Split (1)

train · 110k rows

query_id stringlengths 32 32	query stringlengths 6 5.38k	positive_passages listlengths 1 17	negative_passages listlengths 9 100	subset stringclasses 7 values
3e78609341426f6a220d47dcc87e077e	Julius Caesar is only a book.	[ { "docid": "cb64b5cb8aea159b632c69a6988f44f8", "text": "Julius Caesar (1953 film) Julius Caesar is a 1953 epic Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film adaptation of the play by Shakespeare , directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz , who also wrote the uncredited screenplay , and produced by John Houseman . The original music score is by Miklós Rózsa . The film stars Marlon Brando as Mark Antony , James Mason as Brutus , John Gielgud as Cassius , Louis Calhern as Julius Caesar , Edmond O'Brien as Casca , Greer Garson as Calpurnia , and Deborah Kerr as Portia .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "8ed3f684c5efdacb529ae75e02c8416b", "text": "The Emperor's Games The Emperor 's Games is the third and last book in a historical fiction trilogy about the 1st-century Roman Empire . Set primarily in Rome and Lower Germany circa AD 81-83 , it follows the adventures of a pair of Roman brothers -- one free-born and one slave-born -- as they serve in the Roman legions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "843ab1b7b0b903a0a542aba009809da6", "text": "Tusculum portrait The Tusculum portrait or the Tusculum bust is one of the two main portrait types of Julius Caesar , alongside the Chiaramonti Caesar . Being one of the copies of the bronze original , the bust is dated to 50 -- 40 BC and is housed in the permanent collection of the Museo d'Antichità in Turin , Italy . Made of fine grained marble , the bust measures 33 cm in height . The portrait 's facial features are consistent with those on coins struck in Caesar 's last year , particularly on the denarii issued by Marcus Mettius . The bust 's head is prolonged , forming a saddle shape which was caused by Caesar 's premature ossification of the sutures between the parietal bone and the temporal bone . The portrait also exhibits dolichocephalia . According to several scholars , the Tusculum portrait is the only extant portrait of Caesar made during his lifetime . The Tusculum portrait was excavated by Lucien Bonaparte at the forum in Tusculum in 1825 and was later brought to Castello d'Aglie , though it was not recognised as a bust of Caesar until Maurizio Borda identified it in 1940 . The portrait was exhibited in the Louvre alongside the Arles bust . There are three known copies of the bust , in the Woburn Abbey and in private collections in Florence and Rome .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e0df8701385d9bc1ae5f7106586108ef", "text": "Caesar and Pompey Caesar and Pompey is a Jacobean era stage play , a classical tragedy written by George Chapman . Arguably Chapman 's most obscure play , it is also one of the more problematic works of -LSB- -LSB- English Renaissance theatre \| English Renaissance drama", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb89410f44f522d62482ee6060fc60a1", "text": "Bible The Bible ( from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία , tà biblía , `` the books '' ) is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans . Many different authors contributed to the Bible . What is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups ; a number of Bible canons have evolved , with overlapping and diverging contents . The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint ; the Hebrew Bible is known in Judaism as the Tanakh . The New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians , believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ , written in first-century Koine Greek . These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives , letters , and apocalyptic writings . Among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon , primarily the Apocrypha , a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect . Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups . Roman Catholics , Anglicans and Eastern Orthodox Christians stress the harmony and importance of the Bible and sacred tradition , while Protestant churches focus on the idea of sola scriptura , or scripture alone . This concept arose during the Protestant Reformation , and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching . With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies , the Bible is widely considered to be the best-selling book of all time . It has estimated annual sales of 100 million copies , and has been a major influence on literature and history , especially in the West , where the Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed using movable type .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "00d437f6261f956262812d44d636ccde", "text": "The Druid King The Druid King is a 2003 historical novel by American novelist Norman Spinrad . The novel is set during the Gallic Campaigns of Julius Caesar . The main protagonist of the novel is Vercingetorix and the plot follows his rise to power to become king of the Gauls and his eventual surrender to Caesar at the Battle of Alesia . The book is a novelisation of an early version of the script for Vercingétorix , la Légende du Druide Roi , a French language film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e685fdb95807ebdaadf982428fafdb77", "text": "Tacitus Publius ( or Gaius ) Cornelius Tacitus ( -LSB- ˈtæsᵻtəs -RSB- -LSB- ˈtakɪtʊs -RSB- ; c. AD 56 -- c. AD 120 ) was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire . The surviving portions of his two major works -- the Annals and the Histories -- examine the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius , Claudius , Nero , and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors ( AD 69 ) . These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus , in AD 14 , to the years of the First Jewish -- Roman War , in AD 70 . There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts , including a gap in the Annals that is four books long . Tacitus ' other writings discuss oratory ( in dialogue format , see Dialogus de oratoribus ) , Germania ( in De origine et situ Germanorum ) , and the life of his father-in-law , Agricola , the Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain , mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia ( De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae '' ) . Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians . He lived in what has been called the Silver Age of Latin literature , and is known for the brevity and compactness of his Latin prose , as well as for his penetrating insights into the psychology of power politics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08897375cf82325d380a83e631fff908", "text": "Early life and career of Julius Caesar The early career of Julius Caesar was characterized by military adventurism and political persecution . Julius Caesar was born on July 13 , 100 BC , into a patrician family , the gens Julia , which claimed descent from Iulus , son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas , supposedly the son of the goddess Venus . His father died early , and his family status put him at odds with the Dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla , who almost had him executed . At about that time , Caesar found himself captured by pirates , only to crucify his former captors after he was ransomed . Before long he began his military career . He served in Hispania , married Sulla 's granddaughter and was elected chief priest , all in rapid succession . Shortly after this , he was suspected , though not convicted , of involvement in the Catiline Conspiracy . Before long he was leaving for a governorship in Hispania and positioning himself to be one of the most important figures in history .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a979caf100f9368eb96d37ba5b294b44", "text": "London (novel) London is a historical novel by Edward Rutherfurd published in 1997 , which charts the history of London from 54 B.C. to 1997 . The novel begins with the birth of the River Thames and moves to 54 B.C. , detailing the life of Segovax , a curious character with slightly webbed hands and a flash of white hair . Seqovax becomes the ancestor of the Ducket and Dogget families , prominent fictional families woven into the novel . Historical figures , such as Julius Caesar , Geoffrey Chaucer , William Shakespeare , and Pocahontas , make appearances alongside fictional characters and historical kings and queens of England .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "076141383b33669eed1a71fdf438f6e1", "text": "Acta Senatus Acta Senatus , or Commentarii Senatus , were minutes of the discussions and decisions of the Roman Senate . Before the first consulship of Julius Caesar ( 59 BC ) , minutes of the proceedings of the Senate were written and occasionally published , but unofficially ; Caesar , desiring to tear away the veil of mystery which gave an unreal importance to the Senate 's deliberations , first ordered them to be recorded and issued authoritatively in the Acta Diurna . The keeping of them was continued by Augustus , but their publication was forbidden . A young senator ( ab actis senatus ) was chosen to draw up these acta , which were kept in the imperial archives and public libraries . Special permission from the city prefect was necessary in order to examine them .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f7c879b83c12e693a1a357fb6b908912", "text": "Julius (software) Julius is an open source speech recognition engine . Julius is a high-performance , two-pass large vocabulary continuous speech recognition ( LVCSR ) decoder software for speech-related researchers and developers . It can perform almost real-time decoding on most current PCs in 60k word dictation task using word 3-gram and context-dependent HMM . Major search techniques are fully incorporated . It is also modularized carefully to be independent from model structures , and various HMM types are supported such as shared-state triphones and tied-mixture models , with any number of mixtures , states , or phones . Standard formats are adopted to cope with other free modeling toolkit . The main platform is Linux and other Unix workstations , and also works on Windows . Julius is open source and distributed with a revised BSD style license . Julius has been developed as part of a free software toolkit for Japanese LVCSR research since 1997 , and the work has been continued at Continuous Speech Recognition Consortium ( CSRC ) , Japan from 2000 to 2003 . From rev. 3.4 , a grammar-based recognition parser named `` Julian '' is integrated into Julius . Julian is a modified version of Julius that uses hand-designed DFA grammar as a language model . It can be used to build a kind of voice command system of small vocabulary , or various spoken dialog system tasks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "96663296bc5309239249c7c25cdfb0bf", "text": "Servius Tullius Servius Tullius was the legendary sixth king of Rome , and the second of its Etruscan dynasty . He reigned 575 -- 535 BC . Roman and Greek sources describe his servile origins and later marriage to a daughter of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , Rome 's first Etruscan king , who was assassinated in 579 BC . Servius is said to have been the first Roman king to accede without election by the Senate , having gained the throne by popular support ; and the first to be elected by the Senate alone , without reference to the people . Several traditions describe Servius ' father as divine . Livy depicts Servius ' mother as a captured Latin princess enslaved by the Romans ; her child is chosen as Rome 's future king after a ring of fire is seen around his head . The Emperor Claudius discounted such origins and described him as an originally Etruscan mercenary , named Mastarna , who fought for Caelius Vibenna . Servius was a popular king , and one of Rome 's most significant benefactors . He had military successes against Veii and the Etruscans , and expanded the city to include the Quirinal , Viminal and Esquiline hills . He is traditionally credited with the institution of the Compitalia festivals , the building of temples to Fortuna and Diana and , less plausibly , the invention of Rome 's first true coinage . Despite the opposition of Rome 's patricians , he expanded the Roman franchise and improved the lot and fortune of Rome 's lowest classes of citizens and non-citizens . According to Livy , he reigned for 44 years , until murdered by his daughter Tullia and son-in-law Tarquinius Superbus . In consequence of this `` tragic crime '' and his hubristic arrogance as king , Tarquinius was eventually removed . This cleared the way for the abolition of Rome 's monarchy and the founding of the Roman Republic , whose groundwork had already been laid by Servius ' reforms .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e5efdbaeb62e8a0c67bab745c089615", "text": "Ius __ NOTOC __ Ius or Jus ( Latin , plural iura ) in ancient Rome was a right to which a citizen ( civis ) was entitled by virtue of his citizenship ( civitas ) . The iura were specified by laws , so ius sometimes meant law . As one went to the law courts to sue for one 's rights , ius also meant justice and the place where justice was sought . On the whole , the Romans valued their rights as the greatest good of Roman citizenship ( Civitas Romana ) , as opposed to citizenship in other city-states under the jurisdiction of Rome but without Roman rights . Outsiders ( peregrini ) and freedmen ( libertini ) perforce used Roman lawyers to represent them in actions undertaken under the jurisdiction of Roman law . Representation was one of the civic obligations ( munera ) owed to the state by citizens . These munera ( on which account the citizens were municipes ) included military service as well as paying taxes , but specialized obligations might also be associated with functions of elected offices or assigned by the government , such as paying the cost of road or aqueduct maintenance . Some of these functions were highly lucrative , such as tax collecting , since the collector collected much more than he owed the government , but for the most part functionaries were appointed for their wealth and were expected to assume the costs as their munus . If they did not , they were tried and sometimes executed . Violation of the iura of other citizens , whether in office or out , was a serious matter , for which the punishment might be death .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "50c7f7f848e579dc6c03bade0120d247", "text": "Siege of Massilia -RCB- \| - \| \| -RCB- The Siege and naval Battle of Massilia was an episode of Caesar 's civil war , fought in 49 BC . Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had become proconsul of Gaul and was sent to gain control of Massilia ( modern Marseille ) in order to oppose Caesar . As Caesar marched to Hispania ( en route to the Battle of Ilerda ) , the Massiliots closed their gates to him , having allied with Ahenobarbus and the Optimates . Roused by their hostile actions , he commenced a siege against Massilia , leaving the newly raised 17th , 18th , and 19th legions to conduct the siege . These were the same legions that would be wiped out at Teutoburg Forest 58 years later . He also placed Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus in charge of his fleet there . After the siege had begun , Ahenobarbus arrived in Massilia to defend it against the Caesarian forces . In late June , Caesar 's ships , although they were less skillfully built than those of the Massiliots and outnumbered , were victorious in the ensuing naval battle . Gaius Trebonius , Caesar 's legatus , conducted the siege using a variety of siege machines including siege towers , a siege-ramp , and a `` testudo-ram '' . Gaius Scribonius Curio , careless in adequately guarding the Sicilian Straits , allowed Lucius Nasidius to bring more ships to the aid of Ahenobarbus . He fought a second naval battle with Decimus Brutus in early September , but withdrew defeated and sailed for Hispania . Caesar built a stationary tower , 30 ft. square and six stories in height , under the very walls of the city and in face of a rain of missiles from its engines . The walls of the tower were of brickwork 5 ft. thick . When the lowest storey was built it was covered with a solid fireproof roof which was not secured to the walls but rested upon them like a lid . The eaves projected considerably , and from them screens were hung on all sides , covering all the walls . By means of screws the whole canopy , roof and screens , was now raised to the height of one storiey and the workmen proceeded to build the walls of that storiey under its protection . This process was repeated in the same manner until the full height of the tower was attained . The Massiliots valiantly defended against the siege machines and works . They threw down burning pitch and pine-shavings and the Caesarians undermined the foundations of their city walls . At one point they seemed likely to surrender and declare a truce , but at night they cunningly destroyed the siege works in a gross violation of the treaty , according to Caesar 's own account ( Bellum Civile 2.14 ; alternatively , Dio 41.25.2 records that the Massiliots destroyed these works in response to a surprise attack by the Caesarian forces ) . The city 's inhabitants were then near surrender . At the final surrender of Massilia , Caesar showed his usual leniency and Lucius Ahenobarbus escaped to Thessaly in the only vessel that was able to escape from the Populares . Afterwards , Massilia was allowed to keep nominal autonomy , due to ancient ties of friendship and support of Rome , along with some territories while most of its empire was confiscated by Julius Caesar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f690adaba5d1b0b9894e745f8609fcdf", "text": "Augustus Caesar Buell Augustus Caesar Buell ( September 4 , 1847 -- May 23 , 1904 ) was an American author who wrote several biographies of great Americans , following the success of a book about his experiences in the Civil War . Most material in these biographies that was not plagiarized was ( as was discovered too late for many subsequent scholars ) fabricated . In 1876 he was briefly arrested following an accusation of libel .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7c05e23e74355473c8cbe12fc59136a5", "text": "Supplements to the Satyricon Petronius 's Satyricon , the only realistic classical Latin novel ( probably written c. AD 60 ) , survives in a very fragmentary form . Many readers have wondered how the story would begin and end . Between 1629 and the present several authors in various languages have attempted to round the story out . In certain cases , following a well-known conceit of historical fiction , these invented supplements have been claimed to derive from newly discovered manuscripts .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b28a0b5bd3973f3948cb6b02290e8caf", "text": "Caesar (McCullough novel) Caesar : Let the Dice Fly is the fifth historical novel in Colleen McCullough 's Masters of Rome series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9182a90196fd281ac524076f30aea078", "text": "Livius Andronicus Not to be confused with Livy , the Augustan-era historian whose Latin name is Livius . Lucius Livius Andronicus ( c. 284 -- c. 205 BC ) was a Greco-Roman dramatist and epic poet of the Old Latin period . He began as an educator in the service of a noble family at Rome by translating Greek works into Latin , including Homer 's Odyssey . They were meant at first as educational devices in the school he founded . He wrote works for the stage -- both tragedies and comedies -- which are regarded as the first dramatic works written in the Latin language of ancient Rome . His comedies were based on Greek New Comedy and featured characters in Greek costume . Thus , the Romans referred to this new genre by the term comoedia palliata ( fabula palliata ) . The Roman biographer Suetonius later coined the term `` half-Greek '' of Livius and Ennius ( referring to their genre , not their ethnic backgrounds ) . The genre was imitated by the next dramatists to follow in Andronicus ' footsteps and on that account he is regarded as the father of Roman drama and of Latin literature in general ; that is , he was the first man of letters to write in Latin . Varro , Cicero , and Horace , all men of letters during the subsequent Classical Latin period , considered Livius Andronicus to have been the originator of Latin literature . He is the earliest Roman poet whose name is known .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "684282d38a143da3155f207769feafe8", "text": "Augustan History The Augustan History ( Latin : Historia Augusta ) is a late Roman collection of biographies , written in Latin , of the Roman Emperors , their junior colleagues , designated heirs and usurpers of the period 117 to 284 . Supposedly modeled on the similar work of Suetonius , The Twelve Caesars , it presents itself as a compilation of works by six different authors ( collectively known as the Scriptores Historiae Augustae ) , written during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine I and addressed to those emperors or other important personages in Rome . The collection , as extant , comprises thirty biographies , most of which contain the life of a single emperor , while some include a group of two or more , grouped together merely because these emperors were either similar or contemporaneous . However , the true authorship of the work , its actual date , and its purpose , have long been matters for controversy amongst historians and scholars , ever since Hermann Dessau in 1889 rejected both the date and the authorship as stated within the manuscript . Major problems include the nature of the sources it used , and how much of the content is pure fiction . For instance , the collection contains in all about 150 alleged documents , including 68 letters , 60 speeches and proposals to the people or the senate , and 20 senatorial decrees and acclamations . Virtually all of these are now considered to be fraudulent . By the second decade of the 21st century , the overall consensus supported the position that there was only a single author who was writing either at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century , and who was interested in blending contemporary issues ( political , religious and social ) into the lives of the 3rd century emperors . Further , that the author used the fictitious elements in the work to highlight references to other published works , such as to Cicero and Ammianus Marcellinus in a complex allegorical game . Despite these conundrums , it is the only continuous account in Latin for much of its period and is thus continually being re-evaluated , since modern historians are unwilling to abandon it as a unique source of possible information , despite its obvious untrustworthiness on many levels .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b029831fdf4bc3495ac7334707db260d", "text": "Julius of Rome Julius was a member of the Roman Senate . He is recorded by St. Eusebius and St. Pontian , as a martyr .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f228be9c3f78aca473cf1cdd026677c", "text": "We Were There The We Were There books are a series of historical novels written for children . The series consists of 36 titles , first released between 1955 and 1963 by Grosset & Dunlap . Each book in the series is a fictional retelling of an historical event , featuring one or more children as primary characters . The books were written by a number of different authors , each writing from one to seven of the books ; the authors included Benjamin Appel , Jim Kjelgaard , Earl Schenck Miers , William O. Steele , and others . Each book 's byline also lists a separate `` historical consultant , '' who was a specialist in the historic topic covered by that particular book . The historical consultants were typically college professors or , in the case of war-related stories , retired military officers ; among the more noteworthy consultants for the series were the historians Bruce Catton , Walter Prescott Webb and A. B. Guthrie , Jr. . The books are illustrated with black-and-white line art , with color drawings on the dust jacket . The dust jackets of the original printings of the books describe the series as follows : We Were There books are easy to read and provide exciting , entertaining stories , based upon true historic events . Each story is checked for factual accuracy by an outstanding authority on this particular phase of our history . Though written simply enough for young readers , they make interesting reading for boys and girls well into their teens . The original hardbound editions of the books were followed by several other printings , including editions for book clubs and libraries . The books were later reissued with hardbound picture covers ( using the original dust jacket artwork ) , and softcover editions of some books became available in the 1970s . Three of the books are available from Lamppost Publishers and American Home School Publishers . Most of the original books are available in varying used conditions from various sellers through Amazon , although selection will naturally vary at any given time .", "title": "" } ]	fever
