo Model S '' . AID Newsletter . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Natalie Middleton ( 2015 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Outlander PHEV tops ultra-low emission league table as plug - in sales soar '' . Fleet World . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 22 . A total of 698 Model S sedans were registered in the UK through December 2014 Jump up ^ Neil Thomason ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) . `` FleetPoint first impressions of the Tesla Model S '' . FleetPoint.org . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` UK becomes Tesla 's biggest European market , surpassing even Norway -- for the moment '' . Electrotek . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mark Kane ( 2015 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Tesla Model S Now on Sale in Mexico '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . See more details in video ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 2012 - 06 - 06 ) . `` First 2012 Tesla Model S Delivered To Earliest Depositor Steve Jurvetson ( Video ) '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Tesla Model S Crosses 50,000 U.S. Sales Milestone '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . A total of 49,720 Model S sedans had been sold in the U.S. through June 2015 , of which , about 11,900 were sold during the first half of 2015 . The 50,000 unit milestone was passed in early July 2015 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Tesla Model S Update : 3,000 th Electric Sedan Delivered In CA '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jay Cole ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Tesla : Model S Production Now More Than 500 Per Week , Over 12 Million Total Miles Driven So Far '' . Inside EVs . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` March 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla likely Q1 US PEV leader with 4,750 + sales in North America ; Nissan surges with LEAF in March in US '' . Green Car Congress . 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Vikas Shukla ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Tesla 's car comes with a 3G chip , so it can be tracked and shut down remotely '' . Value Walk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jessica Caldwell ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Drive by Numbers -- Tesla Model S is the vehicle of choice in many of America 's wealthiest zip codes '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Toyota Prius keeps Calif. sales crown ; Tesla moves up '' . Automotive News . 2014 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) ( February 2014 ) . `` California Auto Outlook : Fourth Quarter 2013 '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Hull , Dana ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) . `` With a registration in Jackson , Mississippi , Tesla 's Model S now has sales in all 50 states '' . SiliconBeat . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Rogowsky ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors , But With Success Comes Scrutiny '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . About 18,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2014 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 10 . A total of 16,550 Model S sedans were sold in the U.S. in 2014 . See section `` December 2014 Battery Electric Car Sales Numbers '' Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) . `` December 2015 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Tesla Model S is America 's Best - Selling Plug - in Car This Year '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) ( February 2016 ) . `` California New Vehicle Registrations Expected to Remain Above 2 Million Units in 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Registrations through December 2015 since 2011 . Revised figures for 2014 . Jump up ^ Randall , Tom ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Tesla Dominates U.S. Luxury Sedan Sales '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) ( February 2017 ) . `` State New Vehicle Market Up Slightly in 2016 ; Similar Outlook for 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Registrations through December 2016 since 2012 . Revised figures for 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Tom ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) . `` New 5 - Series Arrives as BMW U.S. Sales Fall '' . Ward 's . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Eric ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Tesla Model S Sales Surpass 100,000 in U.S. '' InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Eric ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Tesla Model S Sales Hit 100,000 In U.S. Quicker Than Chevy Volt , Nissan LEAF '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : California New Car Dealers Association ( CNCDA ) ( February 2018 ) . `` New Vehicle Registrations in State Predicted to Exceed 2 Million Units Again in 2018 '' ( PDF ) . CNCDA . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Top - selling electric car in California is not a Tesla '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mosendz , Polly ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) . `` What Happens When You Die Waiting for a Tesla ? '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Antony ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Tesla Wins Vs Ohio Car Dealers , Amendment Defeated '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) . `` New York Auto Dealers Try To Make Registering Tesla Stores Illegal '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Where can Tesla sell cars ? '' . Mojo Motors , Inc. 2015 - 03 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tani , Maxwell ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Texas says no to Tesla direct sales '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Bill to allow Tesla to sell cars in Texas dies in committee '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` List of Tesla Stores , Service Centers and Chargers '' . teslamotors.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Official Tesla Model S 2014 safety rating results '' . EURO NCAP. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Tesla Model S 5 HB RWD '' . NHTSA. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Achieves Euro NCAP 5 - Star Safety Rating '' . Tesla Motors . 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Tesla Model S 5 HB RWD '' . U.S. Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Official Tesla Model S 2014 safety rating results '' . Euro NCAP . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle details '' . ^ Jump up to : Kilgore , Tomi ; Assis , Claudia ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Tesla no longer biggest U.S. car company by market cap as stock plunges briefly into bear - market territory '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Two electric cars miss IIHS awards '' . IIHS. 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Jensen ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Tesla Says Car Fire Started in Battery '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Steven Russolillo ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Musk Explains Why Tesla Model S Caught on Fire '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Phillipe Crowe ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Model S Catches Fire '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) . `` First Tesla Model S Fire Caused By Collision With Road Debris '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ 2012 -- 2013 Model S Emergency Response Guide ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . 2013 . p. 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 23 . If the high voltage battery becomes involved in fire or is bent , twisted , damaged , or breached in any way , or if you suspect that the battery is heating , use large amounts of water to cool the battery . DO NOT extinguish fire with a small amount of water . Always establish or request an additional water supply . Jump up ^ David Shepardson ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) . `` U.S. will not open investigation into Tesla fire '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Vlasic and Jaclyn Trop ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` After 3 Fires , Safety Agency Opens Inquiry into Tesla Model S '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eric Loveday ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` NHTSA Opens Formal Investigation into 13,108 Model Year 2013 Tesla Model S Sedans Sold in US ( Update ) '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Danielle Ivory ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Federal Safety Agency Ends Its Investigation of Tesla Fires '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Trop , Jaclyn ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Another Fire Raises Questions for Tesla '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Voelcker , John ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Tesla Fires : NHTSA Will Probe , Warranty To Cover Fire Damage , Ride - Height Tweak '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Linette ( 2014 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Another Tesla Caught on Fire While Sitting in a Toronto Garage This Month '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ohnsman , Alan ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Tesla Investigating Cause of Fire in Toronto With Model S '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ George , Patrick ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` The Tesla Model S : Now With Road Debris - Crushing Titanium ! '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( 2014 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Tesla adds free titanium underbody shields to Model S to prevent fires '' . Autoblog Green . AOL Inc . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Roelsgaard , Peter ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Norsk Tesla bryder i brand under opladning '' ( Norsk Tesla ignites during charging ) . Ekstra Bladet ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hopland , Sindre ( 2016 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Tesla tok fyr under hurtiglading '' ( Tesla caught fire while supercharging ) . NRK Sørlandet ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ George , Patrick ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Model S Burns to a Crisp During Supercharging in Norway '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Hattrem , Hanne ; Larsen - Vonstett , Øystein ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Tesla - brannen : Kortslutning i bilen , men vet ikke hvorfor '' ( Tesla fire : Short circuit in the car but do not know why ) . Verdens Gang ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Tesla Supercharger Fire : Authorities are shutting down the investigation and report indications that the fire originated in the car '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Tesla will update the Model S software for safer charging following a Supercharger fire '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Teslas Are Not More Prone To Fire Than Other Cars , Says NTSB Investigator '' . The Inquisitr. 2018 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Achieves Best Safety Rating of Any Car Ever Tested '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . 2013 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ashlee Vance ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Tesla 's Model S Sedan Destroys Safety Tests ... Literally '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jerry Hirsch ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Upstart Tesla wins top U.S. safety rating ; what will competitors do ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alan Ohnsman ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Tesla Says Model S Sedan Receives Top U.S. Crash Rating '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mark Rogowsky ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Safest Car on the Road : Even Crashing Into A Wall Is Good News For Tesla '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Jensen ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) . `` How Does Tesla 's 5 - Star Safety Rating Inform Overall Vehicle Safety ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jason Siu ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Tesla Model S is NOT the Safest Car Ever , Say Feds '' . Auto Guide . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Tesla roof so strong it broke crush - test machine '' . USA Today . 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Katie ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Tesla Recalls 2,700 Model X Cars for Seat Problem '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wattles , Jackie ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Tesla recall : 123,000 Model S cars may have a steering problem '' . CNN . US . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Recalls '' . Cars.com. 2013 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Recalls '' . Cars.com. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Recalling All Model S Sedans to Check for Seat Belt Defect '' . NBC News . 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Model S seat belt inspection '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Tesla to start replacing passenger airbags in all 2012 Model S sedans due to industry - wide Takata recall '' . Electrek . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Tesla 's real problem is n't that its cars are expensive . It 's that they 're unreliable '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lee , Timothy B. ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Tesla is recalling most of the cars it sold in 2016 '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Named 2013 AutoGuide.com Reader 's Choice Car of the Year '' . AutoGuide. 2012 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` And Now There Is One ... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car '' . International Business Times . PR Newswire. 2013 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Zenlea , David ( 2012 - 11 - 01 ) . `` 2013 Automobile of the Year : Tesla Model S '' . Automobile Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Wayne ; Goodwin , Antuan ( 2012 - 12 - 19 ) . `` 2012 Car Tech Awards : And the winner is ... '' CNET . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mark Rechtin . `` Tesla Model S P85D Breaks the Consumer Reports Ratings System '' . Consumer Reports . Jump up ^ Jamie Butters and Alan Ohnsman ( 2013 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Model S Tops Consumer Reports Survey of Owners '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stephen Edelstein ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Tesla Model S Tops Consumer Reports Customer Satisfaction Index , Again '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Jeff ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Consumer Reports : Tesla Model S ' Best Overall ' 2014 Top Pick '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Tesla Model S P85D '' . consumerreports.org . Jump up ^ The Tesla Model S P85D Is So Good It Broke the Consumer Reports Test PopMech Jump up ^ Voelcke , John ( 2012 - 12 - 10 ) . `` 2013 Tesla Model S : Green Car Reports ' Best Car To Buy 2013 '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S : Greatest car of the 2010s Hagerty Articles '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Angus ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` 2013 Motor Trend Car of the Year : Tesla Model S '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` 2013 ecoENERGY for Vehicles Awards '' ( Press release ) . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Auto Grand Award Winner : Tesla Model S '' . PopSci. 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The top 10 cars that changed the world ( and one that 's about to ) '' . The Daily Telegraph . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chris Knapman ( 2014 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Tesla Model S : the most important car of the last 20 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Best Inventions of the Year 2012 -- $22,000 -- $750,000 - The Tesla Model S '' . Time . 2012 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco R. ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Tesla Model S : The 2013 Yahoo ! Autos Car of the Year '' . Yahoo ! Autos . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Drew ( 2015 - 04 - 28 ) . `` AAA ranks Tesla Model S P85D best green car of 2015 , Versa is best value '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Snyder , John Beltz ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` AAA says Tesla Model S is the best green car available '' . Auto Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Italian Tesla drivers set distance record after driving Model S 670 miles on a single charge '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Muoio , Danielle ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Two Tesla fanatics just drove a Model S for a record 560 miles on a single charge -- here 's how '' . Business Insider . Australia . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Ina ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Norske Bjørn kjørte 728 kilometer i en Tesla -- på én lading '' ( Norwegian Bjorn ran 728 kilometers in a Tesla - on a single charge ) . Teknisk Ukeblad ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Trip In A Production Electric Car : Tesla Model S P85D breaks Guinness World Records record '' . World Record Academy . 2015 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , David ; Metcalf , Adam ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) . `` World Record Father - Son Drive '' ( Press release ) . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Motavalli , Jim ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Father and Son Drive 423 Miles on One Charge in Tesla Model S '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Model S Efficiency and Range '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Broder , John ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Stalled Out on Tesla 's Electric Highway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . `` A Most Peculiar Test Drive '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Broder , John ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` That Tesla Data : What It Says and What It Does n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Peter Valdes - Dapena ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Test drive : DC to Boston in a Tesla Model S '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Philip LeBeau ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Behind the Wheel , Putting the Tesla to the Test '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Elvia Thompson ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Tesla Model S Road Trip : Electric Cars Make It From DC To CT '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Tesla Model S road trip drivers find success along NYT 's failed drive route ( w / video ) '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Margaret Sullivan ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Problems With Precision and Judgment , but Not Integrity , in Tesla Test '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ James Poniewozik ( 2013 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Charged Debate '' . Time . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` After a Charging System Test , a Debate Erupts Online '' . The New York Times . 2013 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` E-Auto - Härtetest auto motor und sport unterstreicht harte Testmethoden '' ( car auto motor und sport emphasizes hard test methods ) . Auto motor und Sport . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla S im Nachtest 258 km Reichweite bei 120 km / h und 13 Grad '' ( Tesla S at posttest reaches 258 km at 120 km / h , 13 degrees ) . Auto motor und Sport. 2014 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Meiners , Jens ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Beim dritten Gasstoß fängt der Tesla an zu schwächeln '' ( By the third step on the pedal the Tesla starts to weaken ) . Die Welt . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Homepage '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Yet Another Delay for Telsa Motors -- Model S Coming in 850 Days or So , Maybe '' . 2010 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Nolan , David ( 2013 - 11 - 25 ) . `` Life With Tesla Model S : Even After Update , Vampire Draw Remains '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rechtin , Mark ( 2015 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Tesla Reliability Does n't Match Its High Performance '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Tesla Model S Long - Term Wrap - Up Edmunds.com '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Model S Critical Backlash : Five Main Problems With Electric Car Identified In Recent Reviews '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Christian Seabaugh ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) . `` 2015 Tesla Model S P90D w / Ludicrous Upgrade First Test '' . Motor Trend . Jump up ^ `` Model S - Tesla Motors '' . teslamotors.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Quiroga , Tony ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) . `` 2015 Tesla Model S P85D '' . Car and Driver . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Ronan Glon ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Owners Question Tesla P85D Power Output '' . Digital Trends . Jump up ^ Sarah Shelton ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` What Is The Actual Overall Horsepower Rating for the Tesla P85D ? '' . HybridCars.com . ^ Jump up to : JB Straubel . `` Tesla All Wheel Drive ( Dual Motor ) Power and Torque Specifications '' Tesla , September 21 , 2015 . Quote : `` only this ( single or combined ) motor shaft horsepower rating that is legally required to be posted in the European Union . '' Jump up ^ `` Uniform provisions concerning the approval of internal combustion engines or electric drive trains intended for the propulsion of motor vehicles of categories M and N with regard to the measurement of net power and the maximum 30 minutes power of electric drive trains '' pages 9 + 41 . United Nations Economic Commission for Europe , August 21 , 2013 . Quote : `` 5.3. 1.2 . The net power test shall consist of a run at full setting of the power controller . '' `` Note : If the battery limits the maximum 30 minutes power , the maximum 30 minutes power of an electric vehicle can be less than the maximum 30 minutes power of the drive train of the vehicle according to this test . '' Jump up ^ Nathan Morris . `` Keep Your Engine Alive : The Importance of Oil Temperature '' . Tuner University . Jump up ^ Jim Koscs . `` Engine Horsepower -- Muscle Car Horsepower '' . Hagerty Insurance Agency . Jump up ^ Aaron Severson ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Understanding Gross Versus Net Horsepower Ratings '' . Ate Up With Motor . Jump up ^ `` Model S -- Tesla Motors '' . teslamotors.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ramsdal , Roald ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Tesla mener P85D - kjøperne tok `` en risiko for skuffelse , som de selv må bære '' `` . Teknisk Ukeblad . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla settles Norway lawsuit over car 's performance '' . Reuters. 2016 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zolfagharifard , Ellie ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` A Tesla Model S with autopilot and cruise control activated crashes van '' . Daily Mail Online . UK . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Model S Owner 's Manual '' ( PDF ) . Tesla Motors . pp. 60 -- 61 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( 2016 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Google Deep Learning Founder says Tesla 's Autopilot system is ' irresponsible ' '' . Electrek . 9to5 Network . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Be prepared for these roadblocks if you want to drive a Tesla in Singapore Stuff '' . www.stuff.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` LTA on Tesla : CO2 emissions for electric cars start at power grid '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Mileage of 2014 Tesla Model S '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here 's how clean a Model S is in Singapore ( and elsewhere ) '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Electric car Tesla slapped with $15,000 tax surcharge '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` LTA on Tesla : CO2 emissions for electric cars start at power grid '' . Channel NewsAsia . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore 's LTA says the Tesla Model S it tested was a used car , hence its low efficiency '' . Tech in Asia . 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) van Gilluwe , Frank ( 2013 ) . Tesla Model S - Best Car Ever ! ( 1st . ed . ) . FAQware . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9860689 - 0 - 4 . See book review : `` Tesla Model S Best Car Ever ! '' is the Book All Model S Owners Should Own ( Book Review ) `` . InsideEVs. 2013 - 12 - 13 . Howe , Nick J. ( 2014 ) . Owning Model S : The Definitive Guide to Buying and Owning the Tesla Model S ( 1st . ed . ) . See book review : `` Owning A Tesla Model S : New Book Offers Tips , Tricks , Inside Info ( Book Review ) '' . Green Car Reports . 2017 - 05 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tesla Model S . Official website 2012 Tesla Model S test and range verification Comparison of the Model S against other PEVs available in the U.S. , Business Insider Should Battery Fires Drive Electric Cars Off the Road ? , Scientific American , November 12 , 2013 . Road test , Total Car Magazine Track test , Teslarati Tesla , Inc . People Elon Musk ( CEO , Chief Product Architect ) J.B. Straubel ( CTO ) Franz von Holzhausen ( Chief Designer ) Martin Eberhard ( co-founder , inaugural CEO ) Marc Tarpenning ( co-founder , inaugural CFO ) Products Current vehicles Model S Model X Model 3 Discontinued vehicles Roadster ( 2008 ) Future vehicles Model Y Semi Roadster ( 2020 ) Other Powerwall Autopilot Solar Roof Collaborations Mercedes A-Class E-Cell Mercedes B - Class Electric Drive Smart electric drive RAV4 EV Second generation Facilities Tesla Factory Gigafactories 1 ( Clark , NV ) 2 ( Buffalo , NY ) Proposed Europe factory Proposed Shanghai factory Superchargers and battery - swapping stations Other History Timeline Dealership disputes SolarCity Roadster in space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tesla_Model_S&oldid=854305303 '' Categories : Tesla Inc. vehicles Battery electric cars Rear - wheel - drive vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Full - size vehicles Sports sedans Electric sports cars Hatchbacks Police vehicles Cars introduced in 2012 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2015 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles that may be too long from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 10 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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who sings here's where the story ends	`` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' is a song by English alternative rock band The Sundays , released as the second single from their debut album Reading , Writing and Arithmetic . It has been categorized as jangle pop .	English alternative rock band The Sundays	Here 's Where the Story Ends	here's where the story ends	`` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' is a song by English alternative rock band The Sundays , released as the second single from their debut album Reading , Writing and Arithmetic . It has been categorized as jangle pop .	Although it was the Sundays ' biggest hit internationally , topping the U.S. Modern Rock Tracks chart for one week , the track was never released as a single in the group 's native United Kingdom due to the collapse of the Rough Trade Records label . Nonetheless it achieved no . 36 placing in John Peel 's Festive Fifty for 1990 . Many artists have covered this song , including Chinese star Faye Wong as `` Being Criminal '' on Ingratiate Oneself in 1994 , and Tin Tin Out who reached number seven in the UK Singles Chart in 1998 , as well as no . 15 on the U.S. Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . Tin Tin Out 's cover version also earned the song the 1999 Ivor Novello Award for `` Best Contemporary Song '' . Crystal Bowersox covered the song on her second album , All That for This . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( Ed . ) ( 2004 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 17th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 199 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Ivor Novello winners '' . BBC News . 1999 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Sundays Harriet Wheeler David Gavurin Paul Brindley Patrick Hannan Studio albums Reading , Writing and Arithmetic Blind Static & Silence Singles `` Ca n't Be Sure '' `` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' `` Love '' `` Goodbye '' `` My Finest Hour ( Live ) '' `` Summertime '' `` Cry '' This 1990s rock song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Here%27s_Where_the_Story_Ends&oldid=785573594 '' Categories : 1989 songs 1990 singles The Sundays songs Songs written by Harriet Wheeler Pop ballads 1990s ballads Rough Trade Records singles 1998 singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Jangle pop songs 1990s rock song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2017 , at 08 : 20 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%2527s%20Where%20the%20Story%20Ends	47,849
academy of country music entertainer of the year winners	Year Winner Nominees 2017 Jason Aldean Garth Brooks Luke Bryan Chris Stapleton Keith Urban 2016 Jason Aldean Carrie Underwood Florida Georgia Line Keith Urban Luke Bryan 2015 Jason Aldean Garth Brooks Luke Bryan Eric Church Miranda Lambert 2014 Luke Bryan Florida Georgia Line Garth Brooks Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert 2013 George Strait Blake Shelton Luke Bryan Miranda Lambert Taylor Swift 2012 Luke Bryan Blake Shelton Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert Taylor Swift 2011 Taylor Swift Blake Shelton Brad Paisley Jason Aldean Kenny Chesney Taylor Swift Brad Paisley Jason Aldean Keith Urban Miranda Lambert Toby Keith 2009 Carrie Underwood Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Kenny Chesney Taylor Swift Toby Keith Zac Brown Band 2008 Carrie Underwood Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Kenny Chesney 2007 Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Rascal Flatts 2006 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn George Strait Rascal Flatts Tim McGraw 2005 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Keith Urban Rascal Flatts Toby Keith Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Keith Urban Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2003 Toby Keith Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2002 Toby Keith Brooks & Dunn Dixie Chicks Kenny Chesney Toby Keith Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2000 Dixie Chicks Brooks & Dunn Faith Hill George Strait Toby Keith 1999 Shania Twain Dixie Chicks Faith Hill Sawyer Brown Tim McGraw 1998 Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn George Strait Shania Twain Tim McGraw Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn George Strait Reba McEntire Tim McGraw Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks George Strait Tim McGraw 1995 Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks Reba McEntire Tim McGraw Reba McEntire Alabama Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Clint Black Reba McEntire Travis Tritt Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Billy Ray Cyrus Reba McEntire Travis Tritt 1991 Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Clint Black Randy Travis Reba McEntire Garth Brooks Clint Black Dolly Parton George Strait Reba McEntire George Strait Alabama Dolly Parton Hank Williams Jr . Randy Travis Hank Williams Jr . Alabama George Strait Randy Travis The Judds Hank Williams Jr . Alabama Randy Travis Reba McEntire Willie Nelson 1986 Hank Williams Jr . Alabama George Strait Reba McEntire Ricky Skaggs 1985 Alabama George Strait Hank Williams Jr . Lee Greenwood Ricky Skaggs 1984 Alabama Hank Williams Jr . Oak Ridge Boys Ricky Skaggs Willie Nelson Alabama Barbara Mandrell Hank Williams Jr . Oak Ridge Boys Willie Nelson 1982 Alabama Barbara Mandrell Kenny Rogers Ricky Skaggs Willie Nelson 1981 Alabama Barbara Mandrell Dolly Parton Kenny Rogers Oak Ridge Boys 1980 Barbara Mandrell Dolly Parton Eddie Rabbitt Kenny Rogers Willie Nelson 1979 Willie Nelson Crystal Gayle Kenny Rogers Loretta Lynn Waylon Jennings 1978 Kenny Rogers Dolly Parton Loretta Lynn Roy Clark Willie Nelson 1977 Dolly Parton Kenny Rogers Loretta Lynn Mel Tillis Roy Clark 1976 Mickey Gilley Conway Twitty Loretta Lynn Marty Robbins Mel Tillis Loretta Lynn Glen Campbell John Denver Mickey Gilley Roy Clark Mac Davis Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard Ronnie Milsap Roy Clark 1973 Roy Clark Charlie Rich Johnny Rodriguez Mel Tillis Merle Haggard 1972 Roy Clark Charley Pride Freddie Hart Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard 1971 Freddie Hart Charley Pride Glen Campbell Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard 1970 Merle Haggard Johnny Cash Glen Campbell Elvis Presley Charley Pride		Academy of Country music Award for Entertainer of the year	academy of country music award for entertainer of the year	The Academy of Country Music Award for Entertainer of the Year is the biggest competitive category presented at the Academy of Country Music Awards . The following is the list of winners , with the year representing the nominated work .	Recipients ( edit ) Six - time winner Garth Brooks Five - time winners Alabama Four - time winner Kenny Chesney Three - time winner Hank Williams Jr . Three - time winners Brooks & Dunn Three - time winner Jason Aldean Two - time winner George Strait Two - time winner Carrie Underwood Two - time winner Toby Keith Loretta Lynn became the first female artist to win the award Year Winner Nominees 2017 Jason Aldean Garth Brooks Luke Bryan Chris Stapleton Keith Urban 2016 Jason Aldean Carrie Underwood Florida Georgia Line Keith Urban Luke Bryan 2015 Jason Aldean Garth Brooks Luke Bryan Eric Church Miranda Lambert 2014 Luke Bryan Florida Georgia Line Garth Brooks Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert 2013 George Strait Blake Shelton Luke Bryan Miranda Lambert Taylor Swift 2012 Luke Bryan Blake Shelton Jason Aldean Miranda Lambert Taylor Swift 2011 Taylor Swift Blake Shelton Brad Paisley Jason Aldean Kenny Chesney Taylor Swift Brad Paisley Jason Aldean Keith Urban Miranda Lambert Toby Keith 2009 Carrie Underwood Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Kenny Chesney Taylor Swift Toby Keith Zac Brown Band 2008 Carrie Underwood Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Kenny Chesney 2007 Kenny Chesney Brad Paisley George Strait Keith Urban Rascal Flatts 2006 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn George Strait Rascal Flatts Tim McGraw 2005 Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Keith Urban Rascal Flatts Toby Keith Kenny Chesney Brooks & Dunn Keith Urban Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2003 Toby Keith Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2002 Toby Keith Brooks & Dunn Dixie Chicks Kenny Chesney Toby Keith Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks Tim McGraw Toby Keith 2000 Dixie Chicks Brooks & Dunn Faith Hill George Strait Toby Keith 1999 Shania Twain Dixie Chicks Faith Hill Sawyer Brown Tim McGraw 1998 Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn George Strait Shania Twain Tim McGraw Garth Brooks Brooks & Dunn George Strait Reba McEntire Tim McGraw Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks George Strait Tim McGraw 1995 Brooks & Dunn Alan Jackson Garth Brooks Reba McEntire Tim McGraw Reba McEntire Alabama Alan Jackson Brooks & Dunn Garth Brooks Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Clint Black Reba McEntire Travis Tritt Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Billy Ray Cyrus Reba McEntire Travis Tritt 1991 Garth Brooks Alan Jackson Clint Black Randy Travis Reba McEntire Garth Brooks Clint Black Dolly Parton George Strait Reba McEntire George Strait Alabama Dolly Parton Hank Williams Jr . Randy Travis Hank Williams Jr . Alabama George Strait Randy Travis The Judds Hank Williams Jr . Alabama Randy Travis Reba McEntire Willie Nelson 1986 Hank Williams Jr . Alabama George Strait Reba McEntire Ricky Skaggs 1985 Alabama George Strait Hank Williams Jr . Lee Greenwood Ricky Skaggs 1984 Alabama Hank Williams Jr . Oak Ridge Boys Ricky Skaggs Willie Nelson Alabama Barbara Mandrell Hank Williams Jr . Oak Ridge Boys Willie Nelson 1982 Alabama Barbara Mandrell Kenny Rogers Ricky Skaggs Willie Nelson 1981 Alabama Barbara Mandrell Dolly Parton Kenny Rogers Oak Ridge Boys 1980 Barbara Mandrell Dolly Parton Eddie Rabbitt Kenny Rogers Willie Nelson 1979 Willie Nelson Crystal Gayle Kenny Rogers Loretta Lynn Waylon Jennings 1978 Kenny Rogers Dolly Parton Loretta Lynn Roy Clark Willie Nelson 1977 Dolly Parton Kenny Rogers Loretta Lynn Mel Tillis Roy Clark 1976 Mickey Gilley Conway Twitty Loretta Lynn Marty Robbins Mel Tillis Loretta Lynn Glen Campbell John Denver Mickey Gilley Roy Clark Mac Davis Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard Ronnie Milsap Roy Clark 1973 Roy Clark Charlie Rich Johnny Rodriguez Mel Tillis Merle Haggard 1972 Roy Clark Charley Pride Freddie Hart Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard 1971 Freddie Hart Charley Pride Glen Campbell Loretta Lynn Merle Haggard 1970 Merle Haggard Johnny Cash Glen Campbell Elvis Presley Charley Pride See also ( edit ) Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the Year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dauphin , Chuck ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 ACM Nominations : Chris Stapleton Leads the Pack , But There 's a Few Surprises '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Database '' . ACM Country . Academy of Country Music Awards Awards ceremonies 2016 2017 2018 Categories Entertainer of the Year Related articles List of ceremonies Academy of Country Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Country_Music_Award_for_Entertainer_of_the_Year&oldid=836808343 '' Categories : American country music Country music awards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 55 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy%20of%20Country%20Music%20Award%20for%20Entertainer%20of%20the%20Year	107,925
who is the actress that plays queenie on shameless	Sherilyn Fenn ( born Sheryl Ann Fenn ; February 1 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She came to attention for her performance as Audrey Horne on the 1990 cult TV series Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 , 2017 ) for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . She is also known for her roles in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) , Boxing Helena ( 1993 ) and the television sitcom Rude Awakening ( 1998 -- 2001 ) .	Sherilyn Fenn	Sherilyn Fenn	sherilyn fenn	Sherilyn Fenn ( born Sheryl Ann Fenn ; February 1 , 1965 ) is an American actress . She came to attention for her performance as Audrey Horne on the 1990 cult TV series Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 , 2017 ) for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award . She is also known for her roles in Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , Of Mice and Men ( 1992 ) , Boxing Helena ( 1993 ) and the television sitcom Rude Awakening ( 1998 -- 2001 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Early career ( 1984 -- 1989 ) 2.2 Rise to fame -- Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 2.3 Post-Peaks roles ( 1992 -- 1995 ) 2.4 Career slowdown ( 1996 -- 1998 ) 2.5 Return to television -- Rude Awakening ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2.6 2001 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Awards and nominations 5 Other recognition 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Fenn was born Sheryl Ann Fenn on February 1 , 1965 in Detroit , Michigan . She comes from a family of musicians : her mother is keyboard player Arlene Quatro , her aunt is singer Suzi Quatro , her grandfather Art Quatro was a jazz musician , and her father , Leo Fenn , managed such rock bands as Suzi Quatro 's The Pleasure Seekers , Alice Cooper , and The Billion Dollar Babies . Fenn is of Italian and Hungarian descent on her mother 's side , and of Irish and French descent on her father 's . She was raised Catholic . Fenn frequently traveled with her mother and two older brothers before the family settled in Los Angeles when she was 17 . Not wanting to start with a new school again , Fenn dropped out after her junior year and decided to pursue acting , enrolling at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute . Acting career ( edit ) Early career ( 1984 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Fenn began her career with a number of B - movies , including The Wild Life ( 1984 , opposite Chris Penn ) , the 1986 skater film Thrashin ' ( opposite Josh Brolin and Pamela Gidley ) , the 1986 teen car action and revenge fantasy The Wraith ( alongside Charlie Sheen and opposite Nick Cassavetes ) , the 1987 horror film Zombie High ( alongside Virginia Madsen ) , and the Beauty and the Beast - inspired erotic movie Meridian . She had a part in the 1985 cult teen - comedy Just One of the Guys in which she tries to seduce a teenaged girl who was disguised as a boy , played by Joyce Hyser . Fenn starred alongside Johnny Depp in the 1985 short student film Dummies , directed by Laurie Frank for the American Film Institute . Fenn and Depp dated for three and a half years , subsequently getting engaged . In 1987 , she joined Depp in a season - one episode of 21 Jump Street called `` Blindsided '' . Fenn has described many of these early films as sexploitation films `` where directors tried to convince ( her ) to appear naked after the contract was signed . '' In a February 1993 interview she explained , Still , I did a lot of movies instead of waitressing or that kind of thing at the beginning , and it was n't as if I even took acting very seriously when I started . I was in California for the first time . I was going to clubs , I was going here , I was going there , I was skipping acting classes when I could . Luckily , I had an agent who really believed in me and she just kept pushing me , thinking something would happen . Fenn landed her first starring role , as an engaged heiress to an old Southern family who falls for carnival worker Richard Tyson , in Zalman King 's erotic drama film Two Moon Junction , after which she wanted to hide for a year : `` I was so embarrassed about how it turned out that I went into a cocoon for a year afterwards . '' Junction was meant to be Fenn 's big break , but the film turned into another sexploitation film . `` A lot of people said some really bad things about me for doing such a sexy movie . But I decided to do it because I was n't comfortable with the material . I did n't want to make choices that would always put me in a place that was comfortable and secure . I thought interesting things would happen and I would grow . Interesting things did happen . I cried at the end of all my love scenes . '' After these film experiences , Fenn decided to take control of her career . `` I decided to be more myself and not to be pushed into what other people wanted me to be . It 's scary how little imagination many people in this business have . '' Rise to fame -- Twin Peaks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Fenn won her most famous role and made an impression on the public when she was cast by David Lynch and Mark Frost as the tantalizing , reckless Audrey Horne , a high school femme fatale , in the critically acclaimed TV series Twin Peaks . The series ran from 1990 to 1991 , and the character of Audrey was one of the most popular with fans , in particular for her unrequited love for FBI Special Agent Dale Cooper ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) and her style from the 1950s ( with her saddle shoes , plaid skirts , and tight sweaters ) . Fenn reached cult status with a scene in which she danced to Angelo Badalamenti 's music and a scene in which she knotted a cherry stem in her mouth . `` With Sherilyn Fenn , Twin Peaks came on and effortlessly destroyed every other show 's sexuality '' , said James Marshall , one of her cast - mates . Speaking in September 1990 , Fenn pointed out : `` Audrey is a woman - child who dresses like the girls in the ' 50s and shows her body . But she 's daddy 's little girl at the same time . '' In the show 's second season , when the idea of pairing Audrey with Cooper was abandoned , Audrey was paired with other characters like Bobby Briggs ( played by Dana Ashbrook ) and John Justice Wheeler ( Billy Zane ) . About Audrey , Fenn said : Audrey 's been great for me . She has brought out a side of me that 's more mischievous and fun that I had suppressed , trying to be an adult . She has made it OK to use the power one has as a woman to be manipulative at times , to be precocious . She goes after what she wants vehemently and she takes it . I think that 's really admirable . I love that about her . Shortly after shooting the Twin Peaks ' pilot episode , David Lynch gave her a small part in Wild at Heart , as a girl injured in a car wreck , obsessed by the contents of her purse , alongside Nicolas Cage and Laura Dern . The film won the Golden Palm Award at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival . `` David 's direction was , ' Only think of this : bobby pins , lipstick , wallet , comb , that 's it . ' It 's very abstract . '' `` I just pictured her being able to do this , '' said Lynch of her scene , `` she 's like a broken China doll . '' David Lynch , who once described Sherilyn Fenn as `` five feet of heaven in a ponytail '' ( quoting from a 1958 record by The Playmates ) , said to Banner , who used that description as the title of his article , `` She 's a mysterious girl and I think that actresses like her who have a mystery -- where there 's something hiding beneath the surface -- are the really interesting ones . '' `` He 's very creative and unafraid of taking chances , '' she said of the director . `` I really respect him . He 's wonderful . '' Also during this period , Fenn appeared on the cover and in a nude pictorial in the December 1990 edition of Playboy magazine . She soon portrayed John Dillinger 's girlfriend Billie Frechette in ABC 's 1991 gangster TV movie Dillinger opposite Mark Harmon , and shot the neo-noir black comedy Desire and Hell at Sunset Motel in which she played a sultry , seductive femme fatale . After Twin Peaks , Fenn chose to focus on widening her range of roles and was determined to avoid typecasting . She stated , `` They 've offered me every variation on Audrey Horne , none of which were as good or as much fun . '' She turned down the Audrey Horne spinoff series that was offered to her , and unlike most of the cast , chose not to return for the 1992 prequel movie Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me , as she was then shooting Of Mice and Men . Post-peaks roles ( 1992 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) After two nominations ( Emmy and Golden Globe ) for Twin Peaks , and the pictorial in Playboy mentioned above , for which she chose her then boyfriend , Barry Hollywood , to photograph her , Fenn was propelled to stardom and became a major sex symbol , with her Old Hollywood looks . In October 1990 , while promoting Twin Peaks , Fenn made the cover of Rolling Stone magazine along with Mädchen Amick and Lara Flynn Boyle . In 1990 Us Magazine chose her as one of the `` 10 Most Beautiful Women in the World '' and in 1991 People magazine chose her as one of the `` 50 Most Beautiful Women in the World '' . She posed for photographer Steven Meisel for the autumn - winter 1991 -- 1992 Dolce & Gabbana campaign , for which he photographed her as a classical Hollywood femme fatale . In 1992 , photographer George Hurrell took a series of photographs of Sherilyn Fenn , Sharon Stone , Julian Sands , Raquel Welch , Eric Roberts , and Sean Penn . In these portraits , he recreated his style of the 1930s , with Fenn posing in costumes , hairstyle , and makeup of the period . In 1991 , veteran Hollywood acting coach Roy London chose her to star in his directorial debut Diary of a Hitman , in which she plays a young mother determined to protect her child from hit man Forest Whitaker . According to Fenn , the turning point in her career was when she met London in 1990 . She credits him with instilling confidence and newfound enthusiasm . I was disillusioned with acting after the pilot of Twin Peaks . I 'd been doing low - budget films . I did n't want to walk through movies being a pretty ornament . At 25 I did n't know if I had it . I questioned if there was depth , if there was integrity to me . I was longing to go inside , to do deeper work . She learned from her beloved teacher `` to find the roles that you 're passionate about , that speak to you on some level and which will help you grow on some level , '' which has then become her line of conduct . `` A lot of the sentiment that acting should be about an art form rather than mass entertainment and celebrity is at the core of Fenn 's attitude to the business , '' wrote Jessica Sully in Australian magazine Movie . `` I try to keep myself centered , '' Fenn said . `` I do n't go to parties and all that . I do n't think being seen or being in the right place is going to make me a better actress . I care about my work and try to do what 's right in my heart . '' As Mike Bygrave wrote in Sky Magazine : `` One of the keys to understanding Fenn is that when she talks about the characters she plays she 's really talking about herself . '' Fenn was eager to play varied parts that could eclipse her sex - symbol image . `` People who think they know me would be surprised that my whole life does n't revolve around sex , '' she said . After Twin Peaks , Fenn demanded a no - nudity clause in her contracts . She turned to independent films , choosing varied and unusual roles : The world has certain rules -- Hollywood has certain rules -- but it does n't mean you have to play by them , and I do n't , or I 'd be a miserable person . A highlight of Fenn 's film career is Gary Sinise 's film adaptation of Of Mice and Men , in which she played a sad and lonely country wife , desperately in need to talk to somebody , opposite Sinise and John Malkovich . `` Sherilyn 's one of the reasons we got such a great ovation at Cannes '' , said Sinise . `` She 's like a terribly sad angel in this film . Sherilyn plays against just being a sexy and beautiful girl , '' he added . `` Gary Sinise was one of the first people who did n't see me like a lot of other people did '' , she said . `` It was a wonderful experience . Horton Foote adapted the novel and he fleshed out my character , and he made her much , much more . '' The same year , she starred alongside Danny Aiello and others in John Mackenzie 's Ruby , about Jack Ruby . Fenn played the part of ambitious stripper Sheryl Ann DuJean , a fictitious character who is a composite of several real - life women including stripper Candy Barr , Marilyn Monroe , and Judith Campbell Exner . `` She 's got a brain and all the right emotional instincts , and that 's a great combination , '' said Mackenzie of Fenn . In 1993 , she starred in the romantic comedy Three of Hearts as Kelly Lynch and William Baldwin 's love interest . During the shooting , the relationship between Fenn and director Yurek Bogayevicz became more and more strained as she refused to appear nude in the film . Another of her notable film roles was in the controversial Boxing Helena , directed by David Lynch 's daughter Jennifer Chambers Lynch . Fenn portrayed a narcissistic seductress amputated and imprisoned by Julian Sands , who makes her become his personal Venus de Milo in an effort to possess her . Fenn said of the film , `` Society , Hollywood , some men ... they want to wrap women up in a neat little package . '' Both Lynch and Fenn were proud of their work in it , but the film was ultimately a critical and commercial failure . ( Perhaps suspecting that possibility , Kim Basinger had rejected the role Fenn ultimately acted out , at the expense of nearly wiping out her available money and being forced to declare bankruptcy as a direct result . ) However , both women enjoyed their collaboration . `` Sherilyn is an amazing actress , a total bundle of energy and a real powerhouse and I think people will see a side of her that we have never seen of Sherilyn anywhere else before , '' said Lynch of the actress . `` Jennifer 's one of the brightest person I know , '' said Fenn . `` Boxing Helena was ... not perfect , but I think for the story that we were trying to tell , it turned out pretty good . What it signified was really powerful to me : how society puts us in boxes one way or another . '' She then starred in Carl Reiner 's neo-noir parody Fatal Instinct as Armand Assante 's devoted secretary and Sean Young 's and Kate Nelligan 's rival . She was asked to read for the femme fatale Lola ( eventually played by Young ) , but opted for the secretary role . Fenn afterward portrayed Potiphar 's wife Zulaikha in Showtime 's 1995 Biblical TV movie Slave of Dreams opposite Adrian Pasdar and Edward James Olmos . In 1995 , she starred in an episode of Tales from the Crypt directed by Robert Zemeckis , alongside Isabella Rossellini and John Lithgow , in which she played the lover of Humphrey Bogart , who appeared in the episode via CGI special effects . After a short break during which she married and gave birth to a son , Fenn was chosen out of more than 100 actresses to portray actress Elizabeth Taylor in NBC 's 1995 telemovie Liz : The Elizabeth Taylor Story . Fenn called the role `` probably the hardest job I 've ever done . '' `` Director Kevin Connor and I arranged a lunch , not an audition , '' said executive producer Lester Persky . `` We knew 10 minutes into our meeting that Sherilyn was it . She has the same striking beauty , and because of that she 's experienced some of the things in life and in this business that make Elizabeth such a fascinating person . '' When she accepted the part , Fenn was unaware that Taylor was embroiled in a lawsuit intended to stop both the broadcast of the film and the unauthorized biography that it was based on . Fenn stated about the controversy , `` I am somebody who does n't make choices lightly at this point of my life . I 'm not somebody who wants to exploit another 's woman story or life in any way . '' Fenn felt a kinship with Taylor , stating , `` There are stereotypes of what a beautiful woman is . She struggled with that . A certain part of her life she went on that calling card . I certainly know I 've come into contact with that . ' You are too pretty , ' I 'm told . '' During the shooting , Fenn supported the original screenwriter 's effort to concentrate on Taylor the person , not the legend : I fought to keep the integrity of the story because the producer was bringing in a writer that was making it very soapy . They wanted many scenes of her when she was very overweight . I said , ' I 'm not doing that . I 'll do one . That 's not this woman 's life . ' For me it was just : I did n't want to make an impression . I just tried to play the truth of the woman . Career slowdown ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In the late 1990s , Fenn 's career took a downturn . In 1993 , she had stated : I do n't get considered for a lot of those big fat movies . The studios have their list of five actresses and whether they 're right or wrong for a role does n't matter . It 's how much money their last movie made , '' she said . `` Not that I necessarily want to do them anyway . Because there 's very few that are big budget that have any substance or any depth or any integrity . '' In 1997 , she stated : `` It was crazy , I was very picky . In other words , I did n't take advantage of what was happening necessarily then . '' Also , she has attributed her failure to adapt to the Hollywood system to her frankness and her dislike for the `` Hollywood game . '' I was told once that I did n't play the Hollywood game , and that 's why I was n't a big star . What they meant when they said that was that I do n't go to parties , and when I go to an audition and I do n't like the script , they know it . I do n't flirt and I do n't play the people that I 'm meeting with . In the next breath , this person said to me , ' When you 're passionate about a role , there 's nobody that can touch you , but you have to learn to do this also ... ' But I do n't know how to sit there and pretend I love something when I do n't ! She then began to alternate TV movies and independent films . In 1996 , she joined the ensemble cast in the romantic comedy Lovelife as a waitress who attempts to become a writer and has to rebuild her life . Fenn also appeared in the 1997 romantic comedy Just Write , along with Jeremy Piven , as the dream actress of a Hollywood tour bus driver , who mistakes him for a famous screenwriter . Both films have been well - received on the festival circuit . In a 1997 episode of Friends , `` The One with Phoebe 's Ex-Partner , '' which was Episode 14 of Season 3 of the show , Fenn guest - starred as Matthew Perry 's girlfriend Ginger , who has a prosthetic right leg . She stated , `` I like the show . I was happy to be a part of it . '' The same year , she was cast as the female lead in ABC 's show Prey ( originally entitled Hungry for Survival ) and starred in the unaired original pilot episode . However , the pilot was reshot and Fenn was replaced by Debra Messing . Fenn starred in the 1998 British psychological drama and huis - clos Darkness Falls as a wealthy and neglected wife , who is sequestered with her husband ( played by Tim Dutton ) by a man ( Ray Winstone ) determined to understand the events that led to his wife ending up in a coma . Fenn called the film `` a wonderful character piece '' While shooting the film in the Isle of Man in late 1997 , Fenn considered settling in London to start a European career , but eventually decided to stay in the U.S. She subsequently starred alongside Jon Tenney in the pilot for a remake of ABC 's Love , American Style , for the 1998 -- 1999 television season . The pilot , that also featured Melissa Joan Hart , Matt Letscher , and Mariska Hargitay , was not ordered into a series . Nevertheless , ABC aired it on February 20 , 1999 . Return to television -- Rude Awakening ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Fenn gained newfound enthusiasm with the lead role in Showtime 's sitcom Rude Awakening as Billie Frank , an alcoholic ex-soap opera actress , who tries to go sober and become a writer , but continues to struggle with her self - destructive habits . The series ran from 1998 to 2001 and co-starred Lynn Redgrave , Jonathan Penner , and Mario Van Peebles . She said of it : I liked the hard - core truth of Rude Awakening . But when I first read it , I was scared of it . Part of me was , like , it 's so unattractive ! But I liked that it did n't glamorize alcohol . And what 's admirable about Billie is that she 's a straight shooter . She does n't have a lot of pretense . It 's like , ' Take me as I am . You like me , fine ! You do n't , I do n't give a damn ! ' There 's something quite empowering about somebody who does n't care what other people think . Billie is learning about herself . She 's recognized that she has a problem with drugs and alcohol , and she 's trying to straighten it out . Fenn again joined Jeremy Piven in a 1998 episode of Cupid , as Piven 's love interest . In 1999 , she reteamed with Chris Penn and Adrian Pasdar for Pasdar 's art - house directorial debut , the neo-noir Cement , a contemporary retelling of Othello in which she played a tempting but imprudent wife of jealous corrupt cop Penn . `` I play a character who 's selfish and sloppy with her sexual energy . I saw the film and I was really happy with it . It 's got a lot of soul . '' The film , which won Best Picture awards on the festival circuit , was written by Farscape 's screenwriter , Justin Monjo and also starred Jeffrey Wright and Henry Czerny . She also reteamed with actor / director Bruce Davison for his 2001 family comedy , Showtime 's Off Season alongside Rory Culkin , Hume Cronyn , and Adam Arkin . 2001 -- present ( edit ) Following Rude Awakening , Fenn 's work consisted of a number of episodic TV appearances . In the middle of the 2000s , she failed to find a role that could re-ignite her career as she got involved in many projects that went unrealized . In 2001 , she starred in The Outer Limits episode `` Replica '' , playing a scientist who volunteered to be cloned . She also starred in an episode of Night Visions , as a woman who buys a used car possessed by a vengeful spirit . She was cast as a kindergarten teacher for the pilot of the 2001 American version of the British TV show Blind Men , alongside French Stewart . However , the pilot was not ordered into a series . In 2002 , Fenn was one of several former Twin Peaks stars , such as Dana Ashbrook and Mädchen Amick , to have a recurring role on The WB 's Dawson 's Creek . She guest - starred in three episodes from the fifth season , as Alex Pearl , the seductive manager of the restaurant where Joshua Jackson works . Fenn was afterwards cast as Harley Quinn in The WB 's Birds of Prey , but was replaced by Mia Sara before the series began . Fenn starred in the original pilot episode , but dropped out , due to scheduling conflicts , as the show 's creators realized that the character Harley Quinn would need to be a bigger part of the show . She also played a manipulative woman in a season - four episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit versus both Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay , and appeared in Watching Ellie . Fenn played a crime boss in the 2002 film Swindle alongside Tom Sizemore . She had a small role in the film The United States of Leland alongside Ryan Gosling , in which she played a mother who captivates a troubled teenage boy . In 2003 , Fenn appeared on The WB 's Gilmore Girls as Anna Nardini , the mother of Luke Danes ' daughter April and as Sasha , the girlfriend of Jess Mariano 's estranged father ( played by Rob Estes ) in the season - three episode `` Here Comes the Son '' , which was the back - door pilot for a California - set spin - off titled Windward Circle , that was to have starred Milo Ventimiglia , Estes , and Fenn . But the network dropped the project , citing cost issues due to filming on location in Venice , California . She then played the recurring part of Violet Montgomery on Fox 's Boston Public ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , and appeared in Showtime 's Cavedweller ( 2004 ) opposite Kyra Sedgwick . In 2004 , Fenn joined former co-star Mark Harmon in an episode of NCIS , as an amnesiac woman . She was afterwards cast for the 2004 remake of Mister Ed , planned for the Fox network -- but after the pilot was shot , the show 's writer / producer , Drake Sather , committed suicide , and the pilot was not aired . In 2004 , Fenn co-starred opposite Traci Lords and Paul Johansson in Emily Skopov 's Novel Romance , released in 2006 , in which she played a pregnancy shop owner who herself can not have children . She then appeared in the martial arts film Lesser of Three Evils alongside Ho Sung Pak , Peter Greene , and Roger Guenveur Smith , as the unbalanced and alcoholic wife of a corrupt detective . The film was released in 2009 under the title Fist of the Warrior . In 2005 , Fenn made a notable appearance on The 4400 , playing Jean DeLynn Baker , a 4400 who has the ability to grow toxin - emitting spores on her hands . She also guest - starred on the final episode of Judging Amy . After finishing the Russia - set action film Treasure Raiders with David Carradine , Fenn starred in the Canadian psychological thriller Presumed Dead , alongside Duncan Regehr , as a detective working on a missing - person case who has to outwit a crime novelist . In 2006 , Fenn reteamed with Amy Sherman - Palladino and reappeared in the sixth and seventh seasons of Gilmore Girls as Anna Nardini , the ex-girlfriend of Luke Danes ( played by Scott Patterson ) and protective mother to his daughter April . Since the failure of the 2003 Gilmore Girls spin - off project , Sherman - Palladino had continued to want to work with Fenn again , and she wrote the character of Anna with her in mind . When asked why she cast Fenn for two different roles on Gilmore Girls , Sherman - Palladino explained : I love Sherilyn so much and I do n't care . One thing about the show is I just want the best people . I 've just been looking constantly for a time to work with Sherilyn , and I 'm getting very old and I could just get hit by a truck at any minute . I just simply ca n't put it off that long , so I 'd just rather get her in and have her part of my world . However , after Sherman - Palladino left the show , the direction for the character changed -- the producers decided to make her character a villain in a custody battle . Fenn was cast as the female lead in ABC 's 2006 comedy series Three Moons Over Milford , but she was ultimately replaced by Elizabeth McGovern . Fenn was slated for a recurring role on CBS 's 2006 crime drama Smith , but the show was quickly canceled . She appeared in the 2007 Dukes of Hazzard prequel , The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning as Lulu Hogg . `` It 's just a fun silly role , '' Fenn said . But having already worked with director Robert Berlinger on Rude Awakening , she wanted to do so again . In July 2006 , shortly after shooting The Dukes of Hazzard prequel , Fenn stepped behind the camera for the first time and directed in Pittsburgh a documentary film about child enrichment program CosmiKids and its founder , Judy Julin . She subsequently joined its executive team in 2007 as executive director of the film and television division . In July 2008 , Fenn filmed The Scenesters , a black comedy made by Los Angeles - based comedy group The Vacationeers , which premiered in October 2009 . In July 2009 , Fenn made a guest appearance on In Plain Sight as a lesbian counterfeiter . In December 2010 , Fenn appeared on Psych with other Twin Peaks actors on the season - five episode `` Dual Spires '' as sultry librarian Maudette Hornsby . The episode paid homage to Twin Peaks and also made many in - joke references to the show . She reprised her role as Audrey Horne in 2017 for the limited third season of Twin Peaks . In February 2016 , she joined the cast of the American version of Shameless . Personal life ( edit ) Fenn dated pop singer Prince for a short time during 1985 and then Johnny Depp in 1986 ; their relationship lasted several years . In 1994 , Fenn married guitarist - songwriter Toulouse Holliday , whom she met on the set of Three of Hearts . Fenn is the mother of two boys , born in 1993 and 2007 . Fenn began practicing Transcendental Meditation in 2014 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1990 : Nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Twin Peaks 1991 : Nominated for an Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series , Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV -- Twin Peaks Other recognition ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sherilyn Fenn '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fenn made the cover of such magazines as New York , Rolling Stone ( along with Mädchen Amick and Lara Flynn Boyle ) , Playboy , Entertainment Weekly , The Face , Details , Sky , and Harper 's Bazaar . In 1990 , Us Weekly chose her as one of the `` 10 Most Beautiful Women in the World '' . In 1991 , People chose her as one of the `` 50 Most Beautiful Women in the World '' . Fenn posed for photographer Steven Meisel for the autumn -- winter 1991 -- 1992 Dolce & Gabbana campaign . In 1992 , Fenn posed for photographer George Hurrell . Singer and composer Screamin ' Jay Hawkins wrote and recorded the 1993 song entitled `` Sherilyn Fenn '' , featured on his album Stone Crazy . The song is an ode to Fenn , who worked with Hawkins in Two Moon Junction . Fenn is mentioned in the song `` Razor Burn '' by the punk band Lagwagon on their 1995 album Hoss . In 1995 , FHM chose her as one of the `` 100 sexiest women in the world '' . In 1996 , the Daily Mirror chose her as one of the `` World 's 100 Most Beautiful Women '' , and Femme Fatales chose her as one of the `` 50 sexiest sci - fi actresses '' . Fenn inspired Norwegian hard rock band Audrey Horne , formed in 2002 , named after her character in Twin Peaks . In 2006 , Australian men 's magazine Zoo Weekly chose her as one of the `` Top 50 Hottest Babes Ever '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Wild Life , The The Wild Life Penny Harlin 1985 Out of Control Katie 1985 Just One of the Guys Sandy 1985 Dummies Short film 1986 Thrashin ' Velvet 1986 Wraith , The The Wraith Keri Johnson Zombie High Suzi 1988 Two Moon Junction April Delongpre 1989 Crime Zone Helen 1989 True Blood Jennifer Scott 1990 Backstreet Dreams Lucy 1990 Wild at Heart Girl in Accident 1990 Meridian Catherine Bomarzini 1991 Desire and Hell at Sunset Motel Bridget ' Bridey ' DeSoto 1991 Diary of a Hitman Jain Zidzyck 1992 Ruby Sheryl Ann ' Candy Cane ' DuJean 1992 Of Mice and Men Curley 's wife 1993 Three of Hearts Ellen Armstrong 1993 Boxing Helena Helena 1993 Fatal Instinct Laura Lincolnberry 1997 Lovelife Molly 1997 Just Write Amanda Clark 1998 Shadow Men , The The Shadow Men Dez Wilson 1998 Outside Ozona Marcy Duggan Rice 1999 Darkness Falls Sally Driscoll 2000 Cement Lyndel Holt 2002 Swindle Sophie Zenn 2003 United States of Leland , The The United States of Leland Angela Calderon 2003 Dream Warrior Sterling 2006 Novel Romance Liza Normane Stewart 2007 Treasure Raiders Lena 2009 Fist of the Warrior Katie Barnes 2009 Scenesters , The The Scenesters A.D.A. Barbara Dietrichson 2013 Raze Elizabeth 2015 Unnatural Dr. Hannah Lindval 2016 The Secrets of Emily Blair Linda Regan 2017 Wish Upon Mrs. Deluca n / a Something About Her Charlene Post-Production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1984 Silence of the Heart Monica Television film 1985 Cheers Gabrielle Episode : `` The Groom Wore Clearasil '' 21 Jump Street Diane Nelson Episode : `` Blindsided '' Tales from the Hollywood Hills Betty Episode : `` A Table at Ciro 's '' 1988 Divided We Stand Lorraine Pilot 1988 ABC Afterschool Special Beth Episode : `` A Family Again '' 1989 TV 101 Robin Zimmer Episodes : `` The Last Temptation of Checker ( Parts 1 & 2 ) '' 1990 -- 1991 Twin Peaks Audrey Horne 28 episodes Nominated -- Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film 1991 Dillinger Billie Frechette Television film Spring Awakening Margie Television film 1995 Slave of Dreams Zulaikha Television film 1995 Tales from the Crypt Erika Episode : `` You , Murderer '' 1995 Liz : The Elizabeth Taylor Story Elizabeth Taylor Television film Season in Purgatory , AA Season in Purgatory Kit Bradley 2 episodes 1997 Friends Ginger Episode : `` The One with Phoebe 's Ex-Partner '' 1997 Don 's Analyst , The The Don 's Analyst Isabella Leoni Television film 1997 Prey Dr. Sloan Larkin Unaired pilot 1998 Nightmare Street Joanna Burke / Sarah Randolph Television film 1998 -- 2001 Rude Awakening Billie Frank 55 episodes 1998 Cupid Helen Davis Episode : `` Pick - Up Schticks '' 1999 Love , American Style Nancy Segment : `` Love and the Jealous Lover '' 2001 Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Nora Griffiths / Nora 's clone Episode : `` Replica '' 2001 Night Visions Charlotte Episode : `` Used Car '' 2001 Blind Men Pilot 2001 Off Season Patty Winslow Television film 2002 Watching Ellie Vanessa 2 episodes 2002 Dawson 's Creek Alexandra ' Alex ' Pearl 2 episodes 2002 Birds of Prey Dr. Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn Unaired pilot 2002 Scent of Danger Brenna Shaw Television film 2002 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Gloria Stanfield Episode : `` Deception '' 2003 Nightwaves Shelby Naylor Television film 2003 Gilmore Girls Sasha Episode : `` Here Comes the Son '' 2003 -- 2004 Boston Public Violet Montgomery 4 episodes Cavedweller M.T. Television film NCIS Jane Doe / Suzzanne McNeil Episode : `` Left for Dead '' Century Cities Bree Clemens Episode : `` The Face Was Familiar '' Mister Ed Carlotta Pope Pilot Pop Rocks Allison Harden Television film 2005 Officer Down Kathryn Shaunessy Television film 2005 Deadly Isolation Susan Mandaway Television film 2005 Judging Amy Heather Reid Episode : `` My Name Is Amy Gray ... '' 2005 4400 , The The 4400 Jean DeLynn Baker Episode : `` Carrier '' 2006 Presumed Dead Det . Mary Anne ' Coop ' Cooper Television film 2006 -- 2007 Gilmore Girls Anna Nardini 8 episodes 2006 CSI : Miami Gwen Creighton Episode : `` Open Water '' 2006 Three Moons Over Milford Janet Davis Unaired pilot 2006 Smith Debbie Turkenson Episode : `` Six '' 2007 Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning , The The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning Lulu Hogg Television film 2008 House M.D. Mrs. Soellner Episode : `` Joy to the World '' 2009 In Plain Sight Helen Trask / Helen Traylen Episode : `` Let 's Get It Ahn '' Psych Maudette Hornsby Episode : `` Dual Spires '' 2012 Bigfoot Sheriff Becky Alvarez Television film 2012 Project : Phoenix Ellena Hyland Pilot 2013 Magic City Madame Renee 4 episodes 2014 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Madame Suzanne Episode : `` Love For Sale '' 2014 Ray Donovan Donna Cochran 8 episodes 2014 The Brittany Murphy Story Sharon Murphy Television film 2016 Shameless Queenie Schlott 5 episodes 2016 Casa Vita Marlene Lindstrom Television film 2016 Major Crimes Marsha Walker Episode : `` Off the Wagon 2016 Criminal Minds Gloria Baker Episode : `` Taboo '' 2017 Fatal Defense Inspector Banks Television film 2017 Twin Peaks Audrey Horne 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael A. Lipton & Joyce Wagner . `` Elizabethan Drama '' . People . Volume 43 : Issue 19 . May 15 , 1995 . pp. 142 -- 144 . Jump up ^ `` Sherilyn Fenn : Fenn de Siecle '' . Movieline . January 7 , 1993 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Glenn O'Brien . `` Fenn - Tastic ! Meet Twin Peaks ' Mysterious Siren Sherilyn Fenn . '' Playboy . December 1990 . pp. 82 -- 91 , 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` The Rise and Thrall of Sherilyn Fenn '' by James Steranko Prevue ( US ) . March 1991 . pp. 42 -- 43 , 53 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Feet of Heaven in a Ponytail '' by Simon Banner Premiere ( UK ) . July 1993 . pp. 26 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Everybody 's Mad about Sherilyn Fenn '' by Jessica Sully , Movie ( Australia ) . January 1993 . pp. 18 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Sherilyn Fenn : The Twin Peaks Temptress Is Back for Fall '' by Henry Edwards Details ( US ) . September 1990 . pp. 130 -- 131 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenn - Tastic ! Meet Twin Peaks ' Mysterious Siren Sherilyn Fenn '' by Glenn O'Brien Playboy . December 1990 . pp. 82 -- 91 , 213 -- 214 . Jump up ^ James Marshall , quoted in `` The James Marshall Interview '' by Craig Miller and John Thorne . Wrapped in Plastic . Issue 72 . December 2004 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Babes in the Woods : Sharing Pie and Secrets With the Mystery Girls of Twin Peaks '' by Bill Zehme . Rolling Stone . Issue 588 . October 4 , 1990 . pp. 68 -- 71 , 170 . Jump up ^ David Lynch , quoted in `` Babes in the Woods : Sharing Pie and Secrets with the Mystery Girls of Twin Peaks '' by Bill Zehme . Rolling Stone . Issue 588 . October 4 , 1990 . pp. 68 -- 71 , 170 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in M.J. Simpson 's Interview With Sherilyn Fenn . October 1 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenn de Siècle '' by Joshua Mooney . Movieline . July 1993 . pp. 36 -- 40 , 80 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Dennis Hensley . `` Fenn & Now '' . Movieline . June 1999 . pp. 54 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : Walstad , David ( May 21 , 1995 ) . `` Legendary Portrayal '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer TV Week . US . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sherilyn Fenn , Star of `` Rude Awakening '' `` . Liveworld.com . November 27 , 1999 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jessica Sully . `` Everybody 's Mad about Sherilyn Fenn '' . Movie ( Australia ) . January 1993 . pp. 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenn Fatale '' by Martha Frankel . Exposure . September 1990 . pp. 56 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Bygrave , Mike ( July 1992 ) . `` Fenn Fatale '' . Sky Magazine . UK . pp. 6 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Gary Sinise , quoted in the DVD audio commentary of Of Mice and Men . Jump up ^ Gary Sinise , quoted in `` Everybody 's Mad about Sherilyn Fenn '' by Jessica Sully Movie ( Australia ) . January 1993 . pp. 18 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenn & Now '' by Dennis Hensley . Movieline . June 1999 . pp. 54 -- 59 . Jump up ^ John Mackenzie , quoted in `` Phenomenal Fenn '' by Diana Rico . Harper 's Bazaar . December 1991 . pp. 132 -- 133 , 156 . Jump up ^ Joshua Mooney . `` Fenn de Siècle . '' Movieline . July 1993 . pp. 36 -- 40 , 80 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenntastic '' by Jill Daniel . Orange Coast . January 1999 . Jump up ^ Jim McClellan . `` Crate Expectations . '' The Face . Issue 57 . June 1993 . pp. 40 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Lynch , quoted in the Boxing Helena press kit . 1993 . Jump up ^ David Walstad . `` Legendary Portrayal . '' The Philadelphia Inquirer TV Week ( US ) . May 21 , 1995 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Lester Perky , quoted in `` Legendary Portrayal '' by David Walstad . The Philadelphia Inquirer TV Week ( US ) . May 21 , 1995 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Elizabeth Taylor television film to be shown over her objections . '' Reading Eagle TV Times ( US ) . May 21 , 1995 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Crate Expectations '' by Jim McClellan . The Face . Issue 57 . June 1993 . pp. 40 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Sherilyn Fenn , quoted in `` Fenn Shui '' by Rob Hill . Bikini . Issue 37 . October 1998 . Jump up ^ M.J. Simpson . Interview With Sherilyn Fenn . October 1 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 12 , 2002 ) . `` Sherilyn Fenn Off ' Birds of Prey ' '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Estes and Fenn Join Gilmore Spin - off . '' Zap2it . February 25 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fenn Enrolls on Boston Public . '' Zap2it . September 22 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Publicity : February 2009 '' . Lionsgateinfo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( January 9 , 2006 ) . `` Just When You Thought It Was Safe '' . The National Ledger . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 18 , 2006 ) . `` Marion Ross , Sherilyn Fenn , Gilmore Girls , Amy Sherman - Palladino '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The End is Here '' . The National Ledger . Jump up ^ Picture of Sam Murphy , Sherilyn Fenn and Jill Schackner on the set of the Three Moons Over Milford unaired pilot episode ^ Jump up to : `` Landlords : Actress Owes Thousands In Unpaid Rent , Trashed House '' . KNBC . September 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Monica ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Sherilyn 's `` Dukes , '' Xtina 's disc and an unexpected visit for Colin `` . Post-Gazette.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Monica ; Rouvalis , Cristina ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` Child enrichment center may open here '' . Post-Gazette.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Two Familiar Faces Return To ' Twin Peaks ' From Beyond The Grave '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ R. Daniel Foster . `` Sherilyn Fenn , Taylor Made . '' Los Angeles . May 1995 . pp. 64 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` CBB Exclusive : Sherilyn Fenn welcomes second son : Celebrity Baby Blog '' . Celebrity-babies.com . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Sherilyn Fenn : ' Return to Twin Peaks ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Now it 's been almost two years since I started . I went to see David . We were drinking coffee , and I said , ' Oh this is wrong . And this . ' He said , ' Sherilyn Fenn , you 're a mess . You need TM ! ' He hooked me up with a wonderful teacher . It 's life - changing . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSherilyn Fennat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Sherilyn Fenn 's official blog Sherilyn Fenn on IMDb VIAF : 85646766 LCCN : no98128238 ISNI : 0000 0001 1476 6646 GND : 1035822598 SUDOC : 156928760 BNF : cb139852534 ( data ) IATH : w6xs6kw3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherilyn_Fenn&oldid=803353733 '' Categories : 1965 births Living people Actresses from Detroit Actresses from Los Angeles Actresses of Italian descent American film actresses American people of French descent American people of Hungarian descent American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent American television actresses Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute alumni Transcendental Meditation practitioners 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from January 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 38 . 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when does the presumption of innocence attach to a criminal suspect			Presumption of innocence	presumption of innocence	The presumption of innocence , sometimes referred to by the Latin expression ei incumbit probatio qui dicit , non qui negat ( the burden of proof is on the one who declares , not on one who denies ) , is the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty .	In many states , presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial , and it is an international human right under the UN 's Universal Declaration of Human Rights , Article 11 . Under the presumption of innocence , the legal burden of proof is thus on the prosecution , which must collect and present compelling evidence to the trier of fact . The trier of fact ( a judge or a jury ) is thus restrained and ordered by law to consider only actual evidence and testimony presented in court . The prosecution must , in most cases prove that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt . If reasonable doubt remains , the accused must be acquitted . Under the Justinian Codes and English common law , the accused is presumed innocent in criminal proceedings , and in civil proceedings ( like breach of contract ) both sides must issue proof . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman law 1.2 Islamic law 2 Middle Ages in Europe 2.1 Common law 2.2 Civil law 3 Meaning 4 The fundamental right 5 Modern practices 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Roman law ( edit ) The sixth century Digest of Justinian ( 22.3. 2 ) provides , as a general rule of evidence : Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit , non qui negat -- `` Proof lies on him who asserts , not on him who denies '' . It is there attributed to the second and third century jurist Paul . It was introduced in Roman criminal law by emperor Antoninus Pius . Islamic law ( edit ) Similar to that of Roman Law , Islamic law also holds the principle that the onus of proof is on the accuser or claimant based on a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi . ' Suspicion ' is also highly condemned , this also from a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi as well as Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim . After the time of Muhammad , the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Thalib has also been cited to say ' Avert the prescribed punishment by rejecting doubtful evidence . ' Middle ages in Europe ( edit ) After the fall of the Roman Empire , Europe fell back on a Germanic system that presumed guilt . The accused could prove his innocence by having , for example , twelve people swear that he could not have done what he was accused of . This tended to favor the nobility over the lower classes . Common law ( edit ) In sources from common law jurisdictions , the expression appears in an extended version , in its original form and then in a shortened form ( and in each case the translation provided varies ) . As extended , it is : Ei incumbit probatio , qui dicit , non qui negat ; cum per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio nulla sit -- `` The proof lies upon him who affirms , not upon him who denies ; since , by the nature of things , he who denies a fact can not produce any proof . '' As found in its original form , it is ( as above ) : Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit , non qui negat -- `` The proof lies upon the one who affirms , not the one who denies . '' Then , shortened from the original , it is : Ei incumbit probatio qui -- `` the onus of proving a fact rests upon the man '' . Civil law ( edit ) The maxim or its equivalent has been adopted by many civil law systems , including Brazil , France , Italy , Philippines , Poland , Romania and Spain . Meaning ( edit ) Sir William Garrow coined the phrase `` presumed innocent until proven guilty '' , insisting that defendants ' accusers and their evidence be thoroughly tested in court `` Presumption of innocence '' serves to emphasize that the prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt ( or some other level of proof depending on the criminal justice system ) and that the accused bears no burden of proof . This is often expressed in the phrase innocent until proven guilty , coined by the English lawyer Sir William Garrow ( 1760 -- 1840 ) . Garrow insisted that accusers be robustly tested in court . An objective observer in the position of the juror must reasonably conclude that the defendant almost certainly committed the crime . The presumption of innocence was originally expressed by the French cardinal and jurist Jean Lemoine in the phrase `` item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens ( a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty ) '' , based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals . However , this referred not merely to the fact that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution in a criminal case , but the protections which a defendant should be given - prior notice of the accusation being made against them , the right of confrontation , right to counsel , etc . It is literally considered favorable evidence for the accused that automatically attaches at trial . It requires that the trier of fact , be it a juror or judge , begin with the presumption that the state is unable to support its assertion . To ensure this legal protection is maintained a set of three related rules govern the procedure of criminal trials . The presumption means : With respect to the critical facts of the case -- whether the crime charged was committed and whether the defendant was the person who committed the crime -- the state has the entire burden of proof . With respect to the critical facts of the case , the defendant does not have any burden of proof whatsoever . The defendant does not have to testify , call witnesses or present any other evidence , and if the defendant elects not to testify or present evidence , this decision can not be used against them . The jury or judge is not to draw any negative inferences from the fact the defendant has been charged with a crime and is present in court and represented by an attorney . They must decide the case solely on evidence presented during the trial . This duty on the prosecution was famously referred to as the `` golden thread '' in the criminal law by Lord Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP ( 1935 ) AC 462 : `` Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen -- that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner 's guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception ... '' The Fundamental right ( edit ) This right is so important in modern democracies , constitutional monarchies and republics that many have explicitly included it in their legal codes and constitutions : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , article 11 , states : `` Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence . '' . The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe says ( art . 6.2 ) : `` Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law '' . This convention has been adopted by treaty and is binding on all Council of Europe members . Currently ( and in any foreseeable expansion of the EU ) every country member of the European Union is also member to the Council of Europe , so this stands for EU members as a matter of course . Never the less , this assertion is iterated verbatim in Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . In Canada , section 11 ( d ) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states : `` Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal '' . In the Colombian constitution , Title II , Chapter 1 , Article 29 states that `` Every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law '' . In France , article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789 , which has force as constitutional law , begins : `` Any man being presumed innocent until he has been declared guilty ... '' . The Code of Criminal Procedure states in its preliminary article that `` any person suspected or prosecuted is presumed innocent for as long as their guilt has not been established '' and the jurors ' oath repeats this assertion ( article 304 ) . However , there exists a popular misconception that under French law , the accused is presumed guilty until proven innocent . In Iran , Article 37 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states : `` Innocence is to be presumed , and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court '' . In Italy , the second paragraph of Article 27 of the Constitution states : `` A defendant shall be considered not guilty until a final sentence has been passed . '' In Romania , article 23 of the Constitution states that `` any person shall be presumed innocent until found guilty by a final decision of the court . '' The Constitution of Russia , in article 49 , states that `` Everyone charged with a crime shall be considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the federal law and has been established by the valid sentence of a court of law '' . It also states that `` The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his or her innocence '' and `` Any reasonable doubt shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant '' . In the South African Constitution , section 35 ( 3 ) ( h ) of the Bill of Rights states : `` Every accused person has a right to a fair trial , which includes the right to be presumed innocent , to remain silent , and not to testify during the proceedings . '' Although the Constitution of the United States does not cite it explicitly , presumption of innocence is widely held to follow from the 5th , 6th , and 14th amendments . The case of Coffin v. United States ( 1895 ) established the presumption of innocence of persons accused of crimes . See also In re Winship . In New Zealand , the New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990 provides inter alia at section 25 ( c ) `` Everyone who is charged with an offence has , in relation to the determination of the charge , the following minimum rights : ( c ) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law '' Modern practices ( edit ) This section contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( May 2014 ) Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms the right to the presumption of innocence Some legal systems have employed de jure presumptions of guilt , such as at an order to show cause criminal proceeding . Otherwise , accusations of presumption of guilt generally do not imply an actual legal presumption of guilt , but rather denounce failures to ensure that suspects are treated well and are offered good defence conditions . Typical infringements could include : Suspects held at Guantanamo Bay have been detained for long periods while inquiries proceed . Such long imprisonment constitutes , in practice , a hardship and a punishment for the suspect , even though they have not been sentenced . ( See speedy trial ) Courts may prefer the testimonies of persons of certain class , status , ethnicity , sex , or economic or political standing over those of others , regardless of actual circumstances . Until relatively recently , it was common for the justice system to have suspects tortured to extract confessions from them , since circumstantial evidence was rarely analyzed or admitted in those times . Although this practice has generally been disallowed in the more recent past , except during 20th - century fascist and Soviet governments , there have been attempts to introduce evidence obtained from suspects tortured elsewhere . In the United Kingdom changes have been made affecting this principle . Defendants ' previous convictions may in certain circumstances be revealed to juries . Although the suspect is not compelled to answer questions after formal arrest , failure to give information may now be prejudicial at trial . Statute law also exists which provides for criminal penalties for failing to decrypt data on request from the Police . If the suspect is unwilling to do so , it is an offence . Citizens can therefore be convicted and imprisoned without any evidence that the encrypted material was unlawful . Furthermore , in sexual offence cases such as rape , where the sexual act has already been proved beyond reasonable doubt , there are a limited number of circumstances where the defendant has an obligation to adduce evidence that the complainant consented to the sexual act , or that the defendant reasonably believed that the complainant was consenting . These circumstances include , for example , where the complainant was unconscious , unlawfully detained , or subjected to violence . Scottish law provides for a third verdict : `` not proven . '' In some jurisdictions , state - funded defences may not match the quality of state - funded prosecutions . Further , where a defendant funds his or her own defence , the cost is borne solely by the individual , whereas the burden of funding a prosecution is collectively borne by the state . Individual defence resources in finances , information , equipment , expertise , research , and personnel may not match the resources of a government , especially if the defendant is imprisoned . Guaranteeing the presumption of innocence extends beyond the judicial system . For instance , in many countries journalistic codes of ethics state that journalists should refrain from referring to suspects as though their guilt is certain . For example , they use `` suspect '' or `` defendant '' when referring to the suspect , and use `` alleged '' when referring to the criminal activity that the suspect is accused of . Failure to adhere to these practices may result in lawsuits in the event that the suspect is cleared of wrongdoing . More subtly , publishing of the prosecution 's case without proper defence argumentation may in practice constitute presumption of guilt . Publishing a roster of arrested suspects may constitute undeserved punishment as well , since in practice it damages the reputation of innocent suspects . Private groups fighting certain abuses may also apply similar tactics , such as publishing the real name , address , and phone number of suspects , or even contacting the suspects ' employer , friends and neighbors . Modern practices aimed at curing social ills may run against presumption of innocence . Some civil rights organizations , such as the Canadian Civil Liberties Association consider pre-employment drug testing , while legal , as violating this principle , as potential employees are presumed to be users of illegal drugs , and must prove themselves innocent through the test . Similarly , critics argue that prevailing policies of zero tolerance toward sexual harassment or racial discrimination show a strong presumption of guilt . These dispositions were meant to ease the burden of proof on the victim , since in practice harassment or discrimination practices are hard to prove . Civil rights activists note that the well - meaning practices so adopted may have a deleterious effect on justice being served . An example is the use of a screen in sexual assault cases , which is set up to prevent the complainant from being distressed at the sight of the accused . Where a victim was in fact victimized by the accused , this may be argued to serve the principles of therapeutic justice . See also ( edit ) Blackstone 's formulation Due process Habeas corpus Null hypothesis Rebuttable presumption Right to a fair trial Right to silence Trial by media Presumption of supply in New Zealand Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Digesta seu Pandectae 22.3. 2 '' . Grenoble : Université Pierre - Mendés - France . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Watson , Alan , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1985 ) . `` 22.3. 2 '' . The Digest of Justinian . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1636 - 9 . Jump up ^ See Bury , p. 527 Jump up ^ Imam Nawawi. 1977 . An - Nawawi 's Forty Hadith ( Second Edition English Translation by Ezzedin Ibrahim ) . Damascus : Holy Koran Pub . House , Hadith No. 33 Jump up ^ Riyaadus Shaaliheen , Hadith No. 1573 Jump up ^ Sahih Al - Bukhari ( English Version ) , Vol. 8 , Book 73 , Hadith 90 Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim ( English Version ) , Book 32 , Hadith 6214 Jump up ^ Imam ibn Hajar 's Bulugh al - Maram ( English Version ) , Book 10 , Hadith 1260 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ F. Nan Wagoner ( 1917 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Wagoner 's Legal Quotes web page '' . Wagonerlaw.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bouvier 's Maxims ( 1856 ) , citing Roman law and then various treatises , q.v. Jump up ^ `` Just Quotes web site '' . Just-quotes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary '' . Clickdocs.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Decree - Law 3689 date = August 2012 ^ Jump up to : Code de procédure pénale , article préliminaire ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` ForoEuropo Italia '' . Foroeuropeo.it . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Assomedici.It '' . Assomedici.It. 1993 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ People vs. Masalihit , decision of the Supreme Court of The Philippines Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` National Constitutional Law Related to Article 48 -- Presumption of Innocence and Right to Defence '' . European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Romania , Article 23 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Valentin Anders ( 2010 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Latin legal maxims in Spanish '' . Latin.dechile.net . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Christopher B. ; Laird C. Kirkpatrick ( 2009 ) . Evidence ; 4th ed . Aspen ( Wolters Kluwer ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 7968 - 2 . pp. 133 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Moore , Christopher ( 1997 ) . The Law Society of Upper Canada and Ontario 's lawyers , 1797 -- 1997 . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 4127 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rembar , Charles ( 1980 ) . The Law of the Land . New York : Simon & Schuster . ^ Jump up to : Words and Phrases 1914 , p. 1168 Jump up ^ http://faculty.cua.edu/Pennington/Law508/InnocentGuilty.htm Jump up ^ Coffin v. United States , 156 U.S. 432 ( 1895 ) `` the presumption of innocence is evidence in favor of the accused , introduced by the law in ( their ) behalf '' Jump up ^ Code de procédure pénale , article 304 ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Davis , Michael H. ( 23 May 1992 ) . `` French Law Presumes Accused Innocent '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Italian Constitution '' ( PDF ) . The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM225527.html Jump up ^ `` OPSI.gov.uk '' . OPSI.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` legislation.gov.uk '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Drug Testing : A Bad Investment '' ( PDF ) . American Civil Liberties Union . 1999 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Law.arizona.edu '' . Law.arizona.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . References ( edit ) `` Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases '' . St. Paul : West Publishing Co. 1914 . Bury , J.B. ( 1893 ) . A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to the Death of Marcus Aurelius . External links ( edit ) The Presumption of Innocence in the French and Anglo - American Legal Traditions The History of Presumed Innocence The effects of presuming innocence Substantive human rights Note : What is considered a human right is controversial and not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights . Civil and political Cannabis rights Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment Freedom from discrimination Freedom from exile Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid Liberty LGBT rights Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right of self - defense Security of person Universal suffrage Economic , social and cultural Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work Trade union membership Sexual and reproductive Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Reproductive health Right to sexuality Violations Corporal punishment War and conflict Civilian Combatant Freedom from genocide Prisoner of war War rape Miscarriage of justice Types of misconduct Prosecutorial misconduct Police misconduct Selective prosecution Malicious prosecution Selective enforcement Abuse of process Attorney misconduct Abuse of discretion Entrapment False arrest Gaming the system Legal malpractice Kangaroo court Sharp practice Jury tampering Witness tampering Brady disclosure Spoliation of evidence False evidence Forced confession False accusation of rape False allegation of child sexual abuse Police perjury False accusation Mistaken identity Eyewitness memory Misinformation effect Tampering with evidence Wrongful convictions List of wrongful convictions in the United States List of exonerated death row inmates Miscarriage of justice List of miscarriage of justice cases Overturned convictions in the United States Wrongful execution Advocacy Innocence Project National Registry of Exonerations Investigating Innocence Related concepts Legal ethics Exculpatory evidence Right to a fair trial Race in the United States criminal justice system Capital punishment in the United States Innocent prisoner 's dilemma Racial profiling Loophole Ineffective assistance of counsel Show trial Actual innocence Cross-race effect Eyewitness memory Eyewitness identification Equal Protection Clause Batson v. Kentucky List of United States death row inmates Prosecutor 's fallacy Innocence Protection Act Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presumption_of_innocence&oldid=809862094 '' Categories : Criminal procedure Legal doctrines and principles Doubt Human rights Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with weasel words from May 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 22 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption%20of%20innocence	57,107
who won the men's doubles at the us open	Men 's Doubles 2017 US Open Champions Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Runners - up Feliciano López Marc López Final score 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2016 US Open 2018 →	Jean - Julien Rojer\|Horia Tecău	2017 US Open -- Men 's Doubles	2017 us open - - men's doubles	Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares were the defending champions , but lost in the quarterfinals to Jean - Julien Rojer and Horia Tecău .	Rojer and Tecău went on to win the title , defeating Feliciano López and Marc López in the final , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Draw 2.1 Key 2.2 Finals 2.3 Top half 2.3. 1 Section 1 2.3. 2 Section 2 2.4 Bottom half 2.4. 1 Section 3 2.4. 2 Section 4 3 References 4 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Henri Kontinen / John Peers ( Semifinals ) 02 . Łukasz Kubot / Marcelo Melo ( Second round ) 03 . Pierre - Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut ( First round ) 04 . Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares ( Quarterfinals ) 05 . Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan ( Semifinals ) 06 . Ivan Dodig / Marcel Granollers ( Third round ) 07 . Raven Klaasen / Rajeev Ram ( First round ) 08 . Ryan Harrison / Michael Venus ( First round ) 09 . Oliver Marach / Mate Pavić ( Third round ) 10 . Rohan Bopanna / Pablo Cuevas ( Second round ) 11 . Feliciano López / Marc López ( Final ) 12 . Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău ( Champions ) 13 . Brian Baker / Nikola Mektić ( First round ) 14 . Julio Peralta / Horacio Zeballos ( Second round ) 15 . Santiago González / Donald Young ( First round ) 16 . Sam Groth / Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi ( First round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Henri Kontinen John Peers 6 6 Nicholas Monroe John - Patrick Smith Henri Kontinen John Peers 6 6 5 12 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 7 7 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 12 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 6 6 12 Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 6 6 11 Feliciano López Marc López 11 Feliciano López Marc López 6 7 Robin Haase Matwé Middelkoop 5 11 Feliciano López Marc López 6 6 5 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 5 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 6 7 Julien Benneteau Édouard Roger - Vasselin 5 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals H Kontinen J Peers 6 6 WC W Blumberg S Papa H Kontinen J Peers 7 6 D Inglot D Nestor 5 M Elgin D Medvedev 6 M Elgin D Medvedev 6 7 H Kontinen J Peers 6 6 C Berlocq A Ramos Viñolas 6 JS Cabal L Mayer JS Cabal L Mayer 6 7 JS Cabal L Mayer 6 6 J Cerretani M Polmans 6 14 J Peralta H Zeballos 6 14 J Peralta H Zeballos 7 6 H Kontinen J Peers 6 6 10 R Bopanna P Cuevas 6 6 N Monroe J-P Smith WC B Klahn S Lipsky 6 10 R Bopanna P Cuevas 7 WC S Johnson T Paul 0 0 PR S Bolelli F Fognini 5 6 6 PR S Bolelli F Fognini 6 6 PR S Bolelli F Fognini d J Eysseric F Škugor N Monroe J-P Smith N Monroe J-P Smith 6 6 N Monroe J-P Smith 6 6 6 R Dutra Silva P Lorenzi 6 6 R Dutra Silva P Lorenzi 7 7 R Klaasen R Ram Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals J Murray B Soares 6 7 J Knowle A Peya 6 J Murray B Soares 7 6 P Carreño Busta F Verdasco 7 M Daniell M Demoliner 6 M Daniell M Demoliner 6 6 6 J Murray B Soares 6 6 A Molteni A Shamasdin 6 R Lindstedt J Thompson Alt J Millman K Skupski 7 6 Alt J Millman K Skupski 6 R Lindstedt J Thompson 6 6 R Lindstedt J Thompson 7 6 15 S González D Young J Murray B Soares 12 J-J Rojer H Tecău 7 6 6 12 J-J Rojer H Tecău 6 6 D Džumhur D Lajović 6 7 12 J-J Rojer H Tecău 6 6 H Chung Y-h Lu 6 H Chung Y-h Lu G Pella D Schwartzman 12 J-J Rojer H Tecău 6 6 T Fabbiano Y Sugita 6 I Dodig M Granollers A Giannessi F Mayer 6 6 A Giannessi F Mayer W Koolhof A Sitak 6 6 I Dodig M Granollers 6 6 6 I Dodig M Granollers 7 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals 8 R Harrison M Venus J Chardy F Martin 6 6 J Chardy F Martin 6 6 7 M Matkowski M Mirnyi 6 WC T Fritz R Opelka 7 6 WC T Fritz R Opelka 7 6 J Chardy F Martin 6 H Podlipnik - Castillo A Vasilevski 6 11 F López M López 6 7 A Mannarino A Seppi 6 7 A Mannarino A Seppi A Begemann D Sharan 11 F López M López 6 6 11 F López M López 6 6 11 F López M López 6 7 13 B Baker N Mektić R Haase M Middelkoop 5 M Jaziri A Kuznetsov 6 6 M Jaziri A Kuznetsov D Marrero B Paire 6 S Darcis D Sela 6 6 S Darcis D Sela 6 7 S Darcis D Sela 6 WC C Eubanks C Harrison 6 6 R Haase M Middelkoop 7 6 M Youzhny M Zverev 6 WC C Eubanks C Harrison 7 R Haase M Middelkoop 6 6 R Haase M Middelkoop 6 6 6 P-H Herbert N Mahut Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Quarterfinals 5 B Bryan M Bryan 6 6 R Jebavý J Veselý 6 5 B Bryan M Bryan 6 6 N Kyrgios M Reid 7 6 N Kyrgios M Reid J Sousa J-L Struff 6 6 5 B Bryan M Bryan 6 6 P Oswald A Sá 5 6 9 O Marach M Pavić 6 WC A Krajicek J Withrow 7 6 WC A Krajicek J Withrow WC V Kirkov D Thomas 9 O Marach M Pavić 6 6 9 O Marach M Pavić 6 6 5 B Bryan M Bryan 6 7 16 S Groth A-u-H Qureshi J Benneteau É Roger - Vasselin 5 K Khachanov A Rublev 6 6 K Khachanov A Rublev 6 7 L Paes P Raja 6 6 L Paes P Raja 6 J Tipsarević V Troicki K Khachanov A Rublev 6 6 J Benneteau É Roger - Vasselin 6 6 J Benneteau É Roger - Vasselin 7 6 PR N Basilashvili A Haider - Maurer J Benneteau É Roger - Vasselin 6 7 G Durán N Skupski 6 Ł Kubot M Melo 6 Ł Kubot M Melo 6 6 References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Men 's Doubles main draw US Open men 's doubles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Vienna ( S , D ) Basel ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane ( S , D ) Chennai ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) Auckland ( S , D ) Montpellier ( S , D ) Sofia ( S , D ) Quito ( S , D ) Buenos Aires ( S , D ) Memphis ( S , D ) Delray Beach ( S , D ) Marseille ( S , D ) São Paulo ( S , D ) Marrakesh ( S , D ) Houston ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Munich ( S , D ) Estoril ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Lyon ( S , D ) Geneva ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Antalya ( S , D ) Newport ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Umag ( S , D ) Atlanta ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Los Cabos ( S , D ) Kitzbühel ( S , D ) Winston - Salem ( S , D ) Metz ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Chengdu ( S , D ) Stockholm ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Antwerp ( S , D ) Team events Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa ) ATP Finals , London ( S , D ) Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan ( S ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_US_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Doubles&oldid = 799598662 '' Categories : 2017 US Open ( tennis ) 2017 ATP World Tour US Open ( tennis ) by year -- Men 's Doubles Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2017 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 18 : 00 . 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who commanded british forces at the battle of waterloo	The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday , 18 June 1815 , near Waterloo in present - day Belgium , then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition : a British - led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington , and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , Prince of Wahlstatt . The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars .	the Duke of Wellington	Battle of Waterloo	battle of waterloo	Seventh Coalition :	United Kingdom Netherlands Prussia Hanover Nassau Brunswick Commanders and leaders Napoleon Bonaparte Duke of Wellington Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher Strength Total : 73,000 50,700 infantry 14,390 cavalry 8,050 artillery and engineers 252 guns Total : 118,000 Anglo - allies : 68,000 United Kingdom : 25,000 British and 6,000 King 's German Legion Netherlands : 17,000 Hanover : 11,000 Brunswick : 6,000 Nassau : 3,000 156 guns Prussians : 50,000 Casualties and losses Total : 41,000 24,000 to 26,000 casualties , including 6,000 to 7,000 captured 15,000 missing Total : 24,000 Anglo - allies : 17,000 3,500 killed 10,200 wounded 3,300 missing Prussians : 7,000 1,200 killed 4,400 wounded 1,400 missing Location within modern - day Belgium , then a part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands Hundred Days Waterloo Campaign 8 -- 15 June 16 -- 17 June 17 -- 18 June 18 -- 24 June 25 June -- 1 July 2 -- 7 July Gilly Quatre Bras Ligny Genappe Waterloo Wavre 2nd Genappe Namur Cambrai Villers - Cotterêts Aubervilliers Saint - Denis Rocquencourt Sèvres Issy Minor campaigns Rocheserviere La Suffel Reduction of the French fortresses Caribbean Guadeloupe The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday , 18 June 1815 , near Waterloo in present - day Belgium , then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands . A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition : a British - led Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington , and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , Prince of Wahlstatt . The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars . Upon Napoleon 's return to power in March 1815 , many states that had opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition , and began to mobilize armies . Wellington and Blücher 's armies were cantoned close to the north - eastern border of France . Napoleon chose to attack them separately in the hope of destroying them before they could join in a co-ordinated invasion of France with other members of the coalition . On 16 June Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force , while at the same time a portion of the French army attacked an Allied army at the Battle of Quatre Bras . Despite holding his ground at Quatre Bras , the defeat of the Prussians forced Wellington to withdraw north to Waterloo on the 17th . Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians , who had withdrawn parallel to Wellington in good order . This resulted in the separate and simultaneous Battle of Wavre with the Prussian rear - guard . Upon learning that the Prussian army was able to support him , Wellington decided to offer battle on the Mont - Saint - Jean escarpment , across the Brussels road . Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of the 18th , aided by the progressively arriving Prussians . In the evening Napoleon committed his last reserves , the French Imperial Guard , to a desperate final attack , which was narrowly beaten back . With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank , Wellington 's Anglo - allied army counter-attacked in the centre , and the French army was routed . Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon 's last . According to Wellington , the battle was `` the nearest - run thing you ever saw in your life '' . Napoleon abdicated four days later , and on 7 July coalition forces entered Paris . The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon 's rule as Emperor of the French , and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile . This ended the First French Empire , and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace . The battlefield is located in the municipalities of Braine - l'Alleud and Lasne , about 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) south of Brussels , and about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) from the town of Waterloo . The site of the battlefield today is dominated by a large monument , the Lion 's Mound . As this mound was constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself , the contemporary topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude 2 Armies 3 Battlefield 4 Battle 4.1 Preparation 4.2 Hougoumont 4.3 The Grand Battery starts its bombardment 4.4 Napoleon spots Prussians 4.5 First French infantry attack 4.6 Charge of the British heavy cavalry 4.7 The French cavalry attack 4.8 Second French infantry attack 4.9 French capture of La Haye Sainte 4.10 Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps : Plancenoit 4.11 Zieten 's flank march 4.12 Attack of the Imperial Guard 4.13 Prussian capture of Plancenoit 4.14 French disintegration 5 Aftermath 6 Analysis 6.1 Historical importance 6.2 Views on the reasons for Napoleon 's defeat 7 Battlefield today 8 Coin controversy 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Prelude ( edit ) Main article : Waterloo Campaign The strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815 : 250,000 Frenchmen faced a coalition of about 850,000 soldiers on four fronts . Napoleon was forced to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist insurrection . On 13 March 1815 , six days before Napoleon reached Paris , the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw . Four days later , the United Kingdom , Russia , Austria , and Prussia mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon . Critically outnumbered , Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more members of the Seventh Coalition from invading France had failed , his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the coalition mobilised . Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced , he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war . Crucially , this would have bought him time to recruit and train more men before turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians . An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French speaking sympathisers in Belgium to launch a friendly revolution . Also , coalition troops in Belgium were largely second - line , as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty , and most of the British veterans of the Peninsular War had been sent to North America to fight in the War of 1812 . The initial dispositions of British commander Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington , were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by moving through Mons to the south - west of Brussels . This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces , led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , but may have cut Wellington 's communications with his base at Ostend . In order to delay Wellington 's deployment , Napoleon spread false intelligence which suggested that Wellington 's supply chain from the channel ports would be cut . The resurgent Napoleon 's strategy was to isolate the Allied and Prussian armies and annihilate each one separately . The 1st Duke of Wellington , commander of the Anglo - allied army Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher , who had led one of the coalition armies defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig , commanded the Prussian army By June , Napoleon had raised a total army strength of about 300,000 men . The force at his disposal at Waterloo was less than one third that size , but the rank and file were nearly all loyal and experienced soldiers . Napoleon divided his army into a left wing commanded by Marshal Ney , a right wing commanded by Marshal Grouchy and a reserve under his command ( although all three elements remained close enough to support one another ) . Crossing the frontier near Charleroi before dawn on 15 June , the French rapidly overran Coalition outposts , securing Napoleon 's `` central position '' between Wellington 's and Blücher 's armies . He hoped this would prevent them from combining , and he would be able to destroy first the Prussian 's army , then Wellington 's . Only very late on the night of 15 June was Wellington certain that the Charleroi attack was the main French thrust . In the early hours of 16 June , at the Duchess of Richmond 's ball in Brussels , he received a dispatch from the Prince of Orange and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon 's advance . He hastily ordered his army to concentrate on Quatre Bras , where the Prince of Orange , with the brigade of Prince Bernhard of Saxe - Weimar , was holding a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney 's left wing . Ney 's orders were to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras , so that he could later swing east and reinforce Napoleon if necessary . Ney found the crossroads of Quatre Bras lightly held by the Prince of Orange , who repelled Ney 's initial attacks but was gradually driven back by overwhelming numbers of French troops . First reinforcements , and then Wellington arrived . He took command and drove Ney back , securing the crossroads by early evening , too late to send help to the Prussians , who had already been defeated . Meanwhile on 16 June , Napoleon attacked and defeated Blücher 's Prussians at the Battle of Ligny using part of the reserve and the right wing of his army . The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French assaults , but the flanks held their ground . The Prussian retreat from Ligny went uninterrupted and seemingly unnoticed by the French . The bulk of their rearguard units held their positions until about midnight , and some elements did not move out until the following morning , ignored by the French . Crucially , the Prussians did not retreat to the east , along their own lines of communication . Instead , they , too , fell back northwards -- parallel to Wellington 's line of march , still within supporting distance and in communication with him throughout . The Prussians rallied on Bülow 's IV Corps , which had not been engaged at Ligny and was in a strong position south of Wavre . With the Prussian retreat from Ligny , Wellington 's position at Quatre Bras was untenable . The next day he withdrew northwards , to a defensive position he had reconnoitred the previous year -- the low ridge of Mont - Saint - Jean , south of the village of Waterloo and the Sonian Forest . Napoleon , with the reserves , made a late start on 17 June and joined Ney at Quatre Bras at 13 : 00 to attack Wellington 's army but found the position empty . The French pursued Wellington 's retreating army to Waterloo ; however , due to bad weather , mud and the head start that Napoleon 's tardy advance had allowed Wellington , apart from a cavalry action at Genappe , there was no substantial engagement . Before leaving Ligny , Napoleon had ordered Grouchy , who commanded the right wing , to follow up the retreating Prussians with 33,000 men . A late start , uncertainty about the direction the Prussians had taken , and the vagueness of the orders given to him , meant that Grouchy was too late to prevent the Prussian army reaching Wavre , from where it could march to support Wellington . More importantly , the heavily outnumbered Prussian rear - guard was able to use the River Dyle to enable a savage and prolonged action to delay Grouchy . As the 17th of June drew to a close , Wellington 's army had arrived at its position at Waterloo , with the main body of Napoleon 's army following . Blücher 's army was gathering in and around Wavre , around 8 miles ( 13 km ) to the east of the city . Early on the morning of the 18th , Wellington received an assurance from Blücher that the Prussian army would support him . He decided to hold his ground and give battle . Armies ( edit ) Main article : Order of Battle of the Waterloo Campaign Three armies were involved in the battle : Napoleon 's Armée du Nord , a multinational army under Wellington , and a Prussian army under Blücher . Left , Marshal Michel Ney , who exercised tactical control of the greater part of the French forces for most of the battle . Right William , Prince of Orange , commander of the Anglo - allied I Corps . The French army of around 69,000 consisted of 48,000 infantry , 14,000 cavalry , and 7,000 artillery with 250 guns . Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule , but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign . His troops were mainly veterans with considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor . The cavalry in particular was both numerous and formidable , and included fourteen regiments of armoured heavy cavalry , and seven of highly versatile lancers who were armed with lances , sabres and firearms . However as the army took shape , French officers were allocated to units as they presented themselves for duty , so that many units were commanded by officers the soldiers did n't know , and often did n't trust . Crucially , some of these officers had little experience in working together as a unified force , so that support for other units was often not given . The French army was forced to march through rain and black coal - dust mud to reach Waterloo , and then to contend with mud and rain as it slept in the open . Little food was available for the soldiers , but nevertheless the veteran French soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon . Wellington later said that he had `` an infamous army , very weak and ill - equipped , and a very inexperienced Staff '' . His troops consisted of 67,000 men : 50,000 infantry , 11,000 cavalry , and 6,000 artillery with 150 guns . Of these , 25,000 were British , with another 6,000 from the King 's German Legion ( KGL ) . All of the British Army troops were regular soldiers , but only 7,000 of them were Peninsular War veterans . In addition , there were 17,000 Dutch and Belgian troops , 11,000 from Hanover , 6,000 from Brunswick , and 3,000 from Nassau . Many of the troops in the Coalition armies were inexperienced . The Dutch army had been re-established in 1815 , following the earlier defeat of Napoleon . With the exception of the British and some from Hanover and Brunswick who had fought with the British army in Spain , many of the professional soldiers in the Coalition armies had spent some of their time in the French army or in armies allied to the Napoleonic regime . The historian Barbero states that in this heterogeneous army the difference between British and foreign troops did not prove significant under fire . Wellington was also acutely short of heavy cavalry , having only seven British and three Dutch regiments . The Duke of York imposed many of his staff officers on Wellington , including his second - in - command the Earl of Uxbridge . Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had carte blanche from Wellington to commit these forces at his discretion . Wellington stationed a further 17,000 troops at Halle , 8 miles ( 13 km ) away to the west . They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under Prince of Orange 's younger brother Prince Frederick of the Netherlands . They were placed as a guard against any possible wide flanking movement by the French forces , and also to act as a rearguard if Wellington was forced to retreat towards Antwerp and the coast . The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation . In 1815 , the former Reserve regiments , Legions , and Freikorps volunteer formations from the wars of 1813 -- 1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line , along with many Landwehr ( militia ) regiments . The Landwehr were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium . The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state . Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance -- guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle . Offsetting these handicaps , the Prussian Army had excellent and professional leadership in its General Staff organisation . These officers came from four schools developed for this purpose and thus worked to a common standard of training . This system was in marked contrast to the conflicting , vague orders issued by the French army . This staff system ensured that before Ligny , three - quarters of the Prussian army concentrated for battle with 24 hours notice . After Ligny , the Prussian army , although defeated , was able to realign its supply train , reorganise itself , and intervene decisively on the Waterloo battlefield within 48 hours . Two and a half Prussian army corps , or 48,000 men , were engaged at Waterloo ; two brigades under Bülow , commander of IV Corps , attacked Lobau at 16 : 30 , while Zieten 's I Corps and parts of Pirch I 's II Corps engaged at about 18 : 00 . Battlefield ( edit ) Further information : List of Waterloo Battlefield locations A view of the battlefield from the Lion 's mound . On the top right are the buildings of La Haye Sainte . The Waterloo position was a strong one . It consisted of a long ridge running east - west , perpendicular to , and bisected by , the main road to Brussels . Along the crest of the ridge ran the Ohain road , a deep sunken lane . Near the crossroads with the Brussels road was a large elm tree that was roughly in the centre of Wellington 's position and served as his command post for much of the day . Wellington deployed his infantry in a line just behind the crest of the ridge following the Ohain road . Using the reverse slope , as he had many times previously , Wellington concealed his strength from the French , with the exception of his skirmishers and artillery . The length of front of the battlefield was also relatively short at 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) . This allowed Wellington to draw up his forces in depth , which he did in the centre and on the right , all the way towards the village of Braine - l'Alleud , in the expectation that the Prussians would reinforce his left during the day . An 1816 map showing the local geography , with Waterloo defending the approach to Brussels In front of the ridge , there were three positions that could be fortified . On the extreme right were the château , garden , and orchard of Hougoumont . This was a large and well - built country house , initially hidden in trees . The house faced north along a sunken , covered lane ( usually described by the British as `` the hollow - way '' ) along which it could be supplied . On the extreme left was the hamlet of Papelotte . Both Hougoumont and Papelotte were fortified and garrisoned , and thus anchored Wellington 's flanks securely . Papelotte also commanded the road to Wavre that the Prussians would use to send reinforcements to Wellington 's position . On the western side of the main road , and in front of the rest of Wellington 's line , was the farmhouse and orchard of La Haye Sainte , which was garrisoned with 400 light infantry of the King 's German Legion . On the opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry , where the 95th Rifles were posted as sharpshooters . Wellington 's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force . Any attempt to turn Wellington 's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position . Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between enfilading fire from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte . On the left , any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit , and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the other garrisoned buildings on that flank , and some very wet ground in the Smohain defile . The French army formed on the slopes of another ridge to the south . Napoleon could not see Wellington 's positions , so he drew his forces up symmetrically about the Brussels road . On the right was I Corps under d'Erlon with 16,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry , plus a cavalry reserve of 4,700 . On the left was II Corps under Reille with 13,000 infantry , and 1,300 cavalry , and a cavalry reserve of 4,600 . In the centre about the road south of the inn La Belle Alliance were a reserve including Lobau 's VI Corps with 6,000 men , the 13,000 infantry of the Imperial Guard , and a cavalry reserve of 2,000 . In the right rear of the French position was the substantial village of Plancenoit , and at the extreme right , the Bois de Paris wood . Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm , where he could see the entire battlefield , but moved to a position near La Belle Alliance early in the afternoon . Command on the battlefield ( which was largely hidden from his view ) was delegated to Ney . A panorama of the Waterloo battlefield in 2012 Battle ( edit ) Preparation ( edit ) Map of the Waterloo campaign Wellington rose at around 02 : 00 or 03 : 00 on 18 June , and wrote letters until dawn . He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont - Saint - Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps ; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels . At a late - night council , Blücher 's chief of staff , August Neidhardt von Gneisenau , had been distrustful of Wellington 's strategy , but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington 's army . In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher , promising to support him with three corps . From 06 : 00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces . At Wavre , the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape , not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny . Although they had not taken casualties , IV Corps had been marching for two days , covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny . They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield , and progress was very slow . The roads were in poor condition after the night 's heavy rain , and Bülow 's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces . Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre , blocking several streets along Bülow 's intended route . As a result , the last part of the corps left at 10 : 00 , six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo . Bülow 's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps . Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou , the house where he had spent the night . When Soult suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force , Napoleon said , `` Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington , you think he 's a good general . I tell you Wellington is a bad general , the English are bad troops , and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast '' . Napoleon 's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic , given his maxim `` in war , morale is everything '' . He had acted similarly in the past , and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals . Battle of Mont - Saint - Jean Later on , being told by his brother , Jerome , of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the ' King of Spain ' inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre , Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy . Surprisingly , Jerome 's overheard gossip aside , the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher 's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later . Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground , which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult . In addition , many of his forces had bivouacked well to the south of La Belle Alliance . At 10 : 00 , in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier , he sent a reply telling Grouchy to `` head for Wavre ( to Grouchy 's north ) in order to draw near to us ( to the west of Grouchy ) '' and then `` push before him '' the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo `` as soon as possible '' . At 11 : 00 , Napoleon drafted his general order : Reille 's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont - Saint - Jean and keep abreast of one another . This order assumed Wellington 's battle - line was in the village , rather than at the more forward position on the ridge . To enable this , Jerome 's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont , which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington 's reserves , since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea . A grande batterie of the reserve artillery of I , II , and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington 's position from about 13 : 00 . D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington 's left , break through , and roll up his line from east to west . In his memoirs , Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate Wellington 's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea . Hougoumont ( edit ) Main article : Hougoumont Fighting at the Hougoumont farm Gate on the north side assaulted by the 1st Légère who were led by sous - lieutenant Legros The historian Andrew Roberts notes that `` It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began '' . Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at `` about ten o'clock ( Napoleon ) commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont '' . Other sources state that the attack began around 11 : 30 . The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of Guards , and the wood and park by Hanoverian Jäger and the 1 / 2nd Nassau . The initial attack by Bauduin 's brigade emptied the wood and park , but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire , and cost Bauduin his life . As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery , a second attack by Soye 's brigade and what had been Bauduin 's succeeded in reaching the north gate of the house . Sous - Lieutenant Legros , a French officer , broke the gate open with an axe , and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard . The Coldstream Guards and the Scots Guards arrived to support the defence . There was a fierce melee , and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in . The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed . Only a young drummer boy was spared . Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon . Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry , and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont . Wellington 's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it . In the afternoon , Napoleon personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire , resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel . Du Plat 's brigade of the King 's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way , which they had to do without senior officers . Eventually they were relieved by the 71st Highlanders , a British infantry regiment . Adam 's brigade was further reinforced by Hugh Halkett 's 3rd Hanoverian Brigade , and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille . Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle . I had occupied that post with a detachment from General Byng 's brigade of Guards , which was in position in its rear ; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant - Colonel MacDonald , and afterwards of Colonel Home ; and I am happy to add that it was maintained , throughout the day , with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops , notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it . -- Wellington . When I reached Lloyd 's abandoned guns , I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene : it was grand beyond description . Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field ; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible . Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen ; there , gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the cuirassiers were moving ; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side ; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed -- together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano . Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us , and it was time to leave contemplation , so I moved towards our columns , which were standing up in square . -- Major Macready , Light Division , 30th British Regiment , Halkett 's brigade . The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington 's reserves which escalated into an all - day battle and drew in French reserves instead . In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was key to winning the battle . Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly , and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon ( 33 battalions in all , 14,000 troops ) . Similarly , though the house never contained a large number of troops , Wellington devoted 21 battalions ( 12,000 troops ) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings . He moved several artillery batteries from his hard - pressed centre to support Hougoumont , and later stated that `` the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont '' . The grand battery starts its bombardment ( edit ) Map of the battle : Napoleon 's units are in blue , Wellington 's in red , Blücher 's in grey . The 80 guns of Napoleon 's grande batterie drew up in the centre . These opened fire at 11 : 50 , according to Lord Hill ( commander of the Anglo - allied II Corps ) , while other sources put the time between noon and 13 : 30 . The grande batterie was too far back to aim accurately , and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack , and Perponcher 's 2nd Dutch division ( the others were employing Wellington 's characteristic `` reverse slope defence '' ) . Nevertheless , the bombardment caused a large number of casualties . Though some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil , most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge . The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade ( in third line ) to move to its left , as did the Scots Greys , to reduce their casualty rate . Napoleon spots Prussians ( edit ) At about 13 : 00 , Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of Lasne - Chapelle - Saint - Lambert , four or five miles ( six to eight kilometres ) away from his right flank -- about three hours march for an army . Napoleon 's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians . Grouchy , however , had been executing Napoleon 's previous orders to follow the Prussians `` with your sword against his back '' towards Wavre , and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo . Grouchy was advised by his subordinate , Gérard , to `` march to the sound of the guns '' , but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rear guard under the command of Lieutenant - General Baron Johann von Thielmann at the Battle of Wavre . Moreover , Soult 's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20 : 00 . First French infantry attack ( edit ) A little after 13 : 00 , I Corps ' attack began in large columns . Bernard Cornwell writes `` ( column ) suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line , while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks , each one a division of French infantry '' . Each division , with one exception , was drawn up in huge masses , consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed , deployed , and placed in a column one behind the other , with only five paces interval between the battalions . The one exception was the 1st Division ( Commanded by Quiot , the leader of the 1st Brigade ) . Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner , but side by side instead of behind one another . This was done because , being on the left of the four divisions , it was ordered to send one ( Quiot 's brigade ) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte , while the other ( Bourgeois ' ) was to attack the eastern side of the same post . The divisions were to advance in echelon from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart -- the 2nd Division ( Donzelot 's ) on the right of Bourgeois ' brigade , the 3rd Division ( Marcognet 's ) next , and the 4th Division ( Durutte 's ) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault , each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred files . The leftmost division , advanced on La Haye Sainte . The farmhouse was defended by the King 's German Legion . While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front , the following battalions fanned out to either side and , with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers , succeeded in isolating the farmhouse . The King 's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse . Each time the French tried to scale the walls the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off . The Prince of Orange saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneberg Battalion in line . Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte , almost to the crest of the ridge , where they covered d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed . At about 13 : 30 , d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions , some 14,000 men over a front of about 1,000 metres ( 1,100 yards ) , against Wellington 's left wing . At the point they aimed for they faced 6,000 men : the first line consisted of the Dutch 1st `` Brigade van Bylandt '' of the 2nd Dutch division , flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side . The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under Sir Thomas Picton , who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge . All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras . In addition , the Bijlandt brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope . The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road . At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions , the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire . On the left of the brigade , where the 7th Dutch Militia stood , a `` few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred '' . The battalion had no reserves and was unable to close the gap . D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade ( 8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion ) were forced to retreat to the square of the 5th Dutch Militia , which was in reserve between Picton 's troops , about 100 paces to the rear . There they regrouped under the command of Colonel Van Zuylen van Nijevelt . A moment later the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack , which actually occurred around 10 minutes later . Bylandt was wounded and retired off the field , passing command of the brigade to Lt. Kol . De Jongh . The Battle of Waterloo by Clément - Auguste Andrieux D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road , Chemin d'Ohain , that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east . It was lined on both sides by thick hedges , with Bylandt 's brigade just across the road while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from the road , Pack 's to Bylandt 's left and Kempt 's to Bylandt 's right . Kempt 's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois ' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot 's division . In the centre , Donzelot 's division had pushed back Bylandt 's brigade . On the right of the French advance was Marcognet 's division led by Grenier 's brigade consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne , somewhat less than 2,000 men , and behind them , Nogue 's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments . Opposing them on the other side of the road was Pack 's 9th Brigade consisting of three Scottish regiments : the Royal Scots , the 42nd Black Watch , the 92nd Gordons and the 44th Foot totaling something over 2,000 men . A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur . The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road . As they did so , Pack 's men stood up , formed into a four deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry , advanced , and opened fire . However , a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly advanced in more linear formation . Now , fully deployed into line , they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops ; although the attack faltered at the centre , the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble . Picton was killed shortly after ordering the counter-attack and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers . Pack 's regiments , all four ranks deep , advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging . The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire - fight drove back the British 92nd Foot while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through the hedge cheering . Along the sunken road , the French were forcing the Allies back , the British line was dispersing , and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo . Reports from Baron von Muffling , the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington 's army , relate that : `` After 3 o'clock the Duke 's situation became critical , unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon '' . Charge of the British heavy cavalry ( edit ) Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything . They never consider the situation , never think of manoeuvring before an enemy , and never keep back or provide a reserve . -- Wellington . Scotland Forever ! , the charge of the Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by Elizabeth Thompson At this crucial juncture , Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry -- formed unseen behind the ridge -- to charge in support of the hard - pressed infantry . The 1st Brigade , known as the Household Brigade , commanded by Major - General Lord Edward Somerset , consisted of guards regiments : the 1st and 2nd Life Guards , the Royal Horse Guards ( the Blues ) , and the 1st ( King 's ) Dragoon Guards . The 2nd Brigade , also known as the Union Brigade , commanded by Major - General Sir William Ponsonby , was so called as it consisted of an English , the 1st ( The Royals ) ; a Scottish , 2nd ( ' Scots Greys ' ) ; and an Irish , 6th ( Inniskilling ) ; regiment of heavy dragoons . British Household Cavalry charging More than 20 years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent ; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm . British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training . They were , however , inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations , cavalier in attitude , and unlike the infantry some units had scant experience of warfare . The Scots Greys , for example , had not been in action since 1795 . According to Wellington , though they were superior individual horsemen , they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability . `` I considered one squadron a match for two French , I did n't like to see four British opposed to four French : and as the numbers increased and order , of course , became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers '' . The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 ( 2,651 official strength ) ; they charged with the 47 - year - old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve . There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order , the morning of the battle , to all cavalry brigade commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative , as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming , and to `` support movements to their front '' . It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur , Hussey Vivian and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies . Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person , saying `` I committed a great mistake '' , when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support . Sergeant Ewart of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the 45ème Ligne in The Fight For The Standard by Richard Ansdell The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Allied position and charged downhill . The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed , and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed . The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work . -- Lord Edward Somerset . Continuing their attack , the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard 's brigade . Despite attempts to recall them , they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz 's brigade formed in squares . To their left , the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines , giving rise to the legend that some of the 92nd Gordon Highland Regiment clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge . From the centre leftwards , the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois ' brigade , capturing the eagle of the 105th Ligne . The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit 's division , and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment , 45th Ligne , as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry . The Greys captured the eagle of the 45th Ligne and overwhelmed Grenier 's brigade . These would be the only two French eagles captured by the British during the battle . On Wellington 's extreme left , Durutte 's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys . Private of the Chevau - légers of the line ( lancers ) who routed the Union Brigade As with the Household Cavalry , the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops , who lost all cohesion . Having taken casualties , and still trying to reorder themselves , the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main French lines . Their horses were blown , and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was . Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery . Though the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off , they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield . Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery : Hamilton , the regimental commander , rather than holding them back cried out to his men `` Charge , charge the guns ! '' . Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot 's two Chevau - léger ( lancer ) regiments in the I Corps light cavalry division . Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance , the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of Milhaud 's cuirassiers , joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot 's 1st Cavalry Division . As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers , he was attacked by Jaquinot 's lancers and captured . A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander . However , the French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue . By the time Ponsonby died , the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French . Milhaud 's and Jaquinot 's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley . The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry . A countercharge , by British light dragoons under Major - General Vandeleur and Dutch -- Belgian light dragoons and hussars under Major - General Ghigny on the left wing , and Dutch -- Belgian carabiniers under Major - General Trip in the centre , repelled the French cavalry . All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates , as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole . Some historians , Barbero for example , believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were , as a result , considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest . The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed ( including its commander , William Ponsonby , and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys ) and wounded . The 2nd Life Guards and the King 's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily ( with Colonel Fuller , commander of the King 's DG , killed ) . However , the 1st Life Guards , on the extreme right of the charge , and the Blues , who formed a reserve , had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties . On the rolls the official , or paper strength , for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000 and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses . Jan Willem Pieneman 's The Battle of Waterloo ( 1824 ) . Duke of Wellington , centre , flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform . On the image 's far left , Cpl . Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the 105eme Ligne . The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground . Some historians , such as Chandler and Weller , assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first , epic charge . Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered comparable losses . Other historians , such as Clark - Kennedy and Wood , citing British eyewitness accounts , describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge . The heavy brigades , far from being ineffective , continued to provide valuable services . They countercharged French cavalry numerous times ( both brigades ) , halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack ( Household Brigade only ) , were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis , and filled gaps in the Anglo - allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations ( both brigades ) . This service was rendered at a very high cost , as close combat with French cavalry , carbine fire , infantry musketry and -- more deadly than all of these -- artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades . At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only 3 squadrons , though these countercharged French cavalry , losing half their number in the process . At the end of the fighting the two brigades , by this time combined , could muster one squadron . 14,000 French troops of D'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack . The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties including over 2,000 prisoners taken . Also some valuable time was lost , the charge had dispersed numerous units and it would take until 16 : 00 hours for D'Erlon's shaken corps to reform . And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right , Napoleon had already ordered Lobau 's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before D'Erlon's attack began . The French cavalry attack ( edit ) Marshal Ney leading the French cavalry charge , from Louis Dumoulin 's Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo A little before 16 : 00 , Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington 's centre . He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat , and sought to exploit it . Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps , Ney had few infantry reserves left , as most of the infantry had been committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right . Ney therefore tried to break Wellington 's centre with cavalry alone . Initially Milhaud 's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and Lefebvre - Desnoëttes ' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard , some 4,800 sabres , were committed . When these were repulsed , Kellermann 's heavy cavalry corps and Guyot 's heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault , a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons . When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon . French Cuirassiers , by Louis Dumoulin Wellington 's infantry responded by forming squares ( hollow box - formations four ranks deep ) . Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle -- a 500 - man battalion square would have been no more than 60 feet ( 18 m ) in length on a side . Squares that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry , as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets , but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares . Horses would not charge a square , nor could they be outflanked , but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry . Wellington ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached , and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated . Witnesses in the British infantry recorded as many as 12 assaults , though this probably includes successive waves of the same general attack ; the number of general assaults was undoubtedly far fewer . Kellermann , recognising the futility of the attacks , tried to reserve the elite carabinier brigade from joining in , but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement . A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack , an officer in the Foot Guards , recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically : About four p.m. , the enemy 's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden , and we saw large masses of cavalry advance : not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge . You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming , long moving line , which , ever advancing , glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight . On they came until they got near enough , whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host . One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass . They were the famous cuirassiers , almost all old soldiers , who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe . In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us , shouting `` Vive l'Empereur ! '' The word of command , `` Prepare to receive cavalry '' , had been given , every man in the front ranks knelt , and a wall bristling with steel , held together by steady hands , presented itself to the infuriated cuirassiers . -- Captain Rees Howell Gronow , Foot Guards . `` The artillery officers had the range so accurately , that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses '' ( Original inscription and drawing after George Jones ) . In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect . Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate ; at Waterloo , however , co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive . The French artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo - allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive . Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties , but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect , at targets beyond the ridge . If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations , and were not panicked , cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them . The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares , the harrying fire of British artillery as the French cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup , and the decisive countercharges of Wellington 's light cavalry regiments , the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade , and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry . At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington 's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges . Captain Mercer , who commanded ' G ' Troop , Royal Horse Artillery , thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine - pounders in action against the cavalry throughout , to great effect . I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us , and then gave the word , `` Fire ! '' The effect was terrible . Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once ; and the round shot , penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower 's scythe . -- Captain Cavalié Mercer , RHA . A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry . For reasons that remain unclear , no attempt was made to spike other allied guns while they were in French possession . In line with Wellington 's orders , gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack . After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont - Saint - Jean ridge , the French cavalry was spent . Their casualties can not easily be estimated . Senior French cavalry officers , in particular the generals , experienced heavy losses . Four divisional commanders were wounded , nine brigadiers wounded , and one killed -- testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front . Illustratively , Houssaye reports that the Grenadiers à Cheval numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June , but just 462 on 19 June , while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period . Overall Guyot 's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47 % of its strength . Second French infantry attack ( edit ) 2nd Guard Lancers with the Grenadiers à Cheval in support Eventually it became obvious , even to Ney , that cavalry alone were achieving little . Belatedly , he organised a combined - arms attack , using Bachelu 's division and Tissot 's regiment of Foy 's division from Reille 's II Corps ( about 6,500 infantrymen ) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight . This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks ( between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte ) . It was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge . The British cavalry were unable , however , to break the French infantry , and fell back with losses from musketry fire . Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers , under Major - General Trip , to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him . Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence . However , there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources . Meanwhile , Bachelu 's and Tissot 's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam 's infantry brigade , and they eventually fell back . Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington 's centre , artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many . Wellington 's cavalry , except for Sir John Vandeleur 's and Sir Hussey Vivian 's brigades on the far left , had all been committed to the fight , and had taken significant losses . The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars , the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present , fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels . French capture of La Haye Sainte ( edit ) The storming of La Haye Sainte by Knötel At approximately the same time as Ney 's combined - arms assault on the centre - right of Wellington 's line , rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps , spearheaded by the 13th Légère , renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful , partly because the King 's German Legion 's ammunition ran out . However , the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day , and this had stalled the French advance . With La Haye Sainte captured , Ney then moved skirmishers and horse artillery up towards Wellington 's centre . French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with canister . The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square . The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident . It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo - Allied army , and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre . The French lost no time in taking advantage of this , by pushing forward infantry supported by guns , which enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten 's left and Kempt 's right ... -- Captain James Shaw , 43rd Foot , Chief of Staff 3rd Division . The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred . Ney was on the verge of breaking the Allied centre . Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares . The situation was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment 's colours and all of Halkett 's brigade 's colours were sent to the rear for safety , described by historian Alessandro Barbero as , `` ... a measure that was without precedent '' . Wellington , noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte , with his staff rode closer to it . French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road . Alten ordered a single battalion , the Fifth KGL to recapture the farm . Their Colonel Ompteda obeyed and chased off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank , killed him , destroyed his battalion and took its colour . A Dutch -- Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge , retreated from the field instead , fired on by their own infantry . Merlen 's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart . The Netherlands Cavalry Division , Wellington 's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry , despite its losses , were masters of the field compelling the allied infantry to remain in square . More and more French artillery was brought forward . A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1 / 1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties . When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers . Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer 's battery and shot up its horses and limbers and pushed Mercer back . Mercer later recalled , `` The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appaling . Every shot almost took effect , and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated ... The saddle - bags , in many instances were torn from horses ' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel - horses in the troop down they dropped '' . French tirailleurs occupied the dominant positions , especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th . Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery , the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the tirailleurs . That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot , the Inniskillings , who lost two - thirds of their strength within that three or four hours . The banks on the road side , the garden wall , the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers , who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front ; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th , who at this time , it may literally be said , were lying dead in square ; their loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful , without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot , and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated . -- Edward Cotton , 7th Hussars , During this time many of Wellington 's generals and aides were killed or wounded including Somerset , Canning , de Lancey , Alten and Cooke . The situation was now critical and Wellington , trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it , was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians . He later wrote , The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable . Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast . Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps : Plancenoit ( edit ) See also : Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris Night or the Prussians must come . -- Wellington . The Prussian attack on Plancenoit painted by Adolph Northen The first Prussian corps to arrive in strength was Bülow 's IV Corps . Bülow 's objective was Plancenoit , which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions . Blücher intended to secure his right upon the Châteaux Frichermont using the Bois de Paris road . Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10 : 00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington 's centre was under attack . General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16 : 30 . At about this time , the 15th Brigade IV Corps was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington 's left flank in the Frichermont - La Haie area , with the brigade 's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support . Napoleon sent Lobau 's corps to stop the rest of Bülow 's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit . The 15th Brigade threw Lobau 's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge , then proceeded up the Frichermont heights , battering French Chasseurs with 12 - pounder artillery fire , and pushed on to Plancenoit . This sent Lobau 's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area , driving Lobau past the rear of the Armee Du Nord 's right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat . Hiller 's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit . Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau , who was now seriously pressed . The Young Guard counter-attacked and , after very hard fighting , secured Plancenoit , but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out . Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle / Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting -- they did not deign to fire their muskets -- this force recaptured the village . Zieten 's flank march ( edit ) Situation from 17 : 30 to 20 : 00 Throughout the late afternoon , Zieten 's I Corps had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie . General Müffling , Prussian liaison to Wellington , rode to meet I Corps . Zieten had by this time brought up his 1st Brigade , but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington 's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade . These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten , fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat , was starting to move away from Wellington 's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit . Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow , which Zieten obeyed and marched to Bülow 's aid . Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington 's left flank . Müffling warned Zieten that `` The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army '' . Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly , and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left . The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre , and when Zieten 's I Corps appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy , `` the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale '' and `` the sight of Zieten 's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon 's army '' . I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19 : 30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape . The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left , Plancenoit on the right , and the centre on La Haie . Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks , but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment as it retook both . The 24th advanced against the new French position , was repulsed , and returned to the attack supported by Silesian Schützen ( riflemen ) and the F / 1st Landwehr . The French initially fell back before the renewed assault , but now began seriously to contest ground , attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte . The 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the 13th Landwehr regiment and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions . Further attacks by the 13th Landwehr and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont . Durutte 's division , finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten 's I Corps cavalry reserve , retreated from the battlefield . The soldiers of D'Erlon's Corps alongside this attack on Durutte 's division also broke and fled in panic , while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington 's centre . The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road and the only line of retreat available to the French . Attack of the Imperial Guard ( edit ) Napoleon addresses the Old Guard as it prepares to attack the Anglo - allied centre at Waterloo . Meanwhile , with Wellington 's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised , Napoleon committed his last reserve , the hitherto - undefeated Imperial Guard infantry . This attack , mounted at around 19 : 30 , was intended to break through Wellington 's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians . Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history , it had been unclear which units actually participated . It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard , and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard . Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack 's second line , though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the allied line . ... I saw four regiments of the middle guard , conducted by the Emperor , arriving . With these troops , he wished to renew the attack , and penetrate the centre of the enemy . He ordered me to lead them on ; generals , officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity ; but this body of troops was too weak to resist , for a long time , the forces opposed to it by the enemy , and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had , for a few moments , inspired . -- Marshal M. Ney . Grenadier of the Old Guard in Le Grenadier by Édouard Detaille Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard . The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares , each about 550 men strong , with the 1st / 3rd Grenadiers , led by Generals Friant and Poret de Morvan , on the right along the road , to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers , then the 1st / 3rd Chasseurs under General Michel , next the 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion . Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares . Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney , mounted on his 5th horse of the day , led the advance . Behind them , in reserve , were the three battalions of the Old Guard , right to left 1st / 2nd Grenadiers , 2nd / 2nd Chasseurs and 1st / 2nd Chasseurs . Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault , however Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre . Napoleon sent Ney 's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust , but Crabbé was unable to get there in time . Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard . On the left infantry from Reille 's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced . On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the allied line . Of these , Pégot 's brigade broke into skirmish order and moved north and west of La Haye Sainte and provided fire support to Ney , once again unhorsed , and Friant 's 1st / 3rd Grenadiers . The Guards first received fire from some Brunswick battalions , but the return fire of the grenadiers forced them to retire . Next , Colin Halket 's brigade front line consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd traded fire but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments , Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade retreated in a mob . Other allied troops began to give way as well . A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge 's brigade from the allied second line , led by the Prince of Orange , was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded . General Harlet brought up the 4th Grenadiers and the allied centre was now in serious danger of breaking . General David Hendrik Chassé It was at this moment that the timely arrival of the Dutch General Chassé turned the tide in favour of the Anglo - allied army. Chassé 's relatively fresh Dutch division was sent against them , led by a battery of Dutch horse - artillery commanded by Captain Krahmer de Bichin . The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st / 3rd Grenadiers ' flank . This still did not stop the Guard 's advance , so Chassé ordered his first brigade ( Colonel Hendrik Detmers ) to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet ; the French grenadiers then faltered and broke . The 4th Grenadiers , seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves , now wheeled right about and retired . British 10th Hussars of Vivian 's Brigade ( red shakos -- blue uniforms ) attacking mixed French troops , including a square of Guard grenadiers ( left , middle distance ) in the final stages of the battle . To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st / and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers . But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead . Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under Maitland who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery rose and devastated them with point - blank volleys . The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire , but some 300 fell from the first volley , including Colonel Mallet and General Michel , and both battalion commanders . A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares , which fell back onto the following column . The 4th Chasseurs battalion , 800 strong , now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards , who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit . At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs . They opened fire and swept away the gunners . The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers , which the chasseurs drove back . But the skirmishers were replaced by the 52nd Light Infantry , led by John Colborne , which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs ' flank and poured a devastating fire into them . The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd . The 52nd then charged , and under this onslaught , the chasseurs broke . The last of the Guard retreated headlong . A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread : `` La Garde recule . Sauve qui peut ! '' ( `` The Guard is retreating . Every man for himself ! '' ) Wellington now stood up in Copenhagen 's stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance . His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French . Chesney 1874 , pp. 192 , 225 The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions ( some sources say four ) just south of La Haye Sainte for a last stand . A charge from Adam 's Brigade and the Hanoverian Landwehr Osnabrück Battalion , plus Vivian 's and Vandeleur 's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right , threw them into confusion . Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards La Belle Alliance . It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender , eliciting the famous , if apocryphal , retort `` La Garde meurt , elle ne se rend pas ! '' ( `` The Guard dies , it does not surrender ! '' ) Prussian capture of Plancenoit ( edit ) The storming of Plancenoit by Ludwig Elsholtz At about the same time , the Prussian 5th , 14th , and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit , in the third assault of the day . The church was by now on fire , while its graveyard -- the French centre of resistance -- had corpses strewn about `` as if by a whirlwind '' . Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard , virtually all of which was now committed to the defence , along with remnants of Lobau 's corps . The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south . Pirch 's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps , advancing through the woods . The 25th Regiment 's musketeer battalions threw the 1 / 2e Grenadiers ( Old Guard ) out of the Chantelet woods , outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat . The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic , and became part of that rout . The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit . The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington 's units . This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands . French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated , neither side asking for nor offering quarter . The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties , and two - thirds of Lobau 's Corps ceased to exist . Carabinier - à - Cheval cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo , belonging to Antoine Fauveau ( Musée de l'Armée ) Despite their great courage and stamina , the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering . The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows , aisles and doors . In the village itself -- still the scene of bitter house - to - house fighting -- everything was burning , adding to the confusion . However , once Major von Witzleben 's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened , they began to withdraw . The Guard Chasseurs under General Pelet formed the rearguard . The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush , leaving large masses of artillery , equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat . The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi . The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou . Unlike other parts of the battlefield , there were no cries of `` Sauve qui peut ! '' here . Instead , the cry `` Sauvons nos aigles ! '' ( `` Let 's save our eagles ! '' ) could be heard . -- Official History of the 25th Regiment , 4 Corps , French disintegration ( edit ) Lord Hill invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender , painted by Robert Alexander Hillingford . The French right , left , and centre had all now failed . The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around La Belle Alliance ; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat . He hoped to rally the French army behind them , but as retreat turned into rout , they too were forced to withdraw , one on either side of La Belle Alliance , in square as protection against Coalition cavalry . Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave , Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn . Adam 's Brigade charged and forced back this square , while the Prussians engaged the other . As dusk fell , both squares withdrew in relatively good order , but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo - allied armies . The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing , broken French troops . Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23 : 00 , with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt . There , Napoleon 's abandoned carriage was captured , still containing an annotated copy of Machiavelli 's The Prince , and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape . These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 's crown jewels ; one Major Keller of the F / 15th received the Pour le Mérite with oak leaves for the feat . By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken , including more generals . There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat . These brave grenadiers , the choice of the army , forced successively to retire , yielded ground foot by foot , till , overwhelmed by numbers , they were almost entirely annihilated . From that moment , a retrograde movement was declared , and the army formed nothing but a confused mass . There was not , however , a total rout , nor the cry of sauve qui peut , as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin . -- Marshal M. Ney . In the middle of the position occupied by the French army , and exactly upon the height , is a farm ( sic ) , called La Belle Alliance . The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm , which was visible from every side . It was there that Napoleon was during the battle ; it was thence that he gave his orders , that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory ; and it was there that his ruin was decided . There , too , it was that , by happy chance , Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark , and mutually saluted each other as victors . -- General Gneisenau . Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near La Belle Alliance , with this occurring at around 21 : 00 . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Waterloo Campaign § Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris ( 18 June -- 7 July ) , and Treaty of Paris ( 1815 ) `` The morning after the battle of Waterloo '' , by John Heaviside Clark , 1816 Waterloo cost Wellington around 15,000 dead or wounded and Blücher some 7,000 ( 810 of which were suffered by just one unit : the 18th Regiment , which served in Bülow 's 15th Brigade , had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit , and won 33 Iron Crosses ) . Napoleon 's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded and included 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days . 22 June . This morning I went to visit the field of battle , which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo , on the plateau of Mont - Saint - Jean ; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold . I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return . The multitude of carcasses , the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move , and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger , as the Allies were , of course , obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them , formed a spectacle I shall never forget . The wounded , both of the Allies and the French , remain in an equally deplorable state . -- Major W.E. Frye . Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815 At 10 : 30 on 19 June General Grouchy , still following his orders , defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order -- though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield . Wellington sent his official dispatch describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815 ; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a London Gazette Extraordinary on 22 June . Wellington , Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris . Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815 . In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars , Marshal Davout , Napoleon 's minister of war , was defeated by Blücher at Issy on 3 July 1815 . Allegedly , Napoleon tried to escape to North America , but the Royal Navy was blockading French ports to forestall such a move . He finally surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon on 15 July . There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out ; Longwy capitulated on 13 September 1815 , the last to do so . Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena , where he died in 1821 . The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815 . Royal Highness , -- Exposed to the factions which divide my country , and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe , I have terminated my political career ; and I come , like Themistocles , to throw myself upon the hospitality ( m'asseoir sur le foyer ) of the British people . I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws , and throw myself upon the most powerful , the most constant , and the most generous of my enemies . -- Napoleon . ( letter of surrender to the Prince Regent ; translation ) . Sir David Wilkie , The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch , 1822 Maitland 's 1st Foot Guards , who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Guard , were thought to have defeated the Grenadiers , although they had only faced Chasseurs of the newly raised Middle Guard . They were nevertheless awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers . Britain 's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts . The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe ; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816 , their uniforms , of Polish origin , were based on those of the Imperial Guard lancers . Teeth of tens of thousands of dead soldiers were removed by surviving troops , locals or even scavengers who had travelled there from Britain , then used for making denture replacements in Britain and elsewhere . Analysis ( edit ) Historical importance ( edit ) Waterloo proved a decisive battle in more than one sense . Every generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the First World War looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history , seeing it in retrospect as the event that ushered in the Concert of Europe , an era characterised by relative peace , material prosperity and technological progress . The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe , and involved many other regions of the world , since the French Revolution of the early 1790s . It also ended the First French Empire and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte , one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history . There followed almost four decades of international peace in Europe . No further major conflict occurred until the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856 . Changes to the configuration of European states , as refashioned after Waterloo , included the formation of the Holy Alliance of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas , and the reshaping of the former Holy Roman Empire into a German Confederation increasingly marked by the political dominance of Prussia . The bicentenary of Waterloo prompted renewed attention in the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and in the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed . Views on the reasons for Napoleon 's defeat ( edit ) General Antoine - Henri , Baron Jomini , one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war , had a number of very cogent explanations of the reasons behind Napoleon 's defeat at Waterloo . In my opinion , four principal causes led to this disaster : The first , and most influential , was the arrival , skilfully combined , of Blücher , and the false movement that favoured this arrival ; the second , was the admirable firmness of the British infantry , joined to the sang - froid and aplomb of its chiefs ; the third , was the horrible weather , that had softened the ground , and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome , and retarded till one o'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning ; the fourth , was the inconceivable formation of the first corps , in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack . -- Antoine - Henri Jomini . The Prussian soldier , historian , and theorist Carl von Clausewitz , who as a young colonel had served as chief - of - staff to Thielmann 's Prussian III Corps during the Waterloo campaign , expressed the following opinion : Bonaparte and the authors who support him have always attempted to portray the great catastrophes that befell him as the result of chance . They seek to make their readers believe that through his great wisdom and extraordinary energy the whole project had already moved forward with the greatest confidence , that complete success was but a hair 's breadth away , when treachery , accident , or even fate , as they sometimes call it , ruined everything . He and his supporters do not want to admit that huge mistakes , sheer recklessness , and , above all , overreaching ambition that exceeded all realistic possibilities , were the true causes . -- Carl von Clausewitz . Wellington himself wrote in his official dispatch back to London : `` I should not do justice to my own feelings , or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army , if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them . The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy 's flank was a most decisive one ; and , even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result , it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed , and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded '' . Despite their differences on other matters , discussed at length in Carl von Clausewitz 's study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's famous 1842 essay in reply to it , the Prussian Clausewitz agreed with Wellington on this assessment . Indeed , Clausewitz viewed the battle prior to the Prussian intervention more as a mutually exhausting stalemate than as an impending French victory , with the advantage , if any , leaning towards Wellington . An alternative view is that towards the end of the battle Wellington 's Anglo - allied army faced imminent defeat without Prussian help . For example , Parkinson ( 2000 ) writes : `` Neither army beat Napoleon alone . But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed , it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat , when his centre had been almost shattered , his reserves were almost all committed , the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact. ... . Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon , but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat '' . Steele ( 2014 ) writes : `` Blücher 's arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements , but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington . The tide of battle had been turned by the hard - driving Blücher . As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon 's flank . Wellington was able to shift to the offensive '' . Battlefield today ( edit ) Further information : List of Waterloo Battlefield locations The Lion 's Mound at Waterloo Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance . Tourism began the day after the battle , with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June `` a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels , the inmates of which , alighting , proceeded to examine the field '' . In 1820 , the Netherlands ' King William I ordered the construction of a monument . The Lion 's Hillock , a giant mound , was constructed here using 300,000 cubic metres ( 390,000 cu yd ) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line , effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington 's sunken road . Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains , where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place , are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815 . By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it , its real relief has been taken away , and history , disconcerted , no longer finds her bearings there . It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it . Wellington , when he beheld Waterloo once more , two years later , exclaimed , `` They have altered my field of battle ! '' Where the great pyramid of earth , surmounted by the lion , rises to - day , there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road , but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe . The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels : one , the English tomb , is on the left ; the other , the German tomb , is on the right . There is no French tomb . The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France . -- Victor Hugo , Les Misérables . The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented , however . Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle . These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels -- Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont , La Haye Sainte , and La Belle Alliance . Apart from the Lion Mound , there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield . A cluster of monuments at the Brussels -- Charleroi and Braine L'Alleud -- Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British , Dutch , Hanoverian and King 's German Legion troops . A monument to the French dead , entitled L'Aigle blessé ( `` The Wounded Eagle '' ) , marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle . A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position . The Duhesme mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen . It is located at the side of Saint Martin 's Church in Ways , a hamlet in the municipality of Genappe . Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the British Monument in the Brussels Cemetery in Evere . The remains of a 23 - year - old soldier named Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012 . He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman , 1.60 metres ( 5.2 ft ) tall , and was hit in the chest by a French bullet . His rifle , coins , and position on the battlefield identified him as an Hanoverian fighting in the King 's German Legion . Coin controversy ( edit ) As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle , in 2015 Belgium minted a 2 Euro coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle . France officially protested this issue , while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo . After 180,000 coins were minted but not released , the issue was melted . Instead , Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of 21⁄2 Euros . Legally only valid within the issuing country ( but unlikely to circulate ) it was minted in brass , packaged , and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 Euros . A 10 Euro coin , showing Wellington , Blücher , their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon , was also available in silver for 42 Euros . See also ( edit ) Napoleonic Wars portal Lord Uxbridge 's leg was shattered by a grape - shot at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon . The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death . There is also a leg on display at his house , Plas Newydd , on Anglesey . Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign Napoleonic Wars ( 1803 -- 1815 ) : involved Napoleon Bonaparte 's French Empire against the United Kingdom and various combinations of other European powers in the Third to Seventh coalitions . Timeline of the Napoleonic era Waterloo in popular culture : describes the cultural impact of the battle . Waterloo Medal awarded to those soldiers of the British Army who fought at the battle . Battle of Waterloo reenactment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Captain Cavalié Mercer RHA , thought the Brunswickers `` ... perfect children . None of the privates , perhaps were over eighteen years of age '' ( Mercer 1891 , p. 218 ) . Jump up ^ On 13 June , the commandant at Ath requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had never yet fired a shot ( Longford 1971 , p. 486 ) . Jump up ^ The straight - line distance from Halle to Braine - l'Alleud , Wellington 's far right flank is nearly the same as the straight - line distance from Wavre to Frichermont , Wellington 's far left flank , around 8 miles ( 13 km ) . Jump up ^ `` The hour at which Waterloo began , though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy , was long a matter of dispute . The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10 : 00 . General Alava says half - past eleven , Napoleon and Drouet say noon , and Ney 13 : 00 . Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact . He took two watches with him into the fight , one a stop - watch , and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired , and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world - shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve '' ( Fitchett 2006 , Chapter : King - making Waterloo ) . `` ... watches had to be set by solar time , this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree ... For example , on 9 June , ... the French I Corps had been at Lille , while the IV Corps was at Metz . Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march , by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo , the I Corps officer 's watch would have read 12 : 40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer 's read 11 : 20 a.m. , and it was noon at Waterloo . This is an extreme example , and unlikely to have actually been the case , but it demonstrates the problem quite well '' ( Nofi 1998 , p. 182 ) . Jump up ^ That is , the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment . Among Prussian regiments , `` F / 12th '' denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment . Jump up ^ Seeing the flames , Wellington sent a note to the house 's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost ( Barbero 2005 , p. 298 ) . Jump up ^ `` Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact . He took two watches with him into the fight , one a stop - watch , and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired ... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge '' ( Fitchett 2006 , Chapter : King - making Waterloo ) . Jump up ^ The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division , that had been on the forward slope during the night , withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12 : 00 ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 332 -- 333 ) . Jump up ^ Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl : 8militia.net ; Eenens 1879 , pp. 14 -- 30 , 131 -- 198 ; De Jongh , W.A. : Veldtocht van den Jare 1815 , Historisch verhaal ; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator ( Nijmegen 1866 ) , pp. 13 -- 27. ( This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh , commander of the Dutch 8th Militia . It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above . ) ; Löben Sels , Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4 ; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk , en van 1815 in de Nederlanden ( Battles ) . 1842 . ' s - Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman , pp. 601 -- 682 ; Allebrandi , Sebastian . Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835 . Amsterdam : Van Kesteren , pp. 21 -- 30 ; ( Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia his account is therefore important ) . Jump up ^ De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen 's ' History of the 2nd division ' . Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd division and located right behind the van Bijlandt brigade during the whole day ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 134 -- 136 ( vol. 2 ) ) . He wrote a 32 page report , right after the battle . This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here : see Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 289 -- 352 ( vol. 3 ) . Google Books ; Boulger has an English translation of the report ( Boulger 1901 ) . Jump up ^ The brigade 's losses were very heavy : one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia , who had most of their officers killed or wounded , the brigade commander Bijlandt being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated . The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke . The total of casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded ( Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 310 -- 311 ) . Jump up ^ Van Zuylen report ; he refers to himself as `` the chief - of - staff '' ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 339 ( vol. 3 ) ) . Jump up ^ Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled . This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances . The British troops of the 1 / 95th battalion , also under great pressure from the French , did the same at the time . This flight did not involve the whole of the Dutch battalions , as has been asserted by some historians . Van Zuylen rallied 400 men , according to his estimate , who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions ( Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 341 ( vol. 3 ) ; Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 293 -- 295 ) . Jump up ^ Pawly 2001 , pp. 37 -- 43 ; The following letters are used : the accounts of General Kempt , Calvert of the 32nd infantry , Cruikshank of the 79th , Winchester & Hope of the 92nd , Evans ( Ponsonby Cavalry brigade ) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons ( Glover 2004 , p. ) . These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops . Jump up ^ The Royal Horse Guards ( 2 squadrons ) were in reserve for the Household Brigade ( 9 or 10 squadrons strong ) but the Union Brigade ( 9 squadrons ) had no reserve ( Letter 5 , Siborne 1891 , pp. 7 -- 10 ; Letter 16 Glover 2004 ) . The total may have been 18 squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King 's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons . Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons ( Letter 5 Siborne 1891 , pp. 7 -- 10 ) , however , Capt . Naylor of the King 's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment ( Letter 21 , Siborne 1891 , pp. 46 -- 47 ) . Jump up ^ An episode famously used later by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables . The sunken lane acted as a trap , funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry . Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane , with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them , the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane , and Somerset 's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind . The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen , as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade . Jump up ^ The tale was related , in old age , by a Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Scots Greys , the last British survivor of the charge ( Low 1911 , pp. 137 , 143 ) . Jump up ^ Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle : Household Brigade , initial strength 1,319 , killed -- 95 , wounded -- 248 , missing -- 250 , totals -- 593 , horses lost -- 672 . Union Brigade , initial strength 1,332 , killed -- 264 , wounded -- 310 , missing -- 38 , totals -- 612 , horses lost -- 631 ( Smith 1998 , p. 544 ) . Jump up ^ This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark - Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons ' Royals ' , in a letter in H.T. Siborne 's book , he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge ( Siborne 1891 , Letter 35 , p. 69 ) . Clark - Kennedy does not , however , explain how his estimate was arrived at . The shortfall of 432 men ( the equivalent of a whole regiment ) from the paper strength of the brigade is large . However , another officer of the brigade , John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons , says that the effective strength of the brigade did not `` exceed 1,200 '' ( Glover 2007 , p. 59 ) . Jump up ^ William Siborne was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals , such as Uxbridge , down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns . This makes his history particularly useful ( though only from the British and KGL perspective ) ; some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son , a British Major General ( H.T. Siborne ) . Parts of William Siborne 's account was , and is , highly controversial . The very negative light shed on the conduct of the Dutch -- Belgian troops during the battle by Siborne , which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection the opinions of his British informants , prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian captain Willem Jan Knoop in his `` Beschouwingen over Siborne 's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden '' en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger . Breda 1846 ; 2nd printing 1847 . Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after - battle reports , drawn up within days of the battle , not on twenty - year - old recollections of veterans , like Siborne . Siborne rejected the rebuttal . Jump up ^ Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses . The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton - Williams , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle : Household Brigade , initial strength 1,319 , killed -- 95 , wounded -- 248 , missing -- 250 , totals -- 593 , horses lost -- 672 . Union Brigade , initial strength 1,332 , killed -- 264 , wounded -- 310 , missing -- 38 , totals -- 612 , horses lost -- 631 ( Smith 1998 , p. 544 ) . Jump up ^ In a cavalry unit an `` effective '' was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse . The military term `` effective '' describes a soldier , piece of equipment ( e.g. a tank or aircraft ) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended purpose . Jump up ^ This qualification may have been self - serving on Mercer 's part . Wellington himself sought refuge in the `` shaky '' Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen , who `` ... ran off the field entirely , taking with them limbers , ammunition , and everything ... '' as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master - General of the Ordnance , Lord Mulgrave . The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view . So , where Mercer claimed heroism , Wellington saw the opposite . See for the full text of Wellington 's letter , and an attempted rebuttal Duncan , F. ( 1879 ) , `` Appendix A '' , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , pp. 444 -- 464 -- The letter was originally published in WSD , vol . XIV ( 1858 ed . ) , pp. 618 -- 620 Jump up ^ Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders , so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker . Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage , so the French would have had the means to disable the guns readily available , had they known ( Weller 1992 , p. 114 ) . Jump up ^ A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo : Ali , Crebère , Désirée , Jaffa , Marie and Tauris ( Summerville 2007 , p. 315 ) Lozier states it was Désirée ( Lozier 2010 ) . Jump up ^ On the contrary , many contradicted this British account vehemently . See e.g. Eenens 1879 , pp. 131 -- 198 . Google Books ; Knoop , W.J. ( 1847 ) ( 1846 ) , `` Beschouwingen over Siborne 's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden '' , en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger ( 2nd ed . ) , Breda ; Craan , W.B. ( 1817 ) , An historical account of the battle of Waterloo , translated by Gore , A. , pp. 30 -- 31 -- written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident ) . Jump up ^ The commander of the Cumberland Hussars , who was later court - martialled and cashiered , claimed that as his troopers ( all well - to - do young Hanoverians ) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field . Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned duties they , no doubt , considered ignominious . Four were posted to Captain Mercer 's horse artillery troop , where he found them `` amazingly sulky and snappish with every one ''. ( Mercer 1870b , p. 62 ) Jump up ^ Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to `` Froidmont '' ( Frichermont ) , while Zieten would take the longer northern , but better made , road via Ohain ( Chesney 1874 , pp. 173 -- 178 ) . Jump up ^ Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle , so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward , they may have comprised six battalions ( Barbero 2005 , ) . Similarly , Lewis , 2013 , pp. 188 -- 190 . Jump up ^ The attacking battalions were 1st / 3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st / 3rd , 2nd / 3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard ; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd / 2nd Grenadiers , 2nd / 1st and 2nd / 2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard ( Adkin 2001 , p. 392 ) . Jump up ^ `` ' The Guard dies , but it does not surrender ! ' is another of these fictitious historical sayings . General Cambronne , to whom it is attributed , never uttered . Victor Hugo , in Les Misérables , has restored the true text . It is composed of a single word ( Merde ! ) ''. ( Masson 1869 ) Jump up ^ The reply is commonly attributed to General Pierre Cambronne , originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in Journal General published on 24 June 1815 , ( Shapiro 2006 , p. 128 ) although Cambronne claimed he replied `` Merde ! '' ( Boller 1989 , p. 12 ) However , according to letters in The Times in June 1932 , Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel Hugh Halkett , so the retort , if ever given , or in whatever form it took , may have come from General Michel instead. White 2011 , and Parry 1900 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Through the finality of Napoleon 's defeat , `` met his / her Waterloo '' has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describe someone 's circumstances when they have met with absolute and final defeat . Jump up ^ Napoleon 's last escapade was important politically because it `` compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remaining differences in order to achieve a peace which would enshrine the principles of the balance of power ''. ( Kennedy 1987 , p. 37 ) `` No international disturbance comparable in magnitude ... has ever been followed by such a protracted period of peace '' . ( Palmer 1956 , p. 420 ) Recovering , after Waterloo , from six decades of abnormal obstacles to transatlantic commerce ( from the Seven Years War onwards ) , increasingly industrialized Europe and North America , by 1914 , accounted for over 90 % of global coal , iron and steel production and 76 % of international trade. ( Paxton 1985 , p. 2 ) Jump up ^ Jomini was Swiss , but was an officer , eventually a general , in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ney . He later served in the Russian Army . Jump up ^ This `` false movement '' was the detachment of Grouchy 's force in pursuit of the Prussians : Napoleon had overestimated the extent of his victory at Ligny and underestimated the resilience of the Prussians . He also seems to have discounted the presence of Bülow 's substantial corps , which had not been in action at Ligny . Had Napoleon retained Grouchy 's 30,000 men as a guard for his right flank , it is likely that these troops could have held off the Prussians and allowed the rest of Napoleon 's army to attack Wellington 's army unmolested . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 61 cites Siborne 's numbers . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 256 gives 168,000 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 420 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Wellington citing Creevey Papers , ch . x , p. 236 Jump up ^ Marcelis 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown University Library . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler 1966 , pp. 1016 , 1017 , 1093 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 2005 , pp. 136 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Herold 1967 , pp. 53 , 58 , 110 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 68 gives 73,000 . Jump up ^ Glover 2014 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 239 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 2005 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 2005 , pp. 60 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2005 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Parry 1900 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 141 , 235 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , pp. 535 -- 536 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2001 , pp. 163 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2001 , p. xxxii . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , p. 548 . Jump up ^ Bonaparte 1869 , pp. 292 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1994 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 95 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lamar 2000 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Wellesley 1815 , To Earl Bathurst . Waterloo , 19th June 1815 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 113 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Thiers 1862 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Creasy 1877 , Chapter XV . Jump up ^ Longford 1971 , pp. 552 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 305 , 306 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Cornwell 2015 , Those terrible grey horses , how they fight . ^ Jump up to : Haweis 1908 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 289 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Van Zuylen report Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 338 -- 339 ( vol. 3 ) Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , pp. 134 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1993 , pp. 296 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 140 -- 142 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Grant 1972 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Oman & Hall 1902 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Glover 2004 , p . Letter 16 : Frederick Stovin ( ADC to Sir Thomas Picton ) . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letter 5 , pp. 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 426 , note 18 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 410 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Houssaye 1900 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 198 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton - Williams 1994 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Wooten 1993 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1999 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Williams 1994 , pp. 303 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 425 -- 426 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2005 , pp. 219 -- 223 . Jump up ^ For initial strengths ( Adkin 2001 , p. 217 ) . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 329 , 349 ( composition of brigades ) ; pp. 422 -- 424 ( actions of brigades ) . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letters : 18 , 26 , 104 . ^ Jump up to : Clark - Kennedy 1975 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 2001 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Wood 1895 , pp. 164 , 171 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Cotton 1849 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , Letters 9 , 18 , 36 . Jump up ^ Anglesey 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Clark - Kennedy 1975 , pp. 110 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : Wood 1895 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Fletcher 1999 , p. 270 - 271 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Esposito & Elting 1999 , p. 354 , Map 166 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 443 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 444 , 447 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , pp. 273 , 414 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Gronow 1862 , The Duke of Wellington in our square . Jump up ^ Weller 1992 , pp. 211,212 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , pp. 252,361 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , pp. 313 -- 315 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Houssaye 1900 , p. 522 . ^ Jump up to : Adkin 2001 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , pp. 14 , 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1891 , pp. 14 -- 15 and letters 6 , 7 and 9 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Simms 2014 , pp. 59 -- 60 , 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Beamish 1995 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , p. 484 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 241 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , pp. 325 -- 326 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , pp. 239 . Jump up ^ Cotton 1849 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 240 . ^ Jump up to : Barbero 2006 , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Uffindell & Corum 2002 , pp. 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 187 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Adkin 2001 , p. 391 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , pp. 73 , 74 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 249 -- 251 , 258 -- 259 . ( vol. 2 ) Jump up ^ Bas & Wommersom 1909 , pp. 252 -- 253 , 419 -- 424 . ( vol. 2 ) Jump up ^ Field 2013 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Field 2013 , pp. 203 . Jump up ^ Chesney 1874 , pp. 214 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : Parry 1900 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Siborne 1895 , pp. 553 -- 559 . Jump up ^ White 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ battleofwaterloo.org Jump up ^ Kincaid 2006 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Comte d'Erlon 1815 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Davies 2012 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Corrigan 2006 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Mantle 2000 . Jump up ^ Frye 2004 , June 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` No. 17028 '' . The London Gazette. 22 June 1815 . p. 1213 . Jump up ^ Wood 1907 . Jump up ^ Hofschröer 1999 , pp. 274 -- 276,320 . Jump up ^ Booth 1815 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbero 2006 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Paul Kerley : The dentures made from the teeth of dead soldiers at Waterloo , BBC News Magazine ( 16 June 2015 ) Jump up ^ Barbero , p. 422 Jump up ^ Compare : Barbero , Alessandro ( 2013 ) ( 2003 ) . `` Epilogue '' . The Battle : A new history of Waterloo . Translated by Cullen , John . London : Atlantic Books Ltd . ISBN 9781782391388 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Most ( ... ) would have agreed with the French writer 's statement : ' On that day , the perspective of the human race was altered . Waterloo is the hinge of the Nineteenth Century . ' ( ... ) Later , the twentieth century swept away the illusions of unlimited progress and perpetual peace that had become widespread after Waterloo . Jump up ^ Rapport 2015 Jump up ^ Black 2015 Jump up ^ Keeling 2015 Jump up ^ Jomini 1864 , pp. 223,224 . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Feldzug von 1815 ( Campaign of 1815 ) , Chapter 3 . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Wellington 2010 , Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's famous 1842 essay . Jump up ^ Clausewitz & Wellington 2010 , pp. 144 -- 145 ( Chapter 41 of Clausewitz 's Feldzug ) . Jump up ^ Parkinson 2000 , pp. 240 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Steele 2014 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Mercer 1870a , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Hugo 1862 , Chapter VII : Napoleon in a Good Humor . Jump up ^ Shute , Joe ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Rescuing the farm where Wellington won the battle of Waterloo '' . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hoorebeeke 2007 , pp. 6 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Paton 2015 . Jump up ^ Peel 2012 . Jump up ^ Torfs 2015 . Jump up ^ Kottasova 2015 . References ( edit ) Adkin , Mark ( 2001 ) , The Waterloo Companion , Aurum , ISBN 1 - 85410 - 764 - X Anglesey , Marquess of ( George C.H.V. Paget ) ( 1990 ) , One Leg : The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget , First Marquess of Anglesey , K.G. 1768 -- 1854 , Pen and Sword , ISBN 0 - 85052 - 518 - 7 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2005 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo , Atlantic Books , ISBN 1 - 84354 - 310 - 9 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2006 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo ( translated by John Cullen ) ( paperback ed . ) , Walker & Company , ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1500 - 1 Barbero , Alessandro ( 2013 ) , The Battle : A New History of Waterloo , Atlantic Books , p. 160 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78239 - 138 - 8 Bas , F de ; Wommersom , J. De T'Serclaes de ( 1909 ) , La campagne de 1815 aux Pays - Bas d'après les rapports officiels néerlandais , volumes : I : Quatre - Bras. II : Waterloo . III : Annexes and notes . IV : supplement : maps and plans , Brussels : Librairie Albert de Wit Beamish , N. Ludlow ( 1995 ) ( 1832 ) , History of the King 's German Legion , Dallington : Naval and Military Press , ISBN 0 - 9522011 - 0 - 0 Black , Jeremy ( 24 February 2015 ) , `` Legacy of 1815 '' , History Today Boller , Jr. , Paul F. ; George , Jr. , John ( 1989 ) , They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes , Misquotes , and Misleading Attributions , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505541 - 1 Bonaparte , Napoleon ( 1869 ) , `` No. 22060 '' , in Polon , Henri ; Dumaine , J. , Correspondance de Napoléon Ier ; publiée par ordre de l'empereur Napoléon III ( 1858 ) , 28 , pp. 292 , 293 . Booth , John ( 1815 ) , The Battle of Waterloo : Containing the Accounts Published by Authority , British and Foreign , and Other Relevant Documents , with Circumstantial Details , Previous and After the Battle , from a Variety of Authentic and Original Sources ( 2 ed . ) , London : printed for J. Booth and T. Ergeton ; Military Library , Whitehall Boulger , Demetrius C. deK. ( 1901 ) , Belgians at Waterloo : With Translations of the Reports of the Dutch and Belgian Commanders , London `` Napoleonic Satires '' , Brown University Library , retrieved 22 July 2016 Chandler , David ( 1966 ) , The Campaigns of Napoleon , New York : Macmillan Chesney , Charles C. ( 1874 ) , Waterloo Lectures : A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 ( 3rd ed . ) , Longmans , Green , and Co Clark - Kennedy , A.E. ( 1975 ) , Attack the Colour ! The Royal Dragoons in the Peninsula and at Waterloo , London : Research Publishing Co . Clausewitz , Carl von ; Wellington , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of ( 2010 ) , Bassford , Christopher ; Moran , Daniel ; Pedlow , Gregory W. , eds. , On Waterloo : Clausewitz , Wellington , and the Campaign of 1815. , Clausewitz.com , ISBN 9781453701508 Cornwell , Bernard ( 2015 ) , `` Those terrible grey horses , how they fight '' , Waterloo : The History of Four Days , Three Armies and Three Battles , Lulu Press , Inc , p. ~ 128 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 312 - 92522 - 9 Corrigan , Gordon ( 2006 ) , Wellington ( reprint , eBook ed . ) , Continuum International Publishing Group , p. 327 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 2590 - 4 Cotton , Edward ( 1849 ) , A voice from Waterloo . A history of the battle , on 18 June 1815. , London : B.L. Green Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1877 ) , The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World : from Marathon to Waterloo , London : Richard Bentley & Son , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80559 - 6 Davies , Huw ( 2012 ) , Wellington 's Wars : The Making of a Military Genius ( illustrated ed . ) , Yale University Press , p. 244 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16417 - 6 Eenens , A.M ( 1879 ) , `` Dissertation sur la participation des troupes des Pays - Bas a la campagne de 1815 en Belgique '' , in : Societé royale des beaux arts et de litérature de Gand , Messager des Sciences Historiques , Gand : Vanderhaegen Comte d'Erlon , Jean - Baptiste Drouet ( 1815 ) , Drouet 's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament , Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide , archived from the original on 8 October 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Esposito , Vincent Joseph ; Elting , John ( 1999 ) , A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars , Greenhill , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 346 - 3 Field , Andrew W. ( 2013 ) , Waterloo The French Perspective , Great Britain : Pen & Sword Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 043 - 0 Fitchett , W.H. ( 2006 ) ( 1897 ) , `` Chapter : King - making Waterloo '' , Deeds that Won the Empire . Historic Battle Scenes , London : John Murray ( Project Gutenberg ) Fletcher , Ian ( 1994 ) , Wellington 's Foot Guards , 52 of Elite Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 392 - 3 Fletcher , Ian ( 1999 ) , Galloping at Everything : The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808 -- 15 , Staplehurst : Spellmount , ISBN 1 - 86227 - 016 - 3 Fletcher , Ian ( 2001 ) , A Desperate Business : Wellington , The British Army and the Waterloo Campaign , Spellmount , Staplehurst , Kent Frye , W.E. ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) , After Waterloo : Reminiscences of European Travel 1815 -- 1819 , Project Gutenberg , retrieved 29 April 2015 Glover , G. ( 2004 ) , Letters from the Battle of Waterloo : the unpublished correspondence by Allied officers from the Siborne papers , London : Greenhill , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 597 - 3 Glover , Gareth ( 2007 ) , From Corunna to Waterloo : the Letters and Journals of Two Napoleonic Hussars , 1801 -- 1816 , London : Greenhill Books Glover , Gareth ( 2014 ) , Waterloo : Myth and Reality , Pen and Sword , ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 356 - 1 Grant , Charles ( 1972 ) , Royal Scots Greys ( Men - at - Arms ) , Osprey , ISBN 0 - 85045 - 059 - 4 Gronow , R.H. ( 1862 ) , Reminiscences of Captain Gronow , London , ISBN 1 - 4043 - 2792 - 4 Hamilton - Williams , David ( 1993 ) , Waterloo . New Perspectives . The Great Battle Reappraised , London : Arms & Armour Press , ISBN 0 - 471 - 05225 - 6 Hamilton - Williams , David ( 1994 ) , Waterloo , New Perspectives , The Great Battle Reappraised ( Paperback ed . ) , New York : John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14571 - 8 Herold , J. Christopher ( 1967 ) , The Battle of Waterloo , New York : Harper & Row , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 91603 - 0 Haweis , James Walter ( 1908 ) , The campaign of 1815 , chiefly in Flanders , Edinburgh : William Blackwood and Sons , pp. 228 -- 229 Hofschröer , Peter ( 1999 ) , 1815 : The Waterloo Campaign . The German Victory , 2 , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 368 - 9 Hofschröer , Peter ( 2005 ) , Waterloo 1815 : Quatre Bras and Ligny , London : Leo Cooper , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 168 - 4 Hoorebeeke , C. van ( September -- October 2007 ) , `` Blackman , John - Lucie : pourquoi sa tombe est - elle à Hougomont ? '' , Bulletin de l'Association belge napoléonienne ( 118 ) : 6 -- 21 Houssaye , Henri ( 1900 ) , Waterloo ( translated from the French ) , London Hugo , Victor ( 1862 ) , `` Chapter VII : Napoleon in a Good Humor '' , Les Misérables , The Literature Network , archived from the original on 12 October 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Jomini , Antoine - Henri ( 1864 ) , The Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo ( 3 ed . ) , New York ; D. Van Nostrand ( Translated by Benet S.V. ) Keeling , Drew ( 27 May 2015 ) , The Dividends of Waterloo , retrieved 3 June 2015 Kennedy , Paul ( 1987 ) , The Rise and Fall of Great Powers , New York : Random House Kincaid , Captain J. ( 2006 ) , `` The Final Attack The Rifle Brigade Advance 7 pm 18 June 1815 '' , in Lewis - Stemple , John , England : The Autobiography : 2,000 Years of English History by Those Who Saw it Happen ( reprint ed . ) , UK : Penguin , pp. 434 -- 436 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 192869 - 2 Kottasova , Ivana ( 10 June 2015 ) , `` France 's new Waterloo ? Euro coin marks Napoleon 's defeat '' , CNNMoney Lamar , Glenn J. ( 2000 ) , Jérôme Bonaparte : The War Years , 1800 - 1815 , Greenwood Press , p. 119 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30997 - 7 Longford , Elizabeth ( 1971 ) , Wellington the Years of the Sword , London : Panther , ISBN 0 - 586 - 03548 - 6 Low , E. Bruce ( 1911 ) , `` The Waterloo Papers '' , in MacBride , M. , With Napoleon at Waterloo , London Lozier , J.F. ( 18 June 2010 ) , What was the name of Napoleon 's horse ? , The Napoleon Series , retrieved 29 March 2009 Mantle , Robert ( December 2000 ) , Prussian Reserve Infantry 1813 -- 1815 : Part II : Organisation , Napoleonic Association . Marcelis , David ( 10 June 2015 ) , `` When Napoleon Met His Waterloo , He Was Out of Town '' , Wall Street Journal Mercer , A.C. ( 1870a ) , Journal of the Waterloo Campaign : Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815 , 1 , Edinburgh and London : W. Blackwood Mercer , A.C. ( 1870b ) , `` Waterloo , 18 June 1815 : The Royal Horse Artillery Repulse Enemy Cavalry , late afternoon '' , Journal of the Waterloo Campaign : Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815 , 2 Mercer , A.C. ( 1891 ) , `` No 89 : Royal Artillery '' , in Siborne , Herbert Taylor , Waterloo letters : a selection from original and hitherto unpublished letters bearing on the operations of the 16th , 17th , and 18th June , 1815 , by officers who served in the campaign , London : Cassell & Company , p. 218 Masson , David ; et al. ( 1869 ) , `` Historical Forgeries and Kosciuszko 's `` Finis Poloniae '' `` , Macmillan 's Magazine , Macmillan and Company , 19 : 164 Nofi , Albert A. ( 1998 ) ( 1993 ) , The Waterloo campaign , June 1815 , Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books , ISBN 0 - 938289 - 29 - 2 Oman , Charles ; Hall , John A. ( 1902 ) , A History of the Peninsular War , Clarendon Press , p. 119 Palmer , R.R. ( 1956 ) , A History of the Modern World , New York : Knopf Parkinson , Roger ( 2000 ) , Hussar General : The Life of Blücher , Man of Waterloo , Wordsworth Military Library , pp. 240 -- 241 , ISBN 9781840222531 Parry , D.H. ( 1900 ) , `` Waterloo '' , Battle of the nineteenth century , 1 , London : Cassell and Company , archived from the original on 16 December 2008 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Paton , Callum ( 5 April 2015 ) , `` Skeleton of soldier killed at Waterloo discovered under a car park like Richard III '' , Daily Mail Online Pawly , Ronald ( 2001 ) , Wellington 's Belgian Allies , Men at Arms nr 98 . 1815 , Osprey , pp. 37 -- 43 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 158 - 9 Paxton , Robert O. ( 1985 ) , Europe in the 20th Century , Orlando : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Peel , Hugues Van ( 11 December 2012 ) , Le soldat retrouvé sur le site de Waterloo serait Hanovrien ( in French ) , RTBF Rapport , Mike ( 13 May 2015 ) , `` Waterloo '' , The New York Times Roberts , Andrew ( 2001 ) , Napoleon and Wellington , London : Phoenix Press , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 480 - 3 Roberts , Andrew ( 2005 ) , Waterloo : 18 June 1815 , the Battle for Modern Europe , New York : HarperCollins , ISBN 0 - 06 - 008866 - 4 Shapiro , Fred R. , ed. ( 2006 ) , The Yale Book of Quotations ( illustrated ed . ) , Yale University Press , p. 128 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10798 - 2 Siborne , Herbert Taylor ( 1891 ) , The Waterloo Letters , London : Cassell & Co . Siborne , William ( 1895 ) , The Waterloo Campaign , 1815 ( 4th ed . ) , Westminster : A. Constable Simms , Brendan ( 2014 ) , The Longest Afternoon : The 400 Men Who Decided the Battle of Waterloo , Allen Lane , ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 00460 - 9 Smith , Digby ( 1998 ) , The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book , London & Pennsylvania : Greenhill Books & Stackpole Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 276 - 9 Steele , Charles ( 2014 ) , Zabecki , David T. , ed. , Germany at War : 400 Years of Military History , ABC - CLIO , p. 178 Summerville , Christopher J ( 2007 ) , Who was who at Waterloo : a biography of the battle , Pearson Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 78405 - 5 Thiers , Adolphe ( 1862 ) , Histoire du consulat et de l'empire , faisant suite à l'Histoire de la révolution française ( in French ) , 20 , Paris : Lheureux et Cie . Torfs , Michaël ( 12 March 2015 ) , `` Belgium withdraws ' controversial ' Waterloo coin under French pressure , but has a plan B '' , flandersnews.be Uffindell , Andrew ; Corum , Michael ( 2002 ) , On The Fields Of Glory : The Battlefields of the 1815 Campaign , Frontline Books , pp. 211 , 232 -- 233 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 514 - 0 Weller , J. ( 1992 ) , Wellington at Waterloo , London : Greenhill Books , ISBN 1 - 85367 - 109 - 6 Wellesley , Arthur ( 1815 ) , `` Wellington 's Dispatches 19 June 1815 '' , Wellington 's Dispatches Peninsular and Waterloo 1808 -- 1815 , War Times Journal White , John ( 14 December 2011 ) , Burnham , Robert , ed. , Cambronne 's Words , Letters to The Times ( June 1932 ) , the Napoleon Series , archived from the original on 25 August 2007 , retrieved 14 September 2007 Wood , Evelyn ( 1895 ) , Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign , London : Samson Low , Marston and Company Wood , James , ed. ( 1907 ) , `` Issy '' , The Nuttall Encyclopædia , London and New York : Frederick Warne Wooten , Geoffrey ( 1993 ) , Waterloo , 1815 : The Birth Of Modern Europe , Osprey Campaign Series , 15 , London : Reed International Books , p. 42 Further reading ( edit ) Articles Anonymous . Napoleon 's Guard at Waterloo 1815 Bijl , Marco , 8th Dutch Militia a history of the 8th Dutch Militia battalion and the Bylandt Brigade , of which it was a part , in the 1815 campaign ( using original sources from the Dutch and Belgian national archives ) de Wit , Pierre . The campaign of 1815 : a study . Study of the campaign of 1815 , based on sources from all participating armies . The Cowards at Waterloo , retrieved 23 March 2013 based on Dellevoet , A. ( 2001 ) , Cowards at Waterloo ? : A Re-Examination of Bijlandt 's Dutch - Belgian Brigade in the Campaign of 1815 , Stackpole books Books Bonaparte , Napoleon ( 1995 ) , Chandler , David G. ; Cairnes , William E. , eds. , The Military Maxims of Napoleon , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80618 - 6 Chandler , David G. ( 1973 ) , Campaigns of Napoleon , New York : Scribner , ISBN 0 - 02 - 523660 - 1 Chilcott , Christopher ( 2015 ) , The Royal Waggon Train : Maintaining the British Army 1803 -- 1833 , RLC Association Trust Fund Clausewitz , Carl von ; Wellesley , Arthur , First Duke of Wellington ( 2010 ) , Christopher Bassford , Daniel Moran , Gregory Pedlow , eds. , On Waterloo : Clausewitz , Wellington , and the Campaign of 1815 , Clausewitz.com , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4537 - 0150 - 8 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) This on - line text contains Clausewitz 's 58 - chapter study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz , as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors . Cookson , John E. ( 1996 ) , The British Armed Nation , 1793 -- 1815 , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 820658 - 5 Gleig , George Robert , ed. ( 1845 ) , The Light Dragoon , London : George Routledge & Co. , archived from the original on 12 January 2012 Glover , Michael ( 1973 ) , The Napoleonic Wars : An Illustrated History , 1792 -- 1815 , Hippocrene Books New York , ISBN 0 - 88254 - 473 - X Hofschröer , Peter ( 1998 ) , 1815 : The Waterloo Campaign : Wellington , His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras , 1 , London : Greenhill Books. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 304 - 7 Hofschröer , Peter ( 2004 ) , Wellington 's Smallest Victory : The Duke , the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo , London : Faber & Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 21769 - 9 Howarth , David ( 1997 ) ( 1968 ) , Waterloo a Near Run Thing , London : Phoenix / Windrush Press , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 719 - 5 Keegan , John , The Face of Battle Snow , Peter ( 2010 ) , To War with Wellington , From the Peninsula to Waterloo , London : John Murray , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84854 - 103 - 0 Historiography and memory Heinzen , Jasper ( 2014 ) , `` A Negotiated Truce : The Battle of Waterloo in European Memory since the Second World War '' , History & Memory , 26 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 74 , archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 06 Maps Shepherd , William R. ( 1923 ) , `` Map of the battlefield '' , Historical Atlas , New York : Henry Holt and Company The map from the 1911 edition is also available online . Battle of Waterloo maps and diagrams Map of the battlefield on modern Google map and satellite photographs showing main locations of the battlefield 1816 Map of the battlefield with initial dispositions by Willem Benjamin Craan Battle of Waterloo , Google Maps Primary sources Wikisource has original works on the topic : Waterloo Campaign Wikisource has original works on the topic : Hundred Days Earliest report of the battle in a London newspaper from The Morning Post 22 June 1815 `` No. 17037 '' . The London Gazette. 8 July 1815 . pp. 1359 -- 1362 . Casualty returns . Cook , Christopher , Eye witness accounts of Napoleonic warfare , archived from the original on 3 September 2012 Staff ( 2009 ) , Book review of the `` Waterloo Medal Roll Call '' , The ( British ) National Archive , archived from the original on 4 December 2009 Staff ( 9 July 2013 ) , British military campaign and service medals , The ( British ) National Archive -- `` For records of medals awarded for service before 1914 , search by name on the Ancestry website . There are separate search pages for the Army ( sourced from WO 100 ) ... '' Staff , Empire and Sea Power : The Battle of Waterloo Retrieved on 9 June 2006 BBC History Waterloo , Retrieved on 9 June 2006 Uniforms French , Prussian and Anglo - Allies uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo : Mont - Saint - Jean ( FR ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Waterloo . `` Booknotes : Watch '' . Booknotes. 12 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2010 . Interview with Andrew Roberts on Napoleon & Wellington : The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It `` Guides 1815 '' ( in French ) . Official guides of the Waterloo battlefield . `` Waterloo 200 '' . National Army Museum , London . 10 June 2015 . ( British site ) `` Farm of Hougoumont '' . Archaeology @ Waterloo . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . George Nafgizer collection Waterloo ORBATs for French , Allied . Napoleonic Wars Third Coalition Fourth Coalition Peninsular War Fifth Coalition French Invasion of Russia Sixth Coalition Seventh Coalition Belli - gerents France , client states and allies France Polish Legions Italy Holland Etruria Swiss Confederation Naples Confederation of the Rhine Bavaria Saxony Westphalia Württemberg Denmark -- Norway Ottoman Empire Persia Spain Coalition forces United Kingdom Austria Russia Prussia Spain Portugal Sicily Papal States Ottoman Empire Persia Sardinia Sweden Netherlands Brunswick Hanover Nassau French Royalists Major battles Prelude French Revolution First Coalition Second Coalition 18 Brumaire Planned invasion of the United Kingdom Duc d'Enghien Execution Coronation of Napoleon 1805 Diamond Rock Cape Finisterre Wertingen Günzburg Haslach - Jungingen Elchingen Ulm Verona Trafalgar Caldiero Cape Ortegal Amstetten Dürenstein Schöngrabern Austerlitz 1806 Gaeta Campo Tenese Maida Schleiz Saalfeld Jena -- Auerstedt Erfurt Halle Magdeburg Prenzlau Pasewalk Stettin Waren - Nossentin Lübeck Greater Poland Uprising Hameln Czarnowo Golymin Pułtusk 1807 Mohrungen Stralsund Eylau Ostrołęka Kolberg Danzig Mileto Guttstadt - Deppen Heilsberg Friedland Copenhagen Invasion of Portugal 1808 Dos de Mayo Bruch Rosily Squadron Cabezón 1st Zaragoza Valencia Medina de Rioseco Bailén Roliça Vimeiro Pancorbo Valmaseda Burgos Espinosa Tudela Somosierra 2nd Zaragoza Sahagún Benavente 1809 Castellón Uclés Corunna Valls Tyrolean Rebellion Villafranca Yevenes / Yébenes Ciudad Real 1st Porto Medellín Bergisel Sacile Teugen - Hausen Raszyn Abensberg Landshut Eckmühl Ratisbon Neumarkt - Sankt Veit Dalmatian Campaign Ebelsberg Gerona Piave River Grijó 2nd Porto Wörgl Tarvis Aspern - Essling Alcañiz Sankt Michael Stralsund Raab María Graz Wagram Korneuburg Stockerau Gefrees Hollabrunn Schöngrabern Armistice of Znaim Talavera Walcheren Campaign Ölper Almonacid Tamames Ocaña Alba de Tormes 1810 Cádiz Astorga Ciudad Rodrigo Barquilla Côa Almeida Bussaco 1811 Gebora Barrosa Pombal Redinha Casal Novo Campo Maior Sabugal Almeida Fuentes de Oñoro Tarragona Albuera Usagre Saguntum Arroyo dos Molinos Valencia 1812 Ciudad Rodrigo Badajoz Villagarcia Almaraz Maguilla Mir Salamanca García Hernández Saltanovka Ostrovno Vitebsk Klyastitsy Majadahonda Smolensk 1st Polotsk Valutino Mesoten Borodino Burgos Tarutino 2nd Polotsk Venta del Pozo Maloyaroslavets Chashniki Vyazma Smoliani Krasnoi Berezina 1813 Castalla Lützen Bautzen Tarragona Luckau Vitoria San Sebastián Pyrenees Sorauren Großbeeren Katzbach Dresden 1st Kulm San Marcial Dennewitz 2nd Kulm Göhrde Bidassoa Leipzig Hanau Nivelle Bornhöved Sehested 1814 Brienne La Rothière Mincio River Champaubert Montmirail Château - Thierry Vauchamps Garris Mormant Montereau Orthez Bar - sur - Aube Laon Reims Craonne Arcis - sur - Aube Fère - Champenoise Saint - Dizier Montmartre Paris Toulouse Bayonne 1815 Panaro Occhiobello Carpi Casaglia Ronco Cesenatico Pesaro Scapezzano Tolentino Ancona Castel di Sangro San Germano Gaeta Quatre Bras Ligny Waterloo Wavre Rocheserviere La Suffel Rocquencourt Issy Info French and ally military and political leaders Napoleon Louis - Alexandre Berthier Joachim Murat Louis - Nicolas Davout Jean Lannes Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Michel Ney Jean - de-Dieu Soult Marshal Victor Jean - Baptiste Bessières Pierre - Charles Villeneuve Joseph I Louis Bonaparte Jérôme Bonaparte Prince Poniatowski Prince Eugène Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria Frederick Augustus I of Saxony Frederick I of Württemberg Frederick VI of Denmark Coalition military and political leaders Duke of Wellington Rowland Hill John Moore Horatio Nelson Thomas Cochrane Francis II , Holy Roman Emperor Manuel Lapeña Archduke Charles Prince von Schwarzenberg Archduke John of Austria Alexander I of Russia Mikhail Kutuzov Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly Count Bennigsen Pyotr Bagration Frederick William III of Prussia Gebhard von Blücher Duke of Brunswick Prince of Hohenlohe Ferdinand VII of Spain Miguel de Álava Maria I of Portugal Prince Regent John of Portugal Count of Feira William , Prince of Orange Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden Prince Charles John of Sweden Louis XVIII of France Related conflicts Anglo - Russian War Anglo - Spanish War Anglo - Swedish War Anglo - Turkish War English Wars Gunboat War Dano - Swedish War Finnish War Pomeranian War ( Franco - Swedish War ) Russo - Persian War Russo - Turkish War Spanish American Wars of Independence Swedish -- Norwegian War War of 1812 Treaties Campo Formio Lunéville Amiens Artlenburg Pressburg Finckenstein Tilsit Cintra Schönbrunn Paris ( 1810 ) Tauroggen Ried Chaumont Kiel Mantua Casalanza Paris ( 1815 ) Miscellaneous Bibliography Bourbon Restoration Casualties Congress of Erfurt Continental System England expects that every man will do his duty Grande Armée Longwood House Portal Military History definition media quotes Hundred Days Waterloo Campaign -- Main battles Battle of Ligny Battle of Quatre Bras Battle of Waterloo Battle of Wavre Other battles Battle of Rocheserviere Battle of La Suffel Battle of Rocquencourt Battle of Issy Related articles Napoleonic Wars Timeline of the Napoleonic era Minor Campaigns Military mobilisation Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign Neapolitan War Waterloo , Belgium This list is incomplete . Schools Athénée Royal de Waterloo Scandinavian School of Brussels Den norske skolen i Brussel Bogaerts International School St. John 's International School Landmarks Waterloo ( B ) railway station Church of Saint Joseph , Waterloo Culture ASUB Waterloo The Battle of Waterloo took place in nearby Braine - l'Alleud and Lasne GND : 4189312 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Waterloo&oldid=835658882 '' Categories : Battle of Waterloo Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade Battles involving France Battles involving Hanover Battles involving Nassau Battles involving Prussia Battles involving the Netherlands Battles involving the United Kingdom Battles of the Napoleonic Wars Cavalry charges Conflicts in 1815 Waterloo Campaign 1815 in the Southern Netherlands Braine - l'Alleud Lasne Waterloo , Belgium Last stand battles June 1815 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2010 Articles needing more detailed references CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2013 Use British English from August 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon 吴语粵語中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 00 : 39 . 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when did roller derby first appear in the press	The term derby , meaning a race or multi-race event , appeared in the press as early as 1922 , when the Chicago Tribune announced and reported on the results of two `` roller derby '' events held that year . These were multi-day events during which various roller skating races were held on a flat track at Chicago 's Broadway Armory .	1922	History of Roller Derby	history of roller derby	The history of roller derby traces the evolution of roller skating races into a unique sport which underwent several boom - and - bust cycles throughout the 20th century . Although it was a form of sports entertainment for much of its existence , a grassroots , early 21st century revival spearheaded by women has restored an emphasis on athleticism .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Endurance races 1.2 Seltzer 's walkathons 1.3 Transcontinental Roller Derby 1.4 Disaster 1.5 WWII era 1.6 Television 1.7 Increasing legitimacy 2 Jam On , Jam Off 2.1 In the 1960s 2.2 In the 1970s 3 1970s -- 1990s revivals 3.1 IRSL 3.2 RollerGames 3.3 RollerJam 4 Contemporary roller derby 4.1 All - female , grassroots leagues 4.2 All - male roller derby 4.3 Mixed - gender , for - profit leagues 4.4 Increasing use of real names 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Books 7 External links Origins ( edit ) Endurance races ( edit ) The growing popularity of roller skating in the United States led to the formation of organized endurance races as early as 1884 , when skater Victor W. Clough skated 100 miles over the course of nearly ten hours in Geneseo , Illinois . In 1885 , a six - day `` go - as - you - please '' competition was staged at Madison Square Garden in New York City , with 36 skaters competing for $500 in prize money . Two deaths resulted from the six - day race : both the winner , William Donovan , and skater Joseph Cohen died shortly after the race was completed . Though the inquest that resulted from Cohen 's death led to a recommendation for a law prohibiting roller skating activities exceeding four hours in length , a second six - day race was announced in May 1885 . The popularity of roller skate racing , including endurance events , continued in the early 20th century . Races routinely featured amateur skaters as well as professionals , some of whom toured as troupes . Due to rowdiness at some events , including tripping and pushing , speed roller skating acquired a reputation for being something less than a legitimate sport . The International Skating Union of America , a competitor of the International Skating Union , formed in 1907 partly in response . This network of regional associations lasted 20 years , organized championship races , and established rules that prohibited rough play . Although tripping and pushing may not have been allowed at certain events , popular speed and endurance races continued to be held on both flat and banked tracks in the century 's first three decades . Among these races was an 8.5 - mile roller marathon organized in 1908 by a group of Chicago rink owners , a 24 - hour endurance championship held in Milwaukee in 1913 , and a 24 - hour banked track race held at Madison Square Garden in 1914 . The New York Times noted that the crowd at Madison Square Garden enjoyed the sudden sprints and spills during the event 's preliminary races . The term derby , meaning a race or multi-race event , appeared in the press as early as 1922 , when the Chicago Tribune announced and reported on the results of two `` roller derby '' events held that year . These were multi-day events during which various roller skating races were held on a flat track at Chicago 's Broadway Armory . Seltzer 's walkathons ( edit ) In 1929 , as the Great Depression began , struggling film publicist Leo Seltzer ( 1903 -- 1978 ) observed that cash prize - awarding dance marathons among out - of - work contestants and spectators were undermining attendance at his Oregon cinema chain , so he sought ways to capitalize on the trend . Seltzer began holding his own dance marathons , dubbed `` walkathons '' since contestants usually ended up just shuffling around for the duration of the contests , which could run as long as 40 days . Hundreds of unemployed people participated , hoping to win cash prizes . The contests were emceed by celebrities like Frankie Laine and Red Skelton , and grossed $6 million in three years . Seltzer held his first commercial walkathon in 1931 in Denver , Colorado , then held 22 more , grossing $2 million before retiring , citing that the events had become `` vulgar . '' In 1933 , Seltzer moved his family to Chicago , Illinois and began booking events at the Chicago Coliseum . Transcontinental Roller Derby ( edit ) In 1935 , the novelty of walkathons had worn off , but a roller skating fad arose again . According to folklore , Seltzer read an article in Literary Digest magazine that said ninety - three percent of Americans roller skated at least once in their lives . While discussing the article with regular patrons at Ricketts , a restaurant in Chicago 's Near North Side , Seltzer was challenged to invent a sport incorporating roller skating . Jotting his ideas onto a tablecloth , he decided to combine then - popular six - day bicycle races and roller skating . Some sources give co-credit for the idea to Leo 's brother Oscar . In August of that year , Seltzer organized his own Transcontinental Roller Derby , an event more than a month long . Staged at the Chicago Coliseum , it was a simulation of a cross-country roller skating race in which 25 two - person ( male - female ) teams circled a wooden , oval , banked track thousands of times , skating 111⁄2 hours a day , to cover 3,000 miles , the distance between Los Angeles and New York City . Team standings were indicated by multicolored lights tracking their imaginary progress on a large map of the United States . Teams were disqualified if both members were off the track during skating times . Sixteen teams dropped out due to injuries or exhaustion , but nine teams finished , and the winning team , Clarice Martin and Bernie McKay , held the lead for the last 11 days of the event . Although Seltzer 's spectacle had elements of originality , a U.S. District Court , ruling against Seltzer when he sued a competitor in 1938 , found that the marathon roller race concept had long been in the public domain , so Seltzer could n't claim copyright violation . Following the first event 's success , Seltzer took the Transcontinental Roller Derby on the road , holding similar races throughout the U.S. with a portable track that reportedly cost $20,000 . Daily crowds averaged 10,000 in number , with spectators paying 10 to 25 cents admission . These races were billed as covering `` 4,000 miles '' even though the simulated route was still about 3,000 , covering the distance from San Diego to New York City . Contestants were the winners of elimination races in Seltzer 's Transcontinental Roller Derby Association , which in September 1935 already had 3,000 members , paying $2 each , at 1,600 rinks . By early 1936 , Seltzer had selected a group of teams who competed in Chicago , Miami , Louisville , and Detroit . Skaters in these races only had to skate 8 hours nightly , but were encouraged to engage in `` jams '' and , at specific times , 5 - minute sprints referred to in event programs as `` open house '' . Later that year , Transcontinental Roller Derby debuted in New York at the New York Hippodrome , simulating a 21 - day `` short course '' from Salt Lake City to New York . Appearances at the Pan Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles , California attracted celebrities such as W.C. Fields , Mickey Rooney , Eddie Cantor , George Burns , Gracie Allen , Jack Benny , Milton Berle , Cary Grant and Eleanor Powell . Occasionally , massive collisions and crashes occurred as skaters tried to lap those who were ahead of them . In 1936 , 1937 , or 1938 ( sources vary ) , after seeing a match in Miami and realizing this was an exciting element of the sport , sportswriter Damon Runyon encouraged Seltzer to tweak the game to maximize physical contact between the skaters , including elbowing , `` whipping '' , and slamming each other into the track 's outer rail , as well as exaggerating hits and falls . Seltzer bristled , wanting to keep the sport legitimate , but agreed to the experiment , which fans ended up loving . In the Depression 's later years , some cities hosted the Derby 's `` short course '' engagements , simulating semi-transcontinental distances . Points were accumulated on behalf of three `` factions '' , each named for a color ( Black , White , or Green ) and consisting of five two - person teams skating in 15 - minute shifts . With all three factions on the track at the same time , two teams frequently banded together to rout the third . A more sporting variety followed , with just two teams being named after Indian tribes . This , too , was short - lived . The two - team concept survived , but teams were built around the idea of there always being a `` home team '' named for wherever the match was being played , even though the skaters were always the same people . By 1939 , the organization had four pairs of teams touring the country at the same time , always billed as the home team versus either New York or Chicago . The format of two five - person teams on the track at the same time , with a team scoring points when its members lap members of the other team , is the basic premise of roller derby to this day . Disaster ( edit ) On March 24 , 1937 , 21 members of a touring group of Roller Derby skaters and support personnel were killed when their chartered bus blew a tire while going 40 mph down a hill on U.S. Route 50 , collided with a bridge abutment , rolled onto its side and burst into flames , trapping passengers inside . The accident occurred near Salem , Illinois , as the bus was en route from St. Louis to Cincinnati for another performance . Only a few of the 23 passengers escaped the burning wreckage , and two of them died later from their injuries , bringing the total fatalities to 19 or 20 ( sources vary ) . The ghastly tragedy nearly put Seltzer out of business , but replacement skaters were signed and Roller Derby survived . As a tribute to those killed in the tragedy , the number `` 1 '' was permanently retired for all Roller Derby teams . Wwii era ( edit ) In Los Angeles , Roller Derby was broadcast on the radio as early as 1939 . Transcontinental Roller Derby rapidly grew in popularity as a spectator sport . Matches were held in fifty cities in 1940 , for more than five million spectators , some of whom formed fan clubs and newsletters like Roller Derby News ( later renamed RolleRage ) . Teams began to represent and compete in other U.S. cities , although some teams were actually the same traveling group that would just change names depending on where they were playing , and all were part of the Seltzer - owned Roller Derby league . The league 's own estimates of audiences for 1941 were comparable , with four million Midwestern spectators in 20 cities being claimed . The entry of the United States into World War II at the end of 1941 interrupted the sport 's ascent ; many skaters enlisted in the armed forces , crowds dwindled , and the fledgling league was reduced to one team skating mainly for the entertainment of soldiers . After the war 's end in 1945 , Seltzer successfully resumed growing the sport , although a 1946 attempt to bring it to New York 's Polo Grounds failed due to twelve straight days of rain . Television ( edit ) At 8 : 30 P.M. on November 29 , 1948 , Roller Derby debuted on New York television , beginning a 13 - week run on the CBS - TV network , broadcasting at a time well before television was in widespread use . The first televised matches were between teams representing New York and Brooklyn , and took place at the 69th Regiment Armory four nights a week , which was actually a reduction from the troupe 's usual touring schedule that included a performance every day , sometimes with two on Sundays . Although few people owned TVs at that time , broadcasts could be seen on sets in bars and storefront windows . The fledgling medium allowed underwhelming audience sizes to be made to look like they had packed venues to capacity , leading spectators to turn out in droves for subsequent matches . Armory crowds began in the low hundreds , but were soon in the five to seven thousand range . Then in June 1949 , Seltzer secured an appearance at Madison Square Garden before a cumulative crowd of 55,000 over a five - day period . Early stars of Roller Derby after its debut on TV included Ken Monte , Bert Wall , and the temperamental Midge `` Toughie '' Brasuhn . Skater salaries were about $ 200 to $260 a week , established by a players ' association . Meanwhile , from 1946 through 1948 , flat - track roller derby ( of the skating marathon variety ) was enjoyed as an intramural sport at the University of British Columbia in Canada . For the 1949 -- 1950 season , Seltzer opened franchise teams and formed the National Roller Derby League ( NRDL ) . The NRDL consisted of six teams : the New York Chiefs , the Brooklyn Red Devils , the Jersey Jolters , the Philadelphia Panthers , the Washington - Baltimore Jets , and the Chicago Westerners . The Jolters played at Armories in Newark , Jersey City , Teaneck , and Paterson . The Westerners played in Chicago , but also in Columbus , Ohio and Miami , Florida . The Red Devils had no venue in Brooklyn , and were essentially a road team , often cast as villains . NRDL season playoffs sold out Madison Square Garden for a week . Also in 1949 , when the CBS contract expired , broadcasting was taken over by ABC , and games were televised live throughout the United States . The contract with ABC lasted until Seltzer negotiated its termination in 1951 over scheduling disputes . Between 1949 and 1951 , Seltzer 's organization grossed $2.5 million , bolstered by Madison Square Garden appearances in 1950 and 1951 that set five - day records of 77,000 and 82,000 , respectively . In this period , Seltzer also sold the Jolters to an outside syndicate . Skater salaries , negotiated by an informal players ' union , were around $250 a week , with $35 and $60 bonuses for captains and player - coaches . Increasing legitimacy ( edit ) The players wanted to skate `` phony '' during this time period , but Seltzer believed the public would soon tire of exaggerated hits and falls , so he embarked on a campaign to legitimize the sport . He started a program encouraging the formation of junior Roller Derby leagues for children ( although it 's not clear whether any actually formed ) , he sought to add more teams nationwide ( although it did n't happen until 1954 ) , and he got the players to agree to a `` no railing '' rule . In a show of commitment , Seltzer invoked the rule to suspend star skater Midge `` Toughie '' Brasuhn , much to her chagrin , for allegedly shoving another skater into the track 's outer railing , even though the play had been faked by the other skater . By the early 1950s , Roller Derby coaches were even betting on the outcomes of matches , another sign of legitimacy , according to Seltzer . Players later pointed to injuries and low - scoring games as evidence of legitimacy , as well , but even into the 1970s , Roller Derby players engaged in a degree of showmanship and staged theatrics for dramatic and comic effect . Jam on , Jam off ( edit ) After terminating the contract with ABC in 1951 , Seltzer negotiated a deal with General Motors to sponsor the broadcast of games on NBC . The deal fell through when , according to Seltzer , General Motors , fuming over an NCAA decision preventing them from sponsoring the broadcast of University of Notre Dame football games , lost interest in televising any sports at all . A handful of independent TV stations continued to broadcast games , but the loss of network broadcasting caused fan interest to plummet . Madison Square Garden no longer wanted to host matches , fan clubs disbanded , and Seltzer returned to pursuing real estate interests . At some point , Seltzer changed his residence to Encino ( Los Angeles ) a westward move that foreshadowed changes to come . Skaters leap over two who have fallen In July 1953 , citing the effects of the Korean War and a dearth of venues , Leo Seltzer moved the Derby from New York to Los Angeles and created the L.A. Braves for their debut at the Rose Bowl . The Braves became the first international team when a tour of Europe was launched in 1953 . However , this was not the first time audiences outside the U.S. had seen the game played live . A separate organization , International Roller Speedway , known in some countries as Roller - Catch , formed in 1937 and toured Europe , where they played at the Harringay Arena in London , and the Philippines . Roller Speedway was a modified version of the sport and normally featured two teams , representing Europe ( the `` home '' team ) and USA . The 1950 film The Fireball , starring Mickey Rooney , was based on the life of one of the league 's stars , Eddie Poore , who skated under the name Eddie Cazar . Roller Speedway ceased operations in 1952 . In 1954 , the Derby established the most fabled team in the history of the sport , the longtime champion San Francisco Bay Bombers . Stars on this team eventually included Charlie O'Connell , Joanie Weston , and Ann Calvello . In his keynote address at the 2007 roller derby convention RollerCon , Leo 's son Jerry Seltzer revealed that at its peak in the 1950s , the National Roller Derby League had just 83 skaters spread among its six teams . In 1958 , weary of Roller Derby 's off - air struggle -- by this time , crowds at San Francisco 's Cow Palace had dwindled to two hundred or less -- Leo transferred Roller Derby to his son Jerry . Jerry soon struck a deal with independent Oakland TV station KTVU to broadcast Roller Derby matches kinescoped in a deserted garage . In the 1960s ( edit ) In 1960 , KTVU switched to the visually and technically superior videotape format for recording games for broadcast . One of Roller Derby 's sponsors , a San Francisco auto dealer , got a Portland , Oregon TV station to broadcast an unedited tape of a match , in an attempt to advertise the dealership 's new lot in the area . To his surprise , Jerry Seltzer received three hundred letters asking for Roller Derby to come to Portland , so he obliged and the Derby made an appearance before 9,000 fans . Realizing he had stumbled onto a promotional formula , he began syndicating videotapes of games to more independent TV stations , and followed up broadcasts with personal appearances of the Derby in each city . In 1961 , forty stations carried Derby . Several years later , UHF TV stations , mostly independent and desperate to compete with older , network - dominated VHF counterparts , snatched up broadcasting rights for their areas . Although TV exposure was an important component of Roller Derby 's revitalization , Seltzer did n't want to repeat the experience of mainstream professional sports organizations that had become dependent on TV ; he used the medium only for exposure and publicity for the live matches , not a source of revenue for player salaries . Jerry Seltzer also changed some of the rules . For the first time , skaters were required to wear helmets , and , at the behest of KTVU television announcer Walt Harris , he made the game more TV - friendly by making jammers ' helmets easier to spot . A more theatrical imitation called Roller Games was started in 1961 in Los Angeles featuring retired Roller Derby skaters who chose not to make the move to San Francisco . Owned by Bill Griffiths , Sr. and Jerry Hill , Roller Games was the only viable rival organization to the original Roller Derby and actually consisted of several separate leagues , including the ( U.S. ) National Roller Derby ( NRD ) , soon renamed to National Roller League ( NRL ) since the `` Roller Derby '' trademark was aggressively protected by the Seltzer organization . The NRD / NRL consisted of the Northern Hawks ( sometimes billed as the Chicago Hawks ) , New York Bombers , Texas Outlaws , Detroit Devils , Los Angeles Thunderbirds ( nicknamed `` T - Birds '' ) , and Philadelphia Warriors ( sometimes billed as the Eastern Warriors ) . There were also several attempts in markets that failed quickly , with teams such as the Baltimore / Washington - based Mid Atlantic War Cats , the Florida Jets , and the Western Renegades . Roller Games also encompassed the Canadian National Roller League ( CNRL ) and Japanese National Roller League ( JNRL ) . Some former Roller Derby stars found new fame in the Roller Games , and a handful of skaters simply went back and forth between the two organizations . After 1968 , however , the Roller Derby to Roller Games defections were quite few ; instead , a handful of Roller Games skaters returned to their roots and began skating for the Derby again . 