1dd6b32e355fe5fe225f24b53aa2984e	No Reservations got a mixed reception from critics.	[ { "docid": "770b562493d468fc8ff4e2a9f4df7314", "text": "No Reservations (film) No Reservations is a 2007 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Scott Hicks . Starring Catherine Zeta-Jones , Aaron Eckhart and Abigail Breslin , the screenplay by Carol Fuchs is an adaptation of an original script by Sandra Nettelbeck , which served as the basis for the 2001 German film Mostly Martha , and revolves around a hard-edged chef whose life is turned upside down when she decides to take in her young niece following a tragic accident that killed her sister . Patricia Clarkson , Bob Balaban and Jenny Wade co-star , with Brían F. O'Byrne , Lily Rabe , and Zoe Kravitz -- appearing in her first feature film -- playing supporting roles . The film received a mixed reception by critics , who found it `` predictable and too melancholy for the genre '' , resulting in a 41 % overall approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Upon its opening release on July 27 , 2007 in the United States and Canada , No Reservations became a moderate commercial success : The film grossed $ 12 million in its opening weekend , eventually grossing over $ 43 million at the domestic box-office and over $ 92 million worldwide . Breslin was nominated for a Young Artist Award for her performance .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "9f8eae82a811d860f395f9b32b466621", "text": "Cultural assimilation of Native Americans The cultural assimilation of Native Americans was an assimilation effort by the United States to transform Native American culture to European -- American culture between the years of 1790 -- 1920 . George Washington and Henry Knox were first to propose , in an American context , the cultural transformation of Native Americans . They formulated a policy to encourage the `` civilizing '' process . With increased waves of immigration from Europe , there was growing public support for education to encourage a standard set of cultural values and practices to be held in common by the majority of citizens . Education was viewed as the primary method in the acculturation process for minorities . Americanization policies were based on the idea that when indigenous people learned United States ( American ) customs and values , they would be able to merge tribal traditions with American culture and peacefully join the majority of the society . After the end of the Indian Wars , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the government outlawed the practice of traditional religious ceremonies . It established Native American boarding schools which children were required to attend . In these schools they were forced to speak English , study standard subjects , attend church , and leave tribal traditions behind . The Dawes Act of 1887 , which allotted tribal lands in severalty to individuals , was seen as a way to create individual homesteads for Native Americans . Land allotments were made in exchange for Native Americans ' becoming US citizens and giving up some forms of tribal self-government and institutions . It resulted in the transfer of an estimated total of 93 e6acre from Native American control . Most was sold to individuals or given out free through the Homestead law , or given directly to Indians as individuals . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 was also part of Americanization policy ; it gave full citizenship to all Indians living on reservations . The leading opponent of forced assimilation was John Collier , who directed the federal Office of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945 , and tried to reverse many of the established policies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e33b097fdfa2393bef0ea9bcd75da940", "text": "Romantic racism Romantic racism is a form of racism in which members of a dominant group project their fantasies onto members of oppressed groups . Feminist scholars have accused Norman Mailer , Jack Kerouac , and other Beatnik authors of the 1950s of romantic racism . They maintain that the dominant mainstream culture of the 1950s in the United States stressed conformity and held up middle-class suburban families as the cultural ideal , and that it was indifferent to art and literature , upheld racial segregation , and despised or ignored black achievements , such as jazz . Those , like the novelist Norman Mailer , who felt limited by or alienated from mainstream culture , sought out influences from other cultures as form of rebellion . Mailer , a great fan of jazz music , created his concept of what it meant to be `` hip , '' or a member of the white urban counterculture , largely on his perception of the culture of urban African-Americans ( with whom the expression `` hip '' , meaning `` in the know '' , originated ) and articulated his vision in his essay `` The White Negro . '' Mailer , who considered himself an opponent of Victorian sexual repression and regimentation , idealized what he saw as the sexual and other freedoms of minority and other counter-cultural groups , overlooking the fact that in these groups sexual exploitation of women sometimes occurred.These critics consider his depictions of what he imagines African-American life to be like as an instance of what they call `` romantic racism '' , contending that he implies that in urban ghettoes -- filled with sex , drugs , and violence -- life is somehow enriched , rather than hurt , by poverty and crime . Mailer 's essay has also been criticized for spreading the stereotype of African-American men as hypermasculine and hypersexual .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "17369810ed4fea2f91a766f56ceb199c", "text": "Nowhere Man: The Final Days of John Lennon Nowhere Man : The Final Days of John Lennon , first published in 2000 and written by New York journalist Robert Rosen , who in 1981 had access to John Lennon 's diaries , is a controversial account of the ex-Beatle 's last five years . The book disputes the official view of Lennon as a contented househusband raising his son Sean and baking bread while Yoko ran the family business . Instead , Nowhere Man portrays Lennon 's daily life at the Dakota as that of a `` tormented superstar , a prisoner of his fame , locked in his bedroom raving about Jesus Christ , while a retinue of servants tended to his every need . '' Rosen says that he used his memory of Lennon 's diaries as `` a roadmap to the truth . '' The final part of the book , The Coda , focuses on the mental disintegration of Lennon 's assassin , Mark David Chapman , and includes Chapter 27 , the so-called missing chapter of J.D. Salinger 's classic novel of disaffected youth , The Catcher in the Rye , that `` inspired '' Chapman to murder Lennon . It was Chapman 's goal , according to Rosen , to write Chapter 27 `` in Lennon 's blood . '' Originally written in 1982 , the manuscript remained unpublished for 18 years . Soft Skull Press acquired the rights to the book in 1999 and brought out the hardcover edition the following year . Quick American Archives then picked up the rights and published the paperback edition in 2002 . Nowhere Man was a bestseller in the United States ( Los Angeles Times , September 3 , 2000 ) , England ( Mojo , October 2000 ) , and Japan ( Amazon.co.jp , October 2000 ) . In 2003 , Random House Mondadori brought out a Spanish-language edition in Latin America . The book received extensive coverage and was excerpted in such publications as Proceso , La Jornada , El Universal , Reforma , Semana , Gatopardo , Soho , El Heraldo , El Mercurio , La Tercera , Las Últimas Noticias , and The Clinic . Nowhere Man appeared on bestseller lists in Mexico and Colombia . The other foreign editions were published by DHC ( Japan , 2000 ) , Fusion Press ( UK , 2000 ) , Hannibal ( Germany , 2001 ) . and Coniglio ( Italy 2011 ) . The title of the book refers to The Beatles ' song `` Nowhere Man '' ( which was written and sung primarily by Lennon ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f0d7e9fa022abff58ae6db95de49e87", "text": "We Have Never Been Modern We Have Never Been Modern is a 1991 book by Bruno Latour , originally published in French as Nous n'avons jamais été modernes : Essai d'anthropologie symétrique ( English translation : 1993 ) . The book is an `` anthropology of science '' that explores the dualistic distinction modernity makes between nature and society . Pre-modern peoples , argues Latour , made no such division . Contemporary matters of public concern such as global warming , the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emerging biotechnologies mix politics , science , popular and specialist discourse to such a degree that a tidy nature/culture dualism is no longer possible . This inconsistency has given rise to post-modern and anti-modern movements . Latour attempts to reconnect the social and natural worlds by arguing that the modernist distinction between nature and culture never existed . He claims we must rework our thinking to conceive of a `` Parliament of Things '' wherein natural phenomena , social phenomena and the discourse about them are not seen as separate objects to be studied by specialists , but as hybrid made and scrutinized by the public interaction of people , things and concepts .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "13db858565383fcd5d793cf212e1142d", "text": "Lannan Literary Awards The Lannan Literary Awards are a series of awards and literary fellowships given out in various fields by the Lannan Foundation . Established in 1989 , the awards are meant `` to honor both established and emerging writers whose work is of exceptional quality '' , according to the foundation . The foundation 's awards are lucrative relative to most awards in literature : the 2006 awards for poetry , fiction and nonfiction each came with $ 150,000 , making them among the richest literary prizes in the world . The awards reflect the philosophy governing the Lannan Foundation , a family foundation established by J. Patrick Lannan , Sr. in 1960 . It describes itself as `` dedicated to cultural freedom , diversity and creativity through projects which support exceptional contemporary artists and writers , as well as inspired Native activists in rural indigenous communities . '' Awards have been made to acclaimed and varied literary figures such as David Foster Wallace , William Gaddis , Lydia Davis , William H. Gass , Steve Erickson and W.S. Merwin . The foundation has also recognized people known as much for their public intellectual activities as for their literary talents , such as Barbara Ehrenreich and Edward Said . The foundation also gives a `` Cultural Freedom Prize '' for the stated purpose of recognizing `` people whose extraordinary and courageous work celebrates the human right to freedom of imagination , inquiry , and expression . '' Prize winners include Elouise P. Cobell , Robert Fisk , Eduardo Galeano , , Mahmoud Darwish , Arundhati Roy , Helen Caldicott and Cornel West . The foundation does not accept applications for awards or fellowships . Candidates are suggested anonymously `` by a network of writers , literary scholars , publishers , and editors , '' with the foundation 's literary committee making the final determination . The foundation also `` provides financial assistance to tribes and nonprofits that serve Native American communities ... '' For instance , it gave more than $ 7 million in grants to the Blackfeet Reservation Development Fund from 1998 to 2009 , to support litigation on behalf of Native Americans with interests in trust lands . This nonprofit was created by Elouise P. Cobell and her legal team to bring claims against the United States for mismanaging lands held in trust for Native Americans . The Cobell v. Salazar case was filed in 1996 and settled in 2009 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca19c019b8cae94e0ca3ffd398931eb5", "text": "Climate change denial Climate change denial , or global warming denial , is part of the global warming controversy . It involves denial , dismissal , unwarranted doubt or contrarian views which strongly depart from the scientific opinion on climate change , including the extent to which it is caused by humans , its impacts on nature and human society , or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions . Some deniers do endorse the term , but others often prefer the term climate change skepticism , although this is a misnomer for those who deny anthropogenic global warming . In effect , the two terms form a continuous , overlapping range of views , and generally have the same characteristics : both reject , to a greater or lesser extent , mainstream scientific opinion on climate change . Climate change denial can also be implicit , when individuals or social groups accept the science but fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action . Several social science studies have analyzed these positions as forms of denialism . Campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science has been described as a `` denial machine '' of industrial , political and ideological interests , supported by conservative media and skeptical bloggers in manufacturing uncertainty about global warming . In the public debate , phrases such as climate skepticism have frequently been used with the same meaning as climate denialism . The labels are contested : those actively challenging climate science commonly describe themselves as `` skeptics '' , but many do not comply with common standards of scientific skepticism and , regardless of evidence , persistently deny the validity of human caused global warming . Although scientific opinion on climate change is that human activity is extremely likely to be the primary driver of climate change , the politics of global warming have been affected by climate change denial , hindering efforts to prevent climate change and adapt to the warming climate . Those promoting denial commonly use rhetorical tactics to give the appearance of a scientific controversy where there is none . Of the world 's countries , the climate change denial industry is most powerful in the United States . Since January 2015 , the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works has been chaired by oil lobbyist and climate change denier Jim Inhofe . Inhofe is notorious for having called climate change `` the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people '' and for having claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball with him in the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor . Organised campaigning to undermine public trust in climate science is associated with conservative economic policies and backed by industrial interests opposed to the regulation of emissions . Climate change denial has been associated with the fossil fuels lobby , the Koch brothers , industry advocates and libertarian think tanks , often in the United States . More than 90 % of papers sceptical on climate change originate from right-wing think tanks . The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $ 900 million . Between 2002 and 2010 , nearly $ 120 million ( # 77 million ) was anonymously donated via the Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund to more than 100 organisations seeking to undermine the public perception of the science on climate change . In 2013 the Center for Media and Democracy reported that the State Policy Network ( SPN ) , an umbrella group of 64 U.S. think tanks , had been lobbying on behalf of major corporations and conservative donors to oppose climate change regulation . Since the late 1970s , oil companies have published research broadly in line with the standard views on global warming . Despite this , oil companies organized a climate change denial campaign to disseminate public disinformation for several decades , a strategy that has been compared to the organized denial of the hazards of tobacco smoking by tobacco companies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5d9af613fa5f951d965b53b37366c9b8", "text": "Hellgate treaty The Treaty of Hellgate was signed in Hellgate on July 16 , 1855 between Indian commissioner Isaac Stevens and the Native American tribes located in western Montana . The treaty was ratified by Congress , signed by President James Buchanan , and proclaimed on April 18 , 1859 . The tribes involved in the signing of the treaty entailed the Bitterroot Salish , Pend d'Oreille , and the Kootenai . The tribes negotiated the Hellgate treaty with the United States in 1855 . From the start , treaty negotiations were plagued by serious translation problems . A Jesuit observer , Father Adrian Hoecken , said that the translations were so poor that `` not a tenth of what was said was understood by either side '' . But as in the meeting with Lewis and Clark , the pervasive cross-cultural miscommunication ran even deeper than problems of language and translation . Tribal people came to the meeting assuming they were going to formalize an already-recognized friendship . Non-Indians came with the goal of making official their claims to native lands and resources . Isaac Stevens , the new governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for Washington Territory , was intent on obtaining cession of the Bitterroot Valley from the Salish . Many non-Indians were already well aware of the valley 's potential value for agriculture and its relatively temperate climate in winter . Due to the resistance of Chief Victor ( Many Horses ) , Stevens ended up inserting into the treaty complicated ( and doubtless poorly translated ) language that defined the Bitterroot Valley south of Lolo Creek as a `` conditional reservation '' for the Salish . Victor put his X mark on the document , convinced that the agreement would not require his people to leave their homeland . No other word came from the government for the next fifteen years , so the Salish assumed that they would indeed stay in their Bitterroot Valley forever . Based on the terms of the accord , the Native Americans were to relinquish their territories to the United States government in exchange for payment installments that totaled $ 120,000 dollars . The territories in question entailed everything from the main ridge of the Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel to the Kootenai River and Clark Fork to the divide between the St. Regis River and the Coeur d'Alene River . From there , the ceded territories also extend to the southwestern fork of the Bitterroot River and up to Salmon River and Snake River . The treaty was ratified on March 8 , 1859 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4b4f5ca67a332c0cbef486824f4a4406", "text": "National Hotel, Toronto The National Hotel was a hotel built on the southeast corner of King and Sherbourne streets , in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Under pressure for condominium apartment redevelopment , the City of Toronto attempted to preserve the building , designating it a heritage site in 2009 , but the building was eventually torn down in 2013 . The hotel 's north and west facades were preserved as part of the new condominium development , examples of `` facadism '' in Toronto . The hotel was originally called the `` British Exchange Inn '' when it was run by its first proprietor George Ross . The hotel was listed in the 1856 Boulton Atlas . In 1861 , tax records show it was a three story brick building . In 1868 , the hotel was rebuilt and renamed the Grand Central Hotel and was managed by a William Burke , who expanded the building east -- `` likely in response to legislation enacted under pressure from the temperance movement '' . Hotels needed to offer a certain number of rooms to rent before they were entitled to a liquor license . Charles Brewer , the owner in 1905 , further expanded the structure to the south . The architect responsible for the 1905 expansion was Henry Simpson , a protege of E.J. Lennox , whose design was in the Richardsonian Romanesque style . The `` Terry Museum '' , one of Toronto 's first museums , was housed in the hotel from 1874 to 1878 . The property was listed on the City of Toronto Inventory of Heritage Properties in 1973 . Despite this , in 2009 Ram 's Head Development , the building 's owners , announced plans to replace the building with an 18-storey high-rise . The plan stirred controversy and the City of Toronto applied to have the property designated under the Ontario Heritage Act . The building was protected under the heritage act on October 27 , 2009 . This was appealed to the Ontario Municipal Board ( OMB ) . The OMB ordered the City of Toronto to approve the development with the retention of the north and west facades . Demolition proceeded in 2013 . The `` King + '' condominium development opened in 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9899176531546abcb014dbe388d9f88e", "text": "An Experiment in Criticism An Experiment in Criticism is a 1961 book by C. S. Lewis in which he proposes that the quality of books should be measured not by how they are written , but by how they are read . To do this , the author describes two kinds of readers . One is what he calls the `` unliterary '' , and the other the `` literary '' . He proceeds to outline some of the differences between these two types of readers . For example , one characterization of an unliterary reader is that the argument `` I 've read it before '' is a conclusive reason not to read a book . In contrast , literary readers reread books many times , savoring certain passages , and attempting to glean more from subsequent readings . Lewis also argued that judging books by whether they are `` lowbrow '' or `` highbrow '' is not necessarily fruitful ; many `` lowbrow '' books prove to be valuable to a literary reader willing to approach without prejudgment . He noted that books classified as `` lowbrow '' , such as science fiction , are also capable of inducing a passion to re-read and imparting experience which changes reader 's worldview . Lewis suggests that books which are capable of doing this may prove to have enduring merit regardless of their genre of origin . He suggested that attempting to judge the literary merit of books based on traditional criteria may not prove fruitful . Thus , Lewis suggests that a quality book is one that someone , anyone will re-read . A highbrow view that such a book is poor quality has failed to appreciate whatever qualities merit re-reading by someone .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b3b442e2dbaada432a044019cbc44a0", "text": "Minaki Lodge Minaki Lodge ( -LSB- mɪˈnæki -RSB- ) , formerly part of the chain of Canadian National Hotels , was originally built in 1914 by the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway ( GTPR ) . Located on the route of the National Transcontinental Railway ( NTR ) at Minaki , Ontario , between Sioux Lookout and Winnipeg , where the railway crosses the Winnipeg River , this rustic resort hotel named Minaki Lodge and the railway station also called Minaki , is an Ojibwa word that has been variously translated as Beautiful Water or Good Land . The NTR and GTPR went bankrupt and were nationalized as part of the Canadian National Railways . CNR president Sir Henry Thornton rebuilt the hotel on a more lavish scale , but it burned down as it was about to open in 1925 . Undaunted , he rebuilt it on an even more lavish scale using Scottish stonemasons , Swedish lot cutters and English gardeners to build and landscape a soaring granite and log building that opened in 1927 . Thirty trainloads of soil were brought from a farm in Manitoba to build a golf course on the rock of the Canadian Shield . Minaki Lodge remained a luxurious resort until after the Second World War , but travel patterns changed and the railway , emphasizing freight and no longer interested in attracting passenger traffic , sold it in the early 1950s . Over the next 50 years the hotel passed through many hands and many renovations . The Ontario government owned it for some years and spent an estimated $ 50-million on upgrading it , only to sell it to a hotel chain for $ 4-million . The Conservative government that spent most of the money called the resort The Jewel of the North . Opposition Liberal and New Democratic Party politicians called it a boondoggle and a sinkhole . Owners since then have included a nearby Indian band , a Texan speculator and a Calgary , Alberta , real estate developer . The main building , which was not insured , burned to the ground in a spectacular fire in October , 2003 , and the resort has not operated since . The resort 's 9-hole golf course has been tended only sporadically in recent years . In 2012 , former Manitoba cabinet minister Bob Banman and real estate developer Bob Schinkel submitted a plan to redevelop the former site of the lodge as condominium apartments and individually-owned cottages . The local cottagers ' association opposes the development , expressing concerns about the project 's sewage treatment facilities .