1961 or so also saw the advent of a short - lived New York City area rival league , the American Skating Derby ( ASD ) , promoted by Joe Morehouse and Mike O'Hara . ASD debuted two teams of ex-Roller Derby skaters -- one team representing `` New York '' and the other representing Brooklyn -- at Long Island Arena in Commack , New York , around April 1961 , with plans to appear throughout the Tri-State Region . A league split later that year resulted in the formation of another league , the Eastern Skating Derby ( ESD ) , which lasted until mid-1964 and skated only in New York , sometimes at the same venues as the ASD . In 1962 , Jerry , in partnership with his uncle Oscar Seltzer ( who had founded the Roller Derby Skate Corporation in 1936 ) , created the Dixie Devils , a `` home '' team for the Southern United States cities of Nashville , Atlanta , Jacksonville and Orlando . Ronnie Robinson , son of boxer Sugar Ray Robinson , was designated the team 's star player . Dixie Devils games had to be recorded with kinescope , when TV audiences had already grown accustomed to the relatively clean , clear appearance of videotape , and the result was disastrous ; no loyal TV audiences were grown , fan attendance was low , and the venture folded after one month . Seltzer remained fond of the idea of regionalization , however , and envisioned his organization eventually becoming more like other sports leagues , with teams being independently owned and operated , and with the teams being associated with regions ( South , Northeast , Mideast , Midwest , Central South , Southwest Plains , and West ) rather than individual cities . The ASD , ESD , and Dixie Devils , much like Roller Speedway , are n't remembered today by anyone outside the most dedicated fans and the skaters who participated in them . To the media , there was only one Roller Derby . From Jerry Seltzer 's takeover in the late 1950s , the game reached new heights of popularity with a 120 - station television network where taped games from the Bombers ' home , Kezar Pavilion in San Francisco , were shown weekly . Television made fans of thousands and the Bay Bombers packed arenas from coast to coast on cross country tours , regularly selling out arenas such as Madison Square Garden , Boston Garden , Kiel Auditorium in St. Louis and dozens more . In 1969 , television viewership of Roller Derby peaked with approximately 15 million viewers each week . Two other developments in 1960s Roller Derby were profit sharing and annual contracts for skaters ; many skaters previously held day jobs to supplement their income , or were only employed as athletes for part of the year . In the 1970s ( edit ) The indoor record for roller derby was set at 19,507 at Madison Square Garden in 1970 . The outdoor record was set at the Oakland Coliseum on July 4 , 1970 , at 28,314 for a game between the Bay Bombers and the Northeast Braves . The following year that record was topped again with 34,418 for a Bomber game at the Coliseum . Their rival , the Chicago Midwest Pioneers , broke that record with 50,118 fans in 1972 for an interleague game against the National Skating Derby 's Los Angeles Thunderbirds at Comiskey Park in Chicago . At this point , the Bay Bombers home - team concept was duplicated with the New York Chiefs representing the Eastern U.S. and the Pioneers based in Chicago ( but really everything west of Pennsylvania ) . A one - season run in 1971 by the Cincinnati Jolter team in the Midwest ( Ohio , Kentucky , and other areas ) was not financially successful , and the team became a road franchise once again . The Bombers were briefly a Southwest team moved from the Bay Area , but potential new owners could n't come to terms with the Seltzer family and so the Bay Bombers were returned home . ( In an unusual move , the Chiefs were a `` replacement '' team for the Bombers during the period that franchise was supposedly based in Texas . ) In 1973 , high overhead and other factors led Jerry Seltzer to elect to shut down Roller Derby . In a 2005 interview , Ann Calvello mentioned gas shortages during the 1973 oil crisis as a contributing factor because teams could not travel . Some of the IRDL star skaters were recruited to skate for Roller Games ' International Skating Conference ( ISC ) , which quickly eliminated all Derby teams except for the Chiefs to again focus on the Los Angeles Thunderbirds . However , within two years , Roller Games ' wrestling / circus - like approach doomed that organization ; many Roller Derby skaters quit and fans deserted the arenas . Cultural historian Paul Fussell , perhaps editorializing , attributed the collapse of the sport to the declining economic class of its fan base in its final years ; fans were ultimately unable to support the sponsors that had been keeping the sport on television . 1970s -- 1990s revivals ( edit ) Several attempts were made to revive the sport in the late 1970s through the 1990s . IRSL ( edit ) The only reasonably successful of these was the International Roller Skating League ( IRSL ) , operational from April 24 , 1977 to December 12 , 1987 . IRSL games were held mostly in Northern California , but a handful of games were skated in the Northeastern United States , the Midwest , and Canada . Many skaters from Roller Derby were in the IRSL , and some of the team names were the same as in Roller Derby . Initially the league was composed of the San Francisco Bay Bombers , the Midwest Pioneers , the Brooklyn Red Devils and the Manhattan Chiefs . In 1979 , one of the league owners , former San Francisco television producer Dave Lipschultz , bought and restructured it . He added two more teams , the Northeast Braves and Southern Jolters ( later renamed the Southern Stars ) , and renamed the Chiefs as the New York Dynamite and , eventually , the Eastern Express . A final team , the Northern Knights , representing Canada , was announced in 1986 but never competed . As before , most of the attention was centered on the Bay Bombers . After skating primarily in Northern California , a Midwest tour was launched in 1984 , but flopped due to competition from baseball and football as well as weather - related problems . In 1986 , a tournament was carried on ESPN and the IRSL set up sporadic appearances in New York . ESPN dropped the contract in its pursuit of the more lucrative professional football market , and although talks were underway to broadcast IRSL matchups on USA Network , the IRSL was unable to survive without television support . Lipshultz shut down the league after its last game at Madison Square Garden on December 12 , 1987 . Around that time , Lipschultz and skaters were negotiating over how to keep it going . Lipschultz wanted to make it more like professional wrestling in an attempt to win over a fickle TV audience , but the players had different ideas . No agreement was reached , and potential sponsors lost interest . The 1985 IRSL matches have been shown twice on ESPN Classic 's sports comedy show Cheap Seats , as ESPN retains the right to air those matches . American Skating Derby , promoting the game as Rollerjam ! , formed in 1987 and played a spring season with two teams , the San Francisco Slammers and the Los Angeles Turbos . The name American Skating Derby was the same as the early 1960s New York - based league , but was unrelated . Composed of inactive Roller Derby and IRSL skaters , the 1987 ASD was formed primarily as a means to keep the game alive , and the two teams ( with the Slammers being essentially replaced by the Bay City Bombers ) skated around Northern California communities for high school charities . For the next decade , with sometimes as few as one game annually , the ASD attempted to keep the traditional game going . RollerGames ( edit ) Main article : RollerGames RollerGames , created in 1989 by two television producers , David Sams and Michael Miller , and Roller Games owner Bill Griffiths , Sr. , was a U.S. television show that presented a theatrical version of the sport of roller derby for a national audience . It featured a steeply banked figure - eight track , an alligator pit , and a number of skaters who had been in the Roller Games league , as well as younger participants . The six teams were the T - Birds , Violators , Bad Attitude , Rockers , Hot Flash , and Maniacs . The show only lasted thirteen weeks despite garnering over a 5 national rating during its prime - time debut , and was in the top 25 of all syndicated shows for the season -- even beating the popular American Gladiators . Announcers were Chuck Underwood , David Sams , and Shelly Jamison . RollerJam ( edit ) Between January 1999 and January 2001 , Knoxville , Tennessee television impresarios Ross K. Bagwell Sr. and Stephen Land , under the name Pageboy Entertainment , collaborated with CBS to stage another televised revival known as RollerJam or Roller Jam . Bagwell and Land recruited numerous stars from the Roller Derby of yesteryear , as well as newer stars from various athletic backgrounds , including nationally ranked speed skaters , to skate in the six - team World Skating League ( WSL ) . Jerry Seltzer was named RollerJam `` commissioner '' . RollerJam games were televised out of `` RollerJam Arena , '' on the grounds of Universal Studios in Orlando , Florida . Initial teams , each consisting of seven men and seven women , were the New York Enforcers , the California Quakes , the Florida Sundogs , the Nevada Hot Dice , the Texas Rustlers and the Illinois Riot ( Original names of the latter three teams were the Las Vegas High Rollers , Texas Twisters , and Illinois Inferno . These names were changed prior to the start of the first season ) . Despite strong funding and four seasons of broadcasts on The Nashville Network ( TNN , now known as Spike TV ) , the venture never became a `` live '' attraction . After MTV 's takeover of the CBS Cable group , fabricated storylines and uncharismatic characters were being featured more than actual competitive skating . This did not go over well with many skaters or die - hard roller derby fans . Two notable veterans from Roller Games , Rockin ' Ray Robles and Patsy Delgado , were featured in the second season of RollerJam . When RollerJam was cancelled , many of the skaters found smaller leagues in which to skate . Forty episodes of Roller Jam have been reversioned for UK television after successful broadcasts in other countries . Airing from October 2 , 2006 , on Challenge TV much of the narrative has been removed with sex and violence toned down for a family audience . One major rule difference between previous leagues was the legalisation of in - line skates , which the WSL required for younger players in an attempt to push the league to younger players , more familiar with the in - line game , allowing for more precision skating over the traditional quads , allowing faster skaters to participate . Unfortunately , in - lines unlike quads , afforded little lateral mobility thus hampering the skaters ability to block effectively . Contemporary Roller Derby ( edit ) All - female , grassroots leagues ( edit ) A Blue Ridge Rollergirls skater offers help to novice fans . ( Asheville , North Carolina ) . In 2000 , Daniel Eduardo `` Devil Dan '' Policarpo , then an Austin , Texas musician , recruited women to skate in what he envisioned would be a raucous , rockabilly , circus - like roller derby spectacle . After an organizational meeting and a disputed fundraiser , Policarpo and the women parted ways . The women then self - organized as Bad Girl Good Woman Productions ( BGGW ) in 2001 , creating a new generation of roller derby , open to women only . Founders formed four teams , and staged their first public match in Austin in mid-2002 . Shortly after , the league split over business plans : The Texas Rollergirls embraced flat - track play , while the BGGW league took the name TXRD Lonestar Rollergirls and went on to skate banked - track roller derby . The revival then began in earnest , with over 50 similar all - female leagues in existence by late 2005 , more than 80 by February 2006 , and more than 135 by mid-August 2006 . The sport 's sudden growth in 2006 is attributed to its exposure via the Rollergirls reality television show , which depicted portions of the lives of real skaters from the TXRD Lonestar Rollergirls . The show began broadcasting in January 2006 , but was not picked - up for a second season due to unsatisfactory ratings . Leagues outside the U.S. began forming in 2006 , and international competition soon followed . The first all - female Canadian league of 10 members , the Oil City Derby Girls , was formed in December 2005 in Edmonton , Alberta . Terminal City Rollergirls from Vancouver , British Columbia , appeared before an audience of 4500 on March 4 , 2006 to participate in a game of `` Last Woman Standing '' ( `` Blood and Thunder '' ) against the Rat City Rollergirls at the Everett Events Center in Everett , Washington . The first full , international bout in women 's flat - track derby occurred in December 2006 , when the Oil City Derby Girls hosted the Rocky Mountain Roller Girls ( Denver , Colorado ) . By mid-2009 , there were 425 amateur leagues , including 79 in Canada , Australia , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Germany , Belgium and Sweden combined . Although this revival of roller derby was initially all - female , some leagues later introduced all - male teams . Junior roller derby leagues associated with this revival also emerged and play under modified adult derby rules . All - male Roller Derby ( edit ) The Men 's Roller Derby Association ( MRDA ) is the international governing body of men 's flat track roller derby . It was founded in 2007 under the name Men 's Derby Coalition ( renamed to Men 's Roller Derby Association in 2011 ) , and currently has 64 men 's leagues under its jurisdiction . MRDA member leagues play using the rules of Flat - Track Roller Derby originally designed by the WFTDA . Mixed - gender , for - profit leagues ( edit ) A handful of leagues , mostly mixed - gender , have origins in earlier incarnations of the sport and heavily promote themselves as professional due to their history , management , membership , style of play and marketing considerations . As of the mid-2000s , most of these leagues do not compete in regular seasons , but rather schedule infrequent special - event games , drawing from a relatively small pool of skaters to form the roster of two teams put together just for the event , or on one team that plays against a similar club from another league . Team names typically pay homage to memorable Roller Derby and Roller Games teams of the past . Increasing use of real names ( edit ) In 2009 , some roller derby athletes began using their real names , rather than stage names , in competition . Examples include Team Legit , a pickup team of star skaters from Northwestern USA flat - track leagues playing in a banked track tournament in June 2009 , skaters Sarah `` Killbox '' Hipel ( from Detroit Derby Girls ) and Julia `` Lucy Furr '' Rosenwinkel ( from Windy City Rollers ) now competing under their real names , and 13 members of the Denver Roller Dolls ' travel team who began skating under their real names during their 2009 season . See also ( edit ) List of roller derby leagues References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Remarkable roller - skating feat '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1884 - 04 - 13 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ $12,852 in recent dollars . Jump up ^ `` A six - day roller skate race '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1885 - 03 - 02 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` On rollers for six days : beginning the race at the Madison - Square Garden . Thirty - six entries , including Frank Hart and several champions -- cheering the start '' . The New York Times . 1885 - 03 - 02 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Victim of roller skates : death of Donovan , winner of the last tournament '' . The New York Times . 1885 - 04 - 11 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Killed by roller skating : death of one of the contestants in the Madison - Square race '' . The New York Times . 1885 - 03 - 18 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Roller skating rinks : the jury in the inquest of Cohen 's case protest against six - day races '' . The New York Times . 1885 - 04 - 15 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` The six - day race . Refusing the entries of all except skilled roller skaters '' . The New York Times . 1885 - 04 - 30 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed skating before 1937 '' . Banked Track News . 6 ( 1 ) . February 2003 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . United States Amateur Roller Skating Association . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roller marathon thrills and jars : 100 boys meet with adventures and tumbles in West Side Boulevard race . Dodge cars and autos . But records are smashed by contestants in red tights , overalls , etc '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1908 - 11 - 27 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Skating rink men organize . Meeting is held and temporary committees are appointed -- talk of roller marathon is started '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1908 - 11 - 06 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Local skaters in long grind . Woodworth and Moore enter 24 - hour championship race in Milwaukee '' . The Washington Post . 1913 - 03 - 23 . p . S3 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Skaters whirling around big track '' . The New York Times . 1914 - 12 - 18 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Roller skating on banked track '' . The New York Times . 1922 - 12 - 17 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` 24 - hour roller race : Ollie Moore will be teamed with Willie Blackburn at Garden '' . The New York Times . 1914 - 12 - 17 . p . S2 . Jump up ^ `` Roller derby on tomorrow '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1922 - 04 - 24 . p. 20 . `` Roland Cloni of Akron , world 's champion roller skater , who yesterday tried out the track in the Broadway armory , where the national roller skating derby will be held this week , asserted new world 's records can be established for flat tracks . The derby will open tomorrow and run until Saturday . '' Jump up ^ `` Ed Krahn and Launey share roller firsts '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1922 - 04 - 29 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Von Hof first in ten mile roller derby '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1922 - 12 - 01 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ About $105 million in recent dollars . ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , Cecilia ( 1999 - 02 - 21 ) . `` L.A. Then and Now : The Man Who Got Roller Derby Rolling Along '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ About $34.9 million in recent dollars . ^ Jump up to : `` Roller Derby '' . TIME. 1936 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Variations '' . TIME. 1936 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Boulware , Jack ( 2000 ) . San Francisco Bizarro : A Guide to Notorious Sights , Lusty Pursuits , and Downright Freakiness in the City by the Bay . Macmillan . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0312206710 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Roller derby has entertained the masses in one form or another since the 1930s , when brothers Leo and Oscar Seltzer conceptualized the idea of a skating contest on a Chicago restaurant tablecloth . Jump up ^ Luker , Kelly ( 1997 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Blood on the Tracks '' . Metro Santa Cruz . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 13 . It began as an idea jotted down on the tablecloth when brothers Leo and Oscar Seltzer were out to dinner . Jump up ^ The National Museum of Roller Skating says San Diego , not Los Angeles . ^ Jump up to : SELTZER et al. v. SUNBROCK et al. ; No. 1292 . District Court , S.D. California , Central Division . 22 F. Supp. 621 ; 1938 U.S. Dist . LEXIS 2240 . March 8 , 1938 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roller Derby at the National Museum of Roller Skating '' . National Roller Skating Museum . 2004 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ $345,180 in recent dollars . Jump up ^ $2.00 to $4.00 in recent dollars . Jump up ^ $35.00 in recent dollars . Jump up ^ The Pan Pacific Auditorium appearances may have been organized by competing promoters ; more sources are needed . Jump up ^ Turczyn , Coury ( 1999 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Blood on the Tracks '' . Metro Pulse . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ( link points to the archived article in the Spring 2000 edition of the author 's own PopCult Magazine Web site ) `` The faster skaters would break out and try and get laps so they would get ahead in the race , and some of the slower skaters started to band together to try and hold them back , '' says Seltzer . `` And at first , they did n't want to let them do that -- but then the people liked it so much , they kind of allowed blocking . Then they came down to Miami -- I think it was 1936 , early ' 37 -- and Damon Runyon , a very famous sports writer , saw it and he sat down with my father and hammered out the rules , almost exactly as they are today . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Roller Derby Addicts Will Trek To Coliseum Tonight As Teams Start Rolling '' . The Miami Daily News . 1937 - 12 - 26 . p . B5 . This page also mentions that crash helmets and a penalty box were new that year . ^ Jump up to : Deford , Frank ( 1971 ) . Five Strides on the Banked Track : The life and times of the Roller Derby . Little , Brown and Company . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0316179201 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Killed as Bus Carrying Skate Troupe Crashes '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . 1937 - 03 - 25 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 133 Jump up ^ `` Preparing for burial of nine nameless bodies '' . The Meriden Daily Journal . 1937 - 03 - 27 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1939 - 06 - 05 . p. 16 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1939 - 07 - 01 . p. 14 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1940 - 08 - 24 . p. 12 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1940 - 08 - 26 . p. 9 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1940 - 09 - 01 . p . C8 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1940 - 09 - 02 . p. 6 . ; `` Your Radio Today '' . Los Angeles Times . 1940 - 09 - 05 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Deford : 1971 : 87 . ^ Jump up to : Koerner , Brandan I. ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) . `` This Ai n't No Roller Disco '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Deford : 1971 : 88 . Jump up ^ Deford : 1971 : 89 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 94 . Jump up ^ Rushin , Steve ( 1998 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Air and Space : A Forward Roll : Dusted off and spiffed up , the Roller Derby is aiming to regain the hold it once had on TV '' . Sports Illustrated . There were virtually no TV 's at that time , except in storefronts and bars , '' recalls Jerry Seltzer , Leo 's son . You 'd get 400 people in the arena , put ' em all together on one side and make it look like a full house . The next night people could n't get in the door , the lines were so long . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 95 . Jump up ^ $1,991 to $2,588 a week , in recent dollars . Jump up ^ `` Intramural Setup Features Hoopla '' ( PDF ) . The Ubyssey. 1947 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Roller Derby On February 26 '' ( PDF ) . The Ubyssey. 1947 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jokers Staging Intramural Skating Derby Tomorrow '' ( PDF ) . The Ubyssey. 1947 - 02 - 25 . The Marathon , explained Joker prexy , Bill Dunbar , is won by the team completing the most laps around the floor space of the Armories during the four and a half hour period . Both the girls and the men will circle the indoor course together , stated Dunbar . Jump up ^ `` Joker Rollermen Win Skating Cup '' ( PDF ) . The Ubyssey. 1947 - 02 - 27 . Thousands of students crowded the Armory yesterday and it seems that they just wanted to see what makes the wheels go round . For there it was that the Jokers held their second annual Roller Derby yesterday and for the second straight year , the Jokers managed to take the honors . Jump up ^ `` Intramural Sports Boast Plenty Of Variety -- Wynn '' ( PDF ) . The Ubyssey. 1947 - 10 - 01 . After Christmas , the sportlight will be focused on basketball , table tennis , badminton , skiing , swimming , track and field , and the roller derby . Jump up ^ Photos of the 1946 roller skating marathon are in the 1946 The Totem , the UBC yearbook , page 69 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roller Derby '' . KTVU - TV . 2004 . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 100 . Jump up ^ Matches were televised thrice weekly in Los Angeles , for example : `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 06 - 18 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 07 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 09 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 14 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 16 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 19 . pp. A5 . ; `` Television Schedule '' . Los Angeles Times . 1949 - 07 - 21 . pp. A5 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 101 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 97 . Jump up ^ $23.1 million in recent dollars . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 96 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 119,124 -- 126 ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 101 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 105 . Jump up ^ Cole , Steve ( 2001 - 11 - 20 ) . `` The International Roller Speedway '' . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Hurt ( 9 August 2007 ) . `` RollerCon : Day One Dispatch '' . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 106 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 105 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Roller Derby '' . Rollersport . Archived from the original on 2003 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RollerGames league info page '' . Roller Derby Association . Jump up ^ `` Skating Derby for Met . Area '' . unknown New York metro area newspaper . c. 1961 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Groups Jump up ^ Yahoo ! Groups ^ Jump up to : Deford 1971 : 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Rushin 1998 . Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 165,174 - 175 Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 114 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Steven ( 1972 - 09 - 16 ) . `` 50,000 Screamers '' . Chicago Tribune . p . W1 . Jump up ^ Levine , Bruce ( 1990 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Comiskey Park '' . Chicago Sun - Times . p. 113 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Rollersport -- History -- Page 4 Jump up ^ http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=179&id_cat=32&categories=ROLLERGAMES Jump up ^ Deford 1971 : 124 -- 125 Jump up ^ Paul , Fussell ( 1983 ) . Class : A Guide Through the American Status System . Ballantine . pp. 129 -- 130 . ISBN 978 - 0671792251 . Below golf comes baseball , and below that , football . Then ice hockey . Then boxing , stock - car racing , bowling , and , at the bottom , Roller Derby , once popular with advertisers until they discovered that the people watching it were so low - prole or even destitute that they constituted an entirely wasted audience for the commercials : they could n't buy anything at all , not even detergents , antacids , and beer . `` Low - Reach Undesirables , '' the Roller Derby audience became known in the trade , and the event that had attracted them was soon removed from television . Jump up ^ Batz , Jr. , Bob ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` Roller derby is really a blast from the past '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rollersport -- History -- Page 5 Jump up ^ Joe Blenkle ( 1991 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Roller Derby promoter says game will return '' . Sacramento News and Review ( confirmation needed ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.rollerderbypreservationassociation.com/modules.php?name=Leagues&op=ShowLeagueAll&id=85&id_cat=22&categories=ASD Jump up ^ `` RollerJam : Episode Guide '' . TV.com ) . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . 100 episodes , comprising four seasons , that aired between January 1999 and January 2001 , plus a preview / pilot episode in December 1998 ^ Jump up to : Brick , Michael ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Pushing the Limit : The Dude of Roller Derby and His Vision '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Short History of Roller Derby '' . Sin City Rollergirls. 2006 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ La Gorce , Tammy ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) . `` With Names That Could Kill , Women Rev Up Roller Derby '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Roller Derby Worldwide '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Roller Derby Association debuts in 2011 ! '' ( Press release ) . Men 's Roller Derby Association . 2011 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's Roller Derby Leagues '' . Men 's Roller Derby Association . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` MRDA Releases MRDA Branded Version of WFTDA 's Rules '' ( Press release ) . Men 's Roller Derby Association . 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Punishment : Battle on the Bank II : Teams '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Tracy `` Justice Feelgood Marshall '' Williams ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Killbox retires ( sort of ) '' . Derby News Network . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Hipel # 989 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Rosenwinkel ( formerly Lucy Furr ) '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Roller Dolls -- Teams -- Mile High Club '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . This season , 13 of the team 's members are making the switch from derby names to real names . Books ( edit ) Michelson , Herb . A Very Simple Game : the Story of Roller Derby. 1971 . Deford , Frank . Five Strides on the Banked Track : The Life and Times of the Roller Derby . Little , Brown and Company , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 17920 - 5 . Coppage , Keith . Roller Derby to Rollerjam : The Authorized Story of an Unauthorized Sport . Santa Rosa , California : Squarebooks , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 916290 - 80 - 8 . Fitzpatrick , Jim . Roller Derby Classics ... and more ! . Foreword by Ann Calvello . Trafford Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 6678 - 6 . Joulwan , Melissa . Rollergirl : Totally True Tales from the Track . Touchstone ( Simon & Schuster ) , February 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9715 - 8 . Mabe , Catherine . Roller Derby : The History and All - Girl Revival of the Greatest Sport on Wheels . Speck Press , 2007 . ISBN 1 - 933108 - 11 - 8 . External links ( edit ) National Roller Derby Hall of Fame -- Fan site and museum honoring Roller Derby athletes Banked Track Memories -- Fan site with many historic photo galleries and links to similar ones Buddy Atkinson Collection , 1989 -- 1994 -- Information about a former professional skater 's archive that was donated to the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin Jerry Seltzer Collection , 1942 -- 1997 -- Information about documents about the careers of Jerry and Leo Seltzer , donated to the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_roller_derby&oldid=814823203 '' Categories : History of sports by sport Roller derby Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 03 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20roller%20derby	107,927
who sang lead vocals on last train to clarksville	`` Last Train to Clarksville '' was the debut single by The Monkees . It was released August 16 , 1966 and later included on the group 's 1966 self - titled album , which was released on October 10 , 1966 . The song , written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart was recorded at RCA Victor Studio B in Hollywood on July 25 , 1966 and was already on the Boss Hit Bounds on 17 August 1966 . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 on November 5 , 1966 . Lead vocals were performed by The Monkees ' drummer Micky Dolenz . `` Last Train to Clarksville '' was featured in seven episodes of the Monkees TV show ; the most for any Monkees song .	Micky Dolenz	Last Train to Clarksville	last train to clarksville	`` Last Train to Clarksville '' was the debut single by The Monkees . It was released August 16 , 1966 and later included on the group 's 1966 self - titled album , which was released on October 10 , 1966 . The song , written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart was recorded at RCA Victor Studio B in Hollywood on July 25 , 1966 and was already on the Boss Hit Bounds on 17 August 1966 . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 on November 5 , 1966 . Lead vocals were performed by The Monkees ' drummer Micky Dolenz . `` Last Train to Clarksville '' was featured in seven episodes of the Monkees TV show ; the most for any Monkees song .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Covers 3.1 Riblja Čorba version 3.2 Track listling 3.3 Personnel 3.4 Other versions 4 References 5 External links Song ( edit ) The song , written by the songwriting duo Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart , has been compared to The Beatles ' `` Paperback Writer '' , particularly the `` jangly '' guitar sound , the chord structure , and the vocal harmonies . The Beatles song had been number one in the US charts three months earlier . The lyrics tell of a man phoning the woman he loves , urging her to meet him at a train station in Clarksville before he must leave , possibly forever . The Vietnam War was then going on , and what was not made explicit was that the song was about a soldier leaving for the war zone . It is often said that the song refers to Clarksville , Tennessee , which is near Fort Campbell , Kentucky , the home of the 101st Airborne Division , which was then serving in Vietnam . However , according to songwriter Bobby Hart , it was not specifically written with that town in mind . Hart said : `` We were just looking for a name that sounded good . There 's a little town in northern Arizona I used to go through in the summer on the way to Oak Creek Canyon called Clarksdale . We were throwing out names , and when we got to Clarksdale , we thought Clarksville sounded even better . We did n't know it at the time , ( but ) there is an Army base near the town of Clarksville , Tennessee -- which would have fit the bill fine for the story line . We could n't be too direct with The Monkees . We could n't really make a protest song out of it -- we kind of snuck it in . '' Though `` Clarksville '' is in the song title , the video accompanying the song on the Monkees ' TV show showed a sign pointing to `` Clarkesville . '' Hart got the idea for the lyrics when he turned on the radio and heard the end of The Beatles ' `` Paperback Writer '' . He thought Paul McCartney was singing `` Take the last train '' , and decided to use the line when he found out McCartney was actually singing `` Paperback Writer '' . Hart knew that The Monkees TV series was pitched as a music / comedy series in the spirit of The Beatles movie A Hard Day 's Night , so he knew emulating The Beatles would be a winner . To do that , he made sure to put a distinctive guitar riff in this song , and wrote in the `` Oh No - No - No , Oh No - No - No '' lyrics as a response to The Beatles 's famous `` Yeah Yeah Yeah '' . Although LA 's `` Wrecking Crew '' provided the instrumentals for many early Monkees ' songs , Boyce and Hart 's band the Candy Store Prophets did the session work for this song . The lead guitar was written and played by Louie Shelton . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set 14 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) 6 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Canada RPM Magazine Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 23 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 6 Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 12 Covers ( edit ) Riblja Čorba version ( edit ) `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' Single by Riblja Čorba B - side `` Lud sto posto '' Released May 13 , 1987 Format 7 '' single Recorded Genre Hard rock Length 2 : 44 Label PGP - RTB Songwriter ( s ) Boyce and Hart , Bora Đorđević Riblja Čorba singles chronology `` Nesrećnice nije te sramota '' ( 1987 ) Nesrećnice nije te sramota 1987 `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' ( 1987 ) Zadnji voz za Čačak1987 `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' ( trans . `` Last train to Čačak '' ) is a song by Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Riblja Čorba , from their 1987 album Ujed za dušu . B - side features the song `` Lud sto posto '' ( `` 100 % Crazy '' ) . The single was not available in the shops , but given as a gift with an issue of Politika Ekspres Track listling ( edit ) `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' - 2 : 44 `` Lud sto posto '' - 4 : 15 Personnel ( edit ) Bora Đorđević - vocal Miša Aleksić - bass guitar Vidoja Božinović - guitar Nikola Čuturilo - guitar Vicko Milatović - drums Other versions ( edit ) Ed Bruce covered the song on a March 1967 single on RCA . Bluegrass artists Jim & Jesse McReynolds recorded an instrumental version on their 1972 Hilltop Records album `` Mandolin Workshop '' . A cover by Plastics appears on the 1979 album Welcome Plastics . A rerecorded version was released on a flexi - disc coupled with the 1981 album Welcome Back . A cover by Cassandra Wilson appears on her 1995 album New Moon Daughter . On January 15 , 2008 , a cover of the song was made available as downloadable content for the music video game series Rock Band . * The January 2009 issue of PlayStation : The Official Magazine lists The Monkees ' `` Last Train to Clarksville '' as fourth on its list of Rock Band 's `` Five Most Unexpectedly Rockin ' Downloadable Songs '' . Four Tops covered the song on their album Reach Out , issued in July 1967 . Kids Incorporated covered the song in 1985 in the Season 2 episode `` The Abominable Show - Man '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Monkees Greatest Hits Rhino Entertainment R2 75785 Liner notes Jump up ^ `` KHJ 's ' Boss 30 ' Records In Southern California ! Issue No. 59 - Previewed August 17 , 1966 '' . 1966 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ashley Brown , ed. ( 1990 ) . Marshall Cavendish Illustrated History of Popular Music . Six ( Reference ed . ) . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 1 - 85435 - 021 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Train To Clarksville by The Monkees Songfacts '' . Jump up ^ Kotal , Kent ; Forgotten hits . `` The Music of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart '' . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ ARAX , MARK ; FELDMAN , PAUL ( 24 June 1988 ) . `` OBITUARIES : Backed Up Major Artists : Jesse Ed Davis , 43 ; Noted Rock Guitarist '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Last Train to Clarksville '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1966 / Top 100 Songs of 1966 '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band ' Five Most Unexpectedly Rockin ' Downloadable Songs '' , PlayStation : The Official Magazine ( January 2009 ) : 58 . Jump up ^ Kids Incorporated - Last Train To Clarksville ( 1985 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' at Discogs Preceded by `` 96 Tears '' by ? & the Mysterians Billboard Hot 100 number one single November 5 , 1966 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Poor Side of Town '' by Johnny Rivers The Monkees Micky Dolenz Davy Jones Michael Nesmith Peter Tork Production / management Don Kirshner Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Ward Sylvester Lester Sill Raybert Productions Chip Douglas Hank Cicalo Studio albums The Monkees More of the Monkees Headquarters Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd . The Birds , The Bees & The Monkees Head Instant Replay The Monkees Present Changes Pool It ! Justus Good Times ! Box sets Listen to the Band Music Box The Headquarters Sessions The Monkees : Original Album Series Compilation albums Greatest Hits ( Colgems ) Barrel Full of Monkees Re-Focus Greatest Hits ( Arista ) Monkeemania ( 40 Timeless Hits ) More Greatest Hits of The Monkees Monkee Business Monkee Flips Hit Factory Then & Now ... The Best of The Monkees Missing Links Missing Links Volume Two 25th Anniversary Collection Greatest Hits ( Rhino ) Barrelful of Monkees : Monkees Songs for Kids ! Missing Links Volume Three I 'm a Believer & Other Hits Daydream Believer & Other Hits The Monkees Anthology The Definitive Monkees The Best of The Monkees Monkeemania ( The Very Best of the Monkees ) Live albums Live 1967 Summer 1967 : The Complete U.S. Concert Recordings Live ! 2001 : Live in Las Vegas Extended Versions Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville `` I 'm a Believer `` A Little Bit Me , a Little Bit You '' `` I Wanna Be Free '' `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Valleri '' `` D.W. Washburn '' `` Porpoise Song '' `` Tear Drop City '' `` Listen to the Band '' `` Good Clean Fun '' `` Oh My My '' `` That Was Then , This Is Now '' `` Randy Scouse Git '' Film / television The Monkees ( Episode list ) Head 331⁄3 Revolutions per Monkee Hey , Hey , It 's the Monkees Related articles Discography Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart An Evening with The Monkees : The 45th Anniversary Tour The Monkees ( book ) The Monkeemobile New Monkees Songs Book Ed Bruce Albums If I Could Just Go Home ( 1968 ) Shades of Ed Bruce ( 1969 ) Ed Bruce ( 1976 ) The Tennessean ( 1977 ) Cowboys & Dreamers ( 1978 ) Ed Bruce ( 1980 ) One to One ( 1981 ) I Write It Down ( 1982 ) You 're Not Leaving Here Tonight ( 1983 ) Home Coming ( 1984 ) Tell'em I 've Gone Crazy ( 1984 ) Night Things ( 1986 ) Puzzles ( 1965 ) This Old Hat ( 2002 ) Singles `` Last Train to Clarksville '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` Texas ( When I Die ) '' `` The Man That Turned My Mama On '' `` Girls , Women and Ladies '' `` ( When You Fall in Love ) Everything 's a Waltz '' `` You 're the Best Break This Old Heart Ever Had '' `` Love 's Found You and Me '' `` Ever , Never Lovin ' You '' `` My First Taste of Texas '' `` After All '' `` You Turn Me On ( Like a Radio ) '' `` Nights '' Related topics Discography United Artists Records MCA Records RCA Records Trey Bruce Lynn Anderson Bret Maverick Fire Down Below Riblja Čorba Bora Đorđević Miša Aleksić Vicko Milatović Vidoja Božinović Nikola Zorić Rajko Kojić Momčilo Bajagić Nikola Čuturilo Vladimir Golubović Zoran Ilić Vladimir Barjaktarević Studio albums Kost u grlu Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti Mrtva priroda Buvlja pijaca Večeras vas zabavljaju muzičari koji piju Istina Osmi nervni slom Ujed za dušu Priča o ljubavi obično ugnjavi Koza nostra Labudova pesma Zbogom , Srbijo Ostalo je ćutanje Nojeva barka Pišanje uz vetar Ovde Minut sa njom Uzbuna ! Live albums U ime naroda Nema laži , nema prevare - Zagreb uživo ` 85 Od Vardara pa do Triglava Beograd , uživo ' 97 -- 1 Beograd , uživo ' 97 -- 2 Gladijatori u BG Areni Niko nema ovakve ljude ! Koncert za brigadire EPs Trilogija 1 : Nevinost bez zaštite Trilogija 2 : Devičanska ostrva Trilogija 3 : Ambasadori loše volje Compilations Riblja Čorba 10 The Best Of Fish Dish Dobra stara vremena Najbolje Bolje od najboljeg Treći srpski ustanak Bolje od najboljeg 2 To je bilo neko lepše i srećnije vreme Vol. 1 To je bilo neko lepše i srećnije vreme Vol. 2 To je bilo neko lepše i srećnije vreme - Balade 1994 -- 2004 19 najvećih hitova Trilogija Box Set ( 1978 - 1990 ) Singles `` Lutka sa naslovne strane '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll za kućni savet '' `` Nazad u veliki prljavi grad '' `` Kad hodaš '' `` Nesrećnice nije te sramota '' `` Zadnji voz za Čačak '' Associated acts Suncokret Rani Mraz Warriors Pop Mašina Dah Opus Rok Mašina Siluete Električni Orgazam Bajaga i Instruktori Bezobrazno Zeleno Oliver Mandić Babe Van Gogh Related articles Riblja Čorba discography SFR Yugoslav pop and rock scene Serbian rock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Train_to_Clarksville&oldid=800367346 '' Categories : 1966 singles 1966 songs The Monkees songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Bobby Hart Song recordings produced by Tommy Boyce Songs about telephone calls Songs about trains Songs written by Bobby Hart Songs written by Tommy Boyce United States National Recording Registry recordings Debut singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 02 : 57 . 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what was the significance of battle of buxar			Battle of Buxar	battle of buxar	Mughal Empire	Nawab of Awadh Nawab of Bengal Durrani and Rohilla Factions British East India Company Commanders and leaders Shah Alam II Shuja - ud - Daula Mirza Najaf Khan Mir Qasim Hector Munro of Novar Strength 40,000 140 cannons 7,072 30 cannons Casualties and losses Disputed British claim : 2,000 killed 733 - 847 killed , wounded or missing Seven years War Bengal War Battle of Plassey Battle of Patna ( 1760 ) Battle of Gaya ( 1760 ) Battle of Sirpur Battle of Birpur Battle of Siwan Battle of Gheria Battle of Katwa Battle of Patna Battle of Udaynala ( 1763 ) Battle of Buxar Battle of Patna ( 1764 ) Battle of Kora ( 1765 ) The Battle of Buxar was fought on 22 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim , the Nawab of Bengal ; the Nawab of Awadh ; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II . The battle fought at Buxar , a `` small fortified town '' within the territory of Bengal , located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) west of Patna , was a decisive victory for the British East India Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Battle 2 Aftermath 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Battle ( edit ) The British army engaged in the fighting numbered 7,071 comprising 857 British , 5,297 Indian sepoys and 918 Indian cavalry . The alliance army 's numbers were estimated to be over 40,000 . According to other sources , the combined army of the Mughals , Awadh and Mir Qasim consisting of 40,000 men was defeated by a British army comprising 10,000 men . The lack of basic co-ordination among the three disparate allies was responsible for their decisive defeat . Mirza Najaf Khan commanded the right flank of the Mughal imperial army and was the first to advance his forces against Major Hector Munro at daybreak ; the British lines formed within twenty minutes and reversed the advance of the Mughals . According to the British , Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes . But by midday , the battle was over and Shuja - ud - Daula blew up large tumbrils and three massive magazines of gunpowder . Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal Grand Vizier Shuja - ud - Daula the Nawab of Awadh , who responded by blowing up his boat - bridge after crossing the river , thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment . Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of Gemstones and later committed suicide . Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II , who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British . Historian John William Fortescue claimed that the British casualties totalled 847 : 39 killed and 64 wounded from the European regiments and 250 killed , 435 wounded and 85 missing from the East India Company 's sepoys . He also claimed that the three Indian allies suffered 2,000 dead and that many more were wounded . Another source says that there were 69 European and 664 sepoy casualties on the British side and 6,000 casualties on the Mughal side . The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash . Immediately after the battle Munro decided to assist the Marathas , who were described as a `` warlike race '' , well known for their relentless and unwavering hatred towards the Mughal Empire and its Nawabs and the Sultanate of Mysore . Aftermath ( edit ) The British victory at Buxar had `` at one fell swoop , disposed of the three main scions of Moghul power in Upper India . Mir Kasim ( Qasim ) disappeared into an impoverished obscurity . Shah Alam realigned himself with the British , and Shah Shuja ( Shuja - ud - Daula ) fled west hotly pursued by the victors . The whole Ganges valley lay at the Company 's mercy ; Shah Shuja eventually surrendered ; henceforth Company troops became the power - brokers throughout Oudh as well as Bihar '' . Gallery ( edit ) The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II , as a prisoner of the British East India Company , 1781 The Nawab of Bengal , Mir Qasim Shuja - ud - Daula served as the leading Nawab Vizier of the Mughal Empire , he was a lifelong of Shah Alam II . Mirza Najaf Khan Baloch , the commander - in - chief of the Mughal Army . Political map of the Indian Subcontinent in the year 1765 . See also ( edit ) Battle of Plassey References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : History of the Freedom Movement in India ( 1857 -- 1947 ) , p. 2 , at Google Books ^ Jump up to : Fortescue , John William . ( 2004 ) . A History of the British Army : Volume III . p. 102 . The Naval and Military Press . Uckfield , Sussex . ISBN 978 - 1843427155 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Jeremy and Wyse , Liz . ( 1996 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare : Renaissance to Revolution , 1492 - 1792 . p. 160 . The Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521470339 . Jump up ^ Parshotam Mehra ( 1985 ) . A Dictionary of Modern History ( 1707 -- 1947 ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 561552 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sir Edward Cust , Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century , Vol. 3 , p. 113 , at Google Books , Mitchell 's Military Library ( 1858 ) . ISBN 1235663922 Jump up ^ Keay , John . ( 1993 ) . The Honourable Company : A History of the English East India Company . Paperback edition . p. 374 . HarperCollins Publishers . London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 638072 - 6 . External links ( edit ) A detailed description of the Battle of Buxar ( hide ) Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Patna division topics General Azimabad Battle of Buxar Kaimur Range Nalanda Pataliputra Takht Sri Patna Sahib Tourism in Patna Districts Bhojpur Buxar Kaimur Nalanda Patna Rohtas Rivers Ganges Durgavati Karmanasa Punpun Son Dams , barrages Indrapuri Barrage Transport NH 2 NH 30 NH 31 NH 82 NH 83 NH 84 NH 110 Ganga rail -- road bridge Koilwar Bridge Howrah -- Delhi main line Grand Chord Gaya -- Mughalsarai section Bakhtiyarpur -- Tilaiya line Mahatma Gandhi Setu Mokama -- Barauni section Nehru Setu Jawahar Setu Rajendra Setu Railway stations Bakhtiyarpur Junction Barh Bhabua Road Danapur Terminal Dehri - on - Sone Fatuha Junction Gulzarbagh Hathidah Junction Harnaut Khusropur Mokama Junction Patliputra Junction Patna Junction Patna Sahib Rajendra Nagar Terminal Rajgir Lok Sabha constituencies Arrah Buxar Jahanabad Karakat Nalanda Pataliputra Patna Sahib Sasaram See also People from Patna People from Rhotas district Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Buxar&oldid=804642690 '' Categories : British East India Company Battles involving the Mughal Empire Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Battles involving Bengal Battles involving the British East India Company 1764 in India Conflicts in 1764 History of Bihar 1764 in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2017 Bihar articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Use dmy dates from March 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা भोजपुरी Español Esperanto Français हिन्दी മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 08 : 14 . 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one night @ the call center whole story			One night @ the call center	one night @ the call center	One Night @ the Call Center is a novel written by Chetan Bhagat and first published in 2005 . The novel revolves around a group of six call center employees working at the Connexions call center in Gurgaon , Haryana , India . It takes place during one night , during which all of the leading characters confront some aspect of themselves or their lives they would like to change . The story uses a literal deus ex machina , when the characters receive a phone call from God .	The book was the second best - selling novel from the award winning author after Five Point Someone . Contents 1 Plot 2 Translations and Adaptations 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The book begins with a frame story which recounts a train journey from Kanpur to Delhi . During the journey , the narrating author meets a beautiful girl . The girl offers to tell the author a story on the condition that he has to make it his second book . After a lot of hesitation , the author agrees . The story was about six people working in a call center . One night they got a phone - call from God within the story , which comprises the bulk of the book , relates the events that happen one night at a call center . Told through the eyes of the protagonist , Shyam , it is a story of almost lost love , thwarted ambitions , absence of family affection , pressures of a patriarchal set up , an insight on the lifestyle of youth of this country and the work environment of a globalized office . Shyam loves but has lost Priyanka , who is now planning an arranged marriage with another ; Vroom loves Esha . Esha wants to be a model , Radhika is in an unhappy marriage with a demanding mother - in - law , and Military Uncle wants to talk to his grandson ; they all hate Bakshi , their cruel and somehow sadist boss . Claimed to be based on a true story , the author chooses Shyam Mehra ( alias Sam Marcy ) as the narrator and protagonist , who is one among the six call center employees featured . A phone call from God is one of the salient features in the novel . In order to cheer themselves up , all the lead characters of the novel decide to go and enjoy at a night club . After enjoying for a while , they leave for the office . While returning , they face a life - threatening situation when their Qualis crashes into a construction site hanging over a mesh of iron construction rods . As the rods began to yield slowly , they start to panic . They are unable to call for help as there is no mobile phone network at that place , but Shyam 's mobile phone starts ringing . The phone call is from God , who speaks modern English . He speaks to all of them and gives them suggestions to improve their life , and advises them on how to get their vehicle out of the construction site . The conversation with God motivates the group to such an extent that they get ready to face their problems with utmost determination and motivation . Meanwhile Vroom and Shyam hatch a plan to throw Bakshi out of the call center and prevent the closing of Connexions call center , whose employees are to be downsized radically . When they emerge from danger , they have clear - cut goals in their mind . On returning to the call center , they carry out their plans with dexterity . The themes involve the anxieties and insecurities of the rising Indian middle class , including questions about career , inadequacy , marriage , family conflicts in a changing India , and the relationship of the young Indian middle class to both executives and ordinary clients whom they serve in the United States . There is an aspect of self - help in the book as the author invites readers to identify aspects of themselves and their lives that make them angry and that they would like to change . Translations and adaptations ( edit ) This book has been translated into Hindi and is published by Prabhat Prakash . It was translated to Sinhala by Dileepa Jayakody and published in 2009 as ' The book is also adapted for film titled Hello in 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` चेतन भगत की पुस्तकों के हिंदी संस्करणों ने मचाई धूम - Oneindia Hindi '' . Oneindia.in. 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official Website hide Chetan Bhagat Fiction Five Point Someone ( 2004 ) One Night @ the Call Center ( 2005 ) The 3 Mistakes of My Life ( 2008 ) 2 States ( 2009 ) Revolution 2020 ( 2011 ) Half Girlfriend ( 2014 ) One Indian Girl ( 2016 ) Non-fiction What Young India Wants ( 2012 ) Screenplays Hello ( One Night @ the Call Center ) 3 Idiots & Nanban ( Five Point Someone ) Kai Po Che ! ( The 3 Mistakes of My Life ) 2 States Kick Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Night_@_the_Call_Center&oldid=826484439 '' Categories : 2005 Indian novels Indian novels adapted into films Novels set in India Haryanavi culture Gurgaon Rupa & Co. books Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from October 2012 All articles with a promotional tone Articles to be expanded from October 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with peacock terms from October 2012 All articles with peacock terms Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages to import images to Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Night%20%40%20the%20Call%20Center	92,646
where does the name for easter come from	The modern English term Easter , cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern , developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun , - on , or - an ; but also as Ēastru , - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre . The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede , who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ' , translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month , corresponding to April , which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre , in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month '' .		Easter	easter	Easter , also called Pascha ( Greek , Latin ) or Resurrection Sunday , is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead , described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD . It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus , preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ) , a forty - day period of fasting , prayer , and penance .	Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as `` Holy Week '' -- it contains the days of the Easter Triduum , including Maundy Thursday , commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper , as well as Good Friday , commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus . In Western Christianity , Eastertide , or the Easter Season , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks , ending with the coming of the fiftieth day , Pentecost Sunday . In Eastern Christianity , the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day , the Feast of the Ascension . Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun ; rather , its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March , but calculations vary . Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism , as well as by its position in the calendar . In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover . Easter customs vary across the Christian world , and include sunrise services , exclaiming the Paschal greeting , clipping the church , and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ) . The Easter lily , a symbol of the resurrection , traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide . Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting , the Easter Bunny , and Easter parades . There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Theological significance 3 Early Christianity 4 Date 4.1 Computations 4.2 Controversies over the date 4.3 First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) 4.4 Reform of the date 4.5 Table of the dates of Easter 5 Position in the church year 5.1 Western Christianity 5.2 Eastern Christianity 6 Religious observance 6.1 Western Christianity 6.2 Eastern Christianity 7 Non-observing Christian groups 8 Easter celebrations around the world 8.1 Easter eggs 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Easter The modern English term Easter , cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern , developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun , - on , or - an ; but also as Ēastru , - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre . The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede , who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ' , translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month , corresponding to April , which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre , in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month '' . In Latin and Greek , the Christian celebration was , and still is , called Pascha ( Greek : Πάσχα ) , a word derived from Aramaic פסחא ( Paskha ) , cognate to Hebrew פֶּסַח ( Pesach ) . The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover , commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt . As early as the 50s of the 1st century , Paul , writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth , applied the term to Christ , and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus , not just about the Jewish Passover ritual . In most of the non-English speaking world , the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha . Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church , especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration . Theological significance One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus ( Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript , 6th century ) The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus , which Easter celebrates , is a foundation of the Christian faith . The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness . For those who trust in Jesus ' death and resurrection , `` death is swallowed up in victory . '' Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives `` a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead '' . Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation . Easter is linked to Passover and the Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper , sufferings , and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection . According to the New Testament , Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning , as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death . He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed . Paul states , `` Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast -- as you really are . For Christ , our Passover lamb , has been sacrificed '' ; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb . One interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus , as the Passover lamb , was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple , on the afternoon of Nisan 14 . The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain `` between the two evenings '' , that is , at twilight . By the Roman period , however , the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon . Josephus , Jewish War 6.10. 1 / 423 ( `` They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour '' ) . Philo , Special Laws 2.27 / 145 ( `` Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people '' ) . This interpretation , however , is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels . It assumes that text literally translated `` the preparation of the passover '' in John 19 : 14 refers to Nisan 14 ( Preparation Day for the Passover ) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi ( Friday , Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath ) and that the priests ' desire to be ritually pure in order to `` eat the passover '' refers to eating the Passover lamb , not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread . Early Christianity The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples . The early Christians , too , would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus ' death and subsequent resurrection . The first Christians , Jewish and Gentile , were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar . Jewish Christians , the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus , timed the observance in relation to Passover . Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha ( Easter ) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century . Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd - century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis , which characterizes the celebration as a well - established one . Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival , the commemoration of martyrs , begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter . While martyrs ' days ( usually the individual dates of martyrdom ) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar , the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar . This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest , Jewish , period , but does not leave the question free of doubt . The ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom , `` just as many other customs have been established '' , stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival . Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom , he insists the feast itself is universally observed . Date A stained - glass window depicting the Passover Lamb , a concept integral to the foundation of Easter Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts , in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars ( both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons ) . Instead , the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . ( See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter . ) In particular , the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday . This was already the practice almost everywhere . In Western Christianity , using the Gregorian calendar , Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive , within about seven days after the astronomical full moon . The following day , Easter Monday , is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions . Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar . Because of the 13 - day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099 , 21 March corresponds , during the 21st century , to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar . Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar ( the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate ) . Also , because the Julian `` full moon '' is always several days after the astronomical full moon , the eastern Easter is often later , relative to the visible moon 's phases , than western Easter . Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church . Computations Main article : Computus In 725 , Bede succinctly wrote , `` The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter . '' However , this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules . The full moon referred to ( called the Paschal full moon ) is not an astronomical full moon , but the 14th day of a lunar month . Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon , which can fall on 19 , 20 or 21 March , while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March . In applying the ecclesiastical rules , Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter , from which they find the next full moon , etc . The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar . Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning , which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar . In addition , the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days ( sometimes five days ) behind those of the Gregorian calendar . The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian . The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years ( see table ) . Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles . The lunar year consists of 30 - day and 29 - day lunar months , generally alternating , with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle . In each solar year ( 1 January to 31 December inclusive ) , the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29 - day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year . Easter is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month , or , in other words , the Sunday after the paschal lunar month 's 14th day . The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon , although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days . Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive , the paschal full moon ( the 14th of that lunar month ) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive . The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon , and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter . For the British Empire and colonies , a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 with its Annexe . This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation . Controversies over the date Main article : Easter controversy A five - part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story . Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches . The precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention . By the later 2nd century , it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition . The Quartodeciman controversy , the first of several Easter controversies , arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated . The term `` Quartodeciman '' refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar , `` the LORD 's passover '' ( Leviticus 23 : 5 ) . According to the church historian Eusebius , the Quartodeciman Polycarp ( bishop of Smyrna , by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle ) debated the question with Anicetus ( bishop of Rome ) . The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman , while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following ( the Sunday of Unleavened Bread ) , wishing to associate Easter with Sunday . Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other , but they did not consider the matter schismatic either , parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled . Controversy arose when Victor , bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus , attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism . According to Eusebius , a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy , which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday . Polycrates ( circa 190 ) , however , wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism . Victor 's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded , and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others , who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus . Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century , when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius . It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued . But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom , and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall , and setting their festival accordingly . By the later 3rd century , however , some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter . The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox . The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints , for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city ( possibly Antioch ) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions . Because of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar , some Christians began to experiment with independent computations . Others , however , believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue , even if the Jewish computations were in error . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) Main article : First Council of Nicaea This controversy between those who advocated independent computations , and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar , was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common . This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used . Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century : the emperor ... convened a council of 318 bishops ... in the city of Nicea ... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides , and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God 's holy and supremely excellent day . For it was variously observed by people That the older custom ( called `` protopaschite '' by historians ) did not at once die out , but persisted for a time , is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it . Dionysius Exiguus , and others following him , maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter ; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition . In any case , in the years following the council , the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative . It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe , however . The 8 - year cycle originally employed was replaced by ( or by the time of ) Augustalis 's treatise on the measurement of Easter , after which Rome used his 84 - year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457 . It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules . Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons , and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ) , by providing alternative `` Latin '' and `` Greek '' dates in some years , occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued . The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525 . From this time , therefore , all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease , as both churches were using identical tables . Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84 - year cycle . From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive . This 84 - year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries . Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne , when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method . Since 1582 , when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar , the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed . The Greek island of Syros , whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox , is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter , with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date -- a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities . Reform of the date See also : Reform of the date of Easter The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame , just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar -- note that the picture is flash - illuminated ; all electric lighting is off , and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit . ( St. George Greek Orthodox Church , Adelaide ) . In the 20th century , some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter , the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April . Despite having some support , proposals to reform the date have not been implemented . An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops , which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch , met in Constantinople in 1923 , where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar . The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem . However , all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar . The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese . In the United Kingdom , the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April ( or , in other words , the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April ) . However , the legislation has not been implemented , although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches . At a summit in Aleppo , Syria , in 1997 , the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem , while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon . The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches . The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001 , but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body . In January 2016 , Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter , probably either the second or third Sunday in April . Table of the dates of Easter See also : Western vs Eastern dates , in a wider timeframe ( 1998 - 2038 ) The WCC presented comparative data of the relationships : Table of dates of Easter 2001 -- 2025 ( in Gregorian dates ) Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter 8 April 15 April 2002 28 March 31 March 5 May 2003 16 April 17 April 20 April 27 April 5 April 6 April 11 April 2005 25 March 24 April 27 March 1 May 2006 13 April 16 April 23 April 2007 2 April 3 April 8 April 2008 21 March 20 April 23 March 27 April 2009 9 April 12 April 19 April 30 March 4 April 2011 18 April 19 April 24 April 2012 6 April 7 April 8 April 15 April 2013 27 March 26 March 31 March 5 May 2014 15 April 20 April 2015 4 April 5 April 12 April 2016 23 March 23 April 27 March 1 May 2017 11 April 16 April 2018 31 March 1 April 8 April 2019 21 March 20 April 24 March 21 April 28 April 2020 8 April 9 April 12 April 19 April 2021 28 March 4 April 2 May 2022 16 April 17 April 24 April 2023 6 April 9 April 16 April 2024 25 March 23 April 31 March 5 May 2025 13 April 20 April Notes : 1 . Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon . In the Eastern reckoning , that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem . 2 . Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated ( as does Easter in many traditions ) . Position in the Church year Further information : Liturgical year Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Western Christianity In Western Christianity , Easter is preceded by Lent , a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter , which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days ( not counting Sundays ) . The week before Easter , known as Holy Week , is very special in the Christian tradition . The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday , with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday . The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Holy Saturday ( sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday ) . Palm Sunday , Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus ' entry in Jerusalem , the Last Supper and the Crucifixion . Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum ( Latin for `` Three Days '' ) . Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil . The week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter , and each day is prefaced with `` Easter '' , e.g. Easter Monday ( a public holiday in many countries ) , Easter Tuesday ( a much less widespread public holiday ) , etc . Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday after Easter Sunday . The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday . Eastertide , or Paschaltide , the season of Easter , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost , seven weeks later . Eastern Christianity In Eastern Christianity , the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent , which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days ( including Sundays ) . The last week of Great Lent ( following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent ) is called Palm Week , and ends with Lazarus Saturday . The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close , although the fast continues through the following week . After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday , Holy Week , and finally Easter itself , and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy . The Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office , which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night . At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins , consisting of Paschal Matins , Paschal Hours , and Paschal Divine Liturgy . Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning , ensuring its place as the pre-eminent `` Feast of Feasts '' in the liturgical year . The liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints ( the Sunday after Pentecost ) is known as the Pentecostarion ( the `` fifty days '' ) . The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week , during which there is no fasting , even on Wednesday and Friday . The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days , with its Apodosis ( leave - taking ) on the day before Ascension . Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter ( counted inclusively ) . Religious observance Depiction of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ , by Piero della Francesca . Western Christianity This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians . The traditional , liturgical observation of Easter , as practised among Roman Catholics , Lutherans , and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil . This , the most important liturgy of the year , begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire , the lighting of the large Paschal candle ( symbolic of the Risen Christ ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan . Epistle reading , I Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 ( in Latin ) , for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day After this service of light , a number of readings from the Old Testament are read . These tell the stories of creation , the sacrifice of Isaac , the crossing of the Red Sea , and the foretold coming of the Messiah . This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection . At this time , the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung , according to local custom . A sermon may be preached after the gospel . The focus then moves from the lectern to the font . Anciently , Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism , and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion . Whether there are baptisms at this point or not , it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith . This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font . The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil . The Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist ( known in some traditions as Holy Communion ) . Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist : Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle , and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet . Eastern Christianity Icon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th - century Bulgarian artist Easter is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches : This is the Expected and Holy Day , the One among the Sabbaths , the Sovereign and Lady of days , Feast of feasts , Celebration of celebrations , on which we praise Christ for all eternity ! Boris Kustodiev 's Pascha Greetings ( 1912 ) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie ( exchanging a triple kiss ) , with such foods as red eggs , kulich and paskha in the background . Every other religious festival in their calendar , including Christmas , is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority . Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars , and many of their liturgical customs are very similar . This is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored . Instead , these events are all seen as necessary but preliminary to , and illuminated by , the full climax of the Resurrection , in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition . They shine only in the light of the Resurrection . Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ 's ministry on earth -- to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty . This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion , sung repeatedly for forty days , through the Apodosis of Easter , which is the day before Ascension : Χριστὸς ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν , θανάτῳ θάνατον πατήσας , καὶ τοῖς ἐν τοῖς μνήμασι ζωὴν χαρισάμενος . Christ is risen from the dead , Trampling down death by death , And upon those in the tombs Bestowing life ! Preparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent . In addition to fasting , almsgiving , and prayer , Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities , gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday , the most austere day of the year . On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday , the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight ( see paschal vigil ) . Religious Procession in Kursk Province , a controversial painting by Ilya Repin ( 1880 -- 83 ) , depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession . At its completion all light in the church building is extinguished , and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight . Then , a new flame is struck in the altar , or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there , and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants , who then go to light candles held by the congregation ( this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ) . Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple , holding lit candles , chanting : By Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior , the angels in Heaven sing , enable us who are on Earth , to glorify thee in purity of heart . This procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus `` very early in the morning '' . After circling around the temple once or three times , the procession halts in front of the closed doors . In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book . Then , in all traditions , the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors ( which represent the sealed tomb ) . Traditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church . He and the people chant the Paschal Troparion , and all of the bells and semantra are sounded . Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately , followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy . The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins . After the dismissal of the liturgy , the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast . Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal , essentially an agápē dinner ( albeit at 2 : 00 am or later ) . In Greece the traditional meal is mageiritsa , a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg - and - lemon sauce . Traditionally , easter eggs , hard - boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life , are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ . The next morning , Easter Sunday proper , there is no Divine Liturgy , since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated . Instead , in the afternoon `` Agápē Vespers '' is sung . In this service , it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage , to show the universality of the Resurrection . For the remainder of the week , known as `` Bright Week '' , fasting ( other than before holy communion is suppressed , and the customary Paschal greeting is : `` Christ is risen ! '' , to which the response is : `` Truly he is risen ! '' This may also be done in many different languages . The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself , except that they do not take place at midnight , but at their normal times during the day . The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy . Non-observing Christian groups Nonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross , rather than a crucifix , to emphasize the Resurrection . Along with the celebration of Christmas and Advent , many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation , as they were deemed `` pagan '' or `` Popish '' ( and therefore tainted ) by many of the Reformation 's Puritan movements . However , some of the major Reformation Churches and movements ( Lutheran , Methodist and Anglican for example ) , chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions . In Lutheran Churches , for example , not only were the days of Holy Week observed , but also Christmas , Easter and Pentecost were observed with three - day festivals ( the day itself and the two following ) . Other Protestant groups took a different attitude , with most Anabaptists , Quakers , Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination . The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was ( and is ) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 : 14 -- 16 and partly upon a more general belief that , if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible , then that practice / celebration must be a later development and can not be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief -- so at best simply unnecessary , at worst actually sinful . Groups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter , seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the `` Roman '' Catholic Church . Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain a similar view , observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 ( as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar ) . It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply `` The Memorial '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22 : 19 -- 20 and 1 Corinthians 11 : 26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection , and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews . Members of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , as part of their historic testimony against times and seasons , do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays , believing instead that `` every day is the Lord 's day '' , and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days . Some Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy : not marking the day itself , but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates -- the miracle of Christ 's resurrection . In this spirit , these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy , in Christ 's teachings . Hebrew - Christian , Sacred Name , and Armstrong movement churches ( such as the Living Church of God ) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover . This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh - day Sabbath . They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians : `` Let no one ... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath . These are shadows of things to come ; the reality belongs to Christ . '' ( Col. 2 : 16 -- 17 , NAB ) Easter celebrations around the world Main article : Easter customs An Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny In countries where Christianity is a state religion , or where the country has large Christian population , Easter is often a public holiday . As Easter is always a Sunday , many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday . Some retail stores , shopping malls , and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday . Good Friday , which occurs two days before Easter Sunday , is also a public holiday in many countries , as well as in 12 U.S. states . Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday , many financial institutions , stock markets , and public schools are closed . Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter . In the Nordic countries Good Friday , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays , and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . In Denmark , Iceland and Norway Maundy Thursday is also a public holiday . It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half - day . Many businesses give their employees almost a week off , called Easter break . Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday . According to a 2014 poll , 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter , often to a countryside cottage ; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing . In the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays . Like first and second Christmas Day , they are both considered Sundays , which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday , after which the week continues to a Tuesday . Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday , it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies . In Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday , as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday . In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . However , in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday , along with Easter Monday . In the Canadian province of Quebec , either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays ( although most companies give both ) . In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well . In Australia , because of its location in the southern hemisphere , Easter takes place in autumn . Hence , Australian Easter is associated with harvest time , rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere . The religious aspect of Easter remains the same . Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories . `` Easter Saturday '' ( the Saturday before Easter Sunday ) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia , while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales . Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania , varying between award , and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994 . In the United States , because Easter falls on a Sunday , which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees , it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday . Easter parades are held in many American cities , involving festive strolling processions , with the New York City parade being the best known . Easter eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter . Easter eggs Main article : Easter egg The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth . In Christianity it became associated with Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia , who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at his crucifixion . As such , for Christians , the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb . The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs , but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate , or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans . The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift - giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture . Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard - boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy . On Easter Monday , the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children . Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia , the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative . Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries ' folk traditions . A batik - like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate , brilliantly - colored eggs . The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916 . See also Christianity portal Holidays portal Divine Mercy Sunday Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Easter hymns Movable Eastern Christian Observances Regina Coeli Greek words ( wiktionary ) : Πάσχα ( Easter ) vs πάσχα ( Passover ) vs πάσχω ( to suffer ) . Footnotes Jump up ^ Traditional names for the feast in English are `` Easter Day '' , as in the Book of Common Prayer , `` Easter Sunday '' , used by James Ussher ( The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher , Volume 4 ) and Samuel Pepys ( The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Volume 2 ) and plain `` Easter '' , as in books printed in 1575 , 1584 , 1586 Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Greek word Pascha is used for the celebration ; in English , the analogous word is Pasch . Jump up ^ Old English pronunciation : ( ˈæːɑstre , ˈeːostre ) Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 1 ; 12 : 3 ; 20 : 6 ; 27 : 9 , 1 Cor 16 : 8 Jump up ^ Eusebius reports that Dionysius , Bishop of Alexandria , proposed an 8 - year Easter cycle , and quotes a letter from Anatolius , Bishop of Laodicea , that refers to a 19 - year cycle . An 8 - year cycle has been found inscribed on a statue unearthed in Rome in the 17th century , and since dated to the 3rd century . References Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2009 ) . Baptism in the Early Church : History , Theology , and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 351 . ISBN 9780802827487 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . The practices are usually interpreted in terms of baptism at the pasch ( Easter ) , for which compare Tertullian , but the text does not specify this season , only that it was done on Sunday , and the instructions may apply to whenever the baptism was to be performed . ^ Jump up to : Norman Davies ( 20 January 1998 ) . Europe : A History . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060974688 . In most European languages Easter is called by some variant of the late Latin word Pascha , which in turn derives from the Hebrew pesach , passover . Jump up ^ Gamman , Andrew ; Bindon , Caroline ( 11 February 2014 ) . Stations for Lent and Easter . Kereru Publishing Limited . p. 7 . ISBN 9780473276812 . Easter Day , also known as Resurrection Sunday , marks the high point of the Christian year . It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead . Jump up ^ Boda , Mark J. ; Smith , Gordon T. ( 2006 ) . Repentance in Christian Theology . Liturgical Press . p. 316 . ISBN 9780814651759 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Orthodox , Catholic , and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar , calling this holy day `` Resurrection Sunday , '' not Easter . Jump up ^ Bernard Trawicky , Ruth Wilhelme Gregory ( 2000 ) . Anniversaries and Holidays . American Library Association . ISBN 9780838906958 . Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year . It is the oldest and most important Christian feast , celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent . Jump up ^ Aveni , Anthony ( 2004 ) . `` The Easter / Passover Season : Connecting Time 's Broken Circle '' , The Book of the Year : A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517154 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower ( 1 January 2003 ) . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship . Geneva Press . ISBN 9780664502324 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Maundy Thursday ( or le mandé ; Thursday of the Mandatum , Latin , commandment ) . The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet , `` I give you a new commandment '' ( John 13 : 34 ) ; also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet ( John 13 : 14 -- 17 ) . The term mandatum ( maundy ) , therefore , was applied to the rite of foot - washing on this day . Jump up ^ Gail Ramshaw ( 2004 ) . Three Day Feast : Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Easter . Augsburg Books . ISBN 9781451408164 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . In the liturgies of the Three Days , the service for Maundy Thursday includes both , telling the story of Jesus ' last supper and enacting the footwashing . Jump up ^ Leonard Stuart ( 1909 ) . New century reference library of the world 's most important knowledge : complete , thorough , practical , Volume 3 . Syndicate Pub. Co . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Holy Week , or Passion Week , the week which immediately precedes Easter , and is devoted especially to commemorating the passion of our Lord . The Days more especially solemnized during it are Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter '' . Jump up ^ Weiser , Francis X . ( 1958 ) . Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 138435 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` clipping the church '' . Oxford Reference . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780198607663.001. 0001 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Jordan ( 5 April 2000 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . ISBN 9780748753208 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb . The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life , which is going to break out . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life . Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world . ^ Jump up to : The Guardian , Volume 29 . H. Harbaugh. 1878 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Just so , on that first Easter morning , Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb , and left it , as it were , an empty shell . Just so , too , when the Christian dies , the body is left in the grave , an empty shell , but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God . Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a sone , yet it really has life in it ; and also it is like Christ 's dead body , which was raised to life again . This is the reason we use eggs on Easter . ( In olden times they used to color the eggs red , so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died , - a bloody death . ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon Geddes , Jane Griffiths ( 22 January 2002 ) . Christian belief and practice . Heinemann . ISBN 9780435306915 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy . They crack their eggs against each other 's . The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ 's resurrection . Jump up ^ Collins , Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Easter Lily Tradition and History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ . Churches of all denominations , large and small , are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning . Jump up ^ Schell , Stanley ( 1916 ) . Easter Celebrations . Werner & Company . p. 84 . We associate the lily with Easter , as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 -- 1937 . Luther League of America . 1936 . Jump up ^ Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819225757 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . In parts of Europe , the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings . Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day . Jump up ^ The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Walter N. Hering. 1897 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water . In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced , and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I. , which is preserved in the Tower of London , there is an entry of 18d . for 400 eggs , to be used for Easter gifts . Jump up ^ Brown , Eleanor Cooper ( 2010 ) . From Preparation to Passion . ISBN 9781609577650 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make ? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived , and it is a time of renewal . Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too . Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ `` History of Easter '' . The History Channel website . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p . XVIII . ISBN 9789042905702 . The second century equivalent of easter and the paschal Triduum was called by both Greek and Latin writers `` Pascha ( πάσχα ) '' , a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew פֶּסַח , the Passover feast of Ex. 12 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . For while it is from Ephesus that Paul writes , `` Christ our Pascha has been sacrificed for us , '' Ephesian Christians were not likely the first to hear that Ex 12 did not speak about the rituals of Pesach , but the death of Jesus of Nazareth . ^ Jump up to : Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . Welcome to the Church Year : An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819219664 . Easter is still called by its older Greek name , Pascha , which means `` Passover '' , and it is this meaning as the Christian Passover - the celebration of Jesus ' triumph over death and entrance into resurrected life - that is the heart of Easter in the church . For the early church , Jesus Christ was the fulfillment of the Jewish Passover feast : through Jesus , we have been freed from slavery of sin and granted to the Promised Land of everlasting life . Jump up ^ Orthros of Holy Pascha , Stichera : `` Today the sacred Pascha is revealed to us . The new and holy Pascha , the mystical Pascha . The all - venerable Pascha . The Pascha which is Christ the Redeemer . The spotless Pascha . The great Pascha . The Pascha of the faithful . The Pascha which has opened unto us the gates of Paradise . The Pascha which sanctifies all faithful . '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 -- 20 Torrey , Reuben Archer ( 1897 ) . `` The Resurrection of Christ '' . Torrey 's New Topical Textbook . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ( interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection ) `` The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Romans 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Acts 17 : 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 20 -- 26 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 54 -- 57 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ John 1 : 29 , Revelation 5 : 6 , 1 Peter 1 : 19 , 1 Peter 1 : 2 , and the associated notes and Passion Week table in Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 1520 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . pp. 32 , 56 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 18 , John 13 : 2 , John 18 : 28 , John 19 : 14 . Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Jump up ^ John 18 : 28 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 8 Jump up ^ Melito of Sardis . `` Homily on the Pascha '' . Kerux . Northwest Theological Seminary . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Genung , Charles Harvey ( 1904 ) . `` The Reform of the Calendar '' . The North American Review . 179 ( 575 ) : 569 -- 583 . JSTOR 25105305 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 459 : `` ( Easter ) is the only feast of the Christian Year that can plausibly claim to go back to apostolic times ... ( It ) must derive from a time when Jewish influence was effective ... because it depends on the lunar calendar ( every other feast depends on the solar calendar ) . '' Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 5.22 , in Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` The Author 's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter , Baptism , Fasting , Marriage , the Eucharist , and Other Ecclesiastical Rites '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Long before this controversy , Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination . Though before the final decades of the 2nd century only accessible as an exegetical tradition , already in the Pauline letters the Exodus saga is deeply involved with the celebration of bath and meal . Even here , this relationship does not suddenly appear , but represents developments in ritual narrative that mus have begun at the very inception of the Christian message . Jesus of Nazareth was crucified during Pesach - Mazzot , an event that a new covenant people of Jews and Gentiles both saw as definitive and defining . Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual , text , and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea . Jump up ^ Sozomen , Book 7 , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Caroline Wyatt ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Why ca n't the date of Easter be fixed '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Date of Easter . Article from United States Naval Observatory ( 27 March 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Church in Malankara switched entirely to the Gregorian calendar in 1953 , following Encyclical No. 620 from Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I , dt . December 1952 . '' Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church . Retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ Paragraph 7 of Inter gravissimas ISO.org to `` the vernal equinox , which was fixed by the fathers of the ( first ) Nicene Council at XII calends April ( 21 March ) '' . This definition can be traced at least back to chapters 6 & 59 of Bede 's De temporum ratione ( 725 ) . ^ Jump up to : Montes , Marcos J. `` Calculation of the Ecclesiastical Calendar '' Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ G Moyer ( 1983 ) , `` Aloisius Lilius and the ' Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium ' '' , pages 171 -- 188 in G.V. Coyne ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History 5.23 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 6.11 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Of Severian and Antiochus : their Disagreement from John '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History 7.29 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Nestorius of Antioch promoted to the See of Constantinople . His Persecution of the Heretics '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Librar . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.32 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . In Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson , eds. , Ante - Nicene Christian Library , Volume 14 : The Writings of Methodius , Alexander of Lycopolis , Peter of Alexandria , And Several Fragments , Edinburgh , 1869 , p. 326 , at Donaldson , Alexander ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` That Up to the Time of the Destruction of Jerusalem , the Jews Rightly Appointed the Fourteenth Day of the First Lunar Month '' . Gregory Thaumaturgus , Dionysius the Great , Julius Africanus , Anatolius and Minor Writers , Methodius , Arnobius . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ MS Verona , Biblioteca Capitolare LX ( 58 ) folios 79v -- 80v . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford , 2001 , pp. 124 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.20 , 7.31 . Jump up ^ Allen Brent , Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1995 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses , Heresy 69 , 11 , 1 , in Willams , F. ( 1994 ) . The Panarion of Epiphianus of Salamis Books II and III . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Apostolic Canon 7 : `` If any bishop , presbyter , or deacon shall celebrate the holy day of Easter before the vernal equinox with the Jews , let him be deposed . '' A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , Second Series , Volume 14 : The Seven Ecumenical Councils , Eerdmans , 1956 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom , `` Against those who keep the first Passover '' , in Saint John Chrysostom : Discourses against Judaizing Christians , translated by Paul W. Harkins , Washington , D.C. , 1979 , p. 47ff . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 50 -- 52 , 62 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 239 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 808 -- 809 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 870 -- 875 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Easter : A date with God '' . The Economist. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Only in a handful of places do Easter celebrants alter their own arrangements to take account of their neighbours . Finland 's Orthodox Christians mark Easter on the Western date . And on the Greek island of Syros , a Papist stronghold , Catholics and Orthodox alike march to Orthodox time . The spectacular public commemorations , involving flower - strewn funeral biers on Good Friday and fireworks on Saturday night , bring the islanders together , rather than highlighting division . Jump up ^ `` Easter ( holiday ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hieromonk Cassian , A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar , Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies , 1998 , p. 51 -- 52 , ISBN 0 - 911165 - 31 - 2 . Jump up ^ M. Milankovitch , `` Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen '' , Astronomische Nachrichten 200 , 379 -- 384 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Miriam Nancy Shields , `` The new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Popular Astronomy 32 ( 1924 ) 407 -- 411 ( page 411 ) . This is a translation of M. Milankovitch , `` The end of the Julian calendar and the new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Astronomische Nachrichten No. 5279 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hansard Reports , April 2005 , regarding the Easter Act of 1928 '' . United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ WCC : Towards a common date for Easter Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://cathnews.com/cathnews/23940-christian-churches-close-to-deal-to-fix-common-date-for-easter Jump up ^ `` Towards a Common Date for Easter '' . Aleppo , Syria : World Council of Churches ( WCC ) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation ( MECC ) . 10 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Lash , Ephrem ( Archimandrite ) ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` On the Holy and Great Sunday of Pascha '' . Monastery of Saint Andrew the First Called , Manchester , England . Archived from the original on 9 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Sunday '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Otto , Diane L. ( 2007 ) . Guess What I Discovered on the Way to Church ? . Xulon Press . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60266 - 349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Bruce Colin ( 1995 ) . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England . Macmillan , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 31216124 - 8 Jump up ^ Pack , David . `` The True Origin of Easter '' . The Restored Church of God . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easter or the Memorial -- Which Should You Observe ? '' . Watchtower Magazine . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . 1 April 1996 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Careful and Free Inquiry into the True Nature and Tendency of the ... '' Jump up ^ See Quaker Faith & practice of Britain Yearly Meeting , Paragraph 27 : 42 Jump up ^ Quaker life , December 2011 : `` Early Quaker Top 10 Ways to Celebrate ( or Not ) `` the Day Called Christmas '' by Rob Pierson Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Public holidays in Scandinavian countries , for example ; `` Public holidays in Sweden '' . VisitSweden . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . `` Public holidays ( in Denmark ) '' . VisitDenmark . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . Nordea Bank AB . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. '' ( in Danish ) . retsinformation.dk . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mona Langset ( 12 April 2014 ) Nordmenn tar påskeferien i Norge ( in Norwegian ) VG Jump up ^ `` Dutch Easter traditions -- how the Dutch celebrate Easter '' . Dutch Community . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays '' . gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Easter 2016 '' . Public Holidays Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Public holidays , australia.gov.au Jump up ^ Duchak , Alicia ( 2002 ) . An A-Z of Modern America . Rutledge . ISBN 9780415187558 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Symbols and Traditions - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siemaszkiewicz , Wojciech ; Deyrup , Marta Mestrovic ( 8 May 2013 ) . Wallington 's Polish Community . Arcadia Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781439643303 . The tradition of Easter eggs dates back to early Christians in Mesopotamia . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus rose from the grave , promising an eternal life for believers . Jump up ^ Donahoe 's Magazine , Volume 5 . T.B. Noonan. 1881 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter . They were stained red , in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at His crucifixion . The Church adopted the custom , and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection , as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V. , about 1610 , which reads thus : `` Bless , O Lord ! we beseech thee , this thy creature of eggs , that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants , eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord . '' Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity . ) Jump up ^ `` Easter Egg Roll '' . The White House . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ von Solodkoff , A. ( 1989 ) . Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé . Abradale Press . ISBN 9780810980891 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Easter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter . Look up Easter in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Easter Liturgical 50 Catholic Prayers for Easter Liturgical Resources for Easter Holy Pascha : The Resurrection of Our Lord ( Orthodox icon and synaxarion ) Traditions Liturgical Meaning of Holy Week ( Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia ) Easter in the Armenian Orthodox Church Roman Catholic View of Easter ( from the Catholic Encyclopedia ) Easter in Belarus : In Pictures on the official website of the Republic of Belarus Polish Easter Traditions Calculating A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator Julian and Gregorian Easter for any year plus other info Almanac -- The Christian Year Julian or Gregorian Easter and associated festivals for any year Easter Dating Method for calculator Dates for Easter 1583 -- 9999 Orthodox Paschal Calculator Julian Easter and associated festivals in Gregorian calendar 1583 -- 4099 About the Greek Easter and Greek Easter Calculator Orthodox Paschal calculator with technical discussion and full source code in javascript Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Links to related articles Holy Week Palm Sunday Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . 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write the name of the place through which the prime meridian passes			Prime meridian ( Greenwich )	prime meridian ( greenwich )	Coordinates : 51 ° 28 ′ 40.12 '' N 0 ° 00 ′ 05.31 '' W / 51.4778111 ° N 0.0014750 ° W / 51.4778111 ; - 0.0014750	Tourists taking pictures with the Prime Meridian monument Laser projected from the Royal Observatory in Greenwich marking the Prime meridian . A prime meridian , based at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich , in London , England , was established by Sir George Airy in 1851 . By 1884 , over two - thirds of all ships and tonnage used it as the reference meridian on their charts and maps . In October of that year , at the behest of US President Chester A. Arthur , 41 delegates from 25 nations met in Washington , D.C. , United States , for the International Meridian Conference . This conference selected the meridian passing through Greenwich as the official prime meridian due to its popularity . However , France abstained from the vote , and French maps continued to use the Paris meridian for several decades . In the 18th century , London lexicographer Malachy Postlethwayt published his African maps showing the `` Meridian of London '' intersecting the Equator a few degrees west of the later meridian and Accra , Ghana . The plane of the prime meridian is parallel to the local gravity vector at the Airy transit circle ( 51 ° 28 ′ 40.1 '' N 0 ° 0 ′ 5.3 '' W / 51.477806 ° N 0.001472 ° W / 51.477806 ; - 0.001472 ( Airy Transit ) ) of the Greenwich observatory . The prime meridian was therefore long symbolised by a brass strip in the courtyard , now replaced by stainless steel , and since 16 December 1999 , it has been marked by a powerful green laser shining north across the London night sky . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receivers show that the marking strip for the prime meridian at Greenwich is not exactly at zero degrees , zero minutes , and zero seconds but at approximately 5.3 seconds of arc to the west of the meridian ( meaning that the meridian appears to be 102.478 metres east ) . In the past , this offset has been attributed to the establishment of reference meridians for space - based location systems such as WGS 84 ( which GPS relies on ) or that errors gradually crept into the International Time Bureau timekeeping process . The actual reason for the discrepancy is that the marking strip is indeed at astronomical longitude zero degrees , zero minutes , and zero seconds -- but GPS receivers show geodetic longitude , which equalises the higher mass , otherwise seen , of the eastern hemisphere ( specifically per Standard ITRF / WGS 84 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The meridian today 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Before the establishment of a common meridian , most maritime countries established their own prime meridian , usually passing through the country in question . In 1721 , Great Britain established its own meridian passing through an early transit circle at the newly established Royal Observatory at Greenwich . The meridian was moved around 10 metres or so east on three occasions as transit circles with newer and better instruments were built , on each occasion next door to the existing one . This was to allow uninterrupted observation during each new construction . The final meridian was established as an imaginary line from the north pole to the south pole passing through the Airy transit circle . This became Great Britain 's meridian in 1851 . For all practical purposes of the period , the changes as the meridian was moved went unnoticed . Transit instruments are installed to be perpendicular to the local level ( which is a plane perpendicular to a plumb line ) . In 1884 , the International Meridian Conference took place to establish an internationally recognised single meridian . The meridian chosen was that which passed through the Airy transit circle at Greenwich and it became the prime meridian . At around the time of this conference , scientists were making measurements to determine the deflection of the vertical on a large scale . One might expect that plumb lines set up in various locations , if extended downward , would all pass through a single point , the centre of the Earth , but this is not the case , primarily due to the Earth being an ellipsoid , not a sphere . The downward extended plumb lines do n't even all intersect the rotation axis of the Earth ; this much smaller effect is due to the uneven distribution of the Earth 's mass . To make computations feasible , scientists defined ellipsoids of revolution ; a given ellipsoid would be a good compromise for measurements in a given area , such as a country or continent . The difference between the direction of a plumb line or vertical , and a line perpendicular to the surface of the ellipsoid of revolution -- a normal to said ellipsoid -- at a particular observatory , is the deflection of the vertical . A GPS receiver at the marking strip of the prime meridian . The indicated longitude is not exactly zero because the geodetic zero meridian on a geocentric reference ellipsoid ( which is what GPS positioning yields ) is 102.478 metres east of this strip . When the Airy transit circle was built , a mercury basin was used to align the telescope to the perpendicular . Thus the circle was aligned with the local vertical or plumb line , which is deflected slightly from the normal , or line perpendicular , to the reference ellipsoid used to define geodetic latitude and longitude in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame ( which is nearly the same as the WGS - 84 system used by GPS ) . While the local vertical defined at the Airy transit circle still points to the modern celestial meridian ( the intersection of the prime meridian plane with the celestial sphere ) , it does not pass through the Earth 's rotation axis . As a result of this , the ITRF zero meridian , defined by a plane passing through the Earth 's rotation axis , is 102.478 metres to the east of the prime meridian . A 2015 analysis by Malys et al. shows the offset between the Airy transit circle and the ITRF / WGS 84 meridians can be explained by this deflection of the vertical alone ; other possible sources of the offset that have been proposed in the past are smaller than the current uncertainty in the deflection of the vertical near the observatory . The astronomical longitude of the Greenwich prime meridian was found to be 0.19 '' ± 0.47 '' East , i.e. the plane defined by the local vertical on the Greenwich prime meridian and the plane passing through the Earth 's rotation axis on the ITRF zero meridian are effectively parallel . However , the claim , found , e.g. , in a BBC article that this difference between astronomical and geodetic coordinates means that any measurements of transit time across the IRTF zero meridian will occur 0.352 seconds ( or 0.353 sidereal seconds ) before the transit across the `` intended meridian '' is based on a failure of understanding . The explanation by Malys et al. on the other hand is both lucid and correct . The meridian today ( edit ) As of 2018 the Greenwich meridian passes through : United Kingdom , France , Spain , Algeria , Mali , Burkina Faso , Togo , Ghana , Queen Maud Land in Antarctica . See also ( edit ) Greenwich Mean Time IERS Reference Meridian United Kingdom Ordnance Survey Zero Meridian Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Voting took place on 13 October and the resolutions were adopted on 22 October 1884 . Jump up ^ Astronomical longitude is influenced by local gravity anomalies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ROG Learning Team ( 23 August 2002 ) . `` The Prime Meridian at Greenwich '' . Royal Museums Greenwich . Royal Museums Greenwich . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Howse 1997 , pp. 12 , 137 . Jump up ^ Malachy Postlethwayt. ( 1774 ) Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce . ( 4th edition ) London : W. Strahan , J. & F. Rivington . Vol. 1 `` A New and Correct Map of the Coast of Africa '' . ^ Jump up to : Malys , Stephen ; Seago , John H. ; Palvis , Nikolaos K. ; Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ; Kaplan , George H. ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Why the Greenwich meridian moved '' . Journal of Geodesy . doi : 10.1007 / s00190 - 015 - 0844 - y . Jump up ^ `` The Greenwich Meridian '' . Jump up ^ Dracup , Joseph F. ( 8 June 2006 ) . `` Geodetic Surveys in the United States , the Beginning and the Next 100 Years '' . NOAA History : A Science Odyssey . Jump up ^ Geodesy for the Layman ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) ( 5th ed . ) . National Ocean Service . December 1983 . pp. 6 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists explain why Greenwich Meridian line is in ' wrong place ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 17 . Howse , Derek ( 1997 ) . Greenwich Time and the Longitude . Phillip Wilson . ISBN 0 - 85667 - 468 - 0 . ASIN 0948065265 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime meridian . `` Where the Earth 's surface begins -- and ends '' , Popular Mechanics , December 1930 International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian at Project Gutenberg A pictorial catalogue of meridian markers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_meridian_(Greenwich)&oldid=847229199 '' Categories : Named meridians Geography of the Royal Borough of Greenwich 1884 establishments in the British Empire English inventions Prime meridians 1851 establishments in the United Kingdom 1721 establishments in Great Britain Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata EngvarB from October 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 20 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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where is lord of the rings based on	Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire is explicitly stated by Tolkien to have been based on the industrialization of England . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were influenced by the Iron Age and Roman mineral workings and remains which Tolkien saw in 1929 when working with archaeologists Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler at Lydney Park in the Forest of Dean ; or alternatively were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where he frequently stayed during the 1940s .		J.R.R. Tolkien 's influences	j. r. r. tolkien's influences	While highly creative , the fiction of J.R.R. Tolkien was influenced by a number of sources . Tolkien was inspired by his academic fields of philology and early Germanic literature , especially poetry and mythology , as well as a wide range of other beliefs , culture , and experiences .	