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "afb9a29fcddbb48509c8594d5b40e610", "text": "Dawes Act The Dawes Act of 1887 ( also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ) , adopted by Congress in 1887 , authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians . Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted United States citizenship . The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 , in 1898 by the Curtis Act , and again in 1906 by the Burke Act . The Act was named for its creator , Senator Henry Laurens Dawes of Massachusetts . The objectives of the Dawes Act were to lift the Native Americans out of poverty , to stimulate assimilation of them into mainstream American society , and to transfer lands under Indian control to white settlers . Individual household ownership of land and subsistence farming on the European-American model was seen as an essential step . The act provided that the government would classify as `` excess '' those Indian reservation lands remaining after allotments , and sell those lands on the open market , allowing purchase and settlement by non-Native Americans . The Dawes Commission , set up under an Indian Office appropriation bill in 1893 , was created to try to persuade the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to allotment plans . ( They had been excluded from the Dawes Act by their treaties . ) This commission registered the members of the Five Civilized Tribes on what became known as the Dawes Rolls . The Curtis Act of 1898 amended the Dawes Act to extend its provisions to the Five Civilized Tribes ; it required abolition of their governments , allotment of communal lands to people registered as tribal members , and sale of lands declared surplus , as well as dissolving tribal courts . This completed the extinguishment of tribal land titles in Indian Territory , preparing it to be admitted to the Union as the state of Oklahoma . During the ensuing decades , the Five Civilized Tribes lost 90 million acres of former communal lands , which were sold to non-Natives . In addition , many individuals , unfamiliar with land ownership , became the target of speculators and criminals , were stuck with allotments that were too small for profitable farming , and lost their household lands . Tribe members also suffered from the breakdown of the social structure of the tribes . During the Great Depression , the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration supported passage on June 18 , 1934 of the US Indian Reorganization Act ( also known as the Wheeler-Howard Law ) . It ended land allotment and created a `` New Deal '' for Indians , renewing their rights to reorganize and form their self-governments .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1445773c08da50707979a85167e4edf4", "text": "Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society . The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories . The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin . In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "db25db20778f4b72be21233ce7f596b4", "text": "While Europe Slept While Europe Slept : How Radical Islam is Destroying the West from Within is a 2006 book by Bruce Bawer . It was Bawer 's second book dealing with the issue of religious fundamentalism , following his earlier Stealing Jesus : How Fundamentalism Betrays Christianity , a critique of fundamentalist Christianity published in 1998 . While Europe Slept argues that Europe 's democratic traditions and open society face a growing demographic and cultural threat from Europe 's Muslim immigrant communities , who according to Bawer reject Enlightenment values and resist integration . Bawer blames this trend primarily on an alleged `` self-destructive passivity '' among Europeans , whom he regards as `` appeasing '' essentially incompatible philosophies like radical Islam in the name of religious tolerance . Bawer compares this approach unfavorably with what he sees as a more robust American tradition which proudly asserts its values and expects immigrants to adopt them . The book received mixed reviews , with some strongly supporting its arguments while others rejected or even ridiculed them . Some felt the book raised important questions but failed to adequately make its case . The book received a 2006 nomination in the `` Criticism '' category from the National Book Critics Circle , a choice which was met with condemnation from two former members of the organization .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b95208e443e2759021f858099b13ed21", "text": "List of accolades received by 127 Hours 127 Hours is a 2010 British independent biographical adventure film directed by Danny Boyle . It stars James Franco in the principal role as real-life mountain climber Aron Ralston , whose hand was trapped under a boulder in a Utah ravine for more than five days in April 2003 . Adapted from Ralston 's autobiography Between a Rock and a Hard Place , 127 Hourss screenplay was written by Boyle and Simon Beaufoy . Distributors Fox Searchlight and Pathé gave the feature limited releases in the United States and United Kingdom on 5 November 2010 and 7 January 2011 , respectively . It grossed # 35.8 million at the box office by the end of its worldwide theatrical run . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator surveyed 215 reviews and judged 93 % to be positive . Additionally , 127 Hours appeared on more than two dozen movie reviewers ' Top Ten lists for the best movies of 2010 . The film has received honors for its direction , music , cinematography and writing , as well as for the lead performance by Franco . At the 68th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , 127 Hours earned three nominations : for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , Best Original Score and Best Screenplay . The picture was nominated in nine Satellite Award categories , including direction , score , sound , original song and visual effects . It also received nine nominations from the Broadcast Film Critics Association . The 64th British Academy Film Awards nominated it for eight of their awards , including Best Director , Best Editing , Best Music and Best Sound . Additionally , 127 Hours was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film , but lost to The King 's Speech . It performed similarly at the 83rd Academy Awards , where it was nominated in six categories : Best Actor , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Original Score , Best Original Song ( for `` If I Rise '' ) and Best Picture , but lost respectively in all categories to The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Toy Story 3 . Franco was named Best Actor by the New York Film Critics Online and 2010 Independent Spirit Awards . He also received recognition from the Screen Actors Guild , at their 17th annual ceremony . Franco 's arm amputation scene towards the end of 127 Hours was nominated at the viewer-voted 2011 MTV Movie Awards . Boyle 's and Beaufoy 's efforts on the movie 's script earned them nominations from the Writers Guild of America and Evening Standard British Film Awards . Along with producer Christian Colson , Boyle garnered another nomination , this time from the Producers Guild of America . The Detroit Film Critics Society honored Boyle as Best Director . Suttirat Larlarb 's input on the movie 's production design earned her one nomination from the Art Directors Guild . The film 's cinematography garnered nominations at the 2010 Houston Film Critics Awards and the 2010 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards . The American Film Institute listed 127 Hours as one of the ten best movies of 2010 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a05aac68298a72c3c382dea5f29b0f39", "text": "No Doubt No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim , California , that formed in 1986 . Since 1994 , the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani , bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal , guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont , and drummer Adrian Young . Since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio , they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley . The ska sound of their song `` Trapped in a Box '' ( 1992 ) that was featured on their first album No Doubt ( 1992 ) failed to make an impact . The Beacon Street Collection ( 1993 ) is a raw expression of their sound , inspired by ska punk and released independently by the band under their own record label . The album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995 , over three times as many as their first album . The band 's diamond-certified album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) helped launch the third-wave ska revival of the 1990s , and `` Do n't Speak '' , the third single from the album , set a record when it spent 16 weeks at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart . The group 's next album , Return of Saturn ( 2000 ) , despite its Top 40 hit single `` Simple Kind of Life '' , did not match the success of their previous album but received critical praise and was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 43rd Grammy Awards . Fifteen months later , the band reappeared with Rock Steady ( 2001 ) , which incorporated reggae and dancehall music into their work . The album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer , Sly and Robbie , and Lady Saw . The album produced two Grammy-winning singles , `` Hey Baby '' and `` Underneath It All '' . Hella Good was also nominated for a Grammy award . On 22 November 2002 , No Doubt received the Key to the City of Anaheim , given by the Mayor of Anaheim , Tom Daly , in Disneyland during the band 's appearance on ` Breakfast with Kevin and Bean ' ( KROQ-FM ) where they performed five songs . After a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects , with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) and The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) while Tom Dumont released his own solo music project , Invincible Overlord . In 2008 , the band resumed working slowly on their sixth effort , titled Push and Shove ( 2012 ) , and released their single `` Settle Down '' . They have sold over 33 million records worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "86084993280e8253fc7b4eb19ba7d878", "text": "Conservatism Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization . By some definitions , conservatives have variously sought to preserve institutions including religion , monarchy , parliamentary government , property rights and the social hierarchy , emphasizing stability and continuity , while the more extreme elements called reactionaries oppose modernism and seek a return to `` the way things were '' . The first established use of the term in a political context originated with François-René de Chateaubriand in 1818 , during the period of Bourbon restoration that sought to roll back the policies of the French Revolution . The term , historically associated with right-wing politics , has since been used to describe a wide range of views . There is no single set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative , because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place and time . Thus conservatives from different parts of the world -- each upholding their respective traditions -- may disagree on a wide range of issues . Edmund Burke , an 18th-century politician who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution , is credited as one of the main theorists of conservatism in Great Britain in the 1790s . According to Quintin Hogg , the chairman of the British Conservative Party in 1959 , `` Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude , a constant force , performing a timeless function in the development of a free society , and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself '' . In contrast to the tradition-based definition of conservatism , political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social and economic inequality . From this perspective conservatism is less an attempt to uphold traditional institutions and more `` a meditation on -- and theoretical rendition of -- the felt experience of having power , seeing it threatened , and trying to win it back . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64daf635e0704799258b62ebaea7c666", "text": "Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' . Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' . Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions . A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d81c724cb9bf9628cce016fe7bc5531a", "text": "No Colour Bar No Colour Bar : Black British Art in Action 1960 -- 1990 is a major public art and archives exhibition , the first of its kind in the UK , held at the Guildhall Art Gallery , City of London , over a six-month period ( 10 July 2015 -- 24 January 2016 ) , with a future digital touring exhibition , and an associated programme of events . No Colour Bar took its impetus from the life work and archives of Jessica Huntley ( 23 February 1927 -- 13 October 2013 ) and Eric Huntley ( born 25 September 1929 ) , Guyanese-born campaigners , political activists and publishers , who founded the publishing company Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications and the associated Walter Rodney Bookshop . Comprising contemporary fine art combined with archive materials , the multi-media exhibition features the work of seminal Black British artists and historically significant activists , and was described by Colin Prescod ( chair of the Institute of Race Relations ) as an `` exposition of startling and radical imaginative works , addressing grand British cultural and historical matters , and touching on themes of existential and social restlessness '' . Participants in the Caribbean Artists Movement , such as Winston Branch , Aubrey Williams , Ronald Moody and Errol Lloyd , are featured together with other prominent artists , including Eddie Chambers , Sonia Boyce , Sokari Douglas Camp , Denzil Forrester and Chila Kumari Burman , with works on display across all media : painting sculpture , painting , drawing , illustration , photography and film . In conjunction with the art and archives , panels and talks led by the exhibition curators , Makeda Coaston and Katty Pearce , and featuring individual artists , writers and publishers , including Eddie Chambers , Errol Lloyd , Denzil Forrester , Fowokan , Donald Hinds , Kadija George , Dorothea Smartt , Arif Ali , Sarah White , as well as Eric Huntley himself , were programmed . Within the exhibition is a purpose-built interactive installation by Michael McMillan , in conjunction with sound and visual specialists Dubmorphology , that recreates the famed Walter Rodney Bookshop , which was formerly located in West Ealing , functioning as a cultural hub of the community until it closed at the beginning of the 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4c207d90afac4e84fbfc9eec1a46ef9c", "text": "Roger Bennett (playwright) Roger Bennett ( 1948 -- 1997 ) was an Arrernte man from Central Australia , an actor , and a playwright . His best known works are Up the Ladder and Funerals and Circuses . His works dealt with his life experiences , particularly the travelling boxing tents , where his father , Elley Bennett was a boxing champion during the 1940s and 1950s . Roger himself had also fought in the travelling tents . Up the Ladder was first performed at the Adelaide Fringe Festival in 1990 , in a production directed by Bob Maza . The play subsequently moved to Melbourne , 1995 , for a long stint at the Melbourne Workers Theatre and came to Sydney in 1997 for the Festival of the Dreaming . According to the Sydney Morning Herald , Up the Ladder takes the audience right inside the spangled , sweaty , tatty and deceptive world of the travelling sideshow carnival , from tawdry fake snake charmers to the sawdust of the boxing ring . -LSB- co-director -RSB- Enoch says the Aboriginal culture comes through in the play 's physicality , mocking humour and the sparse nature of the dialogue . Critics have hailed it as a `` feel-good show '' , `` full of fun and good humour '' . The fact that the play emphasizes positive aspects of the Aboriginal experience in travelling shows led at least one reviewer to criticize it as apolitical . Wesley Enoch `` however argues that any play about Aboriginal people is political , '' stating that Having black people on stage punching the shit out of each other is political . But this is not agit prop . I think we are entering into a phase - culturally , artistically , politically - where it is actually about the nuance of racism . In 2003 , the play travelled to Tokyo . Staged by the Rakutendan Theatre Company and directed by Enoch ( Ilbijerri Theatre Cooperative ) , the play used many Japanese actors . In Funerals and Circuses , first performed at the Adelaide Festival in 1992 , Bennett dealt with issues of racism and inter-racial relationships in a small , racially tense town in South Australia . The music of Paul Kelly was used in this production . Bennett was an actor as well as a playwright . He served as writer in residence at the Araluen Centre for Arts and Entertainment in Alice Springs and at Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute in Adelaide . Bennett 's works are often studied in Australian high schools , including the New South Wales Higher School Certificate , for the issues they tackle .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "90ea72a560ab1a4e886473573a17f895", "text": "The Critic The Critic is an American prime time animated series revolving around the life of New York film critic Jay Sherman , voiced by actor Jon Lovitz . It was created by writing partners Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who had previously worked as writers and showrunners ( seasons 3 and 4 ) on The Simpsons . The Critic had 23 episodes produced , first broadcast on ABC in 1994 , and finishing its original run on Fox in 1995 . According to PopMatters , `` the creators -LSB- said -RSB- they intended the series as their ` love letter to New York . ' '' Episodes featured movie parodies with notable examples including a musical version of Apocalypse Now , Howard Stern 's End ( Howards End ) , Honey , I Ate the Kids ( Honey , I Shrunk the Kids/The Silence of the Lambs ) , The Cockroach King ( The Lion King ) , Abe Lincoln : Pet Detective ( Ace Ventura : Pet Detective ) , Scent of a Jackass and Scent of a Wolfman ( Scent of a Woman ) . The show often referenced popular movies such as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and The Godfather , and routinely lampooned actor Marlon Brando and actor/director Orson Welles . They also spoofed Dudley Moore , usually as his character Arthur Bach from the 1981 film Arthur . Despite the ratings improving , The Critic was cancelled after two seasons . It continued to air through reruns on Comedy Central and then on Locomotion . From February 1 , 2000 to 2001 , ten webisodes were later produced using Adobe Shockwave , and were broadcast on AtomFilms.com and Shockwave.com . In 2004 , the DVD box set was released , which includes all 23 TV episodes ( in their original production order ) and the webisodes . In the late 2000s , reruns of the show aired again on ReelzChannel in the US and on Teletoon 's programming block Teletoon at Night in Canada . As of 2016 , the first season can be viewed for free on Crackle .", "title": "" } ]	fever
2b8e1fea2464cd6550e1d621a0d8065f	Trevor Noah hosts a news satire show.	[ { "docid": "b413380177730ec03727f34b33987234", "text": "Trevor Noah Trevor Noah ( born 20 February 1984 ) is a South African television and radio host , and comedian , known for his role as host of The Daily Show on American network Comedy Central since September 2015 . Noah began his career as an actor , presenter , and comedian in South Africa . He held several television hosting roles with the South African Broadcasting Corporation , and was the runner-up in their fourth season of Strictly Come Dancing in 2008 . From 2010 -- 2011 , Noah was the creator and host of Tonight with Trevor Noah on M-Net and DStv . His stand-up comedy career attained international success , leading to appearances on American late-night talk shows and British panel shows . In December 2014 , Noah became the Senior International Correspondent for The Daily Show , an American satirical news program . The next year , he was announced as the successor of long-time host Jon Stewart , and has served as host of The Daily Show since 28 September 2015 . Although ratings for the show declined following Stewart 's departure , Noah 's tenure has been generally favourably reviewed , attracting particular attention for his interview with young conservative personality Tomi Lahren in late 2016 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "0625dbd1e988ef00d17e7790416ca485", "text": "Drop the Dead Donkey Drop the Dead Donkey is a situation comedy that first aired on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom between 1990 and 1998 . It is set in the offices of `` GlobeLink News '' , a fictional TV news company . Recorded close to transmission , it made use of contemporary news events to give the programme a greater sense of realism . It was created by Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin . The series had an ensemble cast , making stars of Haydn Gwynne , Stephen Tompkinson and Neil Pearson . The series began with the acquisition of GlobeLink by media mogul Sir Roysten Merchant , an allusion to either Robert Maxwell or Rupert Murdoch . Indeed , Andy Hamilton and Guy Jenkin note on their DVDs that it was fortunate for their libel lawyers that the two men shared the same initials . The series is mostly based on the ongoing battle between the staff of GlobeLink , led by editor George Dent , as they try to maintain the company as a serious news organisation , and Sir Roysten 's right-hand man Gus Hedges , trying to make the show more sensationalist and suppress stories that might harm Sir Roysten 's business empire . According to Swedish comedian Kryddan Petersson , he and the group behind Helt Apropå had come up with an idea for a show like this , which they presented to British colleagues sometime around 1989-90 . Most of them were not impressed , but two of them took the idea seriously and wrote this show . Later on , the Swedish group bought the material rights to the show back to Sweden , and created the show Döda danskar räknas inte ( `` Dead Danes do n't count '' ) , which aired on SVT in 1994 . The show was awarded the Best Comedy ( Programme or Series ) Award at the 1994 BAFTA Awards . At the British Comedy Awards the show won Best New TV Comedy in 1990 , Best Channel 4 Comedy in 1991 , and Best Channel 4 Sitcom in 1994 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "696e60ffb4ebe95e4daa11b06d21d85b", "text": "Gold Turkey Gold Turkey is an American album of sketch comedy that was first released as a vinyl record in 1975 . It was a spin-off from -LSB- -LSB- National Lampoon ( magazine ) \| National Lampoon -RSB- -RSB- magazine . The album is a collection of `` greatest hits '' from the National Lampoon Radio Hour , a radio show that was broadcast on 600 radio stations and ran from November 17 , 1973 to December 28 , 1974 . The sketches on Gold Turkey feature numerous National Lampoon actors including Christopher Guest , Bill Murray , John Belushi , Brian Doyle-Murray , Chevy Chase , Harold Ramis , Gilda Radner , Joe Flaherty and Ed Subitzky.Gold Turkey was also subsequently issued as a CD . The title of the album `` Gold Turkey '' is a reference to the phrase `` cold turkey '' a phrase meaning to suffer sudden withdrawal from an addictive substance ; there is a John Lennon song Cold Turkey '' . `` Gold Turkey '' as shown in the cover photograph by Arky & Barrett is a visual pun on the golden statue awards for entertainment , such as the Oscars and the Emmy , and is simultaneously a verbal pun on the word `` turkey '' meaning a box office bomb or entertainment failure .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f2817380c7e8feb5ca9885aec329e11e", "text": "TVGoHome TVGoHome was a website which parodied the television listings style of the British magazine Radio Times . It was produced fortnightly from 1999 to 2001 , and sporadically until 2003 , by Charlie Brooker . The site now exists only in archive form . TVGoHome columns also appeared for a short time in Loaded magazine , sometimes edited from their original web version . The website gained a cult following , partly due to its tie-up with the technology newsletter Need To Know , and its use of strong language , surreal imagery and savage satire reminiscent of the work of Chris Morris . Indeed , Morris himself contributed on occasion , under the pseudonym ` Sid Peach ' . Regular targets for ridicule were the Daily Mail , Mick Hucknall of Simply Red , and the TV presenters Rowland Rivron and Nicky Campbell . TVGoHome '' 's most consistent target , however , was fictional . Nathan Barley , an ex-public-school media wannabe living off his parents ' wealth , had his life chronicled in a fly-on-the-wall documentary series ( in the TVGoHome universe ) entitled simply ` Cunt ' . Detailing Barley 's life in comfortably wealthy Westbourne Grove in west London , the programme essentially mocked the `` new media '' scene and its population of middle-class web designers , DJs and magazine producers , their obsessions with absurd fashions and gadgetry , their inevitably feeble attempts at creativity and their tireless and ludicrous efforts to embody the cutting edge of urban cool . A spinoff book of the same title was later released featuring old and new material . Brooker has cited the increasing absurdity of reality television as one of the main reasons he stopped writing TVGoHome . The ideas for real life shows such as Touch the Truck , in which contestants must continually touch a truck for 24 hours in order to win the truck as a prize , were the kind of idea that at one point would only have existed as a satirical creation of Brooker 's website . Now that they were becoming a reality , Brooker felt it was time to stop . In 2006 , Brooker began a regular column in The Guardian '' , featuring new TVGoHome listings .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a3f7480b4ff2fdfa39c8fd766343749", "text": "Going Too Far Going Too Far : the Rise and Demise of Sick , Gross , Black , Sophomoric , Weirdo , Pinko , Anarchist , Underground , Anti-establishment Humor ' is a 1987 American non-fiction book by British-born humorist Tony Hendra about black humor , what Hendra calls `` boomer humor '' , a twisted style of humor that was popular with the baby boomer generation . Going Too Far was published by Dolphin Doubleday in New York . In the book , Hendra talks about the history of anti-establishment humor , starting with pioneers such as Mort Sahl and Lenny Bruce and also later comics such as John Belushi and Eddie Murphy . Hendra also discusses improvisational theater groups , including The Second City , and popular anti-establishment magazines such as National Lampoon magazine and Mad Magazine '' . The book is also partly a memoir about Hendra 's time at National Lampoon magazine . The second half of the book ( Part Two -- Fusion ) is primarily about the magazine and its related projects .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e2f86c39aecf553710bd0e605dfb07a", "text": "Willard Scott Willard Herman Scott , Jr. ( born March 7 , 1934 ) is an American weather presenter , author , television personality , actor , clown , comedian and radio personality , best known for his TV work on the Today show and as the creator and original portrayer of Ronald McDonald .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "55392a160d4c8d2557759c67224783bd", "text": "Tankboy TV Tankboy TV or Tankboy ( Танкбой in Russia and Kazakhstan ) is a reality show based on the antics of Captain Tankboy and his crew as they travel the world , blowing things up , driving tanks over cars , building rockets and generally creating havoc . The show is often touted as the next generation in destruction television and the show 's tagline `` Girls , Guns and Tanks ! '' has become infamous with the politically correct .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df31f8d1951afd099b5fb68bfcf624fe", "text": "The Late Show The Late Show may refer to : The Late Show is an umbrella title used by numerous local television stations in North America from the 1950s to the 1990s for their late night broadcasts of old movies Late Show ( CBS TV series ) , an American television talk show broadcast on CBS since 1993 , formerly hosted by David Letterman , and currently hosted by Stephen Colbert . Late Show with David Letterman ( 1993 -- 2015 ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2015 -- present ) The Late Show ( Australian TV series ) , the Australian comedy television show of 1992 -- 1993 The Late Show ( Fox TV series ) , ( 1986-1988 ) a late-night American talk show broadcast by the Fox Network starring Joan Rivers for its first seven months followed by Arsenio Hall in 1987 and then Ross Shafer in 1988 and guest hosts at various times . The Late Show a late night entertainment and talk show which currently airs in Scotland on STV Glasgow from 2015 The Late Show ( BBC TV series ) , a British arts series which aired from late 1989 to 1995 The Late Show ( CBC radio ) , a radio documentary program about obituaries The Late Show ( film ) , a film from 1977 written and directed by Robert Benton Late Show , a 1999 German film by director Helmut Dietl The Late Show ( album ) , a live album by jazz saxophonists Eddie `` Lockjaw '' Davis and Johnny Griffin recorded in 1961 The Late Show ( 1950s TV series ) , a 1957 -- 1959 Australian television variety series", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7d6832342da7f9fb57f55c888840929", "text": "CBC News Network (TV series) CBC News Network ( sometimes listed in program guides under its former title CBC News Now ) is the self-named rolling news program on CBC News Network . The show is broadcast daily from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m. ET ( to 5:30 p.m. on Sundays ) , with additional evening broadcasts on weekdays ( discussed below ) . It is also simultaneously broadcast on CBC Television from 6 to 7 a.m. ( in regions where a local CBC Radio One morning show is not simulcast instead ) and from noon to 1 p.m. in most time zones , serving as a morning and noon newscast in each region . The show covers national and international news throughout the day , featuring live coverage of breaking news and interviews with newsmakers and experts . The show also has hourly business and sports updates , and weather information provided by The Weather Network . The daytime broadcasts are produced at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "73f55ea291eaa43f22718251f2ac2a95", "text": "Mic (media company) Mic is an American media company that caters to millennials . The company reaches 19 million unique monthly visitors and has a higher composition of 18 - to 34-year-old readers than any other millennial-focused news site , including BuzzFeed and Vice . Mic received early attention for its on-the-ground coverage during the revolution in Tunisia ; The Hollywood Reporter remarked that Mic features `` stories that intelligently cover serious issues important to young people '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8cb282350b0c0be4449bf6387d58ce31", "text": "Today Today Today Today was a drivetime radio show on Australia-wide radio station Triple J , broadcast between 3:00 pm and 5:30 pm weekdays during 2004 and 2005 . The title is a parody of the Australian current affairs program Today Tonight on Channel Seven . It was hosted by Chaser members Chris Taylor and Craig Reucassel ( `` Chris and Craig '' ) . The theme music to the show was the opening riff to the song `` She Says What She Means '' by Canadian band Sloan The show combined political satire , comedic discussion of the days events , and talkback from listeners with funny anecdotes on a given topic . Reucassel and Taylor also create satirical skits to play between program segments which lampoon commercial radio stations , current TV shows and topical world events . Other regular segments included the Small Talk Challenge , Two Types of People , Marketing Makeover and Pisslame Puns of the Week . One of the shows recurring segments , Coma FM was a parody of many aspects of Australian commercial radio . These included radio hosts ' nicknames , the low pitched Americanised accent , strange noises ( such as the station 's callsign ) , forced laughter at poor jokes , an emphasis on playing new music and not repeating any tracks , segments that play the `` greatest hits from the 80s , 90s and mid-90s '' , large amounts of advertising and competitions - especially those that give away `` cold hard cash '' . Coma FM also mocks the target audience of commercial radio with the use of callers and comments on many controversial issues such as the Bali Nine . In late 2004 , Chris and Craig took six weeks off to rejoin The Chaser team to produce an election special , The Chaser Decides , during the 2004 federal election campaign . The fill in hosts were Jason Whalley and Lindsay McDougall , aka Jay and the Doctor , who went on to become Triple J 's breakfast show hosts from 2005 onwards . On 6 December 2005 , Chris and Craig broadcast the final Today Today program , and announced they and the rest of the Chaser team would be back on television in 2006 . The show was The Chaser 's War on Everything . The new host for Triple J 's drive timeslot was Robbie Buck . Chris and Craig returned to the airwaves in 2015 as part of Triple J 's 40th birthday celebrations on sister radio station Double J.", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2b90a9e89695d680c09c092b3fc3918", "text": "Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion . People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f1f47ee8e61c1a255d2625407c5cb894", "text": "Happening Now Happening Now is a news program broadcast on the Fox News Channel weekdays at 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0924e5e84b6e5370dd2fe9ccb45d66c7", "text": "Tim Carvell Tim Carvell is an American writer and television producer known for his work for the TV comedy news series Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , as well as for his print work in publications such as Mad and The New York Times .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8458f9f81a8dc1379cab6ef281cab775", "text": "Humbug (magazine) Humbug was a humor magazine edited 1957 -- 1958 by Harvey Kurtzman with satirical jabs at movies , television , advertising and various artifacts of popular culture , from cereal boxes to fashion photographs . Nine of the eleven issues were published in a black-and-white comic book-sized format . With fatally accurate irony , Kurtzman delivered his declaration of editorial principles in the first issue : `` We wo n't write for morons . We wo n't do anything just to get laughs . We wo n't be dirty . We wo n't be grotesque . We wo n't be in bad taste . We wo n't sell magazines . '' Several of the project 's contributing artists had previously worked with Kurtzman when he was the editor of Mad , including Wallace Wood , Jack Davis , Al Jaffee and Will Elder . The 32-page first issue ( August 1957 ) featured a front cover by Elder ( with the announcement `` The End of the World Is Coming '' inside a border design depicting contemporary life ) . Interior artwork was by Elder , Kurtzman , Wood , Davis , Jaffee and Arnold Roth . Outside writer contributions included a piece by the novelist and screenwriter Ira Wallach . Elder illustrated Kurtzman 's satire of television 's rigged Twenty One quiz show , and Davis spoofed the Elia Kazan film of Tennessee Williams ' Baby Doll ( 1956 ) . The second issue expanded from 32 pages to 48 pages . Later issues included text pieces by Larry Siegel , who would soon move on to a 32-year stint with Mad . Al Jaffee returned to Mad in the same issue as Siegel , and has remained with the magazine for more than half a century . Wally Wood was the only artist to work simultaneously for Mad and Kurtzman 's post-Mad projects ; after Humbug folded , Wood was a Mad regular until 1964 . It took Jack Davis seven years to return to Mad ; the artist 's second run at Mad lasted from 1965 to 1996 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82bec92ef171a33eb45f217c81fd573f", "text": "ABC News ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company . Its flagship program is the daily evening newscast ABC World News Tonight ; other programs include morning news-talk show Good Morning America , newsmagazine series Nightline , Primetime and 20/20 , and Sunday morning political affairs program This Week with George Stephanopolous .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5afbb852673976fe27257a75e5a8f56e", "text": "Al Bernameg Al-Bernameg ( البرنامج , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation : -LSB- elberˈnæːmeɡ -RSB- , literally `` The Show '' ) was an Egyptian news satire program . The show was hosted by Bassem Youssef on the free-to-air channel MBC MASR and reruns are aired on Deutsche Welle ; it was formerly broadcast on the satellite channels CBC and OnTV Egypt . Bassem Youssef announced on 2 June 2014 that the show was cancelled . Its satirical style , willing to poke fun at powerful personages across the political spectrum , has led the press to compare it with The Daily Show hosted by Jon Stewart , which was the inspiration for the show . Bassem Youssef visited The Daily Show as a guest in June 2012 and April 2013 , while Stewart , on hiatus from his own hosting duties , returned the favour on 25 October 2013 . On 1 November 2013 , the show was pulled from CBC over differences with the broadcaster . The suspension of the show raised questions about media freedom in Egypt following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état . In early 2014 , MBC MASR picked up the show , airing its first episode on 7 February 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a6eb426f38c90e125d512d067ab472d", "text": "Sesame Street News Flash The Sesame Street News Flash was a recurring segment on the children 's television show Sesame Street . First aired in 1971 , the series starred Kermit the Frog as a trench coat-dressed roving reporter who interviews Muppet versions of characters from fairy tales , Mother Goose nursery rhymes and key moments in history . Given the basic format of the segments , the `` Sesame Street News Flash '' series served several purposes , namely to act out simple stories and nursery rhymes with which the show 's audience might be familiar , and to give children a basic understanding of history . Other skits were spoofs of popular culture ( such as one which parodied the then-popular The Six Million Dollar Man ) , while others involved Kermit asking children simple vox populi , or `` man on the street , '' style questions . With exception to the latter , the segments were often parodies and diverged from the traditional tellings .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e1fed984921dd54f4ab87caa807c6176", "text": "Graham Norton's Bigger Picture Graham Norton 's Bigger Picture ( previously named The Bigger Picture with Graham Norton ) is a British comedy panel chat show broadcast on BBC One from 1 August 2005 until 20 November 2006 , in which presenter Graham Norton informally and satirically discusses the week 's news with a panel of invited celebrity guests . The show begins with the celebrities being shown in mocked-up photographs of themselves in scenes involving other celebrities , and ends with the guests introducing other mocked up photographs that humorously explain the recent behaviour of other celebrities .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "50f6023663513e57e394f2b193ac64a0", "text": "Dish Nation Dish Nation is a nightly syndicated television program that features celebrity news and humorous commentary on pop culture presented by radio personalities from across the United States . It debuted in July 2011 on Fox Television Stations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c73565df74445e79dbabd7ccf67b7a42", "text": "This World (TV series) This World is a current affairs programme which produced by the BBC and broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom , first airing on 4 January 2004 . The programme also airs worldwide occasionally through BBC World News on digital services , satellite and cable in many countries . The series is mainly focused on social issues and current affairs stories around the world .", "title": "" } ]	fever
06f1695d8ebe7148875cb4d93211f7a5	Isis had a temple at Behbeit El Hagar.	[ { "docid": "cf5f4b5203acc6e5e7bdee3259097ff9", "text": "Isis Isis ( -LSB- ˈaɪsɪs -RSB- Ἶσις -LSB- îː.sis -RSB- ; original Egyptian pronunciation more likely `` Aset '' or `` Iset '' ) is a goddess from the polytheistic pantheon of Egypt . She was first worshiped in ancient Egyptian religion , and later her worship spread throughout the Roman Empire and the greater Greco-Roman world . Isis is still widely worshiped by many pagans today in diverse religious contexts ; including a number of distinct pagan religions , the modern Goddess movement , and interfaith organizations such as the Fellowship of Isis . Isis was worshipped as the ideal mother and wife as well as the patroness of nature and magic . She was the friend of slaves , sinners , artisans and the downtrodden , but she also listened to the prayers of the wealthy , maidens , aristocrats and rulers . Isis is often depicted as the mother of Horus , the falcon-headed deity associated with king and kingship ( although in some traditions Horus 's mother was Hathor ) . Isis is also known as protector of the dead and goddess of children . The name Isis means `` Throne '' . Her headdress is a throne . As the personification of the throne , she was an important representation of the pharaoh 's power . The pharaoh was depicted as her child , who sat on the throne she provided . Her cult was popular throughout Egypt , but her most important temples were at Behbeit El Hagar in the Nile delta , and , beginning in the reign with Nectanebo I ( 380 -- 362 BCE ) , on the island of Philae in Upper Egypt . In the typical form of her myth , Isis was the first daughter of Geb , god of the Earth , and Nut , goddess of the Sky , and she was born on the fourth intercalary day . She married her brother , Osiris , and she conceived Horus with him . Isis was instrumental in the resurrection of Osiris when he was murdered by Set . Using her magical skills , she restored his body to life after having gathered the body parts that had been strewn about the earth by Set . This myth became very important during the Greco-Roman period . For example , it was believed that the Nile River flooded every year because of the tears of sorrow which Isis wept for Osiris . Osiris 's death and rebirth was relived each year through rituals . The worship of Isis eventually spread throughout the Greco-Roman world , continuing until the suppression of paganism in the Christian era . The popular motif of Isis suckling her son Horus , however , lived on in a Christianized context as the popular image of Mary suckling her infant son Jesus from the fifth century onward .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "673bff6e1f2580dc6fc16bbb66c76761", "text": "Tell Umm el-'Amr Tell Umm el - ` Amr ( also known as Saint Hilarion Monastery ) is an ancient Christian monastery 15 kilometers south of Gaza in the Palestinian territories . Its archaeological remains span more than four centuries , from the Roman Empire to the Umayyad period , and are characterized by five successive churches , bath and sanctuary complexes , geometric mosaics , and an expansive crypt . The site 's oldest building , dating to the fourth century , is named for Hilarion , a native of the Gaza region and the father of Palestinian monasticism . The site was abandoned after a seventh-century earthquake and rediscovered by local archaeologists in 1999 . According to the Ministry of Tourism in Gaza , Tell Umm el - ` Amr is in dire need of preservation . Current preservation efforts are plagued by war and conflict in the region , as well as a shortage of materials and equipment needed for excavation . The site was included on the 2012 World Monuments Watch and is classified as `` Rescue Needed '' by Global Heritage Network .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f6c19d6ad0f60ebfad425ee5a373df82", "text": "Heh (god) Ḥeḥ ( also Huh , Hah , Hauh , Huah , Hahuh and Hehu ) was in Egyptian mythology , the personification of infinity or eternity in the Ogdoad , his name itself meaning `` endlessness '' . His female counterpart was known as Hauhet , which is simply the feminine form of his name . Like the other concepts in the Ogdoad , his male form was often depicted as a frog , or a frog-headed human , and his female form as a snake or snake-headed human . The frog head symbolized fertility , creation , and regeneration , and was also possessed by the other Ogdoad males Kek , Amun , and Nun . The other common representation depicts him crouching , holding a palm stem in each hand ( or just one ) , sometimes with a palm stem in his hair , as palm stems represented long life to the Egyptians , the years being represented by notches on it . Depictions of this form also had a shen ring at the base of each palm stem , which represented infinity . Depictions of Heh were also used in hieroglyphs to represent one million , which was essentially considered equivalent to infinity in Ancient Egyptian mathematics . Thus this deity is also known as the `` god of millions of years '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a92e4572d1e6329a93f11a7e68166c3", "text": "Quarries (biblical) Quarries - ( 1 . ) The `` Royal Quarries '' ( see Zedekiah 's Cave ) -- not found in Scripture -- is the name given to the vast caverns stretching far underneath the northern hill , Bezetha , on which Jerusalem is built . Out of these mammoth caverns stones , a hard limestone , were quarried in the past for buildings in the city , and for the temples of Solomon , Zerubbabel , and Herod . Huge blocks of stone are still found in these caves bearing the marks of pick and chisel . The general appearance of the whole suggests the idea that the Phoenician quarrymen have just suspended their work . The theory that the blocks of stone for Solomon 's temple were sent by Hiram from Lebanon or Tyre is not supported by any evidence ( comp . 1 Kings 5:8 ) . Instead , it is now believed that Hiram sent masons and stone-squarers to Jerusalem to assist Solomon 's workmen , but did not send stones to Jerusalem . The stones would have come from these quarries ( 2 . ) The `` quarries '' ( Heb . pesilim ) by Gilgal ( Judg . 3:19 ) , from which Ehud turned back for the purpose of carrying out his design to put Eglon king of Moab to death , were probably the `` graven images '' ( as the word is rendered by the LXX . and the Vulgate and in the marg . A.V. and R.V. ) , or the idol temples the Moabites had erected at Gilgal , where the children of Israel first encamped after crossing the Jordan . The Hebrew word is rendered `` graven images '' in Deut . 