Contents ( hide ) 1 The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings 1.1 Religious influences 1.2 Nordic influences 1.3 Old and Middle English influences 1.4 Other mythological and linguistic influences 1.5 Modern literary influences 1.6 Wagnerian influences 1.7 Personal experience 1.8 Contemporary warfare 2 The Silmarillion 2.1 Finnish mythology 2.2 Norse mythology 2.3 Slavic Mythology 2.4 Greek mythology 2.5 Christianity 2.6 Celtic mythology 2.7 Arthurian legends 3 Footnotes 4 References The Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings ( edit ) Main articles : The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings The Hobbit Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre High fantasy , Adventure novel Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 21 September 1937 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 310 pp ( first edition ) The Lord of the Rings Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre High fantasy , Adventure novel , Heroic romance Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 1954 and 1955 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 1216 pp ( total pages ) Preceded by The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings is a sequel to The Hobbit and so shares influences with it . At the same time , it is a novel which is much greater in scale and scope and so encompasses many other influences as well . Religious influences ( edit ) Tolkien once described The Lord of the Rings to his friend , the English Jesuit Father Robert Murray , as `` a fundamentally religious and Catholic work , unconsciously so at first , but consciously in the revision . '' Many theological themes underlie the narrative , including the battle of good versus evil , the triumph of humility over pride , and the activity of grace , as seen with Frodo 's pity toward Gollum . In addition the epic includes the themes of death and immortality , mercy and pity , resurrection , salvation , repentance , self - sacrifice , free will , justice , fellowship , authority and healing . Tolkien mentions the Lord 's Prayer , especially the line `` And lead us not into temptation but deliver us from evil '' in connection with Frodo 's struggles against the power of the One Ring . Tolkien has also said `` Of course God is in The Lord of the Rings . The period was pre-Christian , but it was a monotheistic world '' and when questioned who was the One God of Middle - earth , Tolkien replied `` The one , of course ! The book is about the world that God created -- the actual world of this planet . '' Nordic influences ( edit ) Tolkien was heavily influenced by Nordic / Norse mythology . During his education at King Edward 's School in Birmingham , the then young Tolkien read and translated from the Old Norse on his own time . One of his first Nordic purchases was the Völsunga saga . It is known that while a student , Tolkien read the only available English translation of the Völsunga saga , that by William Morris of the Victorian Arts and Crafts Movement and Icelandic scholar Eiríkur Magnússon . The Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied were coeval texts made with the use of the same ancient sources . Both of them provided some of the basis for Richard Wagner 's opera series , Der Ring des Nibelungen , featuring in particular a magical golden ring and a broken sword reforged . In the Völsungasaga , these items are respectively Andvarinaut and Gram , and they correspond broadly to the One Ring and the sword Narsil ( reforged as Andúril ) . The Volsunga Saga also gives various names found in Tolkien . Tolkien wrote a book entitled The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún , in which he discusses the saga in relation to the myth of Sigurd and Gudrún . Tolkien 's Elves and Dwarves are by and large based on Norse and related Germanic mythologies Two sources that contain accounts of elves and dwarves that were of interest to Tolkien were the Prose Edda and the Elder or Poetic Edda . The descriptions of elves and dwarves in these works are ambiguous and contradictory , however . Within the contents of the Völuspá , specifically in stanza 9 , the creation of Dwarves predates Man , which is precisely the formula Tolkien uses for Middle - earth . The names of Gandalf and the dwarves in The Hobbit were taken from the `` Dvergatal '' in the Elder Edda and the `` Gylfaginning '' in the Prose Edda . The figure of Gandalf is particularly influenced by the Norse deity Odin in his incarnation as `` The Wanderer '' , an old man with one eye , a long white beard , a wide brimmed hat , and a staff . Tolkien , in a letter of 1946 , nearly a decade after the character was invented , wrote that he thought of Gandalf as an `` Odinic wanderer '' . Much like Odin , Gandalf promotes justice , knowledge , truth , and insight . The Balrog and the collapse of the Bridge of Khazad - dûm in Moria , is a direct parallel of the fire giant Surt and the destruction of Asgard 's bridge in Norse myth . Old and Middle English influences ( edit ) Tolkien was a Professor of Old English / Anglo - Saxon and Middle English language and literature , and this literature , particularly Beowulf , influenced his own writings . As Tolley tells us in his Old English Influences on The Lord of the Rings , the ideas of heroism and masculinity that inform the character of Beowulf , can also be seen in Aragorn . Both Aragorn and Beowulf have questionable family lines , and both take on kingship only for the good of the people . Other themes , such as the conversation in The Hobbit between Bilbo Baggins and Smaug the dragon , as well as the antagonism created by the mere mention of gold and even the concept of riddles , are also reflected in Beowulf . Tolkien also based the people of Rohan , the Rohirrim , on the historical Anglo - Saxons , giving them Anglo - Saxon names , customs , and poetry . The Anglo - Saxon poem , `` The Wanderer , '' is paraphrased by Aragorn as an example of Rohirric verse . Another major influence on Tolkien is riddle poetry from Anglo - Saxon England . Some of the oldest surviving Old English manuscripts contain riddle poems , such as the Leiden Riddle in the Leiden MS . The contest between Bilbo and Gollum is a good example of this . Other mythological and linguistic influences ( edit ) Finnish mythology and more specifically the Finnish national epic Kalevala were also acknowledged by Tolkien as an influence on Middle - earth . In a manner similar to The Lord of the Rings , the Kalevala centres around a magical item of great power , the Sampo , which bestows great fortune on its owner , but never makes clear its exact nature . Like the One Ring , the Sampo is fought over by forces of good and evil , and is ultimately lost to the world as it is destroyed towards the end of the story . In another parallel , the work 's wizard character , Väinämöinen , is similar to Gandalf in his immortal origins and wise nature , and both works end with the wizard character departing on a ship to lands beyond the mortal world . Tolkien also based elements of his Elvish language Quenya on Finnish . The extent of Celtic influence is debatable . Tolkien wrote that he gave the Elvish language Sindarin `` a linguistic character very like ( though not identical with ) British - Welsh ... because it seems to fit the rather ' Celtic ' type of legends and stories told of its speakers '' . A number of the names of characters and places in The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings have been found to have Welsh origin . In addition , the depiction of elves has been described as deriving from Celtic mythology . Though Tolkien denied the influence of Arthurian legends , several parallels have been drawn . Gandalf has been compared with Merlin , Frodo and Aragorn with Arthur , Galadriel with the Lady of the Lake . Modern Literary influences ( edit ) Tolkien was also influenced by more modern literature . The Ent attack on Isengard was inspired by `` Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane '' in Shakespeare 's Macbeth . Charles Dickens ' The Pickwick Papers has likewise been shown to have reflections in Tolkien . One of the greatest influences on Tolkien was the Arts and Crafts polymath William Morris . Tolkien wished to imitate Morris 's prose and poetry romances , along with the general style and approach ; he took elements such as the Dead Marshes in The Lord of the Rings and Mirkwood in The Hobbit from Morris . He was also influenced by the modern fantasy author George MacDonald , who wrote The Princess and the Goblin . Books by the Inkling author Owen Barfield are also known to have contributed to his world - view , particularly The Silver Trumpet ( 1925 ) , History in English Words ( 1926 ) and Poetic Diction ( 1928 ) . Edward Wyke - Smith 's Marvellous Land of Snergs , with its `` table - high '' title characters , strongly influenced the incidents , themes , and depiction of Bilbo 's race in The Hobbit . The character George Babbitt from Babbitt was another inspiration for hobbits . In his biography of Tolkien , Carpenter notes that in the limited amount of time Tolkien could apply to the reading of fiction , he `` preferred the lighter contemporary novels '' . The stories of John Buchan are listed as an example . Critics such as Hooker have detailed the resonances between the two authors . Another contemporary adventure novel , H. Rider Haggard 's She , was acknowledged by Tolkien in an interview : `` I suppose as a boy She interested me as much as anything -- like the Greek shard of Amyntas ( Amenartas ) , which was the kind of machine by which everything got moving . '' A supposed facsimile of this potsherd appeared in Haggard 's first edition , and the ancient inscription it bore , once translated , led the English characters to She 's ancient kingdom . Critics have compared this device to the Testament of Isildur in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's efforts to produce as an illustration a realistic page from the Book of Mazarbul . Critics starting with Edwin Muir have found resemblances between Haggard 's romances and Tolkien 's . Verne 's Runic Cryptogram from Journey to the Center of the Earth Tolkien scholar Mark T. Hooker has catalogued a series of parallels between The Hobbit and Jules Verne 's Journey to the Center of the Earth . These include , among other things , a hidden runic message and a celestial alignment that direct the adventurers to the goals of their quests . Tolkien wrote of being impressed as a boy by Samuel Rutherford Crockett 's historical novel The Black Douglas and of basing the Necromancer -- Sauron -- on its villain , Gilles de Retz . Incidents in both The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings are similar in narrative and style to the novel , and its overall style and imagery have been suggested as having had an influence on Tolkien . Tolkien wrote that stories about `` Red Indians '' were his favourites as a boy . Shippey mentions Tolkien 's interest in the primeval forests and people of North America , and speculates that the romantic descriptions of characters in James Fenimore Cooper might have influenced his descriptions of Aragorn and Éomer . Though he read many of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' books , he denied that the Barsoom novels influenced his giant spiders : `` I did read many of Edgar Rice Burroughs ' earlier works , but I developed a dislike for his Tarzan even greater than my distaste for spiders . Spiders I had met long before Burroughs began to write , and I do not think he is in any way responsible for Shelob . At any rate I retain no memory of the Siths or the Apts . '' Wagnerian influences ( edit ) Some critics have suggested that The Lord of the Rings was directly and heavily derived from Richard Wagner 's opera cycle , Der Ring des Nibelungen , whose plot also centres on a powerful ring . Others have argued that any similarity is due to the common influence of the Volsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied on both authors . Tolkien sought to dismiss critics ' direct comparisons to Wagner , telling his publisher , `` Both rings were round , and there the resemblance ceases . '' According to Humphrey Carpenter 's biography of Tolkien , the author claimed to hold Wagner 's interpretation of the relevant Germanic myths in contempt , even as a young man before reaching university . Some researchers take an intermediate position : that both the authors used the same sources , but that Tolkien was influenced by Wagner 's development of the mythology , especially the `` concept of the Ring as giving the owner mastery of the world that was Wagner 's own contribution to the myth of the Ring '' . Wagner probably developed this element by combining the ring with a magical wand mentioned in the Nibelungenlied that could give to its wearer the control `` over the race of men '' . In addition , the corrupting power of Tolkien 's One Ring has a central role in Wagner 's operas but was not present in the mythical sources . Some argue that Tolkien 's denial of a Wagnerian influence was an over-reaction to the statements of Åke Ohlmarks , Tolkien 's Swedish translator , who in the introduction to his much - criticized translation of The Lord of the Rings `` mixed material from various legends , some which mention no ring and one which concerns a totally different ring '' . Furthermore , critics believe that Tolkien was reacting against the links between Wagner 's work and Nazism . Personal experience ( edit ) Some locations and characters were inspired by Tolkien 's childhood in Birmingham , where he first lived near Sarehole Mill , and later near Edgbaston Reservoir . There are also hints of the Black Country , which is within easy reach of north west Edgbaston . This shows in such names as `` Underhill '' , and the description of Saruman 's industrialization of Isengard and The Shire is explicitly stated by Tolkien to have been based on the industrialization of England . It has also been suggested that The Shire and its surroundings were influenced by the Iron Age and Roman mineral workings and remains which Tolkien saw in 1929 when working with archaeologists Tessa and Mortimer Wheeler at Lydney Park in the Forest of Dean ; or alternatively were based on the countryside around Stonyhurst College in Lancashire where he frequently stayed during the 1940s . Contemporary warfare ( edit ) The Lord of the Rings was crucially influenced by Tolkien 's experiences during World War I and his son 's during World War II . After the publication of The Lord of the Rings these influences led to speculation that the One Ring was an allegory for the nuclear bomb . Tolkien , however , repeatedly insisted that his works were not an allegory of any kind . He states in the foreword to The Lord of the Rings that he disliked allegories and that the story was not one . Instead he preferred what he termed `` applicability '' , the freedom of the reader to interpret the work in the light of his or her own life and times . Tolkien had already completed most of the book , including the ending in its entirety , before the first nuclear bombs were made known to the world at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 . Bedeviled , a book by Lewis / Tolkien scholar Colin Duriez , discusses in more depth how the World Wars and concepts of evil and suffering influenced the writings of Tolkien and his literary group , the Inklings . The Silmarillion ( edit ) Main article : The Silmarillion The Silmarillion 1977 George Allen & Unwin hardback edition . Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Alternate history , Fantasy Publisher Allen & Unwin Publication date 1977 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 365 ISBN 0 - 04 - 823139 - 8 The Silmarillion is a complex work exhibiting the influence of many sources . Finnish mythology ( edit ) A major influence was the Finnish epic Kalevala , especially the tale of Kullervo . Tolkien admitted that he had been `` greatly affected '' by Finnish mythologies , and even credited Kullervo 's story with being the `` germ of ( his ) attempt to write legends '' . Tolkien attempted to rework the story of Kullervo into a story of his own , and though he never finished , similarities to the story can still be seen in the tale of Túrin Turambar . Both are tragic heroes who accidentally commit incest with their sister who on finding out kills herself by leaping into water . Both heroes later kill themselves after asking their sword if it will slay them , which it confirms . Norse mythology ( edit ) Similarly , the Valar also contain elements of Norse mythology . Several of the Valar have characteristics resembling various Æsir , the gods of Asgard . Thor , for example , physically the strongest of the gods , can be seen both in Oromë , who fights the monsters of Melkor , and in Tulkas , the physically strongest of the Valar . Manwë , the head of the Valar , exhibits some similarities to Odin , the `` Allfather '' . The division between the Calaquendi ( Elves of Light ) and Moriquendi ( Elves of Darkness ) also echoes Norse mythology , which has its own Light elves and Dark elves . The Light elves of Norse mythology are associated with the gods , much as the Calaquendi are associated with the Valar . also the werewolves seem to be inspired by werewolves from Völsunga saga as well as Fenris the Warg Slavic mythology ( edit ) There are numerous sources from Slavic mythology found in J.R.R. Tolkien 's novels . An example is the Istar ( wizard ) named Radagast and his home at Rhosgobel ; both are usually taken to have Slavic sources from the Slavic god , Rodegast , a god of the Sun , war , hospitality , fertility , and harvest . Rhovanion was , also , a name from Slavic origin . The Anduin River , from which `` Anduin '' was the Sindarin name for The Great River of Wilderland , is said to have similar sources related to the Danube River , from which the river flows mainly among the Slavic people and played an important role in their folklore . Greek mythology ( edit ) Influence from Greek mythology is also apparent . The island of Númenor , for example , recalls Atlantis . Tolkien 's Elvish name `` Atalantë '' for Númenor resembles Plato 's Atlantis furthering the illusion that his mythology simply extends the history and mythology of the real world . In his Letters , however , Tolkien described this merely as a `` curious chance . '' Greek mythology also colours the Valar , who borrow many attributes from the Olympian gods . The Valar , like the Olympians , live in the world , but on a high mountain , separated from mortals ; Ulmo , Lord of the Waters , owes much to Poseidon , and Manwë , the Lord of the Air and King of the Valar , to Zeus . But the correspondences are only approximate ; Tolkien borrows ideas from Greek mythology , but does not model the Valar and Maiar on Greek deities . Tolkien also compared Beren and Lúthien with Orpheus and Eurydice with the gender roles reversed . Tolkien has compared Túrin in the Children of Húrin to Oedipus among other mythological figures : There is the Children of Húrin , the tragic tale of Túrin Turambar and his sister Níniel -- of which Túrin is the hero : a figure that might be said ( by people who like that sort of thing , though it is not very useful ) to be derived from elements in Sigurd the Volsung , Oedipus , and the Finnish Kullervo . Fëanor has been compared with Prometheus by researchers such as Verlyn Flieger . They share a symbolical and literal association with fire , are both rebels against gods 's decrees and , basically , inventors of artefacts that were sources of light , or vessels to divine flame . Christianity ( edit ) The Bible and traditional Christian narrative also influenced The Silmarillion . Tolkien was a devout Roman Catholic . The conflict between Melkor and Eru Ilúvatar parallels that between Satan and God . Further , The Silmarillion tells of the creation and fall of the Elves , as Genesis tells of the creation and fall of Man . As with all of Tolkien 's works , The Silmarillion allows room for later Christian history , and one version of Tolkien 's drafts even has Finrod , a character in The Silmarillion , speculating on the necessity of Eru 's ( God 's ) eventual Incarnation to save Mankind . A specifically Christian influence is the notion of the Fall of man , which influenced the Ainulindalë , the Kinslaying at Alqualondë , and the fall of Númenor . Celtic mythology ( edit ) Though Tolkien wrote of `` a certain distaste '' for Celtic legends , `` largely for their fundamental unreason '' , The Silmarillion may betray some Celtic influence . The exile of the Noldorin Elves , for example , has parallels with the story of the Tuatha Dé Danann . The Tuatha Dé Danann semi-divine beings , invaded Ireland from across the sea , burning their ships when they arrived and fighting a fierce battle with the current inhabitants . The Noldor arrived in Middle - earth from Valinor and burned their ships , then turned to fight Melkor . Another parallel can be seen between the loss of a hand by Maedhros , son of Fëanor , and the similar mutilation suffered by Nuada Airgetlám ( `` Silver Hand / Arm '' ) during the battle with the Firbolg . Nuada received a hand made of silver to replace the lost one , and his later appellation has the same meaning as the Elvish name Celebrimbor : `` silver fist '' or `` Hand of silver '' in Sindarin ( Telperinquar in Quenya ) . Another similarity between the Silmarillion and the Lebor Gabála Érenn can be seen by comparing Nuada and Lugh ( who possessed a famed magic spear , the Spear Luin ) and the outcome of their respective confrontations against Balor of the Evil Eye with the events surrounding Celebrimbor and Gil - galad ( whose weapon is the spear Aeglos ) and their conflicts with Sauron of the Lidless Red Eye in the Second Age . Other authors , such as Donald O'Brien , Patrick Wynne and Carl Hostetter , Tom Shippey , David Day have pointed out the similarities between Beren and Lúthien , one of the main storylines of the Silmarillion , and Culhwch and Olwen , one the tales collected in the Welsh Mabinogion . In both , the male heroes make rash promises after having been stricken by the beauty of non-mortal maidens ; both enlist the aid of great kings , Arthur and Finrod ; both show rings that prove their identities ; both are set impossible tasks that include , directly or indirectly , the hunting and killing of ferocious beasts ( the wild boars , Twrch Trwyth and Ysgithrywyn , and the wolf Carcharoth ) with the help of a supernatural hound ( Cafall and Huan ) . Both maidens possess such beauty that flowers grow beneath their feet when they come to meet the heroes for the first time , as if they were living embodiments of spring . The Mabinogion itself was part of the Red Book of Hergest , which the Red Book of Westmarch probably imitates . Arthurian legends ( edit ) The Arthurian legends are part of the cultural heritage appearing in Celtic and Welsh mythology . Though Tolkien denied this influence , several parallels between the legends and Tolkien 's stories have been found by numerous specialists . Verlyn Flieger , in particular , has investigated the correlations at length and has studied their numerous parallels with Tolkien 's creative methods . Flieger points out visible correspondences such as Avalon and Avallónë and Broceliande and Broceliand , the original name of Beleriand . Tolkien himself said that Frodo and Bilbo 's departure to Tol Eressëa ( also called `` Avallon '' in the Legendarium ) was an `` Arthurian ending '' . Such correlations are discussed in the posthumously published The Fall of Arthur , which includes an entire section , `` The Connection to the Quenta '' , on Tolkien 's treatment of Arthurian material and its influence on The Silmarillion . Another parallel is the tale of Sir Balin in the Arthurian Legend with that of Túrin Turambar . Though Balin knows he wields an accursed sword , he nevertheless continues his quest to regain King Arthur 's favour ; yet he unintentionally causes misery wherever he goes . Fate eventually catches up with him when he unwittingly kills his own brother , who in turn mortally wounds him . Similarly , Turin accidentally kills his friend Beleg with his sword . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 142 ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 181 Jump up ^ `` JRR Tolkien : ' Film my books ? It 's easier to film The Odyssey ' '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Nancy Marie ( 2012 ) . Song of the Vikings . London : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ Byock 1990 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1978 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography . London : Allen & Unwin . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Morris , William ; Magnússon , Eiríkur , eds. ( 1870 ) . Völsunga Saga : The Story of the Volsungs and Niblungs , with Certain Songs from the Elder Edda . London : F.S. Ellis . p. xi . Jump up ^ Evans , Johnathan . `` The Dragon Lore of Middle - earth : Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition '' . In Clark & Timmons 2000 , pp. 24 , 25 Jump up ^ Simek 2005 , pp. 163 -- 165 Jump up ^ Simek 2005 , pp. 165 , 173 ^ Jump up to : Shippey 2000 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2005 ) ( 1982 ) . The Road to Middle - earth ( 3rd ed . ) . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10275 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , Chapter 2 . ^ Jump up to : Drout , Michael D.C. ( 2007 ) . J.R.R. TolkienEncyclopedia : Scholarship and Critical Assessment . Taylor & Francis Group , LLC . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96942 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Chance 2004 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Burns , Marjorie J. ( 1991 ) . `` Echoes of William Morris 's Icelandic Journals in J.R.R. Tolkien '' . Studies in Medievalism. 3 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Tolley , Clive. `` Old English Influences on The Lord of the Rings '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon ( Old English ) ( Retrieved 26 June 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Handwerk , Brian ( 1 March 2004 ) . `` Lord of the Rings Inspired by an Ancient Epic '' . National Geographic News . National Geographic Society . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 4 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural and Linguistic Conservation '' . Retrieved 16 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienæum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . pp. 159 -- 166 . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 144 Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2012 ) . Tolkien and Welsh ( Tolkien a Chymraeg ) . Llyfrawr . ISBN 1477667733 . Jump up ^ Gunnell , Terry ( 13 September 2002 ) . `` Tívar in a timeless land : Tolkien 's Elves '' . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jardillier , Claire ( 2003 ) . `` Tolkien under the influence : Arthurian Legends in The Lord of the Rings '' . Bulletin des Anglicistes Médiévistes , Bulletin de l'Association des Médiévistes Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur ( 63 ) : 57 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Riga , Frank P. ( 22 September 2008 ) . `` Gandalf and Merlin : J.R.R. Tolkien 's Adoption and Transformation of a Literary Tradition '' . Mythlore . Jump up ^ Carter , Susan ( 22 March 2007 ) . `` Galadriel and Morgan le Fey : Tolkien 's redemption of the lady of the lacuna '' . Mythlore . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , pp. 33 -- 44 Jump up ^ Dunstall , Eadmund . `` Orthodoxy in the Shire -- A Tribute to JRR Tolkien '' . Orthodox England . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mural.uv.es/igpasmon/TolkmythB.htm Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography , Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05702 - 1 Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 117 -- 122 `` The Leaf Mold of Tolkien 's Mind '' Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 1 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 226 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1937 ) , Douglas A. Anderson , ed. , The Annotated Hobbit , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 2002 ) , p. 183 , note 10 , ISBN 0 - 618 - 13470 - 0 Jump up ^ Anderson , The Annotated Hobbit ( 1988 ) , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Peter Gilliver ; Jeremy Marshall ; Edmund Weiner ( 23 July 2009 ) . The Ring of Words : Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary . OUP Oxford . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956836 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1978 ) . Tolkien : A Biography . Ballantine Books . p. 184 . Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark T. , `` Reading John Buchan in Search of Tolkien , '' Tolkien and the Study of His Sources , McFarland ( 2011 ) , Fisher , Jason ( ed . ) , pp. 162 -- 192 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6482 - 1 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Henry ( 1967 ) . `` An Interview with Tolkien '' . Niekas : 37 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dale J. ( 2006 ) . `` Haggard 's She : Burke 's Sublime in a popular romance '' . Mythlore ( Winter -- Spring ) . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Muir , Edwin ( 1988 ) . The Truth of Imagination : Some Uncollected Reviews and Essays . Aberdeen University Press . p. 121 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036392 - X . Jump up ^ Lobdell 2004 , pp. 5 -- 6 Jump up ^ Rogers , William N. , II ; Underwood , Michael R. `` Gagool and Gollum : Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon 's Mines and The Hobbit '' . In Clark & Timmons 2000 , pp. 121 -- 132 Jump up ^ Stoddard , William H. ( July 2003 ) . `` Galadriel and Ayesha : Tolkienian Inspiration ? '' . Franson Publications . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 123 -- 152 `` Frodo Quatermain , '' `` Tolkien and Haggard : Immortality , '' `` Tolkien and Haggard : The Dead Marshes '' Jump up ^ Hooker , Mark ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienaeum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . pp. 1 -- 12 . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , p. 391 , quoted by Lobdell 2004 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Anderson , The Annotated Hobbit ( 1988 ) , 150 Jump up ^ Lobdell 2004 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Shippey 2000 , pp. 127 , 347 -- 348 Jump up ^ Edgar Rice Burroughs : Master of Adventure Jump up ^ The Ring and the Rings . Alex Ross . Posted 15 December 2003 . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle Earth , p. 296 Jump up ^ St. Clair , Gloriana . `` Tolkien 's Cauldron : Northern Literature and The Lord of The Rings '' . CMU Libraries . Carnegie Mellon University . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1977 ) , Tolkien : A Biography , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 0 - 04 - 928037 - 6 Jump up ^ Brown , Larry A. ( January 2009 ) . `` An Introduction , Notes , and Musical Examples . Part 1 : Rhinegold '' . Richard Wagner 's The Ring of the Nibelung . Retrieved 23 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Shippey 2007 , pp. 97 -- 114 Jump up ^ Harvey , David ( 1995 ) . `` Tolkien 's Ring and Der Ring des Nibelungen '' . Retrieved 23 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Byock 1990 . `` The source for this quality seems to have been a relatively insignificant line from the Nibelungenlied , which says that the Nibelung treasure included a tiny golden wand that could make its possessor the lord of all mankind . ( 1 ) '' Jump up ^ Needler , George Henry ( ed . ) . `` Nineteenth Adventure -- How the Nibelungen Hoard was Brought to Worms '' . authorama.com . The wish - rod lay among them , / of gold a little wand . Whosoe'er its powers / full might understand , The same might make him master / o'er all the race of men . Jump up ^ http://de-vagaesemhybrazil.blogspot.com.br/2008/12/two-rings-tolkien-and-wagner-dc-before.html Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Two+rings+to+rule+them+all%3A+a+comparative+study+of+Tolkien+and+Wagner.-a0256864486 Jump up ^ Jim Allan , author of Tolkien Language Notes , published in 1974 Jump up ^ Spengler ( 11 January 2003 ) . `` The ' Ring ' and the remnants of the West '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Spengler ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Tolkien 's Christianity and the pagan tragedy '' . Asia Times . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Birzer , Bradley J. ( 3 August 2001 ) . `` ' Both rings were round , and there the resemblance eases ' : Tolkien , Wagner , Nationalism , and Modernity '' ( PDF ) . ISI Conference on `` Modernists and Mist Dwellers '' . Seattle : The Intercollegiate Studies Institute . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Chance , Jane , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` Middle - Earth , the Middle Ages , and the Aryan Nation : Myth and History during World War II '' . Tolkien the Medievalist . Routledge Studies in Medieval Religion and Culture . 3 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28944 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 178303 Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings , Foreword : `` The country in which I lived in childhood was being shabbily destroyed before I was ten '' Jump up ^ `` Tolkien 's tales from Lydney Park '' . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` In the Valley of the Hobbits '' . Archived from the original on 12 November 2006 . Retrieved 5 October 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zgr9kqt Jump up ^ The Lord of the Rings : The Mythology of Power , ( Revised Edition , by Jane Chance , copyright 2001 ) . University Press of Kentucky , cited in `` INFLUENCES ON `` THE LORD OF THE RINGS '' `` . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. from Encyclopedia of Science , Technology , and Ethics . Macmillan Reference USA . Cited in `` J.R.R. Tolkien Summary '' . BookRags . ^ Jump up to : Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1991 ) . The Lord of the Rings . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10238 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1981 , # 131 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 257 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 1 , footnote 6 Jump up ^ Chance 2004 , pp. 288 -- 292 Jump up ^ Garth , John ( 2003 ) . Tolkien and the Great War : The Threshold of Middle - earth . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 33129 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 1997 ) . An investigation of the Teutonic god Óðinn ; and a study of his relationship to J.R.R. Tolkien 's character , Gandalf . Armidale , Australia : University of New England . Jump up ^ Flieger 2002 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Burns 2005 , pp. 23 -- 25 Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom . `` Light - elves , Dark - elves , and Others : Tolkien 's Elvish Problem '' . Tolkien Studies . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1353 / tks. 2004.0015 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Robert . Some Slavic Echos in J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth , Germano - Slavica 8 ( 1994 ) : p. 23 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 154 , 227 Jump up ^ Silmarillion 1977 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1954 ) , The Fellowship of the Ring , The Lord of the Rings , Boston : Houghton Mifflin ( published 1987 ) , `` Note on the Shire Records '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 08254 - 4 Jump up ^ Flieger , Verlyn ( 2001 ) . A Question of Time : J.R.R. Tolkien 's Road to Faërie . Kent State University Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0873386999 . ^ Jump up to : Purtill , Richard L. ( 2003 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Myth , Morality , and Religion . San Francisco : Harper & Row . pp. 52 , 131 . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 948 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Hobbits , Elves , and Wizards : Exploring the Wonders and Worlds of J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6025 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 154 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , letter No. 131 Jump up ^ Flieger 2002 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Chance 2001 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Bramlett , Perry ( 2003 ) . I Am in Fact a Hobbit : An Introduction to the Life and Works of J.R.R. Tolkien . Macon , Georgia : Mercer University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 86554 - 851 - X . Jump up ^ Morgoth 's Ring , Athrabeth Finrod Ah Andreth , pp. 322 , 335 Jump up ^ Carpenter 1981 , # 19 Jump up ^ Fimi , Dimitra ( August 2006 ) . `` '' Mad '' Elves and `` Elusive Beauty '' : Some Celtic Strands of Tolkien 's Mythology `` . Folklore . pp. 6 -- 8 . Retrieved 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The Silmarillion , p. 357 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Arda : Aeglos ( Aiglos ) Archived 4 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle Earth , pp. 193 -- 194 : `` The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar Twrch Trwyth in the Welsh Mabinogion , while the motif of ' the hand in the wolf 's mouth ' is one of the most famous parts of the Prose Edda , told of Fenris Wolf and the god Tyr ; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of legend , Garm , Gelert , Cafall . '' Jump up ^ Day 2002 , p. 82 . `` In the Celtic tradition , when these radiant beings -- these ' ladies in white ' -- take on mortal heroes as lovers , there are always obstacles to overcome . These obstacles usually take the form of an almost impossible quest . This is most clearly comparable to Tolkien in the Welsh legend of the wooing of Olwyn . Olwyn was the most beautiful woman of her age ; her eyes shone with light , and her skin was white as snow . Olwyn 's name means ' she of the white track ' , so bestowed because four white trefoils sprang up with her every step on the forest floor , and the winning of her hand required the near - impossible gathering of the ' Treasures of Britain ' '' . `` In Tolkien , we have two almost identical ' ladies in white ' : Lúthien in The Silmarillion , and Arwen in The Lord of the Rings '' . Jump up ^ Day 2002 , p. 79 . `` Besides those elements already mentioned , Celtic mythology has played a fundamental part in the shaping of Tolkien 's world . When we learn that the most important source of Welsh Celtic lore was preserved in the fourteenth - century Red Book of Hergest , we realize that Tolkien is making a small scholarly joke in naming his ' source ' of Elf - lore the Red Book of Westmarch '' Jump up ^ Hooker 2002 , pp. 176 -- 177 , `` The Feigned - manuscript Topos '' : `` The 1849 translation of The Red Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Guest ( 1812 -- 1895 ) , which is more widely known as The Mabinogion , is likewise of undoubted authenticity ( ... ) It is now housed in the library at Jesus College , Oxford . Tolkien 's well - known love of Welsh suggests that he would have likewise been well - acquainted with the source of Lady Guest 's translation . For the Tolkiennymist , the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Guest 's and Tolkien 's translations is striking : The Red Book of Hergest and The Red Book of Westmarch . Tolkien wanted to write ( translate ) a mythology for England , and Lady Charlotte Guest 's work can easily be said to be a ' mythology for Wales . ' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing '' . Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , The Literary Model : Tolkien and Arthur ^ Jump up to : Flieger 2005 , pp. 41 -- 42 `` It seems clear , however , that Arthur was in the back of his mind , or perhaps in the early , tentative beginnings , Arthur , along with other fragments of England 's history , was in the front of his mind and only later retired to the back . Tolkien 's process of naming , the very root and genesis of his invented languages and of his world , offer examples of both front and back positions . Examples include not just the shift from early Arthurian Broceliand to later Elvish Beleriand but from the early Avallon to the later Avalloné to the still later Tol Eressëa , all names for what remained throughout the naming process the ' Lonely Isle ' '' Jump up ^ Flieger 2005 , p. 42 `` To Bilbo and Frodo the special grace is granted to go with the Elves they loved -- an Arthurian ending , in which it is , of course , not made explicit whether this is an ' allegory ' of death , or a mode of healing and restoration leading to a return '' Jump up ^ Lezard , Nicholas ( 28 April 2007 ) . `` Hobbit forming '' . The Guardian . Review of The Children of Húrin . References ( edit ) Burns , Marjorie ( 2005 ) . Perilous Realms : Celtic and Norse in Tolkien 's Middle - earth . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3806 - 9 . Byock , Jesse L. ( 1990 ) . The Saga of the Volsungs : The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer . Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06904 - 8 . Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Chance , Jane ( 2001 ) . Tolkien 's Art : A Mythology for England . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9020 - 7 . Chance , Jane ( 2004 ) . Tolkien and the Invention of Myth : A Reader . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2301 - 1 . Clark , George ; Timmons , Daniel , eds. ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances : Views of Middle - Earth . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30845 - 4 . Day , David ( 2002 ) . Tolkien 's Ring . New York : Barnes and Noble . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 527 - 1 . Flieger , Verlyn ( 2002 ) . Splintered Light : Logos and Language in Tolkien 's World . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 744 - 9 . Flieger , Verlyn ( 2005 ) . Interrupted Music : The Making Of Tolkien 's Mythology . Kent State University Press . ISBN 9780873388245 . Retrieved 2 December 2007 . Hooker , Mark T. ( 2006 ) . Tolkienian Mathomium : A Collection of Articles on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4382 - 4631 - 4 . Hooker , Mark T. ( 2014 ) . The Tolkienæum : Essays on J.R.R. Tolkien and his Legendarium . Llyfrawr . ISBN 978 - 1499759105 . Lobdell , Jared C. ( 2004 ) . The World of the Rings : Language , Religion , and Adventure in Tolkien . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9569 - 4 . Shippey , Tom ( 2000 ) . J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 261 - 10400 - 4 . Shippey , Tom ( 2007 ) . Roots and Branches : Selected Papers on Tolkien . Cormarë Series . 11 . Zurich and Berne : Walking Tree Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 05 - 4 . Simek , Rudolf ( 2005 ) . Mittelerde : Tolkien und die germanische Mythologie ( Middle - earth : Tolkien and the Germanic Mythology ) ( in German ) . C.H. Beck . ISBN 9783406528378 . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1977 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Silmarillion , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 395 - 25730 - 1 Turner , A. ( 2007 ) . The Silmarillion : 30 years on . Walking Tree Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 10 - 8 . J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists ( 1936 ) The Hobbit ( 1937 ) Leaf by Niggle ( 1947 ) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun ( 1945 / 2016 ) Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm 's Son ( 1953 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 1954 ) The Two Towers ( 1954 ) The Return of the King ( 1955 ) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil ( 1962 ) Tree and Leaf ( 1964 ) The Tolkien Reader ( 1966 ) The Road Goes Ever On ( 1967 ) Smith of Wootton Major ( 1967 ) Posthumous fiction Bilbo 's Last Song ( 1974 ) The Father Christmas Letters ( 1976 ) The Silmarillion ( 1977 ) Poems and Stories ( 1980 ) Unfinished Tales ( 1980 ) Mr. Bliss ( 1982 ) The History of Middle - earth ( 1983 -- 1996 ) Tales from the Perilous Realm ( 1997 ) Roverandom ( 1998 ) The Children of Húrin ( 2007 ) The History of The Hobbit ( 2007 ) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún ( 2009 ) The Fall of Arthur ( 2013 ) The Story of Kullervo ( 2015 ) Beren and Lúthien ( 2017 ) The Fall of Gondolin ( 2018 ) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English text , 1925 ) The Devil 's Coach Horses ( 1925 ) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad ( 1929 ) Sigelwara Land ( 1932 -- 34 ) Chaucer as a Philologist : The Reeve 's Tale ( 1934 ) Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) On Fairy - Stories ( 1939 ) On Translating Beowulf ( 1940 ) Sir Orfeo ( 1944 ) Ancrene Wisse ( 1962 ) English and Welsh ( 1963 ) Jerusalem Bible ( as translator and lexicographer , 1966 ) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo ( Modern English translations , 1975 ) Finn and Hengest ( 1982 ) The Monsters and the Critics , and Other Essays ( 1983 ) Beowulf and the Critics ( 2002 ) Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell ( 2014 ) A Secret Vice ( 1983 / 2016 ) List of Tolkien 's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien : A Biography ( 1977 , authorized biography ) Tolkien ( biographical film ) Tolkien : Maker of Middle - earth Family Edith Tolkien ( wife ) Christopher Tolkien ( son ) Simon Tolkien ( grandson ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle - earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch - king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings ( 1969 ) The Last Ringbearer ( 1999 ) Muddle Earth ( 2003 ) Theatre Fellowship ! ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Radio The Lord of the Rings ( 1955 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1979 ) Hordes of the Things ( 1980 ) The Lord of the Rings ( 1981 ) Der Herr der Ringe ( 1992 ) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) The Return of the King ( 1980 ) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Fan - made The Hunt for Gollum ( 2009 ) Born of Hope ( 2009 ) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two : Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol . I ( 1990 ) Vol . I ( SNES ) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle - earth Tactics The Battle for Middle - earth II The Rise of the Witch - king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm 's Deep Conquest Aragorn 's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle - earth Middle - earth : Shadow of Mordor Middle - earth : Shadow of War Tabletop role - playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle - earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk : The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings : The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle - earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle - earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._R._R._Tolkien%27s_influences&oldid=837403546 '' Categories : The Lord of the Rings J.R.R. Tolkien Völsung cycle Tyrfing cycle Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Books with missing cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20R.%20R.%20Tolkien%2527s%20influences	1,818
who plays rebecca in bridget jones edge of reason	Jacinda Barrett as Rebecca Gillies	Jacinda Barrett	Bridget Jones : the Edge of Reason ( film )	bridget jones : the edge of reason ( film )		Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason British theatrical release poster Directed by Beeban Kidron Produced by Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Jonathan Cavendish Screenplay by Adam Brooks Richard Curtis Andrew Davies Helen Fielding Based on Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason by Helen Fielding Starring Renée Zellweger Hugh Grant Colin Firth Jim Broadbent Gemma Jones Music by Harry Gregson - Williams Cinematography Adrian Biddle Edited by Greg Hayden Production companies Little Bird Limited StudioCanal Working Title Films Distributed by Universal Pictures ( North America ) Miramax Films ( Internatnional ) Release date 3 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 03 ) ( Paris ) 12 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 12 ) ( United Kingdom ) 19 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United Kingdom France Germany Ireland United States Language English German Thai Budget $40 million Box office $262.5 million Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason is a 2004 romantic comedy film directed by Beeban Kidron and written by Adam Brooks , Richard Curtis , Andrew Davies , and Helen Fielding , based on Fielding 's 1999 novel of the same name . It stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones , Colin Firth as Mark Darcy , and Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver . The sequel to Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , the film was released in the United Kingdom on 12 November 2004 and in the United States a week later on 19 November 2004 to generally negative reviews from critics . Despite this , the film was a box office success , grossing over $260 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Sequel 6 DVD 7 Soundtrack 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins shortly before Bridget 's mother 's ( Gemma Jones ) annual Turkey Curry Buffet . Bridget ( Renée Zellweger ) is ecstatic about her relationship with Mark Darcy ( Colin Firth ) . However , Bridget 's confidence in her relationship is shattered when she meets Mark 's assistant , a beautiful , slim and quick witted Australian named Rebecca Gillies ( Jacinda Barrett ) . Bridget meets her ex , Daniel Cleaver ( Hugh Grant ) , at her job for TV morning show Sit - Up Britain and is offered a position alongside Cleaver in a new travel tv series . Bridget initially refuses and declares that Daniel is a `` deceitful , sexist , disgusting specimen of humanity '' . Bridget eventually relents and agrees to sign on to the project , despite her friends ' serious misgivings . Bridget is delighted when Mark invites her to the `` Law Council Dinner '' , assuming he will propose afterwards , but the night does not end well . She is overdressed for the event , wearing a gold dress while everyone else is wearing serious lawyer black ; the hairdresser has ruined her hair , which her friends hurriedly repair at her flat ; she heavily rouges her cheeks in the taxi and then as a final debacle , makes a critical error in the trivial quiz that almost causes her team to lose with a question about Madonna . Rebecca Gillies wins the night by chiming in with the correct answer . Bridget 's confidence is thoroughly deflated . After the `` Law Council Dinner '' , Mark and Bridget have an argument and she walks away from him in a huff . Mark goes to Bridget 's apartment , apologizes , and tells her he loves her for the first time . Later in the night , Mark asks Bridget if she 'd like to go on a ski holiday in Vorarlberg , Austria . Once on the slopes , she learns Rebecca recommended the vacation spot to Mark . While on the holiday , Bridget suspects she 's pregnant ; after an argument concerning the upbringing and education of their future children , the pregnancy test proves negative . After they return home , Bridget and Mark attended a scheduled lunch with both of their parents . When the subject of marriage comes up during conversation , Bridget is hurt by Mark 's comment that it 's not something they 're even thinking about yet . Bridget overhears a message from Rebecca on Mark 's answering machine and discusses it with her friends , who advise Bridget that `` If Mark says ' I refuse to dignify that question with an answer ' , then you know he 's having an affair '' . Bridget asks the question , Mark responds predictably and Bridget breaks up with him . She travels to Thailand with her friend , Shazzer ( Sally Phillips ) and Daniel Cleaver to film `` The Smooth Guide '' . Bridget and Daniel film the show , visit several exotic locations and flirt while off duty . Bridget loses faith in Daniel again when she is in his hotel room and while getting ready to romance , notices that a Thai prostitute has arrived for him . She decides he has not changed . During the Thailand vacation , Shazzer has a fling with a younger British man called Jed . While packing up for their trip back home , Shazzer asks Bridget to put Jed 's ( Paul Nicholls ) gift in her bag . Bridget is arrested and sent to a Thai prison after airport security dogs detect a large stash of cocaine inside the gift . In prison , Bridget spends her time sharing stories with the inmates , giving relationship advice and teaching them how to sing and dance to Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' . Mark arrives to tell Bridget that his superiors have sent him to put her release in motion . Bridget identifies Jed in a picture as the man who gave Shazzer the hidden cocaine . Mark states that he was `` just the messenger '' and after confirming Jed 's identity and that Bridget `` spent the night with Daniel Cleaver '' , declares that her sex life does not interest him . Bridget does not protest or correct his presumption . Back in Britain , Mark confronts Daniel for not helping Bridget when she was arrested , and they start a fight outside an art gallery in Kensington Gardens . Eventually , Daniel swears off Bridget for good and sarcastically suggests to Mark `` why do n't you just marry her '' . Bridget arrives at Heathrow Airport as an international human rights celebrity . She is greeted by her parents , who have been busy planning their vow renewal ceremony . Her mother apologises for not making a bigger effort to participate in Bridget 's jail release campaign , saying she 's been busy . At home , Bridget is surprised by her friends , who inform her that Mark personally tracked down Jed the drug trafficker , arranged for his custody and extradition , and force Jed to admit Bridget 's innocence . Hopeful that Mark still loves her , Bridget immediately runs to his house . She finds Rebecca there and assumes that there is a romantic relationship between Mark and her . Rebecca reveals that she is not seeking an affair with Mark ; she is actually infatuated with Bridget and kisses her . Bridget is flattered but politely turns her down . Bridget confronts Mark at his legal chambers and asks him to take her back . Mark proposes to Bridget and she accepts . The film ends with Bridget 's parents renewing their vows and Bridget catching the bouquet outside while snow is falling . Cast ( edit ) Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones Colin Firth as Mark Darcy Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey Jacinda Barrett as Rebecca Gillies Sally Phillips as Sharon `` Shazza '' Shirley Henderson as Jude James Callis as Tom Neil Pearson as Richard Finch Donald Douglas as Admiral Darcy Shirley Dixon as Mrs. Darcy Jeremy Paxman as Himself Ian McNeice as Quizmaster Jessica Stevenson as Magda Paul Nicholls ( special participation ) as Jed Wolf Kahler as Commentator Catherine Russell as Camilla Ting - Ting Hu as Thai prostitute Jason Watkins as Charlie Parker - Knowles Vee Vimolmal as phrao Pui Fan Lee and Melissa Ashworth as Thai jail girls Production ( edit ) Principal photography began in 6 October 2003 and clouded in 15 February 2004 During the fight scene between Daniel and Mark , it was for the most part not choreographed , instead , the actors were simply asked to fight each other any way they could . At one point in the film ( where Bridget and Shazzer are at the Thai airport ) , Bridget indulges in a fantasy of Mark coming out of water in a wet white shirt , just like Colin Firth did in the 1995 BBC version of Pride and Prejudice . The poem that Daniel quotes from while passing Ko Panyi is the story of `` Phra Aphai Mani '' by Sunthorn Phu . One of the more significant differences between the novel and the film is that the film makes no mention of Bridget 's fascination with the BBC television version of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ( Colin Firth starred in that production . ) Sandra Gregory stated that the scenes involving the Thai prison probably received inspiration from her incident since Helen Fielding knew the next door neighbors of her parents and presumably would have talked to them . Reception ( edit ) Although the film received mostly negative reviews from critics , it was voted Evening Standard Readers ' Film of 2004 , was in the shortlist for the Orange Film of the Year award at 2005 BAFTAs and the second interpretation of Bridget gained Zellweger another Golden Globe nomination and the People 's Choice Award as Favorite Leading Lady of 2005 . The film holds a 27 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus stating : `` Edge of Reason is a predictable continuation to the Bridget Jones story , with too much slapstick and silliness . '' Box Office ( edit ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason opened in the United States on a limited release on 12 November 2004 and grossed $8,684,055 , at # 5 at the box office ; a week later , the film was given a wide release , again hitting # 5 at the box office , this time with $10,044,890 . By the end of its theatrical run , it had grossed $40,226,215 domestically and $222,294,509 internationally , totaling $262,520,724 worldwide . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones 's Baby In July 2009 , the BBC reported that a third film was in the early stages of production . On 1 March 2011 it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth had shown interest in reprising their roles . An announcement was made on August 11 , 2011 that a third film was greenlit by Universal Pictures , Miramax and Working Title . Colin Firth talked to The Chicago Sun Times in April 2013 . `` Unfortunately , it might be a bit of a long wait , '' he said . `` I would n't say that it 's completely dead in the water , but the way it 's going , you might be seeing Bridget Jones 's granddaughter 's story being told by the time we get there . '' In an interview in October 2014 , Hugh Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel , however also expressed his dislike for it and that he would not star in a third film . Filming officially began on 2 October 2015 . The movie opened on 16 September 2016 . DVD ( edit ) The film was released on DVD in 2004 with a variety of bonus features . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 22 October 2004 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandra Gregory ( 1 November 2004 ) . `` Bridget Jones stole my story '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for November 12 -- 14 , 2004 -- Box Office Mojo Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office Results for November 19 -- 21 , 2004 -- Box Office Mojo Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Uddin , Zakia ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Zellweger ' agrees to Bridget Jones 3 ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 12 August 2011 ) . `` Bridget Jones 3 Officially Planned '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Collin Firth on Bridget Jones 3 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant interview : on Bridget Jones 3 and The Rewrite '' . YouTube . 13 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason on IMDb Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at AllMovie Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at Box Office Mojo Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at Rotten Tomatoes Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at Metacritic Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason at British Comedy Guide Bridget Jones Online Archive Bridget Jones by Helen Fielding Novels Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 1996 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 1999 ) Films Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) Bridget Jones 's Baby ( 2016 ) Other Bridget Jones ' Diary ( musical ) Films directed by Beeban Kidron Vroom ( 1988 ) Antonia and Jane ( 1991 ) Used People ( 1992 ) Great Moments in Aviation ( 1994 ) To Wong Foo , Thanks for Everything ! Julie Newmar ( 1995 ) Swept from the Sea ( 1997 ) Cinderella ( 2000 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) Hippie Hippie Shake ( 2009 ) Richard Curtis Film Written and directed Love Actually ( 2003 ) The Boat That Rocked ( 2009 ) About Time ( 2013 ) Written only The Tall Guy ( 1989 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Bean ( 1997 ) Notting Hill ( 1999 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( 2004 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Trash ( 2014 ) Untitled Danny Boyle / Richard Curtis film ( 2019 ) Television TV films Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) Blackadder : Back & Forth ( 1999 ) The Girl in the Café ( 2005 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) Red Nose Day Actually ( 2017 ) Series Blackadder ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Mr. Bean ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Bernard and the Genie ( 1991 ) The Vicar of Dibley ( 1994 -- 2007 ) The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency ( 2008 ) Other `` Vincent and the Doctor '' ( Doctor Who episode , 2010 ) Other Comic Relief The Atkinson People ( 1979 ) Dead on Time ( 1983 ) No Pressure ( 2010 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bridget_Jones:_The_Edge_of_Reason_(film)&oldid=853259022 '' Categories : 2004 films Bridget Jones 2000s LGBT - related films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sequel films American films American LGBT - related films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British films British LGBT - related films British romantic comedy films British sequel films English - language films Films based on British novels Films directed by Beeban Kidron Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Harry Gregson - Williams Films set in Austria Films set in London Films set in Thailand Films shot in Austria Films shot in Bangkok Films shot in London Films shot in Rome French films French LGBT - related films French romantic comedy films French sequel films German films German LGBT - related films German romantic comedy films German sequel films German - language films Irish comedy films Irish films Irish LGBT - related films Irish romance films Lesbian - related films Screenplays by Richard Curtis StudioCanal films Thai - language films Transgender in film Working Title Films films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 13 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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which of the following countires is not a permanent member of the united nations secuirty council			East Asia Summit	east asia summit	Australia	Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Cambodia Prime Minister Hun Sen China Premier Li Keqiang India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Indonesia President Joko Widodo Japan Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Laos Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak Myanmar President Htin Kyaw New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Russia President Vladimir Putin Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong South Korea President Moon Jae - in Thailand Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha United States President Donald Trump Vietnam President Tran Dai Quang A session of the 10th East Asia Summit , 2015 . The East Asia Summit ( EAS ) is a forum held annually by leaders of , initially , 16 countries in the East Asian , Southeast Asian and South Asian regions . Membership expanded to 18 countries including the United States and Russia at the Sixth EAS in 2011 . EAS meetings are held after annual ASEAN leaders ' meetings . The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia on 14 December 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 History prior to the first East Asia Summit 1.2 Annual summit 1.3 Early summits 1.4 Internal issues 1.5 Growth of the Summit 2 Member Nations 3 Energy 4 Trade and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia ( CEPEA ) 5 East Asian Community 6 The relationship with ASEAN Plus Three 7 Countries joining the Summit process 7.1 Russia 7.2 United States 7.3 ASEAN + 8 8 Potential future members 8.1 East Timor and Papua New Guinea 8.2 Other countries and groupings 9 Current leaders of the East Asia Summit 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) History prior to the first East Asia Summit ( edit ) The concept of an East Asia Grouping has significant history going back to an idea first promoted in 1991 by then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad . The final report in 2002 of the East Asian Study Group , established by the ASEAN Plus Three countries , was based on an EAS involving ASEAN Plus Three , therefore not involving Australia , New Zealand , or India . The EAS as proposed was to be an ASEAN - led development , with the summit to be linked to ASEAN summit meetings . However , the issue was to which countries beyond those in ASEAN the EAS was to be extended . The decision to hold the EAS was reached during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit and the initial 16 members determined at the ASEAN Plus Three Ministerial Meeting held in Laos at the end of July 2005 . Credit for advancing the forum during the 2004 ASEAN Plus Three summit has been attributed to Malaysia . Annual Summit ( edit ) # Date Country Host Host leader Note 1st 14 December 2005 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Russia attended as a guest . 2nd 15 January 2007 Philippines Cebu City President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo Rescheduled from 13 December 2006 . Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security 3rd 21 November 2007 Singapore Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore Declaration on Climate Change , Energy and the Environment Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia 4th 25 October 2009 Thailand Cha Am & Hua Hin Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Thailand was initially to host the Summit . It was announced in late October 2008 that the Summit would be shifted from Bangkok to Chiang Mai due to concerns about political unrest in Bangkok . 5th 30 October 2010 Vietnam Hanoi President Nguyen Minh Triet The United States Secretary of State and the Foreign Minister of Russia attended . The United States and Russia to join the Summit at the Sixth EAS . 6th 18 -- 19 November 2011 Indonesia Bali President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono The United States and Russia joined the Summit . 7th 19 -- 20 November 2012 Cambodia Phnom Penh Prime Minister Hun Sen The ongoing tensions arising from the territorial disputes in the South China Sea and East China Sea overshadowed the effort to advance the trade and economic arrangements between members of the Summit . 8th 9 -- 10 October 2013 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 9th 12 -- 13 November 2014 Burma ( Myanmar ) Naypyidaw President Thein Sein 10th 21 -- 22 November 2015 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Prime Minister Najib Razak 11th 6 -- 8 September 2016 Laos Vientiane Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith 12th 13 -- 14 November 2017 Philippines Angeles President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Early summits ( edit ) Main articles : First East Asia Summit and Second East Asia Summit Prior to the first meeting there was significant discussion as to which countries should be represented . At the time there were difficulties in the relationship between the `` Plus Three '' members ( i.e. Japan , China and South Korea ) of ASEAN Plus Three , and the perception that India and Australia and to a lesser extent New Zealand were present to balance the growing China power all meant the first meeting 's achievements were limited . Russia expressed early interest in EAS membership and attended the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 EAS host Malaysia . The next EAS was to be held on 13 December 2006 in Metro Cebu , Philippines . After the confidence building of the inaugural EAS the 2006 EAS will help to define the future role of the EAS , its relationship with ASEAN Plus Three and the involvement of Russia in EAS . However , in the face of Tropical Typhoon Utor the summit was postponed until January 2007 . It was rescheduled for 15 January 2007 , approximately a month after the original scheduled date . Internal issues ( edit ) Main articles : Third East Asia Summit and Fourth East Asia Summit Internal ASEAN issues were significant for the next Summits . The issues of Myanmar ( Burma ) , following the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests , and climate change were expected to be discussed at the Third EAS . Myanmar successfully blocked formal discussion of its internal affairs . The summit did issue the Singapore Declaration on Climate Change , Energy and the Environment . The Summit also agreed to the establishment of the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia and to receive the final report on the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia at the Fourth EAS . The outcomes are summarised in the Chairman 's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore , 21 November 2007 . The Fourth EAS was significantly delayed and its location changed a number of times due to internal tensions in Thailand , the host nation . In the lead up to the summit there were several border clashes between Thailand and Cambodia . The summit however is said to be used as an opportunity for discussions on the sidelines between the respective nation 's leaders . The summit was cancelled following protesters taking over the summit 's venue on the day of the summit . It was rescheduled and held on 25 October 2009 . The summit adopted statements on disaster relief and the Nalanda University . Growth of the Summit ( edit ) Main articles : Fifth East Asia Summit , Sixth East Asia Summit , and Seventh East Asia Summit After a period of review , the Summit grew from 16 to 18 nations by adding the United States and Russia to the Summit . Initially represented by their Foreign Ministers at the Fifth EAS , the two new members were invited to formally join with the Sixth EAS . Tensions between the members of the Summit continued to impede the members developing a more ambitious program . Member Nations ( edit ) Countries Official Name in English Capital City Leader Position Head of Government Head of State Australia Commonwealth of Australia Canberra Prime Minister of Australia Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia Brunei Nation of Brunei , Abode of Peace Bandar Seri Begawan Sultan of Brunei Hassanal Bolkiah , Sultan of Brunei Cambodia Kingdom of Cambodia Phnom Phen Prime Minister of Cambodia Prime Minister Hun Sen Norodom Sihamoni , King of Cambodia China People 's Republic of China Beijing Premier of the People 's Republic of China Premier Li Keqiang Xi Jinping , President of the People 's Republic of China India Republic of India New Delhi Prime Minister of India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Ram Nath Kovind , President of India Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Jakarta President of Indonesia Joko Widodo , President of Indonesia Japan Japan Tokyo Prime Minister of Japan Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Akihito , Emperor of Japan Laos Lao People 's Democratic Republic Vientiane Prime Minister of Laos Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Bounnhang Vorachith , President of Laos Malaysia Malaysia Kuala Lampur Prime Minister of Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak Muhammad V of Kelantan , Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( Monarch ) Myanmar Republic of the Union of Myanmar Naypyidaw President of Myanmar President Htin Kyaw Htin Kyaw , President of Myanmar New Zealand New Zealand Wellington Prime Minister of New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern Elizabeth II , Queen of New Zealand Philippines Republic of the Philippines Manila President of the Philippines Rodrigo Roa Duterte , President of the Philippines Russia Russian Federation Moscow President of Russia Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev Vladimir Putin , President of Russia Singapore Republic of Singapore Singapore Prime Minister Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Halimah Yacob , President of Singapore South Korea Republic of Korea Seoul President of South Korea Moon Jae - in , President of South Korea Thailand Kingdom of Thailand Bangkok Prime Minister of Thailand Prime Minister Prayut Chan - o - cha Vajiralongkorn ( Rama X ) , King of Thailand United States United States of America Washington DC President of the United States Donald Trump , President of the United States Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam Hanoi Prime Minister of Vietnam Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Trần Đại Quang , President of Vietnam Energy ( edit ) At the Second EAS the EAS members signed the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security , a declaration on energy security and biofuels , containing a statement for members to prepare non-binding targets . Trade and the Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia ( CEPEA ) ( edit ) Trade is an important focus for the summit . As to trade and regional integration the following was noted in the Chair 's report for the Second EAS : 12 . We welcomed ASEAN 's efforts towards further integration and community building , and reaffirmed our resolve to work closely together in narrowing development gaps in our region . We reiterated our support for ASEAN 's role as the driving force for economic integration in this region . To deepen integration , we agreed to launch a Track To study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia ( CEPEA ) among EAS participants . We tasked the ASEAN Secretariat to prepare a time frame for the study and to invite all our countries to nominate their respective participants in it . We welcomed Japan 's proposal for an Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia ( ERIA ) . The reality appears however that movement towards such a relationship is a long way - off . Lee Kuan Yew has compared the relationship between Southeast Asia and India with that of the European Community and Turkey , and has suggested that a free - trade area involving Southeast Asia and India is 30 to 50 years away . The members of EAS agreed to study the Japanese proposed Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia ( CEPEA ) . The Track Two report on CEPEA is due to be completed in mid-2008 and at the Third EAS it was agreed this would be considered at the Fourth EAS . As noted above the Second EAS welcomed the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia ( ERIA ) . It was subsequently announced that the ERIA would be established in November 2007 and confirmed at the Third EAS . The Declaration of the Fifth Anniversary of the East Asia Summit issued at the Fifth EAS provided the Summit declared : 3 . To redouble efforts to move progress and cooperation in the EAS further forward , including in the priority areas and in the promotion of regional integration through supporting the realisation of the ASEAN Community and such initiatives as the ASEAN Plus FTAs and other existing wider regional economic integration efforts including studies on East Asia Free Trade Area ( EAFTA ) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia ( CEPEA ) . East Asian community ( edit ) Main article : East Asian Community After the EAS was established the issue arose of whether any future East Asia Community would arise from the EAS or ASEAN Plus Three . Prior to the creation of the EAS it appeared that ASEAN Plus Three would take the role of community building in East Asia . Malaysia felt that it was still the case that the role of the community building fell to ASEAN Plus Three shortly before the second EAS despite `` confusion '' . China apparently agreed whereas Japan and India felt the EAS should be the focus of the East Asian Community . After the first EAS the feasibility of EAS to have a community building role was questioned with Ong Keng Yong , the secretary - general of ASEAN being quoted as describing the EAS as little more than a `` brainstorming forum '' . Nevertheless , the Chairman 's Press Statement for the Seventh ASEAN Plus Three Foreign Ministers ' Meeting Kuala Lumpur , 26 July 2006 said 25 . The Ministers welcomed the convening of the East Asia Summit as a forum for dialogue on broad strategic , political and economic issues of common interest with the aim of promoting peace , stability and economic prosperity in East Asia . In this respect , they recognized that the East Asia Summit could make a significant contribution to the achievement of the long - term goal of establishing an East Asian community . It appeared that over time following the first EAS the focus was less on whether the EAS has a role in community building to what the role and whether it was secondary to ASEAN Plus Three . By mid-2006 the Chinese news site Xinhua Net suggested the community would arise through a two - phase process with ASEAN Plus Three as the first phase and the EAS as the second phase . The China - India joint declaration of 21 November 2006 linked , at paragraph 43 , the EAS with the East Asian Community process . The concentric circle model of the community process with ASEAN at the centre , ASEAN Plus Three at the next band and the East Asia Summit at the outer band is supported by the Second Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation Building on the Foundations of ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation which said : III . Looking Forward to a Decade of Consolidation and Closer Integration ( 2007 - 2017 ) A. Defining the Objectives and Roles of the ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation in the Emerging Regional Architecture 1 . We reaffirmed that the ASEAN Plus Three Process would remain as the main vehicle towards the long - term goal of building an East Asian community , with ASEAN as the driving force . ... 3 . We recognised and supported the mutually reinforcing and complementary roles of the ASEAN Plus Three process and such regional fora as EAS , ARF , APEC and ASEM to promote East Asian community building . 4 . We reiterated that East Asian integration is an open , transparent , inclusive , and forward - looking process for mutual benefits and support internationally shared values to achieve peace , stability , democracy and prosperity in the region . Guided by the vision for durable peace and shared prosperity in East Asia and beyond , we will stand guided by new economic flows , evolving strategic interactions and the belief to continue to engage all interested countries and organisations towards the realisation of an open regional architecture capable of adapting to changes and new dynamism . On any view community building is not a short term project . However , after the second EAS the Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was confident that the EAS would lead to an East Asia Community . China had also apparently accepted this was the case . If achieved the Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia ( CEPEA ) would be a tangible first step in the community building process . The second EAS seems to have increased confidence in CEPEA but is still only a proposal . It has been suggested that as the EAS consists of an `` anti-region '' the prospects of it forming a community are less than likely . The relationship with ASEAN Plus Three ( edit ) The relationship between the EAS on one hand and ASEAN Plus Three on the other is still not clear . As discussed above , some countries are more supportive of the narrower ASEAN Plus Three grouping whereas others support the broader , more inclusive EAS . ASEAN Plus Three , which has been meeting since December 1997 has a history , including the Chiang Mai Initiative which appears to have led to the development of the Asian Monetary Unit . This may be significant for those advocating a broader role for EAS in the future . The tension between the groupings extends to the respective members ' intentions towards future Free Trade Agreements with China and South Korea focused on ASEAN Plus Three and Japan on the broader EAS members . The 1997 Asian financial crisis had demonstrated the need for regional groupings and initiatives . It was during this time ASEAN Plus Three had commenced and it was also during this time that the East Asian caucus was being discussed . The EAS is just one regional grouping and some members down play its significance , the former Australian Prime Minister John Howard has stated that the EAS was secondary as a regional summit to APEC which has on his view a premier role . Not all members of the EAS , notably India , are members of APEC . However , as the EAS meetings are scheduled with the ASEAN Plus Three meetings ( they both follow the annual ASEAN meetings ) and all members of ASEAN Plus Three are members of EAS the ability of the two forums to remain relevant given the existence of the other remains in question . China has stated its preference for both EAS and ASEAN Plus Three to exist side - by - side . The relationship between APEC , ASEAN Plus Three and the EAS remained unresolved heading into the 2007 APEC meeting . Following the meeting the then Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi described ASEAN Plus Three as the primary vehicle and implied APEC was the lesser of the three . At the same time a Malaysian commentator writing in a Singaporean newspaper described concentric circles for the three with ASEAN Plus Three at the centre and APEC at the outer , also suggested the Nikai Initiative , with its regional OECD like plans , might overtaking the remaining role for APEC . Countries joining the Summit process ( edit ) Russia ( edit ) Russia participated in the first EAS as an observer at the invitation of 2005 host Malaysia and requested to become a member . Its request to become a future member received support from China and India . The membership of EAS was to be considered by ASEAN on a case by case basis . ASEAN decided to freeze new `` membership '' of EAS for the second and third summits . The status of potential future members was discussed in the Chairman 's Statement of the 16th ASEAN Summit ( 9 April 2010 ) in these terms : 43 . We recognized and supported the mutually reinforcing roles of the ASEAN + 3 process , the East Asia Summit ( EAS ) , and such regional forums as the ASEAN Regional Forum ( ARF ) , to promote the East Asian cooperation and dialogue towards the building of a community in East Asia . In this connection , we encouraged Russia and the US to deepen their engagement in an evolving regional architecture , including the possibility of their involvement with the EAS through appropriate modalities , taking into account the Leaders - led , open and inclusive nature of the EAS . ASEAN formally invited the United States and Russia to join the group from 2011 . United States ( edit ) Japan and India supported inclusion of the United States and Russia prior to their invitation to join the East Asia Summit . US President Barack Obama declared his country `` an Asia Pacific nation '' during his first year in office . Subsequently , US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton attended the Fifth EAS in October 2010 and President Obama attended the Sixth EAS in November 2011 . ASEAN + 8 ( edit ) In April and May 2010 it was discussed that the roles for Russia and the United States may be to create a new grouping `` ASEAN + 8 '' including the East Asia Summit members together with the United States and Russia . ASEAN + 8 may not meet as regularly as the East Asia Summit due to the logistical difficulties in the United States President committing to an annual Asian meeting . Such a meeting could be held every two to three years to coincide with the APEC meeting occurring in Asia . Potential future members ( edit ) East Timor and Papua new Guinea ( edit ) East Timor is a candidate ASEAN member seeking membership within five years ( from 2006 ) and Papua New Guinea has shown intention to join ; presumably new members of ASEAN would also join the EAS . Other countries and groupings ( edit ) Over several years , especially shortly the commencement of the summits , other countries have been connected with the EAS . In 2006 , Pakistan and Mongolia were proposed as future members by Malaysia . Mongolia was mentioned again by Vietnam , the then chair , in 2010 . In 2007 , Pakistan and Bangladesh were raised by Japan as possible members . In 2007 , the European Union indicated it wishes to have a role as an observer . In 2008 , the Arab League held talks and expressed its desire to have a role as an observer . In 2017 , Sri Lanka and Maldives were proposed to be possible members of East Asia summit Current leaders of the East Asia Summit ( edit ) Australia Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Cambodia Prime Minister Hun Sen China Premier Li Keqiang India Prime Minister Narendra Modi Indonesia President Joko Widodo Japan Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Laos Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak Myanmar President Htin Kyaw New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern Philippines President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Russia President Vladimir Putin Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong South Korea President Moon Jae - in Thailand Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha United States President Donald Trump Vietnam Prime Minister Nguyen Xuan Phuc See also ( edit ) Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere : unrelated concept in the mid-20th century ASEAN Free Trade Area : The FTA arrangements between the 10 members of ASEAN Asian Monetary Unit ASEAN References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Report of the East Asian Study Group Jump up ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Japan ) - General Information on East Asia Summit First appeared in The Asian Wall Street Journal - Watching the East Asia Summit Jump up ^ Yale Global Online , The East Asia Summit : More Discord than Accord , 20 December 2005 ^ Jump up to : Singapore Declaration on Climate Change , Energy and the Environment Archived 13 May 2012 at the Library of Congress Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Obama urges Asian leaders to step back from territorial disputes . Jump up ^ Mahathir blasts Australia over summit - Nine MSN Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Executive decisions - The Indian Express Jump up ^ International Herald Tribune - An Asian Union ? Not yet Battle Looms Over Inaugural East Asia Summit Jump up ^ People 's Daily Online - East Asia Summit : in the shadow of sharp divisions Jump up ^ Bangkok Post - `` Asean summit may be reset for Jan 8 - 13 '' Sun Star - Asean summit shelved ' effectively ' ? Archived 1 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ASEAN stands ready to help Myanmar : Singapore PM Lee - Channel News Asia Jump up ^ Chairman 's Statement of the 3rd East Asia Summit Singapore , 21 November 2007 - Paragraphs 13 and 14 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Thai riot police clash with protesters Jump up ^ Cebu Declaration on East Asian energy security Jump up ^ Original link dead Jump up ^ The Japan Time 's Online : Success for the EAS ? Bloomberg - India , Australia , N.Z. Will Join Trade Bloc , Ong Says Jump up ^ The Jakarta Post - East Asia Summit and broader economic integration in Asia Jump up ^ The Brunei Times - Link Dead Jump up ^ Ha Noi Declaration on the commemoration of the fifth anniversary of the EAST ASIA summit Archived 3 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Asia Times Online : ASEAN : Trouble in the family People 's Daily On - line : Establishing East Asian Community becomes common understanding : Interview Wu Jianmin , president of China Foreign Affairs University Jump up ^ Original link dead Jump up ^ Original link dead Original link dead Jump up ^ Timor parliament to consider oil deal Jump up ^ Xinhua - English Jump up ^ PIB Press Release Jump up ^ http://www.dailyindia.com/show/103864.php/East-Asia-Summit-would-ultimately-lead-to-creation-of-East-Asia-community:-PM Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Xinhua - English Jump up ^ DNA - World - East Asia summit is an unqualified success for India - Daily News & Analysis Jump up ^ http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pab/Breslin_07_PAB.pdf Jump up ^ ASEAN secretariat - ASEAN Plus Three Cooperation Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ASEAN secretariat - China , Japan , South Korea , ASEAN Agree on Wider Currency Swap Arrangements Jump up ^ Bernama - Japan Pushes For Expanded EAFTA Comprising 16 Countries Gulf Times - Link dead Jump up ^ AM - APEC leads Asian summits , PM says Jump up ^ People 's Daily Online - East Asia Summit , a new platform for regional cooperation Jump up ^ VietNamNet Bridge Archived 11 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Make Apec relevant to all Archived 1 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The New Strais Times On - line - Link dead Jump up ^ `` Trilateral business meet later this year '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 15 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Vietnam takes the helm Jump up ^ Times of India - East Asia Summit freezes membership for 2 years Jump up ^ Chairman 's Statement of the 16th ASEAN Summit `` Towards the Asean Community : from Vision to Action '' Jump up ^ US , Russia to join East Asia Summit Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Allen , Mike ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` America 's first Pacific president '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . ' As an Asia Pacific nation , the United States expects to be involved in the discussions that shape the future of this region , and to participate fully in appropriate organizations as they are established and evolve , ' Obama said . Jump up ^ ASEAN + 8 A recipe for a new regional architecture Asean + 8 which includes the United States and Russia to be decided at next summit Jump up ^ East Timor Needs Five Years to Join ASEAN : PM Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid Retrieved 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ Somare seeks PGMA 's support for PNG 's ASEAN membership bid Archived 6 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 8 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` 09 - East Timor soon to join ASEAN '' . Balita - Linking Filipinos worldwide with news since 1994 . 9 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2007 . Jump up ^ People 's Daily Online - Interview : Malaysian PM Badawi says China - ASEAN ties developing rapidly Online International News Network - Pak - Malaysia stresses enhancing trade , economic relations Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Vietnam , Mongolia expect US $12 million in trade Archived 1 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Link in Japanese Jump up ^ European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy New Visions for EU - Japan Relations Opening of Joint EU - Japan Symposium Brussels , 6 April 2006 Jump up ^ League of Arab States Archived 11 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Asia Summit . ASEAN - Australia Development Cooperation Program : About the East Asia Summit The East Asia Summit : Issues and outcomes The Council on East Asian Community East Asia New Multilateralism Hopes ( hide ) East Asia Summit ( EAS ) First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Australia Brunei Cambodia China India Indonesia Japan Laos Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Thailand United States Vietnam Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Asia_Summit&oldid=806795608 '' Categories : Association of Southeast Asian Nations meetings Organizations associated with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 21st - century diplomatic conferences East Asia Organizations established in 2005 Hidden categories : Webarchive template other archives All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Esperanto Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 05 : 44 . 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who choreographed the ballet comique de la reine	The Ballet Comique de la Reine was created under the auspices of Henry III 's mother , the dowager queen Catherine de ' Medici , as part of the wedding celebrations for the Duke de Joyeuse and Queen Louise of Lorraine 's sister , Marguerite de Vaudemont . The ballet was choreographed by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx and was the first piece to combine poetry , music , design and dance according to the rules of Jean - Antoine de Baïf 's Académie de Poésie et de Musique . The ballet was inspired by the enchantress , Circe , from Homer 's Odyssey . The pricey production lasted five and half hours and the Queen and King both participated in the performance . The Queen , along with a group of lady court dancers arrived on a fountain that was three tiers high dressed as dryads . The dancers were entering and exiting from both sides of the set , which was unusual for previous court ballets . The ballet was also made in hopes of bringing resolution to the religious hardship that caused the French people to separate . Circe was a symbol of civil war , while the restoration of peace at the end of the ballet represented the country 's hopes for the future .	Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx	Ballet Comique de la Reine	ballet comique de la reine	The Ballet Comique de la Reine ( at the time spelled Balet comique de la Royne ) was an elaborate court spectacle performed on October 15 , 1581 , during the reign of Henry III of France , in the large hall of the Hôtel de Bourbon , adjacent to the Louvre Palace in Paris . It is often referred to as the first ballet de cour .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 `` Amaryllis '' 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Creation ( edit ) The Ballet Comique de la Reine was created under the auspices of Henry III 's mother , the dowager queen Catherine de ' Medici , as part of the wedding celebrations for the Duke de Joyeuse and Queen Louise of Lorraine 's sister , Marguerite de Vaudemont . The ballet was choreographed by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx and was the first piece to combine poetry , music , design and dance according to the rules of Jean - Antoine de Baïf 's Académie de Poésie et de Musique . The ballet was inspired by the enchantress , Circe , from Homer 's Odyssey . The pricey production lasted five and half hours and the Queen and King both participated in the performance . The Queen , along with a group of lady court dancers arrived on a fountain that was three tiers high dressed as dryads . The dancers were entering and exiting from both sides of the set , which was unusual for previous court ballets . The ballet was also made in hopes of bringing resolution to the religious hardship that caused the French people to separate . Circe was a symbol of civil war , while the restoration of peace at the end of the ballet represented the country 's hopes for the future . Nicolas Filleul de La Chesnaye , the King 's almoner , wrote the text , sets and costumes were designed by Jacques Patin . The music was provided by Jacques Salmon , maitre de la musique de la chambre de Roi , and a certain `` Sieur de Beaulieu . '' This composer was identified as `` Lambert de Beaulieu '' by Fétis ' in his Biographie universelle , following a probable error in a letter by Rudolph II , Holy Roman Emperor , but is today identified with the bass singer Girard de Beaulieu who with his wife , the Italian soprano Violante Doria themselves sung the airs to Circé . `` Amaryllis '' ( edit ) The final nine measures of the first ballet , labelled `` Le son de la clochette auquel Circé sortit de son jardin '' ( the sound of the bell at which Circe leaves her garden ) , contain a tune that forms the basis of a nineteenth - century arrangement by Henry Ghys , which the latter mistakenly attributed to the air `` Amaryllis '' composed by Louis XIII . In Japan , this arrangement was given Japanese lyrics and introduced as `` Amaryllis '' on NHK 's Minna no Uta series in 1968 . The tune has since become well known as a French folk song there and its melody can be heard today as a chime signaling the hour over the PA systems of some schools and rural municipalities . See also ( edit ) Catherine de ' Medici 's court festivals References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Anthony 1997 , p. 41 , and Lawrenson 1986 , pp. 182 -- 184 , both identifiy the location of the performance as the Petit - Bourbon ( known as the Hôtel de Bourbon at the time ) , and Lawrenson reproduces the engraving shown here . Lacroix 1876 , p. 506 ( the source of the image ) identifies it as the `` Gallery of the Louvre '' , and McGowan 1998 , p. 275 , gives `` Salle de Bourbon of the Louvre '' . Brette 1902 , pp. LIV -- LXIX , discusses the history of the confusion of the location of this room in the Petit - Bourbon with the Louvre in great detail . Jump up ^ Yates 1988 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2001 . Marguerite de Vaudemont , also known as Marguerite of Lorraine , was the queen 's half - sister , daughter of the queen 's father Nicolas , Duke of Mercœur , and his second wife , Joanna of Savoy . Jump up ^ McGowan 1998 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Thames & Hudson , 1988 p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kasey Marie Mattia , Crossing the channel : Cultural identity in the court ... 2007 Duke University Page 11 `` Beaujoyeulx had ultimate control over the ballet , but was assisted by Lambert Beaulieu and Jacques Salmon who composed the music , La Chesnaye who wrote the text , and Jacques Patin who designed the stage sets and costumes . Jump up ^ Aercke 1994 , p. 27 `` ... Balthasar Beaujoyeux ( actually Baltazarini ) , with music by Lambert de Beaulieu and Jacques Salmon on a text by La Chesnaye and painted scenery by Jacques Patin ( who also designed the costumes ) , it is the earliest such ballet of which ... '' Jump up ^ Arvey 1941 , p. 80 Sources Aercke , Kristiaan ( 1994 ) . Gods of Play : Baroque Festive Performances As Rhetorical Discourse . Albany : State University of New York Press . ISBN 9780791420492 . Anthony , James R. ( 1997 ) . French Baroque Music from Beaujoyeulx to Rameau , revised and extended edition . Portland , Oregon : Amadeus Press . ISBN 9781574670219 . Anthony , James R. ( 2001 ) . `` Ballet de cour '' in Sadie 2001 . Also at Oxford Music Online ( subscription required ) . Arvey , Verna. ( 1941 ) . Choreographic Music for the Dance . New York : E.P. Dutton & Company , Inc . OCLC 5030498 ; 2007 reprint : ISBN 9781406758474 . Brette , Armand ( 1902 ) . Histoire des édifices où ont siége les assemblées parlementaires de la Révolution française et de la premère République , tome premier . Paris : Imprimerie Nationale . OCLC 457140401 . View at Google Books . Cohen , Selma Jeanne , editor ( 1998 ) . International Encyclopedia of Dance ( 6 volumes ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509462 - 6 ( hardcover ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517369 - 7 ( 2004 paperback edition ) . Graafland , Arie ( 2003 ) . Versailles and the Mechanics of Power ' : The Subjugation of Circe . Rotterdam : 010 Publishers . ISBN 9789064504921 . Lacroix , Paul ( 1876 ) . Manners , Customs , and Dress during the Middle Ages , and during the Renaissance Period . London : Chapman and Hall . View at Google Books . Lawrenson , T.E. ( 1986 ) . The French Stage and Playhouse in the XVIIth Century : A Study in the Advent of the Italian Order , second edition , revised and enlarged . New York : AMS Press . ISBN 9780404617219 . McGowan , Margaret M. ( 1982 ) . Le Balet Comique by Balthazar de Beaujoyeulx , 1581 : A Facsimile , With an Introduction . Binghamton , New York : Medieval and Renaissance Texts . ISBN 9780866980128 . McGowan , Margaret M. ( 1998 ) . `` Balet Comique de la Royne , Le '' in Cohen 1998 , vol. 1 , pp. 275 -- 277 . Sadie , Stanley , editor ( 2001 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 2nd edition . London : Macmillan . ISBN 9781561592395 ( hardcover ) . OCLC 419285866 ( eBook ) . Sharp , Cecil ( 1924 ) . `` The Dance , an Historical Survey of Dancing in Europe '' . London : Halton & Truscott Smith . OCLC 335923 . Yates , Frances ( 1988 ( first published 1947 ) ) . `` Chapter XI . The Academies and Court Entertainments : The Ballet comique de la Reine '' , pp. 236 -- 274 , in Yates , Frances . The French Academies of the Sixteenth Century . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415002219 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Ballet comique de la reine at Wikimedia Commons Balet comique de la Royne , copies 1 and 2 at Gallica . `` Le Balet Comique de la Reine , 1581 : An Analysis '' by Elizabeth Cooper at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 4 , 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballet_Comique_de_la_Reine&oldid=792526555 '' Categories : Renaissance dance European court festivities Ballets by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx 1581 ballet premieres Ballets de cour Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latina Nederlands Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 01 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when was the first frosty the snowman made	In 1950 , the UPA studio brought `` Frosty '' to life in a three - minute animated short which appears regularly on WGN - TV . This production included a bouncy , jazzy a cappella version of the song and a limited animation style reminiscent of UPA 's Gerald McBoing - Boing . The short , filmed entirely in black - and - white , has been a perennial WGN - TV Christmas classic , and was broadcast on December 24 and 25 , 1955 , and every year since , as part of a WGN - TV children 's programming retrospective , along with their two other short Christmas classics , `` Suzy Snowflake '' and `` Hardrock , Coco and Joe . '' The short had previously been telecast annually on WGN 's The Bozo Show , `` Ray Rayner and His Friends '' and `` Garfield Goose , '' along with its two other companion cartoons . The three cartoons are also a tradition on WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania , which not only broadcasts the cartoons on their station , but also makes them available on their website .	1950	Frosty the Snowman	frosty the snowman	`` Frosty the Snowman '' ( or `` Frosty the Snow Man '' ) is a popular Christmas song written by Walter `` Jack '' Rollins and Steve Nelson , and first recorded by Gene Autry and the Cass County Boys in 1950 . It was written after the success of Autry 's recording of `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' the previous year ; Rollins and Nelson shipped the new song to Autry , who recorded `` Frosty '' in search of another seasonal hit . Like `` Rudolph '' , `` Frosty '' was subsequently adapted to other media including a popular television special by Rankin / Bass Productions ( formerly known as Videocraft International ) , Frosty the Snowman . The ancillary rights to the Frosty the Snowman character are owned by Warner Bros. , but due to the prominence of the TV special , merchandising of the character is generally licensed in tandem with that special 's current owners , DreamWorks Classics .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 1.1 Charts 1.2 Other notable versions 2 Book 3 1950 short film 4 1969 Rankin / Bass television special 5 References 6 External links Song ( edit ) The song recounts the fictional tale of Frosty , a snowman who is brought to life by a magical silk hat that a group of children find and place on his head . Although Frosty enjoys roaming throughout town with the children who constructed him , he runs afoul of a traffic cop and leaves town , promising he will be back again someday . Although it is generally regarded as a Christmas song , the original lyrics make no mention of the holiday ( some renditions , like that in the 1969 Rankin / Bass TV special , change the lyric `` I 'll be back again someday '' to `` I 'll be back on Christmas Day '' ) . The song supposedly takes place in White Plains , New York , or Armonk , New York ; Armonk has a parade dedicated to Frosty annually . Charts ( edit ) Gene Autry version Chart ( 1950 ) Peak position US Pop Singles 7 Nat King Cole version Chart ( 1950 ) Peak position US Pop Singles 9 Perry Como version Chart ( 1957 ) Peak position US Pop Singles 74 Jan and Dean version Chart ( 1963 ) Peak position US Pop Singles 11 Partridge Family Christmas Card ( 1971 ) Chart # 1 Christmas Album Johnny Mathis version Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position US Adult Contemporary 29 Kimberley Locke version Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian Adult Contemporary 40 Billboard Top AC Songs of 2008 46 Whitney Wolanin version Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 Other notable versions ( edit ) Guy Lombardo & his Royal Canadians ( 1950 ) Red Foley and The Little Foleys ( 1950 ) Spike Jones ( 1956 ) Jimmy Durante MGM Records ( 1950 ) Ella Fitzgerald ( 1960 - Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas ) The Chipmunks ( 1962 - Christmas with The Chipmunks ) Bing Crosby ( 1962 - I Wish You a Merry Christmas ) The Ronettes ( 1963 - A Christmas Gift for You from Phil Spector ) The Beach Boys ( 1964 - The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album ) Brenda Lee ( 1964 - Merry Christmas from Brenda Lee ) Jimmy Durante ( 1969 - on the animated TV special ) The Jackson 5 ( 1970 - Jackson 5 Christmas Album ) Conway Twitty ( 1983 - Merry Twismas from Conway Twitty and his Little Friends ) Raffi ( 1983 - Raffi 's Christmas Album ) George Strait ( 1986 - Merry Christmas Strait to You ! ) Leon Redbone with Dr. John ( 1989 - Christmas Island ) Kidsongs ( 1992 - We Wish You a Merry Christmas ) The Four Freshmen ( 1992 - Freshmas ! ) ( as part of a `` Freshmas Medley '' ) Charlie Daniels & The Charlie Daniels Band ( 2002 - Merry Christmas to All ) Harry Connick Jr. ( 2003 - Harry for the Holidays ) Michael Bublé with The Puppini Sisters ( 2011 - Deluxe Edition of Christmas ) Book ( edit ) In 1950 , Little Golden Books published Frosty the Snow Man as a children 's book , adapted by Annie North Bedford and illustrated by Corinne Malvern . 1950 short film ( edit ) In 1950 , the UPA studio brought `` Frosty '' to life in a three - minute animated short which appears regularly on WGN - TV . This production included a bouncy , jazzy a cappella version of the song and a limited animation style reminiscent of UPA 's Gerald McBoing - Boing . The short , filmed entirely in black - and - white , has been a perennial WGN - TV Christmas classic , and was broadcast on December 24 and 25 , 1955 , and every year since , as part of a WGN - TV children 's programming retrospective , along with their two other short Christmas classics , `` Suzy Snowflake '' and `` Hardrock , Coco and Joe . '' The short had previously been telecast annually on WGN 's The Bozo Show , `` Ray Rayner and His Friends '' and `` Garfield Goose , '' along with its two other companion cartoons . The three cartoons are also a tradition on WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania , which not only broadcasts the cartoons on their station , but also makes them available on their website . 1969 Rankin / Bass television special ( edit ) Main article : Frosty the Snowman ( film ) In 1969 , Rankin / Bass produced a twenty - five - minute television special , Frosty the Snowman , featuring animation by Japanese studio Mushi Production , and the voices of comedians Jimmy Durante as the narrator , Billy De Wolfe as Professor Hinkle and Jackie Vernon as Frosty . Paul Frees and June Foray both also voice characters including Karen and Santa Claus in this animated special produced and directed by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass . This was a story based on the discovery of Frosty the Snowman . Three sequels were produced , Frosty 's Winter Wonderland ( based upon the song `` Winter Wonderland '' ) in 1976 , in which Frosty got married , and Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July in 1979 , followed by The Legend of Frosty the Snowman in 2005 . CBS ' own spiritual sequel , Frosty Returns , was broadcast in 1992 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gene Autry , `` Frosty the Snowman '' Retrieved October 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ USPTO trademark database listing Jump up ^ Liebeskind , Ken ( 3 December 2011 ) . `` Armonk Celebrates Frosty Day Dec. 10 '' . Armonk Daily Voice . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Weisler , Alex ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Armonk to give Frosty a warm reception '' . The Journal News . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Wolanin Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Guy Lombardo & his Royal Canadians . `` Frosty the Snowman / If I Were Santa Claus '' ( Shellac , 10 `` , 78 RPM , Single ) . Decca. 1950 . https://www.discogs.com/Guy-Lombardo-And-His-Royal-Canadians-Frosty-The-Snowman-If-I-Were-Santa-Claus/release/5099875 Jump up ^ Red Foley and The Little Foleys . `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' ( Shellac , 10 `` , 78 RPM , Promo ) . Decca. 1950 . https://www.discogs.com/Red-Foley-And-The-Little-Foleys-Shirley-Julie-And-Jenny-Rudolph-The-Red-Nosed-Reindeer/release/4123723 Jump up ^ Jones , Spike . `` Frosty The Snowman '' . YouTube : Salt & Pepper - It 's Christmas Day . 9 December 2016 . https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DCdWMsgwrr8 Jump up ^ The Chipmunks . `` Christmas with The Chipmunks Vol. 1 '' . Allmusic / Delta Distribution. 1962 . http://www.allmusic.com/song/frosty-the-snowman-mt0015017860 Jump up ^ Lee , Brenda . `` Frosty The Snowman '' . Second Hand Songs . 19 October 1964 . https://secondhandsongs.com/performance/87659 Jump up ^ Jimmy Durante Cover of Gene Autry 's `` Frosty The Snowman '' . WhoSampled.com . Jimmy Durante had previously recorded an early version in 1950 shortly after Gene Autry http://www.whosampled.com/cover/471350/Jimmy-Durante-Frosty-the-Snowman-Gene-Autry-Frosty-the-Snow-Man/ Jump up ^ Twitty , Conway . `` Merry Twismas from Conway Twitty and his Little Friends ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Warner Bros. Records . 1983 . https://www.discogs.com/Conway-Twitty-Merry-Twismas-From-Conway-Twitty-And-His-Little-Friends/release/4366909 Jump up ^ Leon Redbone and Dr. John Cover of Gene Autry 's `` Frosty The Snowman '' . http://www.whosampled.com/cover/16891/Leon-Redbone-Dr.-John-Frosty-the-Snowman-Gene-Autry-Frosty-the-Snow-Man/ Jump up ^ The Four Freshmen . `` Freshmas ! '' Ranwood Records . 1992 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/freshmas!-mw0000091542 Jump up ^ Charlie Daniels and his Band . `` Merry Christmas to All '' . Audium Entertainment . 8 October 2002 . http://www.allmusic.com/album/merry-christmas-to-all-mw0000660908 Jump up ^ Frosty The Snowman at The Big Cartoon DataBase Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Frosty the Snowman at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? King Kong Escapes Marco The Last Dinosaur The Bermuda Depths The Bushido Blade The Ivory Ape The Last Unicorn The Sins of Dorian Gray The King and I Television series The New Adventures of Pinocchio Tales of the Wizard of Oz The King Kong Show The Smokey Bear Show The Tomfoolery Show The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show The Jackson 5ive Show The Osmonds Kid Power Festival of Family Classics ThunderCats SilverHawks TigerSharks Karate Kat The Comic Strip Jan and Dean Jan Berry Dean Torrence Albums Carnival of Sound ( 2010 ) Singles `` Baby Talk '' `` Clementine '' `` Gee '' `` Heart and Soul '' `` A Sunday Kind of Love '' `` Who Put the Bomp '' `` Frosty the Snowman '' `` She 's Still Talkin ' Baby Talk '' `` Linda '' `` Surf City '' `` Honolulu Lulu '' `` Drag City '' `` Dead Man 's Curve '' `` The New Girl In School '' `` The Little Old Lady ( from Pasadena ) '' `` Ride the Wild Surf '' `` Sidewalk Surfin ' '' `` I Found a Girl '' `` Norwegian Wood '' `` Batman ! '' `` Popsicle '' `` School Days '' `` Louisiana Man '' `` Yellow Balloon '' `` Tijuana '' `` Vegetables '' `` In the Still of the Night '' `` Gonna Hustle You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` Oh What a Beautiful Morning '' Songs `` Stay '' Related topics Discography Deadman 's Curve `` Barbara Ann '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frosty_the_Snowman&oldid=825971598 '' Categories : 1950 songs American Christmas songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Christmas characters Christmas novelty songs Gene Autry songs Glen Campbell songs The Jackson 5 songs The Ronettes songs Bing Crosby songs Nat King Cole songs The Beach Boys songs 1910 Fruitgum Company songs The Partridge Family songs The Coasters songs Kimberley Locke songs Jan and Dean songs Songs written by Walter E. Rollins Recorded music characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 13 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosty%20the%20Snowman	48,858
meiosis ii does not take place in the oocyte until	Immediately after meiosis I , the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II . However , this process is also halted at the metaphase II stage until fertilization , if such should ever occur . When meiosis II has completed , an ootid and another polar body have now been created .	fertilization	Oogenesis	oogenesis	Oogenesis , ovogenesis , or oögenesis / ˌoʊ. əˈdʒɛnɪsɪs / is the differentiation of the ovum ( egg cell ) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized . It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Oogenesis in mammals 1.1 The creation of oogonia 2 Human oogenesis 2.1 Oogenesis 2.1. 1 Number of primary oocytes 2.2 Ootidogenesis 2.2. 1 Meiosis I 2.2. 2 Meiosis II 2.2. 3 Folliculogenesis 2.3 Maturation into ovum 2.4 In vitro maturation 3 Oogenesis in non-mammals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Oogenesis in mammals ( edit ) Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . ( In mammals , the first polar body normally disintegrates before dividing , so only two polar bodies are produced. ) In mammals , the first part of oogenesis starts in the germinal epithelium , which gives rise to the development of ovarian follicles , the functional unit of the ovary . Oogenesis consists of several sub-processes : oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum ( oogenesis proper ) . Folliculogenesis is a separate sub-process that accompanies and supports all three oogenetic sub-processes . Cell type ploidy / chromosomes chromatids Process Time of completion Oogonium diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 2C Oocytogenesis ( mitosis ) Third trimester primary oocyte diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 4C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis I ) ( Folliculogenesis ) Dictyate in prophase I for up to 50 years secondary oocyte haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 2C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Halted in metaphase II until fertilization Ootid haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Minutes after fertilization Ovum haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Oogonium -- ( Oocytogenesis ) -- > Primary Oocyte -- ( Meiosis I ) -- > First Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Secondary oocyte -- ( Meiosis II ) -- > Second Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Ovum Oocyte meiosis , important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division , occurs completely without the aid of spindle - coordinating centrosomes . The creation of oogonia ( edit ) The creation of oogonia traditionally does n't belong to oogenesis proper , but , instead , to the common process of gametogenesis , which , in the female human , begins with the processes of folliculogenesis , oocytogenesis , and ootidogenesis . Human oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes , which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . Oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth . Number of primary oocytes ( edit ) It is commonly believed that , when oocytogenesis is complete , no additional primary oocytes are created , in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis , where gametocytes are continuously created . In other words , primary oocytes reach their maximum development at ~ 20 weeks of gestational age , when approximately seven million primary oocytes have been created ; however , at birth , this number has already been reduced to approximately 1 - 2 million . Recently , however , two publications have challenged the belief that a finite number of oocytes are set around the time of birth . The renewal of ovarian follicles from germline stem cells ( originating from bone marrow and peripheral blood ) has been reported in the postnatal mouse ovary . In contrast , DNA clock measurements do not indicate ongoing oogenesis during human females ' lifetimes . Thus , further experiments are required to determine the true dynamics of small follicle formation . Ootidogenesis ( edit ) The succeeding phase of ootidogenesis occurs when the primary oocyte develops into an ootid . This is achieved by the process of meiosis . In fact , a primary oocyte is , by its biological definition , a cell whose primary function is to divide by the process of meiosis . However , although this process begins at prenatal age , it stops at prophase I. In late fetal life , all oocytes , still primary oocytes , have halted at this stage of development , called the dictyate . After menarche , these cells then continue to develop , although only a few do so every menstrual cycle . Meiosis I ( edit ) Meiosis I of ootidogenesis begins during embryonic development , but halts in the diplotene stage of prophase I until puberty . The mouse oocyte in the dictyate ( prolonged diplotene ) stage actively repairs DNA damage , whereas DNA repair is not detectable in the pre-dictyate ( leptotene , zygotene and pachytene ) stages of meiosis . For those primary oocytes that continue to develop in each menstrual cycle , however , synapsis occurs and tetrads form , enabling chromosomal crossover to occur . As a result of meiosis I , the primary oocyte has now developed into the secondary oocyte and the first polar body . Meiosis II ( edit ) Immediately after meiosis I , the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II . However , this process is also halted at the metaphase II stage until fertilization , if such should ever occur . When meiosis II has completed , an ootid and another polar body have now been created . Folliculogenesis ( edit ) Main article : Folliculogenesis Synchronously with ootidogenesis , the ovarian follicle surrounding the ootid has developed from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory one . Maturation into ovum ( edit ) Both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of Meiosis II , leaving only the ootid , which then eventually undergoes maturation into a mature ovum . The function of forming polar bodies is to discard the extra haploid sets of chromosomes that have resulted as a consequence of meiosis . In vitro maturation ( edit ) Main article : In vitro maturation In vitro maturation ( IVM ) is the technique of letting ovarian follicles mature in vitro . It can potentially be performed before an IVF . In such cases , ovarian hyperstimulation is n't essential . Rather , oocytes can mature outside the body prior to IVF . Hence , no ( or at least a lower dose of ) gonadotropins have to be injected in the body . Immature eggs have been grown until maturation in vitro at a 10 % survival rate , but the technique is not yet clinically available . With this technique , cryopreserved ovarian tissue could possibly be used to make oocytes that can directly undergo in vitro fertilization . Oogenesis in non-mammals ( edit ) Diagram of oogenesis in a digenean ( Platyhelminthes ) Main article : Evolution of sexual reproduction Some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia . In the brown alga Fucus , all four egg cells survive oogenesis , which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity . In plants , oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis . In many plants such as bryophytes , ferns , and gymnosperms , egg cells are formed in archegonia . In flowering plants , the female gametophyte has been reduced to an eight - celled embryo sac within the ovule inside the ovary of the flower . Oogenesis occurs within the embryo sac and leads to the formation of a single egg cell per ovule . In ascaris , the oocyte does not even begin meiosis until the sperm touches it , in contrast to mammals , where meiosis is completed in the estrus cycle . See also ( edit ) Anisogamy Archegonium Evolution of sexual reproduction Female infertility Female reproductive system Meiosis Oncofertility Oogonium Oocyte Origin and function of meiosis Sexual reproduction Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Prenatal and Postnatal stages of oogenesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Definition : Oogenesis Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oogenesis '' . Jump up ^ Szollosi D , Calarco P , Donahue RP ( 1972 ) . `` Absence of centrioles in the first and second meiotic spindles of mouse oocytes '' . J Cell Sci. 11 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 541 . PMID 5076360 . Jump up ^ Manandhar G , Schatten H , Sutovsky P ( January 2005 ) . `` Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance '' . Biol. Reprod. 72 : 2 -- 13 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod. 104.031245 . PMID 15385423 . Jump up ^ NCBI - The saga of the germ line Jump up ^ Lobo RA ( September 2003 ) . `` Early ovarian ageing : a hypothesis . What is early ovarian ageing ? '' . Hum . Reprod. 18 ( 9 ) : 1762 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / deg377 . PMID 12923124 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Bagley J , Skaznik - Wikiel M , et al. ( July 2005 ) . `` Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood '' . Cell. 122 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2005.06. 031 . PMID 16051153 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Canning J , Kaneko T , Pru J , Tilly J ( 2004 ) . `` Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary '' . Nature . 428 ( 6979 ) : 145 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02316 . PMID 15014492 . Jump up ^ Forster P , Hohoff C , Dunkelmann B , Schürenkamp M , Pfeiffer H , Neuhuber F , Brinkmann B ( 2015 ) . `` Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers '' . Proc R Soc B. 282 : 20142898 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.2898 . PMC 4345458 . PMID 25694621 . Jump up ^ Biochem Jump up ^ Guli CL , Smyth DR ( 1988 ) . `` UV - induced DNA repair is not detectable in pre-dictyate oocytes of the mouse '' . Mutat Res. 208 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / s0165 - 7992 ( 98 ) 90010 - 0 . PMID 3380109 . Jump up ^ Vejledning om kunstig befrugtning 2006 ( Danish ) ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , M ; Albertini , DF ; Wallace , WHB ; Anderson , RA ; Telfer , EE ( 2018 ) . `` Metaphase II oocytes from human unilaminar follicles grown in a multi-step culture system '' . MHR : Basic science of reproductive medicine . doi : 10.1093 / molehr / gay002 . ISSN 1360 - 9947 . Further comments in BBC news article : James Gallagher ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` First human eggs grown in laboratory '' . 14 Prenatal and Postnatal stages of oogenesis Bibliography Manandhar G , Schatten H and Sutovsky P ( 2005 ) . Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance . Biol Reprod , 72 ( 1 ) 2 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Reproductive Physiology ( hide ) Female reproductive system Internal Adnexa Ovaries Follicles corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Wolffian vestiges Gartner 's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron Uterus Regions Body Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Cervical canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns Layers Endometrium epithelium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen Vaginal rugae Support structures Vaginal epithelium External Vulva Labia Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands / ducts Bartholin 's glands / Bartholin 's ducts Skene 's glands / Skene 's ducts Clitoris Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood Urethra Urethral crest Other G - spot Urethral sponge Perineal sponge Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Sex Biological terms Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex - determination system XY ZW XO Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex parasexuality Sexual reproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Copulation Human reproduction Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Sex portal Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oogenesis&oldid=841608685 '' Categories : Developmental biology Genetics Human female endocrine system Meiosis Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 42 . 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what is the definition of the childcare industry			Child care	child care	Child care , or otherwise known as daycare , is the care and supervision of a child or multiple children at a time . The age ranges anywhere from six weeks up to age thirteen . Child care is the action or skill of looking after children by a day - care center , nannies , babysitter , teachers or other providers . Child care is a broad topic that covers a wide spectrum of professionals , institutions , contexts , activities , social and cultural conventions . Early child care is an equally important and often overlooked component of child development . Child care providers can be our children 's first teachers , and therefore play an integral role in our systems of early childhood education . Quality care from a young age can have a huge impact on the future successes of children . The main focus of childcare is on the development of the child , whether that be mental , social , or psychological .	In most cases children are taken care by their parents , legal guardians , or siblings . In some cases , it is also seen that children care for other children . This informal care includes verbal direction and other explicit training regarding the child 's behavior , and is often as simple as `` keeping an eye out '' for younger siblings . Care facilitated by similar - aged children covers a variety of developmental and psychological effects in both caregivers and charge . This is due to their mental development being in a particular case of not being able to progress as it should be at their age . This care giving role may also be taken on by the child 's extended family . Another form of childcare that is on the rise in contrast to familial caregiving is that of center based child care.In lieu of familial care giving , these responsibilities may be given to paid - caretakers , orphanages or foster homes to provide care , housing , and schooling . Professional caregivers work within the context of a center - based care ( including creches , daycare , preschools and schools ) or a home - based care ( nannies or family daycare ) . The majority of child care institutions that are available require that child care providers to have extensive training in first aid and be CPR certified . In addition , background checks , drug testing at all centers , and reference verification are normally a requirement . Child care can consist of advanced learning environments that include early childhood education or elementary education . `` The objective of the program of daily activities should be to foster incremental developmental progress in a healthy and safe environment and should be flexible to capture the interests of the children and the individual abilities of the children . '' In many cases the appropriate child care provider is a teacher or personal with educational background in child development , which requires a more focused training aside from the common core skills typical of a child caregiver . As well as these licensed options , parents may also choose to find their own caregiver or arrange childcare exchanges / swaps with another family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 In the child 's home 1.2 In the provider 's home 1.3 Center Based childcare 1.3. 1 Staff 1.4 Non-profit daycare 1.5 Family child care homes 1.6 Informal care 1.6. 1 Children caring for adults 2 Cultural Differences 2.1 Multi-cultural Care 2.2 England 2.3 Scotland 2.4 United States 2.5 France 2.6 Kenya 3 Effects on child development 3.1 Formal Care 3.2 Informal Care 4 Health issues 4.1 Childcare infection 5 Value of unpaid childcare 5.1 Monetary Value 5.2 Societal Value 6 History 6.1 Learning Stories 7 History 8 Business 9 Standards and requirements 10 Worldwide 10.1 Australia 10.2 Canada 10.3 Denmark 10.4 Germany 10.5 Japan 10.6 Mexico 10.7 Norway 10.8 Spain 10.9 United Kingdom 10.10 United States 11 Child development 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 14.1 Resources for childcare in the United States Types ( edit ) In the child 's home ( edit ) At home , care is typically provided by nannies , au pairs , or friends and family . The child is watched inside their own home which could expose them to outside children and illnesses . Depending on the number of children in the home , the children utilizing in - home care could enjoy the greatest amount of interaction with their caregiver , in turn forming a close bond . There are no required licensing or background checks for in - home care , making parental vigilance essential in choosing an appropriate caregiver . Nanny and au pair services provide certified caregivers and the cost of in - home care is the highest of childcare options per child , though a household with many children may find this the most convenient and affordable option . Many nannies study towards childcare qualifications . This means they are trained to create a safe and stimulating environment for your child to enjoy and thrive in . Typically , au pairs or nannies provide more than routine child care , often providing assistance with daily household activities which include running errands , shopping , doing laundry , fixing meals , and cleaning the house . The most now common way to find a nanny is via the childcare website / care website or a nanny agency . Nanny agencies will thoroughly check an applicant 's references and run a criminal background check on the successful candidate . Having a nanny could be cheaper than putting multiple children in a daycare setting full time . Nannies could provide stability for the child who gets to have a regular role model in their life . Nannies often work overtime and babysit , providing less stress for parents running late without being charged excessive late fees . They also care for sick children whereas nurseries do not . This enables the parents to continue working normally without being interrupted . All nannies have first aid and background checks which are either checked by the agency or the family themselves . They can be subject to visits from their local childcare regulatory bodies . Children with nannies could also be well socialized as nannies could be able to take them out and attend more playdates . In the provider 's home ( edit ) Family child care providers care for children in the provider 's own home . The children could be in a mixed age group with a low adult to child ratio . Care can also potentially be personalized and individual . The hours may be more flexible and the provider may offer evening and weekend care for parents who work shifts . The cost in a family child care could be significantly lower on average than that of a center . Child care facilities in the US have the option of becoming accredited . This standard is set and regulated by an outside agency . In centers , National Association for the Education of Young Children institutes it . For family child care providers , the National Association of Family Child Care Providers award the credentials . Licensed or unlicensed home daycare is also referred to as family child care , or in home care . It refers to the care provided to a group of children in the home of a caregiver . State laws differ regarding rules for licensed versus unlicensed care . In Canada , most home daycares are unlicensed , and this is completely lawful . Licensing home daycares in Canada can help greatly with oversight , but at the cost of a large portion of the daycare provider 's pay . Family child cares are small in size and provide families the same securities as a daycare center , and also has the benefits of flexible hours , lower costs , accessibility , and cultural compatibility . Home - based providers can give more individualized care and therefore better meet the needs of working families . In addition , family care generally has a small ratio of children in care , allowing for more interaction between child and provider than would be had at a commercial care center . Family child care helps foster emotionally secure interpersonal relationships for everyone involved . The providers are able to communicate each day with parents on a personal level and share information about the development of the child . Providers care for multi-aged groups of children allowing children to remain with one caregiver for many years which helps children develop a sense of trust and security . Multi-aged settings allow children to learn from one another and allow siblings to stay together . Some family child care providers may offer parents more flexibility with hours of operation such as evening , weekend , overnight , and before and after school care . In the United States , some family child care providers work with companies such as Wonderschool , for assistance in licensing , operations , marketing , and administrative support . Center based childcare ( edit ) An American childcare development center In a childcare center , teachers focus on the physical and mental developments of their students . In order to have a greater understanding of the student , teachers in centers must incorporate a relationship with their students that benefits their wants and needs while pushing them toward a higher set of values . This type of teaching with a caring relationship will improve a student 's moral and incidental learning . Elementary school teacher dictating students ( 2003 , Tehran ) . Commercial care center also known as daycares are open for set hours , and provide a standardized and regulated system of care for children . Parents may choose from a commercial care center close to their work , and some companies may even offer care at their facilities . A form in which parents pick the child care facility can be based on their mission statement and the objectives they find necessary to be addressed . Center based child care should have their mission written out and include one of the main components which is health promotion . These objectives should be shaped to the needs of every child and can change from one to another . The child care provider must see how these objectives are most fit for the child and mend them case by case to their specific needs . In setting up activities for these objectives , both indoor and outdoor activities must be taken into account . The child must have an experience that partakes in all the different forms . This may then cause discussion between the parents and the caregivers. The parents tend to give their input on what they deem as necessary when the needs of their children may be different . Parents are able to communicate with the staff of these facilities because workers who speak the same native language or language of preference must be available for these conversations . The quality of the center based child care can be very influential on the child and on their overall development . Recent study showed that children in low end classrooms saw the activities as forced while the children in high end classrooms had more memorable experiences . Even though this being the case between high and low end classrooms , other aspects such as the child 's background and living situation can play an important role in their development . Active children may thrive in the educational activities provided by a quality commercial care center , but according to the National Center for Early Development and Learning , children from low quality centers may be significantly less advanced in terms of vocabulary and reading skills . Classes are usually largest in this type of care , ratios of children to adult caregivers will vary according to state licensing requirements . Some positive aspects of commercial care are that children may gain a sense of independence , academic achievement , and socialization . Not only is this age crucial for the improvement of their social skills , but also it begins the stages of understanding a classroom setting . Childcare is seen as a reasonable option because it is different than parenting , since it can be seen as more of a routine for the child . This in turn will only have a negative impact on the child if the parent is not their for the emotional needs of the child . Children are placed into centers of socialization and learn many similarities and differences from one another from a very young age . Children are also placed into settings to develop their linguistics and cognitive abilities , which can be measured through observations . Not only is this age crucial for the improvement of their social skills , but also it begins the stages of understanding a classroom setting . These early ages of the child 's life are crucial or it would otherise have a negative impact on their future paths . Pre-school is often the term used to refer to child care centers that care primarily for 3 and 4 - year old children . Preschool can be based in a center , family child care home or a public school . Older children , in their turn , in most countries are cared in an educational setting , usually a primary school environment . The children are supervised by a teacher all day long , who is responsible for their physical , intellectual , emotional and social development . In this regard , most western countries have compulsory education during which the great majority of children are at school starting from five or six years of age . The school will act in loco parentis meaning `` in lieu of parent supervision . '' In many locales , government is responsible for monitoring the quality of care . Staff ( edit ) For all providers , the largest expense is labor . In a 1999 Canadian survey of formal child care centers , labor accounted for 63 % of costs and the industry had an average profit of 5.3 % . Given the labor - intensive nature of the industry , it is not surprising that the same survey showed little economies of scale between larger and smaller operators . Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers , affecting staffing requirements . Laws may mandate staffing ratios ( for example 6 weeks to 12 months , 1 : 4 ; 12 months to 18 months , 1 : 5 ; 18 months to 24 months , 1 : 9 ; et and even higher ratios for older children ) . Legislation may mandate qualifications of supervisors . Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision . Typically , once the child reaches the age of twelve , they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated . In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Many employees are at local minimum wage and are typically paid by the hour rather than salaried . In the United States , `` child care worker '' is the fifth most female - dominated occupation ( 95.5 % female in 1999 ) . In the US , staffing requirements vary from state to state . Non-profit daycare ( edit ) A daycare in 2009 . `` Considerable research has accumulated showing that not - for - profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Not - for - profit organizations are more likely to provide good services to a vulnerable population under conditions that are very hard to monitor or measure . Non-profit day cares have some structural advantages over for - profit operations : They may receive preferential treatment in rents especially if they are affiliated with a church that is otherwise unoccupied during the week , or with a school that has surplus space . Location within a school may have the advantage of coordinated programs with the school and the advantage of a single location for parents who have older school - age children as well . Parents are typically the legal owners of the non-profit day care and will routinely provide consulting services in areas in which they are professionally qualified ( for example accounting , legal advice , or human resources ) for free . ( There are some non-profits not operated by parents , but by a board of directors made up of community representatives who want what is good for the children . ) Non-profits have an advantage in fund - raising , as most people will not donate to a for - profit childcare organization . Non-profits , however , are typically limited in size to a single location , as the parent - owners have no motivation to manage other locations where their children are not present . They may suffer from succession issues as children grow and parents leave the management of the day care to other parents . Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . In non-profits , the title of the most senior supervisor is typically `` executive director '' , following the convention of most non-profit organizations . Family child care homes ( edit ) Family child care homes can be operated by a single individual out of their home . In most states , the legal age of 18 is only required . There may be occasions when more than one individual cares for children in a family childcare home . This can be a stay - at - home parent who seeks supplemental income while caring for their own child . There are also many family childcare providers who have chosen this field as a profession . Both state and county agency legislation regulate the ratios ( number and ages of children ) allowed per family child care home . Some counties have more stringent quality standards that require licensing for family child care homes while other counties require little or no regulations for childcare in individuals ' homes . Some family child care homes operate illegally with respect to tax legislation where the care provider does not report fees as income and the parent does not receive a receipt to qualify for childcare tax deductions . However , licensing a family child care home is beneficial for family child care home providers so that they can have access to financial benefits from their state government , or the federal government where they are allowed to accept children from parents who meet the criterion to benefit from the government childcare subsidy funding . Examples of such benefits are : free Professional Development and training courses , Child And Adult Care Food Program ( which allows eligible childcare and family childcare home providers to claim a portion of costs relating to nutritious meals served to children ) , and more ; . Family childcare may be less expensive than center - based care because of the lower overhead ( lower ratios mean less staff are required to maintain regulated ratios . Many family childcare home providers may be certified with the same credentials as center based staff potentially leading to higher level of care . Franchising of family child care home facilities attempts to bring economies of scale to home daycare . A central operator handles marketing , administration and perhaps some central purchasing while the actual care occurs in individual homes . The central operator may provide training to the individual care providers . Some providers even offer enrichment programs to take the daycare experience to a more educational and professional level . An example would be Wonderschool , which provides caregivers with a proprietary technology platform , as well as licensing , marketing , and administrative services . Informal care ( edit ) Informal childcare is a childcare system that utilizes both family and community members . This includes but is not limited to grandparents , siblings , and both children and adult neighbors . This system is inexpensive and many cultures utilize and embrace informal childcare as beneficial to a child 's upbringing and education . Children that receive informal care do not receive the same educational and preparatory regimens as those in a center - or home - based center often do . Instead , learning occurs informally as a direct result of the caretaker and charge 's interactions . Learning and development occur differently for every individual . Different periods of a child 's growth are known to affect the care taking styles associated with them , from the care of an infant to that of an older adolescent . Other influences on care taking include the expectations of the three parties involved - the parents , caretakers , and children . Children caring for adults ( edit ) Many types of childcare discuss the different ways in which children are cared for by adults or older children . One additional type of child care involves children caring for adults . Children as caretakers are most often seen in developing countries with restricted or hard - to - access medical assistance . Child caretakers are common in families where the parents are affected by HIV / AIDS and other mental illnesses that might limit their parental functioning . Developmentally , these child caretakers have shown certain positive associations that affect their future resilience in the face of adversity . Caring for disabled parents raises their sense of responsibility and maturity , increases social and life skills , fosters closer parent - child relationships , and enhances a child 's early sense of purpose . Children caring for sick or disabled parents also experience less anxiety surrounding their parents compared to children who have an additional caregiver for their disabled parent . This is because the children understand more about the illness and feel more in control over the situation . Cultural differences ( edit ) Childcare varies dramatically across cultures . These discrepancies are attributed to the homestead and household environments . That is , the type of work performed by adult caretakers in a given community strongly influence the type of childcare used . In agricultural / horticultural societies where work is done to provide sustenance for the community , siblings and similar - aged children are responsible for younger children . While many global communities prefer children aged 7 -- 10 for designated caregiving responsibilities , children no younger than 12 are preferred in the Western world where paid childcare is common . Other factors of childcare that vary cross-culturally are the relative ages of both caretaker and child , parental expectations , demands of the child , culturally - varied conceptions of children 's maturity , and factors affecting demographic makeup . Multi-cultural care ( edit ) An important aspect that many center based child cares have been trying to implement into their mission statement and everyday routine has been of being aware of the multiple cultures they will be dealing with . This was seen as being important because of the growing numbers of families considering and seeking childcare . Childcare has become an important aspect of society since , `` Over thirteen million American children under 5 years of age experience some form of child care before entering formal school . '' Programs must understand similarities and differences between cultures / ethnic groups . This must be done to understand the overall diversity of the community . Children should be able to have their cultural practices represented as well as be able to learn about other cultures they have not been exposed to . This is of great importance because it adds to their mental development and their understanding of the world . England ( edit ) Main article : Child care in the United Kingdom In England , childcare is inspected and regulated by OFSTED ( previously this was administered by Local Authority Social Services ) . Care for children under five is split into Childcare on Domestic Premises which is Childminding and Daycare . In the UK being a ' Childminder ' is a protected title and can only be used by registered professionals . Registered Childminders are trained , insured and qualified in Pediatric First Aid . They comply / administer / work with The Early Years Foundation Stage EYFS and have the same responsibilities for education as nurseries and reception classes . They generally work from their own homes and are always self - employed setting their own terms and conditions . The basic numbers of children that childminders can care for is 6 children under 8 years of age ; of these children , 3 may be under 5 and of these 1 may be under 1 . These numbers include the childminder 's own children ( although the childminder 's children will not be included in the childminding ' Certificate ' ) . Some childminders work with either childminding assistants or with co-childminders , which often increases the number of children that can be cared for and individual childminders can request a ' variation ' which may increase the children that they care for particularly for ' continuity of care ' or for twins . There is a professional body -- the Professional Association for Childcare & Early Years ( formerly the National Childminding Association ) , which `` Promotes and supports quality child - minding expertise '' and provides information for Childminders and parents . London has greater pressures on childcare provision than other English regions . A recent study by London 's Poverty Profile found the level of childcare provision in London is lower than the England average . In London , there are 4.4 children aged under 8 per childcare place , compared to the England average of 3.9 . Childcare costs in London significantly hinder the living standards of the capital 's residents . A recent study by Loughborough University , funded by Trust for London , found the minimum budget required for a couple with two children to reach a decent standard of living is 22 % more in Inner London and 21 % more in Outer London than compared with the rest of the UK . The significantly higher costs of childcare influences this heavily , along with housing and transport . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland Her Majesty 's Inspectorate of Education is responsible for improving care and education for children from birth to age eighteen . This is implemented by inspections carried out by HMIE itself or by other members of inspection and review teams . Inspection reports include feedback from staff and parents as well as the inspectors , aiming to provide parents and carers information to help them decide whether a particular child care setting is providing good quality child care and meeting government standards . United States ( edit ) Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States . The average annual cost of full - time care for an infant in center - based care ranges from $4,863 in Mississippi to $16,430 in Massachusetts . In monetary - and production - based societies , informal childcare is seen in families who do not have enough funds to finance placing their children in a more expensive child care facility . A study done by Roberta Iversen and Annie Armstrong explains that due to long and irregular working hours of working parents , low - socioeconomic families are more likely to utilize informal childcare . Those low income families are also more apt to work longer hours on an irregular and inflexible schedule , which ultimately makes using a childcare facility , that has regular business hours , unlikely . In 2001 , more than one half of the children in the United States attended childcare facilities . This number has only increased as the number of working parents has increased . The increase in the number of children that are required to have some sort of childcare service has made childcare facilities more necessary than they have ever been . France ( edit ) Childcare systems in France put great value into childcare providers having received a certain level of formal education in order to properly care for children . They have two separate branches of early childhood childcare . These two branches are called crèche and école maternelle . Crèche is the program for infants and toddlers and école maternelle is part of the education system . They both require teachers to have a college degree with an occasional specialized degree on top of that . Kenya ( edit ) Many agricultural communities highly value sibling - and peer - caretaking . Accounts from the Idakho tribe in Kenya portray infants being left to the care and guidance of other relatively young children in the community with adults and other tribe members merely within shouting distance should a problem arise . The same pattern of caregiving is seen in the Kikuyu people in Kenya , where mothers in the horticultural society are often away working , which relies on siblings , cousins , and neighbors to care for children as young as 4 months old . The children caregivers in many communities are deemed responsible to care for those younger than them and it is expected that they will do so . Adults are viewed as occasional supervisors of the caregiving while the caregivers are responsible for responding to the needs of each child . These young caregivers take pride in their responsibility and learn each child 's individual likes , dislikes , and habits . Effects on child development ( edit ) Formal care ( edit ) There are many things to consider when parents enroll a child into a care center or other form of paid childcare , and there is much controversy surrounding the potential benefits and harm caused by this type of care . The parental decisions of leaving a child with someone and who that someone will be are two of the most difficult decisions in the lives of most parents . A parent must consider the safety and security of their children when making this decision . The development of a child has many factors , but it is most directly influenced by the type and quality of care that is most regularly provided to the child . Child development researcher , Lian Tong , analysed the results from a Haley and Stansbury experiment saying , `` Parent responsiveness also facilitates cognitive , social , and emotional development and reduces negative emotions in infants . '' That is , the amount of time that a parent or teacher is willing to spend teaching , listening to , playing with , and exploring with the child the more socially , emotionally , and educationally developed the child will become . Whether that child receives the majority of his or her care at a center or at its house , the biggest factor in deciding what will have the best effect on the child will be those willing to put in the time and effort it takes to properly develop a child 's social , physical , and academic skills . The quality of childcare given by a facility is generally indicated by the center 's cost of enrollment . If the center charges more for the service , it will generally provide better care to the children . Centers that charge more for their services can provide quality education , more current resources , and nicer facilities . These are all helpful when trying to educate a child academically . A higher standard for teachers , such as requiring a degree in early childhood education or a degree of the like , has shown to result in improved growth in the development of a child . Whether at an expensive facility or relatively inexpensive , children who attend daycare facilities tend to develop social skills more quickly than children of the same age group that are reared at home . They communicate better with children of the same age and often try harder to communicate with those that are younger than them , by using patience and taking different approaches at presenting the data . Surprisingly , a study done by Erik Dearing , has proven that negative social behavioral patterns are not directly connected to daycare . By studying a large selection of children from the Norwegian childcare system he concluded that the number of hours a child spends at a daycare and their behavior have no dependent relations . Though in America , children who attend childcare systems have a higher risk of externalizing the symptoms of negative social behavior , exhibiting these traits can directly correlate with their time spent in the center . There are links between the income , education , and importance of consistency and the well being of the child , to the parents , and the development of their child . Higher educated parents place more importance on the education of their children than the parents who do not have a college degree or have not graduated from high school . Likewise , parents who have a higher income level are more willing to part with their money to purchase a private tutor or nanny to assist the parent in the education of their child . They also tend to stress the importance of being socially inept . The first few years of a child 's life are important to form a basis for good education , morality , self - discipline and social integration . Consistency of approach , skills and qualifications of caregivers have been shown in many studies to improve the chances of a child reaching his or her full potential . Child care in much of western society is currently in crisis : there are not enough daycare spots , the cost for most parents is beyond their means , and child care staff are grossly underpaid . Starting wages for Early Childcare Educators start at $11 or $12 , causing a high turnover rate , and decreases the likelihood of potentially safe , effective , and loving child care providers from even entering the field . For preschool teachers the average salary is about $28,570 . According to a survey done by HiMama , 68 % of for - profit child care organizations ranked ' Labor ' as their top risk and 65 % ranked ' Talent and Recruitment ' as their top priority for 2017 . Informal care ( edit ) Care given by unpaid providers in an informal setting affect multiple developmental and psychological dimensions in children . Whether the providers are the child 's siblings or a member of the family / community , research dictates this type of care influences factors such as sense achievement , affiliation , conformity , and individual interests . More specifically , further research indicates that children being cared for by siblings or similarly - aged children ( a trend more commonly seen in agriculturally - based cultural communities ) have certain psychological and developmental effects on those being cared for . These effects include but are not limited to : mother - child attachment , emergence of childhood developmental stages , formation of playgroups , development of social responsibility , sex differences , personality differences , cognition , and motivation and performance in the classroom . Health issues ( edit ) Childcare infection ( edit ) Main article : Childcare infection Childcare infection is the spread of infection during childcare , typically because of contact among children in daycare or school . This happens when groups of children meet in a childcare environment , and there is an individual with an infectious disease who may then spread it to the entire group . Commonly spread diseases include influenza - like illness and enteric illnesses , such as diarrhea among babies using diapers . Illnesses and diseases may also include ringworm , head lice , and hand , feet , mouth disease . It is uncertain how these diseases spread , but hand washing reduces some risk of transmission and increasing hygiene in other ways also reduces risk of infection . Due to social pressure , parents of sick children in childcare may be willing to give unnecessary medical care to their children when advised to do so by childcare workers and even if it is against the advice of health care providers . In particular , children in childcare are more likely to take antibiotics than children outside of childcare . Value of unpaid childcare ( edit ) Parents spend a significant amount of time raising their children . These parents nurture and develop their children into being functional members of society . This hard work is not motivated by monetary gain . For centuries it has been assumed that women will stay home and take care of the children while their husbands go out and work . In most cases , the husbands get all the credit for providing for the family . However , the wife who is the homemaker , deserves just as much credit for her care work . Caregivers do not receive monetary compensation and they must pay a ' care - penalty . A care - penalty is the price one pays for doing care work for a family member . Care giving demands a lot out of an individual , and as a result there is a high opportunity cost . The opportunity cost can relate to both time and money . Instead of taking care of a family member , a caregiver could spend time working or performing more leisure activities . Care penalties are not strictly related to childcare - they can also refer to taking care of a sick family member , babysitting a younger sibling , or taking an elderly family member on errands such as grocery shopping or doctor 's appointments . Monetary value ( edit ) Studies have been done to get an annual salary estimate for a female caregiver . One survey suggested that the value of a mother 's work , if she were paid the average wage for each task she performs in running the household and caring for her children , is $117,867 per year . The reason for the high salary is because mothers typically perform about 10 different job functions throughout the week . Some of these job functions are poorly paid , including cleaning , driving , caring for children , and washing laundry , but others , especially financial and managerial tasks that the survey equated with being the Chief Executive Officer of a company , are highly paid . Neither a nanny nor a housekeeper makes nearly as much money , and almost all of these tasks except direct child care also have to be done by non-parents . The value of unpaid childcare is also an important figure in various legal entities . Expert witnesses ( most often economists ) are occasionally brought into court cases to give estimates on the value of unpaid labor . By giving estimation , the plaintiff or defendant can be fairly compensated for their labor . Societal value ( edit ) It is important to assess the value of caregivers because they are what truly make society function , and often their work is under - appreciated . They prepare the next generation for school , work , and decision - making . The way in which a child is nurtured at a young age and through adolescence has both psychological and developmental effects that effect their future . Not only does the child depend on caregiving , but schools and employers depend on the childcare . The government also benefits because these children turn into productive members of society . Eventually , they will be the ones running the country . Developmental benefits are also seen for older siblings or relatives tasked to care for younger children . For example , children with siblings are more likely to prohibit prosocial behaviors ( such as the ability to take another 's perspective or sharing with others ) than children without siblings . Additionally , sibling caretakers have to opportunity to develop deeper communication skills as they teach younger siblings to participate in everyday tasks . History ( edit ) According to Chris Knight , the first humans were few ; then the population `` exploded ... Population expansion on such a scale is inconsistent with female tolerance of infanticide , harassment , or the heavy costs to mothers of male philandering and double standards . If unusually large numbers of unusually large - brained offspring were being successfully raised to maturity , the quality of childcare must have been exceptional . We know what the optimal solution would have been . There can be no doubt that mothers would have done best by ... taking advantage of every available childcare resource . '' Plato , according to Elaine Hoffman Baruch , around 394 B.C. , argued that a system of child care would free women to participate in society . Among the early English authors to devote a book to child care in the modern sense was Elizabeth Dawbarn ( The Rights of Infants , or ... Nursing of Infants , 1805 ) . Day care , daycare , child day care , or childcare is the care of a child during the day by a person other than the child 's legal guardians , typically performed by someone outside the child 's immediate family . Day care is typically an ongoing service during specific periods , such as the parents ' time at work . Day care can also refer to daytime care for disabled or elderly people in both UK and US English , so child day care is often preferable at first mention . The service is known as day care or childcare in the United Kingdom , North America , and Australia and as crèche in Ireland and New Zealand . According to Oxford Living Dictionaries , child care in two words can in addition have the broader meaning of the care of a child by anyone , including the parents , but US dictionaries do not record that spelling or meaning . In English - speaking and other conservative countries , the vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents , in - house nannies or through informal arrangements with relatives , neighbors or friends , but most children are in daycare centers for most of the day in Nordic Countries , for example . Child care in the child 's own home is traditionally provided by a nanny or au pair , or by extended family members including grandparents , aunts and uncles . Child care is provided in nurseries or crèches or by a nanny or family child care provider caring for children in their own homes . It can also take on a more formal structure , with education , child development , discipline and even preschool education falling into the fold of services . The day care industry is a continuum from personal parental care to large , regulated institutions . Some childminders care for children from several families at the same time , either in their own home ( commonly known as `` family day care '' in Australia ) or in a specialized child care facility . Some employers provide nursery provisions for their employees at or near the place of employment . For - profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies . Research shows that not - for - profits are much more likely to produce the high quality environments in which children thrive . '' Local governments , often municipalities , may operate non-profit day care centers . For all providers , the largest expense is labor . Local legislation may regulate the operation of daycare centers , affecting staffing requirements . In Canada , the workforce is predominantly female ( 95 % ) and low paid , averaging only 60 % of average workforce wage . Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Legislation may specify details of the physical facilities ( washroom , eating , sleeping , lighting levels , etc . ) . Independent studies suggest that good daycare is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 41⁄2 years of life than those in lower quality care . Learning stories ( edit ) Learning Stories are documents that are used by caregivers and educators in childcare settings . They use a storytelling format instead of a traditional ' observation ' report to document the different ways that young children learn , and capture the moment in greater detail and provide parents with a greater insight into the events that occur in their child 's time in childcare . What they include Story of the child 's progress Pictures of the experiences ( Optional ) The child 's strengths , interests and needs Space for parent feedback Learning stories originate from New Zealand as they use a learning model in their curriculum called `` Te Whaariki '' . It highlights children 's learning outcomes as ' disposition ' which are `` situated learning strategies plus motivation - participation repertoires from which a learner recognize , selects , edits , responds to , resists , searches for and constructs learning opportunities '' History ( edit ) A worker drops off her child at a California day care center , 1943 . Day care appeared in France about 1840 , and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869 . Originating in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century , day cares were established in the United States by private charities in the 1850s , such as the Charity Organization Society founded by Ansley Wilcox . The Fitch Creche in Buffalo , New York was known as the first day center for working mothers in the United States . Another at that time was the New York Day Nursery in 1854 . More contemporary proposals for government advancement of day care in the United States have experienced a checkered path , for example , in 1971 , the Comprehensive Child Development Act was passed by Congress , but was vetoed by Richard Nixon . It `` would have created nationally funded child care centers providing early childhood services and after - school care , as well as nutrition , counseling , and even medical and dental care . The centers would charge parents on a sliding scale . '' Various proposals have been considered , but to date , none leading to legislation that would establish a national policy supporting day care in the United States . Business ( edit ) The day care industry is a continuum from personal parental care to large , regulated institutions . The vast majority of childcare is still performed by the parents , in - house nanny or through informal arrangements with relatives , neighbors or friends . For example , in Canada , among two parent families with at least one working parent , 62 % of parents handle the childcare themselves , 32 % have other in - home care ( nannies , relatives , neighbours or friends ) and only 6.5 % use a formal day care center . However , for - profit day care corporations often exist where the market is sufficiently large or there are government subsidies . For instance , in North America , KinderCare Learning Centers , one of the largest of such companies , has approximately 1,600 centers located in 39 states and the District of Columbia . Bright Horizons Family Solutions another of the largest has over 600 daycare centers . Similarly the Australian government 's childcare subsidy has allowed the creation of a large private - sector industry in that country . Another factor favoring large corporate daycares is the existence of childcare facilities in the workplace . Large corporations will not handle this employee benefit directly themselves and will seek out large corporate providers to manage their corporate daycares . Most smaller , for - profit daycares operate out of a single location . In general , the geographic limitations and the diversity in type of daycare providers make child daycare a highly fragmented industry . The largest providers own only a very small share of the market . This leads to frustration for parents who are attempting to find quality child daycare , with 87 % of them describing the traditional search for child daycare as `` difficult and frustrating '' . Standards and requirements ( edit ) A child playing with a toy in a daycare . Some jurisdictions require licensing or certification . Parents may also turn to independent rating services , or rely on recommendations and referrals . Some places develop voluntary quality networks , for example in Australia most childcare services are part of a national Quality Assurance system . Some places require caregivers to take classes in pediatric CPR and first aid . Most countries have laws relating to childcare , which seek to keep children safe and prevent and punish child abuse . Such laws may add cost and complexity to childcare provision and may provide tools to help ensure quality childcare . Additionally , legislation typically defines what constitutes daycare ( e.g. , so as to not regulate individual babysitters ) . It may specify details of the physical facilities ( washroom , eating , sleeping , lighting levels , etc . ) . The minimum window space may be such that it precludes day cares from being in a basement . It may specify the minimum floor space per child ( for example 2.8 square metres ) and the maximum number of children per room ( for example 24 ) . It may mandate minimum outdoor time ( for example 2 hours for programs 6 hours or longer ) . Legislation may mandate qualifications of supervisors . Staff typically do not require any qualifications but staff under the age of eighteen may require supervision . Some legislation also establishes rating systems , the number and condition of various toys , and documents to be maintained . Typically , once children reach the age of twelve , they are no longer covered by daycare legislation and programs for older children may not be regulated . Legislation may mandate staffing ratios ( for example , 6 weeks to 12 months , 1 : 4 ; 12 months to 18 months , 1 : 5 ; 18 months to 24 months , 1 : 9 ; etc . ) . The caregiver - to - child ratio is one factor indicative of quality of care . Ratios vary greatly by location and by daycare center . Potential consequences of a caregiver : child ratio which is too high could be very serious . However , many states allow a higher numbers of toddlers to caregivers and some centers do not comply consistently . For example , within the US : Pennsylvania , ages 1 -- 3 , 1 teacher to 5 children ; Missouri : age 2 , 1 teacher to 8 children ; North Carolina : 1 teacher to 10 children . Many organizations in the developed world campaign for free or subsidized childcare for all . Others campaign for tax breaks or allowances to provide parents a non-finance driven choice . Many of the free or subsidized childcare programs in the United States are also Child Development programs , or afterschool programs which hire certified teachers to teach the children while they are in their care . There are often local industry associations that lobby governments on childcare policy , promote the industry to the public or help parents choose the right daycare provider . In the United States , childcare in regulated commercial or family childcare home setting is administered or led by teachers who may have a Child Development Associate or higher credentials . These higher credentials include Associate , Bachelor , and even master 's degrees in the field of Early Childhood Education ( ECE ) . Although childcare professionals may obtain a degree , many states require that they attend workshops yearly to upgrade their knowledge and skill levels . Many day cares require a teacher to obtain a certain amount of training . For example , Texas requires a minimum of 25 hours a year , and the first year as a teacher , you are required to have 50 hours . Worldwide ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australia has a large child care industry , however in many locations ( especially in inner - city suburbs of large cities and in rural areas ) the availability is limited and the waiting periods can be up to several years . The Australian government 's Child Care Benefit scheme provides generous assistance with child care costs , but this still leaves many families with a large out of pocket expense . Most families are eligible for Child Care Rebate , which provides a rebate of 50 % of fees , up to a yearly cap of AUD $7500 per child . The median weekly cost of centre - based long day care in 2013 was approximately A $364 which puts it out of the reach of lower income earners . Regulation is governed by the ACECQA , a federal government body , which acts as a central body for the state bodies . Ratios are : 1 : 4 for infants , 1 : 5 for 2 -- 3 years old ( since 31 / 12 / 2015 , when it was 1 : 8 ) and 1 : 11 for preschoolers ( since 31 / 12 / 2015 when it was 1 : 10 ) All childcare workers must have , or be undertaking , the minimum `` Certificate III in Children 's Services '' in order to work in a centre ( Recognition of Prior Learning is available to help qualify staff with many years experience , but no qualifications ) . ( Common more advanced qualifications are `` Diploma of Children 's Services '' and an Early Childhood Education degree ) . Rules differ between states regarding family day care in Australia . To start a Family Day Care business in Victoria , an educator should be either having `` Certificate III in Children 's Services '' or be actively working towards the same . Additionally , Current Police check , Current First Aid training , Insurance ( specifically for family day care ) is necessary for starting a family day care . The house should be safe for children . A group of 15 educators works under one Supervisor who must have a `` Diploma in Children 's Services '' . Canada ( edit ) Canada offers both private and subsidized daycare centers . Some shortages of subsidized openings can lengthen the time needed to find a suitable childcare provider . To counter this , government or private enterprise sometimes enable parents to look for available spaces online . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark day - cares accept children ranging from 6 months old to 3 years old. 91.2 % of 1 - 2 year old children are enrolled in different types of day - care institutions . Most of these are managed by a municipality and mostly government funded . The different types of institutions ranges from separate day - care institutions ( Vuggestue ) , kindergartens with a day - care department ( Integrerede institutioner ) and in - home day - care ( Dagpleje ) . The day - cares are play - based focusing on the children 's perspective and involvement in the day - to - day life . The day - cares are staffed by trained social educators or pedagogues ( pædagog ) Germany ( edit ) A group of East Berlin children , with their caretakers , 1984 . In Germany , preschool education is the domain of the Kindertagesstätte ( literally `` children 's day site '' , often shortened to Kita or KITA ) , which is usually divided into the Kinderkrippe ( crèche ) for toddlers ( age up to 3 years ) , and the Kindergarten for children who are older than three years and before school . Children in their last Kindergarten year may be grouped into a Vorschule ( `` preschool '' ) and given special pedagogic attention ; special preschool institutions comparable to the US - American kindergarten are the exception . Kitas are typically run by public ( i.e. communal ) and `` free '' carriers ( such as the churches , other religious organizations , social organizations with a background in the trade unions and profit - orientated corporations ) , and subsidized by the states ( Länder ) . In this case , the care is open to the general public -- e.g. a Protestant or Muslim child may claim a place in a Kita run by the catholic church . Preschool education , unlike school and university , is not in the exclusive domain of the states . The federal government regulates daycare through the Kinder - und Jugendhilfegesetz ( KJHG ) , which stipulates a legal claim to daycare : for children over the age of three and before school ( i.e. Kindergarten ; this law became effective in 1996 ) ; for children under the age of three and before Kindergarten ( i.e. Kinderkrippe ; this law becomes effective August 1 , 2013 ) . Alternative daycare can be provided through Tagespflegepersonen ( usually Tagesmütter , `` day mothers '' ) , i.e. stay - at - home parents which provide commercial day care to other children . This form of daycare is also federally regulated through the KJHG . Preschool education ( Frühpädagogik ) is increasingly seen as an integral part of education as a whole ; several states such as Bavaria have released detailed educational plans for daycare carriers who claim state subsidies . `` Early pedagogics '' has increasingly moved into the academic domain , with an increasing number of staff being trained at universities of applied science ( Fachhochschulen ) and regular universities . Non-academic personnel in daycare facilities have usually attended specialized schools for several years . In the state of Bavaria for example , daycare assistants ( Kinderpfleger ) will have attended school for two years , daycare teachers ( Erzieher ) for three years with an additional two - year internship . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the child care industry is worth trillions of yen , and is expanding due to rising work force participation by mothers . In 2004 nearly 2 million children were in some form of day care . ( Jetro ) Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa created a Social Program named `` Programa de Estancias Infantiles '' that included more than 8,000 daycare spaces for children between 1 and 3.11 years old . This program subsidizes mothers that work and study and also single fathers in a vulnerable situation . It has a great success having more than 125,000 children over the country . This is regulated by the Social Development Minister ( Secretaría de Desarrollo Social ). ( 2 ) Childcare has been on the rise in Mexico due to the increasing interest it has within the people and the effect it has on the government . This is due to the rise of urban areas in developing countries and the need to keep up with the economic development . There has always been many child care services available but due to the high costs , they were mainly unavailable for the low income families . Childcare became a hot topic of discussion when more women were joining the workforce and the debate of how this would affect how the children would be raised . Another topic of debate is how would the women pay for these expensive services while working minimum wage jobs or having limited times they could work , so the idea of subsidizes arised . In specific to the child , the topic of `` street children '' , how and where children should grow up , was debated , and if they should be allowed to be considered part of the street instead of a particular home . This issue was of great debate because it not only affects the child but also the community the child is in , since they usually seek out public spaces for shelter , food and play . Childcare is generally broken into three general categories such as governmental institutions , religious organizations , and independent agencies ( such as NGOS ) . All of these take on the same objectives which are `` containment , paternalist cure approach and street education . '' The creation of childcare programs in Mexico is quite different from others because it focuses on the `` defeminization of labor and the defamilization of care . '' Female participation is a goal that the government has so it set in place many policies and modes to achieve this . The creation of a successful program of child care has been sought out and many different aspects have been changed over the years but it can be seen that there is an increase in early childhood education and care services ( ECEC ) . ECEC services can be broken down into three different time periods and models which were implemented . The first would be in the 1970s when the Institute for Social Security focuses on covering children for mothers who were covered by Social Security services . This caused a huge gap in the children that could be covered due to the fairly large amount of women working in the informal sector and being denied these services . The second stage would be in the early 200s when the Ministry of Public education made preschool mandatory for all children from ages 3 to 5 . This was useful in theory because all of the children in this age range would be cared for , but in reality caused a strain in the amount of time that the parents had to go and work or dedicate their time elsewhere . The last stage would be in 2007 when the Ministry of Social Development created a childcare program in which was focuses on helping out children and mothers who were not covered by the social security services . This was successful since it targeted low income families specifically . For families to be eligible for this service the mothers had to be working or searching for a job , the income was taken into consideration in comparison to that of minimum wage , and that they did not have any other access to services . Women 's participation in the workforce and be directly tied to the availability of childcare services and how it would affect their household . The program that was created in 2007 became known as the Federal Daycare Programme for Working Mothers . This program allowed for subsidized home and community based childcare . The one running the care centers would only have to have a training component , which consisted of a psychological test and training courses to understand the principles of childcare , before being able to open their business in which they would be given money to furnish the facility as necessary for a safe caring center to be created . Another way this program was set into place was by subsidizing the care of non-profits , private for profits , or religious institutions who were based in the area of need . Norway ( edit ) Many children in Norway start daycare between 10 months and 3 years old . Funded parental leave for working parents is either 44 weeks with full pay , or 54 weeks with 80 % pay ( both up to a certain level only ) . The government guarantees daycare for all children that are at least 1 year old by 1 August . Coverage is still not 100 % , but most regions are getting close ( 2011 ) . There 's a maximum price to enable all families to afford it . Spain ( edit ) Spain provides paid maternity leave of 16 weeks with 30 - 50 % of mothers returning to work ( most full - time ) after this , thus babies 4 months of age tend to be placed in daycare centers . Adult - infant ratios are about 1 : 7 - 8 first year and 1 : 16 - 18 second year . Public preschool education is provided for most children aged 3 -- 5 years in `` Infantil '' schools which also provide primary school education . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Child care in the United Kingdom The UK has a wide range of childcare options , including childminders , day nurseries , playgroups and pre-school education at school . It is regulated by OFSTED ( CSSIW in Wales ) , which operates the application and inspection process for the sector . Childcare is primarily funded by parents , however the Single Funding Formula ( pre-school funding ) can be used at some day nurseries , playgroups and schools for a maximum of 5 sessions per week , after a child reaches 3 years . The government introduced a childcare allowance ( vouchers ) by which employers could make payments for childcare , prior to tax , on employees ' wages . Median rates ( 2011 ) are approximately £ 4.50 per hour for childminders , £ 7 : 5 - £ 10 net per hour for nannies , £ 60 - 100 per week for au pairs and £ 35 - £ 50 per day for day nurseries . United States ( edit ) State legislation may regulate the number and ages of children allowed before the home is considered an official daycare program and subject to more stringent safety regulations . Often the nationally recognized Child Development Associate credential is the minimum standard for the individual leading this home care program . Each state has different regulations for teacher requirements . In some states , teachers must have an associate degree in child development . States with quality standards built into their licensing programs may have higher requirements for support staff such as teacher assistants . And in Head Start programs , by 2012 , all lead teachers must have a bachelor 's degree in Early Childhood Education . States vary in the standards set for daycare providers , such as teacher to child ratios . Family childcare can also be nationally accredited by the National Association of Family Childcare if the provider chooses to go through the process . National accreditation is only awarded to those programs who demonstrate the quality standards set forth by the NAFCC . According to the 1995 U.S. Census Bureau Survey of Income and Program Participation ( SIPP ) , over thirty - six percent of families of preschoolers with working mothers primarily relied on childcare in the home of a relative , family daycare provider or other non-relative . Almost twenty - six percent of families used organized childcare facilities as their primary arrangement . Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States . The average annual cost of full - time care for an infant in center - based care ranges from $4,863 in Mississippi to $16,430 in Massachusetts . Child development ( edit ) Main article : Child development Independent studies suggest that good daycare for non-infants is not harmful . In some cases , good daycare can provide different experiences than parental care does , especially when children reach two and are ready to interact with other children . Bad daycare puts the child at physical , emotional and attachment risk . Higher quality care was associated with better outcomes . Children in higher quality childcare had somewhat better language and cognitive development during the first 41⁄2 years of life than those in lower quality care . They were also somewhat more cooperative than those who experienced lower quality care during the first 3 years of life . The National Institute of Health released a study in March , 2007 after following a group of children through early childhood to the 6th grade . The study found that the children who received a higher quality of childcare scored higher on 5th grade vocabulary tests than the children who had attended childcare of a lower quality . The study also reported that teachers found children from childcare to be `` disobedient '' , fight more frequently , and more argumentative . The study reported the increases in both aggression and vocabulary were small . `` The researchers emphasized that the children 's behavior was within the normal range and were not considered clinically disordered . '' As a matter of social policy , consistent , good daycare , may ensure adequate early childhood education for children of less skilled parents . From a parental perspective , good daycare can complement good parenting . A 2001 report showed that children in high - quality care scored higher on tests of language , memory and other skills than did children of stay - at - home mothers or children in lower - quality day care . A study appearing in Child Development in July / August 2003 found that the amount of time spent in daycare before four - and - a-half tended to correspond with the child 's tendency to be less likely to get along with others , to be disobedient , and to be aggressive , although still within the normal range . See also ( edit ) Adult daycare center After - school activity Day care sexual abuse hysteria Ladies ' Deborah and Child 's Protectory Preschool Day care Corporate child care Nanny Babysitting Parental leave Magda Gerber Au pair Nursery school Kindergarten Forest kindergarten Playwork Child development Forgotten baby syndrome Work - family balance in the United States Cost of raising a child References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caring for Our Children : National Health and Safety Performance Standards : Guidelines for Early Care and Education Programs . Elk Grove Village : American Academy of Pediatrics. 2011 . p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : ( Weisner , Thomas S. , et al . `` My Brother 's Keeper : Child and Sibling Caretaking ( and Comments and Reply ) . '' Current Anthropology , vol. 18 , no . 2 , 1977 , pp. 169 -- 190. , doi : 10.1086 / 201883 . ) Jump up ^ ChildForum Childcare Information http://www.childforum.com/options-a-differences-between-ece-programmes/73-private-childcare-arrangements-making-your-own-and-what-is-involved.html Jump up ^ `` AuPair Nanny Differences Au Pair Jobs Family Care : Nanny , Sitter , Assistant , Senior Home Care '' . www.greataupair.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://nannycity.com/checking-nanny-references/ Jump up ^ `` Daycare vs. Nanny care : The Pros and Cons '' . Parents With Nannies , Inc . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ National Association for the Education of Young Children . Jump up ^ National Association of Family Child Care Jump up ^ Magistretti , Berenice ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Wonderschool raises $2 million to launch in - home preschools '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : McKeon , Michael ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` The Morality of Daycare '' . Philosophia . ^ Jump up to : Wiltz , Nancy W. ( 2001 ) . `` '' What do you do in child care ? '' Children 's perceptions of high and low quality classrooms `` . Early Childhood Research Quarterly . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Day Care on Maternal Labor Supply and Child Development in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Nacional De Salud Publica . August 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.fpg.unc.edu/~NCEDL/pages/project_summary.cfm?study_id=4 Jump up ^ Cerbasi , Jennifer . `` The Pros and Cons of Daycare '' . FOX News Network . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of Day Care on Maternal Labor Supply and Child Development in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Instituto Nacional De Salud Publica . August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Doorways To Care '' . doorwaystocare.ca. 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women . Census 2000 Special Reports , May 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Friendly , Martha ; McCain , Margaret ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Child care must serve kids not corporate shareholders '' . The Star . Toronto . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State By State Daycare Search , City By City Daycare Search , Search Daycare Centers and Daycare Homes , Daycare Listings , Child Care Directory , Daycare Locations '' . Daycareunitedstates.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Shulman , Robyn ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` How this startup is disrupting preschool and turning teachers into entrepeneurs '' . Forbes . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Ruth , and Saul Becker . `` Children 's and Young People 's Caring Responsibilities within the Family . '' Policy Press at the University of Bristol , 2009 , pp. 1 -- 38 . Global Issues and Policy Responses , www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qgvzh.5 . Accessed 7 Dec. 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogoff , Barbara . `` 4 : Child Rearing in Families and Communities . '' The Cultural Nature of Human Development , Oxford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ http://www.londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/11-services/childcare-availability-by-borough/ Jump up ^ http://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/research/minimum-income-standard-for-london/ Jump up ^ `` Childproof Your Home ! '' . VeryTogether.com. 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cost of Child Care '' . Single Mother Guide . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Iversen , Roberta Rehner , and Annie Laurie Armstrong . 2006 . Jobs Are n't Enough : Toward a New Economic Mobility for Low - Income Families . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . Jump up ^ Yazejian , Noreen , et al . `` The Relation Of Preschool Child - Care Quality To Children 's Cognitive And Social Developmental Trajectories Through Second Grade . '' Child Development 72.5 ( 2001 ) : 1534 . Education Research Complete . Web . 16 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan . `` The Hell Of American Day Care . ( Cover Story ) . '' New Republic 244.6 ( 2013 ) : 20 . MAS Ultra - School Edition . Web . 7 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tong , Lian , et al. `` Early Development of Empathy in Toddlers : Effects of Daily Parent -- Child \ Interaction and Home - Rearing Environment . '' Journal of applied Social Psychology . 42.10 ( 2012 ) : 2457 - 2478 . Web . 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Radboud University Nijmegen . `` Children who go to daycare may benefit from a wider variety of social situations . '' ScienceDaily , 30 August 2013 . Web . 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dearing , Erik , et al. `` New study challenges links between daycare and behavioral issues . '' ScienceDaily , 17 January 2013 . Web . 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dewar , Gwen . `` The Dark Side of Preschool : . '' The Dark Side of Preschool . N.p. , 2013 . Web . 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Troubling Pay Gap for Early Childhood Teachers U.S. Department of Education '' . www.ed.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ The HiMama 2017 Child Care Benchmark Report Jump up ^ Nesti , MM ; Goldbaum , M ( July -- August 2007 ) . `` Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education '' . Jornal de pediatria. 83 ( 4 ) : 299 -- 312 . doi : 10.2223 / jped. 1649 . PMID 17632670 . Jump up ^ Warren - Gash , C ; Fragaszy , E ; Hayward , AC ( September 2013 ) . `` Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection : a systematic review '' . Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 7 ( 5 ) : 738 -- 49 . doi : 10.1111 / irv. 12015 . PMID 23043518 . Jump up ^ Lee , MB ; Greig , JD ( October 2008 ) . `` A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers : effective infection control recommendations '' . Journal of environmental health . 71 ( 3 ) : 24 -- 32 , 46 . PMID 18990930 . ^ Jump up to : Rooshenas , L ; Wood , F ; Brookes - Howell , L ; Evans , MR ; Butler , CC ( May 2014 ) . `` The influence of children 's day care on antibiotic seeking : a mixed methods study '' . The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 64 ( 622 ) : e302 -- 12 . doi : 10.3399 / bjgp14x679741 . PMC 4001146 . PMID 24771845 . Jump up ^ Folbre , Nancy . The Invisible Heart : Economics and Family Values . New York : New , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Mom Salary Wizard ? 2010 . Mother 's Day Paycheck for Mom 's Job . '' Web . Jump up ^ Folbre , Nancy . `` Valuing Unpaid Work Matters , Especially for the Poor - NYTimes.com . '' The Economy and the Economics of Everyday Life - Economix Blog - NYTimes.com . Web . . ^ Jump up to : `` Readings on the Development of Children '' , Mary Gauvain and Michael Cole Jump up ^ Knight , Chris , Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal , in Allen , Nicholas J. , Hillary Callan , Robin Dunbar , & Wendy James , eds. , Early Human Kinship : From Sex to Social Reproduction ( Malden , Mass. : Blackwell Publishing , 2008 ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7901 - 0 ) ) , pp. 81 - 82 ( author prof . anthropology , Univ. of East London ) . Jump up ^ Schönpflug , Karin , Feminism , Economics and Utopia : Time Travelling Through Paradigms ( Oxon / London : Routledge , 2008 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41784 - 6 ) ) , pp. 159 -- 160 ( author economist , Austrian Ministry of Finance , & lecturer , Univ. of Vienna ) , citing Rohrlich , R. & Elaine Hoffman Baruch , Women in Search of Utopia : Mavericks and Mythmakers ( N.Y. : Schocken Books , 1984 ) , and Plato , The Republic ( ca . 394 B.C. ) . Jump up ^ The Feminist Companion to Literature in English , ed . Virginia Blain , Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy , ( London : Batsford , 1990 ) , p. 272 . Jump up ^ day care or daycare in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Jump up ^ daycare or day care in the American Heritage Dictionary ^ Jump up to : `` day care - Definition of day care in English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of DAY - CARE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` childcare - Definition of childcare in English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . ^ Jump up to : https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/child-care Random House Dictionary ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of CHILD CARE '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Jump up ^ `` child care - Definition of child care in US English by Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Jump up ^ Company , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing . `` The American Heritage Dictionary entry : child care '' . www.ahdictionary.com . ^ Jump up to : Erel O , Oberman Y , Yirmiya N ( 2000 ) . `` Maternal versus nonmaternal care and seven domains of children 's development '' . Psychol Bull . 126 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 47 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.126. 5.727 . PMID 10989621 . Jump up ^ Carr , M. ( 2012 ) Learning stories : constructing learner identities in early education . London : Sage . Jump up ^ Kearns , K , 2010 . Birth to Big School . 2nd ed . Frenchs Forest , NSW : Pearson Australia. `` , Jump up ^ Blaiklock , K ( 2008 ) A critique of the use of learning stories to assess the learning dispositions of young children , NZ Research in ECE Journal , Vol. 11 , pg 77 - 87 . Jump up ^ Kate Ryan . 2006 . Family Daycare Australia . ( ONLINE ) Available at : http://familydaycare.com.au/forms/feature%2041%20-%20Learning%20Stories.pdf . ( Accessed 20 May 11 ) . Jump up ^ Onion , Rebecca , Your Child Care Conundrum Is an Anti-Communist Plot , Slate , June 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Fraser Institute '' ( PDF ) . Fraserinstitute.ca . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` KinderCare Learning Centers '' . Book Room Reviews . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bright Horizons for Bright Horizons '' . Fool.com. 2003 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Documents - MyChild.gov.au '' ( PDF ) . www.mychild.gov.au . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Rated License : Program Standards '' . Ncchildcare.dhhs.state.nc.us . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 055 Pa . Code § 3270.51 . Similar age level '' . Pacode.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Licensing Standards for Day Care Centers Homes '' . Daycare.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` About ADCO - ADCO : : The Association of Day Care Operators of Ontario : : Childcare Today '' . Childcaretoday.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.daycarematch.com/associations.asp Jump up ^ `` About This Site The Australian Childcare Index '' . Echildcare.com.au . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Govt ' misleading parents on childcare ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Centrelink website '' . Centrelink.gov.au. 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Report on Government Services 2014 Volume B : Child care , education and training '' ( PDF ) . Australian Productivity Commission . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ https://ris.govspace.gov.au/files/2015/07/20150703-Published-Consultation-RIS-for-the-Child-Care-Assistance-Package.pdf Jump up ^ `` Australian Children 's Education and Care Quality Authority '' . acecqa.gov.au. 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` State and territory registers '' . Jump up ^ Childcare establishment locator > MFA Jump up ^ `` City of Toronto : Child Care Finder '' . Toronto.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Flere børn bliver passet ude '' ( PDF ) . Danmarks Statistik . Danmarks statistik . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vejledning om dagtilbud m.v. '' Retsinformation.dk . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Rebecca ; Levine , Ruth ( 1992 ) . `` The Effect of Household Structure on Women 's Economic Activity and Fertility '' . Economic Development and Cultural Change -- via Proquest . Jump up ^ Calderon , Gabriela ( April 2014 ) . `` The Effects of Child Care Provision in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Banco de México Documentos de Investigación . ^ Jump up to : Staab , Silke ; Gerhard , Roberto ( May 2010 ) . `` Childcare Service Expansion in Chile and Mexico : For Women or Children or Both ? '' . Gender and Development Programme Paper . ^ Jump up to : Gigengack , Roy ( 1994 ) . `` Social Practices of Juvenile Survival and Mortality : Child Care Arrangements in Mexico City '' . Community Development Journal ,. 29 . Num. 4 . Jump up ^ Calderon , Gabriela ( April 2014 ) . `` The Effects of Child Care Provision in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Banco de México Documentos de Investigación . Jump up ^ `` Kindergarten '' . regjeringen.no. 2007 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Child care '' . Almanac of Policy Issues : . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Early Child Care Linked to Increases in Vocabulary , Some Problem Behaviors in Fifth and Sixth Grades , March 26 , 2007 - National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) '' . Nih.gov. 2007 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ How the Media Perpetuate Women 's Fears of Being a Bad Mother in AlterNet May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NIH News -- Child Care Linked To Assertive , Noncompliant , and Aggressive Behaviors -- 07 / 16 / 2003 '' . nih.gov . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Child Development , Volume 74 Issue 4 Page 976 - 1005 , July 2003 ( Article Abstract ) '' . Blackwell Synergy. 2003 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Child care . Child care at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Quality Child Care From University of Florida / IFAS Department of Family , Youth and Community Sciences , Factors in choosing quality child care . Issue Guide on Child Care Examines policy alternatives and public opinion on child care in the US , from Public Agenda Online Peter S Cook Views on the effects of daycare / childcare from retired Sydney psychiatrist Peter S Cook National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center ( NCCIC ) Resources for childcare in the United States ( edit ) Childcare.gov Resources about daycare and early development US Department of Health and Human Services Head Start Program information IRS Child and Dependent Care Credit information Pregnancy and childbirth Planning Birth control Natural family planning Pre-conception counseling Conception Assisted reproductive technology Artificial insemination Fertility medication In vitro fertilisation Fertility awareness Unintended pregnancy Testing 3D ultrasound Obstetric ultrasonography Pregnancy test Home testing Prenatal diagnosis Prenatal Anatomy Amniotic fluid Amniotic sac Endometrium Placenta Development Fundal height Gestational age Human embryogenesis Maternal physiological changes Postpartum physiological changes Care Nutrition Environmental toxicants In pregnancy Prenatal Concomitant conditions Drinking Diabetes mellitus Smoking Vaping SLE Sexual activity during pregnancy Procedures Amniocentesis Cardiotocography Chorionic villus sampling Nonstress test Abortion Childbirth Preparation Bradley method Hypnobirthing Lamaze Nesting instinct Roles Doula Birth attendant Men 's roles Midwife Obstetrician Perinatal nurse Traditional birth attendant Delivery Bloody show Childbirth positions Home birth Multiple birth Natural childbirth Pelvimetry / Bishop score Cervical dilation Cervical effacement Position Presentation Breech Cephalic Shoulder Rupture of membranes Unassisted childbirth Uterine contraction Water birth Postpartum Maternal Postpartum confinement Sex after pregnancy Psychiatric disorders of childbirth Postpartum physiological changes Roles Doula Health visitor Lactation consultant Monthly nurse Confinement nanny Infant Adaptation to extrauterine life Child care Congenital disorders Obstetric history Gravidity Parity TPAL GND : 4278357 - 4 NARA : 10637741 NDL : 00563346 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_care&oldid=841340013 '' Categories : Child care Family economics Home economics Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2015 Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Kiswahili Nederlands 日本語 Norsk සිංහල Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 07 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20care	103,842
what part of the cow is the briskit	Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal . The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts , though the precise definition of the cut differs internationally . The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals . As cattle do not have collar bones , these muscles support about 60 % of the body weight of standing / moving cattle . This requires a significant amount of connective tissue , so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderize the connective tissue .		Brisket	brisket	Brisket is a cut of meat from the breast or lower chest of beef or veal . The beef brisket is one of the nine beef primal cuts , though the precise definition of the cut differs internationally . The brisket muscles include the superficial and deep pectorals . As cattle do not have collar bones , these muscles support about 60 % of the body weight of standing / moving cattle . This requires a significant amount of connective tissue , so the resulting meat must be cooked correctly to tenderize the connective tissue .	According to the Random House Dictionary of the English Language , Second Edition , the term derives from the Middle English brusket which comes from the earlier Old Norse brjósk , meaning cartilage . The cut overlies the sternum , ribs , and connecting costal cartilages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method of cooking 2 Other variations 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Method of cooking ( edit ) A pan of beef brisket Beef brisket noodles ( Philippines ) Brisket can be cooked many ways , including baking , boiling and roasting . Basting of the meat is often done during the cooking process . This normally tough cut of meat , due to the collagen fibers that make up the significant connective tissue in the cut , is tenderized when the collagen gelatinizes , resulting in more tender brisket . The fat cap , which is often left attached to the brisket , helps to keep the meat from drying during the prolonged cooking necessary to break down the connective tissue in the meat . Water is necessary for the conversion of collagen to gelatin , which is the hydrolysis product of collagen . Popular methods in the United States include rubbing with a spice rub or marinating the meat , then cooking slowly over indirect heat from charcoal or wood . This is a form of smoking the meat . A hardwood , such as oak , pecan , hickory , or mesquite , is sometimes added , alone or in combination with other hardwoods , to the main heat source . Sometimes , they make up all of the heat source , with chefs often prizing characteristics of certain woods . The smoke from these woods and from burnt dripping juices further enhances the flavor . The finished meat is a variety of barbecue . Smoked brisket done this way is popular in Texas barbecue . Once finished , pieces of brisket can be returned to the smoker to make burnt ends . Burnt ends are most popular in Kansas City - style barbecue , where they are traditionally served open - faced on white bread . The traditional New England boiled dinner features brisket as a main - course option . Brisket is also cooked in a slow cooker , as this also tenderizes the meat due to the slow cooking method , which is usually 8 hours for a three - pound brisket . In the United States , the whole boneless brisket , based on the Institutional Meat Purchase Specifications ( IMPS ) , as promulgated by the USDA , has the meat - cutting classification IMPS 120 . The North American Meat Processors Association publishes a photographic version of IMPS called the Meat Buyer 's Guide . The brisket muscles are sometimes separated for retail cutting : the lean `` first cut '' or `` flat cut '' is the deep pectoral , while the fattier `` second cut '' , `` point '' , `` fat end '' , or `` triangular cut '' is the superficial pectoral . For food service use , they are IMPS 120A and 120B , respectively . Other variations ( edit ) Brisket has a long history in the United States dating back to the indigenous Indians of southern Texas . Brisket is synonymous with Texas culture and has long been a standing staple for residents there . In traditional Jewish cooking , brisket is most often braised as a pot roast , especially as a holiday main course , usually served at Rosh Hashanah , Passover , and on the Sabbath . For reasons of economics and kashrut , it was historically one of the more popular cuts of beef among Ashkenazi Jews . Brisket is also the most popular cut for corned beef , which can be further spiced and smoked to make pastrami . The Jewish community in Montreal also makes Montreal - style smoked meat , a close relative of pastrami , from brisket . In Hong Kong , it is cooked with spices over low heat until tender , and is commonly served with noodles in soup or curry . In Korean cuisine , traditionally it is first boiled at low temperature with aromatic vegetables , then pressed with a heavy object in a container full of a soy sauce - based marinade . The ensuing preserved meat is served in match - length strips as an accompaniment ( banchan ) to a meal . This is called jang jorim . Brisket is also the main ingredient in a spicy soup called yuk ke jang , part of the class of soups that are complete meals in Korean cuisine . Nowadays , it is also popular to cook thin slices of it quickly over a hot plate . In Thai cuisine , it is used to prepare suea rong hai , a popular grilled dish originally from Isan . In New Zealand cuisine , it is used in a boil - up . Boiled in seasoned water with green vegetables and potatoes , it is popular amongst Maori people . It is a common cut of meat used in Vietnamese phở soup . In Britain , it is not generally smoked , but is one of a number of low - cost cuts normally cooked very slowly in a lidded casserole dish with gravy . The dish , known as a pot roast in the United States , but more commonly as braised or stewed beef in the UK , is often accompanied by root vegetables . Good results may also be achieved in a slow cooker . Cooked brisket , being boneless , carves well after refrigeration , and is a versatile , cheaper cut . In Italian cuisine , brisket is used to prepare bollito misto , a typical Northern Italy recipe . In Pakistan it is used in nihari , a national dish . In Germany , brisket is braised in dark German beer and cooked with celery , carrots , onions , bay leaves , and a small bundle of thyme . See also ( edit ) Food portal List of steak dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meat Buyers Guide '' . Chefs-Resources.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rabinovitch , Lara ( 2009 ) , `` Montreal - Style Smoked Meat : An interview with Eiran Harris conducted by Lara Rabinovitch , with the cooperation of the Jewish Public Library Archives of Montreal '' , Cuizine : The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures / Cuizine : revue des cultures culinaires au Canada , 1 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 40 Hong Kong foods we ca n't live without , CNN Go , 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 09 Further reading ( edit ) Moskin , Julia ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Brisket Is Worth the Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Green , Aliza ( 2005 ) . Field Guide to Meat . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . ISBN 1 - 931686 - 79 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Brisket of beef at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of brisket at Wiktionary Beef and veal Production Argentine beef Beef cattle Cow - calf operation Feeder cattle Kobe beef Organic beef Products Cuts Blade steak Brisket Chateaubriand steak Chuck steak Fajita Filet mignon Flank steak Flap steak Hanger steak Plate Ranch steak Restructured steak Rib eye Rib steak Round Rump Short loin Short ribs Shoulder tender Sirloin Top sirloin Skirt steak Spare ribs Standing rib roast Strip Shank T - bone Tenderloin Tri-tip Trotters Tail Processed Jerky Aged Bresaola Cabeza Corned beef Frankfurter Rindswurst Ground Montreal smoked Pastrami Meat extract Offal Brain Heart Tongue Tendon Tripas Tripe Testicles Dishes Beefsteak List of steak dishes Blanquette de veau Beef Wellington Beef bourguignon Beef bun Beef Manhattan Beef noodle soup Beef on weck Beef Stroganoff Boiled beef Bulgogi Calf 's liver and bacon Cheesesteak Chicken fried steak Cordon bleu Dendeng Feu French dip Ginger beef Galbi Gored gored Gyūdon Hamburg steak Hortobágyi palacsinta Iga penyet Italian beef Jellied veal Karađorđeva šnicla Kitfo London broil Mongolian beef Neobiani Ossobuco Pot roast Pozharsky cutlet P'tcha Ragout fin Rawon Rendang Roast beef Roast beef sandwich Salisbury steak Saltimbocca Sha cha beef Shooter 's sandwich Steak and kidney pudding Steak Diane Steak and eggs Steak and oyster pie Steak au poivre Tartare Tafelspitz Tongseng Veal Milanese Veal Orloff Veal Oscar Vitello tonnato Wallenbergare Related meats American bison Beefalo Water buffalo Żubroń Other Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Beef hormone controversy Beef ring Carcass grade Darkcutter Meat on the bone Ractopamine - Beef USA beef imports Japan Taiwan South Korea ( 2008 US beef protest in South Korea ) Cuts of beef Upper Chuck Rib Short loin Sirloin Tenderloin Top sirloin Bottom sirloin Round Lower Brisket Plate Flank Shank Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brisket&oldid=833316167 '' Categories : Cuts of beef Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Português Svenska Tagalog 粵語中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 32 . 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which of the following would be a characteristic of a skeletal muscle cell			Skeletal muscle	skeletal muscle	Skeletal muscle is one of three major muscle types , the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle . It is a form of striated muscle tissue which is under the ' voluntary ' control of the somatic nervous system . Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers known as tendons .	A skeletal muscle refers to multiple bundles of cells called muscle fibers ( fascicles ) . The fibres and muscles are surrounded by connective tissue layers called fasciae . Muscle fibres , or muscle cells , are formed from the fusion of developmental myoblasts in a process known as myogenesis . Muscle fibres are cylindrical , and have more than one nucleus . It has multiple mitochondria to meet energy needs . Muscle fibers are in turn composed of myofibrils . The myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin filaments , repeated in units called sarcomeres , which are the basic functional units of the muscle fiber . The sarcomere is responsible for the striated appearance of skeletal muscle , and forms the basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Skeletal muscles 1.1 Muscle fibers 1.2 Arrangement of muscle fibres 2 Function 2.1 Cellular physiology and contraction 2.2 Physics 2.3 Signal transduction pathways 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Research 4 See also 5 References Skeletal muscles ( edit ) Connective tissue is present in all muscles as fascia . Enclosing each muscle is a layer of connective tissue known as the epimysium ; enclosing each fascicle is a layer called the perimysium , and enclosing each muscle fiber is a layer of connective tissue called the endomysium . Muscle fibers ( edit ) 3D rendering of a skeletal muscle fiber . Skeletal muscle fibers show sarcomeres clearly Main article : Myocyte Muscle fibres are the individual contractile units within muscle . A single muscle such as the biceps brachii contains many muscle fibres . Another group of cells , the myosatellite cells are found between the basement membrane and the sarcolemma of muscle fibers . These cells are normally quiescent but can be activated by exercise or pathology to provide additional myonuclei for muscle growth or repair . Development Individual muscle fibers are formed during development from the fusion of several undifferentiated immature cells known as myoblasts into long , cylindrical , multi-nucleated cells . Differentiation into this state is primarily completed before birth with the cells continuing to grow in size thereafter . Microanatomy Skeletal muscle exhibits a distinctive banding pattern when viewed under the microscope due to the arrangement of cytoskeletal elements in the cytoplasm of the muscle fibers . The principal cytoplasmic proteins are myosin and actin ( also known as `` thick '' and `` thin '' filaments , respectively ) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere . The interaction of myosin and actin is responsible for muscle contraction . Every single organelle and macromolecule of a muscle fiber is arranged to ensure form meets function . The cell membrane is called the sarcolemma with the cytoplasm known as the sarcoplasm . In the sarcoplasm are the myofibrils . The myofibrils are long protein bundles about 1 micrometer in diameter each containing myofilaments . Pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma are the unusual flattened myonuclei . Between the myofibrils are the mitochondria . While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic cisternae , it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum . The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the calcium ions needed to cause a muscle contraction . Periodically , it has dilated end sacs known as terminal cisternae . These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other . In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule ( T tubule ) . T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium , causing a muscle contraction . Together , two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad . Arrangement of muscle fibres ( edit ) Main article : Muscle architecture Muscle architecture refers to the arrangement of muscle fibers relative to the axis of force generation of the muscle . This axis is a hypothetical line from the muscle 's origin to insertion . For some longitudinal muscles , such as the biceps brachii , this is a relatively simple concept . For others , such as the rectus femoris or deltoid muscle , it becomes more complicated . While the muscle fibers of a fascicle lie parallel to one another , the fascicles themselves can vary in their relationship to one another and to their tendons . The different fiber arrangements produce broad categories of skeletal muscle architectures including longitudinal , pennate , unipennate , bipennate , and multipennate . Because of these different architectures , the tension a muscle can create between its tendons varies by more than simply its size and fiber - type makeup . Longitudinal architecture The fascicles of longitudinally arranged , parallel , or fusiform muscles run parallel to the axis of force generation , thus these muscles on a whole function similarly to a single , large muscle fiber . Variations exist , and the different terms are often used more specifically . For instance , fusiform refers to a longitudinal architecture with a widened muscle belly ( biceps ) , while parallel may refer to a more ribon - shaped longitudinal architecture ( rectus abdominis ) . A less common example would be a circular muscle such as the orbicularis oris , in which the fibers are longitudinally arranged , but create a circle from origin to insertion . Unipennate architecture The fibers in unipennate muscles are all oriented at the same ( but non-zero ) angle relative to the axis of force generation . This angle reduces the effective force of any individual fiber , as it is effectively pulling off - axis . However , because of this angle , more fibers can be packed into the same muscle volume , increasing the Physiological cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) . This effect is known as fiber packing , and -- in terms of force generation -- it more than overcomes the efficiency loss of the off - axis orientation . The trade - off comes in overall speed of muscle shortening and in total excursion . Overall muscle shortening speed is reduced compared to fiber shortening speed , as is the total distance of shortening . All of these effects scale with pennation angle ; greater angles lead to greater force due to increased fiber packing and PCSA , but with greater losses in shortening speed and excursion . The vastus lateralis is an example of unipennate architecture . Multipennate architectures The fibers in multipennate muscles are arranged at multiple angles in relation to the axis of force generation , and are the most general and most common architecture . Several fiber orientations fall into this category ; bipennate , convergent , and multipennate . While the determination of PCSA becomes more difficult in these muscle architectures , the same tradeoffs as listed above apply . Bipennate arrangements are essentially `` V '' s of fibers stacked on top of each other , such as in the rectus femoris . Convergent arrangements are triangle or fan shaped , with wide origins and more narrow insertions . The wide variation of pennation angles in this architecture can actually allow for multiple functions . For instance , the trapezius , a prototypical convergent muscle , can aid in both shoulder elevation and depression . Multipennate arrangements are not limited to a particular arrangement , but -- when used specifically -- commonly refer to what is essentially a combination of bipennate or unipennate arrangements with convergent arrangements . An example of this architecture would be the human deltoid muscle . Function ( edit ) Cellular Physiology and contraction ( edit ) In addition to the actin and myosin components that constitute the sarcomere , skeletal muscle fibers also contain two other important regulatory proteins , troponin and tropomyosin , that are necessary for muscle contraction to occur . These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin . Skeletal muscle cells are excitable and are subject to depolarization by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine , released at the neuromuscular junction by motor neurons . Once a cell is sufficiently stimulated , the cell 's sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ionic calcium ( Ca2+ ) , which then interacts with the regulatory protein troponin . Calcium - bound troponin undergoes a conformational change that leads to the movement of tropomyosin , subsequently exposing the myosin - binding sites on actin . This allows for myosin and actin ATP - dependent cross-bridge cycling and shortening of the muscle . Physics ( edit ) Muscle force is proportional to physiologic cross-sectional area ( PCSA ) , and muscle velocity is proportional to muscle fiber length . The torque around a joint , however , is determined by a number of biomechanical parameters , including the distance between muscle insertions and pivot points , muscle size and Architectural gear ratio . Muscles are normally arranged in opposition so that when one group of muscles contracts , another group relaxes or lengthens . Antagonism in the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscles means that it is impossible to fully stimulate the contraction of two antagonistic muscles at any one time . During ballistic motions such as throwing , the antagonist muscles act to ' brake ' the agonist muscles throughout the contraction , particularly at the end of the motion . In the example of throwing , the chest and front of the shoulder ( anterior Deltoid ) contract to pull the arm forward , while the muscles in the back and rear of the shoulder ( posterior Deltoid ) also contract and undergo eccentric contraction to slow the motion down to avoid injury . Part of the training process is learning to relax the antagonist muscles to increase the force input of the chest and anterior shoulder . Contracting muscles produce vibration and sound . Slow twitch fibers produce 10 to 30 contractions per second ( 10 to 30 Hz ) . Fast twitch fibers produce 30 to 70 contractions per second ( 30 to 70 Hz ) . The vibration can be witnessed and felt by highly tensing one 's muscles , as when making a firm fist . The sound can be heard by pressing a highly tensed muscle against the ear , again a firm fist is a good example . The sound is usually described as a rumbling sound . Some individuals can voluntarily produce this rumbling sound by contracting the tensor tympani muscle of the middle ear . The rumbling sound can also be heard when the neck or jaw muscles are highly tensed . Signal transduction pathways ( edit ) Skeletal muscle fiber - type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent signaling pathways . These include pathways involved with the Ras / mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) pathway , calcineurin , calcium / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase IV , and the peroxisome proliferator γ coactivator 1 ( PGC - 1 ) . The Ras / MAPK signaling pathway links the motor neurons and signaling systems , coupling excitation and transcription regulation to promote the nerve - dependent induction of the slow program in regenerating muscle . Calcineurin , a Ca2+ / calmodulin - activated phosphatase implicated in nerve activity - dependent fiber - type specification in skeletal muscle , directly controls the phosphorylation state of the transcription factor NFAT , allowing for its translocation to the nucleus and leading to the activation of slow - type muscle proteins in cooperation with myocyte enhancer factor 2 ( MEF2 ) proteins and other regulatory proteins . Ca2+ / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase activity is also upregulated by slow motor neuron activity , possibly because it amplifies the slow - type calcineurin - generated responses by promoting MEF2 transactivator functions and enhancing oxidative capacity through stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis . Contraction - induced changes in intracellular calcium or reactive oxygen species provide signals to diverse pathways that include the MAPKs , calcineurin and calcium / calmodulin - dependent protein kinase IV to activate transcription factors that regulate gene expression and enzyme activity in skeletal muscle . Exercise - Included Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle That Determine Specialized Characteristics of slow twitch and fast twitch Muscle Fibers PGC1 - α ( PPARGC1A ) , a transcriptional coactivator of nuclear receptors important to the regulation of a number of mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative metabolism , directly interacts with MEF2 to synergistically activate selective slow twitch ( ST ) muscle genes and also serves as a target for calcineurin signaling . A peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor δ ( PPARδ ) - mediated transcriptional pathway is involved in the regulation of the skeletal muscle fiber phenotype . Mice that harbor an activated form of PPARd display an `` endurance '' phenotype , with a coordinated increase in oxidative enzymes and mitochondrial biogenesis and an increased proportion of ST fibers . Thus -- through functional genomics -- calcineurin , calmodulin - dependent kinase , PGC - 1α , and activated PPARδ form the basis of a signaling network that controls skeletal muscle fiber - type transformation and metabolic profiles that protect against insulin resistance and obesity . The transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during intense work requires that several systems are rapidly activated to ensure a constant supply of ATP for the working muscles . These include a switch from fat - based to carbohydrate - based fuels , a redistribution of blood flow from nonworking to exercising muscles , and the removal of several of the by - products of anaerobic metabolism , such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid . Some of these responses are governed by transcriptional control of the fast twitch ( FT ) glycolytic phenotype . For example , skeletal muscle reprogramming from an ST glycolytic phenotype to an FT glycolytic phenotype involves the Six1 / Eya1 complex , composed of members of the Six protein family . Moreover , the hypoxia - inducible factor 1 - α ( HIF1A ) has been identified as a master regulator for the expression of genes involved in essential hypoxic responses that maintain ATP levels in cells . Ablation of HIF - 1α in skeletal muscle was associated with an increase in the activity of rate - limiting enzymes of the mitochondria , indicating that the citric acid cycle and increased fatty acid oxidation may be compensating for decreased flow through the glycolytic pathway in these animals . However , hypoxia - mediated HIF - 1α responses are also linked to the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction through the formation of excessive reactive oxygen species in mitochondria . Other pathways also influence adult muscle character . For example , physical force inside a muscle fiber may release the transcription factor serum response factor ( SRF ) from the structural protein titin , leading to altered muscle growth . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Neuromuscular disease Diseases of skeletal muscle are termed Myopathies , while diseases of nerves are called Neuropathies . Both can affect muscle function and / or cause muscle pain , and fall under the umbrella of Neuromuscular disease . Myopathies have been modeled with cell culture systems of muscle from healthy or diseased tissue biopsies . Another source of skeletal muscle and progenitors is provided by the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells . Research ( edit ) Research on skeletal muscle properties uses many techniques . Electrical muscle stimulation is used to determine force and contraction speed at different stimulation frequencies , which are related to fiber - type composition and mix within an individual muscle group . In vitro muscle testing is used for more complete characterization of muscle properties . The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction are measured via electromyography ( EMG ) . EMG is a common technique used in many disciplines within the Exercise and Rehab Sciences . Skeletal muscle has two physiological responses : relaxation and contraction . The mechanisms for which these responses occur generate electrical activity measured by EMG . Specifically , EMG can measure the action potential of a skeletal muscle , which occurs from the hyperpolarization of the motor axons from nerve impulses sent to the muscle ( 1 ) . EMG is used in research for determining if the skeletal muscle of interest is being activated , the amount of force generated , and an indicator of muscle fatigue . The two types of EMG are intra-muscular EMG and the most common , surface EMG . The EMG signals are much greater when a skeletal muscle is contracting verses relaxing . However , for smaller and deeper skeletal muscles the EMG signals are reduced and therefore are viewed as a less valued technique for measuring the activation . In research using EMG , a maximal voluntary contraction ( MVC ) is commonly performed on the skeletal muscle of interest , to have reference data for the rest of the EMG recordings during the main experimental testing for that same skeletal muscle . B.K. Pedersen and her colleagues have conducted research showing that skeletal muscle functions as an endocrine organ by secreting cytokines and other peptides , now referred to as myokines . Myokines in turn are believed to mediate the health benefits of exercise . See also ( edit ) Hill 's muscle model In vitro muscle testing Muscle atrophy Musculoskeletal injury Myopathy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Birbrair , Alexander ; Zhang , Tan ; Wang , Zhong - Min ; Messi , Maria Laura ; Enikolopov , Grigori N. ; Mintz , Akiva ; Delbono , Osvaldo ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Role of Pericytes in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Fat Accumulation '' . Stem Cells and Development . 22 ( 16 ) : 2298 -- 2314 . doi : 10.1089 / scd. 2012.0647 . ISSN 1547 - 3287 . PMC 3730538 . PMID 23517218 . Jump up ^ Zammit , PS ; Partridge , TA ; Yablonka - Reuveni , Z ( November 2006 ) . `` The skeletal muscle satellite cell : the stem cell that came in from the cold '' . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 54 ( 11 ) : 1177 -- 91 . doi : 10.1369 / jhc. 6r6995. 2006 . PMID 16899758 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2010 ) . Anatomy and Physiology ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Watnick . pp. 405 -- 406 . ISBN 9780072943689 . ^ Jump up to : Martini , Frederic H. ; Timmons , Michael J. ; Tallitsch , Robert B. ( 2008 ) . Human Anatomy ( 6 ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . pp. 251 -- 252 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 50042 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lieber , Richard L. ( 2002 ) Skeletal muscle structure , function , and plasticity . Wolters Kluwer Health . Jump up ^ Costanzo , Linda S. ( 2002 ) . Physiology ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9549 - 3 . Jump up ^ Quoted from National Skeletal Muscle Research Center ; UCSD , Muscle Physiology Home Page -- Skeletal Muscle Architecture , Effect of Muscle Architecture on Muscle Function Jump up ^ Barry , D.T. ( 1992 ) . `` Vibrations and sounds from evoked muscle twitches '' . Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol. 32 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 35 -- 40 . PMID 1541245 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Peak Performance -- Endurance training : understanding your slow twitch muscle fibres will boost performance Jump up ^ Chal J , Oginuma M , Al Tanoury Z , Gobert B , Sumara O , Hick A , Bousson F , Zidouni Y , Mursch C , Moncuquet P , Tassy O , Vincent S , Miyanari A , Bera A , Garnier JM , Guevara G , Hestin M , Kennedy L , Hayashi S , Drayton B , Cherrier T , Gayraud - Morel B , Gussoni E , Relaix F , Tajbakhsh S , Pourquié O ( August 2015 ) . `` Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to muscle fiber to model Duchenne muscular dystrophy '' . Nature Biotechnology . 33 : 962 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt. 3297 . PMID 26237517 . Jump up ^ The electrical activity associated with muscle contraction are measured via electromyography ( EMG ) Jump up ^ Cè , E ; Rampichini , S ; Limonta , E ; Esposito , F ( Dec 10 , 2013 ) . `` Fatigue effects on the electromechanical delay components during the relaxation phase after isometric contraction '' . Acta physiologica ( Oxford , England ) . 211 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 96 . doi : 10.1111 / apha. 12212 . PMID 24319999 . Jump up ^ Xu , Q ; Quan , Y ; Yang , L ; He , J ( Jan 2013 ) . `` An adaptive algorithm for the determination of the onset and offset of muscle contraction by EMG signal processing '' . IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society . 21 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 73 . doi : 10.1109 / TNSRE. 2012.2226916 . PMID 23193462 . Jump up ^ Milder , DA ; Sutherland , EJ ; Gandevia , SC ; McNulty , PA ( 2014 ) . `` Sustained maximal voluntary contraction produces independent changes in human motor axons and the muscle they innervate '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 3 ) : e91754 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 991754M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0091754 . PMC 3951451 . PMID 24622330 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , B.K. ( 2013 ) . `` Muscle as a Secretory Organ '' . Comprehensive Physiology . Comprehensive Physiology. 3 . pp. 1337 -- 62 . doi : 10.1002 / cphy. c120033 . ISBN 9780470650714 . PMID 23897689 . Muscular system Tissue Muscle tissue Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Fascia Superficial Deep Visceral Fascial compartment Tendon / Aponeurosis Shape Fusiform Pennate muscle Unipennate Bipennate Other Anatomical terms of muscle Origin Insertion List of muscles of the human body Composite muscle Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Calmodulin Vascular smooth muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Costamere / DAPC Membrane / extracellular DAP : Sarcoglycan SGCA SGCB SGCD SGCE SGCG SGCZ Dystroglycan Sarcospan Laminin , alpha 2 Intracellular Dystrophin Dystrobrevin Syntrophin B1 B2 G1 G2 Syncoilin Dysbindin Synemin / desmuslin related : NOS1 Caveolin 3 Sarcomere / ( a , i , and h bands ; z and m lines ) Myofilament thin filament / actin thick filament / myosin elastic filament / titin nebulin Tropomyosin Troponin Connective tissue Epimysium Fascicle Perimysium Endomysium Connective tissue in skeletal muscle General Neuromuscular junction Motor unit Muscle spindle Excitation -- contraction coupling Sliding filament mechanism Cardiac muscle Myocardium Intercalated disc Nebulette Both Fiber Muscle fiber intrafusal extrafusal Myofibril Microfilament / Myofilament Sarcomere Cells Myoblast / Myocyte Myosatellite cell Other Desmin Sarcoplasm Sarcolemma T - tubule Sarcoplasmic reticulum Other / ungrouped Myotilin Telethonin Dysferlin Fukutin Fukutin - related protein GND : 4116511 - 1 NDL : 001143838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skeletal_muscle&oldid=813865259 '' Categories : Muscular system Somatic motor system Muscle tissue Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 17 : 22 . 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how long do red eared sliders stay small			Red - eared slider	red - eared slider	The red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) , also known as the red - eared terrapin , is a semiaquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae . It is a subspecies of the pond slider . It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States and is also popular as a pet in the rest of the world . It has , therefore , become the most commonly traded turtle in the world . It is native to the southern United States and northern Mexico , but has become established in other places because of pet releases , and has become an invasive species in many areas , where it outcompetes native species . The red - eared slider is included in the list of the world 's 100 most invasive species published by the IUCN .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Taxonomy 3 Description 3.1 Sexual dimorphism 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior 5.1 Hibernation 5.2 Reproduction 6 Red - eared sliders as pets 6.1 Infection risks and United States federal regulations on commercial distribution 6.2 US state law 7 An invasive species in Australia 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Name ( edit ) Red - eared sliders are popular pets around the world . Red - eared sliders get their name from the small red stripe around their ears ... The `` slider '' in their name comes from their ability to slide off rocks and logs and into the water quickly . This species was previously known as Troost 's turtle in honor of an American herpetologist ; Trachemys scripta troostii is now the scientific name for another subspecies , the Cumberland slider . Taxonomy ( edit ) The red - eared slider belongs to the order Testudines , which contains about 250 turtle species . It is a subspecies of Trachemys scripta . They were previously classified under the name Chrysemys scripta elegans . The species Trachemys scripta contains three subspecies : T. s . elegans ( red - eared slider ) , T. s . scripta ( yellow - bellied slider ) , and T. s . troostii ( Cumberland slider ) . Description ( edit ) Red - eared slider basking on a floating platform under a sunlamp Plastron of a young red eared slider turtle The carapace of this species can reach more than 40 cm ( 16 in ) in length , but the average length ranges from 15 to 20 cm ( 6 to 8 in ) . The females of the species are usually larger than the males . They typically live between 20 and 30 years , although some individuals have lived for more than 40 years . Their life expectancy is shorter when they are kept in captivity . The quality of their living environment has a strong influence on their lifespans and well being . Female turtle 's foot : Note the short claws . These turtles are poikilotherms , meaning they are unable to regulate their body temperatures independently ; they are completely dependent on the temperature of their environment . For this reason , they need to sunbathe frequently to warm themselves and maintain their body temperatures . The shell is divided into two sections : the upper or dorsal carapace , and the lower , ventral carapace or plastron . The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes , which form the central , elevated portion ; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes ; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the carapace . The rear marginal scutes are notched . The scutes are bony keratinous elements . The carapace is oval and flattened ( especially in the male ) and has a weak keel that is more pronounced in the young . The color of the carapace changes depending on the age of the turtle . The carapace usually has a dark green background with light and dark , highly variable markings . In young or recently hatched turtles , it is leaf green and gets slightly darker as a turtle gets older , until it is a very dark green , and then turns a shade between brown and olive green . The plastron is always a light yellow with dark , paired , irregular markings in the centre of most scutes . The plastron is highly variable in pattern . The head , legs , and tail are green with fine , irregular , yellow lines . The whole shell is covered in these stripes and markings that aid in camouflaging an individual . The turtle can retract its head and extremities inside its shell if it feels threatened . Turtles also have a complete skeletal system , with partially webbed feet that help them to swim and that can be withdrawn inside the carapace along with the head and tail . The red stripe on each side of the head distinguishes the red - eared slider from all other North American species and gives this species its name , as the stripe is located behind the eyes where their ( external ) ears would be . These stripes may lose their color over time . Some individuals can also have a small mark of the same color on the top of their heads . The red - eared slider does not have a visible outer ear or an external auditory canal ; instead , it relies on a middle ear entirely covered by a cartilaginous tympanic disc . The main internal organs of these reptiles are the lungs , heart , stomach , liver , intestines , and the urinary bladder . A cloaca serves both excretory and reproductive functions . Sexual Dimorphism ( edit ) Male red - eared slider : Note the large claws on the front foot Some dimorphism exists between males and females . Red - eared slider young look practically identical regardless of their sex , making it difficult to determine their sex . However , there is another method to determine their gender , by inspecting the markings under their carapace . These markings will fade as the turtles age . It is much easier to distinguish the sex of adults , as the shells of mature males are smaller than those of females . Male red - eared sliders reach sexual maturity when their carapaces diameter measure 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) and females reach maturity when their carapaces measure 15 cm . Both male and females reach sexual maturity at five to six years . The male is normally smaller than the female , although this parameter is sometimes difficult to apply as individuals being compared could be of different ages . Males have longer claws on their front feet than the females ; this helps them to hold on to a female during mating and is used during courtship displays . The male 's tail is thicker and longer , it has a dark coloured retractable sexual organ known as their penis , inside the tail . Typically , the cloacal opening of the female is at or under the rear edge of the carapace , while the male 's opening occurs beyond the edge of the carapace . The male 's plastron is slightly concave , while that of the female is completely flat . The male 's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female 's carapace during mating . Older males can sometimes have a dark greyish - olive green melanistic coloration , with very subdued markings . The red stripe on the sides of the head may be difficult to see or be absent . The female 's appearance is substantially the same throughout her life . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) The red - eared slider originated from the area around the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico , in warm climates in the southeastern United States . Their native areas range from the southeast of Colorado to Virginia and Florida . In nature , they inhabit areas with a source of still , warm water , such as ponds , lakes , swamps , creeks , streams , or slow - flowing rivers . They live in areas of calm water where they are able to leave the water easily by climbing onto rocks or tree trunks so they can warm up in the sun . Individuals are often found sunbathing in a group or even on top of each other . They also require abundant aquatic plants , as these are the adults ' main food , although they are omnivores . Turtles in the wild always remain close to water unless they are searching for a new habitat or when females leave the water to lay their eggs . Owing to their popularity as pets , red - eared sliders have been released or escaped into the wild in many parts of the world . The turtle is considered one of the world 's worst invasive species . Feral populations are now found in Australia , Europe , South Africa , the Caribbean Islands , Israel , Bahrain , the Mariana Islands , Guam , and southeast and far - east Asia . In Australia , it is illegal for members of the public to import , keep , trade , or release red - eared sliders , as they are regarded as an invasive species - see below . Their import has been banned by the European Union as well as specific EU member countries . In 2015 Japan announced it was planning to ban the import of red - eared sliders , but it would probably not take effect until 2020 . Invasive red - eared sliders cause negative impacts in the ecosystems they occupy because they have certain advantages over the native populations , such as a lower age at maturity , higher fecundity rates , and larger body size , which gives them a competitive advantage at basking and nesting sites , as well as when exploiting food resources . They also transmit diseases and displace the other turtle species with which they compete for food and breeding space . Behavior ( edit ) Red - eared sliders are almost entirely aquatic , but as they are cold - blooded , they leave the water to sunbathe to regulate their temperature . Play media Flipping over procedure extending the neck Hibernation ( edit ) Red Eared Sliders do not hibernate , but actually brumate ; while they become less active , they do occasionally rise to the surface for food or air . Brumation can occur to varying degrees . In the wild , red - eared sliders brumate over the winter at the bottoms of ponds or shallow lakes . They generally become inactive in October , when temperatures fall below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . During this time , the turtles enter a state of sopor , during which they do not eat or defecate , they remain nearly motionless , and the frequency of their breathing falls . Individuals usually brumate underwater , but they have also been found under banks and rocks , and in hollow stumps . In warmer winter climates , they can become active and come to the surface for basking . When the temperature begins to drop again , however , they quickly return to a brumation state . Sliders generally come up for food in early March to as late as the end of April . During brumation , T. s . elegans can survive anaerobically for weeks , producing ATP from glycolysis . The turtle 's metabolic rate drops dramatically , with heart rate and cardiac output dropping by 80 % to minimise energy requirements . The lactic acid produced is buffered by minerals in the shell , preventing acidosis . Red - eared sliders kept captive indoors should not brumate . Red - eared slider sunbathing : Heat absorption is more effective when their limbs are stretched outwards . Reproduction ( edit ) Hatching turtle with its egg tooth Female laying eggs in a nest she dug out with her hind legs Courtship and mating activities for red - eared sliders usually occur between March and July , and take place under water . During courtship , the male swims around the female and flutters or vibrates the back side of his long claws on and around her face and head , possibly to direct pheromones towards her . The female swims toward the male and , if she is receptive , sinks to the bottom for mating . If the female is not receptive , she may become aggressive towards the male . Courtship can last 45 minutes , but mating takes only 10 minutes . A pair of red - eared sliders . On occasion , a male may appear to be courting another male , and when kept in captivity may also show this behaviour towards other household pets . Between male turtles , it could be a sign of dominance and may preclude a fight . Young turtles may carry out the courtship dance before they reach sexual maturity at five years of age , but they are unable to mate . After mating , the female spends extra time basking to keep her eggs warm . She may also have a change of diet , eating only certain foods , or not eating as much as she normally would . A female can lay between two and 30 eggs depending on body size and other factors . One female can lay up to five clutches in the same year , and clutches are usually spaced 12 to 36 days apart . The time between mating and egg - laying can be days or weeks . The actual egg fertilization takes place during the egg - laying . This process also permits the laying of fertile eggs the following season , as the sperm can remain viable and available in the female 's body in the absence of mating . During the last weeks of gestation , the female spends less time in the water and smells and scratches at the ground , indicating she is searching for a suitable place to lay her eggs . The female excavates a hole , using her hind legs , and lays her eggs in it . Incubation takes 59 to 112 days . Late - season hatchlings may spend the winter in the nest and emerge when the weather warms in the spring . Just prior to hatching , the egg contains 50 % turtle and 50 % egg sac . A new hatchling breaks open its egg with its egg tooth , which falls out about an hour after hatching . This egg tooth never grows back . Hatchlings may stay inside their eggshells after hatching for the first day or two . If they are forced to leave the eggshell before they are ready , they will return if possible . When a hatchling decides to leave the shell , it still has a small sac protruding from its plastron . The yolk sac is vital and provides nourishment while visible , and several days later it will have been absorbed into the turtle 's belly . The sac must be absorbed , and does not fall off . The split must heal on its own before the turtle is able to swim . The time between the egg hatching and water entry is 21 days . Damage to or inordinate motion of the protruding egg yolk , enough to allow air into the turtle 's body , results in death . This is the main reason for marking the top of turtle eggs if their relocation is required for any reason . An egg turned upside down will eventually terminate the embryo 's growth by the sac smothering the embryo . If it manages to reach term , the turtle will try to flip over with the yolk sac , which would allow air into the body cavity and cause death . The other fatal danger is water getting into the body cavity before the sac is absorbed completely and while the opening has not completely healed yet . The sex of red - eared sliders is determined by the incubation temperature during critical phases of the embryos ' development . Only males are produced when eggs are incubated at temperatures of 22 -- 27 ° C ( 72 -- 81 ° F ) , whereas females develop at warmer temperatures . Colder temperatures result in the death of the embryos . Red - eared sliders as pets ( edit ) T. s . elegans Red - eared slider turtles are the world 's most commonly traded reptile , due to their relatively low price , small size and easy maintenance . As with other turtles , tortoises , and box turtles , individuals that survive their first year or two can be expected to live generally around 30 years . But they are an infection risk , and when they mature they can inflict painful bites , which results in many being dumped into the wild with negative ecological , social and economic impacts . Infection risks and United States federal regulations on commercial distribution ( edit ) A line of basking red - eared sliders faces an inquisitive mallard . Reptiles are asymptomatic ( meaning they suffer no adverse side effects ) carriers of bacteria of the genus Salmonella . This has given rise to justifiable concerns given the many instances of infection of humans caused by the handling of turtles , which has led to restrictions in the sale of red - eared sliders in the USA . A 1975 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulation bans the sale ( for general commercial and public use ) of both turtle eggs and turtles with a carapace length of less than 4 in ( 10 cm ) . This regulation comes under the Public Health Service Act , and is enforced by the FDA in cooperation with state and local health jurisdictions . The ban was enacted because of the public health impact of turtle - associated salmonellosis . Turtles and turtle eggs found to be offered for sale in violation of this provision are subject to destruction in accordance with FDA procedures . A fine of up to $1,001 and / or imprisonment for up to one year is the penalty for those who refuse to comply with a valid final demand for destruction of such turtles or their eggs . Many stores and flea markets still sell small turtles due to an exception in the FDA regulation which allows turtles under 4 in ( 10 cm ) to be sold `` for bona fide scientific , educational , or exhibition purposes , other than use as pets . '' As with many other animals and inanimate objects , the risk of Salmonella exposure can be reduced by following basic rules of cleanliness . Small children must be taught to wash their hands immediately after they finish playing with the turtle , feeding it , or changing its water . U.S. state law ( edit ) Some states have other laws and regulations regarding possession of red - eared sliders because they can be an invasive species where they are not native and have been introduced through the pet trade . Now , it is illegal in Florida to sell any wild - type red - eared slider , as they interbreed with the local yellow - bellied slider population -- Trachemys scripta scripta is another subspecies of pond sliders , and hybrids typically combine the markings of the two subspecies . However , unusual color varieties such as albino and pastel red - eared sliders , which are derived from captive breeding , are still allowed for sale . Male red - eared slider in an outdoor pond with goldfish and koi An Invasive species in Australia ( edit ) In Australia , breeding populations have been found in New South Wales and Queensland , and individual turtles have been found in the wild in Victoria , the Australian Capital Territory and Western Australia . Red - eared slider turtles are considered a significant threat to native turtle species - they mature more quickly , grow larger , produce more offspring and are more aggressive . Numerous studies provide evidence that red - eared slider turtles can out - compete native turtles for food and nesting and basking sites . Because red - eared slider turtles eat plants as well as animals , they could also have a negative impact on a range of native aquatic species , including rare frogs . There is also a significant risk that red - eared slider turtles will transfer diseases and parasites to native reptile species . There is evidence that a malaria - like parasite was spread to two wild turtle populations in Lane Cove River , Sydney . Social and economic costs are also likely to be substantial . The Queensland government has invested close to $1 million AUD in eradication programs to date . As outlined in the foregoing section , the turtle may also have significant public health costs due to the impacts of turtle - associated salmonella on human health . Outbreaks in multiple states and fatalities in children , associated with handling salmonella - infected turtles , have been recorded in the USA . Salmonella can also spread to humans when turtles contaminate drinking water . There have been varying degrees of action by state governments to date , ranging from ongoing eradication efforts by the Queensland government to very little action by the government of New South Wales . Experts have ranked the species as high priority for management in Australia and are calling for a national prevention and eradication strategy , including a concerted education and compliance program to stop the illegal trade , possession and release of slider turtles . In popular culture ( edit ) Within the second volume of the Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the popular comic book heroes were revealed as specimens of the red - eared slider . The popularity of the Turtles led to a craze for keeping them as pets in Great Britain , and subsequent ecological havoc as turtles were accidentally or deliberately released into the wild . See also ( edit ) Yellow - eared slider References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fritz Uwe ; Peter Havaš ( 2007 ) . `` Checklist of Chelonians of the World '' . Vertebrate Zoology. 57 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 208 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boylan Sánchez Efrén . `` Las Tortugas '' . Ed . Antártida . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Acuario de Veracruz '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Lowe S. , Browne M. , Boudjelas S. ( 2000 ) . 100 of the World 's Worst Invasive Alien Species . A Selection From the Global Invasive Species Database . IUCN / SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) , Auckland , New Zealand . Jump up ^ Win Kirkpatrick , Amanda Page & Marion Massam ( November 2007 ) . Pond Slider ( Trachemys scripta ) risk assessments for Australia . ( PDF ) . Department of Agriculture and Food , Western Australia . Jump up ^ `` Tortugas : La Tortuga de Florida '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tortuga de orejas rojas '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tortuga de Orejas Rojas '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez Garrido María del Carmen . `` Tortugas en Estanques de jardín '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jakob Christensen - Dalsgaard , Christian Brandt , Katie L. Willis , Christian Bech Christensen , Darlene Ketten , Peggy Edds - Walton , Richard R. Fay , Peter T. Madsen and Catherine E. Carr ( 2012 ) . `` Specialization for underwater hearing by the tympanic middle ear of the turtle , Trachemys scripta elegans '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . The Royal Society . 279 ( 1739 ) : 2816 -- 2824 . PMC 3367789 . PMID 22438494 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2012.0290 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Animal Diversity Web : ' ' Tachemys scripta ' ' '' . Animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ J Whitfield Gibbons & Jeffery E Lovich ( 1990 ) . `` Sexual Dimorphism in Turtles with Emphasis on the Slider Turtle ( Trachemys scripta ) '' ( PDF ) . Herpetological Monographs . The Herpetological League . 4 . Jump up ^ H Mohan - Gibbons & T Norton ( 2010 ) . `` Turtles , tortoises and terrapins '' . In VV Tynes . Behaviour of Exotic Pets . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 0 8138 0078 3 . Jump up ^ DP O'Rourke and J Schumacher ( 2002 ) . `` Biology and Diseases of Reptiles '' . In James G. Fox ; Lynn C. Anderson ; Franklin M. Loew ; Fred W. Quimby . Laboratory Animal Medicine . Academic Press . ISBN 978 0 12 263951 7 . Jump up ^ `` Red - eared slider Turtle '' . Encyclopaedia of North American Reptiles and Amphibians . Mobile Reference. 2009 - 12 - 15 . ISBN 1605014591 . Jump up ^ `` SCOTLAND Turtle mania causes welfare headache '' . BBC News . 2000 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lowe S. , Browne M. , Boudjelas S. , De Poorter M. ( 2000 ) 100 of the World 's Worst Invasive Alien Species A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database . Published by The Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission ( SSC ) of the World Conservation Union ( IUCN ) , Updated and reprinted version : November 2004 . http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/worst_100/english_100_worst.pdf , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Scalera , Riccardo . `` Trachemys scripta '' ( PDF ) . Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe . Europe Aliens . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Heidy Kikillus , K. ; Hare , K.M. ; Hartley , S. ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Minimizing false - negatives when predicting the potential distribution of an invasive species : a bioclimatic envelope for the red - eared slider at global and regional scales '' . Animal Conservation. 13 : 5 -- 15 . ISSN 1469 - 1795 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 1795.2008. 00299. x . Jump up ^ `` Red - eared slider '' ( PDF ) . Animal Pest Alert. 6 . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Species listed in the Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations '' . European Commission Environment. 16 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Capdevila Argüelles Laura ; Ángela Iglesias García ; Jorge F. Orueta ; Bernardo Zilletti . `` Lista negra preliminar de EEI para España '' . Especies Exóticas Invasoras : Diagnóstico y bases para la prevención y el manejo ( PDF ) . Madrid : Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales . Ministerio De Medio Ambiente . ISBN 84 - 8014 - 667 - 2 . Jump up ^ Japan to ban imports of red - eared slider turtles July 30 , 2015 The Japan Times Retrieved March 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ B Parry . `` The red eared slider and hickatee on Grand Cayman '' . British Chelonia Group . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pendlebury , Paul ; Bringsøe , H. ; Pendelbury , Paul ( 2006 ) . `` NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Trachemys scripta '' . Global Invasive Species Database . IUCN / SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group ( ISSG ) . Retrieved 17 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.M. ; Farrell , A.P. ( 2000 ) . `` The cardiovascular responses of the red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ) acclimated to either 22 or 5 degrees C.I. Effects of anoxic exposure on in vivo cardiac performance '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 ( Pt 24 ) : 3765 -- 3774 . PMID 11076774 . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.M. ; Farrell , A.P. ( 2000 ) . `` The cardiovascular responses of the red - eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ) acclimated to either 22 or 5 degrees C. II . Effects of anoxia on adrenergic and cholinergic control '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 203 ( Pt 24 ) : 3775 -- 3784 . PMID 11076740 . Jump up ^ Krivoruchko , A. ; Storey , K.B. ( 2010 ) . `` Forever Young : Mechanisms of Natural Anoxia Tolerance and Potential Links to Longevity '' . Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 3 ( 3 ) : 186 -- 198 . PMC 2952077 . PMID 20716943 . doi : 10.4161 / oxim. 3.3. 12356 . Jump up ^ J Chitty & A Raftery ( 2013 ) . `` Biology '' . Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery . Wiley Blackwell . p. 38 . ISBN 978 1 4051 9544 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reproducción '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Trachemys scripta ; Turtles of the World by Ernst , et al '' . Nlbif.eti.uva.nl . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Loza V. Antonio . `` Trachemys scripta elegans ( Tortuga de orejas rojas ) '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Washington NatureMapping Program , Animal Facts : Red - eared Slider . Retrieved : 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 . Red - eared slider turtle . Invasive species risk assessment . Queensland Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry Jump up ^ `` Turtle Source 's Slider Guide -- Introduction -- Is a slider right for you ? '' . Turtlesource.webs.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 . Red - eared slider turtle . Invasive species risk assessment . Queensland Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry . Jump up ^ Iglesias Isabel . `` Tortuga de orejas rojas '' . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Exposure to Turtles Jump up ^ GCTTS FAQ : `` 4 Inch Law '' , actually an FDA regulation Jump up ^ Turtles intrastate and interstate requirements ; FDA Regulation , Sec. 1240.62 , page 678 part d1 . Jump up ^ Turtle ban begins today ; New state law , newszap.com , 2007 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 ( Updated 2016 ) ; Red - eared slider turtle ; Invasive animal risk assessment ; Biosecurity Queensland ; Queensland Government ; https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76836/IPA-Red-Eared-Slider-Turtle-Risk-Assessment.pdf ; retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 ( Updated 2016 ) ; Red - eared slider turtle ; Invasive animal risk assessment ; Biosecurity Queensland ; Queensland Government ; https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76836/IPA-Red-Eared-Slider-Turtle-Risk-Assessment.pdf ; retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ For example , see Polo - Cavia , N , López , P and Martín , J 2010 , ' Competitive interactions during basking between native and invasive freshwater turtle species ' , Biological Invasions , vol. 12 ( 7 ) , pp. 2141 -- 2152 Jump up ^ O'Keefe , S ; 2005 ; Investing in conjecture : eradicating the red - eared slider in Queensland ; 13th Australasian Vertebrate Pest Conference , Wellington , New Zealand Jump up ^ Department of Agriculture and Food 2009 , Red - eared slider animal pest alert no . 6 / 2009 , Department of Agriculture and Food , Western Australia. Social and economic impacts Jump up ^ Csurhes S , Hankamer C. 2012 ( Updated 2016 ) ; Red - eared slider turtle ; Invasive animal risk assessment ; Biosecurity Queensland ; Queensland Government ; https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/76836/IPA-Red-Eared-Slider-Turtle-Risk-Assessment.pdf ; retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Center for Disease Control 2007 , ' Turtle associated salmonellosis in humans -- United States 2006 -- 2007 , Center for Disease Control ' , MMWR Weekly , vol. 56 ( 26 ) , pp. 649 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Bomford , M 2008 , Risk assessment models for establishment of exotic vertebrates in Australia and New Zealand ; Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre , Canberra . Jump up ^ Invasive Species Council ; 2014 ; Biosecurity Failures in Australia : Red - eared slider turtles ; https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Biosecurity-failures-red-eared-slider-turtles.pdf . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ For example see , Massam , M , Kirkpatrick , W & Page , A 2010 , Assessment and prioritisation of risk for forty introduced animal species , Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre , Canberra ; and Invasive Species Council ; 2014 ; Biosecurity Failures in Australia : Red - eared slider turtles ; https://invasives.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Biosecurity-failures-red-eared-slider-turtles.pdf . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ `` ENGLAND ' Hero Turtle ' craze leads to duck deaths '' . BBC News . 2001 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Further reading ( edit ) Rachel M. Bowden : `` A Modified Yolk Biopsy Technique improves survivorship of turtle eggs '' . Cal State East Bay Press Sep. / Oct. 2009 , ISSN 1522 - 2152 pp. 611 -- 615 ( online copy , p. 216 , at Google Books ) Carl H. Ernst , Jeffrey E. Lovich : Turtles of the United States and Canada . Johns Hopkins University Press 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9121 - 2 , pp. 444 -- 470 ( online copy , p. 444 , at Google Books ) James H. Harding : Amphibians and Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region . University of Michigan Press 1997 , ISBN 0 - 472 - 06628 - 5 , pp. 216 -- 220 ( online copy , p. 216 , at Google Books ) John B. Jensen , Carlos D. Camp , Whit Gibbons : Amphibians and Reptiles of Georgia . University of Georgia Press 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 3111 - 9 , pp. 500 -- 502 ( online copy , p. 500 , at Google Books ) External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trachemys_scripta_elegans . Discovery Channel 's Animal Planet : Red - eared slider Exotic pets : Information on aquatic turtles & tortoises including a few articles specific to red - eared sliders Gulf Coast Turtle & Tortoise Society : Natural History : Red - eared slider RedEarSider.com , a site about caring for turtles in captivity Family Emydidae ( pond turtles ) Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Testudines Suborder : Cryptodira Superfamily : Testudinoidea Family : Emydidae Genus Species of the subfamily Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Painted turtle Deirochelys Chicken turtle Graptemys Alabama map turtle Barbour 's map turtle Black - knobbed map turtle Cagle 's map turtle Escambia map turtle False map turtle Northern map turtle Ouachita map turtle Pascagoula map turtle Pearl River map turtle Ringed map turtle Texas map turtle Yellow - blotched map turtle Malaclemys Diamondback terrapin Pseudemys Alabama red - bellied cooter Northern red - bellied cooter Florida red - bellied cooter Peninsula cooter Rio Grande cooter River cooter Texas river cooter Trachemys Big Bend slider Baja California slider Central Antillean slider Colombian slider Cuatro Cienegas slider Cuban slider D'Orbigny's slider Hispaniolan slider Jamaican slider Maranhão slider Meso - American slider Nicaraguan slider Ornate slider Pond slider Yaqui slider Species of the subfamily Emydinae Clemmys Spotted turtle Emys Blanding 's turtle European pond turtle Sicilian pond turtle Western pond turtle Glyptemys Bog turtle Wood turtle Terrapene Coahuilan box turtle Common box turtle Ornate box turtle Spotted box turtle Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2011 update : annotated checklist . Subspecies and the extinct ( Gyremys sectabilis ) are not included . Extant turtle taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Subclass : Anapsida Order : Chelonii or Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Cryptodira Chelydridae Chelydra Macrochelys Chelonioidea Cheloniidae Carettinae Caretta Lepidochelys Cheloniinae Chelonia Eretmochelys Natator Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Kinosterninae Kinosternon Sternotherus Staurotypinae Claudius Staurotypus Testudinoidea Emydidae Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Deirochelys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Trachemys Emydinae Clemmys Emys Glyptemys Terrapene Geoemydidae Geoemydinae Batagur Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys Rhinoclemmydinae Rhinoclemmys Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis Geochelone Gopherus Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria Psammobates Pyxis Stigmochelys Testudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae Carettochelys Trionychidae Cyclanorbinae Cyclanorbis Cycloderma Lissemys Trionychinae Amyda Apalone Chitra Dogania Nilssonia Palea Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx Pleurodira Chelidae Chelinae Acanthochelys Chelus Mesoclemmys Phrynops Platemys Rhinemys Chelodininae Chelodina Elseya Elusor Emydura Flaviemys Myuchelys Pseudemydura Rheodytes Hydromedusinae Hydromedusa Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae Erymnochelys Peltocephalus Podocnemis Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . Extinct turtles not included . Portal Book See also List of Testudines families Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-eared_slider&oldid=803817769 '' Categories : Animals described in 1839 Feral animals Invasive reptile species Reptiles of Europe Reptiles of North America Reptiles of the United States Trachemys Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles prone to spam from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eared%20slider	23,503