7:25 , and is not elsewhere translated `` quarries . '' Category : Hebrew Bible places Category : Ancient sites in Jerusalem", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d6969f4f3de42766fb14ebcf6126c534", "text": "Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb ( رجم النبي شعي , ; `` Stone heap of the prophet Shu'ayb '' , that is , Jethro ) or Jethro 's Cairn is an ancient megalithic monument , consisting of a crescent shaped heap of field stones , located some 15 kilometers from the Sea of Galilee on a fairly inaccessible hillside below Parod in Northern Israel . It has been measured as 14,000 cubic meters ( 494,405 cubic feet ) in volume and about 150 meters ( 164 yards ) long , making it visible from satellite photos . Bronze Age pottery excavated at the site dates the construction to between 3050 BCE and 2650 BCE , which would place it before Egypt 's pyramids . Although the site 's existence was known , many archaeologists had believed the amalgamation of stones was an ancient city wall and there had been little investigation by archeologists . In 2014 , Ido Wachtel , a Hebrew University PhD candidate , discovered that the structure stood alone and did not act as any sort of fortification . It is conjectured that its shape might mimic the moon ; it is some 29 kilometers from Beit Yerah , an ancient pre-Talmudic town that translates as `` House of the Moon . '' This town was known to have commercial trading operations with the ancient Egyptians and is a considered to be a one-day journey from the monument by the era 's traveling standards . Similar structures have also been found in the area ; one of them , Rujm el-Hiri , is located east of the Sea of Galilee in the Golan Heights . Another rock structure , first detected in 2003 , was found underneath the Sea of Galilee and is larger than England 's Stonehenge . Nabi Shu'ayb was the object of traditional veneration by Druze and Sunni Muslims throughout Palestine . According to local tradition Nabi Shu'ayb wanted to build his house here after coming from the land of Midian . Having gathered a lot of stones he went to the spring at the foot of the hill and found the carcass of a pig there , so he decided to leave in the direction of Hittin , near Tiberias , where his grave is visited to this day , especially on the holiday or Ziyarat al-Nabi Shu'ayb . There are stories how , during the Ottoman period , Druze who were unable to go to the grave at Hittin for various reasons , were satisfied with standing on the rubble at Rujum en-Nabi Shu'ayb , and looking in the direction of his grave at Hittin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cced7ca16558b01556281cc7deccdbb5", "text": "Al-Islah (Yemen) The Yemeni Congregation for Reform , frequently called al-Islah ( -LSB- alʔisˤlaːħ -RSB- ; التجمع اليمني للإصلاح at-Tajammu ' u al-Yamanī lil-Iṣlāḥ ) , is a Yemeni Islamist party founded in 1990 by Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar , Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar , Abdul Majeed al-Zindani , Mohammed al-Yadumi and Yahya Rassam . The first article of Islah basic law defines it as `` a popular political organization that seeks reform of all aspects of life on the basis of islamic principles and teachings '' . Islah is more of a loose coalition of tribal and religious elements than a political party . Its origins are in the Islamic Front , a Muslim Brotherhood affiliated militia funded by Saudi Arabia to combat the Marxist National Democratic Front . The Islamic Front regrouped after the unification of Yemen in 1990 under the banner of the Islah Party with considerable financial backing from Saudi Arabia . Islah has long been identified as a client of Saudi Arabia . In its official website , Islah summarizes its foreign policy agenda ; one of five major goals is `` strengthening our country 's relations with sister Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council . '' In addition , Saudi Arabia financed the so-called `` scientific institutes '' , Wahhabi Madrasas that were informally controlled by Islah . Militant Islam arose in Yemen as a result of substantial Saudi funding . Islah differs from most other Arab Islamists . The party combines tribal influences along with those of the Yemeni Muslim Brotherhood and more radical Wahhabi groups . As a result , it faces deep internal divisions on key issues . Its fractious composition prevents it from developing a clear parliamentary platform , forcing it instead to balance tribal and political interests , differing interpretations of the party 's Islamist platform , and both loyalist and opposition constituencies . Given its origin as an alliance , Islah 's ideology remains vague and its political platform ambiguous . Islah could be best described as a conservative party that promotes tribal and religious values . The Joint Meeting Parties came into existence in 2003 when Islah and the socialist party joined three other smaller parties to establish a joint opposition to the ruling general people 's congress . At the last legislative elections , 27 April 2003 , the party won 22.6 % of the popular vote and 46 out of 301 seats . The party is a part of the Muslim Brotherhood , which is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain , Egypt , Russia , Syria , Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates . However , since the civil war in Yemen , Saudi Arabia has forged closer relations with Al-Islah .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8f7c35291b57ee4324e638f2a809e326", "text": "Temple of Amun, Jebel Barkal The Temple of Amun is an archaeological site at Jebel Barkal in Northern State , Sudan . It is situated about 400 km north of Khartoum near Karima . The temple stands near a large bend of the Nile River , in the region that was called Nubia in ancient times . The Temple of Amun , one of the larger temples at Jebel Barkal , is considered sacred to the local population . Not only was the Amun temple a main centre of what at one time was considered to be an almost universal religion , but , along with the other archaeological sites at Jebel Barkal , it was representative of the revival of Egyptian religious values . Up to the middle of the 19th century , the temple was subjected to vandalism , destruction , and indiscriminate plundering , before it came under state protection .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "95cc6abaf718b3799797b11d067fb839", "text": "É (temple) É ( Cuneiform : ) is the Sumerian word or symbol for house or temple . The Sumerian term É.GAL ( `` palace '' , literally `` big house '' ) denoted a city 's main building . É.LUGAL ( `` king 's house '' ) was used synonymously . In the texts of Lagash , the É.GAL is the center of the ensi 's administration of the city , and the site of the city archives . Sumerian É.GAL `` palace '' is the probable etymology of Semitic words for `` palace , temple '' , such as Hebrew היכל heikhal , and Arabic هيكل haykal . It has thus been speculated that the word É originated from something akin to * hai or * ˀai , especially since the cuneiform sign È is used for / a / in Eblaite . The term temen appearing frequently after É in names of ziggurats is translated as `` foundation pegs '' , apparently the first step in the construction process of a house ; compare , for example , verses 551 -- 561 of the account of the construction of E-ninnu : Temen has been occasionally compared to Greek temenos `` holy precinct '' , but since the latter has a well established Indo-European etymology ( see temple ) , the comparison is either mistaken , or at best describes a case of popular etymology or convergence . In E-temen-an-ki , `` the temple of the foundation ( pegs ) of heaven and earth '' , temen has been taken to refer to an axis mundi connecting earth to heaven ( thus re-enforcing the Tower of Babel connection ) , but the term re-appears in several other temple names , referring to their physical stability rather than , or as well as , to a mythological world axis ; compare the Egyptian notion of Djed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5897b8fde429b250b3e563862b15e3d", "text": "Hagar in Islam Hājar , the Arabic name for the biblical Hagar , was the wife of the patriarch and Islamic prophet Ibrāhīm ( Abraham ) and the mother of Ismā ' īl ( Ishmael ) . She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith . According to Muslim belief , she was the daughter of an Egyptian king and she was gifted to the prophet Abraham from the king of Egypt . Although not mentioned by name in the Qur ` an , she is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband . She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ishmael . Hagar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ishmael that Muhammad would come .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "23b5d504b1af63126e71152ed919f2f0", "text": "Chanuyot The temple shops or Hebrew plural hanuyot were buildings near the Temple in Jerusalem mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud ( B.Shabbat 15a , B.Rosh Hashanah 31a ; B.Avodah Zarah 8b ) . According to the Talmud the Sanhedrin relocated to the temple shops , hanuyot , at some point before the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE . The plural hanuyot is also the word for `` shops '' in modern Hebrew . The hanuyot are to be distinguished from the temple treasury or grain storehouse ( אוצר ` otsar ) for the Temple in Jerusalem mentioned in the Hebrew Bible . The Talmud indicates that the hanuyot were where the Priests and Levites stored the accoutrements for the daily functioning of the Temple . The hanuyot consisted of a single room along the southern edge of the Mount , almost 1000 ft long and 105 ft wide . Its single story was 100 ft high . Mazar ( 1975 ) identifies the hanuyot with the Royal Stoa , a basilica erected by Herod the Great at the southern end of his expansion of the Temple Mount . When the Roman government limited the powers of the Sanhedrin , ca. 30 CE , the Sanhedrin moved from their chambers inside the azarah ( Chamber of Hewn Stone ) to the hanuyot ( Talmud Rosh ha-Shanah 31a ) . The hanuyot were destroyed along with the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE . Unlike the Temple , which was completely destroyed , a significant portion of the hanuyot may have survived the destruction as the current Al-Aqsa Mosque includes rows of ancient Corinthian columns that clearly predate the Islamic architecture .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca5d891359675998b756d0f0fb405152", "text": "Baal Baal ( -LSB- ˈbeɪəl -RSB- ) , properly Baʿal ( -LSB- ; -LSB- ; -LSB- , -LSB- ˈbaʕal -RSB- ) , was a title and honorific meaning `` lord '' in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity . From its use among people , it came to be applied to gods . Scholars previously associated the theonym with solar cults and with a variety of unrelated patron deities , but inscriptions have shown that the name Baʿal was particularly associated with the storm and fertility god Hadad and his local manifestations . The Hebrew Bible , compiled and curated over a span of centuries , includes early use of the term in reference to God ( known to them as Yahweh ) , generic use in reference to various Levantine deities , and finally pointed application towards Hadad , who was decried as a false god . That use was taken over into Christianity and Islam , sometimes under the opprobrious form Beelzebub in demonology .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "450cc3379e7b99c067920e577cd5cc92", "text": "Harb tribe Harb `` War '' is a large Sunni Tribe in the Arabian peninsula . There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately four million in Saudi Arabia . It is originally a Qahtani tribe . Several authentic sources on Arab tribes genealogy state that the great-grandfather of Harb tribe is Harb ibn Saad ibn Saad ibn Khawlan ibn Amr ibn Qadha'ah ibn Himyar ibn Qahtan . Harb tribal lands extend from the Red Sea coast in Tihamah ( Western Part of Saudi Arabia ) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia , and from North the Harbi lands extend from Madinah ( a holy city for Muslims ) to Al Qunfudhah in the south . The tribe 's reach extends to other countries like Kuwait , Iraq , Egypt and UAE . The origins of Harb tribe came from the 2nd century of the Islamic calendar . When Qahtani tribes emigrated from the south of Arabian Peninsula to Hijaz around 131 AH for water and land space after some battles with their cousins Banu Ar-Rabi ` ah bin Saad . As a result , this caused several tribal conflicts with the native and mostly Adnani Arab tribes of Hijaz and Tihamah such as Juhainah , Inazah , Muzianah , and Sulaim over land and water . After around three centuries in Hijaz , Harb tribe became a dominant tribe in the heart of Hijaz with territories surrounding the holy city of Medina . It is important to note that Harb now , like many other Arabian tribes , is a federation of tribes and families , a good example is that Muzaynah in Saudi Arabia are considered from Harb but it is well known that it was a tribe of its own with a known presence in Hijaz in the Pre-Islamic Arabia as well as the time of the Prophet Muhammed -- i.e. , before the origin of Harb tribe in Hijaz . Currently , many of the tribe sons have migrated in recent decades to the three major metropolitan centers of Saudi Arabia , namely Riyadh , Jeddah , and Dammam , in search of better education and employment . One of the main branches of the tribe such as Banu Shaker left al Hejaz and set off to the west coasts of Palestine to start business in agriculture . For the coast of Palestine is well known all around the world for its fertile soil . Banu Shaker that trace there ancestry to Al Hassan Al Muthana are also known to be the Abunamous and Al Shaker Families from Yaffa or Jaffa have developed their reputation of being prominent landowners in Yaffa city In the Arab World outside of Saudi Arabia , the Harb family became prominent in the Christian population of Ramallah , Palestine .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7ac76ce17323da16f07f25d2b16e230", "text": "Hajj The Hajj ( -LSB- hædʒ -RSB- -LSB- `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the most holy city of the Muslims , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions . The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions . The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha . Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so , because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3147773ceb55131402b9b543ae5c2381", "text": "Rhodopis (hetaera) Rhodopis ( Ῥοδῶπις , real name possibly Doricha ) was a celebrated 6th-century BCE Greek hetaera , of Thracian origin . She is one of only two hetaerae mentioned by name in Herodotus ' discussion of the profession ( the other is the somewhat later Archidike ) . According to Herodotus , she was a fellow-slave of the fable teller Aesop , with whom in one version of her story she had a secret love affair ; both of them belonged to the Samian , Iadmon . She afterwards became the property of Xanthes , another Samian , who took her to Naucratis in Egypt , during the reign of Amasis II , where she met Charaxus , brother of the poet Sappho , who had gone to Naucratis as a merchant . Charaxus fell in love with her , and ransomed her from slavery with a large sum of money , so that henceforth all the money she made from her profession would be her own . Sappho later wrote a poem accusing Rhodopis of robbing Charaxus of his property . Rhodopis continued to live at Naucratis after her liberation from slavery , and tithed a tenth part of her income to the temple at Delphi . She converted this tithe into large iron spits for cooking oxen , and sent these to Delphi : `` these lie in a heap to this day , behind the altar set up by the Chians and in front of the shrine itself . '' where a large number of ten iron spits were dedicated in her name ; these spits were seen by Herodotus . Some 400 years after Herodotus , Strabo stated that Sappho called Rhodopis `` Doricha '' . And 200 years after Strabo , Athenaeus maintained that Herodotus had confused two separate women . As `` rhodopis '' means `` rosy cheeks '' , it was probably a professional pseudonym , but it is unclear whether `` Doricha '' was her real name . There was a tale current in Greece that Rhodopis built the third pyramid . Herodotus takes great pains to show the absurdity of the story , but the story persisted and is related by Pliny the Elder as an unquestioned fact . A variant of this story is told by both Diodorus Siculus and Strabo , in which the pyramid was built by lovers of Rhodopis to be her tomb . The origin of this tale , which is unquestionably false , has been explained with great probability by Georg Zoega and Christian Charles Josias Bunsen . In consequence of the name Rhodopis , she was confounded with Nitocris , the Egyptian queen , and the heroine of many an Egyptian legend , who was said by Julius Africanus and Eusebius to have built the third pyramid . Another tale about Rhodopis related by Strabo and Aelian makes her a queen of Egypt , and thus renders the supposition of her being the same as Nitocris still more probable . It is said that as Rhodopis was one day bathing at Naucratis , an eagle took up one of her sandals , flew away with it , and dropped it in the lap of the Egyptian king , as he was administering justice at Memphis . Struck by the strange occurrence and the beauty of the sandal , he did not rest till he had found the fair owner of the beautiful sandal , and as soon as he had discovered her made her his queen . This is the Rhodopis story , famed for being the earliest Cinderella story .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0fec0299b47a6a6f15f67c4188d60e74", "text": "Hatra Hatra was an ancient city in the Ninawa Governorate and al-Jazira region of Iraq . It was known as Hatra in Persian and al-Hadr in Arabic , a name which appears once in ancient inscriptions , and it was in the ancient Persian province of Khvarvaran . The city lies 290 km northwest of Baghdad and 110 km southwest of Mosul . On 7 March 2015 , various sources including Iraqi officials reported that the militant group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) had begun demolishing the ruins of Hatra . A video released by ISIL during the next month showed the destruction of the monuments.Hatra was liberated in March 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ecbe52c9f5369ac7af7e60cccb738951", "text": "Abu Rumaysah Abu Rumaysah al-Britani ( born c. 1984 ) , born Siddhartha Dhar , is a suspected British Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) militant . In January 2016 , he was named as possibly the narrator in a film issued by ISIL that showed the execution of suspected spies against the regime . Dhar was born in London to a Bengali Hindu family and changed his name to Abu Rumaysah after his conversion to Islam . He is believed to be in his early 30s as of 2016 . He acted as a spokesperson for the Islamist group Al-Muhajiroun , an organisation banned in the UK , and worked as an aide to Al-Muhajiroun 's co-founder , Anjem Choudary . Dhar also owned a bouncy castle rental company . He lived in Walthamstow . He used social media to promote his radical Islamist views and attended demonstrations in Britain against the United States , Israel , and Arab regimes . In a video he posted to YouTube , Dhar described ISIL 's self declared caliphate as '' ... a dream for all Muslims worldwide ... We can finally have a sanctuary where we can practice our religion and live under the Sharia . It is a big , big thing . '' He spoke of his desire for the UK to be governed under Sharia law on the BBC 's Sunday Morning Live programme , and said of himself that he did n't '' ... really identify myself with British values . I am Muslim first , second and last . '' In 2014 , Dhar was under investigation by British authorities for allegedly encouraging terrorism , but subsequently disappeared after being released on bail . Although he had been banned from travelling , Dhar departed for Paris from Victoria Coach Station in London with his wife , Aisha , and their four children , and later arrived in Syria . Dhar was believed to have been living in Raqqa as of September 2015 . Dhar wrote a travel guide to the Islamic State in May 2015 , called A Brief Guide to Islamic State , and wrote of it that `` If you thought London or New York was cosmopolitan , then wait until you step foot in the Islamic State because it screams diversity ... In my short time here I have met people from absolutely every walk of life , proof that the caliphate 's pulling power is strong and tenacious . '' He appeared in the Channel 4 documentary The Jihadis Next Door .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "176aebdd5d79d94df624b720ededcedd", "text": "Cave of the Patriarchs The Cave of the Patriarchs , also called the Cave of Machpelah ( Hebrew : מערת המכפלה , , trans . `` cave of the double tombs '' ) and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque , is a series of subterranean chambers located in the heart of the old city of Hebron ( Al-Khalil ) in the Hebron Hills . According to tradition that has been associated with the Holy Books Torah , Bible and Quran , the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot . The site of the Cave of the Patriarchs is located beneath a Saladin-era mosque , which had been converted from a large rectangular Herodian-era Judean structure . Dating back over 2,000 years , the monumental Herodian compound is believed to be the oldest continuously used intact prayer structure in the world , and is the oldest major building in the world that still fulfills its original function.The Hebrew name of the complex reflects the very old tradition of the double tombs of Abraham and Sarah , Isaac and Rebecca , Jacob and Leah , considered the Patriarchs and Matriarchs of the Jewish people , who are all believed to be buried there . The only Jewish matriarch missing is Rachel , who is believed to be buried at Rachel 's Tomb near Bethlehem . The Arabic name of the complex reflects the prominence given to Abraham , revered by Muslims as a Quranic prophet and patriarch through Ishmael . Outside biblical and Quranic sources there are a number of legends and traditions associated with the cave . In Acts 7:16 of the Christian Bible the cave of the Patriarchs is located in Shechem ( Neapolis Arabic : Nablus ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c470d95b2d8f6483c33948bf7d0306c3", "text": "Damascus Gate Damascus Gate ( -LSB- باب العامود , Bab al-ʿAmud -RSB- , , Sha'ar Sh ` khem ) is one of the main entrances to the Old City of Jerusalem , Israel . It is located in the wall on the city 's northwest side where the highway leads out to Nablus , and from there , in times past , to the capital of Syria , Damascus ; as such , its modern English name is Damascus Gate , and its modern Hebrew name , Sha'ar Shkhem , meaning Shechem Gate , or Nablus Gate . Of its Arabic names , Bab al-Nasr means `` gate of victory , '' and Bab al-Amud means `` gate of the column . '' The latter name , in use continuously since at least as early as the 10th century , preserves the memory of a design detail dating to the 2nd century AD Roman era gate .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfb4cbfac46e0af0ecb9c1dd61176039", "text": "Roman temple Ancient Roman temples were among the most important buildings in Roman culture , and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture , though only a few survive in any sort of complete state . Today they remain `` the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture '' . Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion , and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple , as well as smaller shrines . The main room ( cella ) housed the cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a small altar for incense or libations . Behind the cella was a room or rooms used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings . The ordinary worshipper rarely entered the cella , and most public ceremonies were performed outside , on the portico , with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct . The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high podium , with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps , and a triangular pediment above columns . The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis , and typically no entrances . There were also circular plans , generally with columns all round , and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles . The Roman form of temple developed initially from Etruscan temples , themselves influenced by the Greeks , with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece . Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors , and not within the temple building . Some ceremonies were processions that started at , visited , or ended with a temple or shrine , where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use , or where an offering would be deposited . Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open-air altar within the templum . Especially under the Empire , exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome , and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire . These often had very different practices , some preferring underground places of worship , while others , like Early Christians , worshipped in houses . Some remains of many Roman temples survive , above all in Rome itself , but the relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted to Christian churches ( and sometimes subsequently to mosques ) , usually a considerable time after the initial triumph of Christianity under Constantine . The decline of Roman religion was relatively slow , and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor Honorius in 415 . Santi Cosma e Damiano , in the Roman Forum , originally the Temple of Romulus , was not dedicated as a church until 527 . The best known is the Pantheon , Rome , which is however highly untypical , being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof , behind a conventional portico front .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32d26bacc7ddb32936947b7190e7d519", "text": "Abu Gorab Abu Gorab ( also known as Abu Gurab , Abu Ghurab and Abū Jirāb ) is a locality in Egypt situated 15 km south of Cairo , between Saqqarah and Al-Jīzah , about 1 km north of Abusir , on the edge of the desert plateau on the western bank of the Nile . The locality is best known for its archeological sites which comprise the sun temple of pharaoh Nyuserre Ini , the largest and best preserved such temple , as well as the sun temple of Userkaf , both built in the 25th century BCE during the Old Kingdom Period . In addition , Abu Gorab is also the site of a First Dynasty cemetery .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "09ec7ef6caf1820b209d81058f532ac8", "text": "Battle of Nahrawan The Battle of Nahrawan ( -LSB- معركة النهروان , Ma ` rakat an-Nahrawān -RSB- ) was a battle between Ali ibn Abi Talib ( the first Shi'ah Imam and the fourth Sunni Caliph ) and the Kharijites commanded by ` Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi , near Nahrawan , twelve miles from Baghdad . Having disposed of the Kharijites at Nahrawan , according to some Shia sources Ali resumed his march to Syria . However , the chiefs of his followers urged him to stop at Kufa to let the men rest before the long journey and to enable the army to repair their weapons and armor . Ali agreed to this request and camped at al-Nukhaylah outside Kufah . The soldiers were allowed to leave the camp for a day . On the next day , hardly any men returned and at length , Ali entered Kufah and gave a stern sermon to the people . However , nobody came forward and no one wanted to fight and finally , Ali turned away from them in disappointment . The Syrian expedition was abandoned , never to be resumed . Others argue that the Kharijites had been making every one fight and after they separated , Ali himself also did not want to fight the Syrians . A few years later they re-emerged in Iraq and north of the Arabian Peninsula . They were defeated by the Umayyads . Two years later , in 40 A.H Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite called Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam , who attacked him with a poisoned sword while Ali was praying , in his sujood . In the mosque of Kufah , on the 19th of the month of Ramadan , finally succumbing to poison on the 21st of the month of Ramadan . In Syria Muawiyah I had a more professional army and was not reliant of volunteers and therefore no sects developed . When Ali was told that the Kharijites had been killed , he replied : `` By Allah ! No , not yet . They still exist in the loins of men and wombs of women . Whenever a chief would appear from among them , he would be cut down till the last of them would turn thieves and robbers . '' The nine Kharijites that survived the battle against Ali managed to flee to Basrah , Sistan , Khurasan , Oman , Yemen , Tell Mozan , and elsewhere , where they had their offspring , spread their beliefs and recruited more followers . Today Ibadis of Oman ( and parts of Africa ) are known as their descendants and followers .", "title": "" } ]	fever
68b5633afb17172e7aa6a2e9229b041d	The Who's first single was "My Generation".	[ { "docid": "226d2319de4af734e009009eef1e377e", "text": "The Who The Who are an English rock band that formed in 1964 . Their classic line-up consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey , guitarist and singer Pete Townshend , bass guitarist John Entwistle , and drummer Keith Moon . They are considered one of the most influential rock bands of the 20th century , selling over 100 million records worldwide and holding a reputation for their live shows and studio work . The Who developed from an earlier group , the Detours , and established themselves as part of the pop art and mod movements , featuring auto-destructive art by destroying guitars and drums on stage . Their first single as the Who , `` I Ca n't Explain '' , reached the UK top ten , followed by a string of singles including `` My Generation '' , `` Substitute '' and `` Happy Jack '' . In 1967 , they performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and released the US top ten single `` I Can See for Miles '' , while touring extensively . The group 's fourth album , 1969 's rock opera Tommy , included the single `` Pinball Wizard '' and was a critical and commercial success . Live appearances at Woodstock and the Isle of Wight Festival , along with the live album Live at Leeds , cemented their reputation as a respected rock act . With their success came increased pressure on lead songwriter and visionary Townshend , and the follow-up to Tommy , Lifehouse , was abandoned . Songs from the project made up 1971 's Who 's Next , which included the hit `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' . The group released the album Quadrophenia in 1973 as a celebration of their mod roots , and oversaw the film adaptation of Tommy in 1975 . They continued to tour to large audiences before semi-retiring from live performances at the end of 1976 . The release of Who Are You in 1978 was overshadowed by the death of Moon shortly after . Kenney Jones replaced Moon and the group resumed activity , releasing a film adaptation of Quadrophenia and the retrospective documentary The Kids Are Alright . After Townshend became weary of touring , the group split in 1982 . The Who occasionally re-formed for live appearances such as Live Aid in 1985 , a 25th anniversary tour in 1989 and a tour of Quadrophenia in 1996 -- 1997 . They resumed regular touring in 1999 , with drummer Zak Starkey . After Entwistle 's death in 2002 , plans for a new album were delayed . Townshend and Daltrey continued as the Who , releasing Endless Wire in 2006 , and continued to play live regularly . The Who 's major contributions to rock music include the development of the Marshall stack , large PA systems , use of the synthesizer , Entwistle and Moon 's lead playing styles , Townshend 's feedback and power chord guitar technique , and the development of the rock opera . They are cited as an influence by hard rock , punk rock and mod bands , and their songs still receive regular exposure .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "c6e975e07f5c2224072993195d1403f8", "text": "Pepsi Generation The Pepsi Generation was the theme of an advertising campaign for Pepsi-Cola , a U.S. brand of soft drink , that launched in 1963 as the result of a slogan contest . A new car was awarded to the writer of the winning slogan . The contest was the brainchild of Alan Pottasch , a Pepsico advertising executive , and it was won by Appleton , Wisconsin resident , Ellen M. Reimer . Her slogan invited consumers to `` Come Alive ! You 're the Pepsi Generation ! '' The original `` Come Alive '' jingle was performed by singer Joanie Sommers in her memorable `` breathy '' vocal style . Earlier campaigns for Pepsi-Cola had emphasized price competition . Twelve ounce Pepsi bottles gave you twice as much soft drink as six ounce standard Coca-Cola bottles , and Coca-Cola was by far the leading brand of soft drink . Pepsi formerly ran a campaign that featured the jingle : Pepsi-Cola hits the spotTwelve full ounces , that 's a lot!Twice as much for a nickel , tooPepsi-Cola is the drink for you . This 1969 jingle focused on the simple proposition that Pepsi was just as good as Coke , but better value . The Pepsi Generation campaign represented a major shift away from that line of thinking ; rather than being just as good as Coke , Pepsi was different from Coke . The Pepsi Generation and its associated jingle -- You 've got a lot to liveAnd Pepsi 's got a lot to give . told Pepsi drinkers , now enrolled in the Pepsi Generation , that Pepsi-Cola was taking a stand with the `` young '' side of the 1960 era `` generation gap '' . Television ads featuring the campaign typically displayed young people pursuing exotic entertainments like motorcycle or watercycle riding or piloting a windship through a desert , while an announcer described Pepsi drinkers as people who saw the `` young view of things '' . `` Who is the Pepsi Generation ? Livelier , active people with a liking for Pepsi-Cola ! '' Previous Coca-Cola advertisements had featured Norman Rockwell styled images of small towns and nostalgic scenes , as well as traditional figures such as Santa Claus . Pepsi told soft drink consumers that there are Coke people , and there are Pepsi people , and if you 're a Pepsi person you are young , and the future 's on your side . The original lyrics were : There 's a whole new way of livin ` Pepsi helps supply the drive.It 's got a lot to give for those who like to live'Cause Pepsi helps themcome alive.It 's the Pepsi GenerationComin ' at ya , goin ' strong ... Put yourself behind a PepsiWhen you 're livin ... you belong ... You 've got a lot to live ... and Pepsi 's got a lot to give ... You 've got a lot to live ... and Pepsi 's got a lot to give ... This `` image campaign '' inspired Coca-Cola to do a similar `` hip '' campaign in 1971 , `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( in Perfect Harmony ) , '' which also sold the lifestyle rather than the soft drink per se . Pottasch , creator of the campaign , said that `` For us to name and claim a whole generation after our product was a rather courageous thing that we were n't sure would take off . '' The `` Pepsi Generation '' was one of the first and best known instances of what came to be known as `` lifestyle marketing '' . It focused on portraying Pepsi drinkers as possessing desirable qualities such as youth , rather than on the characteristics of the product itself . Pottasch said that `` Pepsi was young , spirited , people doing active things -- playing volleyball on the beach ... . but younger we said in mind , in attitude , in feeling . Young in spirit . Young in heart . '' Pottasch repeated the themes of the Pepsi Generation with the 1984 campaign , `` The Choice of a New Generation '' . In 1997 , during Super Bowl XXXI , a sequel campaign featured the theme `` GeneratioNext '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b95ff6edca830fe3ff9bc2786dfe0c03", "text": "Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort . The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage . Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence . As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive . One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . '' The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be2af1170ecafe94044e02a20f55be6c", "text": "Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act The Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom . The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards , an annual celebration of British and international music . The winners and nominees are determined by the BRIT Awards voting academy with over 1,000 members , which comprise record labels , publishers , managers , agents , media , and previous winners and nominees . The award was first presented in 1977 as two awards as `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' which were won by Graham Parker and Julie Covington . When the Brit Awards was held for the second time in 1982 , the awards `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' became joint as one award for both male and female acts as well introducing groups acts to award . The first award for the joint `` British Newcomer '' was won by The Human League . In 2003 the award was renamed to `` British Breakthrough Act '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e59c9d1d1144502ceeddb5541ebe152d", "text": "Who'll Be the One `` Who 'll Be The One '' is a song written by Harry Vanda and George Young . It was originally recorded by the Australian rock group the Easybeats in 1967 . The song was a follow up to their successful single `` Friday On My Mind '' . The single was a flop in the U.K. , however it reached # 12 on the Go-Set charts in Australia", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2d6b506d6bd1d4121f6d57627195397", "text": "Who Knows Who `` Who Knows Who '' is a collaboration song by English alternative rock band Muse and English hip hop artist Mike Skinner . Not originally intended for official release , an early version of the song leaked onto several Muse internet forums in August 2008 . The song was officially released as the B-side to the 7 '' vinyl edition of the single `` Uprising '' on 7 September 2009 . The lyrics were written by Skinner and the music was written by Muse 's Matthew Bellamy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f5c56022a5411dddc5de70acfa5a4f75", "text": "My Generation: The Very Best of The Who My Generation : The Very Best of The Who is one of The Who 's many greatest hits collections , released by Polydor Records internationally and MCA Records in the United States in 1996 . Its release coincided with the release of the remastered original albums ( omitting My Generation for contractual reasons ) and thus contained the newly remastered versions of the songs , and some also remixed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "276eea2c69cc3119c7b5a0e2098d20fd", "text": "Chemical generation The Chemical Generation refers to a collection of writers in the 1990s who added a literary dimension to the hedonistic ecstasy culture of the era . In its most singular guise , it could be said to include Irvine Welsh , Roddy Doyle , Alan Warner , John King , Jeff Noon , Nicholas Blincoe , Gordon Legge and Laura Hird - all of whom participated in the survey of the scene carried by the Steve Redhead book for Canongate ( also publishers of Rebel Inc. ) , Repetitive Beat Generation . The book 's title was an attempt to draw a parallel between the ecstasy culture ( singled out by government as ` repetitive beats ' ) and the Beat generation before it . Key works include Irvine Welsh 's Ecstasy and Daren King 's Boxy an Star . The concept of a group of writers addressing drug culture was further developed in 1997 by Sarah Champion , whose Disco Biscuits became the UK 's bestselling fiction anthology of all time . In addition to the authors listed above the book was notable for the inclusion of writers such as Alex Garland , Bill Drummond , Will Self , Grant Morrison , Esther Freud , Douglas Coupland , Neal Stephenson , Poppy Z. Brite and Robert Anton Wilson . As the relevance of club culture faded with the onset of a return to guitar-based bands in the ascendancy , the writers progressed onto more staple projects , though there was an overlap with many of the writers present in 2000 's New Puritans anthology . Their style and approach has been mirrored among younger British writers however , such as Richard Milward and Michael Smith .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97d62729b1a139552df8c58514ed2db5", "text": "Blow Your Cool! Blow Your Cool ! is Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus ' third album , released in May 1987 and contains their hit single `` What 's My Scene ? '' . The single reached # 3 on the Australian Music Charts . The band 's American label , Elektra Records , was hoping that they could come up with something a bit easier to market than the witty , 1960s-obsessed pop/rock of Stoneage Romeos and Mars Needs Guitars ! , so they paired the group with producer Mark Opitz , who had previously produced records for AC/DC , INXS , and the Divinyls . Background vocals on two tracks were supplied by The Bangles . It was recorded both in Sydney and LA. . The album reached No. 120 on the Billboard 200 album charts in 1987 . `` When the Blow Your Cool ! touring was over Clyde retired from the road and the band . At this point we persuaded Rick Grossman to join , contributing his tremendous bass skills to the band , and so we had reached what was to be our ultimate line-up . After that we only changed our haircuts ( and underwear ) . '' - Dave Faulkner . EMI re-released the album on February 6 , 2005 with four additional tracks , a fold out poster and liner notes by Vicki Peterson ( The Bangles ) . One of the additional tracks , `` The Generation Gap '' was their first recording with Grossman , and had been released as a single-only in 1988 ; it was their cover of Jeannie C. Riley 's 1970 country song .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aaf9426cbe9003d40ff653d9b21ad9ca", "text": "My Generation (Limp Bizkit song) `` My Generation '' is a song by the American nu metal band Limp Bizkit . It was released in October 2000 as a single from the album Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water . The song was released as the first single simultaneously with `` Rollin ' ( Air Raid Vehicle ) '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "425e14b8f1c6fcfba3552977e0cfa82f", "text": "What My Heart Wants to Say What My Heart Wants to Say is the debut album from the runner-up of the first series of Pop Idol , Gareth Gates . The album was released on 26 October 2002 , almost a year after his success on the show . The album was produced by a team of well-known producers , including Steve Mac , Jewels & Stone , Mike Peden and Cathy Dennis . The album features a range of Gates ' own material , as well as covers of some of his favourite songs . Four singles were released from the album : `` Unchained Melody '' , `` Anyone of Us ( Stupid Mistake ) '' , `` Suspicious Minds '' , and the title track , `` What My Heart Wants to Say '' . In the UK , the album went on to achieve double platinum success , selling over 600,000 copies , and peaking at # 2 on the UK Albums Chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0824e23e153d2aa2acdf655c779b881d", "text": "Phases (The Who album) Phases is a box set compiling the first eight studio albums by The Who , as well as the Live at Leeds album , in LP form . This box set was released in the United Kingdom and West Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc759fb2d9e395aa331f8953f6992245", "text": "Chelsea (band) Chelsea are an English punk rock band , formed in London in 1976 . Three of the four original band members went on to found Generation X. More than two decades after its release , `` Right to Work '' , Chelsea 's debut single , was included in Mojo magazine 's list of the best punk rock singles of all time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6719badc273c3f396702b1b973564c7", "text": "The Teenagers The Teenagers are an American integrated doo wop group , most noted for being one of rock music 's earliest successes , presented to international audiences by DJ Alan Freed . The group , which made its most popular recordings with young Frankie Lymon as lead singer , is also noted for being rock 's first all-teenaged act .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "371df6227350c1cb73412059946441d1", "text": "The Prodigy discography English electronic music group The Prodigy has released six studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , one mix album , three extended plays , twenty-one singles and twenty-two music videos . Hailed as pioneers of genres such as rave , techno and big beat , the group have sold over 20 million albums worldwide . The Prodigy 's first release was the 1991 EP What Evil Lurks . Experience , the group 's debut studio album , was released in September 1992 . It peaked at number 12 in the United Kingdom and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Experience spawned the singles `` Charly '' , `` Everybody in the Place '' , `` Fire '' / `` Jericho '' , `` Out of Space '' and `` Wind It Up ( Rewound ) '' , all of which were top 12 hits in the United Kingdom . Music for the Jilted Generation , the group 's second studio album , was released in July 1994 . The album peaked at number one in the UK , also reaching the top ten in countries such as Australia and New Zealand . Earning a platinum certification from the BPI , Music for the Jilted Generation spawned the UK top ten singles `` One Love '' and `` No Good ( Start the Dance ) '' . The Prodigy 's third studio album The Fat of the Land was released in June 1997 , becoming a huge commercial success . The album peaked at number one in multiple countries , including the United Kingdom and the United States . The Fat of the Land received multi-platinum certifications from the BPI , the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . `` Firestarter '' , the album 's first single , peaked at number one in the United Kingdom and hit the top ten in multiple other countries . It also gave the group their biggest hit in the United States , where it peaked at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold by the RIAA . The album 's second single `` Breathe '' also performed well commercially , reaching the top ten in multiple countries and becoming the group 's second consecutive UK number-one hit . `` Smack My Bitch Up '' , the album 's final single , peaked at number 8 in the UK . The group released their fourth studio album Always Outnumbered , Never Outgunned in August 2004 . Their style had changed from rave and breakbeat to more of an electronic rock style . The album topped the charts in the United Kingdom , earning a silver certification from the BPI . Always Outnumbered , Never Outgunned spawned three singles , including the UK top 20 hit `` Girls '' . Invaders Must Die , the group 's fifth studio album , was released in February 2009 . The album became the band 's fourth consecutive studio album to top the charts in the UK . Among its four singles were the UK top ten hits `` Omen '' and `` Warrior 's Dance '' , both of which received silver certifications from the BPI .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d7a3fd12d5ae3dbc7ad56efcb79c57a5", "text": "Be Lucky `` Be Lucky '' is a song by The Who , written by Pete Townshend and recorded for the band 's compilation album The Who Hits 50 ! released in 2014 and for their proposed 2017 new album . The song is the first new material released by The Who in the eight years since their 2006 studio album Endless Wire . The royalties from `` Be Lucky '' benefited Teen Cancer America , a US outgrowth of Roger Daltrey 's successful UK charity , the Teenage Cancer Trust .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3cffcce834b96175e960723bd10ebed9", "text": "Rise (Public Image Ltd song) `` Rise '' is a single released by post-punk group Public Image Ltd in 1986 . It was the first single from their fifth studio album , Album . The song was written by John Lydon about apartheid in South Africa and specifically about Nelson Mandela , as Lydon stated in a 2013 Glastonbury interview , . Lydon also referred to Northern Irish RUC interrogation techniques , such as electric torture , in an MTV interview in 1987 . It was one of the group 's biggest commercial hits , peaking at # 11 on the UK Singles Chart and being featured on albums in both the Hits and Now That 's What I Call Music ! series in the UK . The song contains the phrase ` May The Road Rise With You ' , which is a rephrasing of the old Irish blessing `` may the road rise up to meet you '' . `` Rise '' was featured in the films `` The Rules of Attraction '' , `` The Promotion '' , and `` Remarkable Power '' . Steve Vai contributes his guitar work to the track while former Miles Davis drummer Tony Williams contributes drums , Bill Laswell plays fretless bass and L. Shankar plays violin . Liam Howlett of The Prodigy included it on his instalment of the Back to Mine mix album series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5ee10aa5a1b0bfbfbfe3ff8ed9497d5", "text": "Step One Step One is the debut album by British pop group Steps . It was released in the UK and Europe on 11 September 1998 . The album charted at number two on UK Albums Chart upon its release , going on to spend 64 weeks in the chart . It was beaten to number one by This Is My Truth Tell Me Yours by Manic Street Preachers , who also beat their single One for Sorrow to number one on the UK Singles Chart . In 2000 , the album was re-released in the US , containing songs from both Step One and its successor , Steptacular . The tracks `` 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 '' , `` Last Thing on My Mind '' , `` One for Sorrow '' , `` Heartbeat '' and `` Better Best Forgotten '' were released as the singles in UK . In 2000 , the album was certified 5 × Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry , and has sold over 1.4 million copies in the UK . The album contains some covers -- `` Last Thing on My Mind '' was originally released as a single by female pop group Bananarama , while `` Love U More '' was originally recorded by techno/house band Sunscreem , `` Experienced '' was originally recorded by boyband Worlds Apart and `` Stay With Me '' appears on Romeo 's Daughters ' self-titled début album . The album cover itself was the inspiration behind the group 's 2017 album Tears on the Dancefloor . `` Tragedy '' , which was recorded for the Bee Gees tribute album , was paired up with `` Heartbeat '' as a double A-side single and also featured as a bonus track on some international editions of the album .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ce23a5c1d3186b01b41aba6b063f0273", "text": "Legends (Five Star album) Legends '' is the name of a 2005 triple CD compilation album by British pop group Five Star . It was the group 's fourth ` Greatest Hits ' collection issued by BMG Camden in 2005 as a general release , to celebrate the band 's 20 years since their first hit single . The album was issued on CD only . The 41-track album comprises remastered versions of all 40 tracks from Five Star 's first four albums with RCA/BMG ( replacing the full version of `` Strong as Steel '' with the single edit ) with the addition of the 1989 Greatest Hits single `` With Every Heartbeat '' , but omitting the only remaining released song from their RCA/BMG catalogue , 1989 's `` Something about my baby '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9edb62bf3c6a61bcd43a73b744948047", "text": "The Who Tour 1971 The Who Tour 1971 was a series of performances and tours by The Who in which they performed material from Pete Townshend 's rock opera Lifehouse , much of which would then appear on their 1971 album Who 's Next .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "095999062c2871daba0c516b7c7b72e7", "text": "Who You Are (Pearl Jam song) `` Who You Are '' is a song by American rock band Pearl Jam . Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music co-written by drummer Jack Irons and guitarist Stone Gossard , `` Who You Are '' was released on July 30 , 1996 as the first single from the band 's fourth studio album , No Code ( 1996 ) . The song topped the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . It peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was included on Pearl Jam 's 2004 greatest hits album , Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) . On Pearl Jam 's greatest hits album , `` Who You Are '' has a slight lyric change . Instead of `` circumstance , clapping hands '' , it 's `` avalanche , falling fast '' .", "title": "" } ]	fever