michael scott stops saying that's what she said			Sexual Harassment ( the Office )	sexual harassment ( the office )	`` Sexual Harassment '' is the second episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's eighth episode overall . The episode was written by B.J. Novak and directed by Ken Kwapis . The episode first aired in the United States on September 27 , 2005 on NBC . `` Sexual Harassment '' introduced the character of Todd Packer , played by David Koechner , who would become a recurring character on the series .	The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is concerned when he believes Dunder Mifflin is targeting him for sexual harassment training . Meanwhile , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) anxiously awaits the arrival of her mother , and Michael 's obnoxious friend Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) spends the day in the office . Novak was inspired to write the episode after attending an NBC sexual harassment seminar that the cast and crew had to attend before the series began . Many jokes and personal experiences involving sexual harassment were added into the script . This episode aired with a warning that it contained adult content and subject matter , which is rare for a network comedy . Novak explained that he had to fight NBC to get the word `` boner '' on the air . One station refused to air the episode due to the language . `` Sexual Harassment '' received moderately positive reviews from television critics . The episode was viewed by 7.13 million viewers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael Scott 's ( Steve Carell ) `` best friend forever '' Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) offends the staff with crude gossip about an upper management scandal . Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) informs Michael that he will conduct a review of the company 's sexual harassment policies because the CFO resigned after allegations made by his secretary . Michael 's indignation that this will put a damper on his easygoing office environment rises to outrage when he learns that the corporate headquarters is sending down a lawyer to talk to him . Michael and the warehouse staff mock the sexual harassment video , but the crude remarks come to a screeching halt when Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) and the lawyer arrive from Corporate . While Michael angrily announces that he can no longer be friends with his staff and that he will never tell another joke again , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) goads Michael into breaking his vow immediately , to the approval of Packer . Michael 's attitude suddenly changes when he realizes that he is not in trouble , and that the lawyer 's job is to protect him . After Packer tells a crude joke at the expense of Phyllis , Michael defends her , telling the entire office that he finds Phyllis attractive and that the only thing he worries about when he is near her `` is getting a boner '' . Meanwhile , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) waits with anticipation for her mother ( Shannon Cochran ) to arrive from out of town . Pam 's mother arrives and asks in whispers ( shushed by an embarrassed Pam ) , `` Which one is Jim ? '' Michael stops Packer when he tries to share another inappropriate joke and concludes with his misguided thoughts on sexual harassment . Production ( edit ) The episode 's writer , B.J. Novak . `` Sexual Harassment '' was written by B.J. Novak , who also acts on the show as Ryan Howard . The episode was the third entry of the series directed by Ken Kwapis . Kwapis had previously directed `` Pilot '' and `` Diversity Day '' . The inspiration for the episode was the NBC sexual harassment seminar that the cast and crew had to attend before the series began . Having both worked in office environments prior to filming The Office , Jenna Fischer and Angela Kinsey both noted that on the days of sexual harassment seminars , they would be harassed by their co-workers as a joke . This experience was added to the script for the episode . `` Sexual Harassment '' introduces Michael 's catchphrase `` That 's what she said , '' which writer B.J. Novak says was something he heard repeated in college . The `` What has two thumbs and X ? This guy '' joke also comes from Novak 's college days . Jenna Fischer later revealed that a good majority of Dwight 's exchange with Toby about female anatomy was improvised . When it came time to cast Todd Packer , the crew 's first choice was David Koechner , who had starred alongside Carell in the hit 2004 comedy movie Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy . Production for the episode had to be delayed so that Koechner could be secured for the part . Novak noted that Koechner was one of the few actors who was `` talented enough to make Steve Carell break up on set '' , a feat that he notes was `` worth '' the delays . When deciding what car Packer would own , writer B.J. Novak wanted to use a Mustang , but none were available . Producer Kent Zbornak decided to get Packer a red Chevrolet Corvette , which Novak now admits is `` even better '' . This episode aired with a warning that it contained adult content and subject matter , which is rare for a network comedy . Novak explained that he had to fight NBC to get the word `` boner '' on the air because the replacement -- `` schwing '' -- did not have , according to Novak , `` the same redemption for Michael at the end . '' The disclaimer was a compromise . A station in Kentucky nevertheless refused to air this episode . Pam 's mother was played by Shannon Cochran in this episode of the series , in the first appearance of the character at this point in the show . Cochran was unable to return to play the character for the season six episode `` Niagara '' , due to scheduling conflicts with a year - long theater contract , and was thus replaced by Linda Purl . Cultural references ( edit ) Michael forwards Jim a joke chain - email entitled `` Fifty Signs Your Priest Might Be Michael Jackson '' . Michael later compares the members of the office to the cast of Friends , saying that he is both Chandler Bing and Joey Tribbiani and Pam is Rachel Green . He claims that Dwight is Cosmo Kramer , failing to realize that he is a character in the sitcom Seinfeld and not Friends . Todd Packer 's license plate reads `` WLHUNG '' , a reference to a large penis , but Ryan interprets it to mean he is a fan of singer William Hung . Darryl asks whether Michael got his pants at `` Queers R Us '' , a reference to Toys R Us . The episode is the first to feature what would become Michael 's catchphrase : `` That 's what she said . '' Reception ( edit ) `` Sexual Harassment '' originally aired on NBC in the United States on September 27 , 2005 . The episode was viewed by 7.13 million viewers . The episode ranked as the sixty - third most - watched episode of television for the week it aired . An encore presentation of the episode , on May 31 , 2006 , received 2.2 rating / 6 % share and retained 100 % of its lead - in viewership from My Name is Earl among 18 - to 49 - year - olds . The encore presentation was viewed by over 4.5 million viewers . `` Sexual Harassment '' received moderately positive reviews from critics . Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad wrote that the episode `` was OK , nothing great . '' Sciannamea went on to explain that the `` subject was funny , but I thought the writers were trying too hard to push the envelope '' , making the episode `` uneven '' . `` Miss Alli '' of Television Without Pity gave the episode a `` B + '' grade . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a `` B -- '' and called it `` a slightly above average episode '' , but that its greatest success was an ability to reach `` some of its greatest heights on a moment - by - moment basis '' , similar in style to vignettes . Adams was slightly critical of the main plot , noting that the show had `` difficulty maintaining the comedic momentum '' , but he reasoned that this was probably largely due to `` Michael - on - defense '' being a `` difficult character to write '' , because `` there are n't many good ways of displaying his humanity while he 's also fighting for the right to be an asshole . '' TV Fanatic reviewed several quotes from `` Sexual Harassment '' , and rated several of Todd Packer 's lewd jokes , as well as Michael 's `` You would n't arrest a guy who was just passing drugs from one guy to another '' monologue 5 out of 5 . Entertainment Weekly named Michael Scott 's line , `` Toby is in HR , which technically means he works for corporate . So he 's really not a part of our family . Also , he 's divorced , so he 's really not a part of his family , '' one of `` TV 's funniest lines '' for the week ending October 3 , 2005 . Dan Phillips from IGN named `` Michael 's Boner '' the tenth most awkward moment of the show , noting that , `` The camera holds the others ' reactions just long enough to drive home the awkwardness of the scene , making you want to crawl inside of a hole along with the rest of the cast . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shows A -- Z -- Office , The on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sexual Harassment '' . The Office . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 27 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ The Office : The Complete First Season ( on - screen ) . Ken Kwapis , et al. NBC . Jump up ^ Carell , Steve ( Actor ) . 2005 . `` Diversity Day '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ Novak , B.J. ( Writer / Actor ) . 2006 . `` Sexual Harassment '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ Novak , B.J. ( Writer / Actor ) . 2005 . `` Diversity Day '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( US / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal . Jump up ^ Fischer , Jenna ( February 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Office : Your Questions Answered ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novak , B.J. ( Sep 27 , 2005 ) . `` The Boss Man and `` Packman '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Novak , B.J. ( October 4 , 2005 ) . `` Michael and Co . Hit the Road '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2006 . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chun , Wing . `` The B.J. Novak Interview '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara '' . The Office . Season 6 . Episode 4 / 5 . October 8 , 2009 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Alli , Miss ( September 27 , 2005 ) . `` Sexual Harassment '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Seasons -- Season 2 -- Episode Guide '' . NBC . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV by the Numbers '' . The Dallas Morning News . October 5 , 2005 . pp. 3G . Jump up ^ `` May 31 , 2006 Press Release ( '' Sexual Harassment `` ) '' ( Press release ) . NBC . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sciannamea , Michael ( February 2 , 2007 ) . `` The Office : `` Sexual Harassment '' `` . TV Squad . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Erik ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Dundies ' / ' Sexual Harassment ' The Office TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Office `` Sexual Harassment '' Quotes `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sound Bites '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Dan ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Office : Top Ten Awkward Moments '' . IGN . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Sexual Harassment '' at NBC.com `` Sexual Harassment '' on IMDb `` Sexual Harassment '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? '' `` Job Fair '' `` Goodbye , Toby '' Season 5 `` Weight Loss '' `` Business Ethics '' `` Baby Shower '' `` Crime Aid '' `` Employee Transfer '' `` Customer Survey '' `` Business Trip '' `` Frame Toby '' `` The Surplus '' `` Moroccan Christmas '' `` The Duel '' `` Prince Family Paper '' `` Stress Relief '' `` Lecture Circuit '' `` Blood Drive '' `` Golden Ticket '' `` New Boss '' `` Two Weeks '' `` Dream Team '' `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` Heavy Competition '' `` Broke '' `` Casual Friday '' `` Cafe Disco '' `` Company Picnic '' Season 6 `` Gossip '' `` The Meeting '' `` The Promotion '' `` Niagara '' `` Mafia '' `` The Lover '' `` Koi Pond '' `` Double Date '' `` Murder '' `` Shareholder Meeting '' `` Scott 's Tots '' `` Secret Santa '' `` The Banker '' `` Sabre '' `` The Manager and the Salesman '' `` The Delivery '' `` St. Patrick 's Day '' `` New Leads '' `` Happy Hour '' `` Secretary 's Day '' `` Body Language '' `` The Cover - Up '' `` The Chump '' `` Whistleblower '' Season 7 `` Nepotism '' `` Counseling '' `` Andy 's Play '' `` Sex Ed '' `` The Sting `` Costume Contest '' `` Christening '' `` Viewing Party '' `` WUPHF.com '' `` China '' `` Classy Christmas '' `` Ultimatum '' `` The Seminar '' `` The Search '' `` PDA '' `` Threat Level Midnight '' `` Todd Packer '' `` Garage Sale '' `` Training Day '' `` Michael 's Last Dundies '' `` Goodbye , Michael '' `` The Inner Circle '' `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. '' `` Finale '' Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sexual_Harassment_(The_Office)&oldid=853779861 '' Categories : The Office ( U.S. season 2 ) episodes 2005 American television episodes Hidden categories : Articles with short description Television episode articles with short description for single episodes TV.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 23 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20Harassment%20%28The%20Office%29	74,682
what is the new tallest building in san francisco	Salesforce Tower , formerly known as the Transbay Tower , is a 1,070 - foot ( 326 m ) office skyscraper under construction in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco . It is located at 415 Mission Street between First and Fremont Streets , next to the Transbay Transit Center site . Salesforce Tower is the centerpiece of the San Francisco Transbay redevelopment plan . The plan contains a mix of office , transportation , retail , and residential uses . When completed , the tower will be the tallest in San Francisco . With a top roof height of 970 feet ( 296 m ) and an overall height of 1,070 feet ( 326 m ) , it will be the second - tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles .	Salesforce Tower	Salesforce Tower	salesforce tower	Salesforce Tower , formerly known as the Transbay Tower , is a 1,070 - foot ( 326 m ) office skyscraper under construction in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco . It is located at 415 Mission Street between First and Fremont Streets , next to the Transbay Transit Center site . Salesforce Tower is the centerpiece of the San Francisco Transbay redevelopment plan . The plan contains a mix of office , transportation , retail , and residential uses . When completed , the tower will be the tallest in San Francisco . With a top roof height of 970 feet ( 296 m ) and an overall height of 1,070 feet ( 326 m ) , it will be the second - tallest building west of the Mississippi River after the Wilshire Grand Center in Los Angeles .	The crown of the tower , once completed , will feature a nine - story electronic sculpture created by artist Jim Campbell that will feature low resolution , abstract videos of San Francisco that will be filmed each day . This will be the tallest public art piece in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 In popular culture 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Developer Hines , with a proposal by architect César Pelli , was selected as the winner of a global competition in 2007 to entitle and purchase the site . A seven - member jury of development experts assembled by the Transbay Joint Powers Authority ( TJPA ) selected Hines over proposals from Forest City Enterprises and architect Richard Rogers ; and from Rockefeller Development Group Corp. and Skidmore Owings & Merrill . In 2012 , Boston Properties acquired a 50 % stake in the project and in 2013 acquired most of Hines ' remaining interest to become 95 % owners of the project . The site of the tower was in a dilapidated area , formerly used as a ground - level entrance to the San Francisco Transbay Terminal , which was demolished in 2011 . The TJPA sold the parcel to Boston Properties and Hines for US $192 million , and ceremonial groundbreaking for the new tower occurred on March 27 , 2013 . Actual below - grade construction work started in late 2013 . The project is a joint venture between general contractors Clark Construction and Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction . The footprint of Salesforce Tower rests on land fill near San Francisco 's waterfront , an area prone to earthquakes . To account for this seismic risk , the tower uses an advanced design that is modeled to withstand the strongest earthquakes expected in the region . The development was originally contracted on `` spec '' , meaning the developer - owner did not have a major tenant lease secured beforehand ( thus being a speculative development ) . On April 11 , 2014 , Salesforce.com announced that it signed a lease for 714,000 square feet ( 66,300 m ) on floors 1 , 3 -- 30 , and 61 to become the building 's anchor tenant . Previously known as the Transbay Tower , the building was renamed Salesforce Tower . The lease was valued at US $560 million over 15 and a half years starting in 2017 . The tower is expected to be completed in 2018 and will have 61 floors , with a decorative crown reaching 1,070 ft ( 326 m ) . The original proposal called for a 1,200 - foot ( 370 m ) tower , but the height was later reduced . It will be the tallest building in San Francisco , surpassing the Transamerica Pyramid by more than 200 feet ( 61 m ) . The tower is expected to become the second - tallest building in the Western United States . In popular culture ( edit ) Salesforce Tower 's first appearance in film was the 2014 animated film Big Hero 6 . Although Salesforce Tower was still under construction when the film was released , it appeared in the film as a completed tower . In Ubisoft 's Watch Dogs 2 , the tower can also be seen completed , even though the video game was released in 2016 and set in that same year , while the building was still under construction . Some have criticized the design for being underwhelming and even phallic . An well - known op - ed contributor to the San Francisco Examiner also criticized its lewd shape . Gallery ( edit ) Salesforce Tower in April 2017 , the day before its topping out ceremony The Salesforce Tower ( left ) surpassed the Transamerica Pyramid ( right ) as the tallest building in the city See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal List of tallest buildings in San Francisco List of tallest buildings in California List of tallest buildings in the United States Salesforce Tower London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Salesforce Tower - Clark Construction '' . Clark Construction Group , LLC . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Description : 101 First Street ( Transbay Tower ) '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Planning Commission . 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Salesforce Tower at Emporis Jump up ^ `` Salesforce Tower '' . SkyscraperPage . Jump up ^ Salesforce Tower at Structurae Jump up ^ `` Pelli Clarke Pelli Transbay Tower Description '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ King , John ( 2007 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Plan B : Architects : Pelli Clarke Pelli '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ King , John ( 2007 - 09 - 21 ) . `` ' Aggressive schedule ' for proposed Transbay transit center , tower ( picture ) '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yes , The Proposed Transbay Transit Tower Shrank A Hundred Feet '' . SocketSite. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Properties Signs a 714,000 Square Foot Lease with Salesforce.com at Salesforce Tower ( Formerly Transbay Tower ) '' ( Press release ) . The Registry. April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whiting , Sam ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Preview of Salesforce sculpture at Hosfelt Gallery '' . SF Gate . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , John ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Jury names favorite for Transbay terminal , tower '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Boston Properties takes control of Transbay Tower , S.F. 's tallest building '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Properties and Hines Close on Record Land Sale for Transbay Transit Tower Parcel '' ( Press release ) . BusinessWire . March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Hines , Boston Properties sling ceremonial dirt in Transbay ground - breaking '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clark to Build San Francisco 's Transbay Tower '' ( Press release ) . 2013 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rosato Jr. , Joe ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) . `` The Man Behind the New Transbay Tower '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Salesforce Tower Utilizes a `` Performance - based Seismic Design '' `` . Conco . December 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ellen Huet and John Coté ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Salesforce makes landmark deal to lease half of Transbay Tower '' . San Francisco Chronicle . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Hoge , Patrick ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Salesforce dominates Transbay Tower with San Francisco 's biggest lease ever '' . San Francisco Business Times . Jump up ^ `` LA vs SF in Battle for Tallest Building '' . 2015 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Salesforce on Twitter '' . Twitter . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hines : In case you missed it ... '' Facebook . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfchronicle.com/entertainment/article/How-video-game-makers-build-a-better-SF-pixel-by-10814384.php Jump up ^ http://www.sfexaminer.com/salesforce-tower-looks-like-giant-butt-plug/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salesforce Tower . Official website Transbay Demolition and Construction Blog Salesforce Tower construction webcam Transbay Transit Center proposal from Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Supertall skyscrapers Current North America 432 Park Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower John Hancock Center One World Trade Center One57 The New York Times Building Trump Tower Chicago Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia 23 Marina 85 Sky Tower Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait ADNOC Headquarters Almas Tower Al Hamra Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Bank of China Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower The Center Central Plaza Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Eton Place Dalian Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Emirates Office Tower Elite Residence Etihad Towers Federal Land Tower Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Pearl River Tower Petronas Towers Ping An Finance Centre Princess Tower Rose Tower Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Taipei 101 Telekom Tower Tianjin World Financial Center The Address Downtown Dubai The Index The Landmark The Marina Torch The Pinnacle The Wharf Times Square Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center White Magnolia Plaza World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Wuxi Maoye City - Marriott Hotel Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zifeng Tower Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 ( hide ) Under construction North America 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street 3 Hudson Boulevard 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 3 World Trade Center 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 9 DeKalb Avenue Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Salesforce Tower Wanda Vista Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 Zhujiang New City Tower India Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Oasis Tower Orchid Crown Palais Royale , Mumbai World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper ( Dubai ) other Abu Dhabi Plaza Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower KL118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Convention Center Tower Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Skycity Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower The Pinnacle Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Tallest buildings in San Francisco Skyscrapers over 500 feet ( 150 m ) Transamerica Pyramid 555 California Street 345 California Center Millennium Tower One Rincon Hill South Tower 50 Fremont Center 101 California Street 575 Market Street Four Embarcadero Center One Embarcadero Center 44 Montgomery One Market Plaza Spear Tower One Sansome Street One Rincon Hill North Tower One Front Street First Market Tower McKesson Plaza 425 Market Street One Montgomery Tower Highrises over 400 feet ( 120 m ) 333 Bush Street Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower I Pacific Gas & Electric Building 50 California Street St. Regis Museum Tower 100 Pine Center 45 Fremont Street 333 Market Street 650 California Street 555 Mission Street The Infinity II 100 First Plaza 340 Fremont Street 399 Fremont Street One California San Francisco Marriott Marquis Russ Building 140 New Montgomery Jasper JPMorgan Chase Building The Paramount Providian Financial Building Three Embarcadero Center Two Embarcadero Center 350 Mission Street 595 Market Street 123 Mission Street 101 Montgomery Embarcadero West 100 Van Ness Avenue LUMINA Highrises over 300 feet ( 91 m ) One Maritime Plaza Four Seasons Hotel Westin St. Francis 456 Montgomery Plaza 535 Mission Street Shell Building Park Central Hotel San Francisco 222 Second Street 199 Fremont Street Hilton San Francisco Financial District One Market Plaza Steuart Tower 425 California Street 100 Montgomery Street Grand Hyatt San Francisco Fox Plaza 101 Second Street NEMA 580 California Street 601 California Street The Infinity I Hilton San Francisco Union Square Tower II 450 Sutter Street InterContinental San Francisco Stevenson Place 150 California Street 225 Bush Street 505 Montgomery Street Blue Shield of California Building Fairmont San Francisco 180 Montgomery Street KPMG Building Central Plaza Sir Francis Drake Hotel The Summit W San Francisco 353 Sacramento Street 555 Market Street Bank of California Building Phillip Burton Federal Building Ritz - Carlton Club and Residences San Francisco Marriott Union Square 88 Kearny Street 388 Market Street Commercial Union Assurance Building Hunter - Dulin Building One Bush Plaza San Francisco City Hall McAllister Tower Apartments Mark Hopkins Hotel Mills Tower Central Tower Under construction Salesforce Tower Oceanwide Center I & II 181 Fremont Park Tower at Transbay Transbay Block 8 706 Mission Street Transbay Block 9 Folsom Bay Tower 33 Tehama Street Planned and proposed Palace Hotel Residential Tower Treasure Island development 5M Project 524 Howard Street 1500 Mission Street See also : San Francisco Designated Landmarks , Buildings and structures in San Francisco Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Republic of China Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salesforce_Tower&oldid=809622416 '' Categories : Buildings and structures under construction in the United States Economy of San Francisco Hines Interests Limited Partnership Office buildings in San Francisco Skyscrapers in San Francisco South of Market , San Francisco Hidden categories : Structurae ID not in Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 09 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce%20Tower	36,824
who has the second most followers on instagram	Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) ( As of October 3 , 2017 ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 229 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 131 Musician and actress 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 117 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 116 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 109 Musician 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 105 Reality TV personality 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 105 Musician and actress 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 100 Reality TV personality 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 97 Actor and professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 95 Musician CAN 11 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 85 Model USA 12 . @ neymarjr Neymar 85 Footballer BRA 13 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician TRI 14 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 85 Footballer ARG 15 . @ natgeo National Geographic 84 Magazine USA 16 . @ nike Nike 75 Sportswear multinational corporation 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 73 Musician and actress 18 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 71 Musician and actress 19 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 70 Reality TV personality 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 64 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 60 Reality TV personality 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 58 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 56 Comedian 26 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club ESP 27 . @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 53 28 . @ theellenshow The Ellen Show 50 Comedian USA 29 . @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 47 Musician and actor 30 . @ zendaya Zendaya 46 Actress 31 . @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 46 Actor 32 . @ shakira Shakira 45 Musician COL 33 . @ 9gag 9GAG 43 Social media platform HKG 34 . @ davidbeckham David Beckham 41 Footballer GBR 35 . @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 41 Musician USA 36 . @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 41 Model and actress GBR 37 . @ emmawatson Emma Watson 41 Actress 38 . @ champagnepapi Drake 39 Musician CAN 39 . @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 37 Model USA 40 . @ kingjames LeBron James 34 Basketball player USA 41 . @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodríguez 34 Footballer COL 42 . @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 32 Footballer GBR 43 . @ zacefron Zac Efron 32 Actor USA 44 . @ adele Adele 31 Musician GBR 45 . @ nikefootball Nike 31 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 46 . @ maluma Maluma 30 Musician COL 47 . @ nasa NASA 29 Government space agency USA 48 . @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 29 Footballer SWE 49 . @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 28 Footballer BRA 50 . @ vanessahudgens Vanessa Hudgens 28 Actress and musician USA As of December 13 , 2017		List of most - followed Instagram accounts	list of most - followed instagram accounts	This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of December 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 229 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 131 million followers . Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts All - time The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) ( As of October 3 , 2017 ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 229 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 131 Musician and actress 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 117 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 116 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 109 Musician 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 105 Reality TV personality 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 105 Musician and actress 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 100 Reality TV personality 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 97 Actor and professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 95 Musician CAN 11 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 85 Model USA 12 . @ neymarjr Neymar 85 Footballer BRA 13 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician TRI 14 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 85 Footballer ARG 15 . @ natgeo National Geographic 84 Magazine USA 16 . @ nike Nike 75 Sportswear multinational corporation 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 73 Musician and actress 18 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 71 Musician and actress 19 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 70 Reality TV personality 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 64 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 60 Reality TV personality 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 58 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 56 Comedian 26 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club ESP 27 . @ fcbarcelona FC Barcelona 53 28 . @ theellenshow The Ellen Show 50 Comedian USA 29 . @ justintimberlake Justin Timberlake 47 Musician and actor 30 . @ zendaya Zendaya 46 Actress 31 . @ vindiesel Vin Diesel 46 Actor 32 . @ shakira Shakira 45 Musician COL 33 . @ 9gag 9GAG 43 Social media platform HKG 34 . @ davidbeckham David Beckham 41 Footballer GBR 35 . @ chrisbrownofficial Chris Brown 41 Musician USA 36 . @ caradelevingne Cara Delevingne 41 Model and actress GBR 37 . @ emmawatson Emma Watson 41 Actress 38 . @ champagnepapi Drake 39 Musician CAN 39 . @ gigihadid Gigi Hadid 37 Model USA 40 . @ kingjames LeBron James 34 Basketball player USA 41 . @ jamesrodriguez10 James Rodríguez 34 Footballer COL 42 . @ garethbale11 Gareth Bale 32 Footballer GBR 43 . @ zacefron Zac Efron 32 Actor USA 44 . @ adele Adele 31 Musician GBR 45 . @ nikefootball Nike 31 Sportswear multinational corporation USA 46 . @ maluma Maluma 30 Musician COL 47 . @ nasa NASA 29 Government space agency USA 48 . @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 29 Footballer SWE 49 . @ ronaldinho Ronaldinho 28 Footballer BRA 50 . @ vanessahudgens Vanessa Hudgens 28 Actress and musician USA As of December 13 , 2017 By country Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 229 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 117 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 95 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 85 Footballer 5 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician 6 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 85 Footballer 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 54 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 45 Musician 10 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 43 Social media platform 11 . United Kingdom @ davidbeckham David Beckham 41 Footballer 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 29 13 . Uruguay @ luissuarez9 Luis Suárez 25 14 . France @ chanelofficial Chanel 25 Clothing retailer 15 . Germany @ adidasfootball Adidas 23 Sportswear multinational corporation 16 . Indonesia @ ayutingting92 Ayu Ting Ting 23 Musician 17 . Ireland @ thenotoriousmma Conor McGregor 22 Mixed martial artist 18 . India @ deepikapadukone Deepika Padukone 21 Actress 19 . Italy @ gucci Gucci 20 Fashion line As of December 13 , 2017 See also List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - liked pages on Facebook List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - streamed songs on Spotify References Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ selenagomez '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ cristiano '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ arianagrande '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ beyonce '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kimkardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ taylorswift '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kyliejenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ therock '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ justinbieber '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kendalljenner '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ neymarjr '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ nickiminaj '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ leomessi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ natgeo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nike '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ mileycyrus '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jlo '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ khloekardashian '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ katyperry '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ddlovato '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kourtneykardash '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ badgalriri '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ victoriassecret '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kevinhart4real '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ realmadrid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ fcbarcelona '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ theellenshow '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ justintimberlake '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zendaya '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vindiesel '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ shakira '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ 9gag '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ davidbeckham '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chrisbrownofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ caradelevigne '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ emmawatson '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ champagnepapi '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gigihadid '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ kingjames '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ jamesrodriguez10 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ garethbale11 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ zacefron '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adele '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nikefootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ maluma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ nasa '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` @ iamzlatanibrahimovic '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ronaldinho '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ vanessahudgens '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ luissuarez9 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ chanelofficial '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ adidasfootball '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ ayutingting92 '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ thenotoriousmma '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ deepikapadukone '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` @ gucci '' . Instagram . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . 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who does cinderella's voice in the disney movie			Cinderella ( 2015 Disney film )	cinderella ( 2015 disney film )		Cinderella Theatrical release poster Directed by Kenneth Branagh Produced by Simon Kinberg Allison Shearmur David Barron Screenplay by Chris Weitz Based on Disney 's Cinderella Cendrillon by Charles Perrault Starring Cate Blanchett Lily James Richard Madden Stellan Skarsgård Holliday Grainger Derek Jacobi Helena Bonham Carter Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Haris Zambarloukos Edited by Martin Walsh Production company Walt Disney Pictures Kinberg Genre Allison Shearmur Productions Beagle Pug Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) ( Berlin ) March 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 13 ) ( United States ) March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 106 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $100 million Box office $543.5 million Cinderella is a 2015 romantic fantasy film directed by Kenneth Branagh , with a screenplay written by Chris Weitz , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures , Kinberg Genre , Allison Shearmur Productions and Beagle Pug Films . The film is based on the eponymous folk tale and inspired in part by Walt Disney 's 1950 animated film of the same name . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James as the eponymous character and Cate Blanchett as the stepmother , with Richard Madden , Stellan Skarsgård , Holliday Grainger , Sophie McShera , Nonso Anozie , Derek Jacobi , and Helena Bonham Carter . Development for a live - action reimagining of the original animated film began in May 2010 , with producer Simon Kinberg attached to the project . In late January 2013 , Branagh signed on to direct , with Weltz hired to revise a script from Aline Brosh McKenna . In November 2012 , casting began with Blanchett being the first to sign on ; James was eventually cast in the titular role in April 2013 . Principal photography began at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England on September 23 , 2013 and ended on December 14 . Cinderella had its world premiere on February 13 , 2015 , at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States on March 13 , 2015 and in the United Kingdom on March 27 in standard and IMAX formats by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film grossed over $543 million worldwide , becoming Branagh 's highest - grossing film to date as a director . The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , with many praising James ' and Blanchett 's performances as well as the ensemble cast , production values , musical score , direction , costume design , and faithfulness to the original animated film . The film received a nomination at the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards and the 69th British Academy Film Awards , both for costume design . The film also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Costume Design at the 88th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Costumes 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After losing her mother at a young age , Ella promises to follow her mother 's dying wishes : to have courage and be kind . Some years later , Ella 's father remarries Lady Tremaine , the widow of an old acquaintance , who has two daughters of her own , Drisella and Anastasia . Ella welcomes her new stepfamily , despite the stepsisters ' unpleasant attitudes . When Ella 's father goes abroad for business , Lady Tremaine slowly reveals her cruel and jealous nature , as she pushes Ella to give up her bedroom to the stepsisters for the attic . When Ella 's father unexpectedly dies during the trip , Lady Tremaine dismisses the household to save money and forces all of the chores on Ella . One morning , when her stepfamily see Ella 's face covered in cinders due to her sleeping by the fireplace for warmth , they mock Ella as `` Cinderella '' and forbid her from eating with them . Crushed by their cruelty , Ella rides off into the woods , where she meets Kit , the crown prince , posing as a palace apprentice , along with his hunting party . Though Ella is unaware of Kit 's true identity , they both take a liking to each other . The two part without Kit learning Ella 's name . The King , upon learning he has little time left to live , urges Kit that , for the advantage of the kingdom , he should take a princess for his bride at the upcoming royal ball . Kit persuades his father to also invite every eligible maiden in the kingdom to the ball , hoping to see Ella again . Upon receiving notice of the ball , Ella finds a gown that had once belonged to her late mother and decides to refashion it for the ball . On the night of the ball , Ella tries to join her stepfamily , but Lady Tremaine and her daughters tear her dress to shreds and leave without her . Ella runs into the garden in tears and meets an old beggar woman , who reveals herself to be her Fairy Godmother . To help Ella attend the ball , her Fairy Godmother magically transforms a pumpkin into a golden carriage , her four mice into white horses , two lizards into footmen , and a goose into the coachman . She then transforms Ella 's ripped dress into a gorgeous blue gown , complete with a pair of magical glass slippers . As Ella leaves for the ball , the Fairy Godmother warns her the spell will break at the last stroke of midnight . Finally , she casts a spell to keep Ella 's stepmother and stepsisters from recognizing her . At the ball , the entire court is entranced by Ella when she appears . Ella and Kit proceed to have their first dance . This is much to the chagrin of the Grand Duke , who has promised Kit to Princess Chelina of Zaragoza , a comment which Lady Tremaine overhears . While surprised at Kit 's true identity , Ella continues to bond with him , touring the palace grounds . As Ella is about to tell Kit her name , Ella hears the clock start to chime midnight and flees . As she flees the castle , one of her slippers falls off . After being pursued by the Grand Duke and his men , Ella manages to escape home before the final stroke of midnight chimes , causing the spell to wear off . After returning home , Ella hides the remaining glass slipper left behind under the floorboards of her bedroom . The King passes away soon after , but not before giving his son permission to marry Ella . Now King , Kit issues a royal proclamation ordering every maiden in the kingdom to try on the slipper in an effort to find the girl . Ella hurries to retrieve the glass slipper to prove her identity , only to find her stepmother holding it . Having deduced that Ella is the mystery princess , Lady Tremaine tells her stepdaughter about her own tragic past and of the bitter effects it has caused on her life . She blackmails Ella to be made head of the royal household and that respectable husbands are found for the stepsisters , as conditions in order to give Ella 's hand in marriage to Kit . When Ella refuses to meet her demands , Lady Tremaine smashes the slipper and locks Ella in the attic . Lady Tremaine then takes the shattered remains of the slipper to the Grand Duke , and manipulates him into agreeing to make her a countess and securing marriages for her daughters , in exchange for keeping Ella hidden . The Grand Duke and the captain of the palace guards lead the mission to find the mystery princess , but the slipper refuses to fit any other maiden . When they arrive at the Tremaine estate , the shoe fits neither of the stepsisters . As they turn to leave , Ella 's singing of Lavender 's Blue is heard . The Grand Duke tries to ignore this , but Kit , disguised as a guard , commands the captain to investigate . Dismissing Lady Tremaine 's attempts to stop her , Ella is reunited with Kit . They leave the house as Ella offers forgiveness to her stepmother . Afterward , the Fairy Godmother states that Lady Tremaine and her daughters left the kingdom with the Grand Duke never to return . Ella and Kit marry and eventually grow to become the land 's most beloved monarchs , ruling with the same courage and kindness that Ella has promised her mother , living happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) As shown in the credits , some names differ in dialogue . Cate Blanchett as the Stepmother , also known as Lady Tremaine Lily James as Cinderella , also known as Ella Eloise Webb as a young Ella Richard Madden as the Prince , also known as Kit Stellan Skarsgård as the Grand Duke Holliday Grainger as Anastasia Derek Jacobi as the King Helena Bonham Carter as the Fairy Godmother Nonso Anozie as the Captain Sophie McShera as Drisella Ben Chaplin as Ella 's father Hayley Atwell as Ella 's mother Rob Brydon as Master Phineus Jana Perez as Princess Chelina of Zaragosa Alex Macqueen as the Royal Crier Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2010 , following the box office success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland , which was the second - highest - grossing film of 2010 and earned over $1 billion at the box office worldwide , Walt Disney Pictures began developing a new film adaptation of Cinderella , commissioning a live - action reimagining based on a script by Aline Brosh McKenna and produced by Simon Kinberg . In August 2011 , Mark Romanek was brought on to direct . On February 29 , 2012 , it was announced that Chris Weitz would revise McKenna 's script . In January 2013 , Romanek left the project due to creative differences , as he was developing a version that was darker than Disney wanted . Later that month , Disney negotiated with Kenneth Branagh to take over as director . Cate Blanchett was the first actor to sign on , when it was announced in November 2012 that she would be playing Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother . In March 2013 , Emma Watson was in talks to portray Cinderella , but a deal could not be worked out . Gabriella Wilde , Saoirse Ronan , Alicia Vikander , Bella Heathcote and Margot Robbie were also considered for the part , but deals could not be worked out due to scheduling and other conflicts . On April 30 , 2013 , Lily James was cast as the title character . A week later , Richard Madden was cast as Prince Charming , who was named Kit in the film . In June 2013 , it was reported that Holliday Grainger and Sophie McShera joined the film as Cinderella 's two evil stepsisters , Anastasia and Drisella . Later that month , Helena Bonham Carter was cast as the Fairy Godmother . In August 2013 , Hayley Atwell and Ben Chaplin joined the cast to play Cinderella 's mother and Cinderella 's father . In September 2013 , Stellan Skarsgård 's role as the Grand Duke was confirmed . On September 23 , 2013 , it was announced that Derek Jacobi was cast as the King , Prince Kit 's father , and Nonso Anozie as the Captain , a loyal friend to the Prince . According to Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey , studio chairman Alan F. Horn wished to make the film the `` definitive Cinderella for generations to come , '' and told him that `` if you need to spend a little more , spend it , to make sure it 's one for the time capsule . '' Costumes ( edit ) Three - time Oscar - winning costume designer Sandy Powell was in charge of the costumes for the film . Powell began working on concepts for the characters ' looks almost two years before principal photography began in the summer of 2013 . Powell said she was aiming for the look of `` a nineteenth - century period film made in the 1940s or 1950s . '' For the stepmother and stepsisters , Powell had a very clear idea about the look ; `` They are meant to be totally ridiculous on the outside -- a bit too much and overdone -- and ugly on the inside . '' The silhouette of the prince came from the original animation , however she created a more fitted look and less masculine colors . Some of the prince costumes were dyed to accentuate Madden 's eyes . The ball gown was inspired by the Disney animated film in its color and shape ; `` The gown had to look lovely when she dances and runs away from the ball . I wanted her to look like she was floating , like a watercolor painting . '' The dress was made with more than a dozen fine layers of fabric , a corset and a petticoat . Nine versions of the Cinderella gown were designed , each with more than 270 yards of fabric and 10,000 crystals . It took 18 tailors and 500 hours to make each dress . The wedding dress was another difficult project . `` Creating the wedding dress was a challenge . Rather than try to make something even better than the ball gown , I had to do something completely different and simple ... I wanted the whole effect to be ephemeral and fine , so we went with an extreme - lined shaped bodice with a long train '' , said Powell . It took 16 people and 550 hours to complete the silk - organza , hand painted dress . While the crew photographed James in the gown , the actress stood too close to an electric heater and the dress caught on fire ; the top layer of the dress had to be redone because only one wedding dress was created due to time and budget constraints . For the glass slipper , Powell took inspiration from a 1950s shoe she saw in a museum . Since glass does not sparkle , they decided to use crystal instead . Swarovski partnered with Disney to make the famous shoe . Powell went directly to Swarovski headquarters in Austria to meet the product developers . It took 6 digital renderings of the shoes until they found the right one for the film . Swarovski made eight pairs of crystal shoes for the film , though none were actually wearable . Consequently , the leather shoes James wore on set had to be digitally altered into crystal . Alongside the slipper , Swarovski provided more than 7 million crystals that were used in costumes and 100 tiaras for the ball scene . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on Cinderella began on September 23 , 2013 . The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England , where Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides and Maleficent were also filmed , and at various other locations including Blenheim Palace , Windsor Castle , Cliveden , Old Royal Naval College , and Black Park . Although the royal palace is mainly computer - generated , it has been modeled after the Zwinger in Dresden , Germany . Post-production ( edit ) Post-production began in December 2013 , and was completed in August 2014 . The finished film was rated PG for `` mild thematic elements '' by the Motion Picture Association of America . In the United Kingdom , the film received a U classification for ' very mild scenes of emotional upset ' by the British Board of Film Classification . Music ( edit ) Cinderella ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Patrick Doyle Released March 10 , 2015 Recorded Air Lyndhurst Studios ( London ) Genre Orchestral Length 84 : 57 Label Walt Disney Producer Kenneth Branagh Patrick Doyle chronology Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) On June 7 , 2013 , news confirmed that composer Patrick Doyle would score the film , with the music having an emphasis on romance . Doyle has previously scored several Branagh films , including Hamlet and Thor . He has also scored the Disney Pixar computer - animated fantasy - comedy film Brave . Doyle recorded the film 's score with the London Symphony Orchestra at the Air Lyndhurst Studios in London . The soundtrack debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard 200 , selling 8,000 copies in its first week . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Golden Childhood '' 3 : 56 2 . `` The Great Secret '' 3 : 01 3 . `` A New Family '' 2 : 15 4 . `` Life and Laughter '' 1 : 34 5 . `` The First Branch '' 2 : 11 6 . `` Nice and Airy '' 1 : 53 7 . `` Orphaned '' 3 : 46 8 . `` The Stag '' 4 : 56 9 . `` Rich Beyond Reason '' 1 : 43 10 . `` Fairy Godmother '' 2 : 47 11 . `` Pumpkins and Mice '' 4 : 32 12 . `` You Shall Go '' 3 : 02 13 . `` Valse Royale '' 2 : 06 14 . `` Who Is She ? '' 3 : 20 15 . `` La Valse De L'amour '' 2 : 34 16 . `` La Valse Champagne '' 1 : 35 17 . `` La Polka Militaire '' 1 : 47 18 . `` La Polka De Paris '' 1 : 22 19 . `` A Secret Garden '' 2 : 48 20 . `` La Polka De Minuit '' 2 : 02 21 . `` Choose That One '' 1 : 16 22 . `` Pumpkin Pursuit '' 2 : 28 23 . `` The Slipper '' 1 : 00 24 . `` Shattered Dreams '' 4 : 10 25 . `` Searching the Kingdom '' 2 : 51 26 . `` Ella and Kit '' 2 : 11 27 . `` Courage and Kindness '' 4 : 38 28 . `` Strong '' Patrick Doyle , Kenneth Branagh and Tommy Danvers Sonna Rele 3 : 14 29 . `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' Al Hoffman , Mack David , and Jerry Livingston Lily James 2 : 00 30 . `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo ( The Magic Song ) '' Al Hoffman , Mack David , and Jerry Livingston Helena Bonham Carter 2 : 28 31 . `` Strong ( Instrumental Version ) '' 3 : 14 32 . `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes ( Instrumental Version ) '' 2 : 01 33 . `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo ( The Magic Song ) ( Instrumental Version ) '' 1 : 21 Total length : 84 : 57 Release ( edit ) The film had its world premiere on February 13 , 2015 at the 65th Berlin International Film Festival , and was released on March 13 , 2015 . Theatrically , it was accompanied by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' short film Frozen Fever , featuring the characters from Frozen . On February 10 , 2015 , IMAX Corporation and Disney announced plans to digitally re-master the film into the IMAX format and release it in IMAX theaters globally on the scheduled release date . The first official presentation of the film occurred at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2013 . The film was previewed at CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Nevada , in March 2014 , with a teaser showing Cinderella hearing about her father 's death , meeting the prince while riding through the forest , her mother 's ball gown being torn apart by her step - family , and a comedic bit where the Fairy Godmother transforms a pumpkin into a carriage . The first official trailer debuted on May 15 , 2014 . In the minute - long teaser , which does n't include any footage from the film , a sparkling glass slipper is slowly revealed over a black background . The second official trailer , two - and - a-half minutes long and containing footage from the film , debuted on Good Morning America on November 19 , 2014 , with a 15 - second trailer preview released two days prior . In its first 24 hours of release , the trailer was viewed 4.2 million times on YouTube and 33 million times on Facebook , the highest views among all Disney films in history , except for Marvel Studios releases . The movie 's official poster was also released on November 19 , featuring James as Cinderella and photographed by Annie Leibovitz . Disney released an international trailer on December 16 , 2014 . A new trailer was released on January 1 , 2015 . On February 11 , 2015 , Disney released a final trailer for the film . In October 2014 , a licensing agreement between Disney and Turner Broadcasting was announced , in which Cinderella would premiere across Turner 's cable network portfolio ( including TBS and TNT ) in the Spring of 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Cinderella on Blu - ray combo pack , Digital HD , DVD , and `` Disney Movies Anywhere '' on September 15 , 2015 . Blu - ray bonus features include an alternate opening , the Frozen Fever short , and the featurettes : `` Staging The Ball '' , `` Ella 's Furry Friends '' , `` A Fairy Tale Comes to Life '' , and `` Costume Test Fun '' . Five deleted scenes with an introduction by Kenneth Branagh are included exclusively on `` Disney Movies Anywhere '' . The film debuted in second place on the home media sales charts behind Furious 7 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Cinderella grossed $201.2 million in the US and Canada , and $342.4 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $543.5 million against a budget of $100 million . It is the twelfth highest - grossing film of 2015 in any genre . The film had a worldwide opening of $132.45 million , and an IMAX opening of $9 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $164.77 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film . In the U.S. and Canada , Cinderella opened on Friday , March 13 , 2015 , across 3,845 theaters , and earned $23 million . The film 's Friday gross included a $2.3 million late night run . It topped the box office during its opening weekend as projected , earning $67.9 million , including a record $5 million from 358 IMAX theaters , and became Disney 's biggest 2D PG - rated opening of all time . It is director Kenneth Branagh 's biggest opening of his career ( breaking 2011 's Thor record ) , the fourth - highest Disney opening in March , and was the seventh - highest opening in March overall ( not counting for inflation ) . Audiences during its opening weekend comprised 66 % female , 66 % families , 26 % adults , 8 % teenagers , 31 % under the age of 12 and 9 % 50 years and older . Cinderella finished its first week at the box office with $87.55 million , which was very high end of the film 's lofty pre-release expectations . In its second weekend , the film declined 49 % to $35 million and was surpassed by The Divergent Series : Insurgent , dropping to # 2 . The drop was in between two of Disney 's previous live - action fantasy films , Oz the Great and Powerful ( 48 % ) and Maleficent ( 51 % ) . In North America , Cinderella is the ninth highest - grossing 2015 film . Outside North America , box office analysts predicted as much as $60 million opening . The film made its debut outside of North America on the same weekend as its wide North American release and earned an estimated $62.4 million from 31 countries , including $4 million from IMAX theaters . It topped the box office for two non-consecutive weekends . It opened in China with $25 million , the biggest March opening in the country , and Russia with $7.3 million . The opening in these two countries were considered impressive given that both the countries are famous for their keenness for 3D films rather than 2D . Other high openings occurred in the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $5.6 million ) , Mexico ( $5 million ) , Japan ( $4.8 million ) , France ( $3.3 million ) , and Brazil ( $3.7 million ) . In Australia , where the release date was coinciding with the Cricket World Cup finale , it managed to open with $3.4 million . Italy opened with $4.6 million and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends . It also topped the Japanese box office for five consecutive weekends . It became the second - highest grossing Disney live - action film in China , behind Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides and in the Philippines , behind Maleficent . In total earnings , its largest markets outside of the US and Canada are China ( $71.1 million ) , Japan ( $46 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $29.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Cinderella received mostly positive reviews from critics with particular praise going to the cast , notably Blanchett , James , and Bonham Carter , Patrick Doyle 's musical score , faithfulness to the original animated film , and Sandy Powell 's costume designs , with some criticism for the screenplay . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an 84 % approval rating , based on 220 reviews , with a rating average of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Refreshingly traditional in a revisionist era , Kenneth Branagh 's Cinderella proves Disney has n't lost any of its old - fashioned magic . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film at the Berlin Film Festival and praised the special effects , the screenplay , and Blanchett 's performance and said that `` anyone nostalgic for childhood dreams of transformation will find something to enjoy in an uplifting movie that invests warm sentiment in universal themes of loss and resilience , experience and maturity . '' Peter Debruge of Variety said , `` It 's all a bit square , big on charm , but lacking the crackle of Enchanted or The Princess Bride . But though this Cinderella could never replace Disney 's animated classic , it 's no ugly stepsister either , but a deserving companion . '' Guy Lodge of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` While it might have been nice to see the new - model Cinderella follow Frozen 's progressive , quasi-feminist lead , the film 's naff , preserved - in - amber romanticism is its very charm . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes admired the film 's visual effects , production design , and called the costume design as Oscar - worthy , adding , `` with an emphasis on empathy and empowerment , Walt Disney 's Cinderella is the best film yet in their ' turn our animated classics into live - action blockbuster ' subgenre . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that Branagh 's Cinderella successfully updates and revitalizes Disney 's `` ill - conceived '' animated film , and praised the empowered Ella , the visuals , and Blanchett 's performance . Katy Waldman of Slate similarly deemed the film a commendable and authentic upgrade that does not undermine its heroine while maintaining its classic splendor and charm . Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal commended James ' and Blanchett 's performances , the sets , costumes and minimal digital effects , as well as Branagh 's direction , stating he `` set a tone of lushly sustainable fantasy that 's often affecting , frequently witty , seldom cloying , nearly free of self - comment and entirely free of irony . '' Likewise , Claudia Puig of USA Today complimented the performances along with Branagh and screenwriter Chris Weitz for `` ground ( ing ) this romantic tale with sincerity amid the dazzle . '' Los Angeles Times ' Betsy Sharkey praised Blanchett 's and James ' performances and considered the film a `` poetically , if not prophetically , imagined storybook fable '' that succeeds because of its earnestness , humor , its lack of modern - day pretenses , and Branagh 's `` singular focus '' . Lawrence Toppman of The Charlotte Observer proclaimed , `` This version has more psychological depth than usual and answers questions we may always have had . Branagh 's ' Cinderella ' does something extraordinarily rare among fairy - tale adaptations : It leaves out nothing we want and adds nothing we do n't . '' Noting the religious themes and symbols of the film , cultural commentator Fr . Robert Barron writes that due to Branagh 's traditional telling of the story , `` he actually allows the spiritual -- indeed specifically Christian -- character of the tale to emerge . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . International Online Cinema Halfway Awards July 30 , 2015 Best Supporting Actress Cate Blanchett Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Chris Weitz Nominated Best Makeup and Hairstyling Cinderella Nominated Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Best Production Design Dante Ferretti Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 16 , 2015 Choice Movie : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Cinderella Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Lily James Nominated World Soundtrack Awards October 24 , 2015 Best Original Score of the Year Patrick Doyle Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 1 , 2015 Costume Designer of the Year Sandy Powell Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 11 , 2015 Best Original Score - Fantasy Film Patrick Doyle Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards December 7 , 2015 Best Art Direction Dante Ferretti Francesca Lo Schiavo Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards December 17 , 2015 Best Fantasy Film Cinderella Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association December 21 , 2015 Best Art Direction Dante Ferretti Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards December 22 , 2015 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Capri Hollywood Film Festival Awards January 2 , 2016 Best Costume Sandy Powell Won People 's Choice Awards January 2 , 2016 Favorite Family Movie Cinderella Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards January 17 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle January 17 , 2016 Technical Achievement of the Year Sandy Powell Nominated Art Directors Guild January 31 , 2016 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Dante Ferretti Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 14 , 2016 Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Online Film & Television Association Awards February 17 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards February 20 , 2016 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling Carol Hemming Orla Carroll Wakana Yoshihara Won Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Naomi Dunne Norma Webb Nominated Satellite Awards February 21 , 2016 Best Art Direction and Production Design Dante Ferretti Nominated Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 23 , 2016 Excellence in Fantasy Film Sandy Powell Nominated International Online Cinema Awards February 26 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Academy Awards February 28 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 12 , 2016 Favorite Movie Cinderella Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Lily James Nominated Empire Awards March 20 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Golden Trailer Awards May 4 , 2016 Best Animation / Family Trailer Cinderella Nominated Saturn Awards June 22 , 2016 Best Fantasy Film Cinderella Won Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Gold Derby Awards July 26 , 2016 Best Costume Design Sandy Powell Nominated Impact ( edit ) After the release and success of Cinderella , along with Maleficent , The Jungle Book , and Beauty and the Beast ‍ -- ‌ Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several other live - action remakes from their Animated Classics series . Since the releases of these four films , Disney has announced the development of live - action adaptations of Christopher Robin , Dumbo , Aladdin , The Lion King , Mulan , Pinocchio , Fantasia , The Sword in the Stone , The Black Cauldron , Peter Pan , The Little Mermaid , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , and Lady and the Tramp . The company also has plans for live - action spin - offs of Peter Pan , One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs along with a live - action prequel to Aladdin . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cinderella ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 2015 ) BFI '' . BFI . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Film : Cinderella '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Feature Film Study '' ( pdf ) . FilmL. A. p. 21 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinderella ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` In ' Cinderella , ' no sly asides . Goodness and romance rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Toppman , Lawrence ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Movie review : Sumptuous , subtle Cinderella satisfies in every way '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barron , Robert . `` A Very Christian Cinderella '' . Real Clear Religion . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Wins 10 INOCA Halfway Awards , ' Clouds of Sils Maria ' -- 3 '' . AwardsWatch. 30 July 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2015 Winners : Full List '' . Variety . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 15th World Soundtrack Awards '' . World Soundtrack Awards . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Hollywood Film Awards winners '' . CBS News . November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : ' Hunting Ground , ' ' Furious 7 , ' ' 50 Shades of Grey ' Claim Top Prizes '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 WAFCA Award Winners '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Film Critics : Spotlight and Mad Max Sweep the LVFCS Awards '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Annual StLFCA Awards '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . December 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PFCS Awards - 2015 PHOENIX FILM CRITICS SOCIETY '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino 's ' The Hateful Eight ' Wins Best Movie at Capri Hollywood Film Fest '' . Variety . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 : Full List Of Nominees '' . People 's Choice . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Award Nominations Led by Mad Max , Fargo '' . Variety . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road and 45 Years take top honours at the 36th Critics ' Circle Film Awards '' . London Film Critics ' Circle . January 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Among Art Directors Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Nominations : Bridge of Spies , Carol Lead Film Awards Race '' . Variety . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FILM : 20th Annual Film Award Winners - Online Film & Television Association '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` 2016 INOCA Nominations : Carol and Mad Max Lead with 12 Each '' . AwardsWatch . February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2016 nominations list revealed : The Revenant , Mad Max : Fury Road lead '' . Entertainment Weekly . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards : Adele , Justin Bieber , ' Star Wars ' Among Nominees '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max ' , ' Star Wars ' lead Empire nominations '' . ScreenDaily . February 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GTA17 Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars , Mad Max , Walking Dead Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Award nominations on YouTube '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby Film Awards nominations : ' Mad Max ' leads with 12 , ' Carol ' gets 10 , ' The Revenant ' 9 '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Is Having A Ball Worldwide With $400 M Box Office '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . With the recent release of Maleficent , which grossed more than $170 million worldwide in its opening weekend , Disney is working fast on its next live - action fairy - tale adaptation . Jump up ^ `` Disney developing live - action adaptation of Winnie the Pooh '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton to Direct Live - Action Dumbo for Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Aladdin ' Enlists Guy Ritchie to Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct Live - Action Lion King Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Mulan Live - Action Movie Being Developed by Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio - Inspired Live - Action Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Fantasia Sequence Into Live - Action Movie '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Live - Action The Sword in the Stone Remake '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Prydain Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry . `` Disney Preparing Live - Action Peter Pan with Pete 's Dragon Director '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney planning a live - action Snow White movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lego Ninjago Movie ' Director Tackling Live - Action ' Lady and the Tramp ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Reese Witherspoon as Tinker Bell : Disney developing ' Peter Pan ' spinoff ' Tink ' '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Writer Kelly Marcel Tackling Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin Prequel , Genies , in Development at Disney '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Disney portal Film portal 2010s portal Official website Cinderella on IMDb Cinderella at Box Office Mojo Cinderella at Rotten Tomatoes Cinderella at Metacritic Cinderella Cinderella by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Characters Buttons Cinderella Ugly sisters Fairy godmother Wicked stepmother Prince Charming Films Cinderella ( 1899 ) Cinderella or the Glass Slipper ( 1912 ) Cinderella ( 1914 ) A Lowland Cinderella ( 1921 ) A Kiss for Cinderella ( 1925 film ) Ella Cinders ( 1926 ) The Magic Shoes ( 1935 ) First Love ( 1939 ) Cinderella ( 1947 ) The Glass Slipper ( 1955 ) Cinderella ( 1955 ) Cinderfella ( 1960 ) Stop ! 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who played rocky's son in rocky 6			Rocky Balboa ( film )	rocky balboa ( film )	Rocky Balboa is a 2006 American sports drama film written , directed by , and starring Sylvester Stallone . The film , which features Stallone as underdog boxer Rocky Balboa , is the sixth film in the Rocky series that began with the Academy Award - winning Rocky thirty years earlier in 1976 . The film portrays an aging Balboa in retirement , a widower living in Philadelphia , and the owner and operator of a local Italian restaurant called `` Adrian 's , '' named after his late wife .	Rocky Balboa was produced as the concluding sequel to the original Rocky film . According to Stallone , he was `` negligent '' in the production of Rocky V , leaving him and many of the fans disappointed with the presumed end of the series . Stallone also mentioned that the storyline of Rocky Balboa parallels his own struggles and triumphs in recent times . In addition to Stallone , the film stars Burt Young as Paulie , Rocky 's brother - in - law , and real - life boxer Antonio Tarver as Mason `` The Line '' Dixon , the heavyweight division champion in the film . Boxing promoter Lou DiBella plays himself in the movie and acts as Dixon 's promoter in the film . Milo Ventimiglia plays Rocky 's son Robert , now an adult . It also features the return of two minor characters from the original movie into larger roles in this film : Marie , the young woman that Rocky attempts to steer away from trouble ; and Spider Rico , the first opponent that Rocky is shown fighting in the original film . The film also contains many references to characters and objects from previous installments in the series , especially the first . The film was released on December 20 , 2006 , 30 years after the release of Rocky ( 1976 ) , by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Columbia Pictures and Revolution Studios , and exceeded box office expectations with a mainly positive critical reaction . It was released in several formats for its home media release , and DVD sales have exceeded $34 million . It was followed by the 2015 spin - off film Creed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Filming and production 3.1 Budget and timeline 3.2 Casting 3.3 Script 3.4 Cinematography and fight choreography 3.5 Music 4 Distribution 5 Critical response 6 Box office 7 Soundtrack 8 Home release 9 Video game 10 Spin - off 11 Notes 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Rocky Balboa , now in his late fifties and retired from boxing , lives a quiet life as a widower , Adrian having died from cancer four years prior . He now runs a small but successful Italian restaurant named after her , where he regales his patrons with stories of his past . He also battles personal demons , involving his grief over Adrian 's death , the changing times , and his eroding relationship with his son Robert , who has moved out to become a struggling corporate employee . Paulie , Rocky 's brother - in - law , continues to support him whenever he can , but is constantly riddled with guilt over his poor treatment toward his late sister . Late one night , Rocky reunites with a woman named Marie , who was once a mischievous neighborhood girl long ago . Marie now works as a bartender at the Lucky Seven Tavern , and is a single parent of a teenage son born out of wedlock named Stephenson , nicknamed `` Steps '' . Rocky 's friendship with Marie ( where Steps takes to Rocky as his father figure ) quickly blossoms over the following weeks , providing him a much - needed buffer for his anguish . Meanwhile , on the professional boxing circuit , Mason `` The Line '' Dixon , reigns as the undefeated , yet unpopular heavyweight world champion , often ridiculed for defeating only `` bum '' competitors , having never gone up against a true contender . This leads to tension with the public and his promoters , and encourages him to return to his roots , the small gym he first trained in , as well as his old trainer who sagely tells him that , inevitably , he will earn back his respect through a true opponent . Their relationship mirrors Rocky and Mickey . ESPN later broadcasts a computer simulation of a fight between Rocky ( in his prime ) and Mason , likened to a modern - day version of The Super Fight that ends in a disputed KO victory for Balboa , further riling the champ . In contrast , the simulation inspires Rocky to take up boxing again -- an intention that goes public when he successfully renews his boxing license . Dixon 's promoters thus pitch the idea of holding a charity exhibition bout at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas to bolster Dixon 's floundering popularity . With some hesitation , both men agree to the match , creating a media buzz that stabs at Rocky 's has - been status and Dixon 's credibility . Robert later makes an effort to discourage Rocky from fighting , blaming his own personal failings on his father 's celebrity shadow , but Rocky rebukes him with some profound advice ; that to succeed in life , `` it ai n't about how hard you hit ; it 's about how hard you can get hit , and keep moving forward '' , and that blaming others wo n't help him . The next day , father and son meet over Adrian 's grave and reconcile ; Robert has quit his job to be at Rocky 's side . Rocky sets straight to training with Apollo Creed 's old trainer , Duke , who quickly surmises that the slow and arthritic Rocky can only compete by building his strength and punching power as much as possible . The bout itself is a back and forth affair , with Dixon easily dominating the first round , only to injure his left hand in the second one on Rocky 's hip . Rocky then makes a dramatic comeback , knocking Mason down , and surprising the audience with his prowess and chin , despite his age . The two combatants beat each other severely throughout the full ten rounds , ending with both men still standing , although Rocky gets the last punch . Rocky thanks an appreciative Dixon for the match and tells him that he is a great champion while the audience applauds the two fighters . The result is announced as Rocky exits the ring to the adulation of the crowd : it is a win for Dixon by a close split decision , but Rocky clearly does n't mind the outcome . In the closing shot , Rocky returns home and visits Adrian 's grave again , thanking her for helping him ; `` Yo Adrian , we did it . We did it . '' Cast ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa , retired boxer and former two - time heavyweight champion . Burt Young as Paulie Pennino , Rocky 's moody brother - in - law and best friend . Milo Ventimiglia as Robert Balboa , Rocky 's only son . Geraldine Hughes as Marie , a woman whom Rocky originally met over 30 years ago ( as seen in the first installment of the movie series ) . James Francis Kelly III as Stephenson ( `` Steps '' ) , Marie 's son , whom Rocky befriends . Tony Burton as Tony `` Duke '' Evers , Rocky 's trainer who has been his head cornerman since Balboa 's second fight with Clubber Lang in Rocky III . Duke previously trained Apollo Creed , who was Rocky 's nemesis in the first two films ; Duke trained Rocky with Apollo 's help in the third film , and he becomes much closer to Rocky after Apollo 's death in the fourth film . Antonio Tarver as Mason `` The Line '' Dixon , Rocky 's opponent . Dixon is shown as the current heavyweight champion of the world , but a fighter who is not shown the same respect as Rocky was when he was the world champion . Talia Shire as Adrian Balboa , Due to Shire 's contractual dispute with MGM , her character does not appear in the film except during flashbacks , using footage from earlier Rocky films . Filming and production ( edit ) Budget and timeline ( edit ) Filming began in December 2005 in Las Vegas , Nevada . In 2006 , it moved to Los Angeles , California and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Scenes in Philadelphia were set in staples such as the Philadelphia Art Museum and South Philadelphia , while Center City was featured more prominently due to Rocky Jr. 's job as an attorney . The scene where Rocky and his son were talking while walking down a quiet block was filmed between 20th -- 21st Streets on Walnut , just after dawn on a Sunday morning . The production budget on the 38 - day shoot was projected to be $23.5 million . The film was scheduled for release during the President 's Day holiday in 2007 , but was moved up to right before Christmas 2006 . In late March 2006 , the first movie teaser was released on the Internet . The full - length trailer accompanied the theatrical release of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest on July 7 in select theaters . Casting ( edit ) Rocky Balboa gives nods to previous installments via the casting . The most obvious is the return of Stallone , Young , and Burton -- the only actors to portray the same characters in all six installments . Tarver 's appearance in the film marks the sixth time an active professional boxer has appeared in the series . Previously , Joe Frazier ( Rocky ) , Pedro Lovell ( Rocky ) , Roberto Durán ( Rocky II ) , Tommy Morrison ( Rocky V ) and Michael Williams ( Rocky V ) have appeared in the series . Stallone initially wanted Roy Jones , Jr. to portray Dixon , but after Jones did not return Stallone 's phone calls , he tapped Antonio Tarver to fill the role . Tarver accidentally knocked out Stallone during the filming of one of the segments of the fight . The character Marie appeared in the original Rocky ; she was portrayed by Jodi Letizia . For the final film , Marie is portrayed by Geraldine Hughes . ( Although Letizia did reprise the role for Rocky V , the sole scene in which she appeared was deleted . In it , Marie was homeless on the streets of Philadelphia . ) Another recognizable character who appeared in the previous five films , sportscaster Stu Nahan , provided the commentary for the computer - generated fight between Dixon and Balboa . Nahan was part of the ringside commentary team during all the bouts in the first three films and the Apollo Creed / Ivan Drago fight in Rocky IV . He was diagnosed with lymphoma during the Rocky Balboa filming , though , and died on December 26 , 2007 . Finally , Pedro Lovell , who portrayed Spider Rico in the original film , returns to the role in Rocky Balboa as a guest and later employee at Rocky 's restaurant . A number of sports personalities portray themselves . Jim Lampley , Larry Merchant , and Max Kellerman comprise the ringside broadcast team ( all three are commentators for HBO Boxing ) . Sportswriters such as Bert Sugar , Bernard Fernandez and Steve Springer also appear . As for actual boxers , Mike Tyson ( who had retired by the film 's release ) makes a cameo appearance , taunting Dixon as the fighter enters the ring . Lou DiBella , a real - life boxing promoter , portrays himself as Dixon 's promoter . Several of ESPN 's personalities also portray themselves . SportsCenter anchor Brian Kenny is the host of the fictional Then and Now series , while Cold Pizza and 1st and 10 hosts Jay Crawford , Dana Jacobson , Skip Bayless and Woody Paige also appear . Ring announcer Michael Buffer appeared as himself , as did referee Joe Cortez . Regarding his decision not to have Talia Shire reprise her role as Adrian , Stallone told USA Today that , `` in the original script , she was alive . But it just did n't have the same dramatic punch . I thought , ' What if she 's gone ? ' That would cut Rocky 's heart out and drop him down to ground zero . '' Shire herself said that , in her view , `` The film has great regard for the process of mourning . Sly utilizes mourning to empower Rocky , and Adrian is made very mythical . '' Script ( edit ) A plot element from the fifth film is not addressed in Rocky Balboa 's plot . In the previous film , Rocky was diagnosed with brain damage and advised never to fight again . Stallone clarified this apparent inconsistency in an interview , remarking : When Rocky was diagnosed with brain damage , it must be noted that many athletes have a form of brain damage including football players , soccer players , and other individuals in contact sports such as rugby , etc . Rocky never went for a second opinion and yielded to his wife 's wishes to stop . So with the advent of new research techniques into brain damage , Rocky was found to be normal among fighters , and he was suffering the results of a severe concussion . By today 's standards Rocky Balboa would be given a clean bill of health for fighters . Cinematography and fight choreography ( edit ) While the dramatic portions of the movie are shot in an obviously cinematic style , the bout between Balboa and Dixon is shot in a number of different ways . The lead - in to the bout , as well as the first two rounds , are shot in a style similar to a major pay - per - view broadcast . Clips from fights in previous Rocky movies are used during the introductory teaser to introduce Balboa , while stock footage from actual Tarver fights , as well as footage from Dixon 's previous fight ( shown at the beginning of the film ) are used as clips for Dixon 's part of the teaser . The fight itself was shot in High Definition to further enhance the TV - style look of the fight . After the first two rounds , the bout is shot in a more `` cinematic '' style , reminiscent of the way the fights in the other Rocky films were shot . However , unlike the other films in the series , the fight is less choreographed and more improvised than previous installments and is closer to an actual boxing match than a choreographed fight . This is a departure from the previous films , where every punch , feint , and step was carefully scripted and practiced . According to the behind - the - scenes documentary portions of the film 's DVD , there were slight continuity problems during the filming of the fight . This was said to have been due to the fact that real punches were thrown by both Stallone and Tarver , resulting in some swelling and nosebleeds earlier than scripted . The DVD release features an alternate ending in which Rocky wins the fight . Music ( edit ) Composed by Academy Award winner Bill Conti , the Rocky Balboa film score is both an updated composition of Rocky music and a tribute to the music that has been featured in previous Rocky films . Conti , who has acted as composer on every Rocky film except Rocky IV , chose to compose the score almost entirely from musical themes used in the previous movies . Only one original theme was written specifically for Rocky Balboa and that is the theme written to represent the character of Marie . The roughly 40 - minute score was recorded in the summer of 2006 at Capitol Studios in Hollywood , California . Conti chose to pre-record the string , brass and piano tracks and then have those tracks mixed with the work of a 44 piece orchestra which he conducted . He also performed all of the piano work himself which is something he has done with each movie for which he has composed the score . Stallone also was involved in every part of the process and attended several of the recording sessions . In addition to the score , the film features original tracks performed by Natasha Bedingfield , Three 6 Mafia , and Frank Stallone as well as classic tracks such as Frank Sinatra 's `` High Hopes '' and The Miracles ' `` Ooh Baby Baby '' . Of the original tracks the most significant is the Diane Warren song `` Still Here '' , performed by Bedingfield , which was reported to be the film 's theme in early articles . Though it is still listed in the credits the song was dropped from the film . Distribution ( edit ) Rocky Balboa represents a partnership between Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Revolution Studios , and Columbia Pictures ( Columbia 's corporate parent Sony held a 20 % stake in MGM ) . Since the Rocky series was originally produced and distributed by United Artists ( now MGM 's subsidiary studio ) , the partners jointly decided that the film could and should take advantage of MGM 's newly reinvigorated domestic distribution apparatus . 20th Century Fox handles its theatrical and DVD distributions outside of the United States and Canada , while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment handled its American and Canadian video distributions . In the Philippines and Switzerland , Fox released the film through joint ventures with Warner Bros. Entertainment . In Japan , the film was promoted by Fox as Rocky The Final . It opened across Japan on April 20 , 2007 . Critical response ( edit ) The film was well received by critics . The film garners a `` Certified Fresh '' rating of 76 % on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on a sample of 177 reviews , with an average score of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Implausible but entertaining and poignant , Rocky Balboa finds the champ in fighting form for the first time in years . '' At the website Metacritic , which utilizes a normalized rating system , the film earned a favorable rating of 63 / 100 based on 36 reviews by mainstream critics . On the television show Ebert & Roeper , both Richard Roeper and guest reviewer Aisha Tyler gave the film a `` thumbs up '' rating . Among other positive reviews were from Variety , David Edelstien of New York Magazine , Ethan Alter of Premiere Magazine , Victoria Alexander of Filmsinreview.com , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Weekly , Brett Buckalew of Filmstew.com , The Hollywood Reporter , and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly . Some criticism came from Christy Lemire , who described the film as self - parody . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times also criticized the film 's premise as implausible and derivative , and the plot development as cursory , while Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film `` captures the look and feel of the first Rocky but becomes too much of a sentimental homage '' and overall `` there is little point in joining Stallone on this ultimately dull nostalgia trip '' . Stallone was quoted as having told reporters that he would rather `` ... do something that he enjoyed badly , than feel bad about not doing something he enjoyed . '' There was some criticism , as well as confusion , regarding the title of the film . Many reviewers , including James Rolfe , felt that it should have officially been titled Rocky VI , and that simply adding his last name to the end made it seem like it was a remake of the original film rather than a sequel . The film was greeted warmly by the majority of the boxing community , with many experts believing the Rocky character is still a key symbol of the sport and that the boxing scenes were the most realistic of any film . On the DVD , Stallone attributes this to the fact that he used realistic sound - effects ( the previous installments had become notorious for their unrealistic and loud sounds of punches landing ) and the fact that both Stallone and Tarver threw real punches at each other . Box Office ( edit ) The film was an unexpected box office success and exceeded studio expectations grossing over three times the opening night estimates of ( at best ) $2,000,000 and doing so despite a harsh spell of winter weather . The film not only finished third in its opening weekend , grossing $12,540,000 , but eventually became Stallone 's most successful starring role since 1993 's Cliffhanger and the sixth highest grossing boxing film of all time , topped only by the first Rocky through IV and Clint Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby , and was nominated for an MTV award for best on screen duo . Total U.S. box office gross receipts were $70,269,899 while the international gross stands at $85,449,806 making for a total worldwide gross of $155,721,132 . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Whether the film Rocky Balboa has a soundtrack is subject to some debate . On December 26 , 2006 , Capitol Records released a CD titled Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky which had a logo and cover art that was identical to the film 's theatrical poster . The CD itself contains short dialogue clips and musical tracks , some of which are remixes , from all the Rocky films . Notable though is that only three of its nineteen total tracks are from the Rocky Balboa film : two dialogue tracks and the Three 6 Mafia song `` It 's a Fight '' ( the UK version contains the additional track `` Still Here '' by Natasha Bedingfield ) . This has led some to categorize the CD as a compilation while others suggest that it is a soundtrack and that the use of past material simply reflects the film 's extensive use of flashbacks . Relevant to this debate is the absence of any compositions by Rocky IV composer Vince DiCola , except for the song `` Hearts on Fire '' , co-written by DiCola , Ed Fruge and Joe Esposito . DiCola is the only person , other than Bill Conti , to act as composer on a Rocky film and his work was used extensively on the 1991 compilation CD The Rocky Story : Songs from the Rocky Movies . The missing DiCola tracks are the only tracks on the 1991 CD that are not present on the new CD which indicates an effort to use only Rocky Balboa composer Conti 's tracks . Home release ( edit ) Rocky Balboa is available in three formats : Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and UMD . It was released in Region 1 on March 20 and Region 2 on May 21 , 2007 . The film has made $35,622,998 in DVD sales . Features on the Blu - ray Disc and DVD include : deleted scenes along with an alternate ending ( where Rocky wins the split decision ) , bloopers , a commentary , and several featurettes . In addition , the Blu - ray version features all of the DVD 's content in 1080p high definition video . Video game ( edit ) On December 13 , 2006 , it was officially announced by Ubisoft and MGM that a new Rocky video game , titled Rocky Balboa , was to be made exclusively for the PlayStation Portable handheld console . It was released on March 20 , 2007 , to coincide with the Blu - ray and DVD release . Spin - off ( edit ) In 2015 , Rocky Balboa was followed by Creed , a spin - off series , taking place nine years after the events in Rocky Balboa . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Balboa '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Missy ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` ' Rocky ' Road '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa Filming Locations '' . Movie Locations Guide . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( November 26 , 2005 ) . `` Forever the underdog ; A sixth ' Rocky ' already is the butt of jokes , but producers are betting it can be a winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ DHB ( December 16 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone has Issues with Roy Jones Jr '' . Doghouse Boxing . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone knocked out on ' Rocky ' set '' . Monsters and Critics . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Retired L.A. Sportscaster Stu Nahan Dies At 81 '' . CBS 2 . December 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Forever yo : Talia Shire 's Adrian '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moriaty ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` Round One With Sylvester Stallone Q&A ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tran , An ( December 2006 ) . `` Going the Distance : Clark Mathis , Lenses Rocky Balboa '' . Arri . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zwecker , Bill ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` '' Rocky '' climbs off the canvas `` . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ; Reed , J.D. ( June 14 , 1982 ) . `` Winner and Still Champion '' . Time . pp. 1 -- 6 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Bill Conti scores Rocky Balboa '' . Scoring Sessions . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) -- Cast and Credits '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Natasha Bedingfield records ' Rocky ' theme '' . Yahoo ! Music . August 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MGM to handle domestic distribution of `` Rocky Balboa '' `` . May 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky The Final '' . Fox Japan . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Koehler , Robert ( December 15 , 2006 ) . `` Rocky Balboa '' . ' Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David . `` Rocky Balboa '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( December 18 , 2006 ) . `` Rocky Balboa '' . Premiere Magazine . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Victoria ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` A certified crowd pleaser . Stallone stayed true to Rocky . He gave Rocky back to us without dolling him up '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Aufmuth , Jeanne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` Rocky Balboa '' . Palo Alto Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buckalew , Brett . `` The Bengay Balboa '' . FilmStew.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Rocky Balboa ' '' ( Registration required ) . The Hollywood Reporter . December 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( December 19 , 2006 ) . `` ' Rocky ' offers self - parody '' . China Daily . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Colm ( March 1 , 2007 ) . `` Filmreview : Rocky 's Looking a Bit Punch Drunk '' . Isle of Man Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chronologically Confused about Sequel Titles -- Angry Video Game Nerd -- Episode 15 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Keenan , Ronan ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Is a Character Like Rocky Still Relevant to Boxing ? '' . BoxingScene.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harry ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone public statement '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 22 -- 24 , 2007 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports -- Boxing '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa ticket sales figures '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky '' . Epinions.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wreckk . `` Rocky Balboa Gearcritech Blu Ray Review '' . Gearcritech.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luce , Patrick ( February 15 , 2007 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's Rocky Balboa comes to DVD , PSP and Blu - ray in March '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rocky Balboa ( film ) Official website Official Production Blog Rocky Balboa on IMDb Rocky Balboa at Box Office Mojo Rocky Balboa at AllMovie Rocky Balboa at Rotten Tomatoes Rocky Balboa at Metacritic Sylvester Stallone Interview Rocky Balboa script Rocky Online -- Info about film and reviews Total Rocky Fan Site Guide to Filming Locations Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Works by Sylvester Stallone Filmography Awards and nominations Director Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Staying Alive ( 1983 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Rambo ( 2008 ) The Expendables ( 2010 ) Writer The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Cobra ( 1986 ) Over the Top ( 1987 ) Rambo III ( 1988 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Father Lefty ( 2002 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) Homefront ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Producer only Heart of a Champion : The Ray Mancini Story ( 1985 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Balboa_(film)&oldid=831120794 '' Categories : English - language films 2006 films American films 2000s drama films 2000s sequel films 2000s sports films American drama films American sequel films American sports films Boxing films Films about old age Films set in Philadelphia Rocky ( film series ) Columbia Pictures films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Revolution Studios films Films directed by Sylvester Stallone Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 21 : 24 . 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where does the last name curry come from	Curry is a common surname used in Ireland , Scotland and England . In England and Scotland , it is thought to derive from local place names and , in Scotland , also possibly from MacVurich .		Curry ( surname )	curry ( surname )	Curry is a common surname used in Ireland , Scotland and England . In England and Scotland , it is thought to derive from local place names and , in Scotland , also possibly from MacVurich .	Contents 1 Forms of the name 2 Origins 3 People 4 Fictional characters 5 See also 6 References Forms of the name ( edit ) In some cases the surname is an Anglicised form of the Irish Ó Comhraidhe ; the `` h '' lenites the preceding consonant , so the Anglicised form is not far from the pronunciation in Irish . It sometimes takes the form Corry or Corra , especially in the northern counties , where in the few early records in which the name is found the prefix ' Mac ' is usually substituted for ' O ' . Corry , however , may also have other origins which will be mentioned later . In Scotland the surname was originally Gaelic MacMhuirich however with the Highland clearances , many Gaelic names were Anglicised so the surname 's took the form of something that sounded similar . MacMhuirich took variations such as MacVurich , Currie , Curry and Currey . Origins ( edit ) The most numerous and well - known sept of Ó Comhraidhe is that of Thomond with their centre in County Clare . There was a little - known sept of O'Curry in the barony of Kerricurrehy in Cork , where the name is now often found as Corry . This Cork sept may have been a branch of the main Thomond sept . They are recorded as a sept of Corca Laoighe and the name is found also in Kerry , presumably as a result of migration . In addition to the main sept of Ó Comhraidhe another of the same name was located in County Westmeath , where they were Chiefs of Moygoish . Curristown , to which they gave their name , ( now known as Belmont ) is testimony to their power and significance in that area . In Ulster , many of the name Curry are of Scottish ancestry . There is a rule of thumb that says Currie is Scottish while Curry is Irish in origin , but the spellings have been so interchanged that the rule counts for little . In Scotland Currie can be a variant of Corrie . It can also be an Anglicised form of the Gaelic MacMhuirich , ' son of Murdoch ' . One family of this surname , Clann MacMhuirich , was produced hereditary bards to chiefs of Clan Donald and Clan MacDonald of Clanranald , and claim descent from the thirteenth - century Irish poet Muireach Alhanach . In mid-nineteenth - century Antrim the main concentration of the name was found to be to the north of Ballymoney in the barony of Carey . In a final twist to the history of the name in Scotland , many Curries of Arran , Kintyre and the Isles were originally MacCurdys The name Corry is usually Ó Corraidh ( or Ó Corra ) and in modern times is often abbreviated to Corr . However , when found in Clare , it is probably a variant form of Ó Comhraidhe - O'Curry and as we have seen already , Corry is a known variant of Curry in Cork . In Ulster , the names Corr , Corry and Curry are numerous . There they can be of more than one origin . The majority no doubt are Ó Corra , descended from the sept of that name located in the Tyrone - Fermanagh country and numerous in central Ulster in the seventeenth century as the Hearth Money Rolls show . Many of the Corrs of Tyrone and Londonderry are , however , descended from the Gilla Corr , mentioned in the Annals of Ulster ( 1186 ) , whose son is perpetuated in the townland of Ballykilcurr , near Maghera . One of the Anglicised forms of Mac Gothraidh - a branch of the MacGuires of Fermanagh , and most usually found as McCaffrey - is MacCorry , often without the prefix Mac ; others are MacCorry and Godfrey . Mac Corra , too , has been noted in Ulster but this is possibly a modem form of Mac Gothraidh . Both O'Cor and MacCor occur in the Armagh Hearth Money Rolls , O'Cor being the more numerous there . The prevalence of the name Corry in Counties Waterford and south Tipperary in the seventeenth century might suggest that some of the O'Currys of Thomond migrated but this theory is not borne out by numerous mediaeval records which show that people called Cor and Corre were established in Counties Tipperary and Kilkenny as early as 1270 ( Richard Corre was Bishop of Lismore from 1279 to 1308 ) : this may well be an unidentified Norman name unrelated to Curry , for migration from Thomond to Ormond was unusual , though not unknown , before the fourteenth century . However , in the mid 17th century at the time of Oliver Cromwell 's campaign in Ireland , one of the major landowners in south Tipperary ( Clonmel ) was a John Corr of Toberhanny . He is said to be descended from a Norman family Corre , that came to Ireland in 1171 at Crooke , Co . Waterford with King Henry II of England , alongside Theobald FitzWalter , later to become Butler , Earl of Ormonde . In 1650 John Corr and 141 retainers were given the option ' To Hell or to Connaught ' , In other words , either be transplanted to Connaught or face death and eternity in hell . It is said that John Corr was a close ally of the Butler 's of Ormonde . When he was dispossessed of his lands he sought refuge with the Ormondes . When Ormonde regained control of his lands he rewarded John Corr with grants of land for his allegiance . Instead of lands at Toberhanny , he was given land at Cuffesgrange , Co . Kilkenny . ( previously known as Comerford 's Grange ) . The family remain here to this day . This family is the same family of Frank J. Corr who became mayor of Chicago . African - Americans and some Black people in the Caribbean also have the name Curry . This is for various reasons one of which is personal relationships between Irish sailors / Captains , and Native / African women in America and / or the Caribbean . To date , the two ethnic groups ( Irish Currys and African American / Caribbean Currys ) have not unified nor has there been much intellectual discussion about the matter . People ( edit ) Aaron Curry ( American football ) ( born 1986 ) , American college football coach and former National Football League player Aaron Curry ( artist ) ( born 1972 ) , American painter Aaron Curry ( politician ) ( 1887 - 1957 ) , English Member of Parliament Adam Curry ( born 1964 ) , American podcaster and video jockey Adrianne Curry ( born 1982 ) , American model and reality TV personality Arthur Currie ( born 1875 ) Canadian WWI General Andrew Currey ( born 1971 ) , Australian retired javelin thrower Ann Curry ( born 1956 ) , news anchor on NBC 's Today Show and host of Dateline NBC Anne Curry ( born 1954 ) , English historian Bill Curry ( born 1942 ) , American retired National Football League player and college football coach Brownlee O. Currey Jr. , American businessman Bruce Curry ( born 1956 ) , American former boxer , WBC Super Lightweight champion from 1983 to 1984 Christopher Curry ( born 1946 ) , British co-founder of Acorn Computers Clint Curry American , 1982 3rd round draft pick by the Texas Rangers of the MLB . Also , All - Time Home Run leader in the RCBL . RCBL Hall of Fame inductee Dan Curry is a set designer and visual effects producer Dave Currey ( environmentalist ) ( born 1953 ) , British environmentalist , photographer and writer David Curry ( born 1944 ) , British Member of Parliament from 1987 to 2010 Dayna Curry ( born 1971 ) , American who was held prisoner in Afghanistan by the Taliban in 2001 Declan Curry ( born 1971 ) , Northern Irish journalist and presenter for the BBC Dell Curry ( born 1964 ) , American basketball player and father of current basketball players Stephen and Seth Curry Denise Curry ( born 1979 ) , American retired basketball player and coach Denzel Curry ( born 1995 ) , American rapper Derek Curry ( born 1981 ) , American former football player Don Curry ( born 1959 ) , American actor and stand - up comedian Donald Curry , American retired American boxer born Donald Sample in 1961 , undisputed welterweight ( 1985 - 1986 ) and WBC super welterweight ( 1988 - 1989 ) champion Eddy Curry ( born 1982 ) , American former National Basketball Association player Edwina Currie ( born 1946 ) , British former politician , Member of Parliament ( 1983 - 1997 ) Eugene O'Curry ( 1794 - 1862 ) , Irish scholar and translator Floyd Curry ( 1925 - 2006 ) , Canadian former National Hockey League player George E. Curry ( 1947 - 2016 ) , African - American journalist and columnist George Curry ( politician ) ( 1861 - 1947 ) , American politician and former governor of New Mexico Territory George Curry ( Wild Bunch ) ( 1871 - 1900 ) , Canadian - American Old West robber Haskell Curry ( 1900 - 1982 ) , American mathematician and logician Izola Curry ( 1916 - 2015 ) , African - American who tried to assassinate Martin Luther King Jr . Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry ( 1825 - 1903 ) , American lawyer , soldier , Congressman , college professor and administrator , diplomat , and Confederate officer during the American Civil War Jack Curry ( born 1964 ) , American sports analyst and former New York Times baseball correspondent Jane Louise Curry ( born 1932 ) , American author Jesse Curry ( 1913 - 1980 ) , chief of the Dallas police when John F. Kennedy was assassinated there John Curry ( disambiguation ) Joseph T. Curry ( 1895 - 1961 ) , American cotton planter and politician , member of the Louisiana House of Representatives ( 1930 - 1944 ) Judith Curry , American climate scientist Julian Curry ( born 1937 ) , English actor Julie Curry ( born 1962 ) , American politician Lisa Curry ( born 1962 ) , Australian former swimmer and reality TV contestant Manfred Curry ( 1899 - 1953 ) German - American who improving the science of sailboat design Margaret L. Curry ( 1898 -- 1986 ) , American state parole officer Mark Curry ( disambiguation ) Michael Curry ( disambiguation ) Mickey Curry ( born 1956 ) , American rock drummer Norman Curry ( born 1946 ) , Namibian retired cricketer Paul Curry ( 1917 - 1986 ) , vice-president of the Blue Cross Insurance Company of New York and amateur magician Richard Owen Currey ( 1816 -- 1865 ) , American university professor , physician and Presbyterian minister Robert Brownlee Currey ( 1774 -- 1848 ) , American politician Ronald Curry ( born 1979 ) American National Football League assistant coach and former player Sedrick Curry ( born 1976 ) , American football player Seth Curry ( born 1990 ) , American basketball player Shaun Curry ( 1937 - 2009 ) , British actor Stephen Curry ( born 1988 ) , American basketball player Stephen Curry ( comedian ) ( born 1976 ) , Australian comedian and actor Steve Curry ( born 1965 ) , American Major League Baseball pitcher in July 1988 Susie Curry ( born 1972 ) , American retired professional fitness competitor Tim Curry ( born 1946 ) , British actor Tom Curry ( 1894 - 1958 ) , British footballer and trainer Tyler Curry ( born 1983 ) , American LGBT activist and columnist Valorie Curry ( born 1986 ) , American actress Wayne K. Curry ( 1951 - 2014 ) , American politician Wes Curry ( 1860 -- 1933 ) , American Major League Baseball pitcher and umpire William Currey ( 1895 -- 1948 ) , Australian First World War recipient of the Victoria Cross and politician Fictional characters ( edit ) Arthur Curry , secret identity of DC Comic character Aquaman Tom Curry and Orm Curry , father and half - brother , respectively , of Aquaman Mr. Curry , recurring character in the Paddington Bear series Jedidiah `` Kid '' Curry , a main character of the Western TV series Alias Smith and Jones under the alias `` Thaddeus Jones '' See also ( edit ) Currie ( surname ) Curry ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seary , E.R. ; W. Kirwin ( 1998 ) . Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0773517820 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060828021755/http://www.clancurrie.com/history.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curry_(surname)&oldid=854159317 '' Categories : Surnames Septs of the Dál gCais Anglicised Irish - language surnames Scottish surnames Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2018 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 10 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry%20%28surname%29	107,930
where was the first ever security council summit meeting held in early 1992	The 1992 United Nations Security Council election was held on 27 October 1992 during the Forty - seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City . The General Assembly elected Brazil , Djibouti , New Zealand , Pakistan , and Spain , as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two - year mandates commencing on 1 January 1993 .	United Nations Headquarters in New York City	United Nations Security Council election , 1992	united nations security council election, 1992	Zimbabwe ( Africa ) India ( Asia ) Ecuador ( LatAm&Car ) Austria ( WEOG ) Belgium ( WEOG )	New Members Djibouti ( Africa ) Pakistan ( Asia ) Brazil ( LatAm&Car ) New Zealand ( WEOG ) Spain ( WEOG ) Unsuccessful candidates Sweden ( Western European and Others Group ) The 1992 United Nations Security Council election was held on 27 October 1992 during the Forty - seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly , held at United Nations Headquarters in New York City . The General Assembly elected Brazil , Djibouti , New Zealand , Pakistan , and Spain , as the five new non-permanent members of the UN Security Council for two - year mandates commencing on 1 January 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 Pre-election statements 3 Results 3.1 African and Asian States 3.2 Latin American and Caribbean Group 3.3 Western European and Others Group 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Rules ( edit ) The Security Council has 15 seats , filled by five permanent members and ten non-permanent members . Each year , half of the non-permanent members are elected for two - year terms . A sitting member may not immediately run for re-election . In accordance with the rules whereby the ten non-permanent UNSC seats rotate among the various regional blocs into which UN member states traditionally divide themselves for voting and representation purposes , the five available seats are allocated as follows : One for African countries ( held by Zimbabwe ) One for countries from the Asian Group ( now the Asia - Pacific Group ) ( held by India ) One for Latin America and the Caribbean ( held by Ecuador ) Two for the Western European and Others Group ( held by Austria and Belgium ) To be elected , a candidate must receive a two - thirds majority of those present and voting . If the vote is inconclusive after the first round , three rounds of restricted voting shall take place , followed by three rounds of unrestricted voting , and so on , until a result has been obtained . In restricted voting , only official candidates may be voted on , while in unrestricted voting , any member of the given regional group , with the exception of current Council members , may be voted on . Pre-election statements ( edit ) Before the vote itself was held , the Chairmen of the regional groups made their statements endorsing the respective regional candidates . Mr. Ould Mohamed Mahmoud of Mauritania , speaking on behalf of the African Group , transferred the recommendation for the candidacy of Djibouti by both the African Group and the Organization of African Unity . Mr. Aksin of Turkey , speaking on behalf of the Asian Group , transferred the endorsement of the Group for the candidacy of Pakistan . Mr. Piriz Ballon of Uruguay transferred the endorsement of the Latin American and Caribbean Group for the candidacy of Brazil . Mr. Haakonsen of Denmark , speaking for the Western European and Others Group , announced the candidatures of New Zealand , Spain , and Sweden . Results ( edit ) African and Asian States ( edit ) ( hide ) African and Asian States election results Member Round 1 Djibouti 170 Pakistan 161 Iran Nigeria abstentions invalid ballots 0 required majority 115 Latin American and Caribbean Group ( edit ) ( hide ) Latin American and Caribbean Group election results Member Round 1 Brazil 168 abstentions 5 invalid ballots 0 required majority 112 Western European and Others Group ( edit ) ( hide ) Western European and Others Group election results Member Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Spain 118 -- -- New Zealand 108 99 117 Sweden 109 74 55 invalid ballots 0 0 0 abstentions 0 0 0 required majority 116 116 115 See also ( edit ) List of members of the United Nations Security Council , Brazil and the United Nations New Zealand and the United Nations Pakistan and the United Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United Nations Security Council ( 2008 ) , Repertoire of the practice of the Security Council , p. 178 , retrieved 3 November 2011 Jump up ^ Conforti , Benedetto ( 2005 ) , The law and practice of the United Nations , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , p. 61 , retrieved 3 November 2011 Jump up ^ Charter of the United Nations , Article 23 Jump up ^ Resolution 1991 A ( XVIII ) , dated 1963 - 12 - 17 , in force 1965 - 08 - 31 . See also the notes accompanying Rules 142 to 144 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly and Item 114 ( a ) ( page 175 ) of UN Document A / 66 / 100 , Annotated preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda of the sixty - sixth regular session of the General Assembly . Jump up ^ `` Asian group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 2011 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) UN Document A / 47 / PV. 48 Official record of General Assembly meeting , 11 November 1992 United Nations Security Council elections 1940s 1946 ( Jan ) 1946 ( Nov ) 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1992 1993 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 General Assembly UNSC ( Members Reform ) Regional Groups ( EEG GRULAC WEOG ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_election,_1992&oldid=788098597 '' Categories : 1992 elections United Nations Security Council elections Non-partisan elections 1992 in international relations Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2017 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20election%2C%201992	107,931