72532e7af13035f550a412cca20e2d58	Galaxy Quest is a movie that is American.	[ { "docid": "d16ff35311d2202fa0a6a40e695c0464", "text": "Galaxy Quest Galaxy Quest is a 1999 American comedy science fiction film directed by Dean Parisot and written by David Howard and Robert Gordon . Mark Johnson and Charles Newirth produced the film for DreamWorks Pictures . Parodying television series such as Star Trek and its fandom , the film stars Tim Allen , Sigourney Weaver , Alan Rickman , Tony Shalhoub , Sam Rockwell , and Daryl Mitchell as the cast of a defunct television series called Galaxy Quest , in which the crew of a spaceship embarked on intergalactic adventures . Enrico Colantoni stars as the leader of an alien race who ask the actors for help , believing the show 's adventures were real . The film 's supporting cast features Robin Sachs as an alien warlord and Patrick Breen as another alien . Justin Long makes his feature film debut as an obsessed fan of the television show . The film received critical praise and reached cult status through the years , becoming popular with Star Trek fans , staff , and cast members for its affectionate parody . It won the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the Nebula Award for Best Script , 26th Hochi Film Award for Best International Picture and was also nominated for ten Saturn Awards including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director for Parisot , Best Actress for Weaver and Best Supporting Actor for Rickman , winning Best Actor for Allen . The film was included in Reader 's Digests list of The Top 100 + Funniest Movies of All Time .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2bbb7198fee0293dc476919162a05756", "text": "Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away Cirque du Soleil : Worlds Away is a 2012 American 3D family fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson . The film premiered on October 20 , 2012 at the Tokyo International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 21 , 2012 . Distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures on December 21 , 2012 , the film tells the story of a girl named Mia going to a traveling circus and falling in love with its main attraction , the Aerialist . After the Aerialist falls during his act , he and Mia are transported to another world where each encounter the different worlds of Cirque du Soleil through O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . It stars Erica Linz and Igor Zaripov as the main characters and incorporates acts from some of the Cirque du Soleil shows that were running in Las Vegas in 2011 including O , Mystère , Kà , Love , and Viva Elvis . The 3D used in the film was highly admired by critics on its Tokyo premiere . The Eels performed a song titled `` Calling for Your Love '' for the movie . The film incorporates acts from the seven Cirque du Soleil shows running in Las Vegasin 2011 : O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . Each of the acts/performances was filmed on the stage of the theater in Las Vegas where the show is/was running : the acts from `` O '' at the `` O '' Theatre at the Bellagio , those from `` Ka '' at the Ka Theater at the MGM Grand , those from `` Love '' at the Love Theater at the Mirage , the act from `` Mystere '' at the Mystere Theater at Treasure Island , the act from `` Zumanity '' at the Zumanity Theater at the New York New York and the act from `` Viva Elvis '' at the Aria Theater . It was Reel FX 's first and only live action film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "de4768b24a6f1ca7d782aa14997d00a5", "text": "American Gigolo American Gigolo is a 1980 American romantic crime film written and directed by Paul Schrader , and starring Richard Gere , Lauren Hutton , Hector Elizondo , Nina Van Pallandt and Bill Duke . It tells the story of Julian Kaye , a high-price male escort in Los Angeles who becomes romantically involved with a prominent politician 's wife while simultaneously becoming the prime suspect in a murder case . The film is notable for establishing Gere as a leading man , and was one of the first mainstream Hollywood films to include frontal male nudity from its main star . It is also notable for its accompanying soundtrack , composed by Giorgio Moroder and featuring the number-one hit single `` Call Me '' by Blondie . Schrader considers it one of four similar films , which he calls `` double bookends '' : Taxi Driver , bookended by Light Sleeper , and American Gigolo bookended by The Walker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56e8ace63f8d1e1bd26f0b94a1750a06", "text": "Alien Adventure Alien Adventure is a science fiction/slapstick comedy 3D film in IMAX format released in 1999 by nWave Pictures , written and directed by Ben Stassen . The movie was rated G ( or the local equivalent ) in most countries . It was the first fully digital feature-length film produced for a large-screen format .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcb046c6565befdfb6e284912a8d9da3", "text": "Contact (1997 American film) Contact is a 1997 American science fiction drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis . It is a film adaptation of Carl Sagan 's 1985 novel of the same name ; Sagan and his wife Ann Druyan wrote the story outline for the film . Jodie Foster portrays the film 's protagonist , Dr. Eleanor `` Ellie '' Arroway , a SETI scientist who finds strong evidence of extraterrestrial life and is chosen to make first contact . The film also stars Matthew McConaughey , James Woods , Tom Skerritt , William Fichtner , John Hurt , Angela Bassett , Jake Busey , and David Morse . Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan began working on the film in 1979 . Together , they wrote a 100 + page film treatment and set up Contact at Warner Bros. with Peter Guber and Lynda Obst as producers . When development stalled on the film , Sagan published Contact as a novel in 1985 and the film adaptation was rejuvenated in 1989 . Roland Joffé and George Miller had planned to direct it , but Joffé dropped out in 1993 and Warner Bros. fired Miller in 1995 . Robert Zemeckis was eventually hired to direct , and filming for Contact lasted from September 1996 to February 1997 . Sony Pictures Imageworks handled most of the visual effects sequences . The film was released on July 11 , 1997 , to mostly positive reviews . Contact grossed approximately $ 171 million in worldwide box office totals . The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and received multiple awards and nominations at the Saturn Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad52e1a831b954dae2b9b97d7f8fc469", "text": "American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption . Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity . Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script . Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64db1baca8cd55ea33e1dcd4c878cf30", "text": "Galaxy Invader Galaxy Invader ( aka The Galaxy Invader ) is a 1985 direct-to-video sci-fi film directed and co-written by Baltimore filmmaker Don Dohler .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d99ca7e631d2ccbc81efde67357bff3", "text": "Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country is a 1991 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures . It is the sixth feature film based on Star Trek , and a sequel to the 1966 -- 1969 Star Trek television series . Taking place after the events of Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , it is the last film featuring the entire cast of the original series . After the destruction of the Klingon moon Praxis leads the Klingon Empire to pursue peace with their long-time adversary the Federation , the crew of the USS Enterprise must race against unseen conspirators with a militaristic agenda . The sixth film in the series was initially planned as a prequel to the original series , with younger actors portraying the crew of the Enterprise while attending Starfleet Academy , but the idea was discarded because of negative reaction from the original cast and the fans . Faced with producing a new film in time for Star Trek 's 25th anniversary , Nicholas Meyer , the director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , and Denny Martin Flinn wrote a script based on a suggestion from Leonard Nimoy about what would happen if `` the Wall came down in space '' , touching on the contemporary events of the Cold War . Principal photography took place between April and September 1991 . The production budget was smaller than anticipated because of the critical and commercial disappointment of The Final Frontier . Because of a lack of sound stage space on the Paramount lot , many scenes were filmed around Hollywood . Meyer and cinematographer Hiro Narita aimed for a darker and more dramatic mood , subtly altering sets originally used for the television series Star Trek : The Next Generation . Producer Steven-Charles Jaffe led a second unit that filmed on an Alaskan glacier that stood in for a Klingon gulag . Cliff Eidelman produced the film 's score , which is intentionally darker than previous Star Trek offerings . The film was released in North America on December 6 , 1991 . The Undiscovered Country garnered positive reviews , with publications praising the lighthearted acting and facetious references . The film performed strongly at the box office . It posted the largest opening weekend gross of the series before going on to earn $ 96,888,996 worldwide . The film earned two Academy Award nominations , for Best Makeup and Best Sound Effects , and is the only Star Trek movie to win the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . A special collectors ' edition DVD version of the film was released in 2004 , to which Meyer had made minor alterations . Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry died shortly before the movie 's premiere , just days after viewing the film . The film marked the final appearance together of the original series ' cast .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a913a508bcb016d99cd6c7e4975a6a1", "text": "Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate . The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors . Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City . Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal . The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles . Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4765b9e0692641feaf7c2aa2d4f2c8a", "text": "Star Wars Holiday Special The Star Wars Holiday Special is a 1978 American musical science fiction television film set in the Star Wars galaxy . It stars the series ' first film 's main cast while introducing the character Boba Fett , who would appear in later films . It is one of the first official Star Wars spin-offs and was directed by Steve Binder . In the storyline that ties the special together , Chewbacca and Han Solo visit Kashyyyk , Chewbacca 's home world , to celebrate Life Day . They are pursued by agents of the Galactic Empire , who are searching for members of the Rebel Alliance on the planet . The special introduces three members of Chewbacca 's family : his father Itchy , his wife Malla , and his son Lumpy , though these names were later explained to have been nicknames , their full names being Attichitcuk , Mallatobuck , and Lumpawarrump , respectively . The program also features many other Star Wars characters , including Luke Skywalker , C-3PO , R2-D2 , Darth Vader and Princess Leia ( who sings the film 's `` theme song '' , set to the music of John Williams ' Star Wars theme , near the end ) , all of them portrayed by the original actors . The program includes stock footage from Star Wars , and also features a cartoon produced by Toronto-based Nelvana that officially introduces the bounty hunter Boba Fett . Scenes also take place in outer space and in spacecraft including the Millennium Falcon and an Imperial Star Destroyer . The variety-show segments and cartoon also take place in a few other locales , such as a Mos Eisley cantina on the desert planet of Tatooine and a newly introduced red ocean planet known as Panna . The special is notorious for its extremely negative reception and has never been rebroadcast or officially released on home video . It has therefore become something of a cultural legend , because of the `` underground '' quality of its existence . It has been viewed and distributed in off-air recordings made from its original telecast by fans , which were later adapted to content-sharing websites via the Internet and bootleg copies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a90aa1415307d4baa4a3f5a05cd5adf8", "text": "G-Force (film) G-Force is a 2009 American family comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films . Written by Cormac Wibberley and Marianne Wibberley and directed by Hoyt Yeatman , the film is the directorial debut of Hoyt Yeatman , whose earlier work includes contributions in the area of visual effects . It was released in the United States on July 24 , 2009 . G-Force is based on a story also by Hoyt Yeatman . The film was shown in competing 3-D technologies like Dolby 3D . This is also Jerry Bruckheimer 's first 3-D film . The movie stars Zach Galifianakis , Bill Nighy , and Will Arnett and it features the voices of Sam Rockwell , Tracy Morgan , Penélope Cruz , Nicolas Cage , Steve Buscemi , and Jon Favreau . The film received generally negative reviews , with critics praising its action , but criticizing its plot and character development and it earned $ 292.8 million on a $ 150 million budget .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2806a88d0cb1e741d10e7aa6b01dc0c4", "text": "The Quest (2014 TV series) The Quest is a fantasy-based reality competition series airing on the US network ABC that premiered on Thursday , July 31 , 2014 , at 8:00 p.m. EST. . Filmed on a castle estate outside Vienna , Austria , contestants face a variety of fantasy-themed challenges in the fictional kingdom of `` Everealm . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e9101bde09b3b59e93eae8bf241f4b7b", "text": "Gamer (film) Gamer is a 2009 American science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor . The film stars Gerard Butler as a participant in an online game in which participants can control human beings as players , and Logan Lerman as the player who controls him . Alongside Butler and Lerman , it also stars Michael C. Hall , Ludacris , Amber Valletta , Terry Crews , Alison Lohman , John Leguizamo , and Zoe Bell . Gamer was released in North America on September 4 , 2009 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics , who found the plot , direction , and script disappointing , though its performances , effects , and action sequences were praised . It received a mixed reception from audiences , and was a box office bomb , grossing $ 42 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 50 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d69116e8387671be8449f7db0d4d8523", "text": "Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : BREAKOUT ! is an accelerated drop tower dark ride attraction at Disney California Adventure which opened on May 27 , 2017 . The attraction is a retheme of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , using the same infrastructure and ride system , but is instead based on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy film series , and includes the characters Star-Lord , Gamora , Drax , Groot , Rocket Raccoon , and Mantis , as well as The Collector . The attraction opened 22 days after the release of the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 . It is the second Disney attraction to be based on a Marvel property , following Iron Man Experience which opened at Hong Kong Disneyland in January 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "241c5584bafcb4fa9074b612100161a6", "text": "Tomorrowland (film) Tomorrowland ( subtitled A World Beyond in some regions ) is a 2015 American science-fiction mystery adventure film directed and co-written by Brad Bird . Bird co-wrote the film 's screenplay with Damon Lindelof , from an original story treatment by Bird , Lindelof and Jeff Jensen . The film stars George Clooney , Hugh Laurie , Britt Robertson , Raffey Cassidy , Tim McGraw , Kathryn Hahn and Keegan-Michael Key . In the film , a disillusioned genius inventor and a teenage science enthusiast embark to an ambiguous alternate dimension known as `` Tomorrowland '' where their actions directly affect the world and themselves . Walt Disney Pictures originally announced the film in June 2011 under the working title 1952 , and later retitled it to Tomorrowland , after the futuristic themed land found at Disney theme parks . In drafting their story , Bird and Lindelof took inspiration from the progressive cultural movements of the Space Age , as well as Walt Disney 's optimistic philosophy of the future , notably his conceptual vision for the planned community known as EPCOT . Principal photography began in August 2013 , with footage shot in British Columbia , Alberta , Florida , and Spain with second unit filming in France , California and the Bahamas . Tomorrowland was released in conventional and IMAX formats on May 22 , 2015 , and was the first theatrical film to be released in Dolby Vision and Dolby Cinema . Upon its release , the film received mixed reviews from critics ; earning praise for its original premise , musical score , action , visuals , and themes , but criticism in regards to the screenplay 's uneven writing and tone . The film grossed $ 209 million worldwide against a total production and marketing cost of $ 330 million , losing Disney $ 120 -- 140 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "34878c78bd4cadfd769b1df973e42dfb", "text": "SuperClasico The SuperClasico , formerly known as the Honda SuperClasico for sponsorship reasons , and also known as the L.A. Derby or El Clásico Angelino , was a sports rivalry between Major League Soccer teams LA Galaxy and Chivas USA . The rivalry was considered as the only `` true '' local derby in MLS from 2005 until 2014 , as both teams were based in the StubHub Center in the Greater Los Angeles city of Carson , California . The rivalry ended in 2014 when Chivas ceased operations . The word `` SuperClasico '' is an allegory to the Mexican Súper Clásico between Club América and Chivas USA 's parent club Chivas Guadalajara . The term `` Clásico '' is commonly used to refer to other rivalries in Spanish-speaking countries , most prominently , Argentina 's Superclásico between Boca Juniors and River Plate or Spain 's El Clásico between Barcelona and Real Madrid . The derby was sponsored by auto company Honda . From 2005 -- 2007 , the derby was four league matches ( with a Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup match in 2005 ) . In 2008 -- 2009 , the derby was played three times ( plus a two-legged playoff series in 2009 ) . For 2010-2011 , the derby was played twice each season . All games were played at StubHub Center , the local venue for both teams . However , in 2012 , the league reverted to a more American-style format that sacrificed equity for divisional rivalries which resulted in the teams facing each other 3 times again . The Galaxy led Chivas in the derby , winning eight of nine cups all time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "acfe047077ae8ed44087ea8e87d46f8c", "text": "A Time of Destiny A Time of Destiny is a 1988 American drama film directed by Gregory Nava and written by Nava and Anna Thomas . The story is based on the opera La forza del destino by Giuseppe Verdi . The motion picture was executive produced by Shep Gordon and Carolyn Pfeiffer . It features original music by veteran composer Ennio Morricone . Set during World War II in Italy and San Diego , the film tells of two friends who become enemies during the war .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "246ed60729921d67c91eba8182817aa3", "text": "The Movie Channel This article is about the American premium cable-satellite television network and sister channel of Showtime . For the unrelated , defunct television channel in the United Kingdom , see The Movie Channel ( UK ) . For the programming format of television channels focused on movies , see movie channel . Not to be confused with the Canadian premium television service The Movie Network . The Movie Channel ( sometimes abbreviated as TMC ) is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by the Showtime Networks , Inc. subsidiary of CBS Corporation . The network 's programming mainly features first-run theatrically released and independently produced motion pictures , along with softcore adult erotica , and during promotional breaks between films , special behind-the-scenes features and movie trivia . Originally operated and sold as a standalone service , at present , The Movie Channel is receivable to cable and satellite subscribers primarily as part of the multiplex tier of parent network Showtime . The channel , along with its parent network Showtime and sister network Flix , are headquartered at Paramount Plaza on the northern end of New York City 's Broadway district .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d91d04342583eb37d8b76b2128ddb37f", "text": "The Americano (1916 film) The Americano is a 1916 American silent adventure/romantic comedy film directed by John Emerson and stars Douglas Fairbanks in his last production for Triangle Film Corporation . Based on the novel Blaze Derringer , by Eugene P. Lyle , Jr. , the scenario was written by John Emerson and Anita Loos who also wrote the film 's intertitles . The film was re-released by S.A. Lynch Enterprises on August 21 , 1923 . Three 16mm prints and one 8mm print of the film still exists . Set in a fictional South American country of Paragonia , it has been described as one of a group of films that supported United States imperialism by providing support to the idea of manifest destiny .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a555543bd4385eb8516cdf76fa407514", "text": "Miramax Miramax ( also known as Miramax Films , stylized as MIRAMAX ) is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows . It is headquartered in Santa Monica , California . Miramax was founded in 1979 by Bob and Harvey Weinstein , and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by the Walt Disney Company on June 30 , 1993 . Shortly thereafter , Pulp Fiction was released . The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney , until September 30 , 2005 when they decided to leave the company and founded The Weinstein Company . Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , a joint venture of Colony Capital , Tutor-Saliba Corporation , and Qatar Investment Authority , in 2010 , ending Disney 's 17-year ownership of the studio . In 2016 , ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group .", "title": "" } ]	fever