who has the most wins in college history	# 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Team Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Conference Michigan 943 338 36 . 736 137 1308 Big Ten Notre Dame 911 324 42 . 730 128 1266 Independent Ohio State 892 323 53 . 724 127 1264 Big Ten Boise State 436 165 . 725 49 594 Mountain West Alabama 889 328 43 . 722 122 1251 SEC Oklahoma 883 322 53 . 723 122 1249 Big 12 Texas 886 360 33 . 706 124 1279 Big 12 USC 831 338 54 . 702 123 1223 Pac - 12 Nebraska 893 380 40 . 695 127 1313 Big Ten Old Dominion 67 30 0 . 691 8 97 C - USA Penn State 877 387 41 . 688 130 1305 Big Ten Florida State 538 250 17 . 679 70 805 ACC Tennessee 833 380 53 . 679 120 1266 SEC Coastal Carolina 104 52 0 . 667 13 156 Sun Belt LSU 787 411 47 . 651 123 1245 SEC Georgia 806 419 54 . 651 123 1277 SEC Georgia Southern 375 206 10 . 643 53 591 Sun Belt Appalachian State 597 329 29 . 640 87 955 Sun Belt Miami ( FL ) 613 351 19 . 633 91 983 ACC Florida 710 408 40 . 630 110 1158 SEC Auburn 759 434 47 . 631 124 1238 SEC Washington 715 442 50 . 613 127 1207 Pac - 12 Virginia Tech 728 462 46 . 608 123 1236 ACC Arizona State 600 382 24 . 608 104 1006 Pac - 12 Clemson 728 458 45 . 610 121 1229 ACC Texas A&M 725 471 48 . 602 122 1244 SEC Michigan State 686 451 44 . 599 120 1181 Big Ten Miami ( OH ) 679 448 44 . 599 128 1171 MAC West Virginia 735 487 45 . 598 124 1267 Big 12 Central Michigan 609 406 36 . 597 116 1051 MAC Georgia Tech 723 490 43 . 593 124 1256 ACC Western Kentucky 566 384 30 . 593 98 980 C - USA UCLA 596 405 37 . 592 98 1038 Pac - 12 Utah 661 453 31 . 591 123 1145 Pac - 12 Arkansas 709 486 40 . 590 123 1235 SEC Bowling Green 537 372 52 . 586 98 961 MAC Colorado 695 494 36 . 582 127 1225 Pac - 12 Stanford 635 450 49 . 582 110 1134 Pac - 12 Fresno State 587 418 27 . 582 95 1032 Mountain West Wisconsin 684 489 53 . 580 128 1226 Big Ten Southern Miss 576 413 26 . 580 100 1015 C - USA BYU 564 406 26 . 579 92 996 Independent Pittsburgh 712 520 42 . 575 127 1274 ACC Boston College 652 481 37 . 573 118 1170 ACC Middle Tennessee 566 418 28 . 573 102 1012 C - USA Minnesota 683 509 44 . 570 133 1236 Big Ten Louisiana Tech 602 449 37 . 570 113 1088 C - USA Syracuse 705 529 49 . 569 127 1283 ACC Arizona 601 452 33 . 569 113 1086 Pac - 12 South Florida 136 103 0 . 569 20 239 The American Oregon 641 487 46 . 566 121 1174 Pac - 12 North Carolina 686 524 54 . 564 126 1264 ACC Army 671 513 51 . 564 127 1235 Independent Ole Miss 660 511 35 . 562 122 1206 SEC San Diego State 538 415 32 . 562 94 985 Mountain West Troy 516 401 28 . 561 96 945 Sun Belt Tulsa 616 483 27 . 559 117 1126 The American Texas Tech 556 436 32 . 559 92 1024 Big 12 Navy 701 552 57 . 557 136 1310 The American Western Michigan 556 441 24 . 556 111 1021 MAC Toledo 525 421 24 . 554 96 970 MAC California 656 526 51 . 553 121 1233 Pac - 12 Hawaii 530 434 24 . 549 100 988 Mountain West Air Force 380 313 13 . 547 61 706 Mountain West Houston 426 356 15 . 544 71 797 The American Missouri 662 552 52 . 543 126 1266 SEC Northern Illinois 571 483 51 . 540 115 1105 MAC TCU 633 538 57 . 539 120 1228 Big 12 Iowa 632 549 39 . 534 128 1220 Big Ten Texas State 507 441 25 . 534 102 973 Sun Belt South Alabama 48 42 0 . 533 8 90 Sun Belt Nevada 540 474 33 . 532 110 1047 Mountain West Louisville 504 453 17 . 526 98 974 ACC Maryland 640 581 43 . 523 124 1264 Big Ten UCF 228 210 . 521 38 439 The American Purdue 601 554 48 . 520 129 1203 Big Ten Ball State 443 408 32 . 520 92 883 MAC Virginia 643 598 48 . 517 127 1289 ACC East Carolina 430 402 12 . 517 81 844 The American Marshall 574 537 47 . 516 117 1158 C - USA Oklahoma State 575 543 48 . 514 115 1166 Big 12 Baylor 588 557 44 . 513 115 1189 Big 12 Illinois 600 575 50 . 510 127 1225 Big Ten South Carolina 593 568 44 . 510 123 1205 SEC Cincinnati 599 579 51 . 508 129 1229 The American North Carolina State 582 567 55 . 506 125 1204 ACC Rutgers 645 638 42 . 503 147 1325 Big Ten Ohio 553 553 48 . 500 121 1154 MAC North Texas 498 497 33 . 500 101 1028 C - USA Utah State 525 530 31 . 498 119 1086 Mountain West Vanderbilt 595 606 50 . 496 127 1251 SEC San Jose State 483 491 38 . 496 99 1012 Mountain West Massachusetts 566 577 50 . 495 134 1193 Independent Kentucky 599 612 44 . 495 126 1255 SEC Duke 496 511 31 . 493 104 1038 ACC Akron 512 531 36 . 491 116 1079 MAC Mississippi State 546 569 39 . 490 117 1154 SEC Arkansas State 458 477 37 . 490 102 972 Sun Belt Washington State 526 551 45 . 489 121 1122 Pac - 12 Kansas 581 620 58 . 485 127 1259 Big 12 Memphis 472 508 33 . 482 101 1013 The American Louisiana - Lafayette 505 547 34 . 481 115 1086 Sun Belt Wyoming 518 563 28 . 480 120 1109 Mountain West Connecticut 505 552 38 . 479 118 1095 The American Oregon State 529 582 50 . 477 120 1161 Pac - 12 Colorado State 513 565 33 . 477 118 1111 Mountain West SMU 482 534 54 . 476 100 1070 The American New Mexico 480 580 31 . 454 118 1091 Mountain West Kansas State 518 634 42 . 451 121 1194 Big 12 Tulane 515 632 38 . 451 123 1185 The American Temple 461 568 52 . 451 118 1081 The American UTSA 32 39 0 . 451 6 71 C - USA Iowa State 516 639 46 . 449 125 1201 Big 12 Northwestern 525 658 44 . 446 129 1227 Big Ten Rice 469 595 32 . 443 105 1096 C - USA Eastern Michigan 448 582 47 . 438 125 1077 MAC UAB 118 153 0 . 435 20 271 C - USA Idaho 455 602 26 . 432 118 1083 Sun Belt Louisiana - Monroe 300 407 8 . 425 66 715 Sun Belt Indiana 474 665 44 . 419 129 1183 Big Ten Buffalo 364 518 28 . 415 103 910 MAC Wake Forest 442 648 33 . 408 115 1123 ACC UTEP 390 573 30 . 408 99 993 C - USA New Mexico State 423 624 30 . 407 120 1077 Sun Belt UNLV 223 335 . 400 49 562 Mountain West Florida Atlantic 76 116 0 . 396 16 192 C - USA Kent State 339 543 28 . 388 94 910 MAC Charlotte 19 34 0 . 358 6 53 C - USA FIU 56 122 0 . 315 15 178 C - USA Georgia State 20 62 0 . 244 7 82 Sun Belt	Michigan	NCAA division i FBS football win - loss records	ncaa division i fbs football win - loss records	The following data is current as of the end of the 2016 season , which ended after the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship . The following list reflects the records according to the NCAA . Not all wins and losses in this list have occurred in the highest level of play , but are recognized by the NCAA . This list takes into account results modified later due to NCAA action , such as vacated victories and forfeits . This list includes the teams that are currently transitioning from FCS to FBS ( Coastal Carolina ) . Percentages are figured to 3 decimal places . In the event of a tie , the team with the most wins is listed first .	# 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Team Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Conference Michigan 943 338 36 . 736 137 1308 Big Ten Notre Dame 911 324 42 . 730 128 1266 Independent Ohio State 892 323 53 . 724 127 1264 Big Ten Boise State 436 165 . 725 49 594 Mountain West Alabama 889 328 43 . 722 122 1251 SEC Oklahoma 883 322 53 . 723 122 1249 Big 12 Texas 886 360 33 . 706 124 1279 Big 12 USC 831 338 54 . 702 123 1223 Pac - 12 Nebraska 893 380 40 . 695 127 1313 Big Ten Old Dominion 67 30 0 . 691 8 97 C - USA Penn State 877 387 41 . 688 130 1305 Big Ten Florida State 538 250 17 . 679 70 805 ACC Tennessee 833 380 53 . 679 120 1266 SEC Coastal Carolina 104 52 0 . 667 13 156 Sun Belt LSU 787 411 47 . 651 123 1245 SEC Georgia 806 419 54 . 651 123 1277 SEC Georgia Southern 375 206 10 . 643 53 591 Sun Belt Appalachian State 597 329 29 . 640 87 955 Sun Belt Miami ( FL ) 613 351 19 . 633 91 983 ACC Florida 710 408 40 . 630 110 1158 SEC Auburn 759 434 47 . 631 124 1238 SEC Washington 715 442 50 . 613 127 1207 Pac - 12 Virginia Tech 728 462 46 . 608 123 1236 ACC Arizona State 600 382 24 . 608 104 1006 Pac - 12 Clemson 728 458 45 . 610 121 1229 ACC Texas A&M 725 471 48 . 602 122 1244 SEC Michigan State 686 451 44 . 599 120 1181 Big Ten Miami ( OH ) 679 448 44 . 599 128 1171 MAC West Virginia 735 487 45 . 598 124 1267 Big 12 Central Michigan 609 406 36 . 597 116 1051 MAC Georgia Tech 723 490 43 . 593 124 1256 ACC Western Kentucky 566 384 30 . 593 98 980 C - USA UCLA 596 405 37 . 592 98 1038 Pac - 12 Utah 661 453 31 . 591 123 1145 Pac - 12 Arkansas 709 486 40 . 590 123 1235 SEC Bowling Green 537 372 52 . 586 98 961 MAC Colorado 695 494 36 . 582 127 1225 Pac - 12 Stanford 635 450 49 . 582 110 1134 Pac - 12 Fresno State 587 418 27 . 582 95 1032 Mountain West Wisconsin 684 489 53 . 580 128 1226 Big Ten Southern Miss 576 413 26 . 580 100 1015 C - USA BYU 564 406 26 . 579 92 996 Independent Pittsburgh 712 520 42 . 575 127 1274 ACC Boston College 652 481 37 . 573 118 1170 ACC Middle Tennessee 566 418 28 . 573 102 1012 C - USA Minnesota 683 509 44 . 570 133 1236 Big Ten Louisiana Tech 602 449 37 . 570 113 1088 C - USA Syracuse 705 529 49 . 569 127 1283 ACC Arizona 601 452 33 . 569 113 1086 Pac - 12 South Florida 136 103 0 . 569 20 239 The American Oregon 641 487 46 . 566 121 1174 Pac - 12 North Carolina 686 524 54 . 564 126 1264 ACC Army 671 513 51 . 564 127 1235 Independent Ole Miss 660 511 35 . 562 122 1206 SEC San Diego State 538 415 32 . 562 94 985 Mountain West Troy 516 401 28 . 561 96 945 Sun Belt Tulsa 616 483 27 . 559 117 1126 The American Texas Tech 556 436 32 . 559 92 1024 Big 12 Navy 701 552 57 . 557 136 1310 The American Western Michigan 556 441 24 . 556 111 1021 MAC Toledo 525 421 24 . 554 96 970 MAC California 656 526 51 . 553 121 1233 Pac - 12 Hawaii 530 434 24 . 549 100 988 Mountain West Air Force 380 313 13 . 547 61 706 Mountain West Houston 426 356 15 . 544 71 797 The American Missouri 662 552 52 . 543 126 1266 SEC Northern Illinois 571 483 51 . 540 115 1105 MAC TCU 633 538 57 . 539 120 1228 Big 12 Iowa 632 549 39 . 534 128 1220 Big Ten Texas State 507 441 25 . 534 102 973 Sun Belt South Alabama 48 42 0 . 533 8 90 Sun Belt Nevada 540 474 33 . 532 110 1047 Mountain West Louisville 504 453 17 . 526 98 974 ACC Maryland 640 581 43 . 523 124 1264 Big Ten UCF 228 210 . 521 38 439 The American Purdue 601 554 48 . 520 129 1203 Big Ten Ball State 443 408 32 . 520 92 883 MAC Virginia 643 598 48 . 517 127 1289 ACC East Carolina 430 402 12 . 517 81 844 The American Marshall 574 537 47 . 516 117 1158 C - USA Oklahoma State 575 543 48 . 514 115 1166 Big 12 Baylor 588 557 44 . 513 115 1189 Big 12 Illinois 600 575 50 . 510 127 1225 Big Ten South Carolina 593 568 44 . 510 123 1205 SEC Cincinnati 599 579 51 . 508 129 1229 The American North Carolina State 582 567 55 . 506 125 1204 ACC Rutgers 645 638 42 . 503 147 1325 Big Ten Ohio 553 553 48 . 500 121 1154 MAC North Texas 498 497 33 . 500 101 1028 C - USA Utah State 525 530 31 . 498 119 1086 Mountain West Vanderbilt 595 606 50 . 496 127 1251 SEC San Jose State 483 491 38 . 496 99 1012 Mountain West Massachusetts 566 577 50 . 495 134 1193 Independent Kentucky 599 612 44 . 495 126 1255 SEC Duke 496 511 31 . 493 104 1038 ACC Akron 512 531 36 . 491 116 1079 MAC Mississippi State 546 569 39 . 490 117 1154 SEC Arkansas State 458 477 37 . 490 102 972 Sun Belt Washington State 526 551 45 . 489 121 1122 Pac - 12 Kansas 581 620 58 . 485 127 1259 Big 12 Memphis 472 508 33 . 482 101 1013 The American Louisiana - Lafayette 505 547 34 . 481 115 1086 Sun Belt Wyoming 518 563 28 . 480 120 1109 Mountain West Connecticut 505 552 38 . 479 118 1095 The American Oregon State 529 582 50 . 477 120 1161 Pac - 12 Colorado State 513 565 33 . 477 118 1111 Mountain West SMU 482 534 54 . 476 100 1070 The American New Mexico 480 580 31 . 454 118 1091 Mountain West Kansas State 518 634 42 . 451 121 1194 Big 12 Tulane 515 632 38 . 451 123 1185 The American Temple 461 568 52 . 451 118 1081 The American UTSA 32 39 0 . 451 6 71 C - USA Iowa State 516 639 46 . 449 125 1201 Big 12 Northwestern 525 658 44 . 446 129 1227 Big Ten Rice 469 595 32 . 443 105 1096 C - USA Eastern Michigan 448 582 47 . 438 125 1077 MAC UAB 118 153 0 . 435 20 271 C - USA Idaho 455 602 26 . 432 118 1083 Sun Belt Louisiana - Monroe 300 407 8 . 425 66 715 Sun Belt Indiana 474 665 44 . 419 129 1183 Big Ten Buffalo 364 518 28 . 415 103 910 MAC Wake Forest 442 648 33 . 408 115 1123 ACC UTEP 390 573 30 . 408 99 993 C - USA New Mexico State 423 624 30 . 407 120 1077 Sun Belt UNLV 223 335 . 400 49 562 Mountain West Florida Atlantic 76 116 0 . 396 16 192 C - USA Kent State 339 543 28 . 388 94 910 MAC Charlotte 19 34 0 . 358 6 53 C - USA FIU 56 122 0 . 315 15 178 C - USA Georgia State 20 62 0 . 244 7 82 Sun Belt Chart notes Ohio State had 12 victories vacated by the NCAA during the 2010 season . Alabama had 8 victories and 1 tie forfeited by the NCAA during the 1993 season and 21 victories vacated by the NCAA between the 2005 - 2007 seasons . USC had 14 victories vacated by the NCAA during the 2004 & 2005 seasons . Florida State had 12 victories vacated by the NCAA during the 2006 & 2007 seasons . Georgia Tech has 1 victory vacated by the NCAA during the 2009 season . North Carolina had 16 victories vacated by the NCAA during the 2008 & 2009 seasons . California had 4 victories vacated by the NCAA during the 1999 season . Mississippi State had 18 victories and 1 tie forfeited by the NCAA between the 1975 - 1977 seasons . Arkansas State had 5 victories forfeited by the NCAA during the 2005 season . UNLV had 18 victories forfeited by the NCAA between the 1983 - 1984 seasons . Ties count as one - half win and one - half loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 American Athletic Conference 2 Atlantic Coast Conference 3 Big 12 Conference 4 Big Ten Conference 5 Conference USA 6 Independent 7 Mid-American Conference 8 Mountain West Conference 9 Pac - 12 Conference 10 Southeastern Conference 11 Sun Belt Conference 12 See also 13 References American Athletic Conference ( edit ) The American Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games South Florida 136 103 0 . 569 20 239 Tulsa 616 483 27 . 559 117 1126 Navy 701 552 57 . 557 136 1310 Houston 426 356 15 . 544 71 797 UCF 228 210 . 521 38 439 East Carolina 430 402 12 . 517 81 844 Cincinnati 599 579 51 . 508 129 1229 Memphis 472 508 33 . 482 101 1013 Connecticut 505 552 38 . 479 118 1095 SMU 482 534 54 . 476 100 1070 Tulane 515 632 38 . 451 123 1185 Temple 461 568 52 . 451 118 1081 TOTAL 5,571 5,479 378 . 504 96 11,428 Atlantic Coast Conference ( edit ) ACC Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Florida State 532 244 17 . 682 70 793 Miami ( FL ) 613 351 19 . 633 91 983 Virginia Tech 735 464 46 . 609 123 1245 Clemson 725 458 45 . 609 121 1228 Georgia Tech 727 494 43 . 592 124 1264 Pittsburgh 712 520 42 . 575 127 1274 Boston College 652 481 37 . 573 118 1170 Syracuse 705 529 49 . 569 127 1283 North Carolina 686 524 54 . 564 126 1264 Louisville 504 453 17 . 526 98 974 Virginia 643 598 48 . 517 127 1289 North Carolina State 582 567 55 . 506 125 1204 Duke 496 511 31 . 493 104 1038 Wake Forest 442 648 33 . 408 115 1123 TOTAL 8,727 6,835 536 . 559 114 16,098 Big 12 Conference ( edit ) Big 12 Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Oklahoma 880 322 53 . 722 122 1255 Texas 884 359 33 . 706 124 1276 West Virginia 741 490 45 . 598 124 1276 Texas Tech 560 441 32 . 558 92 1033 TCU 641 539 57 . 541 120 1237 Oklahoma State 582 545 48 . 516 115 1175 Baylor 589 565 44 . 510 115 1198 Kansas 582 628 58 . 482 127 1268 Kansas State 523 638 42 . 452 121 1203 Iowa State 522 642 46 . 450 125 1210 TOTAL 6,465 5,135 458 . 555 118.5 12,085 Big Ten Conference ( edit ) Big Ten Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Michigan 935 334 36 . 730 137 1305 Ohio State 886 322 53 . 724 127 1261 Nebraska 889 372 40 . 699 127 1301 Penn State 867 385 41 . 686 130 1293 Michigan State 684 450 44 . 599 120 1178 Wisconsin 684 489 53 . 580 128 1226 Minnesota 683 509 44 . 570 133 1236 Iowa 632 549 39 . 534 128 1220 Maryland 640 581 43 . 523 124 1264 Purdue 601 554 48 . 520 129 1203 Illinois 600 575 50 . 510 127 1225 Rutgers 645 638 42 . 503 147 1325 Northwestern 525 658 44 . 446 129 1227 Indiana 474 665 44 . 419 129 1183 TOTAL 9,745 7,081 621 . 576 129.6 17,447 Conference USA ( edit ) C - USA Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Old Dominion 67 30 0 . 691 8 97 Western Kentucky 566 384 30 . 593 98 980 Southern Miss 576 413 26 . 580 100 1015 Middle Tennessee 566 418 28 . 573 102 1012 Louisiana Tech 602 449 37 . 570 113 1088 Marshall 574 537 47 . 516 117 1158 North Texas 498 497 33 . 500 101 1028 UTSA 32 39 0 . 451 6 71 Rice 469 595 32 . 443 105 1096 UAB 118 153 0 . 435 20 271 UTEP 390 573 30 . 408 99 993 Florida Atlantic 76 116 0 . 396 16 192 Charlotte 19 34 0 . 358 6 53 FIU 56 122 0 . 315 15 178 TOTAL 4,609 4,360 263 . 513 64.7 9,232 Independent ( edit ) Independent Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Notre Dame 900 321 42 . 728 128 1259 BYU 564 406 26 . 579 92 996 Army 671 513 51 . 564 127 1235 Massachusetts 566 577 50 . 495 134 1193 TOTAL 2,697 1,817 169 . 594 120.3 4,683 Mid-American Conference ( edit ) MAC Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Miami ( OH ) 679 448 44 . 599 128 1171 Central Michigan 609 406 36 . 597 116 1051 Bowling Green 537 372 52 . 586 98 961 Western Michigan 556 441 24 . 556 111 1021 Toledo 525 421 24 . 554 96 970 Northern Illinois 571 483 51 . 540 115 1105 Ball State 443 408 32 . 520 92 883 Ohio 553 553 48 . 500 121 1154 Akron 512 531 36 . 491 116 1079 Eastern Michigan 448 582 47 . 438 125 1077 Buffalo 364 518 28 . 415 103 910 Kent State 339 543 28 . 388 94 910 TOTAL 6,136 5,706 450 . 517 109.6 12,292 Mountain West Conference ( edit ) Mountain West Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Boise State 427 162 . 724 49 591 Fresno State 587 418 27 . 582 95 1032 San Diego State 538 415 32 . 562 94 985 Hawaii 530 434 24 . 549 100 988 Air Force 380 313 13 . 547 61 706 Nevada 540 474 33 . 532 110 1047 Utah State 525 530 31 . 498 119 1086 San Jose State 483 491 38 . 496 99 1012 Wyoming 518 563 28 . 480 120 1109 Colorado State 513 565 33 . 477 118 1111 New Mexico 480 580 31 . 454 118 1091 UNLV 223 335 . 400 49 562 TOTAL 5,744 5,280 296 . 520 94.3 11,320 Pac - 12 Conference ( edit ) Pac - 12 Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games USC 823 336 54 . 701 123 1213 Washington 715 442 50 . 613 127 1207 Arizona State 600 382 24 . 608 104 1006 UCLA 596 405 37 . 592 98 1038 Utah 661 453 31 . 591 123 1145 Colorado 695 494 36 . 582 127 1225 Stanford 635 450 49 . 582 110 1134 Arizona 601 452 33 . 569 113 1086 Oregon 641 487 46 . 566 121 1174 California 656 526 51 . 553 121 1233 Washington State 526 551 45 . 489 121 1122 Oregon State 529 582 50 . 477 120 1161 TOTAL 7,678 5,560 506 . 577 117.3 13,744 Southeastern Conference ( edit ) SEC Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Alabama 878 327 43 . 721 122 1248 Tennessee 829 375 53 . 681 120 1257 LSU 778 408 47 . 650 123 1233 Georgia 795 418 54 . 649 123 1267 Florida 710 408 40 . 630 110 1158 Auburn 749 432 47 . 629 124 1228 Texas A&M 725 471 48 . 602 122 1244 Arkansas 709 486 40 . 590 123 1235 Ole Miss 660 511 35 . 562 122 1206 Missouri 662 552 52 . 543 126 1266 South Carolina 593 568 44 . 510 123 1205 Vanderbilt 595 606 50 . 496 127 1251 Kentucky 599 612 44 . 495 126 1255 Mississippi State 546 569 39 . 490 117 1154 TOTAL 9,828 6,743 636 . 590 122 17,207 Sun Belt Conference ( edit ) Sun Belt Won Lost Tied Pct . Years Total Games Coastal Carolina 104 52 0 . 667 13 156 Georgia Southern 375 206 10 . 643 53 591 Appalachian State 597 329 29 . 640 87 955 Troy 516 401 28 . 561 96 945 Texas State 507 441 25 . 534 102 973 South Alabama 48 42 0 . 533 8 90 Arkansas State 458 477 37 . 490 102 972 Louisiana - Lafayette 505 547 34 . 481 115 1086 Idaho 455 602 26 . 432 118 1083 Louisiana - Monroe 300 407 8 . 425 66 715 New Mexico State 423 624 30 . 407 120 1077 Georgia State 20 62 0 . 244 7 82 TOTAL 4,308 4,190 227 . 507 74 8,725 See also ( edit ) List of NCAA Division I football teams with 800 wins NCAA Division I-A football win - loss records in the 1990s NCAA Division I FBS football win - loss records in the 2000s NCAA Division I FBS football win - loss records in the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2017 NCAA FBS Records '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_win-loss_records&oldid=815228687 '' Categories : Lists of college football team records Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 30 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA%20Division%20I%20FBS%20football%20win-loss%20records	23,828
what is the name of the airport in ho chi minh city	Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport ( IATA : SGN , ICAO : VVTS ) ( Vietnamese : Sân bay quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất , Vietnamese : Cảng hàng không quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất ) is the busiest airport in Vietnam with 32.5 million passengers in 2016 , serving Ho Chi Minh City as well as the rest of southeastern Vietnam . As of January 2017 , it had a total capacity of only 25 million passengers , which has caused constant congestion and sparked debate for expanding or building a new airport . The airport 's IATA code , SGN , is derived from the city 's former name of Saigon .	Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport	Tan Son Nhat International Airport	tan son nhat international airport	Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport ( IATA : SGN , ICAO : VVTS ) ( Vietnamese : Sân bay quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất , Vietnamese : Cảng hàng không quốc tế Tân Sơn Nhất ) is the busiest airport in Vietnam with 32.5 million passengers in 2016 , serving Ho Chi Minh City as well as the rest of southeastern Vietnam . As of January 2017 , it had a total capacity of only 25 million passengers , which has caused constant congestion and sparked debate for expanding or building a new airport . The airport 's IATA code , SGN , is derived from the city 's former name of Saigon .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Post-war era 1.2 International terminal 2 Facilities 3 Airlines and destinations 3.1 Passenger 3.2 Cargo 4 Statistics 5 Future Plans 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Tan Son Nhat International Airport has its origins in the early 1930s , when the French colonial government constructed a small airport with unpaved runways , known as Tân Sơn Nhất Airfield near the village of Tan Son Nhat . By mid-1956 , with U.S. aid , a 7,200 - foot ( 2,190 m ) runway had been built and the airfield near Saigon became known as South Vietnam 's principal international gateway . During the Vietnam War ( or Second Indochina War ) , Tan Son Nhut Air Base ( then using the alternative spelling Tân Sơn Nhứt ) was an important facility for both the U.S. Air Force and the Republic of Vietnam Air Force . Between 1968 and 1974 , Tan Son Nhut Airport was one of the busiest military airbases in the world . During the last days of South Vietnam , Pan Am schedules from 1973 showed Boeing 747 service was being operated four times a week to San Francisco via Guam and Manila . Continental Airlines operated up to 30 Boeing 707 military charters per week to and from Tan Son Nhut Airport during the 1968 -- 74 period . Post-war era ( edit ) On 9 December 2004 , United Airlines became the first U.S. airline to fly to Vietnam since Pan Am 's last flight during the Fall of Saigon in April 1975 . Flight UA 869 , operated using a Boeing 747 - 400 landed at Ho Chi Minh City , the terminus of the flight that originated from San Francisco via Hong Kong . On 29 October 2006 , this service was switched from San Francisco to Los Angeles with a stop in Hong Kong , operating as UA 867 ( also using a Boeing 747 - 400 ) . In 2009 , the service UA 869 has resumed once again from San Francisco via Hong Kong International Airport . United ceased the route to San Francisco via Hong Kong on 30 October 2011 . The airline resumed the route from Ho Chi Minh City to Hong Kong after its merger with Continental Airlines . The flight no longer makes a stop at San Francisco and it was flown on a Boeing 777 - 200ER instead of a Boeing 747 - 400 . In 2006 , Tan Son Nhat International Airport served approximately 8.5 million passengers ( compared with 7 million in 2005 ) with 64,000 aircraft movements . It has recently accounted for nearly two - thirds of the arrivals and departures at Vietnam 's international gateway airports . Due to increasing demand ( about 15 -- 20 % per annum ) , the airport has been continuously expanded by the Southern Airports Corporation . Tan Son Nhat International Airport served 12.4 million passengers in 2008 , compared to 11 million in 2007 and 15.5 million passenger in 2010 . In 2010 , the domestic terminal handled 8 million passengers which reached its maximum capacity . The airport reached its full capacity of 20 million passengers in 2013 , two years earlier than predicted . Both domestic and international terminal are being expanded to meet the increasing demand . In December 2014 , expansion for the domestic terminal was finished , boosting the terminal 's capacity to 13 million passengers per annum . The expansion plan also includes increasing the capacity of the international terminal up to 13 million passengers per year , 10 new parking spaces and a new taxiway . After extension , planned to be completed in 2015 , Tan Son Nhat will be able to handle 25 million passengers per year with space for 60 aircraft . International terminal ( edit ) Passport check in the international terminal ( August 2007 ) A new international terminal funded by Japanese official development assistance and constructed by a consortium of four Japanese contractors ( KTOM , abbreviation of four contractors ' names : Kajima -- Taisei -- Obayashi -- Maeda ) , opened in September 2007 with a capacity for 12 million passengers a year . The new terminal gives the airport a total annual capacity of 20 million passengers . The old terminal is now used for domestic flights . After 2025 , when Long Thanh International Airport is completed , Tan Son Nhat will remain operational ; however , it will mostly serve for domestic flights , a few international flights and no longer serve transit flights . Facilities ( edit ) Following the opening of its new international terminal in September 2007 , Tan Son Nhat has two major terminal buildings with separate sections for international and domestic flights . The capacity of the new terminal , once fully completed , will be 8 million passengers per annum . When Long Thanh International Airport is completed , Tan Son Nhat will serve domestic passengers only . The Prime Minister of Vietnam , by Decision 1646 / TTg - NN , has approved the addition of 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) of adjacent area to extend the apron and to build a cargo terminal to handle the rapid increase of passenger ( expected to reach 17 million in 2010 , compared to 7 million and 8.5 million in 2005 and 2006 respectively ) and cargo volume at the airport . Bus lines 152 and 109 ( direct route ) currently connect the airport to city center . Express minibus serves connections to Vung Tau and other cities in Mekong Delta . Airlines and destinations ( edit ) Check - in desks at terminal 2 , Tan Son Nhat International Airport Level 3 of terminal 2 , Tan Son Nhat International Airport Business lounge of Tan Son Nhat International Airport Vietnam Airlines Boeing 777 - 200ER taxiing at Tan Son Nhat International Airport Vietnam Airlines A350 - 900 taking off at Tan Son Nhat International Airport Passenger ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Aeroflot Moscow -- Sheremetyevo Air Astana Almaty ( begins 2 December 2017 ) Air China Beijing -- Capital Air France Paris -- Charles de Gaulle AirAsia Johor Bahru , Kuala Lumpur -- International , Penang Air New Zealand Auckland All Nippon Airways operated by Air Japan Tokyo -- Narita Asiana Airlines Seoul -- Incheon Cambodia Angkor Air Phnom Penh , Siem Reap , Sihanoukville Cathay Pacific Hong Kong Cebu Pacific Manila China Airlines Taipei -- Taoyuan China Eastern Airlines Kunming , Shanghai -- Pudong China Southern Airlines Beijing -- Capital , Guangzhou , Shanghai -- Pudong , Shenzhen Emirates Dubai -- International Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi EVA Air Taipei -- Taoyuan Finnair Seasonal : Helsinki Hong Kong Airlines Hong Kong Japan Airlines Tokyo -- Haneda , Tokyo -- Narita Jetstar Airways Melbourne , Sydney Jetstar Asia Airways Singapore Jetstar Pacific Airlines Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Buon Ma Thuot , Chu Lai , Da Lat , Da Nang , Dong Hoi , Guangzhou , Hai Phong , Hanoi , Hong Kong , Nha Trang , Hue , Quy Nhon , Singapore , Thanh Hoa , Tuy Hoa , Vinh Korean Air Seoul -- Incheon Lanmei Airlines Siem Reap Lao Airlines Pakse Malaysia Airlines Kuala Lumpur -- International Malindo Air Kuala Lumpur -- International Mandarin Airlines Taichung Nok Air Bangkok -- Don Mueang Philippine Airlines Manila Philippines AirAsia Manila ( begins 17 November 2017 ) Qatar Airways Doha , Phnom Penh Royal Brunei Airlines Bandar Seri Begawan Scoot Singapore Sichuan Airlines Nanning Singapore Airlines Singapore Spring Airlines Shanghai -- Pudong Thai AirAsia Bangkok -- Don Mueang Thai Airways Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Thai Lion Air Bangkok -- Don Mueang Turkish Airlines Istanbul -- Atatürk T'way Airlines Seoul -- Incheon Vanilla Air Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita Vietjet Air Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Buon Ma Thuot , Chiang Mai ( begins 12 December 2017 ) , Chu Lai , Da Lat , Da Nang , Dong Hoi , Hai Phong , Hanoi , Hong Kong , Hue , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta ( begins 20 December 2017 ) , Kaohsiung , Kuala Lumpur -- International , Nha Trang , Phnom Penh ( begins 24 November 2017 ) , Phu Quoc , Pleiku , Qui Nhon , Phuket ( begins 15 December 2017 ) , Seoul -- Incheon , Singapore , Taichung , Tainan , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Thanh Hoa , Vinh , Yangon Vietnam Airlines Buon Ma Thuot , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Da Lat , Da Nang , Dong Hoi , Chengdu , Busan , Frankfurt , Fukuoka , Guangzhou , Hai Phong , Hanoi , Hue , Hong Kong , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Kaohsiung , Kuala Lumpur -- International , London -- Heathrow , Melbourne , Nagoya -- Centrair , Nanning , Nha Trang , Osaka -- Kansai , Phu Quoc , Pleiku , Paris -- Charles de Gaulle , Phnom Penh , Qui Nhon , Rach Gia , Seoul -- Incheon , Shanghai -- Pudong , Siem Reap , Singapore , Sydney , Taipei -- Taoyuan , Tokyo -- Narita , Thanh Hoa , Vinh , Yangon Charter : Gaya Vietnam Airlines operated by VASCO Ca Mau , Chu Lai , Con Dao , Tuy Hoa XiamenAir Xiamen ^ 1 Turkish Airlines 's flight from Ho Chi Minh City to Istanbul make a stop or continue on to Hanoi . Turkish Airlines , however , does not have eighth freedom traffic rights to transport passengers solely from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi . Cargo ( edit ) Airlines Destinations Cargolux Luxembourg Cathay Pacific Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Hong Kong China Airlines Cargo Abu Dhabi , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi , Luxembourg , Singapore , Taipei -- Taoyuan DHL Aviation operated by Air Hong Kong Hong Kong , Penang FedEx Express Guangzhou , Hanoi , Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta Korean Air Cargo Jakarta -- Soekarno -- Hatta , Seoul -- Incheon MASkargo Kuala Lumpur -- International , Labuan , Bangkok -- Suvarnabhumi Raya Airways Labuan Statistics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Busiest international flights Out of Tan Son Nhat International Airport by Frequency Rank Destinations Frequency ( Weekly ) Bangkok ( Don Mueang + Suvarnabhumi ) 104 Singapore 102 Kuala Lumpur 84 Taipei 63 5 Seoul 60 6 Tokyo ( Haneda + Narita ) 40 6 Guangzhou 40 8 Hong Kong 39 9 Phnom Penh 35 10 Siem Reap 33 11 Shanghai -- Pudong 25 12 Manila 19 13 Kaohsiung 15 14 Beijing 14 15 Yangon 12 16 Vientiane 11 16 Taichung 11 16 Sydney 11 19 Melbourne 10 20 Paris 7 20 Jakarta 7 20 Doha 7 20 Dubai 7 20 Johor Bahru 7 20 Busan 7 20 Osaka 7 20 Abu Dhabi 7 20 Shenzhen 7 29 Frankfurt 6 29 Brunei 6 31 Nagoya 5 31 Tainan 5 33 Penang 34 Auckland 35 London 36 Almaty 36 Moscow ( Domodedovo + Sheremetyevo ) 36 Fukuoka 39 Helsinki Busiest domestic flights Out of Tan Son Nhat International Airport by Frequency Rank Destinations Frequency ( Weekly ) Hanoi 420 Da Nang 238 Hai Phong 77 Phu Quoc 84 Vinh 63 6 Buon Ma Thuot 39 7 Con Dao 42 7 Hue 56 9 Pleiku 32 9 Nha Trang 84 11 Da Lat 49 11 Qui Nhon 42 Operational statistics of Tan Son Nhat International Airport Year Passengers handled Passenger % Change Cargo ( tonnes ) Cargo % Change Aircraft Movements Aircraft % Change 2005 7,368,420 17.3 192,781 6.5 59,395 10.1 2006 8,493,698 15.3 217,486 12.8 64,182 8.1 2007 10,240,813 20.6 252,528 16.1 75,585 17.8 2008 11,765,467 14.9 274,251 8.6 86,533 14.5 2009 12,778,554 8.6 273,965 0.1 94,694 9.4 15,107,927 18.2 340,504 24.3 109,324 15.4 2011 16,725,974 10.7 333,777 2.0 127,471 16.6 2012 17,508,317 4.7 340,221 1.9 132,481 3.9 2013 20,030,773 14.4 372,823 9.6 140,091 5.7 2014 22,140,348 10.5 408,006 9.4 154,378 10.2 2015 26,549,829 19.85 430,627 4.52 181,701 18.0 2016 32,486,537 22.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A Future plans ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tan Son Nhat International Airport is located inside the crowded city of Ho Chi Minh City , making expansions difficult . Following a recent decision by the Vietnamese Prime Minister , a new airport -- Long Thanh International Airport -- will replace Tan Son Nhat airport for international departure use . The master plan for the new airport was approved in April 2006 . The new airport will be built in Long Thanh county , Dong Nai province , about 40 km ( 25 mi ) east of Ho Chi Minh City and 65 km ( 40 mi ) north of the petroleum - focused city of Vung Tau , near Highway 51A . Long Thanh International Airport will be constructed on an area of 50 square kilometers ( 19 sq mi ) , and will have four runways ( 4,000 mx 60 m or 13,100 ft x 200 ft ) and be capable of receiving the Airbus A380 . The project will be divided in two stages . Stage One calls for the construction of two parallel runways and a terminal with a capacity of 20 million passengers per year , due to be completed in 2025 . Stage Two is scheduled for completion in 2035 , giving the airport with three passenger terminals and a cargo terminal designed to receive 5 million metric tons of cargo per year . The total invested capital of this project is an estimated US $8 billion . Upon completion of Long Thanh International Airport , Tan Son Nhat Airport will serve domestic passengers only . Long Thanh International Airport is expected to be the leading airport on the Indochinese peninsula , and one of the busiest air transportation hubs in the southeast Asian region . See also ( edit ) Vietnam portal Aviation portal Bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base Da Nang International Airport Long Thanh International Airport Noi Bai International Airport List of airports in Vietnam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2015 Statistics of ACV '' . vietnamairport.vn . Airports Corporation of Vietnam . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACV : Hội nghị tổng kết công tác năm 2016 và triển khai kế hoạch năm 2017 '' . ACV. 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ACV : Hội nghị tổng kết công tác năm 2016 và triển khai kế hoạch năm 2017 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Mở rộng Tân Sơn Nhất : Tại sao không ? '' ( in Vietnamese ) . 2017 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Pan Am System Timetable , April 29 , 1973 Jump up ^ Christian , J. Scott , former Continental employee and manager , Bring Songs to the Sky : Recollections of Continental Airlines , 1970 -- 1986 , Quadran Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ United Airlines -- Flight Timetables , Download to PC , PDA or Blackberry Jump up ^ Official number from Tan Son Nhat Airport Authority at its official website ^ Jump up to : Two more Hanoi Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on `` Vietnamnet.net , access date 11 November 2007 , ( in Vietnamese ) ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : News about Tan Son Nhat International Airport on Official Website of Ministry of Transport of Vietnam , 12 November 2007 , Vietnamese Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sân bay Tân Sơn Nhất tăng năng lực phục vụ '' . nld.com.vn . Người Lao Động . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Lê , Anh . `` Tân Sơn Nhất có thêm đất làm sân đỗ máy bay '' . Thời báo Kinh tế Sài Gòn . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Official website of Tan Son Nhat International Airport Jump up ^ Two more Hanoi -- Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on `` Vietnamnet.net , access date 11 November 2007 , ( in English ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Air Astana . Прямой рейс во Вьетнам '' . www.itplus.kz . International Travel plus . 27 September 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/271304/china-southern-adds-beijing-ho-chi-minh-city-route-in-march-2017/ Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong Airlines schedules Ho Chi Minh July 2017 launch '' . routesonline . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jetstar to serve Ho Chi Minh City nonstop from May '' . Australian Aviation . 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/626426/airasia-to-start-offering-manila-ho-chi-minh-city-flights-in-november/story/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272736/spring-airlines-launches-ho-chi-minh-service-from-late-apr-2017/ Jump up ^ http://jakartaglobe.id/corporate-news/vietjet-air-to-start-flights-between-jakarta-ho-chi-minh-city-in-december/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274863/vietjet-air-adds-phnom-penh-service-from-nov-2017/ Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Airlines further expands Chinese routes in S17 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 - 2014 Statistics of Tan Son Nhat Intl Airport '' . www.caa.mt.gov.vn . Civil Aviation Authority of Vietnam . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Củng cố luận chứng xây dựng sân bay Long Thành , Tiên Lãng -- Website thông tin Hàng không & Cuộc sống External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport . Tan Son Nhat Airport Official Website Tan Son Nhat Website Southern Airports Corporation Official Website ( SAC ) Saigon Ground Services official website , a subsidiary of SAC Tan Son Nhat International Airport Ground Services ( TIAGS ) official website ; a subsidiary of Vietnam Airlines Tan Son Nhat airport -- Terminals Airport information for VVTS at World Aero Data . Data current as of October 2006 . News Item on Fire at Airport on Monday 27 October 2008 ( hide ) Airports in Vietnam International Can Tho ( VCA ) Da Nang ( DAD ) Hai Phong -- Cat Bi ( HPH ) Hanoi -- Noi Bai ( HAN ) Ho Chi Minh City -- Tan Son Nhat ( SGN ) Nha Trang -- Cam Ranh ( CXR ) Phu Quoc ( PQC ) Da Lat -- Lien Khuong ( DLI ) Tam Ky -- Chu Lai ( VCL ) Vinh ( VII ) Hue -- Phu Bai ( HUI ) Domestic Buon Ma Thuot ( BMV ) Cà Mau ( CAH ) Con Dao ( VCS ) Dien Bien Phu ( DIN ) Dong Hoi ( VDH ) Pleiku ( PXU ) Qui Nhon ( UIH ) Rach Gia ( VKG ) Son La ( SQH ) Thanh Hoa - Tho Xuan ( THD ) Tuy Hoa ( TBB ) Vung Tau ( VTG ) Planned International : Ho Chi Minh City -- Long Thanh Quang Ninh Domestic : Lang Son Thanh Hoa - Thanh Hoa An Giang Phan Thiet Trang An No civil use Bac Giang Bien Hoa Cao Bang Da Lat -- Cam Ly Hai Phong -- Kien An Hanoi -- Bach Mai Hanoi -- Gia Lam Kontum ( KON ) Long Xuyen ( XLO ) Nha Trang -- Nha Trang ( NHA ) Phan Rang ( PHA ) Phu Quoc -- Duong Dong ( PQC ) Phuoc Long ( VSO ) Quang Ngai ( XNG ) Soc Trang ( SOA ) Tam Ky -- Tam Ky ( TMK ) Tra Vinh ( PHU ) Vinh Long ( XVL ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tan_Son_Nhat_International_Airport&oldid=807292460 '' Categories : Airports in Vietnam Transport in Ho Chi Minh City Buildings and structures in Ho Chi Minh City Hidden categories : CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) Articles with Vietnamese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing Vietnamese - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Nordfriisk Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Удмурт ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%20Son%20Nhat%20International%20Airport	107,932
when did the supreme court abolish the death penalty for juveniles	Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States existed until March 1 , 2005 , when the U.S. Supreme Court banned it in Roper v. Simmons .	March 1 , 2005	Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States	capital punishment for juveniles in the united states	Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States existed until March 1 , 2005 , when the U.S. Supreme Court banned it in Roper v. Simmons .	Contents 1 Pre-Furman history 2 Post-Furman history 3 List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Pre-furman history ( edit ) Since 1642 , in the Thirteen Colonies , the United States under the Articles of Confederation , and the United States under the Constitution , an estimated 364 juvenile offenders have been put to death by the individual states ( colonies , before 1776 ) and the federal government . The youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was George Stinney , electrocuted in South Carolina at the age of 14 on June 16 , 1944 . The second youngest person to be executed in the 20th century was Fortune Ferguson in 1927 for rape in Florida . The youngest person ever to be sentenced to death in the United States was James Arcene , a Native American , for his role in a robbery and murder committed when he was ten years old . He was , however , 23 years old when he was actually executed on June 18 , 1885 . The last execution of a juvenile was convicted murderer Leonard Shockley , who died in the Maryland gas chamber on April 10 , 1959 , at the age of 17 . No one has been under the age of 19 at the time of execution since at least 1964 . Post-furman history ( edit ) Further information : Furman v. Georgia Pre-Roper minimum ages for executions by state No capital punishment Minimum age of 18 Minimum age of 17 Minimum age of 16 Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 when the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty did not violate the Eighth Amendment 's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment , 22 people have been executed for crimes committed while they were under the age of 18 . All of the 22 executed individuals were males . Twenty - one of them were age 17 when the crime occurred ; one , Sean Sellers ( executed on February 4 , 1999 , in Oklahoma ) , was 16 years old when he murdered his mother , stepfather , and a store clerk . Due to the slow process of appeals since 1976 , none were actually under the age of 18 at the time of execution . In Thompson v. Oklahoma ( 1988 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court first held unconstitutional imposition of the death penalty for crime committed aged 15 or younger . But in the 1989 case Stanford v. Kentucky , it upheld capital punishment for crimes committed aged 16 or 17 . Justice Scalia 's plurality part of his opinion famously criticized Justice Brennan 's dissent by accusing it to `` replace judges of the law with a committee of philosopher - kings '' . Justice O'Connor was the key vote in both cases , being the lone justice to concur in the two . Sixteen years later , Roper v. Simmons overruled Stanford . Justice Kennedy , who concurred to Scalia 's opinion in Stanford , instead wrote the opinion of the court in Roper and became the key vote . Justice O'Connor dissented . Before 2005 , of the 38 U.S. states that allow capital punishment : 19 states and the federal government had set a minimum age of 18 , 5 states had set a minimum age of 17 , and 14 states had explicitly set a minimum age of 16 , or were subject to the Supreme Court 's imposition of that minimum . At the time of the Roper v. Simmons decision , there were 71 juvenile offenders awaiting execution on death row : 13 in Alabama ; four in Arizona ; three in Florida ; two in Georgia ; four in Louisiana ; five in Mississippi ; one in Nevada ; four in North Carolina ; two in Pennsylvania ; three in South Carolina ; 29 in Texas ; and one in Virginia . Detailed summaries of each of these offenders can be found here . In some ways the debate over the death penalty for juveniles is a curious one . Many have pointed out that historically , few juveniles have ever been executed for their crimes . Even when there have been juveniles sentenced to death , few if any executions have actually been carried out . The United States for example , youths under the age of 18 were executed at a rate of 20 to 27 per decade , or about 1.6 to 2.3 percent of all executions from 1880s to the 1920s . This has dropped significantly when only 3 juveniles were executed between January 1977 and November 1986 . List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976 ( edit ) Number Date Name Age ( at Offense ) Age ( at Execution ) Sex State Method Source September 11 , 1985 Charles Francis Rumbaugh 17 28 Texas Lethal injection January 10 , 1986 James Terry Roach 25 South Carolina Electrocution May 15 , 1986 Jay Kelly Pinkerton 24 Texas Lethal injection May 18 , 1990 Dalton Prejean 30 Louisiana Electrocution 5 February 11 , 1992 Johnny Frank Garrett 28 Texas Lethal injection 6 July 1 , 1993 Curtis Paul Harris 31 7 July 28 , 1993 Frederick Lashley 29 Missouri 8 August 24 , 1993 Ruben Montoya Cantu 26 Texas 9 December 7 , 1993 Christopher Burger 33 Georgia Electrocution 10 April 24 , 1998 Joseph John Cannon 38 Texas Lethal injection 11 May 18 , 1998 Robert Anthony Carter 34 12 October 14 , 1998 Dwayne Allen Wright 24 Virginia 13 February 5 , 1999 Sean Richard Sellers 16 29 Oklahoma 14 January 10 , 2000 Douglas Christopher Thomas 17 26 Virginia 15 January 13 , 2000 Steve Edward Roach 23 16 January 25 , 2000 Glen Charles McGinnis 27 Texas 17 June 22 , 2000 Gary Lee Graham 36 18 October 22 , 2001 Gerald Lee Mitchell 33 19 May 28 , 2002 Napoleon Beazley 25 20 August 8 , 2002 T.J. Jones 21 August 28 , 2002 Toronto Markkey Patterson 24 22 April 3 , 2003 Scott Allen Hain 32 Oklahoma See also ( edit ) Capital punishment in the United States Furman v. Georgia , United States Supreme Court decision that temporarily abolished capital punishment in the U.S. Gregg v. Georgia Roper v. Simmons Stanford v. Kentucky Thompson v. Oklahoma References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before the needles Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Best Web Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Juvenile News and Developments - Previous Years Jump up ^ Bartollas , C. , & Miller , S.J. ( 2017 ) . Juvenile justice in America . Boston : Pearson . Jump up ^ `` Stanford v. Kentucky '' . law.cornell.edu . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bartollas , C. , & Miller , S.J. ( 2017 ) . Juvenile justice in America . Boston : Pearson . Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 048 - Charles Rumbaugh Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 051 - James Terry Roach Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 057 - Jay Pinkerton Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 128 - Dalton Prejean Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 161 - Johnny Garrett Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 207 - Curtis Harris Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 209 - Frederick Lashley Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 214 - Ruben Cantu Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 224 - Christopher Burger Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 455 - Joseph Cannon Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 460 - Robert A. Carter Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 485 - Dwayne Allen Wright Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 512 - Sean Richard Sellers Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 601 - Douglas Christopher Thomas Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 604 - Steve Edward Roach Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 609 - Glen Charles McGinnis Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 648 - Gary Lee Graham Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 737 - Gerald Lee Mitchell Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 779 - Napoleon Beazley Archived February 8 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 789 - T.J. Jones Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 795 - Toronto Markkey Patterson Jump up ^ The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney - The Death Penalty - # 843 - Scott Allen Hain External links ( edit ) Juvenilles : Death Penalty Worldwide Academic research database on the laws , practice , and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world . Death Penalty Information Center -- Juvenile Offenders Who Were On Death Row Capital Punishment Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington , D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Issues and ethics Debate Death - qualified jury Execution drug shortage Exonerations Juveniles Participation of medical professionals Race and capital punishment Wrongful executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_punishment_for_juveniles_in_the_United_States&oldid=854762067 '' Categories : Capital punishment for juveniles Capital punishment in the United States Juvenile offenders executed by the United States Lists of people executed in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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where did the story of the unicorn come from			Unicorn	unicorn	The unicorn is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a single large , pointed , spiraling horn projecting from its forehead . The unicorn was depicted in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and was mentioned by the ancient Greeks in accounts of natural history by various writers , including Ctesias , Strabo , Pliny the Younger , and Aelian . The Bible also describes an animal , the re'em , which some versions translate as unicorn .	In European folklore , the unicorn is often depicted as a white horse - like or goat - like animal with a long horn and cloven hooves ( sometimes a goat 's beard ) . In the Middle Ages and Renaissance , it was commonly described as an extremely wild woodland creature , a symbol of purity and grace , which could only be captured by a virgin . In the encyclopedias its horn was said to have the power to render poisoned water potable and to heal sickness . In medieval and Renaissance times , the tusk of the narwhal was sometimes sold as unicorn horn . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 In antiquity 1.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance 1.2. 1 Alicorn 1.3 Entrapment 1.4 Heraldry 1.5 Scotland 1.5. 1 Gallery 2 Possible origins 2.1 Fabricated evidence 2.2 Unicorn seals of the Indus Valley Civilization 2.3 Elasmotherium or rhinoceros 2.4 Single - horned goat 2.5 Narwhals 2.6 Oryx 2.7 Eland 2.8 Genetic disorders of horned or antlered animals 3 Similar mythical animals 3.1 Biblical 3.2 Chinese mythology 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History In antiquity Unicorn seal of Indus Valley , Indian Museum Gilt statue of a unicorn on the City Hall , Bristol Unicorns are not found in Greek mythology , but rather in the accounts of natural history , for Greek writers of natural history were convinced of the reality of unicorns , which they believed lived in India , a distant and fabulous realm for them . The earliest description is from Ctesias , who in his book Indika ( `` On India '' ) described them as wild asses , fleet of foot , having a horn a cubit and a half ( 700 mm , 28 inches ) in length , and colored white , red and black . Aristotle must be following Ctesias when he mentions two one - horned animals , the oryx ( a kind of antelope ) and the so - called `` Indian ass '' . Strabo says that in the Caucasus there were one - horned horses with stag - like heads . Pliny the Elder mentions the oryx and an Indian ox ( perhaps a rhinoceros ) as one - horned beasts , as well as `` a very fierce animal called the monoceros which has the head of the stag , the feet of the elephant , and the tail of the boar , while the rest of the body is like that of the horse ; it makes a deep lowing noise , and has a single black horn , which projects from the middle of its forehead , two cubits ( 900 mm , 35 inches ) in length . '' In On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) , Aelian , quoting Ctesias , adds that India produces also a one - horned horse ( iii. 41 ; iv. 52 ) , and says ( xvi. 20 ) that the monoceros ( Greek : μονόκερως ) was sometimes called cartazonos ( Greek : καρτάζωνος ) , which may be a form of the Arabic karkadann , meaning `` rhinoceros '' . Cosmas Indicopleustes , a merchant of Alexandria who lived in the 6th century , made a voyage to India and subsequently wrote works on cosmography . He gives a description of a unicorn based on four brass figures in the palace of the King of Ethiopia . He states , from report , that `` it is impossible to take this ferocious beast alive ; and that all its strength lies in its horn . When it finds itself pursued and in danger of capture , it throws itself from a precipice , and turns so aptly in falling , that it receives all the shock upon the horn , and so escapes safe and sound '' . A one - horned animal ( which may be just a bull in profile ) is found on some seals from the Indus Valley Civilization . Seals with such a design are thought to be a mark of high social rank . Middle Ages and Renaissance Youths riding goats ( a Dionysiac motif in antiquity ) on 12th - century capitals from the abbey of Mozac in the Auvergne . The goats are indistinguishable from unicorns . Virgin Mary holding the unicorn ( c. 1480 ) , detail of the Annunciation with the Unicorn Polyptych , National Museum , Warsaw Wild woman with unicorn , c. 1500 -- 1510 ( Basel Historical Museum ) Medieval knowledge of the fabulous beast stemmed from biblical and ancient sources , and the creature was variously represented as a kind of wild ass , goat , or horse . The predecessor of the medieval bestiary , compiled in Late Antiquity and known as Physiologus ( Φυσιολόγος ) , popularized an elaborate allegory in which a unicorn , trapped by a maiden ( representing the Virgin Mary ) , stood for the Incarnation . As soon as the unicorn sees her , it lays its head on her lap and falls asleep . This became a basic emblematic tag that underlies medieval notions of the unicorn , justifying its appearance in every form of religious art . Interpretations of the unicorn myth focus on the medieval lore of beguiled lovers , whereas some religious writers interpret the unicorn and its death as the Passion of Christ . The myths refer to a beast with one horn that can only be tamed by a virgin ; subsequently , some writers translated this into an allegory for Christ 's relationship with the Virgin Mary . The unicorn also figured in courtly terms : for some 13th - century French authors such as Thibaut of Champagne and Richard de Fournival , the lover is attracted to his lady as the unicorn is to the virgin . With the rise of humanism , the unicorn also acquired more orthodox secular meanings , emblematic of chaste love and faithful marriage . It plays this role in Petrarch 's Triumph of Chastity , and on the reverse of Piero della Francesca 's portrait of Battista Strozzi , paired with that of her husband Federico da Montefeltro ( painted c 1472 - 74 ) , Bianca 's triumphal car is drawn by a pair of unicorns . The Throne Chair of Denmark is made of `` unicorn horns '' -- almost certainly narwhal tusks . The same material was used for ceremonial cups because the unicorn 's horn continued to be believed to neutralize poison , following classical authors . The unicorn , tamable only by a virgin woman , was well established in medieval lore by the time Marco Polo described them as `` scarcely smaller than elephants . They have the hair of a buffalo and feet like an elephant 's . They have a single large black horn in the middle of the forehead ... They have a head like a wild boar 's ... They spend their time by preference wallowing in mud and slime . They are very ugly brutes to look at . They are not at all such as we describe them when we relate that they let themselves be captured by virgins , but clean contrary to our notions . '' It is clear that Marco Polo was describing a rhinoceros . In German , since the 16th century , Einhorn ( `` one - horn '' ) has become a descriptor of the various species of rhinoceros . A Unicorn of the 18th century on an apothecary in Flensburg Alicorn Main article : Unicorn horn The horn itself and the substance it was made of was called alicorn , and it was believed that the horn holds magical and medicinal properties . The Danish physician Ole Worm determined in 1638 that the alleged alicorns were the tusks of narwhals . Such beliefs were examined wittily and at length in 1646 by Sir Thomas Browne in his Pseudodoxia Epidemica . False alicorn powder , made from the tusks of narwhals or horns of various animals , has been sold in Europe for medicinal purposes as late as 1741 . The alicorn was thought to cure many diseases and have the ability to detect poisons , and many physicians would make `` cures '' and sell them . Cups were made from alicorn for kings and given as a gift ; these were usually made of ivory or walrus ivory . Entire horns were very precious in the Middle Ages and were often really the tusks of narwhals . Entrapment Maiden with Unicorn , tapestry , 15th century ( Musée de Cluny , Paris ) One traditional method of hunting unicorns involved entrapment by a virgin . The Unicorn Is Penned , Unicorn Tapestries , c. 1495 -- 1505 ( The Cloisters , Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York City ) The unicorn throne in Denmark . In one of his notebooks Leonardo da Vinci wrote : The unicorn , through its intemperance and not knowing how to control itself , for the love it bears to fair maidens forgets its ferocity and wildness ; and laying aside all fear it will go up to a seated damsel and go to sleep in her lap , and thus the hunters take it . The famous late Gothic series of seven tapestry hangings The Hunt of the Unicorn are a high point in European tapestry manufacture , combining both secular and religious themes . The tapestries now hang in the Cloisters division of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City . In the series , richly dressed noblemen , accompanied by huntsmen and hounds , pursue a unicorn against mille - fleur backgrounds or settings of buildings and gardens . They bring the animal to bay with the help of a maiden who traps it with her charms , appear to kill it , and bring it back to a castle ; in the last and most famous panel , `` The Unicorn in Captivity '' , the unicorn is shown alive again and happy , chained to a pomegranate tree surrounded by a fence , in a field of flowers . Scholars conjecture that the red stains on its flanks are not blood but rather the juice from pomegranates , which were a symbol of fertility . However , the true meaning of the mysterious resurrected unicorn in the last panel is unclear . The series was woven about 1500 in the Low Countries , probably Brussels or Liège , for an unknown patron . A set of six engravings on the same theme , treated rather differently , were engraved by the French artist Jean Duvet in the 1540s . Another famous set of six tapestries of Dame à la licorne ( `` Lady with the unicorn '' ) in the Musée de Cluny , Paris , were also woven in the Southern Netherlands before 1500 , and show the five senses ( the gateways to temptation ) and finally Love ( `` A mon seul desir '' the legend reads ) , with unicorns featured in each piece . Facsimiles of these unicorn tapestries were woven for permanent display in Stirling Castle , Scotland , to take the place of a set recorded in the castle in a 16th - century inventory . A rather rare , late - 15th - century , variant depiction of the hortus conclusus in religious art combined the Annunciation to Mary with the themes of the Hunt of the Unicorn and Virgin and Unicorn , so popular in secular art . The unicorn already functioned as a symbol of the Incarnation and whether this meaning is intended in many prima facie secular depictions can be a difficult matter of scholarly interpretation . There is no such ambiguity in the scenes where the archangel Gabriel is shown blowing a horn , as hounds chase the unicorn into the Virgin 's arms , and a little Christ Child descends on rays of light from God the Father . The Council of Trent finally banned this somewhat over-elaborated , if charming , depiction , partly on the grounds of realism , as no one now believed the unicorn to be a real animal . Shakespeare scholars describe unicorns being captured by a hunter standing in front of a tree , the unicorn goaded into charging ; the hunter would step aside the last moment and the unicorn would embed its horn deeply into the tree ( See annotations of Timon of Athens , Act 4 , scene 3 , c. line 341 : `` wert thou the unicorn , pride and wrath would confound thee and make thine own self the conquest of thy fury '' . ) Heraldry In heraldry , a unicorn is often depicted as a horse with a goat 's cloven hooves and beard , a lion 's tail , and a slender , spiral horn on its forehead ( non-equine attributes may be replaced with equine ones , as can be seen from the following gallery ) . Whether because it was an emblem of the Incarnation or of the fearsome animal passions of raw nature , the unicorn was not widely used in early heraldry , but became popular from the 15th century . Though sometimes shown collared and chained , which may be taken as an indication that it has been tamed or tempered , it is more usually shown collared with a broken chain attached , showing that it has broken free from its bondage . Scotland See also : The Lion and the Unicorn In heraldry the unicorn is best known as the symbol of Scotland . The unicorn was chosen because it was seen as a proud and haughty beast which would rather die than be captured , just as Scots would fight to remain sovereign and unconquered . Two unicorns supported the royal arms of the King of Scots , and since the 1707 union of England and Scotland , the royal arms of the United Kingdom have been supported by a unicorn along with an English lion . Two versions of the royal arms exist : that used in Scotland gives more emphasis to the Scottish elements , placing the unicorn on the left and giving it a crown , whereas the version used in England and elsewhere gives the English elements more prominence . Golden coins known as the unicorn and half - unicorn , both with a unicorn on the obverse , were used in Scotland in the 15th and 16th century . In the same realm , carved unicorns were often used as finials on the pillars of Mercat crosses , and denoted that the settlement was a royal burgh . Certain noblemen such as the Earl of Kinnoull were given special permission to use the unicorn in their arms , as an augmentation of honour . The crest for Clan Cunningham bears a unicorn head . Gallery Unicorns as heraldic charges : Arms of John , King of Hungary ( 16th century ) Arms of the Kruedener family Arms of the County of Roxburgh , Scotland Arms of Saint - Lô , France Arms of Líšnice , Czech Republic Arms of Ramosch , Switzerland Arms of Schwäbisch Gmünd , Germany Arms of Giengen , Germany Arms of Eger , Hungary Unicorns as supporters : Scottish unicorn , flag and shield carved at Edinburgh Castle Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II , as used in England Royal arms of Queen Elizabeth II as used in Scotland Coat of arms of Nova Scotia Arms of the Dutch city of Hoorn with a single unicorn as a supporter Possible origins Hunts for an actual animal as the basis of the unicorn myth , accepting the conception of writers in Antiquity that it really existed somewhere at the edge of the known earth , have added a further layer of mythologizing about the unicorn . These have taken various forms , interpreted in a scientific , rather than a wonder - filled manner , to accord with modern perceptions of reality . Fabricated evidence Otto von Guericke 's unicorn skeleton , exhibit near the Zoo , Osnabrück Among numerous finds of prehistoric bones found at Unicorn Cave in Germany 's Harz Mountains , some were selected and reconstructed by the mayor of Magdeburg , Otto Von Guericke , as a unicorn in 1663 ( illustration , right ) . Guericke 's so - called unicorn had only two legs , and was constructed from fossil bones of a woolly rhinoceros and a mammoth , with the horn of a narwhal . The skeleton was examined by Gottfried Leibniz , who had previously doubted the existence of the unicorn , but was convinced by it . Baron Georges Cuvier maintained that , as the unicorn was cloven - hoofed , it must therefore have a cloven skull ( making the growth of a single horn impossible ) ; as if to disprove this , Dr. W. Franklin Dove , a University of Maine professor , artificially fused the horn buds of a calf together , creating the external appearance of a one - horned bull . Unicorn seals of the Indus Valley Civilization Indus valley seals showing ' unicorns ' ( British Museum ) The first objects unearthed from Harappa and Mohenjo - Daro , major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization , were small stone seals inscribed with elegant depictions of animals , including a unicorn - like figure , and marked with Indus script writing which still baffles scholars . These seals are dated back to 2500 B.C. The `` unicorn '' figures on the seals have been interpreted as representations of aurochs -- a type of large wild cattle that formerly inhabited Europe , Asia and North Africa -- or derivatives of aurochs . It is suggested that as the animal is always shown in profile , only one of the two horns is seen . Elasmotherium or rhinoceros The elasmotherium One suggestion is that the unicorn is based on the extinct rhinocerus species Elasmotherium , a huge Eurasian mammal native to the steppes , south of the range of the woolly rhinoceros of Ice Age Europe . Elasmotherium looked little like a horse , but it had a large single horn in its forehead . It became extinct about the same time as the rest of the glacial age megafauna . However , according to the Nordisk familjebok ( Nordic Familybook ) and science writer Willy Ley the animal may have survived long enough to be remembered in the legends of the native European peoples as a huge black bull with a single horn in the forehead . In support of this claim , it has been noted that the 13th century traveller Marco Polo claimed to have seen a unicorn in Java , but his description makes it clear to the modern reader that he actually saw a Javan rhinoceros . More recent findings seem to place humans and the Siberian elasmotherium in the same area at the same time . The fragmentary skull of an Elasmotherium sibiricum was found in Kazakhstan and carbon - dated in 2015 as ca . 30,000 years old . Skulls of modern humans found in the same area date back up to 45,000 years , this meaning that our species and this type of mammal possibly coexisted in Western Siberia for thousands of years . Single - horned goat The connection that is sometimes made with a single - horned goat derives from the vision of Daniel : And as I was considering , behold , a he - goat came from the west over the face of the whole earth , and touched not the ground : and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes . ( Daniel 8 : 5 ) Neo-Pagan antiquities researcher Timothy Zell and his wife Morning Glory also produced artificial unicorns dubbed `` the Living Unicorn '' , remodelling the `` horn buds '' of goat kids in such a way that their horns grew together into a single one . Zell theorized that this process might have been used in the past to create court curiosities and natural herd leaders , because the goat was able to use this long straight horn effectively as a weapon and a tool . Medieval art often depicts unicorns as small , with cloven hooves and beards , sometimes resembling goats more than horses with horns . This process is possible only with animals that naturally have horns . For a time , a few of these unicorns travelled with the Ringling Brothers Circus . Narwhals Male narwhal The unicorn horns often found in cabinets of curiosities and other contexts in Medieval and Renaissance Europe , were very often examples of the distinctive straight spiral single tusks of narwhals ( Monodon monoceros ) , an Arctic cetacean , as Danish zoologist Ole Worm established in 1638 . They were brought south as a very valuable trade , and sold as horns from the legendary unicorn ; being of ivory , they passed the various tests intended to spot fake unicorn horns . As these ' horns ' were considered to have magic powers , Vikings and other northern traders were able to sell them for many times their weight in gold . Elizabeth I of England kept a `` unicorn horn '' in her cabinet of curiosities , brought back by Arctic explorer Martin Frobisher on his return from Labrador in 1577 . The usual depiction of the spiral unicorn horn in art , derives from these . The truth of the tusk 's origin developed gradually during the Age of Exploration , as explorers and naturalists began to visit regions themselves . In 1555 , Olaus Magnus published a drawing of a fish - like creature with a `` horn '' on its forehead . Oryx One - horned oryx . Oryx are antelopes with two long , thin horns projecting from its forehead . Some have suggested that seen from the side and from a distance , they look something like horses with single horns ( although the ' horn ' projects backward , not forward as in the classic unicorn ) . Conceivably , travellers in Arabia could have derived the tale of the unicorn from these animals . However , classical authors seem to distinguish clearly between oryxes and unicorns . The Peregrinatio in terram sanctam , published in 1486 , was the first printed illustrated travel - book , describing a pilgrimage to Jerusalem , and thence to Egypt by way of Mount Sinai . It featured many large woodcuts by Erhard Reuwich , who went on the trip , mostly detailed and accurate views of cities . The book also contained pictures of animals seen on the journey , including a crocodile , camel , and unicorn -- presumably an oryx , which they could easily have seen on their route . Eland The eland In Southern Africa , the eland have somewhat mystical or spiritual connotations , perhaps at least partly because these very large antelopes will defend themselves against lions and are able to kill these fearsome predators . Eland are very frequently depicted in the rock art of the region , which implies they were viewed as having a strong connection to the other world , and in several languages the word for eland and for dance is the same ; significant because shamans used dance as their means of drawing power from the other world . Eland fat was used when mixing the pigments for these pictographs , and in the preparation of many medicines . This special regard for eland may well have been picked up by early travellers . There is a purported unicorn horn in the castle of the chief of the Clan MacLeod in Scotland , which has been identified as that of an eland . Genetic disorders of horned or antlered animals A new possibility for the inspiration of the unicorn came in 2008 with the discovery of a roe deer in Italy with a single antler . Single - antlered deer are not uncommon ; however , the placement of the horn in the middle is very unusual . Fulvio Fraticelli , scientific director of Rome 's zoo , has said `` Generally , the horn is on one side ( of the head ) rather than being at the center . This looks like a complex case . '' Fraticelli also acknowledges that the placement of the antler could have been the result of some type of trauma in the life of the deer . A similar specimen was filmed in July 2017 near the Sibillini Mountains , in central Italy . Antlers are not horns , although this distinction was not always made historically . Similar mythical animals Biblical The aurochs Unicorn mosaic on a 1213 church floor in Ravenna An animal called the re'em ( Hebrew : רְאֵם ‎ ) is mentioned in several places in the Hebrew Bible , often as a metaphor representing strength . `` The allusions to the re'em as a wild , un-tamable animal of great strength and agility , with mighty horn or horns ( Job xxxix. 9 -- 12 ; Ps . xxii. 21 , xxix. 6 ; Num . xxiii. 22 , xxiv. 8 ; Deut . xxxiii. 17 ; comp . Ps . xcii. 11 ) , best fit the aurochs ( Bos primigenius ) . This view is supported by the Assyrian rimu , which is often used as a metaphor of strength , and is depicted as a powerful , fierce , wild mountain bull with large horns . '' This animal was often depicted in ancient Mesopotamian art in profile , with only one horn visible . The translators of the Authorized King James Version of the Bible ( 1611 ) followed the Greek Septuagint ( monokeros ) and the Latin Vulgate ( unicornis ) and employed unicorn to translate re'em , providing a recognizable animal that was proverbial for its un-tamable nature . The American Standard Version translates this term `` wild ox '' in each case . `` God brought them out of Egypt ; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn . '' -- Numbers 23 : 22 `` God brought him forth out of Egypt ; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn . '' -- Numbers 24 : 8 `` His glory is like the firstling of his bullock , and his horns are like the horns of unicorns : with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth . '' -- Deuteronomy 33 : 17 `` Will the unicorn be willing to serve thee , or abide by thy crib ? Canst thou bind the unicorn with his band in the furrow ? or will he harrow the valleys after thee ? Wilt thou trust him , because his strength is great ? or wilt thou leave thy labour to him ? Wilt thou believe him , that he will bring home thy seed , and gather it into thy barn ? '' -- Job 39 : 9 -- 12 `` Save me from the lion 's mouth ; for thou hast heard me from the horns of unicorns . '' -- Psalms 22 : 21 `` He maketh them ( the cedars of Lebanon ) also to skip like a calf ; Lebanon and Sirion like a young unicorn . '' -- Psalms 29 : 6 `` But my horn shalt thou exalt like the horn of the unicorn : I shall be anointed with fresh oil . '' -- Psalms 92 : 10 `` And the unicorns shall come down with them , and the bullocks with their bulls ; and their land shall be soaked with blood , and their dust made fat with fatness . '' -- Isaiah 34 : 7 The classical Jewish understanding of the Bible did not identify the Re'em animal as the unicorn . However , some rabbis in the Talmud debate the proposition that the Tahash animal ( Exodus 25 , 26 , 35 , 36 and 39 ; Numbers 4 ; and Ezekiel 16 : 10 ) was a domestic , single - horned kosher creature that existed in Moses ' time , or that it was similar to the keresh animal described in Morris Jastrow 's Talmudic dictionary as `` a kind of antelope , unicorn '' . Chinese mythology Pottery Unicorn . Northern Wei . Shaanxi History Museum The qilin ( Chinese : 麒麟 ) , a creature in Chinese mythology , is sometimes called `` the Chinese unicorn '' , and some ancient accounts describe a single horn as its defining feature . However , it is more accurately described as a hybrid animal that looks less unicorn than chimera , with the body of a deer , the head of a lion , green scales and a long forwardly - curved horn . The Japanese version ( kirin ) more closely resembles the Western unicorn , even though it is based on the Chinese qilin . The Quẻ Ly of Vietnamese myth , similarly sometimes mistranslated `` unicorn '' is a symbol of wealth and prosperity that made its first appearance during the Duong Dynasty , about 600 CE , to Emperor Duong Cao To , after a military victory which resulted in his conquest of Tây Nguyên . In November 2012 the History Institute of the DPRK Academy of Social Sciences , as well as the Korea News Service , reported that the Kiringul had been found , which is associated with a kirin ridden by King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo . Beginning in the Ming Dynasty , the qilin became associated with giraffes , after Zheng He 's voyage to East Africa brought a pair of the long - necked animals and introduced them at court in Nanjing as qilin . The resemblance to the qilin was noted in the giraffe 's ossicones ( bony protrusions from the skull resembling horns ) , graceful movements , and peaceful demeanor . Shanhaijing ( 117 ) also mentioned Bo - horse ( Chinese : 駮馬 ; pinyin : bómǎ ) , a chimera horse with ox tail , single horn , white body , and its sound like person calling . The creature is lived at Honest - head Mountain . Guo Pu in his jiangfu said that Bo - horse able to walk on water . Another similar creature also mentioned in Shanhaijing ( 80 ) to live in Mount Winding - Centre as Bo ( Chinese : 駮 ; pinyin : bó ) , but with black tail , tiger 's teeth and claws , and also devour leopards and tigers . See also Mythology portal Al - mi'raj ( unicorn - like creature in Islamic mythology ) Anggitay ( mythology ) Camahueto ( mythological bull - unicorn ) Indrik ( Russian folklore ) Invisible Pink Unicorn ( a modern satirical religious symbol ) List of unicorns Medieval Bestiary Monoceros ( constellation ) Monoceros ( legendary creature ) Okapi ( real animal known as `` African unicorn '' ) Qilin ( unicorn - like creature in Chinese mythology ) Shadhavar ( unicorn - like creature in Persian folklore ) Sin - you ( mythology ) The Last Unicorn and its film adaption The Unicorn in the Garden -- short story . `` The Unicorn '' ( song ) White horse ( mythology ) Winged unicorn List of winged unicorns References ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopædia Britannica : A Dictionary of Arts , Sciences , Literature and General Information . 27 . 1911 . p. 581 . Jump up ^ Ctesias ( 390 BC ) . `` 45 '' . Indica ( Τα Ἰνδικά ) . ( quoted by Photius ) Jump up ^ Aristotle ( c. 350 BC ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 2 . '' . On the Parts of Animals ( Περι ζώων μορίων ) . trans . William Ogle . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( c. 343 BC ) . `` Book 2 . Chapter 1 . '' . History of Animals ( Περί ζώων ιστορίας ) . trans . D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Strabo ( before 24 AD ) . `` Book 15 . Chapter 1 . Section 56 . '' . Geography . Jump up ^ Pliny ( 77 AD ) . `` Book 8 , Chapter 31 '' . Natural History . trans . John Bostock . Also Book 8 , Chapter 30 , and Book 11 , Chapter 106 . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 41 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 4 . Chapter 52 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Aelian ( 220 ) ( circa ) . `` Book 16 . Chapter 20 . '' . On the Nature of Animals ( Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος , De natura animalium ) . Jump up ^ Cosmas Indicopleustes ( 6th century ) . `` Book 11 . Chapter 7 . '' . Christian Topography . Jump up ^ Manas : History and Politics , Indus Valley . Sscnet.ucla.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Discussion of the Indus Valley Civilization with mention of unicorn seals Jump up ^ Site with slide show about unicorn seal Jump up ^ Marilyn Aronberg Lavin , 2002 . Piero della Francesca , pp260 - 65 . Jump up ^ Linda S Godfrey ( 2009 ) . Mythical creatures . Chelsea House Publishers . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9394 - 8 . Jump up ^ Browne , Thomas ( 1646 ) . `` Book 3 . Chapter 23 . '' . Pseudodoxia Epidemica . Jump up ^ Willy Ley ( 1962 ) . Exotic Zoology . Viking Press . pp. 20 -- 22 . OCLC 4049353 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Odell ( 1930 ) . The Lore of the Unicorn . London , Unwin and Allen . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4375 - 0853 - 6 . 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Jump up ^ & tartans George Way , Romilly Squire ; HarperCollins , 1995 ; page 84 `` Cunningham CREST A unicorn 's head couped Argent armed Or MOTTO ' Over fork over ' Jump up ^ Robin Meadows , `` The Unicorn , the Mermaid , and the Centaur '' Zoogoer , November -- December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Dove 's Unicorn Bull '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Source : North Park University , Chicago , Illinois . Image : A Harappa Seals . Jump up ^ Geer , Alexandra Anna Enrica van der ( 2008 ) . Animals in stone : Indian mammals sculptured through time . Brill , Leiden . ISBN 90 - 04 - 16819 - 2 . pp. 112 - 114 . Jump up ^ R. Norman Owen - Smith , `` The interaction of humans , megaherbivores , and habitats in the late Pleistocene extinction '' ch. 3 in Ross D.E. MacPhee , ed . Extinctions in Near Time : Causes , Contexts , and Consequences ( in series Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology ) 1999 . Springer . ISBN 0 - 306 - 46092 - 0 pp. 57 ff ^ Jump up to : Mark Piggott , Unicorn - like creatures did exist and probably lived alongside humans , in International Business Times , 29 March 2016 . Accessed 5 April 2016 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Andrei Valerievich Shpansky et al. , The Quaternary Mammals from Kozhamzhar Locality ( Pavlodar Region , Kazakhstan ) , in American Journal of Applied Sciences , February 2016 , p. 197 . Accessed 5 April 2016 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Man Made Unicorns '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Living Unicorn ! Jump up ^ `` Unicorn at Ocultopedia '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Daston , Lorraine and Katharine Park . Wonders and the Order of Nature , 1150 -- 1750 . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 942299 - 91 - 4 Jump up ^ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007 Jump up ^ Falconi , Marta ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` ' Unicorn ' deer is found in Italian preserve '' . NBCNews.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Avvistato l'unicorno dei monti Sibillini : `` È un giovane capriolo con una mutazione '' `` . repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Ps 21 : 22 , Ps 28 : 6 , Ps 77 : 69 , Ps 91 : 11 , Is 34 : 7 . The Latin rhinoceros is employed in Nm 23 : 22 , Nm24 : 8 , Dt 33 : 17 , Job 39 : 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud , Mo'ed , Shabbath 28ab Jump up ^ Lair of King Tongmyong 's Unicorn Reconfirmed in DPRK , Korean Central News Agency , November 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Quinn , Ben . `` Unicorn lair ' discovered ' in North Korea '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Samuel M. `` The Emperor 's Giraffe '' , Natural History Vol. 101 , No. 12 , December 1992 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ 此 `` 麟 '' 非彼 `` 麟 '' 专家称萨摩麟并非传说中麒麟 Jump up ^ Strassberg , Richard E. ( 2002 ) . A Chinese Bestiary : Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 116 -- 117 , 127 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21844 - 2 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Unicorns . 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how to say the scientific name for cheetah			Cheetah	cheetah	Former range Low density Medium density High density	Synonyms List ( show ) Acinonyx venator Brookes , 1828 Cynælurus jubata Mivart , 1900 C. jubatus Blanford , 1888 C. guttatus Hollister , 1911 Felis guttata Hermann , 1804 F. fearonii Smith , 1834 F. jubata Erxleben , 1777 F. jubatus Schreber , 1775 F. megaballa Heuglin , 1868 F. venatica Griffith , 1821 The cheetah / ˈtʃiːtə / ( Acinonyx jubatus ) is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae that occurs mainly in eastern and southern Africa and a few parts of Iran . The only extant member of the genus Acinonyx , the cheetah was first described by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1775 . The cheetah is characterised by a slender body , deep chest , spotted coat , a small rounded head , black tear - like streaks on the face , long thin legs and a long spotted tail . Its lightly built , slender form is in sharp contrast with the robust build of the big cats , making it more similar to the cougar . The cheetah reaches nearly 70 to 90 cm ( 28 to 35 in ) at the shoulder , and weighs 21 -- 72 kg ( 46 -- 159 lb ) . Though taller than the leopard , it is notably smaller than the lion . Typically yellowish tan or rufous to greyish white , the coat is uniformly covered with nearly 2,000 solid black spots . Cheetahs are active mainly during the day , with hunting their major activity . Adult males are sociable despite their territoriality , forming groups called `` coalitions '' . Females are not territorial ; they may be solitary or live with their offspring in home ranges . Carnivores , cheetah mainly prey upon antelopes and gazelles . They will stalk their prey to within 100 -- 300 metres ( 330 -- 980 ft ) , charge towards it and kill it by tripping it during the chase and biting its throat to suffocate it to death . The cheetah 's body is specialised for speed ; it is the fastest land animal . The speed of a hunting cheetah averages 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) during a sprint ; the chase is interspersed with a few short bursts of speed , when the animal can attain 112 km / h ( 70 mph ) , although this is disputed by more recent measurements . Cheetahs are induced ovulators , breeding throughout the year . Gestation is nearly three months long , resulting in a litter of typically three to five cubs ( the number can vary from one to eight ) . Weaning occurs at six months ; siblings tend to stay together for some time . Cheetah cubs face higher mortality than most other mammals , especially in the Serengeti region . Cheetahs inhabit a variety of habitats -- dry forests , scrub forests and savannahs . Thanks to its prowess at hunting , the cheetah was tamed and used to kill game at hunts in the past . The animal has been widely depicted in art , literature , advertising and animation . Classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , the cheetah has suffered a substantial decline in its historic range due to rampant hunting in the 20th century . Several African countries have taken steps to improve the standards of cheetah conservation . By late 2016 - early 2017 , the cheetah 's global population had fallen to approximately 7,100 individuals in the wild due to habitat loss , poaching , the illegal pet trade , and conflict with humans , with researchers suggesting that the animal be immediately reclassified as `` Endangered '' on the IUCN Red List . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Subspecies 3 Genetics 3.1 King cheetah 4 Characteristics 4.1 Anatomy 5 Ecology and behaviour 5.1 Social organisation 5.2 Home ranges and territories 5.3 Communication 5.3. 1 Vocalisations 5.3. 2 Other methods 5.3. 3 Display behaviour 5.4 Hunting and competitors 5.5 Speed and acceleration 5.5. 1 Adaptations 5.5. 2 Recorded values 5.6 Reproduction 5.7 Mortality 6 Distribution and habitat 6.1 Africa 6.2 Asia 7 Status and threats 8 Conservation measures 8.1 In Africa 8.2 In Asia 9 Interaction with human beings 9.1 Taming 9.2 In captivity 9.3 In culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology The vernacular name `` cheetah '' is derived from the Hindi word चीता ( cītā ) , which in turn comes from the Sanskrit word चित्रकायः ( citrakāyaḥ ) meaning `` bright '' or `` variegated '' . The first recorded use of this word has been dated back to 1610 . An alternative name for the cheetah is `` hunting leopard '' . The scientific name of the cheetah is Acinonyx jubatus . The generic name Acinonyx could have originated from the combination of two Greek words : akinetos means motionless , and onyx means claw . A rough translation of the word would be `` non-moving claws '' , a reference to the limited retractability ( capability of being drawn inside the paw ) of the claws of the cheetah relative to other cats ' . The specific name jubatus means `` maned '' in Latin , referring to the dorsal crest of this animal . Taxonomy Lynx Lynx rufus ( Bobcat ) L. canadensis ( Canadian lynx ) L. pardinus ( Iberian lynx ) L. lynx ( Eurasian lynx ) Puma Acinonyx jubatus ( Cheetah ) Puma concolor ( Cougar ) P. yagouaroundi ( Jaguarundi ) Felis Felis chaus ( Jungle cat ) F. nigripes ( Black - footed cat ) F. silvestris silvestris ( European wildcat ) F. margarita ( Sand cat ) F. silvestris lybica ( African wildcat ) F. catus ( Domestic cat ) The Puma lineage , depicted along with the Lynx and Felis lineages of the family Felidae The cheetah is the only extant species of the genus Acinonyx . It belongs to Felinae , the subfamily of Felidae that also includes lynxes , wildcats , and the puma . The species was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in his 1775 publication Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen . The cheetah 's closest relatives are the cougar ( Puma concolor ) and the jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) . These three species together form the Puma lineage , one of the eight lineages of Felidae . The sister group of the Puma lineage is a clade of smaller Old World cats that includes the genera Felis , Otocolobus and Prionailurus . Although the cheetah is an African cat , molecular evidence indicates that the three species of the Puma lineage evolved in North America two to three million years ago , where they possibly had a common ancestor during the Miocene . They possibly diverged from this ancestor 8.25 million years ago . The cheetah diverged from the puma and the jaguarundi around 6.7 million years ago . A genome study concluded that cheetahs experienced two genetic bottlenecks in their history , the first about 100,000 years ago and the second about 12,000 years ago , greatly lowering their genetic variability . These bottlenecks may have been associated with migrations across Asia and into Africa ( with the current African population founded about 12,000 years ago ) , and / or with a depletion of prey species at the end of the Pleistocene . Cheetah fossils found in the lower beds of the Olduvai Gorge site in northern Tanzania date back to the Pleistocene . The extinct species of Acinonyx are older than the cheetah , with the oldest known from the late Pliocene ; these fossils are about three million years old . These species include Acinonyx pardinensis ( Pliocene epoch ) , notably larger than the modern cheetah , and A. intermedius ( mid-Pleistocene period ) . While the range of A. intermedius stretched from Europe to China , A pardinensis spanned over Eurasia as well as eastern and southern Africa . A variety of larger cheetah believed to have existed in Europe fell to extinction around half a million years ago . Extinct North American cats resembling the cheetah had historically been assigned to Felis , Puma or Acinonyx . However , a phylogenetic analysis in 1990 placed these species under the genus Miracinonyx . Miracinonyx exhibited a high degree of similarity with the cheetah . However , in 1998 , a DNA analysis showed that Miracinonyx inexpectatus , M. studeri , and M. trumani ( early to late Pleistocene epoch ) , found in North America , are not true cheetahs ; in fact , they are close relatives of the cougar . Subspecies Subspecies ' range In 1775 , Schreber described a stuffed cheetah skin from the Cape of Good Hope . In the 19th and 20th centuries , several cheetah specimen were described and proposed as subspecies : South African cheetah ( A. j. jubatus ) ( Schreber , 1775 ) is the nominate subspecies . It occurs in Southern African countries such as Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and Zambia , but is extinct in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . It is the most numerous cheetah population . Introduced in the Hlane Royal National Park of Swaziland and reintroduced in the Liwonde National Park of Malawi . Separated from the Asiatic cheetah nearly 0.32 -- 0.67 million years ago . In 2007 the population was roughly estimated at less than 5,000 to maximum 6,500 adult individuals . The South African cheetah populations are increasing in South Africa , Namibia and Botswana . Once thought to be extinct for 30 years , wild cheetahs were reported to persist Iona National Park in southwestern Angola for the first time in 2010 . Since 1999 , they suffered a massive decline in Zimbabwe , as well as in Mozambique following the civil wars during 1980 - 90s . Asiatic cheetah ( A. j. venaticus ) ( Griffith , 1821 ) : Also called the Iranian or Indian cheetah . Formerly occurred across the Middle East , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent . According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) , it is confined to Iran , and is thus the only surviving cheetah subspecies indigenous to Asia . It has been classified as Critically Endangered . A 2004 study estimated the total population at 50 to 60 . Later , a 2007 study gave the total population in Iran as 60 to 100 ; the majority of individuals were likely to be juveniles . The population has declined sharply since the mid-1970s . As of 2012 , only two captive individuals are known . Sudan cheetah ( A. j. soemmeringii ) ( Fitzinger , 1855 ) : Also called the Central or Northeast African cheetah . Fragmented in the central and northeastern regions of the continent and the Horn of Africa . This subspecies was considered identical to the South African cheetah until a 2011 genetic analysis demonstrated significant differences between the two . Northwest African cheetah ( A. j. hecki ) ( Hilzheimer , 1913 ) : Also called the Saharan cheetah . Found in northwestern Africa ; the IUCN confirms its presence in only four countries : Algeria , Benin , Burkina Faso and Niger . Small populations are known to exist in the Ahaggar and Tassili N'Ajjer National Parks ( Algeria ) ; a 2003 study estimated a population of 20 to 40 individuals in Ahaggar National Park . In Niger , cheetahs have been reported from the Aïr Mountains , Ténéré , Termit Massif , Talak and Azaouak valley . A 1993 study reported a population of 50 from Ténéré . In Benin , the cheetah still survives in Pendjari National Park and W National Park . The status is obscure in Burkina Faso , where individuals may be confined to the southeastern region . With the total world population estimated at less than 250 mature individuals , it is listed as Critically Endangered . Tanzanian cheetah ( A. j. raineyi syn . A. j. fearsoni ) ( Heller , 1913 ) : Also called the East African cheetah . Found in Kenya , Somalia , Tanzania , and Uganda . The total population in 2007 was estimated at 2,572 adults and independent adolescents . Significant populations occur in the Maasai Mara and the Serengeti ecoregions . Subspecies of the cheetah Asian cheetah South African cheetah Sudan cheetah Tanzanian cheetah Genetics The diploid number of chromosomes in the cheetah is 38 , the same as in most other felids ( though for the ocelot and the margay the number is 36 ) . A remarkable feature of the cheetah is its unusually low genetic variability in comparison to other felids . Consequently , individuals show considerable genetic similarity to one another , as illustrated by skin grafts , electrophoretic evidence and reproductive surveys . A prolonged period of inbreeding , following a genetic bottleneck during the last ice age , is believed to be the reason behind this anomaly . The consequences of such genetic uniformity might include a low sperm count , decreased sperm motility , deformed flagella , difficulty in captive breeding and susceptibility to disease . King cheetah King cheetah . Note the distinctive coat pattern . The king cheetah is a variety of cheetah with a rare mutation for cream - coloured fur marked with large , blotchy spots and three dark , wide stripes extending from their neck to the tail . In 1926 Major A. Cooper wrote about an animal he had shot near modern - day Harare . Describing the animal , he noted its remarkable similarity to the cheetah , but the body of this individual was covered with fur as thick as that of a snow leopard and the spots merged to form stripes . He suggested that it could be a cross between a leopard and a cheetah . After further similar animals were discovered , it was established they were similar to the cheetah in having non-retractable claws -- a characteristic feature of the cheetah . English zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock described it as a new species by the name of Acinonyx rex ( `` rex '' being Latin for `` king '' , the name translated to `` king cheetah '' ) ; However , he reverted from this in 1939 . English hunter - naturalist Abel Chapman considered it to be a colour morph of the spotted cheetah . Since 1927 the king cheetah has been reported five more times in the wild ; an individual was photographed in 1975 . In May 1981 two spotted sisters gave birth at the De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Centre ( South Africa ) , and each litter contained one king cheetah . Each sister had mated with a wild male from the Transvaal region ( where king cheetahs had been recorded ) . Further king cheetahs were later born at the Centre . They have been known to exist in Zimbabwe , Botswana and northern Transvaal . In 2012 the cause of this alternative coat pattern was found to be a mutation in the gene for transmembrane aminopeptidase Q ( Taqpep ) , the same gene responsible for the striped `` mackerel '' versus blotchy `` classic '' patterning seen in tabby cats . Hence , genetically the king cheetah is simply a variety of the common cheetah and not a separate species . This case is similar to that of the black panthers . The mutation is recessive , a reason behind the rareness of the mutation . As a result , if two mating cheetahs have the same gene , then a quarter of their offspring can be expected to be king cheetahs . Characteristics Cheetah portrait showing the black `` tear mark '' running from the corner of the eye down the side of the nose The cheetah is a felid with several distinctive features -- a slender body , deep chest , spotted pelage , a small rounded head , black tear - like streaks on the face , long thin legs and a long spotted tail . Its lightly built , slender form is in sharp contrast with the robust build of the big cats . The head - and - body length ranges from 112 -- 150 centimetres ( 44 -- 59 in ) . The cheetah reaches 70 -- 90 cm ( 28 -- 35 in ) at the shoulder , and weighs 21 -- 72 kilograms ( 46 -- 159 lb ) . Thus , it is clearly taller than the leopard , which stands nearly 55 -- 70 centimetres ( 22 -- 28 in ) at the shoulder . The weight range of the cheetah overlaps extensively with that of the leopard , which weighs 28 -- 65 kilograms ( 62 -- 143 lb ) . On the other hand , the cheetah is significantly shorter than the lion , whose average height is nearly 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) . Moreover , it is much lighter than the lion , among which females weigh 126 kilograms ( 278 lb ) and the much heavier males weigh 186 kilograms ( 410 lb ) . Based on measurements , the smallest cheetahs have been reported from the Sahara , northeastern Africa and Iran . A sexually dimorphic species , males are generally larger than females . The head is small and streamlined , adding to the agility of the cheetah . Saharan cheetah have narrow canine faces . Small , short , and rounded , the ears are marked by black patches on the back ; the edges and base of the ears are tawny . The high - set eyes have round pupils . The whiskers , shorter and fewer in number than those of other felids , are fine and inconspicuous . The pronounced tear streaks are unique to the cheetah . These streaks originate from the corner of the eyes and run down the nose to the mouth . Their role is obscure -- they may be serving as a shield for the eyes against the sun 's glare , a helpful feature as the cheetah hunts mainly during the day ; another purpose could be to define facial expressions . Close view of a cheetah . Note the light build , slender body , spotted coat and long tail . Basically yellowish tan or rufous to greyish white , the coat of the cheetah is uniformly covered with nearly 2,000 solid black spots . The upper parts are in stark contrast to the underbelly , which is completely white . Each spot measures nearly 3.2 -- 5.1 centimetres ( 1.3 -- 2.0 in ) across . Every cheetah has a unique pattern of spots on its coat ; hence , this serves as a distinct identity for each individual . Cheetah fur is short and often coarse . Fluffy fur covers the chest and the ventral side . Several colour morphs of the cheetah have been identified , including melanistic and albino forms . Black cheetah have been observed in Kenya and Zambia . In 1877 -- 1878 , English zoologist Philip Sclater described two partially albino specimens from South Africa . A ticked ( tabby ) cheetah was photographed in Kenya in 2012 . Juveniles are typically dark with long , loose , blue to grey hair . A short mane , about 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) long , on the neck and the shoulders , is all that remains of the cape in adults . The exceptionally long and muscular tail measures 60 -- 80 centimetres ( 24 -- 31 in ) , and ends in a bushy white tuft . While the first two - thirds of the tail are covered in spots , the final part is marked with four to six dark rings or stripes . The arrangement of the terminal stripes of the tail differs among individuals , but the stripe patterns of siblings are very similar . In fact , the tail of an individual will typically resemble its siblings ' to a greater extent than it resembles its mother 's or any other individual 's . The cheetah is often confused with the leopard and the cougar and can be distinguished by its small round spots in contrast to the leopard 's rosettes and the cougar 's plain coat ; in addition , the leopard lacks the tear streaks of the cheetah . The cougar possesses neither the tear streaks nor the spotted coat pattern of the cheetah . The serval has a form very similar to that of the cheetah but is significantly smaller . Moreover , it has a shorter tail and spots that fuse to form stripes on the back . Anatomy The skull of the cheetah is relatively short , and the sagittal crest is poorly developed . Being in the genus Acinonyx , the morphology of the cheetah differs notably from the big cats ( genus Panthera ) . The face and the jaw are unusually shortened and the sagittal crest is poorly developed , possibly to reduce weight and enhance speed . In fact , the skull resembles that of the smaller cats . Another point of similarity to the small cats is the long and flexible spine , in contrast to the stiff and short one of other large felids . A 2001 study of felid morphology stated that the truncation of the development of the middle phalanx bone in the cheetah at a relatively younger age than other felids could be a major reason for the peculiar morphology of the cheetah . Interestingly , the cheetah appears to show convergent evolution with canids in morphology as well as behaviour . For example , the cheetah has a relatively long snout , long legs and deep chest , tough foot pads and blunt , semi-retractable claws ; moreover , its hunting behaviour resembles that of canids . In the 2001 study , it was observed that the claws of cheetah have features intermediate between those of felids and the wolf . In the Puma lineage , the cheetah 's skull morphology is similar to that of the puma -- both have short , wide skulls -- while that of the jaguarundi is different . The cheetah has a total of 30 teeth ; the dental formula is 3.1. 3.1 3.1. 2.1 . The deciduous dentition is 3.1. 23.1. 2 . The sharp , narrow cheek teeth help in tearing flesh , whereas the small and flat canine teeth bite the throat of the prey to suffocate it . Males have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles than females . The muscles between the skull and jaw are short , and thus do not allow the cheetah to open its mouth as much as other cats . Digitigrade animals , the cheetah have tough foot pads that make it convenient to run on firm ground . The hind legs are longer than the forelegs . The relatively longer metacarpals , metatarsals ( of the lower leg ) , radius , ulna , tibia , and fibula increase the length of each jump . The straightening of the flexible vertebral column also adds to the length . Cheetahs have a high concentration of nerve cells , arranged in a band in the centre of the eyes . This arrangement , called a `` visual streak '' , significantly enhances the sharpness of the vision . Among the felids , the visual streak is most concentrated and efficient in the cheetah . The nasal passages are short and large ; the smallness of the canines helps to accommodate the large nostrils . The cheetah is unable to roar due to the presence of a sharp - edged vocal fold within the larynx . The paws of the cheetah are narrower than those of other felids . The slightly curved claws lack a protective sheath and are weakly retractable ( semi-retractable ) . This is a major point of difference between the cheetah and the big cats , which have fully retractable claws , and a similarity to canids . Additionally , the claws of the cheetah are shorter as well as straighter than those of other cats . Absence of protection makes the claws blunt ; however , the large and strongly curved dewclaw is remarkably sharp . Ecology and behaviour Cheetahs rest in shade in the Okavango Delta , Botswana A group of cheetahs Cheetahs are diurnal ( active mainly during the day ) , whereas the leopards , tigers , and lions are nocturnal ( active mainly at night ) ; diurnality allows better observation and monitoring of the animal . Hunting is the major activity throughout the day ; peaks are observed during dawn and dusk indicating crepuscular tendencies . Groups rest in grassy clearings after dusk , though males and juveniles often roam around at night . The cheetah is an alert animal ; individuals often inspect their vicinity at observation points such as elevations . Even while resting , they take turns at keeping a lookout . Social organisation Apart from the lion , the cheetah is the only cat that is gregarious ; however , female cheetahs tend to remain solitary . Tim Caro , of the University of California , Davis , identified the various social classes and their longevity . Pregnant and nursing females , a few adolescents , and males who have not joined any groups are typically solitary . Non-lactating females , their cubs , adolescent siblings , and several males will form their own groups . A loose association between individuals of the opposite sex can be observed during the breeding season . These social groups typically keep away from one another . Adult males are typically gregarious despite their territoriality , and may group together for life and form `` coalitions '' . These groups collectively defend their territories . In most cases , a coalition will comprise brothers born in the same litter who stayed together after weaning . However , if a cub is the only male in the litter , then two or three lone males may form a small group , or a lone male may join an existing group . Males in coalitions establish territories that ensure maximum access to females . Solitary males may or may not be territorial . Some males alternate between solitude and coalitions , whichever ensures encounters with a greater number of females . Although a coalition , due to its larger membership , demands a greater amount of resources than do the solitary males or their groups , the coalition has a greater chance of encountering and acquiring females for mating . Females are not territorial , and live alone or with their offspring . Juveniles form mixed - sex groups after weaning , but most of the young females stay back with their mother , with whom they do not show any significant interaction . Males eventually mature and try to acquire territories . Home ranges and territories Male marking his territory Female with her cubs Males in coalitions establish territories in locations that ensure maximum access to females . Males exhibit marking behaviour -- territories , termite mounds , trees , common tracks and junctions , and trees are marked by urine , faeces , and claw scratches . The sizes can be location specific . For example , territories range from 33 to 42 km ( 13 to 16 sq mi ) in the Serengeti , while in the Phinda Private Game Reserve , the size can be 57 to 161 km ( 22 to 62 sq mi ) . Territorial solitary males establish considerably larger territories , as large as 777 km ( 300 sq mi ) in the Serengeti or 1,390 km ( 540 sq mi ) in central Namibia . A 1987 study of the social organisation in males showed that territoriality depends on the size and age of the males and the membership of the coalition . It concluded that solitary as well as grouped males have a nearly equal chance of coming across females , but the males in coalitions are notably healthier and have better chances of survival than their solitary counterparts . In the Serengeti , only 4 % of the solitary males hold territories , while those who joined coalitions were far more successful . The average period for which territories are held is four months for singletons , seven - and - a-half months for pairs , and 22 months for trios . Males exhibit pronounced marking behaviour -- territories , termite mounds , trees , common tracks , and junctions are marked by urine , faeces , and claw scratches . Males marking their territory by urination stand less than a metre away from a tree or rock surface with the tail raised , pointing the penis either horizontally backward or 60 ° upward . Territorial clashes can take place between two coalitions , or coalitions and solitary males ; fights , however , are rarely gruesome . Another major reason for fights is to acquire dominance in the breeding season . These can even involve cannibalism . Unlike male and other felines , female cheetahs do not establish territories . Instead , they live in unguarded areas , known as `` home ranges '' . Though home ranges often overlap , there is hardly any interaction between the females . Females are regular visitors to male territories . The size of a home range depends mainly on the availability of prey . The greater the density of prey animals in an area , the smaller the home range of a female cheetah there . In areas with nomadic prey animals ( such as the Thomson 's gazelle in the Serengeti and the springbok in the Kalahari Desert ) , the home ranges cover hundreds of square kilometres . In contrast , home ranges are merely 100 -- 200 square kilometres ( 39 -- 77 sq mi ) large where sedentary prey , such as the impala in the Kruger National Park , is available . Communication Vocalisations The cheetah is a prominently vocal felid . They can not roar but instead purr . A wide variety of cheetah vocalisations have been identified by several terms , but most of these lack a detailed acoustic description , which makes it difficult to assess reliably which term denotes which sound . In 2010 Robert Eklund ( of the University of Göteborg , Sweden ) and colleagues published a detailed report on the purring of the cheetah and compared it with that observed in other felids . The cheetah purrs when content , or to greet known individuals . A characteristic of purring is that it is realised on both egressive and ingressive airstreams . Other vocalisations Eklund identified include : Growling : Often accompanied by hissing and spitting , the cheetah growls to show its annoyance , or when faced with danger . A study showed that growls consist of numerous short pulses with a combined duration of up to five seconds . Moaning or yowling : This is an escalated version of growling and is often combined with it . It is typically displayed when the danger increases . A study found that yowls could last as long as two seconds . Agonistic vocalisations : Eklund used this term as a reference to a combination of growls , moans , and hisses that is followed by spitting , a feature more conspicuous in cheetah than in other cats . In addition to spitting , the cheetah will hit the ground with its front paws . In a 1991 book , biologist R.D. Estes had enlisted , in addition to the aforementioned vocalisations , some other sounds made by the cheetah : Bleating : Similar to the meow of the domestic cat , the cheetah can bleat , and sometimes moan , when a larger predator deprives it of its prey . Chirping or stutter - barking : A cheetah chirps when excited ( for instance , when gathered around a kill ) . This vocalisation can also be used at social meetings , during courtship , or in attempting to find another ; the chirp of a mother searching for her cubs , which sounds more like the yelp of a dog than the chirp of a bird , can be heard up to 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) away . A study estimated the chirp 's total duration as 0.09 to 0.5 seconds . Churring : The purpose of this sound is similar to that of the chirp . It may resemble a growl . Zoologist Jonathan Kingdon considered the chirp of the cheetah as similar to the soft roar of the lion , and its churr as the latter 's loud roar . The churr , is staccato and has a shorter range than the chirp . A study showed that churrs comprise 3 to 15 separate pulses and last 0.1 to 1.3 seconds . Mother - cub vocalisations : Apart from chirping , mothers use some other sounds to interact with their cubs . A repeated ihn ihn is used to gather the cubs , while a prr prr is used to guide them on a journey . A low - pitched alarm call is used to warn the cubs to stand still in the presence of danger . Whirring : This sound is produced by cubs bickering over a kill ; the pitch rises with the intensity of the quarrel , and ends on a harsh note . Other methods Cheetahs grooming each other Scent plays a significant role in olfactory communication . Cheetahs often investigate urine - marked places ( territories or common landmarks ) for a long time by crouching on their forelegs and carefully smelling the place . Then the male will itself urinate there and sniff at its own scent before leaving . Other observing individuals will repeat the ritual . Females may also show marking behaviour but less prominently than the males . Females in oestrus will show maximum urine - marking , and her excrement can attract males from far off . Social meetings are marked by mutual sniffing in oral and genital areas , grooming one another , rubbing the cheeks , and face - licking . Further physical contact has not been observed . The tear streaks are a means of visual communication . The tear streaks combined with the black lips and the contrasting white fur give the face a striking appearance and form clear expressions when viewed from a close range . The ears and the face are obscure from a distance , and so are the expressions . On the other hand , the tail is quite conspicuous and is probably used by mothers to direct juveniles to follow them . Display behaviour Cheetahs engage in several displays during fights , hunting , or self - defence . Prior to a sprint , the cheetah will hold its head down , with aggression on its face , and approach the target in a stiff gait . The aggressive expression is maintained during the run . To defend itself or its prey , a cheetah will hold its body low to the ground , and produce a snarl with its mouth wide open , the eyes staring threateningly ahead and the ears folded backward . This may be accompanied by moans , hisses , and growls . In more severe cases , the ground is hit with the paws . Fights are characterised by biting , tearing out the fur and attempts at strangling on both sides . Hunting and competitors The cheetah is a carnivore that prefers medium - sized prey with a body mass ranging from 23 to 56 kg ( 51 to 123 lb ) . Blesbok , duiker , Grant 's gazelle , impala , reedbuck , springbok , and Thomson 's gazelle are some of the common targets of the cheetah . Other prey animals include the bat - eared fox , bushbuck , kudu , hartebeest , nyala , oribi , roan antelope , steenbok , sable antelope , and waterbuck ; they prey less frequently on African buffalo , gemsbok , giraffe , ostrich , warthog , wildebeest , and zebra . A study showed that a major proportion of the diet of Asiatic cheetahs consists of livestock ; local species such as chinkara , desert hare , goitered gazelle , ibex , rodents , and wild sheep are also hunted . Generally , only groups of cheetahs will attempt to kill large animals such as hartebeest , although mothers with young cubs will attempt to secure a large prey all by themselves . There are no records of cheetah killing human beings . The diet of a cheetah depends on the area in which it lives . For example , on the East African plains , its preferred prey is the Thomson 's gazelle , somewhat smaller than the cheetah . In contrast , in Kwa - Zulu Natal the preferred prey is the significantly larger nyala , males of which can weigh up to 130 kg ( 290 lb ) . They do , however , opt for young and adolescent targets , which make up about 50 % of the cheetah diet despite constituting only a small portion of the prey population . Tanzanian cheetah in pursuit of a Thomson 's gazelle A cheetah suffocating an impala by a throat bite Cheetahs defending springbok kill from a brown hyena Cheetahs hunt primarily throughout the day , but geographical variations exist . For instance , cheetahs in the Sahara and the Masai Mara hunt after sunset to escape the high temperatures of the day . In the Serengeti they hunt when the lions and hyenas are inactive . A study in Nairobi National Park ( Kenya ) showed that the success of the hunt depends on the species , age , sex , and habitat of the prey , and the size of the hunting herd or the efficiency of the hunting individual . Cheetahs hunt by vision rather than by scent . Prey is located from observation points or while roaming . Animals toward the edges of the herd are preferred . The cheetah will stalk their prey to within 100 -- 300 m ( 330 -- 980 ft ) ; it will try to approach it as closely as possible while concealing itself in cover , sometimes even up to 60 m ( 200 ft ) of the prey . The cheetah will crouch and move slowly while stalking , occasionally becoming motionless . The chase usually lasts less than a minute ; if the cheetah fails to make a kill quickly , it will give up . Cheetahs have an average hunting success rate of 40 to 50 % . Cheetahs kill their prey by tripping it during the chase ; the cheetah can use its strong dewclaw to knock the prey off its balance . To kill medium - to large - sized prey , the cheetah bites the prey 's throat to suffocate it to death . A bite on the back of the neck or the snout is enough to kill smaller prey . The prey is then taken to a shaded place ; the cheetah , highly exhausted after the chase , rests beside the kill and pants heavily for nearly five to 55 minutes . Groups of cheetah devour the kill peacefully , though minor growling may be observed . Cheetahs not involved in hunting will immediately start eating . Cheetah can consume large quantities of food . In a study at the Etosha National Park ( Namibia ) , the cheetah consumed as much as 10 kilograms ( 22 lb ) within two hours and stayed close to the remains for 11 hours . Cheetah move their head from side to side so that the sharp carnassial teeth effectively tear the flesh , which can then be swallowed without chewing . They typically begin with the hindquarters , and then progress toward the abdomen and the spine . Rib bones are chewed on at the ends , and the limbs are not generally torn apart while eating . The cheetah , especially mothers with young cubs , are highly vigilant ; they need to remain on a lookout for large carnivores who might steal the prey or harm the cubs , and for any potential prey . In Africa , the cheetah will surrender its kill to sturdier carnivores such as lions , leopards , spotted and brown hyenas , and wild dogs . Cheetahs lose around 10 to 15 % of their kills to other predators ; the percentage was found to be as high as 50 % in a 1986 study . Cheetahs have rarely been observed to feed on the kills of other carnivores ; this may be due to vultures and spotted hyena adroitly capturing and consuming heavy carcasses within a short time . In Eurasia , in the past , the cheetah 's range overlapped not just with those of the lion , leopard and hyena , but also other carnivores , such as the tiger , wolf and bear . Speed and acceleration Adaptations The lightly built , streamlined , agile body of the cheetah makes it an efficient sprinter The cheetah 's body is specialised for speed , and it is the fastest land animal . Estes describes the cheetah as the `` felid version of the greyhound '' , as both have similar morphology and the ability to reach tremendous speeds in a shorter time than other mammals . The thin and light body of the cheetah makes it well - suited to short , explosive bursts of speed , rapid acceleration , and an ability to execute extreme changes in direction while moving at speed . These adaptations account for much of the cheetah 's ability to catch fast - moving prey . The large nasal passages ensure fast flow of sufficient air , and the enlarged heart and lungs allow the enrichment of blood with oxygen in a short time . This allows cheetahs to rapidly regain their stamina after a chase . During a typical chase , their respiratory rate increases from 60 to 150 breaths per minute . While running , in addition to having good traction due to their semi-retractable claws , cheetahs use their tail as a rudder - like means of steering that enables them to make sharp turns , necessary to outflank antelopes that often change direction to escape during a chase . The protracted claws increase grip over the ground , while foot pads make the sprint more convenient over tough ground . The tight binding of the tibia and the fibula restrict rotation about the lower leg , thus stabilising the animal throughout the sprint ; the downside , however , is that this reduces climbing efficiency . The pendulum - like motion of the scapula increases the stride length and assists in shock absorption . The extension of the vertebral column can add as much as 76 cm ( 30 in ) to the length of a stride . During more than half of the time of the sprint , the animal has all four limbs in the air ; this also contributes to the stride length . It was previously believed that cheetah sprinting was limited due to excessive heat buildup but this has since been proven false . Cheetah body temperature naturally fluctuates between 37.3 and 39.5 ° C ( 99.1 and 103.1 ° F ) during the course of a day . After a run , a cheetah 's body temperature is well within the normal range at 38.4 ° C ( 101.1 ° F ) . The cheetah will run no more than 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at the tremendous speeds of 80 to 112 km / h ( 50 to 70 mph ) ; very rarely do they run at these speeds as most chases are within 100 m ( 330 ft ) . Recorded values Play media Documentary video filmed at 1200 frames per second showing the movement of Sarah over a set run In general , the speed of a hunting cheetah averages 64 km / h ( 40 mph ) during a chase , interspersed with a few short bursts when the speed may vary between 104 and 120 km / h ( 65 and 75 mph ) ; the most reliable measurement of the typical speed during a short chase is 112 km / h ( 70 mph ) . However , this value of the maximum speed is disputed , with more recent measurements using solar - powered GPS collars in 367 hunts showing a maximum speed of 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) . The speeds attained by the cheetah may be only slightly greater than those achieved by the pronghorn 88.5 km / h ( 55.0 mph ) and the springbok 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) . Yet the cheetah has a greater probability of succeeding in the chase due to its exceptional acceleration -- it can attain a speed of 75 km / h ( 47 mph ) in just two seconds . One stride or jump of a galloping cheetah averages 6.7 metres ( 22 ft ) . Similarly , the ability to change direction rapidly is pivotal in ensuring hunting success . Cheetahs typically walk at 3 -- 4 kilometres per hour ( 1.9 -- 2.5 mph ) . Speed and acceleration values for the hunting cheetah may be different from those for the non-hunting because , while engaged in the chase , the cheetah is more likely to be twisting and turning and may be running through vegetation . In 2012 an 11 - year - old cheetah from the Cincinnati Zoo named Sarah made a world record by running 100 m ( 330 ft ) in 5.95 seconds over a set run , during which she ran a recorded maximum speed of 98 km / h ( 61 mph ) . A study of five wild cheetahs ( three females , two males ) during hunting reported a maximum speed of 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) , with an average of 48 to 56 km / h ( 30 to 35 mph ) . Speed can be increased by almost 10 km / h ( 6 mph ) in a single stride . The average chase is 173 m ( 568 ft ) and the maximum ranges from 407 to 559 m ( 1,335 to 1,834 ft ) . Reproduction. A cheetah cub . Note the long , bluish grey hair on the nape , shoulders and back . Cheetahs breed throughout the year ; they are induced ovulators . Females become sexually mature at 21 to 22 months of age . Females are polyoestrus -- they have an oestrus ( `` heat '' ) cycle every 12 days ( this can vary from 10 to 20 days ) , each oestrus lasting one to three days . A female can give birth again after 17 to 20 months ; however , on the loss of a whole litter mothers can mate again . Urine - marking in males becomes more pronounced when a female in their vicinity comes into oestrus . Males fight among one another to secure access to the female ; even males in a coalition may show some aggression toward one another on approaching a female . One male eventually wins dominance over the others . Mating , observed mainly at night , begins with the male approaching the female , who lies down on the ground . No courtship behaviour is observed ; the male immediately secures hold of the female 's nape and copulation takes place . The pair then ignore each other and part ways . However , they meet and copulate a few more times within the next few days . Polyandrous , females can mate with several males . The mean number of motile sperm in a single ejaculation is nearly 25.3 million . Gestation is nearly three months long . The number of cubs born can vary from one to eight , though the common number is three to five . Birth takes place in a sheltered place such as thick vegetation . Each cub weighs nearly 150 -- 400 g ( 5.3 -- 14.1 oz ) at birth ; the eyes , shut at birth , open in 4 to 11 days . Newborn cubs can crawl and spit ; they can start walking by two weeks . Their nape , shoulders and back are thickly covered with long bluish grey hair . This downy underlying fur , called a `` mantle '' , gives them a Mohawk - type appearance ; this fur is shed as the cheetah grows older . A study noted that this mane gives a cheetah cub the appearance of the honey badger ; this could act as a camouflage in both animals . Cheetah cubs are highly vulnerable during the first few weeks of their life ; mothers keep their cubs hidden in dense vegetation for the first month . Cubs start following their mothers at six weeks . The mother frequently shifts the cubs to new locations . A study of play behaviour of cheetah cubs showed that cubs tend to play after nursing or while they are on the move with their mothers . Play involves plenty of agility ; attacks are seldom lethal . Playing cubs stay near their mothers . The study further revealed that while the cubs showed improvement in catching each other as they grew up , the ability to crouch and hide did not develop remarkably . Thus , it was suggested that play helps develop only certain aspects of predator defence . Weaning occurs at three to six months of age . The mother brings kills to her cubs ; the cubs might purr as the mother licks them clean after the meal . Cubs as young as six months try to capture small prey like hares and juvenile gazelles . However , they may have to wait until as long as 15 months of age to make a successful kill on their own . The offspring may stay with the mother for 13 to 20 months , associating with one another and feeding on kills together . After weaning , juveniles may form mixed - sex herds ; young females may stay back with their mother , but there is hardly any interaction between the mother and daughters . The females in the mixed - sex herd gradually move out as they near sexual maturity . In the Serengeti , average age of independence of 70 observed litters was 17.1 months . Young females had their first litters at the age of about 2.4 years and subsequent litters about 20 months later . The lifespan of wild cheetahs is 14 to 15 years for females ; their reproductive cycle typically ends by 12 years of age . Males generally live as long as 10 years . Mortality High mortality rates have been recorded in the Serengeti . In a 1994 study , nearly 77 % of litters died before eight weeks of birth , and nearly 83 % of those alive could not make it to adolescence ( 14 weeks ) . Lions emerged as the major predator of juveniles , accounting for nearly 78 % of the deaths . The study concluded that the survival rate of cubs till weaning was a mere 4.8 % . This was attributed to the open terrain of the region , which does not allow cheetahs to conceal themselves . Cheetah cubs face higher mortality than most other large mammals . It has been suggested that the significant lack of genetic diversity in cheetahs is a cause of poor quality and production of sperm , and birth defects such as cramped teeth , kinked tails , and bent limbs . Cheetahs do have low fertility rates , but they appear to have flourished for thousands of years with these low levels of genetic variance . Cheetah expert Laurie Marker points out that the high level of genetic uniformity would mean that if an infectious disease surfaced in a population , all of them have ( or lack ) the same level of immunity . In 1982 , 60 % of the cheetah population in the Wildlife Safari ( Oregon , United States ) died due to a peritonitis epidemic . Distribution and habitat The cheetah inhabits a variety of habitats . In Africa , it has been observed in dry forests , scrub forests , and savannahs . In prehistoric times , the cheetah was distributed throughout Asia , Africa , and Europe . Gradually , it vanished from Europe . Nearly 500 years ago , the cheetah was still common throughout Africa , though it avoided deserts and tropical forests . In Eurasia , Afghanistan , Iran , Iraq , Palestine , Syria , and the Ganga and Indus river valleys in South Asia sheltered large numbers of cheetahs . However , today the cheetah has been exterminated from the majority of its earlier range . The IUCN estimates that the total expanse of the range of the cheetah in earlier times was approximately 25,344,648 km ( 9,785,623 sq mi ) ; the range ( as of 2015 ) has since then reduced to 2,709,054 km ( 1,045,972 sq mi ) , a substantial decline of 89 % . Africa African cheetahs inhabit savannahs The cheetah occurs mainly in eastern and southern Africa ; the range across the continent has declined to a mere 10 % of the historic expanse . The range in eastern Africa has reduced to 6 % of its original range , so that presently it is distributed in an area of 310,586 km ( 119,918 sq mi ) . In the Horn of Africa , the cheetah occurs in Ethiopia , Kenya , South Sudan , Tanzania , and Uganda . The range has not reduced as much in the southern part of the continent , where it occurs in an area of 1,223,388 km ( 472,353 sq mi ) , 22 % of its original range . Significant populations thrive in south - western Angola , Botswana , Malawi , south - western Mozambique , Namibia , northern South Africa , southern Zambia , and Zimbabwe . Very few isolated populations occur in the Sahara ; the population density in this region is as low as two to three individuals per 10,000 km ( 3,900 sq mi ) . They occur in very low numbers in northern and western Africa . The distribution of prey may influence habitat preferences ; in a study in the Kruger National Park , female cheetahs were found to spend a significant amount of time in woodlands , where impala occurred . It was suggested that though the forested area was unsuitable for hunting , the females preferred woodlands to encounter more impala . Male coalitions , on the other hand , shunned dense habitats and spent most of the time in open savannahs . An explanation given for this was that the coalitions prefer larger prey than impala . Though they do not prefer montane regions , cheetahs can occur at elevations as high as 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . An open area with some cover , such as diffused bushes , is probably ideal for the cheetah because it needs to stalk and pursue its prey over a distance , exploiting its speed . This also minimises the risk of encountering larger carnivores . Complete lack of cover , however , can be a cause of prey loss and mortality . Asia In the past , the cheetah ranged across vast stretches of Asia : from the Mediterranean and the Arabian Peninsula in the west to the Indian subcontinent in the east , and as far north as the Caspian and Aral Seas . However , the cheetah has disappeared from the majority of its historic range , save for Iran and possibly a few areas in Afghanistan , the Indian subcontinent , and Turkmenistan . Status and threats A Sudan cheetah in Chester Zoo The cheetah has been classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN ; it is listed under Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ( CMS ) and Appendix I of CITES ( Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ) . In 2014 the CITES Standing Committee recognised the cheetah as a `` species of priority '' in their strategies in northeastern Africa to counter wildlife trafficking . As of 2015 , the IUCN gives the total number of surviving individuals as nearly 6,700 . Regional estimates have been given as : 1,960 in eastern Africa ( as of 2007 ) ; 4,190 in southern Africa ( as of 2007 ) ; and 440 in western , central , and northern Africa ( as of 2012 ) . The southern half of the continent , therefore , is home to the largest number of cheetah. 29 sub-populations have been identified , of which most consist of no more than 500 individuals . A small population of 60 to 100 individuals was reported from Iran in 2007 . Populations are feared to be declining , especially those of adults . The cheetah is threatened by habitat loss through agricultural and industrial expansion ; moreover , the animal apparently requires a large area to live in as indicated by its low population densities . The cheetah appears to be less capable than the leopard of coexisting with humans . As such , human interference can disturb the activities , such as hunting and feeding , of cheetah . With 76 % of their range consisting of unprotected land , the cheetah are often targeted by farmers and pastoralists who attempt to protect their livestock . However , cheetahs typically do not prefer livestock for prey . Game hunters may also try to harm cheetah as these carnivores can deprive them of valuable game . Roadkill can be another threat , especially in areas where roads have been constructed near the natural habitat or protected areas . Cases of roadkill involving cheetahs have been reported from Kalmand , Tūrān , and Bafq . The threat is posed by infectious diseases is minor , given the low population densities and hence the minimal chance of infection . In 2016 , a report estimated that there are just 7,100 cheetahs in the wild and that they are rapidly heading towards extinction . The authors suggest an immediate re-categorisation of the species from vulnerable to endangered . Conservation measures The IUCN has recommended co-operation between countries across the cheetah 's range to minimise the conflict between cheetahs and human beings . A 2016 study showed that ecotourism can have a significantly positive impact on the conservation of the cheetah . Although the requirement of space for the habitat would have to be compromised in most cases , establishment of private reserves for cheetahs and ensuring the absence of predators and poachers could be a successful conservation measure . Additionally , the financial benefits accrued and the awareness generated can further aid the cause of the cheetah . At the same time , the animals should not be unnecessarily handled or disturbed , as cheetahs are particularly sensitive to human interference . In Africa The Range Wide Conservation Program for Cheetah and African Wild Dogs ( RWCP ) , the brainchild of Sarah Durant and Rosie Woodroffe ( of the Zoological Society of London ) , was started in 2007 with the primary aim of ensuring better conservation measures for the cheetah and the wild dog -- two species with very low population densities . A joint initiative by the ZSL , the Wildlife Conservation Society , and the IUCN Cat Specialist Group , the program has among its major goals a review of the conservation policies adopted by the South African countries , and study and action on illegal hunting and trade of the cheetah . In a 2007 publication , Durant emphasised the role of land management and improvement in connectivity across the range in cheetah conservation , in the lack of which the populations might face severe fragmentation . Benin ( 2014 ) , Botswana ( 2007 ) , Chad ( 2015 ) , Ethiopia ( 2010 ) , Kenya ( 2007 ) , Mozambique ( 2010 ) , Namibia ( 2013 ) , Niger ( 2012 ) , South Africa ( 2009 ) , South Sudan ( 2009 ) , Tanzania ( 2013 ) , Zambia ( 2009 ) , and Zimbabwe ( 2009 ) have formulated action plans for the conservation of the cheetah ( the years in which the workshops were held are given in brackets ) . In Asia Main article : Cheetah reintroduction in India Kushki the male Asiatic cheetah in northeastern Iran In the 20th century , the populations of cheetah in India saw a drastic fall . The last physical evidence of the cheetah in India was thought to be three individuals , all shot by the Maharajah of Surguja ( a man also noted for holding a record for shooting 1,360 tigers ) , in 1947 in eastern Madhya Pradesh , but a female was sighted in Koriya district , present - day Chhattisgarh , in 1951 . During the early 2000s , scientists from the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology ( CCMB ) , Hyderabad , proposed a plan to clone Asiatic cheetahs obtained from Iran . India asked Iran to transport one live pair to India , or , if that was not possible , allow them to collect sperm and eggs of the cheetah pair in Iran itself . However , Iran rejected both proposals . In September 2009 , the then Minister of Environment and Forests , Jairam Ramesh , assigned the Wildlife Trust of India and the Wildlife Institute of India with the task of examining the potential of cheetah reintroduction in the nation . The report , submitted in 2010 , showed that the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary and Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh , and Shahgarh Landscape and Desert National Park in Rajasthan have a high potential to support reintroduced cheetah populations . These areas were found to be spacious ; of these four areas , the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary had the largest available area , 6,800 square kilometres ( 2,600 sq mi ) . Moreover , these were rich in prey availability . The Sanjay National Park , though comprising an area of 12.500 square kilometres ( 4.826 sq mi ) and having supported cheetah populations before the independence of India in 1947 , is no longer suitable for the cheetah due to low prey density and risks of poaching . In 2001 the Iranian government collaborated with the Cheetah Conservation Fund , the IUCN , Panthera , United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , and the Wildlife Conservation Society on the Conservation of Asiatic Cheetah Project ( CACP ) to protect the natural habitat of the Asiatic cheetah and its prey , to ensure that development projects do not hamper its survival , and to highlight the plight of the Asiatic cheetah . Iran declared 31 August as National Cheetah Day in 2006 . Interaction with human beings Taming A hieroglyph from Deir el - Bahari depicting leashed cheetahs ( `` panthers '' ) The cheetah in general shows no hostility toward human beings , probably due to its sociable nature . This might be a reason why the cheetah can be easily tamed , as it has been since antiquity . Reliefs in the Deir el - Bahari temple complex tell of an expedition by Egyptians to the Land of Punt during the reign of the pharaoh Hatshepsut ( 1507 -- 1458 BC ) that fetched , among other things , animals called `` panthers '' for Egypt . Two types of `` panthers '' were depicted in these sculptures : leashed cheetahs , referred to as `` panthers of the north '' , and sturdy leopards , referred to as `` panthers of the south '' . During the New Kingdom ( 16th to 11th centuries BC ) , cheetahs were common pet animals for the royalty , who decorated the animals with beautiful collars and leashes . The Egyptians would use their dogs to bring the concealed prey out in the open , after which a cheetah would be set upon it to kill it . A Sumerian seal dating back to nearly 3000 BC , featuring a leashed animal resembling a cheetah , has fuelled speculation that the cheetah might have been first domesticated and used for hunting in Sumer ( Mesopotamia ) . However , Thomas T. Allsen ( of The College of New Jersey ) argues that the depicted animal might not be a cheetah given its largely dog - like features ; moreover , the background gives an impression of a montane area , which the cheetah does not typically inhabit . Giuliano de ' Medici depicted with a cheetah behind him on horseback . Painting by Benozzo Gozzoli Mainly two kinds of theories have been put forth to explain the subsequent expansion of the cheetah into Asia , Europe , and the rest of Africa . Historians who accept the Sumerian origin of the domesticated cheetah -- such as Heinz F. Friederichs and Burchard Brentjes -- hold that the animal gradually spread out to central and northern Africa , from where it reached India . On the other hand , historians such as Frederick E. Zeuner accept the Egyptian origin and state that the cheetah gradually spread into central Asia , Iran , and India . In the third century AD , Roman author Claudius Aelianus wrote of tame panthers in India and `` smaller lions '' that would be used for tracking and hunting ; the account can not be very reliable as Roman , as well as Greek , literature is not generally clear in its references to different types of cats . Hunting with cheetahs became more prevalent toward the seventh century AD . The 11th - century Clephane Horn , possibly of Byzantine origin , is believed to depict domesticated hunting cheetahs . In the Middle East , the cheetah would accompany the nobility to hunts in special seats behind saddles . Cheetahs continued to be associated with royalty and elegance in western Asia till as late as the 19th century . The first phase of taming would take several weeks , in which the cheetah would be kept tethered and made to get accustomed to human beings . Next , the cheetah would be tempted with food and trained to mount horses . Finally , its hunting instincts would be aroused by slaughtering animals before it . The whole process could take as long as a year to complete . In eastern Asia , the records are confusing as regional names for the leopard and the cheetah may be used interchangeably . The earliest depiction of cheetahs from eastern Asia dates back to the Tang dynasty ( 7th to 10th centuries AD ) ; paintings depict tethered cheetahs as well as cheetahs mounted on horses . Chinese emperors would use cheetahs , as well as caracals , as gifts . In the 13th and the 14th centuries , the Yuan rulers bought numerous caracals , cheetahs , and tigers from the western parts of the empire and Muslim merchants , in return for gold , silver , cash , and silk . According to the Ming Shilu , the subsequent Ming dynasty ( 14th to 17th centuries ) continued this practice . The cheetah gradually entered Eurasia toward the 14th century , though they never became as popular as they had in the Middle East . The Mughal ruler Akbar the Great ( 1556 -- 1605 ) is said to have kept as many as 1000 cheetahs . However , his son Jahangir wrote in his memoirs , Tuzk - e-Jahangiri , that only one of them gave birth to cubs . Mughal rulers trained cheetahs as well as caracals in a similar way as the West Asians , and used them to hunt game -- especially blackbuck . The rampant hunting severely affected the populations of wild animals . In captivity Mortality under captivity is generally high ; reasons include stillbirths , birth defects , cannibalism , hypothermia , neglect of cubs by mothers , and infectious diseases . A study comparing the health of captive and wild cheetahs noted that despite having similar genetic make - up , wild cheetahs are far healthier than their captive counterparts . The study identified possible stress factors such as restricted habitat and interaction with human beings and other carnivores , and recommended private and spacious areas for captive cheetahs . A study of diseases suffered by captive cheetahs in the period 1989 -- 92 in several North American zoos showed that hepatic veno - occlusive disease , a disease of the liver , had affected 82 % of the deceased cheetahs , caused nine deaths , and occurred in 51 % of living females . Chronic gastritis was detected in 91 % of the population . Glomerulosclerosis , a disease of the kidneys , emerged as another significant disease , affecting 84 % of the cheetahs ; another renal disease , nephrosclerosis , affected 39 % of the cheetahs . Feline infectious peritonitis caused two deaths . Pneumonia was a major cause for juvenile deaths . Another study concluded that excess of vitamin A in their diets could result in veno - occlusive disease in their livers . Moreover , cheetahs are poor breeders in captivity , while wild individuals are far more successful . In a 1992 study , females in Serengeti were found to have 95 % success rate in breeding . In contrast , only 20 % of the North American captive cheetahs bred successfully in 1991 . Studies have shown that in - vitro fertilisation in cheetah poses more difficulties than are faced in the case of other cats . In Culture Bacchus and Ariadne by Titian , 1523 The cheetah has been widely portrayed in a variety of artistic works . In Bacchus and Ariadne , an oil painting by the 16th - century Italian painter Titian , the chariot of the Greek god Dionysus ( Bacchus ) is depicted as being drawn by two cheetahs . The cheetahs in the painting were previously considered to be leopards . In 1764 English painter George Stubbs commemorated the gifting of a cheetah to George III by the English Governor of Madras , Sir George Pigot in his painting Cheetah with Two Indian Attendants and a Stag . The painting depicts a cheetah , hooded and collared by two Indian servants , along with a stag it was supposed to prey upon . The 1896 painting The Caress , by the 19th - century Belgian symbolist painter Fernand Khnopff , is a representation of the myth of Oedipus and the Sphinx . It portrays a creature with a woman 's head and a cheetah 's body ( often misidentified as a leopard 's ) . The Bill Thomas Cheetah American sports / racing car , a Chevrolet - based coupe first designed and driven in 1963 , was an attempt to challenge Carroll Shelby 's Shelby Cobra in American sports car competition of the 1960s era . Due to only two dozen or fewer chassis ever being built , with only a dozen of these being complete cars , the Cheetah was never homologated for competition beyond prototype status , with its production ending in 1966 . A variety of literature mentions the cheetah . In 1969 author Joy Adamson , of Born Free fame , wrote The Spotted Sphinx , a biography of her pet cheetah Pippa . Hussein , An Entertainment , a novel by Patrick O'Brian set in the British Raj period in India , illustrates the practice of royalty keeping and training cheetahs to hunt antelopes . The book How It Was with Dooms tells the true story of a family raising an orphaned cheetah cub named Dooms in Kenya . The 2005 film Duma was loosely based on this book . The cheetah has often been featured in marketing and animation . In 1986 Frito - Lay introduced the Chester Cheetah , an anthropomorphic cheetah , as the mascot for their Cheetos . The first release of Apple Inc. 's Mac OS X , the Mac OS X 10.0 , was code - named `` Cheetah '' ; the subsequent versions released before 2013 were all named after cats . The animated series ThunderCats had a character named `` Cheetara '' , an anthropomorphic cheetah , voiced by Lynne Lipton . Comic book superheroine Wonder Woman 's chief adversary is Dr. Barbara Ann Minerva , alias The Cheetah . 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Ahead of their Time : A Biographical Dictionary of Risk - taking Women . Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 316 - 609 . Jump up ^ Towheed , S. ( 2007 ) . New Readings in the Literature of British India , c. 1780 -- 1947 . Stuttgart , Germany : Ibidem - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3898 - 216 - 739 . Jump up ^ `` How it was with Dooms -- a true story from Africa '' . New York . 30 ( 10 ) : 119 . 17 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Ebert , R. ( 2007 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2007 . Missouri , USA : Andrews McMeel Pub . pp. 195 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0740 - 761 - 577 . Jump up ^ Laskow , S. ( 20 August 2015 ) . `` The original Cheetos Mouse never had a chance once Chester Cheetah came along '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J.K. ( 2009 ) . American Advertising in Poland : A Study of Cultural Interactions since 1990 . North Carolina , USA : McFarland & Company . pp. 127 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3797 - 9 . Jump up ^ Moreau , S. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` The Evolution of Mac OS X '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , D. ( 2008 ) . The DC Comics Encyclopedia : The Definitive Guide to the Characters of the DC Universe ( Updated and expanded ed . ) . New York , USA : Dorling Kindersley . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 1 . Further reading Great Cats , Majestic Creatures of the Wild , ed . John Seidensticker , illus . Frank Knight , ( Rodale Press , 1991 ) , ISBN 0 - 87857 - 965 - 6 Cheetah , Katherine ( or Kathrine ) and Karl Ammann , Arco Pub , ( 1985 ) , ISBN 0 - 668 - 06259 - 2 . Science ( vol 311 , p. 73 ) Marker , L. ( 2002 ) . `` Aspects of Namibian cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) : biology , ecology and conservation strategies '' ( PDF ) . PhD . Thesis , Department of Zoology , University of Oxford . External links Wikispecies has information related to Acinonyx jubatus Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acinonyx jubatus . Wikinews has related news : Around 7,100 cheetahs remain , say experts Cheetah at the Encyclopedia of Life IUCN / SSC Cat Specialist Group : Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Conservation Fund De Wildt Cheetah and Wildlife Trust On the Chase With Cheetahs -- slideshow by Life magazine Fake Flies and Cheating Cheetahs : measuring the speed of a cheetah Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below ( hide ) Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis Wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Pantanal cat ( L. braccatus ) Colocolo ( L. colocolo ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Pampas cat ( L. pajeros ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Fisher ( M. pennanti ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Animals portal Mammals portal Cats portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q23907 ADW : Acinonyx_jubatus EoL : 328680 Fossilworks : 224065 GBIF : 2435270 iNaturalist : 41955 ITIS : 183813 IUCN : 219 MSW : 14000006 NCBI : 32536 Species+ : 8935 ARKive : cheetah / acinonyx - jubatus LCCN : sh85022857 GND : 4193010 - 1 BNF : cb159931426 ( data ) NDL : 00573108 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheetah&oldid=815181908 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Acinonyx Felids of Africa Megafauna of Africa Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa Fauna of East Africa Mammals of Southern Africa Fauna of the Sahara Mammals of Southwest Asia Extant Pleistocene first appearances Mammals described in 1775 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles EngvarB from April 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Wolof 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 07 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah	2,471
what is the end credit song in black panther	No . Title Length 1 . `` Wakanda Origins '' 1 : 44 2 . `` Royal Talon Fighter '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Wakanda '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Warrior Falls '' 4 : 06 5 . `` The Jabari '' 1 : 08 6 . `` Waterfall Fight '' 4 : 03 7 . `` Ancestral Plane '' 4 : 27 8 . `` Killmonger '' 2 : 55 9 . `` Phambili '' 2 : 31 10 . `` Casino Brawl '' 3 : 32 11 . `` Busan Car Chase '' 2 : 49 12 . `` Questioning Klaue '' 3 : 32 13 . `` Outsider '' 2 : 07 14 . `` Is This Wakanda ? '' 2 : 46 15 . `` Killmonger 's Challenge '' 5 : 07 16 . `` Killmonger vs. T'Challa '' 3 : 30 17 . `` Loyal to the Throne '' 1 : 35 18 . `` Killmonger 's Dream '' 3 : 15 19 . `` Burn It All '' 3 : 24 20 . `` Entering Jabariland '' 2 : 42 21 . `` Wake Up T'Challa '' 6 : 08 22 . `` The Great Mound Battle '' 3 : 48 23 . `` Glory to Bast '' 6 : 06 24 . `` The Jabari , Pt. II '' 2 : 22 25 . `` A Kings Sunset '' 4 : 28 26 . `` A New Day '' 1 : 47 27 . `` Spaceship Bugatti '' 1 : 23 28 . `` United Nations / End Titles '' 7 : 32 Total length : 1 : 35 : 07	United Nations / End Titles '' 7 :	Black Panther ( Soundtrack )	black panther ( soundtrack )	Black Panther : The Album -- Music from and Inspired By ( alternatively Black Panther : The Album ) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Black Panther . It was curated by Kendrick Lamar , and features a variety of collaborators , including many of Lamar 's fellow artists signed to Top Dawg Entertainment . It was released by Interscope Records on February 9 , 2018 . A separate film score album , Black Panther ( Original Score ) , composed by Ludwig Göransson , was released by Interscope Records on February 16 , 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Black Panther : The Album 1.1 Background 1.2 Track listing 1.2. 1 Additional personnel 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Charts 1.5 Certifications 1.6 Accolades 2 Black Panther ( Original Score ) 2.1 Background 2.2 Track listing 2.3 Charts 2.4 Accolades 3 References Black Panther : the Album ( edit ) Black Panther : The Album Soundtrack album by Kendrick Lamar and various artists Released February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Studio Windmark No Excuses Groovy Sounds Ruff Deuce Station EastWest The Grill Conway 5Star Production West Ink Records Empire Low Key Electric Lady HOB Genre Experimental hip hop pop - rap Length 49 : 12 Label Top Dawg Aftermath Interscope Producer Anthony `` Top Dawg '' Tiffith ( exec. ) Kendrick Lamar ( also exec . ) Dave `` Miyatola '' Free ( assoc. ) 30 Roc Aaron Bow Al Shux BadBadNotGood Cardo Cubeatz DJ Dahi Doc McKinney Frank Dukes Hykeem Carter Illmind Kurtis McKenzie Ludwig Göransson Matt Schaeffer Mike Will Made It Robin Hannibal Rascal Scribz Riley Sounwave Teddy Walton Twon Beatz Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Kendrick Lamar chronology Damn ( 2017 ) Black Panther : The Album ( 2018 ) Singles from Black Panther : The Album `` All the Stars '' Released : January 4 , 2018 `` King 's Dead '' Released : January 11 , 2018 `` Pray for Me '' Released : February 2 , 2018 Background ( edit ) Kendrick Lamar produced the film 's curated soundtrack , titled Black Panther : The Album , along with Top Dawg Entertainment founder Anthony Tiffith . Black Panther director Ryan Coogler chose Lamar for the project because his `` artistic themes align with those we explore in the film . '' Lamar was initially only going to work on a few songs for the film , but after he watched a majority of the film , he decided to create the album . Sounwave , a producer on the album , said that `` the production , the hooks and ideas '' for the album were created in August 2017 when Lamar was on The Damn Tour . When the tour concluded the following month , the effort began to `` execute our ideas and reach out to people '' to appear on the album . The album and Lamar 's involvement was teased as an easter egg in Lamar 's music video for his single `` Love '' in late December 2017 , with a clapperboard reading `` B. Panther soundtrack coming soon '' . Lamar released the first single for the album , `` All the Stars '' , in January 2018 , in which he collaborated with fellow Top Dawg artist SZA . Shortly after , a new trailer for the film featured `` Opps '' by Lamar and Vince Staples . A second song by Lamar with Jay Rock , Future and James Blake called `` King 's Dead '' was released later in the month . On February 2 , 2018 , `` Pray for Me '' by Lamar and The Weeknd was released as the album 's third single . Black Panther : The Album was released on February 9 , 2018 . The cover art for the album was illustrated by Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey . The soundtrack debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 154,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 52,000 came from pure album sales ) . The album remained on the number one spot in its second week , selling 131,000 equivalent album units ( of that sum , 40,000 were pure album sales ) . Track listing ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Black Panther '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar ) Kendrick Duckworth Mark Spears Kevin Gomringer Tim Gomringer Matt Schaeffer Kendrick Lamar Sounwave Cubeatz Schaeffer 2 : 11 2 . `` All the Stars '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and SZA ) Duckworth Spears Al Shuckburgh Solána Rowe Anthony Tiffith Sounwave Al Shux 3 : 56 3 . `` X '' ( performed by Schoolboy Q , 2 Chainz , and Saudi ) Duckworth Spears Ramon Ibanga Quincy Hanley Tauheed Epps Anele Mbisha Sounwave Illmind 4 : 27 4 . `` The Ways '' ( performed by Khalid and Swae Lee ) Duckworth Spears Matthew Tavares Chester Hansen Leland Whitty Alexander Sowinski Khalid Robinson Khalif Brown Sounwave BadBadNotGood Lamar 3 : 59 5 . `` Opps '' ( performed by Vince Staples and Yugen Blakrok ) Duckworth Spears Ludwig Göransson Vincent Staples Sounwave Göransson 3 : 01 6 . `` I Am '' ( performed by Jorja Smith ) Duckworth Spears Jorja Smith Tobias Breuer Troy Chester Sounwave Lamar 3 : 29 7 . `` Paramedic ! '' ( performed by SOB X RBE ) Duckworth Dacoury Natche Spears K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Juwon Lee Graham Harris Wayman Barrow Jabbar Brown DJ Dahi Sounwave Cubeatz 3 : 39 8 . `` Bloody Waters '' ( performed by Ab - Soul , Anderson Paak and James Blake ) Duckworth Spears Robin Braun Herbert Stevens IV James Litherland Sounwave Lamar Robin Hannibal 4 : 32 9 . `` King 's Dead '' ( performed by Jay Rock , Kendrick Lamar , Future and James Blake ) Duckworth Michael Williams II Travis Walton Spears Johnny McKinzie Nayvadius Wilburn Litherland Samuel Gloade Antwon Hicks Mike Will Made It Teddy Walton Sounwave 30 Roc Twon Beatz AxlFolie 3 : 50 10 . `` Redemption Interlude '' Duckworth Hykeem Carter Zacari Pacaldo Carter Lamar 1 : 25 11 . `` Redemption '' ( performed by Zacari and Babes Wodumo ) Duckworth Walton Kurtis McKenzie Mike Riley Pacaldo Bongekile Simelane Mandla Maphumulo McKenzie Walton Scribz Riley Aaron Bow 3 : 42 12 . `` Seasons '' ( performed by Mozzy , Sjava and Reason ) Duckworth Spears Adam Feeney Timothy Patterson Jabulani Hadebe Robert Gill Sounwave Lamar Frank Dukes 4 : 02 13 . `` Big Shot '' ( performed by Kendrick Lamar and Travis Scott ) Duckworth Ronald LaTour Brock Korsan K. Gomringer T. Gomringer Spears Jacques Webster Cardo Cubeatz Sounwave Schaeffer 3 : 42 14 . `` Pray for Me '' ( performed by The Weeknd and Kendrick Lamar ) Abel Tesfaye Duckworth Feeney Martin McKinney Frank Dukes Doc McKinney 3 : 31 Total length : 49 : 19 Notes signifies a co-producer . signifies an additional producer . signifies an uncredited co-producer . `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Bloody Waters '' and `` Redemption Interlude '' feature additional vocals by Zacari . `` Pray for Me '' features background vocals by Samrawit Hailu . `` X '' , `` The Ways '' , `` Opps '' , `` I Am '' , `` Paramedic ! '' , `` Redemption Interlude '' , `` Redemption '' , and `` Seasons '' feature uncredited vocals by Kendrick Lamar . `` Redemption Interlude '' features uncredited vocals by Hykeem Carter . `` Redemption '' features uncredited vocals by Mampintsha . Sample credits `` Big Shot '' contains an uncredited interpolation of `` New Freezer '' by Rich the Kid featuring Kendrick Lamar . Additional personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from digital booklet . Musicians Ezinma -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Sounwave -- string arrangement ( tracks 1 , 2 ) Bēkon -- additional strings ( tracks 6 , 12 ) Rascal -- original sample ( track 6 ) Knukuth -- original sample ( track 6 ) James Blake -- additional keys ( track 8 ) Rob Gueringer -- additional bass and guitar ( track 12 ) Technical Matt Schaeffer -- recording ( tracks 1 - 9 , 11 , 13 ) , mixing ( tracks 1 - 10 , 12 ) Sam Ricci -- recording ( track 2 ) James Hunt -- recording ( track 3 ) Ruff Nkosi -- recording ( Saudi , track 3 ; Sjava , track 12 ) Nolan Presley -- recording ( 2 Chainz , track 3 ) Michael Law Thomas -- recording ( Vince Staples , track 5 ) LMNZ -- recording ( Yugen Blakrok , track 5 ) Max Perry -- recording ( SOB X RBE , track 7 ) Joshua Smith -- recording ( James Blake , track 8 ) Nevin J. Thomas -- recording ( Anderson Paak , track 8 ) Eric Manco -- recording ( Future , track 9 ) Hykeem Carter -- recording ( track 10 ) Zacari -- recording ( track 10 ) Mandla Maphumulo -- recording ( Babes Wodumo , track 11 ) DaveO -- recording ( Mozzy , track 12 ) Mark `` Keitel '' Lowe , Jr. -- recording ( Reason , track 12 ) Jimmy Cash -- recording ( Travis Scott , track 13 ) Beatriz Artola -- recording ( Kendrick Lamar , track 14 ) Shin Kamiyama -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Mike Sonier -- recording ( The Weeknd , track 14 ) Doc McKinney -- recording ( Samrawit Hailu , track 14 ) Barry McCready -- assistant engineering ( track 14 ) Derek `` MixedByAli '' Ali -- mixing ( tracks 11 , 13 ) Jaycen Joshua -- mixing ( track 14 ) Cyrus Taghipour -- mixing assistance ( tracks 11 , 13 ) David Nakaji -- mixing assistance ( track 14 ) Mike Bozzi -- mastering ( all tracks ) Mike Dean -- mastering ( track 13 ) Chris Athens -- mastering ( track 14 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 80 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club B+ The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.5 / 10 Rolling Stone Vice Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 80 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Alex Petridis of The Guardian stated that the soundtrack `` hangs together as a standalone album , albeit a less consistent one than Lamar 's solo releases . '' Commenting on the various tracks , many of which Petridis felt had `` heady '' ideas , he concluded the album `` often feels like an enjoyable interstitial release rather than an essential one . Still , that may simply say something about the standards its curator has set in recent years . '' Clayton Purdom of The A.V. Club felt that the Black Panther soundtrack was `` one of the best rap albums of this young year '' , adding that `` the tracks play it safe , but the project itself does not , an audacious exertion of energy from one of the planet 's most universally revered musicians ... the album does n't need the film ; it works on its own , developing its own themes at its own pace , channeled inimitably through the sensibilities of Kendrick Lamar and TDE . '' Purdom felt that Black Panther : The Album could stand alongside other artist - driven soundtracks for films like Tron : Legacy , Coffy and 8 Mile . Writing for Vice , Robert Christgau called the music `` star - studded , hooky - to - jingly , sneakily experimental pop - rap product tinged with the flick 's racialized broad - stroke humanitarianism '' , and credited Lamar for `` marking every ( song ) with a verse or chorus or hook defined by the least regal of the great rap flows , unassumingly slurred while making every word count '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 13 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 8 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 35 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 18 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 12 Italian Compilation Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Compilations Chart ( OCC ) 9 US Billboard 200 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Billboard Music Awards Top Soundtrack Nominated BET Awards Album of the Year Pending Black Panther ( original score ) ( edit ) Black Panther ( Original Score ) Film score by Ludwig Göransson Released February 16 , 2018 Recorded October and December 2017 Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Film score Length 95 : 07 Label Hollywood Marvel Music Ludwig Göransson chronology Hasan Minhaj : Homecoming King ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( Original Score ) ( 2018 ) Death Wish ( 2018 ) Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtrack chronology Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) Background ( edit ) Ludwig Göransson was hired to compose the film 's score by April 2017 . This is his third feature film collaboration with Coogler , after Fruitvale Station and Creed . Göransson `` felt incredible pressure to pay homage to African culture and its traditional music . It 's not lost on me that I 'm a Swedish guy from one of the coldest countries in the world . '' Göransson traveled to Senegal and South Africa to record local musicians to form the `` base '' of his soundtrack . He accompanied Baaba Maal on his tour throughout Senegal , recording Maal and other Senegalese artists Maal introduced to him . Maal sings in the Fula language on some of the tracks . While in Africa , Göransson became fond of the sound the talking drum produced , which he incorporated as the sound for T'Challa and `` was the first seed of how the instrumentation affected the process . '' He also came across the tambin , which was incorporated in his sounds for Erik Killmonger . Göransson sent his tambin recordings to Michael B. Jordan , who plays Killmonger , to help him prepare for the role . A sabar drummer performed `` challenge rhythms '' for T'Challa's competitors and the kora and vuvuzelas `` provided additional color '' for Göransson . When Göransson was in South Africa , he visited the International Library of African Music in Grahamstown and listened to the music of `` thousands of different tribes in Africa '' from field recordings , much of which no longer exists because of colonization . Describing his score , Göransson said , `` The most difficult part is that as soon as you put production and orchestra on top of African music , it does n't sound African anymore . So the challenge was incorporating these things and making them still feel African . '' Coogler praised the collaboration between Lamar and Göransson , as Göransson `` was able to manipulate the score to incorporate some of ( The Album ) songs and weave them in and out of the orchestral stuff that he was already doing . '' Göransson recorded the score in October and December 2017 , at Abbey Road Studios over two weeks , and utilized a 132 - piece western classical orchestra , African percussionists and a 40 - person choir , which sang in Xhosa . Göransson and John Ashton Thomas conducted the orchestra recording . The album for the score was released digitally on February 16 , 2018 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Ludwig Göransson . No . Title Length 1 . `` Wakanda Origins '' 1 : 44 2 . `` Royal Talon Fighter '' 4 : 00 3 . `` Wakanda '' 2 : 20 4 . `` Warrior Falls '' 4 : 06 5 . `` The Jabari '' 1 : 08 6 . `` Waterfall Fight '' 4 : 03 7 . `` Ancestral Plane '' 4 : 27 8 . `` Killmonger '' 2 : 55 9 . `` Phambili '' 2 : 31 10 . `` Casino Brawl '' 3 : 32 11 . `` Busan Car Chase '' 2 : 49 12 . `` Questioning Klaue '' 3 : 32 13 . `` Outsider '' 2 : 07 14 . `` Is This Wakanda ? '' 2 : 46 15 . `` Killmonger 's Challenge '' 5 : 07 16 . `` Killmonger vs. T'Challa '' 3 : 30 17 . `` Loyal to the Throne '' 1 : 35 18 . `` Killmonger 's Dream '' 3 : 15 19 . `` Burn It All '' 3 : 24 20 . `` Entering Jabariland '' 2 : 42 21 . `` Wake Up T'Challa '' 6 : 08 22 . `` The Great Mound Battle '' 3 : 48 23 . `` Glory to Bast '' 6 : 06 24 . `` The Jabari , Pt. II '' 2 : 22 25 . `` A Kings Sunset '' 4 : 28 26 . `` A New Day '' 1 : 47 27 . `` Spaceship Bugatti '' 1 : 23 28 . `` United Nations / End Titles '' 7 : 32 Total length : 1 : 35 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 193 US Billboard 200 64 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref . 2018 Saturn Awards Best Film Music Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Christgau on the Star - Studded , Kendrick - Helmed ' Black Panther ' OST '' . Vice . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Will Produce and Curate Marvel 's ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tyler - Ameen , Daoud ; Madden , Sydney ; Richmond , Justin ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How ' Black Panther : The Album ' Came Together '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Hid a ' Black Panther ' Clue in His New ' LOVE . ' Music Video '' . Time . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Bille , Braudie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar and Vince Staples ' New Song Teased in Black Panther Trailer : Watch '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Legaspi , Althea ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar , Future , James Blake Team on Jay Rock 's ' King 's Dead ' '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Madden , Sidney ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar And The Weeknd Team Up For ' Pray For Me ' '' . NPR . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moniuszko , Sara ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Everything we know about the Marvel superhero film ' Black Panther ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chesman , Donna - Claire ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Illustrator Nikolas A. Draper - Ivey Went From Fan Art to Drawing ' Black Panther The Album ' '' . DJ Booth . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Ketih ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther : The Album ' No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart for Second Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Various Artists -- Black Panther : The Album ( Booklet ) '' . Genius . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Panther The Album Music From And Inspired By '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 30 Roc ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` New Music by @ jayrock x @ kendricklamar x @ future x @ jamesblake `` King Dead '' ( Prod.By ... '' Instagram . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ AxlFolie ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` So I guess I 'm on the @ blackpanther project thanks too @ teddywalton and the gang ... I did the drums on the second half 🙏 🏿 @ kendricklamar '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Graham ; Gardner , Alex ; Skelton , Eric ; Isom , Eric ; Moore , Jason ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned from Kendrick Lamar 's ' Black Panther ' Album '' . Pigeons & Planes . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeeman , Kyle ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Babes ' Black Panther song : She sings kikirikiki and , oh , it features Mampintsha '' . The Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar Previewed His Travis Scott Collab `` Big Shot '' During His 2018 Grammys Performance `` . Genius . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Panther : The Album by Original Soundtrack Reviews and Tracks '' . Metacritic . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` Black Panther : The Album ( Music From and Inspired By ) -- Kendrick Lamar '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Purdom , Clayton ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` With Black Panther , Kendrick Lamar adds a great soundtrack to his résumé '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alex ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Black Panther soundtrack review - Kendrick Lamar 's Superfly moment '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartleet , Larry ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther soundtrack review '' . NME . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Sheldon ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Various Artists : Black Panther The Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Kendrick Lamar Goes Superhero - Producer on ' Black Panther ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar : Black Panther The Album Music From and Inspired By '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 7 , 2018 '' . FIMI . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kendrick Lamar -- Black Panther - The Soundtrack Album '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Music Awards 2018 Nominations : See the Full List '' . Billboard. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BET Staff ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` BET 2018 Nominees '' . BET . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` You 're Not Ready for Black Panther 's Stunning New Spin on Superhero Movies '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Byron ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Scored a 4 - Hour Cut of the Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Musical Anatomy of a Superhero : The Best SDCC Panel That I Did n't Intend To See '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Sheldon ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` How Black Panther Composer Ludwig Göransson Found the Sound of Wakanda '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Composer Infuses Score With Trove of African Sounds '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Genius ( February 16 , 2018 ) . The Making Of `` Wakanda '' With Ludwig Göransson Presented By Marvel Studio 's Black Panther . YouTube . Event occurs at 5 : 25 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Music & Hollywood Records to Release Ludwig Goransson 's ' Black Panther ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . February 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Black Panther ' Score Album Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ludwig Goransson -- Black Panther - Original Score '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Black Panther Stan Lee Jack Kirby Black Panthers T'Chaka T'Challa Kasper Cole Shuri Supporting characters Avengers Blade Brother Voodoo Captain America Dora Milaje Eden Fesi Everett K. Ross Fantastic Four Human Torch Invisible Woman Mister Fantastic Thing Gentle Junta Luke Cage Misty Knight Monica Rambeau Okoye Storm W'Kabi Zuri Antagonists Achebe Black Knight Doctor Doom Erik Killmonger Fenris Ghaur Kiber the Cruel Klaw Kraven the Hunter Malice Mephisto Moses Magnum Man - Ape Nightshade Psycho - Man Radioactive Man Venomm Windeagle Publications Jungle Action Marvel Comics Presents The Crew World of Wakanda Storylines `` Doomwar '' In other media Black Panther ( TV series ) Captain America : Civil War Black Panther ( film ) soundtrack Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda Related articles Avengers Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Illuminati Ultimates Coal Tiger King Solomon 's Frogs Wakanda Vibranium Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Kendrick Lamar Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Section. 80 Good Kid , M.A.A.D City To Pimp a Butterfly Damn Compilations Untitled Unmastered EPs Kendrick Lamar Mixtapes C4 Overly Dedicated Soundtracks Black Panther : The Album Concert tours The Damn Tour The Championship Tour Related articles Black Hippy God Is Gangsta Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Panther_(soundtrack)&oldid=846514338 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Aftermath Entertainment albums Albums produced by Al Shux Albums produced by DJ Dahi Albums produced by Frank Dukes Albums produced by Illmind Albums produced by Mike Will Made It Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios Albums recorded at EastWest Studios Black Panther Concept albums Hip hop soundtracks Hollywood Records soundtracks Interscope Records albums Kendrick Lamar albums Marvel Music compilation albums Marvel Cinematic Universe soundtracks Marvel Music soundtracks Top Dawg Entertainment albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 07 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Panther%20%28soundtrack%29	2,948
the trustees executors and agency company of new zealand limited			Trustees Executors and Agency company	trustees executors and agency company	Trustees Executors and Agency Company ( TEA , 1879 -- 1983 ) was the first trustee company formed in Australia . It carried on unexciting business for its first 90 years , before collapsing after an excursion into bad property deals in the early 1980s .	TEA was established by William Templeton in 1878 when he perceived a need for wealthy or moderately wealthy people to have a good executor after their death . The company 's formation required a special act of parliament because such matters had previously only been handled by individuals . The company floated in 1879 with tight restrictions on the capital investments it could make and on how many shares any one person could control . Those shareholding limits had the effect of making the board and management largely self - perpetuating , since so many shareholders would have to act together to effect change . In the 1970s the labour - intensive nature of the business was putting profits under pressure and TEA came up with the idea of offering a money market deposit service for clients , on which it would make a margin . If they actively solicited funds they would have had to prepare a costly prospectus , so the service was just quietly hinted at , letting clients request it . These client deposits took off in a big way , growing to some $133 m by 1982 . Yet what was supposed to be money market investments was by the 1980s being invested in property construction ventures , among them for instance the prominent apartment building The Quay overlooking Sydney harbour . Much of this activity was kept off the company balance sheet , so shareholders saw profits rising ( often only due to revaluations ) without really knowing the basis . Complacency at board level meant the board also had little idea what management was doing . It was not until 1983 that the board had a good overview of the property ventures , at which point , depending on the basis for valuing the properties , the company was close to insolvent . The board hoped for a merger with Perpetual Trustees ( which could have suited Perpetual since a trustee company failure might have resulted in new regulations on them ) but in the end TEA was wound up . Its trustee operations were taken over by the ANZ Bank and very little information on the collapse was provided to shareholders , or the public , until a government inspector 's report in 1990 . The lengthy criminal investigation into the activities of directors and others involved in the collapse was conducted by two detectives from the Victoria Police Fraud Squad , Detective Sergeant Jim Holcombe and Senior Detective Mick Nott . Chief executive Peter Bunning had been chiefly responsible for the property strategy along with his colleague , financial advisor / accountant Leigh Garfield Jamison . Both Bunning and Jamieson were jailed for falsifying TEA 's accounts and for secret commissions in the course of the deals . As Trevor Sykes remarks , despite all the corporate goings - on in Australia in the 1980s , Bunning was the only person of prominence to be jailed actually within that decade itself . References ( edit ) Trevor Sykes , The Bold Riders , second edition , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 86448 - 184 - 6 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trustees_Executors_and_Agency_Company&oldid=829208743 '' Categories : Companies established in 1879 Companies disestablished in 1983 Defunct investment companies of Australia Hidden categories : Use Australian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 07 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustees%20Executors%20and%20Agency%20Company	107,933
what did the civil war rebel yell sound like			Rebel yell	rebel yell	The rebel yell was a battle cry used by Confederate soldiers during the American Civil War . Confederate soldiers used the yell during charges to intimidate the enemy and boost their own morale , although the yell had many other uses . No audio recordings of the yell exist from the Civil War era , but there are audio clips and film footage of veterans performing the yell many years later at Civil War veterans ' reunions . The origin of the yell is uncertain , though it is thought to have been influenced either by Native American war cries or a Scottish war cry tradition .	Units were nicknamed for their apparent ability to yell during battle . The 35th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry , `` White 's Cavalry '' , were given the nom de guerre of `` Comanches '' for the way they sounded during battle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sound 2 Origins 3 Contemporaneous accounts 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 Sources 7 Recordings Sound ( edit ) The sound of the yell has been the subject of much discussion . Civil War soldiers , upon hearing the yell from afar , would quip that it was either `` Jackson , or a rabbit , '' suggesting a similarity between the sound of the yell and a rabbit 's scream . The rebel yell has also been likened to the scream of a cougar . In media such as movies or video games , the yell is often portrayed as a simple `` yee - haw '' and in some parts of the United States , `` yee - ha '' . The yell has also been described as similar to Native American cries . John Salmon Ford , in an 1896 interview with Frederic Remington , describes a charge his Texas Rangers made into a Comanche village in 1858 and that his troops gave the `` Texas Yell '' . One description says it was a cross between an `` Indian whoop and wolf - howl '' . Several recordings of Civil War veterans performing the yell exist . One , from a newsreel documenting the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg , documents several Confederate veterans performing the yell as a high - pitched `` Wa - woo - woohoo , wa - woo woohoo . '' The Library of Congress has a film from the 1930s of a dozen or so veterans performing the yell individually and as a group . In 1935 , a North Carolina veteran aged 90 performed it and was recorded . Given the differences in descriptions of the yell , there might have been several distinctive yells associated with the different regiments and their respective geographical areas . However , in the documentary film Reconvergence , head of the Museum of the Confederacy and historian Waite Rawls describes his long odyssey to recover recordings of the yell . He found two historical recordings of two different soldiers from two different states ( North Carolina infantry , and Virginia cavalry ) , and he claims they sound nearly identical . Though hardly a definitive description , having been published some 70 years after the war ended , Margaret Mitchell 's classic Civil War novel Gone with the Wind has a character giving the yell sounding as a `` yee - aay - eee '' upon hearing the war had started . The film version , by contrast , has the yell sounding as a high - pitched `` yay - hoo '' repeated several times in rapid succession . In Ken Burns 's documentary The Civil War , Shelby Foote notes that historians are not quite sure how the yell sounded , being described as `` a foxhunt yip mixed up with sort of a banshee squall '' . He recounts the story of an old Confederate veteran invited to speak before a ladies ' society dinner . They asked him for a demonstration of the rebel yell , but he refused on the grounds that it could only be done `` at a run '' , and could n't be done anyway with `` a mouth full of false teeth and a stomach full of food '' . Anecdotes from former Union Soldiers described the yell with reference to `` a peculiar corkscrew sensation that went up your spine when you heard it '' along with the comment that `` if you claim you heard it and were n't scared that means you never heard it '' . In the final episode , a sound newsreel of a 1930s meeting of Civil War veterans has a Confederate veteran giving a Rebel yell for the occasion , sounding as a `` wa - woo - woohoo '' . In his autobiography My Own Story , Bernard Baruch recalls how his father , a former surgeon in the Confederate army , would at the sound of the song `` Dixie '' jump up and give the rebel yell , no matter where he was : `` As soon as the tune started Mother knew what was coming and so did we boys . Mother would catch him by the coattails and plead , ' Shush , Doctor , shush ' . But it never did any good . I have seen Father , ordinarily a model of reserve and dignity , leap up in the Metropolitan Opera House and let loose that piercing yell . '' The Confederate yell was intended to help control fear . As one soldier explained : `` I always said if I ever went into a charge , I would n't holler ! But the very first time I fired off my gun I hollered as loud as I could and I hollered every breath till we stopped . '' Jubal Early once told some troops who hesitated to charge because they were out of ammunition : Damn it , holler them across . -- Historian Grady McWhiney ( 1965 ) Origins ( edit ) The yell has often been linked to Native American cries . Confederate soldiers may have imitated or learned the yell from Native Americans , many of whom sided with the Confederacy . Some Texas units mingled Comanche war whoops into their version of the yell . The yell has also been associated with hunting cries . Possibly Confederate soldiers imitated the cries of their hunting dogs . Another plausible source of the rebel yell , advanced by historian Grady McWhiney , is that it derived from the screams traditionally made by Scottish Highlanders when they made a Highland charge during battle . At the Battle of Killiecrankie `` Dundee and the Chiefs chose to employ perhaps the most effective pre-battle weapon in the traditional ( highland ) arsenal -- the eerie and disconcerting howl , '' also `` The terror was heightened by their wild plaided appearance and the distinctive war - cry of the Gael -- a high , savage whooping sound ... '' Also earlier documentation during the Roman conquests of Britain suggest the use of a particular yell uttered by the northern Celtic tribes of the region , in conjunction with wearing blue woad body paint and no clothing. . There is another interesting reference in a book by Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton : `` By the way , Irish cheering is a thing sui generis . In place of the deep - throated , reverberating English cheer , it is a long , shrill , sustained note , usually , very usually , very high - pitched . '' S.C. Gwynne quotes Stonewall Jackson at First Bull Run asking his infantry to attack 14th New York : `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards , then fire and give them the bayonet , and when you charge , yell like Furies . '' The 33rd Virginia had just taken Union guns on Henry Hill . Company E consisted of the Emerald Guard , Irish volunteers . Gwynne claims the rebel yell was first heard during this charge . Company E may have initiated the yell . The notion that the rebel yell was Celtic in origin is further supported by James Hill . `` The first United States census in 1790 revealed a well defined ethnic division between the Northern and Southern states . In New England 75 percent of the people were Anglo - Saxons in origin , while Celts outnumbered Anglo - Saxons in the South two to one . '' `` A decade before the American Civil War the South -- from Virginia to Texas -- was probably three - quarters Celtic . '' This evidence is also supported by McDonald and McWhiney 's research into the Celtic nature of the Southern States . The Rebel yell may have been heard at the battle of Kings Mountain . The Over Mountain men were mostly Scots - Irish . DePeyster said to his commander Ferguson , `` These things are ominous . These are the damn yelling boys . '' Campbell said to his men as they started their first charge up Kings Mountain , `` Here they are , my brave boys . Shout like hell and fight like devils . '' A final explanation , with special reference to the rebel yells uttered by the Army of Northern Virginia is that the rebel yell was partly adapted from the specialized cries used by men experienced in fox hunting . Sidney Lanier , the poet and Confederate veteran , described his unit 's yell as `` a single long cry as from the leader of a pack of hounds . '' Considering the existence of many differing versions of the yell , it probably had multiple origins . Contemporaneous accounts ( edit ) Use of the `` Southern war cry '' precedes the Civil War . In the mid - / late - 1850s in the Kansas Territory , `` free - state '' ( meaning anti-slavery ) forces battled against pro-slavery forces ( as Kansas ' determination on slavery was in violent dispute ) . Sam Reeder was a `` free - state '' or `` free - soil '' combatant against a pro-slavery militia at the Battle of Hickory Point in September 1856 . `` I could hear the sound of shots from the direction of Hickory Point , accompanied at intervals by fierce yells , '' remembered Sam Reeder . `` A young fellow near me remarked : ' Our men must be hitting them the way they holler . ' It was not that ; it was the ... Southern war cry . '' See George A. Root 's article `` The First Day 's Battle at Hickory Point -- From the Diary and Reminiscences of Samuel James Reader ( sic ) , '' Kansas Historical Quarterly 1 , no . 1 ( Nov. 1931 ) : page 44 . One of the earliest accounts of the yell comes from the First Battle of Manassas ( Bull Run ) during then Brig . General Thomas Jonathan Stonewall Jackson 's assault at Henry House Hill . An order was given during a bayonet charge to `` yell like furies '' , which was instrumental in routing the Federal forces under General Irvin McDowell back to Washington D.C. `` Then arose that do - or - die expression , that maniacal maelstrom of sound ; that penetrating , rasping , shrieking , blood - curdling noise that could be heard for miles and whose volume reached the heavens -- such an expression as never yet came from the throats of sane men , but from men whom the seething blast of an imaginary hell would not check while the sound lasted . '' - Colonel Keller Anderson of Kentucky 's Orphan Brigade `` It paragons description , that yell ! How it starts deep and ends high , how it rises into three increasing crescendos and breaks with a command of battle . '' - a New Orleans Times - Picayune reporter `` In an instant every voice with one accord vigorously shouted the ' Rebel yell , ' which was so often heard on the field of battle . ' Woh - who - ey ! who - ey ! who - ey ! Woh - who - ey ! who - ey ! ' etc . ( The best illustration of this `` true yell '' which can be given the reader is by spelling it as above , with directions to sound the first syllable ' woh ' short and low , and the second `` who '' with a very high and prolonged note deflecting upon the third syllable `` ey . '' ) `` - Colonel Harvey Dew of the 9th Virginia Cavalry , in Century Illustrated Magazine ( 1892 ) `` At last it grew too dark to fight . Then away to our left and rear some of Bragg 's people set up ' the rebel yell ' . It was taken up successively and passed around to our front , along our right and in behind us again , until it seemed almost to have got to the point whence it started . It was the ugliest sound that any mortal ever heard -- even a mortal exhausted and unnerved by two days of hard fighting , without sleep , without rest , without food and without hope ... '' -- Narrative of then - Lieutenant Ambrose Bierce , 2nd Brigade , 2nd Division , XXI Corps , Army of the Cumberland , at the Battle of Chickamauga ( Last Union defenses on Horseshoe Ridge , September 20 , 1863 ) William Howard Russell , war correspondent for The Times describes the rebel yell as follows : `` ... the Southern soldiers can not cheer , and what passes muster for that jubilant sound is a shrill ringing scream with a touch of the Indian war - whoop in it . '' ( Russell , W.H. , 1863 ; 312 ) In popular culture ( edit ) Rebel Yell is the name of a brand of bourbon whiskey made in Kentucky . The Billy Idol song `` Rebel Yell '' was named from the whisky . The first campaign of StarCraft is called Rebel Yell ; and the main antagonists are the Confederacy of Man . Stan Freberg began his novelty record rendition of `` The Yellow Rose of Texas '' with his version of the Rebel Yell . Eminem calls people to `` Rebel with a rebel yell '' in the song Mosh . `` Rebel Yell '' was the name of a classic racing roller coaster at Kings Dominion amusement park near Richmond , Virginia . As of 2018 it has been renamed Racer 75 . A Spell A Rebel Yell is a song by the band Coldplay released as a B - side from the NME 7 '' release of the single Violet Hill . In the 2nd and 3rd edition Supers basic sets for the GURPS roleplaying game system , a Southern - born , sound - using superhero sample character goes by the codename of Rebel Yell . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : What Did the Rebel Yell Sound Like ? . From the article Civil War Veterans Come Alive in Audio and Video Recordings , Smithsonian Magazine , October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederic Remington , 1898 ^ Jump up to : Rebel Yell , 26th North Carolina Regiment website . Last accessed April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Confederate Rebel Yell , via YouTube , uploaded by longfootbuddy on Aug 13 , 2010 . Last accessed April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whiney , 1965 , p. 313 ^ Jump up to : `` Rebel Yell '' . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Ed . David Stephen Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , and David J. Coles. 2002 . p. 1615 . Jump up ^ Hill J.M. , 1986 . Jump up ^ MacLeod J. , 1996 p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton , The Days before Yesterday , Published on Line by Project Gutenberg Etexts : www.gutenberg.net , pp 39 , accessed 01 - 04 - 2011 . Jump up ^ Rebel Yell , S.C. Gwynn p. 90 - 92 Jump up ^ Hill , p. 173 . Jump up ^ McDonald , F. , 1978 ; Mcdonald , F. , & McDonald , E.S. 1980 . Jump up ^ The Rebel Yell . Jump up ^ Warren , Craig A. ( 7 September 2014 ) . The Rebel Yell : A Cultural History . University Alabama Press . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0817318482 ... Idol explained that he came to use the title ' Rebel Yell ' ... not because of any knowledge of the Confederacy but because of his enthusiasm for Rebel Yell bourbon . Sources ( edit ) StonewallBrigade. com - Rebel Yell Dwelly , E. , ( 1973 ) , The Illustrated Gaelic English Dictionary , 8th Edition , Gairm Publications , Glasgow . Hill , J.M. ( 1986 ) . Celtic Warfare 1595 -- 1763 . Edinburgh : John Donald Publishers Ltd . MacLeod , J. ( 1996 ) . Highlanders -- A History of the Gaels . London : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 63991 - 1 . McDonald , F. , ( 1978 ) , `` The Ethnic Factor in Alabama History : A Neglected Dimension '' , Alabama Review , 31 , pp. 256 -- 65 . McDonald , F. , & McDonald , E.S. , ( 1980 ) , `` The Ethnic Origins of the American People , 1790 '' , William & Mary Quarterly , 37 , pp. 179 -- 99 . McWhiney , Grady. 1965 . `` Who Whipped Whom ? Confederate Defeat Re-examined '' . ( Originally published in Civil War History , XI , No. 1 ( March 1965 ) 5 -- 26 ) . Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction Ed . Erwin Unger . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . Russell , W.H. , ( 1863 ) , My Diary North and South , T.O.H.P. Burnham , Boston . Recordings ( edit ) Actual recording of a rebel yell , performed by a veteran in 1935 Rare Footage of Civil War Veterans Doing the Rebel Yell Civil war veteran soldier footage captured between 1913 and 1938 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebel_yell&oldid=838221158 '' Categories : Confederate States Army Cultural history of the American Civil War Battle cries Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 17 : 38 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%20yell	107,934
who serves as commander in chief of the army and navy	According to Article II , Section 2 , Clause I of the Constitution , the President of the United States is `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States . '' Since the National Security Act of 1947 , this has been understood to mean all United States Armed Forces . U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions , with the President possessing ultimate authority , but no rank , maintaining a civilian status , other than the title of Commander in Chief . The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the President as Commander in Chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history , with Congress at various times granting the President wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority .	the President of the United States	Commander - in - Chief	commander - in - chief		`` CINC '' redirects here . For other uses , see CINC ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Commander in Chief ( disambiguation ) . Military organization Typical Units Typical numbers Typical Commander Fireteam 2 -- 4 Lance Corporal / Corporal Squad / Section 8 -- 14 Corporal / Sergeant / Staff Sergeant Platoon / Troop 15 -- 45 Second Lieutenant / First Lieutenant / Lieutenant Company / Battery / Squadron 80 -- 150 Captain / Major Battalion / Cohort 300 -- 800 Lieutenant Colonel Regiment / Brigade / Legion 1,000 -- 5,500 Colonel / Brigadier General Division 10,000 -- 25,000 Major General Corps 30,000 -- 50,000 Lieutenant General Field Army 100,000 -- 300,000 General Army Group / Front 2 + field armies Field Marshal / Five - star General Region / Theater 4 + army groups Six - star rank / Commander - in - chief Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View A commander - in - chief , also sometimes called supreme commander , or chief commander , is the person or body that exercises supreme operational command and control over a nation 's military forces . As a technical term , it refers to military competencies that reside in a nation - state 's executive leadership -- a head of state or a head of government . Often , a given country 's commander - in - chief ( if held by an official ) need not be or have been a commissioned officer or even a veteran . In these countries this follows the principle of civilian control of the military . Contents 1 Definition 2 Heads of state as commanders - in - chief 2.1 Afghanistan 2.2 Albania 2.3 Argentina 2.4 Australia 2.5 Austria 2.6 Bangladesh 2.7 Brazil 2.8 Brunei 2.9 Canada 2.10 People 's Republic of China 2.10. 1 Hong Kong 2.11 Croatia 2.12 Czech Republic 2.13 Denmark 2.14 Dominican Republic 2.15 Egypt 2.16 Finland 2.17 France 2.17. 1 Pre-1958 2.18 Ghana 2.19 Guyana 2.20 India 2.21 Indonesia 2.22 Iran 2.23 Ireland 2.24 Italy 2.25 Kenya 2.26 Malaysia 2.27 Mauritius 2.28 Nigeria 2.29 Norway 2.30 Pakistan 2.31 Philippines 2.32 Poland 2.33 Portugal 2.34 Republic of China 2.35 Russia 2.36 Saudi Arabia 2.37 Serbia 2.38 Slovenia 2.39 South Korea 2.40 Spain 2.41 Sri Lanka 2.42 Suriname 2.43 Swaziland 2.44 Thailand 2.45 Turkey 2.46 United Kingdom 2.47 United States 2.47. 1 U.S. States 2.48 Venezuela 2.49 Vietnam 3 Other officeholders as commanders - in - chief or other situations 3.1 Ethiopia 3.2 Germany 3.2. 1 Present , Federal Republic ( 1956 - ) 3.2. 2 East Germany ( 1960 - 1990 ) 3.2. 3 Before 1945 3.3 Greece 3.4 Israel 3.5 Japan 3.6 Malta 3.7 Myanmar 3.8 Netherlands 3.9 North Korea 3.10 Sweden 3.11 Switzerland 4 See also 5 References Definition The formal role and title of a ruler commanding the armed forces derives from Imperator of the Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic and Roman Empire , who possessed imperium ( command and other regal ) powers . In English use , the term first applied to King Charles I of England in 1639 . It continued to be used during the English Civil War . A nation 's head of state ( monarchical or republican ) usually holds the nominal position of commander - in - chief , even if effective executive power is held by a separate head of government . In a parliamentary system , the executive branch is ultimately dependent upon the will of the legislature ; although the legislature does not issue orders directly to the armed forces and therefore does not control the military in any operational sense . Governors - general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander - in - chief of the military forces within their territory . A commander - in - chief is sometimes referred to as supreme commander , which is sometimes used as a specific term . The term is also used for military officers who hold such power and authority , not always through dictatorship , and as a subordinate ( usually ) to a head of state ( see Generalissimo ) . The term is also used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch , special branch or within a theatre of operations . Heads of state as commanders - in - Chief This includes heads of states who : Are chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision - making , including command of the armed forces . Mostly ceremonial heads of state ( constitutional monarchs , viceroys and presidents in parliamentary republics ) with residual substantive reserve powers over the armed forces , acting under normal circumstances on the constitutional advice of chief executives with the political mandate to undertake discretionary decision - making . Afghanistan According to the Constitution of Afghanistan , The President of Afghanistan is the Commander - in - chief of Afghan Armed Forces . Albania According to the Constitution of Albania , The President of the Republic of Albania is the Commander - in - chief of Albanian Armed Forces . The incumbent Commander - in - chief is President Ilir Meta . Argentina President Mauricio Macri of Argentina , as the Commander - in - chief of the Argentine Armed Forces since December 10th 2015 . Under part II , chapter III , article 99 , subsections 12 , 13 , 14 and 15 , the Constitution of Argentina states that the President of the Argentine Nation is the `` Commander - in - chief of all the armed forces of the Nation '' . It also states that the President is entitled to provide military posts in the granting of the jobs or grades of senior officers of the armed forces , and by itself on the battlefield ; runs with its organization and distribution according to needs of the Nation and declares war and orders reprisals with the consent and approval of the Argentine National Congress . The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the President in the management of the armed forces ( Army , Navy and Air Force ) . Australia Governor General of Australia The Lord Gowrie ( right ) signing the declaration of war against Japan with Prime Minister John Curtin ( left ) looking on . ( 8 December 1941 ) Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces , the Constitution of Australia states that : The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor General as the Queen 's representative . In practice , however , the Governor - General does not play an active part in the Australian Defence Force 's command structure , and the democratically accountable Australian Cabinet ( chaired by the Prime Minister ) de facto controls the ADF . The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation . Section 8 of the Defence Act 1903 states : The Minister shall have the general control and administration of the Defence Force , and the powers vested in the Chief of the Defence Force , the Chief of Navy , the Chief of Army and the Chief of Air Force by virtue of section 9 , and the powers vested jointly in the Secretary and the Chief of the Defence Force by virtue of section 9A , shall be exercised subject to and in accordance with any directions of the Minister . Austria The Constitution ( German : Bundes - Verfassungsgesetz ) states , in Article 80 , that the Federal President is the ( nominal ) Commander - in - Chief of the Austrian Armed Forces . However , it further provides that the President may only have the Armed Forces at his disposal to the extent provided in the Defence Act ( German : Wehrgesetz ) ; and that the supreme command over the Armed Forces is exercised by the minister of defence authorized to serve in this capacity by the Federal Government , i.e. the cabinet under the chairmanship of the Chancellor , as defined in Article 69 . Bangladesh The commander - in - chief is the president , although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister . The only exception was the first commander - in - chief , General M.A.G. Osmani , during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 , who was commander of all Bangladesh Forces , reinstated to active duty by official BD government order , which after independence was gazetted in 1972 . He retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the President of Bangladesh . Brazil Former President Lula , with his wife Marisa Letícia , reviews troops during Independence Day military parade in Brasília , Brazil . Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the supreme command of the President of the Republic . Brunei The Sultan of Brunei is the Commander - in - Chief of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces . Canada Further information : Commander - in - Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces The powers of command - in - chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch , and are delegated to the Governor General of Canada , who also uses the title Commander - in - Chief . In this capacity , the governor general is entitled to the uniform of a general / flag officer , with the crest of the office and special cuff braid serving as rank insignia . By constitutional convention , the Crown 's prerogative powers over the armed forces and constitutional powers as commander - in - chief are exercised on the advice of the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet , the governing ministry that commands the confidence of the House of Commons . According to the National Defence Act , the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to parliament for all matters related to national defence and the Canadian Armed Forces . In theory , the governor general could also use his or her powers as commander - in - chief to stop any attempts to use the Canadian Forces unconstitutionally , though this has never occurred and would likely be highly controversial . People 's Republic of China Main article : Supreme Military Command of the People 's Republic of China Article 93 of the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China states the authority to direct the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People 's Republic of China is vested with the Central Military Commission ; composed of a Chairman , and numerous Vice-Chairmen and members . The same article also states that the Chairman of the Central Military Commission assumes overall responsibility for the work of the Central Military Commission , and that it is responsible to the National People 's Congress and the Standing Committee . Furthermore , Article 80 gives the President of the People 's Republic of China ( in addition to ceremonial head of state duties ) the power to proclaim martial law , proclaim a state of war , and to issue mobilisation orders upon the decision of National People 's Congress and its Standing Committee . The CMC Chairman and the President are distinctly separate state offices and they have not always been held by the same persons . However , beginning in 1993 , during the tenure of Jiang Zemin as CMC Chairman and General Secretary of the Communist Party , it has been standard practice to have the President , the Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and the General Secretary of the Communist Party to be normally held by the same person ; although the slight differences in the start and end of terms for those respective offices means that there is some overlap between an occupant and his predecessor . Hong Kong When Hong Kong was under British authority , the civilian Governor was ex officio Commander - in - Chief of the British Forces Overseas Hong Kong . After the territory 's handover to the People 's Republic of China in 1997 , the commanders of the People 's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison are PLA personnel from mainland China . Croatia According to the Croatian constitution , the President of Croatia is the Commander - in - Chief of Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . In peace , the commander - in - chief exercises his command through the Minister of Defense . In war and in cases where the Minister of Defense is not fulfilling orders , the commander - in - chief exercises his command directly through the chief of General Staff . Czech Republic According to the 1992 constitution , the President of the Czech Republic is the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces according to Article 63 ( 1 ) ( c ) , and appoints and promotes generals under Article 63 ( 1 ) ( f ) . The President needs the countersignature of the Prime Minister for decisions concerning the above - mentioned provisions as per Articles 63 ( 3 - 4 ) , or otherwise they are not valid . The Prime Minister may delegate to other ministers the right to countersign these decisions of the President . The political responsibility for the Armed Forces is borne by the Government , which in Article 67 is defined as the `` supreme body of executive power '' . According to Articles 39 & 43 , the Parliament must give consent to the dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic . The Ministry of Defence is the central authority of the state administration for the control of the Armed Forces . The actual day - to - day management is vested in the Chief of the General Staff , the Czech chief of defence equivalent . Denmark The position of the Danish monarch as the head of the military is deeply rooted in tradition . While the 1953 constitution does not explicitly designate the monarch as commander - in - chief ; it is implicit , given the general provision in article 12 and the more specific wording of article 19 ( 2 ) : `` Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces , the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without the consent of the Folketing . Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing '' . However , when reading the Danish Constitution , it is important to bear in mind that the King in this context is understood by Danish jurists to be read as the Government ( consisting of the Prime Minister and other ministers ) . This is a logical consequence of articles 12 , 13 and 14 , all of which in essence stipulates that the powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through ministers , who are responsible for all acts . Thus , the Government , in effect , holds the supreme command authority implied in articles 12 and 19 ( 2 ) . The Danish Defence Law ( Danish : Forsvarsloven ) designates in article 9 the Minister of Defence as the supreme authority in Defence ( Danish : højeste ansvarlige myndighed for forsvaret ) . Under the Minister is the Chief of Defence , the senior - ranking professional military officer heading the Defence Command , who commands the Army , the Navy , the Air Force and other units not reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence . King Christian IV onboard his flagship during the 1644 Battle of Colberger Heide , by Wilhelm Marstrand . The King 's personal commitment during the battle , are memorized in first lines of the Danish royal anthem . HDMY Dannebrog , the Danish royal yacht named after the national flag and operated by the Royal Danish Navy , in Vagur , Faroe Islands on 21 June 2005 . Dominican Republic According to the Constitution , Article 128 , Section II , Title IV , the President is the head of foreign policy , the civil administration and the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces , the National Police and all other state 's security agencies . Egypt In Egypt , the President of the Republic holds the ceremonial title of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . A member of the government , usually defence minister , is commander - in - chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces , the incumbent being Sedki Sobhi . The president still remains the only individual capable of declaring war . Until the election of Mohamed Morsi in June 2012 , prior Egyptian presidents had all been former military officers , and during the Yom Kippur War the president played a major role at all levels of the planning of the war , and was in a literal sense Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces giving direct orders to the commanders from the headquarters during the war as field marshal of the army , colonel general of the air force and air defence forces and admiral of the navy . Anwar Sadat often wore his military uniform , while former president Hosni Mubarak had abandoned this tradition . Finland According to the Finnish constitution , the President of Finland is the commander - in - chief of all Finnish military forces . In practice , the everyday command and control is in the hands of Chief of Defence and the Commander of the Finnish Border Guard . The economic administration of the Finnish Defence Force is the responsibility of Ministry of Defence . The duty of the president is to decide upon main principles of the military defence of the realm principles of the execution of the military defence other military command matters with wide - ranging importance to the military activity or the military establishment any other military command issue that he wishes to decide upon Since the constitutional reform of 2000 , the Minister of Defence has the right to be present when the president uses his command powers , unless the matter is of immediate concern . In questions of strategic importance , the Prime Minister has the same right . The president commissions and promotes officers and decides on activating reservists for extraordinary service and on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces . If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken , it must be immediately convened . Declarations of a state of emergency ( Finnish : valmiustila , literally , `` state of preparedness '' ) and state of war ( Finnish : puolustustila , lit . `` state of defence '' ) are declared by a presidential decree , given after a motion by the government , which is then submitted to the Parliament for ratification . The president has , in a state of emergency , the right to transfer the position of the commander - in - chief to another Finnish citizen . France Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the French Armed Forces In France , the President of the Republic is designated as `` Chef des Armées '' ( literally `` Chief of the Armies '' ) under article 15 of the constitution , and is as such the supreme executive authority in military affairs . Article 16 provides the president with extensive emergency powers . However , owing to the nature of the semi-presidential system , the prime minister also has key constitutional powers under article 21 : `` He shall be responsible for national defence '' and has `` power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts '' . Nicolas Sarkozy , President of the Republic and General Jean - Louis Georgelin , Chief of the Defence Staff , reviewing troops during the 2008 Bastille Day military parade on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Napoléon I , Emperor of the French , reviewing the Imperial Guard at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt in 1806 , by Horace Vernet . Pre-1958 Since the reign of Louis XIV , France has been strongly centralized . After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord - ism , the Kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin , Richelieu ) . The 1789 Revolution transferred the supreme authority to the King ( in the context of the short - lived constitutional Monarchy ) , then to the multi-member Comité de Salut Public during the Convention , and later to the Directoire , before being regained in the hands of Consul Napoléon Bonaparte , later Emperor Napoléon I , alone . The Restoration restored the authority of the King , first in an absolute monarchy , then the constitutional July Monarchy of Louis Philippe , before it was overthrown in turn by the Second Republic and later the Second Empire of Napoleon III . The following Third Republic was a parliamentary system , where the military authority was held by the President of the Council of Ministers . During World War I , the many visits to the trenches by the elderly statesman Georges Clemenceau impressed the soldiers and earned him the nickname Father of Victory ( French : Le Père de la Victoire ) . During World War II , Maréchal Philippe Pétain assumed power and held the supreme authority in Vichy France , while Général Charles De Gaulle , acting on behalf of the previous regime , founded the Free French Forces , upon which he held supreme authority all through the war . The following and short - lived Fourth Republic was a parliamentary system , which was replaced by the present Fifth Republic , a semi-presidential system . Ghana Prior 1992 Commander - in - chief of the Ghana Armed Forces ( GAF ) military rank was held by GAF military personnel until the ratification of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana ratified by Ghana Air Force ( GHF ) Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings and in accordance to the Constitution of Ghana , The Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana is the Commander - in - chief of GAF . The incumbent Commander - in - chief of GAF ( Ghana Armed Forces ) is Head of State of Ghana and President of Ghana John Dramani Mahama . Guyana According to the Guyanese constitution , the President is Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces . Unusually ; there is a rank insignia for the position . India Supreme command of the Indian Armed Forces is vested in the President of India , although effective executive power and responsibility for national defence resides with the Cabinet of India headed by the Prime Minister . This is discharged through the Ministry of Defence , headed by the Minister of Defence , which provides the policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country . On 15 August 1947 , each service was placed under its own commander - in - chief . In 1955 , the three service chiefs were re-designated as the Chief of the Army Staff ( rank of general ) , the Chief of the Naval Staff ( rank of vice-admiral ) and the Chief of the Air Staff ( rank of air marshal ) with the president as the supreme commander . The Chief of the Air Staff was raised to the rank of air chief marshal in 1965 and the Chief of the Naval Staff raised to the rank of admiral in 1968 . Indonesia Main article : Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces According to Article 10 of the Constitution of Indonesia , the President of Indonesia holds the supreme command of the Indonesian National Armed Forces . Day - to - day operations of the Armed Forces is handled by the commander of the Armed Forces ( Indonesian : Panglima TNI , a 4 - star officer whom can be General ( Army / Marine ) , Admiral ( Navy ) , or Air Chief Marshal ( Air Force ) ) . Indonesian Armed Forces has three service branches : Indonesian Army , Indonesian Navy ( including Indonesian Marine Corps ) , and Indonesian Air Forces . Each service branch is headed by a Chief of Staff ( also a 4 - star officer ) who has the task of developing soldier professionalism in each branch . However , the commanding authority is held by Commander of Indonesian National Armed Forces . Commanders have direct commanding authority to Main Combatants Command ( Indonesian : Komando Utama Tempur ) from all service branches such as Army Special Forces Command , Army Strategic Reserve Command , Military Area Command , Fleet Command , Military Sea Traffic Command , National Air Defense Command and Air - Force Operational Command . The Commander of the Armed Forces is appointed by the president from active Chiefs of Staff ( Army , Navy , or Air Force ) and must get approval from the House of Representatives . Chief of Staff is also appointed by the president from senior military officers . The president as commander - in - chief also has authority in senior military officer mutation and promotion in tour of duty . Minister of Defense has responsibility to assist the president in defense issues and create policies about authorization use of military force , manage defense budget , etc . For authorization use of military forces or declaration of war , the president must get approval from House of Representatives . The Commander of Armed Forces gives recommendations to the Minister of Defense in creating national defense policies . Iran Main article : Commander - in - Chief of the Iranian Armed Forces Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei , the commander - in - chief of the Iranian Armed Forces Before 1979 , the Shah was the commander - in - chief in Iran . After the inception of the Islamic Republic , the President of Iran was initially appointed that task , with Abolhassan Bani Sadr being the first commander - in - chief . However , Abolhassan Bani Sadr was impeached on 22 June 1981 . It was after this event that the role of commander - in - chief of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran was given to the Supreme Leader of Iran . Ireland The Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces is the President of Ireland , but in practice the Minister for Defence acts on the President 's behalf and reports to the Government of Ireland . The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence . The Defence Forces are organised under the Chief of Staff , a three star officer , and are organised into three service branches , the Army , Naval Service , and Air Corps . Italy The Constitution of Italy , in article 87 , states that the President of the Republic : `` is the commander of the armed forces and chairman of the supreme defense council constituted by law ; he declares war according to the decision of the parliament '' . Kenya Chapter 131 of the Constitution of Kenya identifies the President as the Commander - in - Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces and the chairperson of the National Security Council . The President appoints a chief of general staff , known as the Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces , who acts as the principal military adviser to the President and the National Security Council . The Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces is drawn from one of the branches of the Armed Forces , the Kenya Army , the Kenya Navy or the Kenya Air Force . Malaysia In accordance with Article 41 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia , the Yang di - Pertuan Agong is Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces . As such , he is the highest - ranking officer in the military establishment , with the power to appoint the Chief of Staff ( on the advice of the Armed Forces Council ) . He also appoints the service heads of each of the three branches of the military . The Federal Constitution establishes that the office of Supreme Commander is attached to the person of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong as the Federation 's head of state : Federal Constitution , Article 41 - The Yang di - Pertuan Agong shall be the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the Federation . The Federal Parliament passed the Federal Armed Forces Act to consolidate in one law all regulations that govern the three services ( Army , Navy , and Air Force ) . It establishes the function and duties of the Federal Head of State in the capacity as Supreme Commander . Mauritius In the Republic of Mauritius , the President of the Republic is the commander - in - chief , according to Article 28 of the Constitution . After independence in 1968 , Mauritius continued to recognise the Queen of Mauritius , as represented by the Governor - General of Mauritius , as commander - in - chief . After the country was proclaimed a Commonwealth Republic in 1992 , the new constitution stipulated that a President would assume the position of the head of state and commander - in - chief . Nigeria In accordance with the Nigerian Constitution , the President of Nigeria is the commander - in - chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces . Norway Harald V , King of Norway , officially retains executive power . Article 25 of the constitution states : `` The King is commander - in - chief of the armed forces of the realm '' However , following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government , the duties of the Monarch have since become strictly representative and ceremonial , such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other ministers in the executive government . Accordingly , the Monarch is commander - in - chief of the Norwegian Armed Forces , and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity . Pakistan In the Islamic Republic of Pakistan , before the 1973 Constitution , the head of the army , i.e. , the Chief of the Army Staff , was referred as `` Commander - in - Chief '' . The term was replaced by `` Chief of Army Staff '' on 20 March 1972 The Chief of Army Staff is a four - star general whose term is 3 years , but can be extended or renewed once . The Chief of Army Staff is chosen by the Prime Minister of Pakistan . Philippines The President of the Philippines is both head of state and head of government , and is mandated by Article VII , Section 18 of the 1987 Constitution to be Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . During the Fourth Republic , the 1973 Constitution introduced by Ferdinand Marcos created a parliamentary system that split the Executive into two , with the prime minister retaining the office of commander - in - chief and the president reduced to a mere figurehead . The wording of Article VII , Section 9 in the previous constitution enabled Marcos as commander - in - chief to declare Martial Law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus on 21 September 1972 . Marcos also issued an edict , conferring the rank of five - star general in the military to the President , as Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . He consequently sat as both president and prime minister until 1981 , when martial law was lifted and Cesar Virata succeeded him to the latter office and amendments were made to the 1973 Constitution to turn it into a strong president semi-presidential system in which the office of commander - in - chief was officially returned to the President . Salvador Laurel was the country 's last prime minister when the office was abolished after the 1986 People Power Revolution , and the position 's powers were again merged with the Presidency . The current Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines is President Rodrigo Duterte , serving as the supreme commander of all Filipino military units in the Philippines . Poland In Poland , the President is Commander - in - Chief of the Polish Armed Forces . However , the art . 134 ust. 4 of the constitution states : The President of the Republic , for a period of war , shall appoint the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces on request of the Prime Minister . He may dismiss the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces in accordance with the same procedure . The authority of the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces , as well as the principle of his subordination to the constitutional organs of the Republic of Poland , shall be specified by statute . During the interbellum period , the General Inspector of the Armed Forces was appointed the commander - in - chief for the time of war ( Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces ) . However , after the war this function ceased to exist -- thus it is likely that if Poland formally participates in a war , Chief of the General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces will be appointed Supreme Commander . Portugal The President of the Portuguese Republic is the constitutional Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces ( in Portuguese : Comandante Supremo das Forças Armadas ) . However , the operational command is delegated in the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces . In the Portuguese military parlance , the term `` Commander - in - Chief '' ( in Portuguese : comandante - em - chefe or simply comandante - chefe ) refers to the unified military commander of all the land , naval and air forces in a theater of operations . Republic of China As stipulated in the Constitution of the Republic of China , the President is also the Commander - in - Chief of the ROC Armed Forces ( including the Military Police ) , the Special Forces , and the National Space Organization . Russia Main article : Supreme Commander - in - Chief of the Russian Armed Forces The ceremony of passing the Cheget ( i.e. the nuclear briefcase ) from Dmitry Medvedev 's military aide to Vladimir Putin 's military aide during the 2012 presidential inauguration . According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation , ( Chapter 4 , Article 87 , Section 1 ) the President is the Supreme Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces . The President approves the military doctrine and appoints the defense minister and the chief and other members of the general staff . The Russian Armed Forces is divided into three services : the Russian Ground Forces , the Russian Navy , and the Russian Air Force . In addition there are three independent arms of service : Strategic Missile Troops , Russian Aerospace Defense Forces , and the Russian Airborne Troops . The Air Defence Troops , the former Soviet Air Defence Forces , have been subordinated into the Air Force since 1998 . Saudi Arabia Article 60 of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia states : `` The King is the commander - in - chief of all the armed forces . He appoints officers and puts an end to their duties in accordance with the law . '' Article 61 further states : `` The King declares a state of emergency , general mobilization and war , and the law defines the rules for this . '' Lastly , Article 62 states : `` If there is a danger threatening the safety of the Kingdom or its territorial integrity , or the security of its people and its interests , or which impedes the functioning of the state institutions , the King may take urgent measures in order to deal with this danger And if the King considers that these measures should continue , he may then implement the necessary regulations to this end . '' Serbia In accordance with the law , the President of Serbia is Commander - in - chief of Armed Forces and in command of the military . He appoints , promotes and recalls officers of the Army of Serbia . Slovenia In Slovenia , the commander - in - chief is formally the President of Slovenia , although he or she does not exercise this position in peacetime . Instead , this role is usually assumed by the Minister of Defence . South Korea In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Korea , the commander - in - chief is the President of South Korea . Spain King Felipe VI at the Naval NCO Academy in 2014 . As with most remaining European monarchies , the position of the Spanish monarch as the nominal head of the armed forces is deeply rooted in traditions going centuries back . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 gives the King in article 62 ( h ) : supreme command of the Armed Forces However , article 64 require that all official acts of the King must be countersigned , by the President of the Government or other competent minister , for them to become valid . Furthermore , article 97 stipulates that ; The Government shall conduct domestic and foreign policy , civil and military administration and the defence of the State And article 98 furthermore specifies the composition of the Government ( which the King is not a member of ) . No provision in the constitution requires the King / Government to seek approval from the Cortes Generales before sending the armed forces abroad . Since 1984 , the Chief of the Defence Staff is the professional head of the armed forces and , under the authority of the Minister of Defence , is responsible for military operations and military organisation . Sri Lanka As head of state , the President of Sri Lanka , is nominally the commander - in - chief of the armed forces . The National Security Council , chaired by the president is the authority charged with formulating and executing defence policy for the nation . The highest level of military headquarters is the Ministry of Defence , since 1978 except for a few rare occasions the president retained the portfolio defence , thus being the Minister of Defence . The ministry and the armed forces have been controlled by the during these periods by either a Minister of State , Deputy Minister for defence , and of recently the Permanent Secretary to the Ministry of Defence . Prior to 1978 the prime minister held the portfolio of Minister of Defence and External Affairs , and was supported by a Parliamentary Secretary for Defence and External Affairs . Responsibility for the management of the forces is Ministry of Defence , while the planning and execution of combined operations is the responsibility of the Joint Operations Command ( JOC ) . The JOC is headed by the Chief of the Defence Staff who is the most senior officer in the Armed Forces and is an appointment that can be held by an Air Chief Marshal , Admiral , or General . The three services have their own respective professional chiefs : the Commander of the Army , the Commander of the Navy and the Commander of the Air Force , who have much autonomy . Suriname In Suriname , the constitution gives the president `` supreme authority over the armed forces and all of its members '' . Swaziland The King is Commander in Chief of the Umbufto Swazi Defence Force Thailand See also : Head of the Royal Thai Armed Forces The `` Head of the Thai Armed Forces '' ( Thai : จอมทัพ ไทย ; RTGS : Chom Thap Thai ) is a position vested in the Thai monarch , most recently held by King Bhumibol Adulyadej until his death in October 2016 , who as sovereign and head of state is the commander - in - chief of the Royal Thai Armed Forces . Turkey Founder President of Turkey and Commander - in - chief of Turkish Armed Forces Mareşal Mustafa Kemal Pasha ( center ) , General Mehmet Emin Pasha ( left ) , General Ali Sait Pasha ( right ) at İnebolu in 1925 . President of the Republic of Turkey has the constitutional right to represent the Supreme Military Command of the Turkish Armed Forces , on behalf of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , and to decide on the mobilization of the Turkish Armed Forces , to appoint the Chief of the General Staff , to call the National Security Council to meet , to preside over the National Security Council , to proclaim martial law or state of emergency , and to issue decrees having the force of law , upon a decision of the Council of Ministers meeting under his / her chairmanship . With all these issues above written in the Constitution of Turkey , the executive rights are given to the President of the Republic of Turkey to be represented as the commander - in - chief of the nation . United Kingdom Main article : Commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces The British monarch is the `` Head of the Armed Forces '' and has also been described as `` commander in chief of the armed forces of the Crown '' . Long - standing constitutional convention , however , has vested de facto executive authority , by the exercise of Royal Prerogative powers , in the prime minister and the Secretary of State for Defence . The Prime Minister ( acting with the support of the Cabinet ) makes the key decisions on the use of the armed forces . The Queen , however , remains the `` ultimate authority '' of the military , with officers and personnel swearing allegiance only to the monarch . United states Further information : Powers of the President of the United States § Commander - in - Chief powers According to Article II , Section 2 , Clause I of the Constitution , the President of the United States is `` Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States , and of the Militia of the several States , when called into the actual Service of the United States . '' Since the National Security Act of 1947 , this has been understood to mean all United States Armed Forces . U.S. ranks have their roots in British military traditions , with the President possessing ultimate authority , but no rank , maintaining a civilian status , other than the title of Commander in Chief . The exact degree of authority that the Constitution grants to the President as Commander in Chief has been the subject of much debate throughout history , with Congress at various times granting the President wide authority and at others attempting to restrict that authority . The amount of military detail handled personally by the President in wartime has varied dramatically . George Washington , the first U.S. president , firmly established military subordination under civilian authority . In 1794 , Washington used his constitutional powers to assemble 12,000 militia to quell the Whiskey Rebellion -- a conflict in western Pennsylvania involving armed farmers and distillers who refused to pay excise tax on spirits . According to historian Joseph Ellis , this was the `` first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field '' , though James Madison briefly took control of artillery units in defense of Washington D.C. during the War of 1812 . Abraham Lincoln was deeply involved in overall strategy and in day - to - day operations during the American Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 ; historians have given Lincoln high praise for his strategic sense and his ability to select and encourage commanders such as Ulysses S. Grant . On the other extreme , Woodrow Wilson paid very little attention to operational military details of World War I and had very little contact with the War Department or with General John J. Pershing , who had a high degree of autonomy as commander of the armies in France . As President in World War II , Franklin D. Roosevelt worked closely with his generals , and admirals , and assigned Admiral William D. Leahy as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief . Harry S. Truman believed in a high amount of civilian leadership of the military , making many tactical and policy decisions based on the recommendations of his advisors -- including the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan , to commit American forces in the Korean War , and to terminate Douglas MacArthur from his command . Lyndon B. Johnson kept a very tight personal control of operations during the Vietnam War , which some historians have sharply criticized . In 1990 , the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the ensuing Gulf War in 1991 , saw George H.W. Bush assemble and lead one of the largest military coalitions of nations in modern times . Confronting a major constitutional issue of murky legislation that left the wars in Korea and Vietnam without official declarations of war , Congress quickly authorized sweeping war - making powers for Bush . Before 1947 , the President was the only common superior of the Army ( under the Secretary of War ) , the Navy and Marine Corps ( under the Secretary of the Navy ) , and the Coast Guard ( under the Secretary of the Treasury ) . The National Security Act of 1947 , and the 1949 amendments to the same act , among other things , created the United States Air Force as an independent service separate from the Army , and organized Army , Navy , Air Force , and Marine Corps under a newly created Department of Defense , headed by , and subject to the `` authority , direction and control '' of , the Secretary of Defense ( a civilian cabinet - level official appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate ) . The Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 codified the default operational chain of command : running from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commander . While the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff outranks all other military officers , he does not have operational command authority over the Armed Forces . However , the chairman does assist the President and the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of their command functions . During the 20th century , certain area commanders came to be called `` Commander - in - chief '' . As of 2011 , there are nine combatant commanders : six have regional responsibilities , and three have functional responsibilities . Before 2002 , the combatant commanders were referred to in daily use as `` Commanders - in - chief '' ( for instance : `` Commander in chief , U.S. Central Command '' ) , even though the offices were in fact already designated as `` combatant commander '' ( CCDR ) in the law specifying the positions . On 24 October 2002 , Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld announced his decision that the use of `` Commander - in - chief '' would thereafter be reserved for the President only . A painting depicting President George Washington and his troops before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania , 1794 . President Abraham Lincoln and Major General George B. McClellan in a military tent after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . President Lyndon B. Johnson awards the Distinguished Service Cross to First Lieutenant Marty A. Hammer in Vietnam , 1966 . The Football is a briefcase , carried by an aide - de-camp , which gives the President the ability to access the Gold Codes and to launch a nuclear attack while away from a fixed command center . Admiral Mike Mullen and Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates attend a meeting of combatant commanders with President George W. Bush in the Cabinet Room at the White House , 2008 . President Donald Trump ( third from right ) , as commander - in - chief , meets with Marine Gen. Joseph F. Dunford Jr. , chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Army Gen. Joseph Votel , commander of U.S. Central Command Commander , and Gen. Raymond A. `` Tony '' Thomas , U.S. Special Operations Command Commander at USCENTCOM headquarters on MacDill Air Force Base , 2017 . U.S. states In U.S. states , the governor also serves as the commander - in - chief of the National Guard , State Militia , and State Defense Forces . In the Commonwealth of Kentucky , for example , KRS 37.180 states : `` The Governor shall be commander in chief of the Kentucky active militia , and the adjutant general shall be the executive officer and shall be responsible to the Governor for the proper functioning of the Kentucky active militia , and he is hereby authorized and empowered to take necessary action to perfect and maintain an efficient organization for the purposes herein set out . He shall have charge of all matters of administration and organization , which shall be in all respects , insofar as necessary and applicable , the same as that of the National Guard . '' Similarly , Section 7 of Article 5 of the Constitution of the State of California states : `` The Governor is commander in chief of a militia that shall be provided by statute . The Governor may call it forth to execute the law . '' Venezuela According to the Venezuelan constitution , the President is Commander in chief of the Armed Forces . The office of the Venezuelan military supreme commander in chief has always been held by the President of Venezuela as per constitutional requirements . However , with a new law sanctioned in 2008 , the `` Comandante en Jefe '' rank is not only a function attributed to the executive branch but a full military rank given to the president upon taking office . Upon assumption he receives a saber , epaulette , shoulder knot , shoulder board and sleeve insignia and full military uniform to be used in military events while performing the duties as president . The shoulder insignia mirrors Cuban practice but is derived from the German - styled officer rank insignia . Vietnam The commander - in - chief of the armed forces is the President of Vietnam , through his post as Chairman of National Defense and Security Council . Though this position is nominal and real power is assumed by the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam . The Secretary of Central Military Commission ( usually the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam ) is the de facto Commander . The Minister of Defence oversees operations of the Ministry of Defence , and the Vietnam People 's Army . He also oversees such agencies as the General Staff and the General Logistics Department . However , military policy is ultimately directed by the Central Military Commission of the ruling Communist Party of Vietnam . Other officeholders as commanders - in - Chief or other situations Ethiopia The 1995 Constitution designates the Prime Minister of Ethiopia as `` Commander - in - Chief of the national armed forces '' in Article 74 ( 1 ) . Germany Present , Federal Republic ( 1956 - ) New recruits standing in front of the Reichstag building , before taking the Bundeswehr oath . Due to its infamous history of the 20th century , and before Prussian militarism ; Germany of today puts a strong emphasis on having armed forces compatible with a parliamentary system . Upon the re-militarization of West Germany in 1955 , when it joined NATO , the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany was amended in 1956 to include constitutional provisions for the command of the armed forces . In peacetime , under Article 65a , the Federal Minister of Defence ( German : Bundesminister der Verteidigung ) holds the supreme command authority ( German : Inhaber der Befehls - und Kommandogewalt - IBuK ) over the Bundeswehr . If the Bundestag declares the state of defence ( German : Verteidigungsfall ) , the Federal Chancellor , under Article 115b , assumes the command authority over the armed forces . As of 2018 , this has never happened . The President of Germany has thus no role in the command of the forces , although he continues to receive the ceremonial honors due to his position as a head of state . Werner von Blomberg ( left ) saluting Adolf Hitler ( right ) with a baton at the 1937 Nuremberg Rally . The rationale for placing the command authority over the armed forces directly with the responsible minister in charge of the military establishment , and thus breaking with the longstanding German constitutional tradition in both earlier monarchical and republican systems of placing it with the head of state , was that in a democratic parliamentary system the command authority should directly reside where it would be exercised and where it is subject to the parliamentary control of the Bundestag at all times . By assigning it directly to the responsible minister , instead of with the Federal Chancellor , this also meant that military affairs is but one of the many integrated responsibilities of the government ; in stark contrast of earlier times when the separate division of the military establishment from the civil administration allowed the former to act as a state within a state ( in contrast to the Federal Republic , the Weimar Republic began with the Ebert -- Groener pact , which kept the military establishment as an autonomous force outside the control of politics ; the 1925 election of Paul von Hindenburg as Reichpräsident , surrounded by his camarilla and the machinations of Kurt von Schleicher , did little to reverse the trend ) . East Germany ( 1960 - 1990 ) The legislature of the German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , the Volkskammer , enacted on 13 February 1960 the Law on the Formation of the National Defense Council of the GDR , which established a council consisting of a chairman and at least 12 members . This was later incorporated into the GDR Constitution in April 1968 . The National Defense Council held the supreme command of the National People 's Army ( including the internal security forces ) , and the Council 's chairman ( usually the General Secretary of the ruling Socialist Unity Party ) was considered the GDR 's commander - in - chief . The GDR joined with the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990 , upon which the GDR 's constitution and armed forces were abolished . Before 1945 During the Kingdom of Prussia , German Empire , Weimar Republic and the Nazi era , whoever was the head of state -- the King of Prussia / German Emperor ( under the Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia / Constitution of the German Empire ) to 1918 , the Reichspräsident ( under the Weimar Constitution ) to 1934 , and the Führer from 1934 to 1945 -- was the Head of the Armed Forces ( German : Oberbefehlshaber : literally `` Supreme Commander '' ) . Below the level of the Head of State , each military branch ( German : Teilstreitkraft ) had its own head who reported directly to the Head of State and held the highest rank in his service ; in the Reichsheer - Generalfeldmarschall , and in the Reichsmarine - Grossadmiral . After Chancellor Adolf Hitler assumed power as Führer ( after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg ) , he would later grant his war minister , Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg , the title of Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces in 1935 , when conscription was reintroduced . However , in 1938 due to the Blomberg -- Fritsch Affair , Hitler withdrew the Commander - in - Chief title , abolished the war ministerial post and assumed personal command of the Armed Forces . The war ministerial post was de facto overtaken by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht , which was headed by Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel until the German surrender . Greece According to Article 45 of the Greek Constitution , the President is the Head of the Greek Armed Forces , but their administration is exercised by the Government . The Prime Minister , the Minister for National Defence and the Chief of the General Staff are the ones who command the Armed Forces . Israel In Israel , the applicable basic law states that the ultimate authority over the Israel Defense Forces rests with the Government of Israel ( chaired by the Prime Minister ) as a collective body . The authority of the Government is exercised by the Minister of Defense on behalf of the Government . However , the Commander - in - Chief of the IDF is the Chief of General Staff who , despite being subordinate to the Minister of Defense , holds the highest level of command within the military . Japan In Japan , prior to the Meiji Restoration the role of the commander - in - chief was vested in the shōgun ( the most militarily powerful samurai daimyō ) . After the dissolution of the Tokugawa shogunate the role of the commander - in - chief , resided with the Emperor of Japan . The present - day constitutional role of the Emperor is that of a ceremonial figurehead without any military role . After Japan 's move towards democracy , the position of Commander - in - Chief of the Japan Self - Defense Forces is held by the Prime Minister of Japan . Military authority runs from the Prime Minister to the cabinet - level Minister of Defense of the Japanese Ministry of Defense . Malta The Malta Armed Forces Act does not directly establish the President of Malta as the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces . However , Maltese law allows the President to raise by voluntary enlistment and maintain an armed force . Likewise , the law allows the President to issue orders in order to the administrate the armed forces . It is important to note that the Armed Forces do not swear allegiance to the President of Malta but rather to the Republic of Malta . On this basis , there is no direct link between the head of state and the armed forces . For this reason , this link is mediated by the Minister responsible for defence . Nonetheless , the Presidential Palaces are guarded by the Armed Forces as a symbolic gesture of social cohesion . Myanmar See also Tatmadaw Myanmar Commander - in Chief , Senior General Min Aung Hlaing Netherlands The Royal insignia ( Dutch : distinctief ) worn by King Willem - Alexander , instead of a regular military rank , whenever he wears a Dutch military uniform . The Constitution of the Netherlands states , in article 97 , that `` the Government shall have supreme authority over the armed forces '' . Article 42 defines the Government as the Monarch and the ministers , and that only ministers are responsible for acts of government . Article 45 further defines the ministers as constituting the Cabinet , chaired by the Prime Minister , with `` authority to decide upon overall government policy '' . Before a constitution change took place in 1983 , even though the equivalent section stated that : `` The King shall have supreme authority over the armed forces '' ; that did not give the monarch any autonomous command authority . The Minister of Defence has the primary ministerial responsibility for the armed forces , which are formally a part of the Ministry of Defence . The Chief of Defence is the highest ranked professional military officer , and serves as an intermediary between the Minister of Defence and the Armed Forces , and is responsible to the Minister for military - strategic planning , operations and deployment of the Armed Forces . North Korea Flag of the Supreme Commander The Constitution of North Korea is ambiguous about which official really is the country 's head of state . Is it the Eternal President of the Republic , the late Kim Il - sung , designated as such in the preamble ; is it the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly , who under article 117 of the constitution directs the work of the Presidium , represents the State , and accredits North Korean diplomats and receives credentials from foreign diplomats ; or is it the Chairman of the National Defence Commission who in article 100 is described as the `` highest military leading organ of State power and an organ for general control over national defense of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea '' ? In any case , the North Korean constitution , in article 102 , is quite explicit regarding which official commands the armed forces : The Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea is the supreme commander of the whole armed forces of the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea and commands and directs all the armed forces of the State . The Chairman is formally elected by the Supreme People 's Assembly ( article 91 : 5 ) and serves for terms of office of five years ( articles 101 & 90 : 1 ) ; but in practice , the office is hereditary within the Kim Dynasty , as the late Kim Jong - il was posthumously designated as `` Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission '' , while his son , Kim Jong - un , was appointed as the `` First Chairman of the National Defence Commission '' . Sweden The Swedish Monarch ( King Carl XVI Gustaf ) is no longer the Commander - in - Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces , although he continues to receive treatment befitting a head of state . In Sweden , with the Ordinance of Alsnö in 1280 , nobles were exempted from land taxation if they provided cavalrymen to the King 's service . Following the Swedish War of Liberation ( 1521 -- 53 ) from the Kalmar Union , a Guards Regiment was formed under the King and from there the modern Swedish Army has its roots . During the age of the Swedish Empire , several kings -- Gustavus Adolphus , Charles X , Charles XI & Charles XII -- personally led their forces into battle . Under the Instrument of Government of 1809 , which was in force until the current Instrument of Government of 1974 went into force on 1 January 1975 ; the Monarch was in § § 14 - 15 explicitly designated as the Commander - in - Chief of the Swedish Armed Forces ( Swedish : Högste befälhavare ) . At present , the Government ( Swedish : Regeringen ) as a collective body , chaired and formed by the Prime Minister of Sweden , holds the highest Executive Authority , subject to the will of the Riksdag ; and is thus the present day closest equivalent of a command - in - chief , although not explicitly designated as such . The reason for this change was , apart from the fact that the King was since 1917 no longer expected to make political decisions without ministerial advice , that the new Instrument of Government was intended to be made as descriptive on the workings of the State as possible , and reflective on how decisions are actually made . Minister of Justice Lennart Geijer further remarked in the government bill that any continued pretensions of royal involvement in government decisions would be of a `` fictitious nature '' and `` highly unsatisfactory '' . Certain Government decisions regarding the Armed Forces ( Swedish : Särskilda regeringsbeslut ) may be delegated to the Minister for Defence , under the supervision of the Prime Minister and to the extent laid down in ordinances . To add to some confusion to the above , the title of the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and highest ranked commissioned officer on active duty , is actually Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces ( Swedish : Överbefälhavaren ) . However , the Monarch ( as of present King Carl XVI Gustaf ) , is still a four - star general and admiral à la suite in the Swedish Army , Navy and Air Force and is by unwritten convention regarded as the foremost representative of the Swedish Armed Forces . The King has , as part of his court , a military staff . The military staff is headed by a senior officer ( usually a general or admiral , retired from active service ) and is composed of active duty military officers serving as aides to the King and his family . Switzerland The epaulet for the wartime - only office and rank of General . Supreme authority over the military belongs to the Federal Council , which is the Swiss collegial head of state . Nothwithstanding the previous sentence , under the Constitution , the Federal Council can only , in the operational sense , command a maximum of 4,000 soldiers , with a time limit of three weeks of mobilisation . For it to field more service personnel , the Federal Assembly must elect a General ( see below ) who is given four stars . Thus , the General is elected by the Federal Assembly to give him the same democratic legitimacy as the Federal Council . In peacetime , the Armed Forces are led by the Chief of the Armed Forces ( Chef der Armee ) , who reports to the head of the Federal Department of Defence , Civil Protection and Sports and to the Federal Council as a whole . The Chief of the Armed Forces has the rank of Korpskommandant or Commandant de corps ( OF - 8 in NATO equivalence ) . In a time of declared war or national emergency , however , the Federal Assembly , assembled as the United Federal Assembly , specifically for the purpose of taking on the war - time responsibilities elect a General as Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces under Article 168 of the Constitution . While The General acts as the highest military authority with a high degree of autonomy , he is still subordinate to the Federal Council ( See Articles 58 , 60 , 174 , 177 , 180 & 185 ) . The Federal Assembly retains the sole power to dismiss the General , but the General remains subordinate to the Federal Council by the Council 's ability to demobilise and hence making the position of General redundant . Four generals were appointed in Swiss history , General Henri Dufour during the Swiss Civil War , General Hans Herzog during the Franco - Prussian War , General Ulrich Wille during the First World War , and General Henri Guisan during the Second World War ( `` la Mob '' , `` the Mobilisation '' ) . Although Switzerland remained neutral during the latter three conflicts , the threat of having its territory used as a battlefield by the much bigger war parties of Germany and France required mobilization of the army . See also Within NATO and the European Union , the term Chief of Defence ( CHOD ) is usually used as a generic term for the highest - ranked office held by a professional military officer on active duty , irrespective of their actual title or powers . 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who gets the man of the match prize money			Player of the match	player of the match	In sport , a player of the match award is given to the outstanding player -- almost always the one who makes the most impact -- in a particular match . The term was originally used more often in cricket before being adopted by other sports . This can be a player from either team , usually the winning team .	Some sports have unique traditions regarding these sorts of awards , and they are especially sought after in championship or all - star matches . In some sports organisations and leagues , particularly in the United States , the term `` most valuable player '' ( MVP ) is used for some of these awards ; depending on the circumstances , there may be a distinction between a player of the game and an MVP -- an MVP may be considered the player most directly responsible for his team 's success , while a player of the game is typified by an outstanding individual effort . In Australia , `` best and fairest '' is used ; likewise , this award has the additional stipulation of requiring the winner to have used fair play and not have been levied a suspension during the season . In ice hockey , three players of the game instead of only one , called the `` three stars '' , are recognised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Association football 2 Australian rules football 3 Cricket 4 Gaelic games 5 Ice hockey 6 Rugby football 7 United States college basketball and football 8 References Association football ( edit ) In association football , the award typically goes to a player on the winning side . Players who score a hat - trick , or goalkeepers who keep a clean sheet under resounding pressure often get the award . Hat - trick scorers usually receive the match ball whether or not they are officially named man of the match . However , not all tournaments / leagues have an official man of the match award , so sometimes accolades are given by websites / newspapers instead . In the Premier League , for example , a player will receive a small black and gold trophy , 20 centimeters in height , 6.4 centimeters in width and 6.4 centimeters in depth , for their man of the match performance . Men playing football , also known as soccer . Australian rules football ( edit ) In Australian rules football , the player of the game is often referred to as having been the `` best on ground '' ( or `` BOG '' ) . Media outlets provide immediate , unofficial recognition that is largely honorary , often on a 5 -- 4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1 or 3 -- 2 -- 1 voting basis . Players may receive a Tissot watch as an award for their `` best on ground '' performance . Officially , the AFL recognises the player of the game as being the player awarded the maximum three votes by umpires in the Brownlow Medal count at season 's end . Exceptions are made during the season for certain reserved games such as the Western Derby , The ANZAC Day clash , QClash , and Showdown , where medallions are officially rewarded in presentations following the conclusion of the match . On the day of the AFL Grand Final , a player will be awarded the Norm Smith Medal as being the best on ground voted by an independent panel of Australian rules football experts . Cricket ( edit ) Main article : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) In cricket , the man of the match award became a regular feature in Test matches in the mid 1980s . The man of the match title is usually awarded to the player whose contribution is seen as the most critical in winning the game . However , there have been many instances when the performance of the losing team 's player has earned him the award . Test cricket has witnessed rare instances when a joint award for man of the match or man of the series has been announced . However , in ODIs and Twenty20 this phenomenon is usually seen when the member of the losing team is the highest scorer , such as when Charles Coventry ( 194 ) and Tamim Iqbal ( 154 ) shared the award when Zimbabwe lost the match . In another interesting match held on 3 April 1996 , the whole team from New Zealand was awarded the Men of the Match award . It was the first instance when a whole team was awarded it . In a test match played between 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 January 1999 between South Africa vs West Indies whole South African team was awarded man of the match In Test matches , Jacques Kallis holds the record for the highest number of awards won , with 23 in 166 matches played . In ODIs , Sachin Tendulkar holds the record for the highest number of man of the match titles , with 62 awards in 463 matches played . Tendulkar is followed by Sanath Jayasuriya , who , along with Ricky Ponting , also holds the record for the maximum number of Man of the Match titles as captain . Gaelic games ( edit ) In the Gaelic games of hurling and Gaelic football , the term `` man of the match '' ( Irish : Laoch na hImeartha , `` hero of the game '' ) is commonly awarded after important games . An unusual incident was the 2008 All - Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final , where the Man of the Match award was given to Brian Cody , the Kilkenny manager , rather than to a player . In the women 's sports of camogie and ladies ' Gaelic football , the term `` player of the match '' ( Irish : Laoch na hImeartha , `` hero of the game '' ) is used instead . Ice hockey ( edit ) Main article : Three stars ( ice hockey ) In North American ice hockey , the three players who perform best in the game , often either those who accumulate the most points or outstanding goaltenders , are usually designated the Three stars of the game : the top - performing player is the first star , and so on . This tradition originated in the 1930s as a promotion for a `` Three Star '' brand of gasoline . However , in international play ( and outside North America ) , the three stars concept is rarely used . Instead , other leagues may issue awards to one player who performed best in the game . Rugby football ( edit ) In both codes of rugby , rugby league and rugby union , the player who wins the award is usually the person who has performed consistently well throughout the game . In televised or sponsored matches , the commentator or company sponsoring the event usually decides who gets the award , and it is presented to the winner after the match . Examples of the man of the match in important rugby league games being rewarded are the Clive Churchill Medal , the Lance Todd Trophy and the Harry Sunderland Award . United States college basketball and football ( edit ) In college basketball and college football , the two collegiate sports with the most television coverage in the United States , a top player from each team is usually honoured as `` players of the game . '' These athletes usually can not collect material prizes due to NCAA regulations . Instead , television companies broadcasting the game or corporate sponsors will often make donations to the scholarship funds of each school in the names of the winning players . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` man of the match - definition of man of the match in English - Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries - English . Jump up ^ `` How the Premier League 's monthly awards work '' . Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-3742900/Premier-League-s-new-man-match-award-yellow-brick-poking-fun-new-design.html Jump up ^ `` Round 20 : Rance wins the Tissot - richmondfc.com.au '' . Jump up ^ `` Norm Smith Medal - AFL.com.au '' . afl.com.au . ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI : West Indies v New Zealand at Georgetown , Apr 3 , 1996 Cricket Scorecard ESPN Cricinfo '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5th Test , West Indies tour of South Africa at Centurion , Jan 15 - 18 1999 - Match Summary - ESPNCricinfo '' . ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . ESPN Cricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) / Most player - of - the - match awards '' . Jump up ^ `` man of the match - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for man of the match by New English - Irish Dictionary '' . www.focloir.ie . Jump up ^ `` Bookie pays out on man of the match bets - Hoganstand.com '' . www.hoganstand.com . Jump up ^ `` Fiona scoops player of the match award -- The Clare Champion '' . clarechampion.ie . Jump up ^ `` Ereena Fryday receives her player of the match award from Catherine Neary 12 / 2 / 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Shine hails impact of teen star O'Donoghue - Independent.ie '' . Jump up ^ Cahill , Jackie ( 12 August 2017 ) . `` Dublin overcome plucky Waterford to reach final four '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player_of_the_match&oldid=802952717 '' Categories : Sports terminology Association football terminology Cricket terminology Cricket awards and rankings Australian rules football terminology Rugby league terminology Rugby union terminology Rugby football culture Most valuable player awards Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Irish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu मराठी Nederlands Română Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who plays as beast in beauty and the beast	Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles .	Dan Stevens	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film )	beauty and the beast ( 2017 film )	Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is based on Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's eighteenth - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles .	Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens 's performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production merits , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the second highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 11th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other countries 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Rococo - era France , an enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a coldhearted prince , a rose for shelter . When he refuses , she reveals her identity as an enchantress and transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , then erases the castle , the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will never lift unless he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle , the book - loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice , dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . On his way to a convention and lost in the forest , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle . When Maurice 's horse returns without him , Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast , enraged , scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses it to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave her mother 's deathbed when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He overpowers Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return . Stevens portrays the character through motion - capture . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits . ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version and remake of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom on February 23 , 2017 ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one - week engagement starting December 1 , 2017 . The move is an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which topped the number of views seen in that amount of time in history , including for the teasers for other films distributed by Disney such as Avengers : Age of Ultron , Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Captain America : Civil War . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok , It and Avengers : Infinity War . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine for the week along with nine new photos as well . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster for the film . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released again on Good Morning America . The trailer reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day , beating out Fifty Shades Darker . This record has since been broken again by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Needs to be heavily trimmed down . Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the most expensive musical ever made , or the second-most expensive musical ever made if accounting for inflation ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast is the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its twenty - ninth day of release . It is currently the 2nd highest - grossing film of 2017 ( behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all - time , and the sixth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second biggest ever for both a G or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 p.m. The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % , but nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( - 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 ( until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi ) , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 ( alongside The Last Jedi ) . Other countries ( edit ) Outside the US and Canada , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 1.5 crore ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 9.26 crore ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for its ensemble cast , visuals , production merits , musical score , songs , and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 71 % based on 312 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Pending Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Lucy Bevan , Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Jacqueline Durran Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Song `` Evermore '' Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Actress Emma Watson Pending Best Soundtrack Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Make - up And Hairstyling Pending Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Sullivan , Matt Matt Sullivan Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley and Framestore Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Jenny Shircore , Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Beauty and the Beast Pending Favorite Movie Actress Emma Watson Pending Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Beauty and the Beast Pending San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Shannon Justison , Casey Schatz , Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three - second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date - 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . 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Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey On How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty And The Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline.com . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Sing - A-Long Book tickets at Cineworld Cinemas '' . www.cineworld.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and Beast returns to theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops List of 2018 Most - Anticipated Movies , IMDb Data Reveals '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Most Anticipated Movie According to IMDb '' . Comicbook . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW On Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Crosses $500 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Roars Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty And The Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Gorgeous On Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday In March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Enchants $900 M At WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' unseats ' Beauty and the Beast ' as highest - grossing film of 2017 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' passes ' Beauty and the Beast ' as top 2017 earner '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost In The Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost In The Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty And The Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty And The Beast ' To Reign Again In India '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty And The Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Oscar Nominations 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Archived December 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CDG Awards Nominations Announced For Film & TV Costuming '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/915792/nickelodeon-s-kids-choice-awards-2018-watch-host-john-cena-announce-the-favorite-movie-nominees Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Publicist Awards Nominations : ' Get Out ' , ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Feud ' On List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 by Seattle Film Critics Society `` . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty And The Beast ' Because Of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. April 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty And The Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Elena of Avalor The 7D Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=827994995 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Disney film remakes Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on multiple works Films scored by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - 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