399674130496b0cc788a140061772fda	Honest sold 53,000 units in a week.	[ { "docid": "02a2e5148be63b5695f8a3ab986881e4", "text": "Honest (Future album) Honest is the second studio album by American rapper Future . It was released on April 22 , 2014 , by A1 Recordings , Freebandz and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Drake and Wiz Khalifa , among others . The album was supported by five singles : `` Karate Chop '' featuring Lil Wayne , `` Honest '' , `` Shit '' , `` Move That Dope '' featuring Pharrell , Pusha T and Casino , and `` I Won '' featuring Kanye West , along with the promotional single `` Real and True '' featuring Mr Hudson and Miley Cyrus . Honest received generally positive reviews from critics , debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 , selling 53,000 copies in its first week . The album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "cc88c95baefd83fa05810d9d1e7e5ddb", "text": "Calvin Harris discography Scottish record producer , DJ , singer and songwriter Calvin Harris has released four studio albums , one mix album , three extended plays , 28 singles ( including three as a featured artist ) , 12 promotional singles and 31 music videos . As of November 2014 , Harris had sold 8,176,180 singles and tracks in the United Kingdom . Harris 's debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . The album peaked at number eight on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Its first two singles , `` Acceptable in the 80s '' and `` The Girls '' , peaked at numbers 10 and three , respectively , on the UK Singles Chart , while the third single , `` Merrymaking at My Place '' , reached number 43 . In August 2009 , Harris released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and earned a gold certification from the BPI within two months of release . Its lead single , `` I 'm Not Alone '' , became Harris 's first number one on the UK Singles Chart . `` Ready for the Weekend '' was released as the album 's second single , peaking at number three in the United Kingdom . Two more singles were released from the album , `` Flashback '' and `` You Used to Hold Me '' , which reached numbers 18 and 27 on the UK chart , respectively . His third studio album , 18 Months , was released in October 2012 . The album sees Harris stepping away from vocals , instead focusing on the music production . It earned Harris his second consecutive number-one album in his home country . 18 Months also became his first album to chart on the Billboard 200 in the United States , peaking at number 19 , while reaching number two in Ireland , number five in Australia and number eight in Canada . The album 's lead single , `` Bounce '' featuring Kelis , peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and gave Harris his first top-10 entry in Australia , peaking at number seven . The second single , `` Feel So Close '' , also peaked at number two in the UK . The song brought Harris to international prominence , reaching number five in New Zealand and number seven in Australia , as well as becoming his first chart entry as a lead performer on the US Billboard Hot 100 , where it charted at number 12 . In 2011 , Harris wrote , produced and was featured on Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which topped the charts in 25 countries , including the United Kingdom , the United States , Ireland and Canada . The third and fourth singles from 18 Months , `` Let 's Go '' ( featuring Ne-Yo ) and `` We 'll Be Coming Back '' ( featuring Example ) , both reached number two on the UK chart , with the former also peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The album 's fifth single , `` Sweet Nothing '' featuring Florence Welch , became Harris 's fourth number-one single in the UK and first top-10 single in the US . `` Drinking from the Bottle '' ( featuring Tinie Tempah ) and `` I Need Your Love '' ( featuring Ellie Goulding ) served as the album 's sixth and seventh singles . Having both charted inside the UK top 10 by April 2013 , Harris made chart history by becoming the first artist to attain eight top-10 singles from one studio album , overtaking the record previously set by Michael Jackson . The eighth and final single , `` Thinking About You '' featuring Ayah Marar , peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart . Harris 's fourth studio album , Motion , was released in October 2014 . It peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number five on the US Billboard 200 , his highest-peaking album on the latter chart . The album includes the UK number-one singles `` Under Control '' , `` Summer '' and `` Blame '' , as well as the top-10 single `` Outside '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "14c981fdef7cb839a83463cad16cfb39", "text": "Lord Willin' Lord Willin ' is the debut studio album by hip hop duo The Clipse following the shelving of their original debut studio album `` Exclusive Audio Footage '' . The album was released on August 20 , 2002 and sold 122,000 units in its 1st week of release . The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on October 1 , 2002 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b6aafae849444f229eb64f9997010897", "text": "Psy discography This is the discography of the South Korean idol Psy . He is well known for his humorous videos and stage performances , and for his hit single `` Gangnam Style '' , a song about where he came from and which talks about the life of the people of Gangnam , which is a neighborhood in Seoul , South Korea . In January 2001 , Psy debuted with his full-length album Psy from the Psycho World ! , for which he received a fine due to accusations that the album contained `` inappropriate content '' . He released his controversial second album , Sa 2 , in 2002 , which sparked complaints from concerned civil groups due to the potentially negative influence his album would have on children and teenagers . Since then , Psy has been thought of as a controversial artist , and Sa 2 was banned in 2002 from being sold to those under the age of 19 . Later in September the same year , Psy released his third album 3 Mai . The album 's title song , `` Champion '' , saw great success partly due to the hype from the World Cup games held in Seoul . Despite the significant amount of controversy surrounding his music , Psy was awarded with songwriting accolades at the annually held Seoul Music Awards , which marked his breakthrough in the music industry of South Korea . In 2006 , Psy released his 4th album Sa Jib , which won honors at the 2006 SBS Music Awards and the Mnet Asian Music Awards . Psy released his 5th album PsyYFive in 2010 , but its lead single `` Right Now '' was banned by South Korea 's Ministry of Gender Equality and Family for its `` obscene '' lyrics . Despite his lead single being banned , Psy received awards during the 2011 Melon Music Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards . Prior to the release of `` Gangnam Style '' , Psy had topped domestic music charts half a dozen times throughout his 12-year career , according to Billboard . In July 2012 , PSY released his 6th album Psy 6 ( Six Rules ) , Part 1 and the song `` Gangnam Style '' appeared in broadcasting networks and newspapers outside Asia . On August 14 , `` Gangnam Style '' ranked first on YouTube 's ` Most Viewed Videos ' monthly chart ; it has received over 2 billion on YouTube ( the first to reach this mark and currently the number one viewed video in YouTube 's history ) . His single , `` Gentleman '' , was released on April 12 , 2013 in 119 countries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4bdb72541d4442cc1b6b897622f69e6c", "text": "Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction ( often abbreviated as CSAT , more correctly CSat ) is a term frequently used in marketing . It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation . Customer satisfaction is defined as `` the number of customers , or percentage of total customers , whose reported experience with a firm , its products , or its services ( ratings ) exceeds specified satisfaction goals . '' The Marketing Accountability Standards Board ( MASB ) endorses the definitions , purposes , and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics as part of its ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project . In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers , 71 percent responded that they found a customer satisfaction metric very useful in managing and monitoring their businesses . It is seen as a key performance indicator within business and is often part of a Balanced Scorecard . In a competitive marketplace where businesses compete for customers , customer satisfaction is seen as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a key element of business strategy . `` Within organizations , customer satisfaction ratings can have powerful effects . They focus employees on the importance of fulfilling customers ' expectations . Furthermore , when these ratings dip , they warn of problems that can affect sales and profitability ... . These metrics quantify an important dynamic . When a brand has loyal customers , it gains positive word-of-mouth marketing , which is both free and highly effective . '' Firms need reliable and representative measures of satisfaction to effectively manage customer satisfaction . `` In researching satisfaction , firms generally ask customers whether their product or service has met or exceeded expectations . Thus , expectations are a key factor behind satisfaction . When customers have high expectations and the reality falls short , they will be disappointed and will likely rate their experience as less than satisfying . For this reason , a luxury resort , for example , might receive a lower satisfaction rating than a budget motel -- even though its facilities and service would be deemed superior in ` absolute ' terms . '' The importance of customer satisfaction diminishes when a firm has increased bargaining power . For example , cell phone plan providers , such as AT&T and Verizon , participate in an industry that is an oligopoly , where only a few suppliers of a certain product or service exist . As such , many cell phone plan contracts have a lot of fine print with provisions that they would never get away if there were , say , 100 cell phone plan providers , because customer satisfaction would be far too low , and customers would easily have the option of leaving for a better contract offer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7b404b8fbfe37ddab9ec892166a0870", "text": "Sexy, Free & Single Sexy , Free & Single ( reissue name Spy ) is the sixth Korean studio album of South Korean boy band Super Junior . It was released on July 4 , 2012 , by SM Entertainment , distributed by KMP Holdings and available from online music portal sites at midnight on July 1 , 2012 . It is their first album in 11 months following Mr. Simple released in August 2011 . This was followed by the release of Version B on July 16 , with a different cover which features the 10 members in their teaser photo makeup . A repackaged edition , re-titled Spy was released on August 6 , with four new tracks including follow-up single `` Spy '' . This album marks the return of member Kangin , who was discharged from his mandatory military service in April 2012 , and the first time with Super Junior in three years since October 2009 ; but the first one without Heechul , who enlisted in September 2011 , and the last with leader Leeteuk and Yesung before their military service , enlisting on 30 October 2012 and on 6 May 2013 , respectively . This is the third album that features ten of the 13 members from the group , following Bonamana in 2010 and their fifth album Mr. Simple . The album won the `` Album of the Year '' in the 14th Mnet Asian Music Awards and `` Disk Daesang '' in 27th Golden Disk Awards . According to Gaon Album Chart , as of the end of December 2012 , the album has sold a cumulative total of 510,000 + copies domestically .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4c36ccdc32e9d6232404b39e08b7e903", "text": "Mean Business Mean Business is the second and final studio album by The Firm , released by Atlantic Records on 3 February 1986 . Repeating the same bluesy formula as on the first album , The Firm ( 1985 ) , Mean Business did not achieve the same commercial success . One of the album 's tracks , `` Live in Peace '' , was first recorded on Paul Rodgers ' first solo album in 1983 , Cut Loose . The versions differ in that Chris Slade played the drums slower than on the original version , apart from the ending , and Jimmy Page added a bluesy guitar solo at the end of the song . The album 's title was intended to have a double meaning : that the music business is a hard one , and that the band was serious about its music ( `` The Firm mean business '' ) . However , perhaps due to the lukewarm-at-best critical and financial success which the band met , Page and Rodgers decided to disband The Firm within months of this album 's release . The album peaked at # 22 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . and at # 46 on the UK Albums Chart . The single `` All the King 's Horses '' spent four weeks at the top of Billboard '' 's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . `` Fortune Hunter '' was originally co-written by Page and Chris Squire for the aborted XYZ project in 1981 . Squire was not credited on The Firm 's version and later said he would have sued for royalties if the album had been a hit , but since it failed he dropped the idea because he saw it as inappropriate at a time when he was receiving six-figure yearly income from the sales of 90125 . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b469cf068212d30c2f5dda5fe3ccd169", "text": "Straight Ahead (Amy Grant album) Straight Ahead is the fifth studio album , and eighth album by Christian music artist Amy Grant , released in 1984 . This was Grant 's final album on Myrrh Records ; she would later strike a record deal with A&M Records . Straight Ahead was the follow-up to Grant 's ground-breaking 1982 album Age to Age . Containing songs that were more aggressive than the ones found on Age to Age , Straight Ahead was not as commercially successful as its predecessor . Nonetheless , it still topped Billboard 's Christian album chart for sixty-one weeks , knocking Age to Age from the number-one position . The song `` Angels '' was also a No. 1 Christian radio hit for thirteen weeks , and won a Grammy Award for `` Best Gospel Performance , Female . '' Straight Ahead would be certified gold in 1985 . The song `` Thy Word '' is based on Psalm 119:105 . In 2007 , Straight Ahead was reissued and digitally remastered by Grant 's new record label , EMI/Sparrow Records . The remastered edition is labeled with a `` Digitally Remastered '' logo in the ` gutter ' on the CD front . Straight Ahead was the first Christian album to chart on the Billboard pop album chart . A&M reissued it in 1985 , just as Grant was appearing on the Grammy Awards performing `` Angels '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb1de6bbf4152803b4ae01cb79416110", "text": "Thug World Order Thug World Order is the fifth studio album by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony , released on October 29 , 2002 . This was the group 's final album under Ruthless Records and have now created their own label Bone Thugs Records . Bone Thugs Records started off promoting their first two artist set for solo albums , LaReece ( of ThugLine Records ) and Bruce Hathcock . Tomica and the group met in Miami to record the album , as well as get on better terms . The group recorded five tracks while they were there . The first single released from the album was `` Get Up & Get It '' , featuring 3LW . The second single released from the album was `` Home '' featuring Phil Collins , which charted in the UK . Due to Flesh-n-Bone being sent to prison on weapons charges he does not make an appearance on the album ( not counting the skit of him and DJ U-Neek ) . Not long after the album 's release Bizzy Bone was kicked out of the group leaving only Layzie Bone , Wish Bone & Krayzie Bone .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45b265f14064c0e75c18a0eb3816bfa5", "text": "1950s American automobile culture 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war-related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive-through or drive-in restaurants and more drive-in theaters ( cinemas ) . The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer-based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade . As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide-open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements . The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0cc9b9a571f1ad13859c14f951c7c82f", "text": "50 Cent discography American rapper 50 Cent has released five studio albums , ten mixtapes , two video albums , four compilation albums , one soundtrack album , 76 singles ( including 26 as a featured artist ) , and 88 music videos . As of July 2014 , he is the sixth best-selling hip-hop artist of the Nielsen SoundScan era with 16,786,000 albums sold in the US . 50 Cent signed to Shady Records in 2002 and released his debut studio album , Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , on February 6 , 2003 . The album peaked at number one in the US Billboard 200 and performed well in international markets . It features the number-one singles `` In da Club '' and `` 21 Questions '' and also includes the singles `` P.I.M.P. '' and `` If I Ca n't '' . 50 Cent collaborated with American rapper Lil ' Kim on `` Magic Stick '' , which peaked at number two in the US . In 2005 , he released his second studio album , The Massacre . The album charted at number one in the US , as well as reaching the top ten on many album charts worldwide , and sold 4.83 million copies in the United States in 2005 , the second highest sales count by any album that year . The Massacre includes the US top-three hits `` Disco Inferno '' and `` Just a Lil Bit '' , and the US number-one hit `` Candy Shop '' , which peaked in the top ten of many charts worldwide . A reissue of The Massacre produced the single `` Outta Control '' , which peaked at number six in the US . In November 2005 , 50 Cent starred in the movie Get Rich or Die Tryin ' , and recorded four singles for the film 's soundtrack : the international hits `` Hustler 's Ambition '' and `` Window Shopper '' , and also `` Best Friend '' and `` I 'll Whip Ya Head Boy '' . In 2007 , 50 Cent 's third studio album , Curtis , debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 , behind Kanye West 's album Graduation , after a much-hyped sales competition between the albums . Five singles were released from the album , including international hit `` Ayo Technology '' and Billboard hits `` Straight to the Bank '' , `` Amusement Park '' , `` I Get Money '' and `` I 'll Still Kill '' . In 2009 , he released his fourth studio album , Before I Self Destruct . Music critics described the album as a return to the darker , more intense style of music that 50 Cent exhibited on many of his early mixtapes . The album charted at number five on the Billboard 200 and peaked in the top twenty of several album charts worldwide . The album features two singles : the international hit `` Baby by Me '' , which peaked at number twenty-eight in the US , and `` Do You Think About Me '' . In June 2014 , 50 Cent released his fifth studio album , Animal Ambition . All of the songs on the standard edition of the album were released as singles prior to the album being delivered to the public . His upcoming sixth studio album , titled Street King Immortal , was preceded by the release of the non-album song `` Outlaw '' , which peaked at number eighty-seven in both the US and Canada , and a free download album -- 5 ( Murder by Numbers ) -- on July 6 , 2012 . Four singles were released in promotion for Street King Immortal : `` New Day '' , `` My Life '' , which reached number two on the UK Singles Chart , `` Major Distribution '' , and `` We Up '' , but the songs were scrapped and the album is now set to be released in 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d63f4e802dfd69de9b39107029bd7fd1", "text": "New Order discography The discography of New Order , an English rock band , consists of ten studio albums , twelve compilation albums , three live albums , five extended plays ( EPs ) , thirty-eight singles , twelve video releases , thirty-three music videos and a number of soundtrack appearances . New Order were formed in 1980 by singer and guitarist Bernard Sumner , bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris . The group began life as a continuation of their former incarnation Joy Division . Joy Division had disbanded after the death of the lead singer Ian Curtis . Gillian Gilbert , who was Morris ' girlfriend at the time , soon joined the group and played guitar and keyboards . Remarkably , New Order 's first eight singles released between 1981 and 1984 were not taken from any album . In most cases they were not even released as a 7-inch , but exclusively available in the radio-unfriendly 12-inch format , an unusual approach for a pop-act in the eighties . Despite the high anticipation that surrounded the group , their debut single `` Ceremony '' only peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart . The group 's following two singles and their debut album met with similar moderate success . It would not be until the release of their fourth single , `` Blue Monday '' , that New Order would break into the top ten , with the song peaking at number 9 . `` Blue Monday '' became a defining single for the group and caused a sensation , becoming the biggest selling 12-inch single of all time . New Order , like many other post-punk groups of the period , increasingly utilised keyboards , drum machine and sequencers in their music . As a result they became associated with the synthpop and electronic dance movements of the 1980s . Beginning with Power , Corruption & Lies from 1983 , all of the group 's studio albums reached the top ten in the United Kingdom . The group experienced a lull in popularity in the years 1985 and 1986 but the surprise international popularity of the `` Bizarre Love Triangle '' single re-launched the group across the world . The group cemented their success in 1987 with the single , `` True Faith '' , and the compilation album Substance . New Order were at the peak of their popularity in the years 1987 to 1993 , with a run of popular singles , including `` Blue Monday 1988 '' , `` Fine Time '' , `` Regret '' , `` World ( The Price of Love ) '' and in 1990 they scored their only number 1 single in the UK with the official England national football team song , `` World in Motion '' . The two albums released during these years , Technique and Republic ; each charted at number 1 in the UK . It was during this successful period that the group 's internal dynamic began to falter . Sumner was not fond of touring , and wanted to take time off from the group and produce a solo album . He formed Electronic with Johnny Marr and the pair released their first single in 1989 . Hook formed his own band , Revenge , in 1989 , while Morris and Gilbert worked together as The Other Two , primarily scoring soundtracks . Of the three side projects , Sumner 's was by far the most successful . The recording and touring of 1993 's Republic , their first for London Records , was difficult and intra-band tensions were rife . The group went on hiatus until 1998 . In the meantime two compilation albums , The Best of New Order and The Rest of New Order , and several singles were released . The group reconvened in 1998 for the Reading Festival but did not release new material until 2000 . The group released the album Get Ready in 2001 . It was met with critical warmth , but it was apparent that the group 's popularity had lessened . The lead single from the album , `` Crystal '' , reached the top ten in the UK . The film 24 Hour Party People , a humorous chronicle of their label Factory Records , was released in 2002 . New Order contributed a new song , `` Here to Stay '' , and a re-recording of the Joy Division song `` New Dawn Fades '' with Moby , for the film 's soundtrack . The compilation International and four-disc boxset Retro were released in winter 2002 . New Order followed Get Ready with Waiting for the Sirens ' Call in 2005 . During this period Gilbert stepped down from live performances due to family commitments . Phil Cunningham stepped into her role and in 2005 became an official member of the group . The group had intended to release a ninth album soon after Waiting for the Sirens ' Call , the majority of which had already been recorded . The lack of enthusiasm inside the group and relative failure of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call stalled their career momentum . In 2007 , Hook decided to leave the group , and stated that he and Sumner had no further plans to work together . Sumner formed Bad Lieutenant with Cunningham , and Hook formed Freebass . Morris continued to work with Sumner and Cunningham . In 2008 , New Order released remastered and expanded editions of their first five albums with the intention of releasing the further three albums in a similar format in future . In December 2012 it was announced that Lost Sirens would be released in the United Kingdom on 14 January 2013 . Lost Sirens is an eight-track album of tracks left out of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call . On 22 June 2015 , the band announced they are to release a new album , Music Complete , on 25 September 2015 . The album will be the first without Peter Hook , and was produced mostly by the band themselves , except `` Singularity '' and `` Unlearn This Hatred '' , both produced by Tom Rowlands , while `` Superheated '' features additional production by Stuart Price . In the US , the band has sold a certified 2 million albums , and in the UK a certified 960,000 albums .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07a8cbc7616a93cdd4aa0819f8c5d2af", "text": "Half.com Half.com is a subsidiary of eBay , in which sellers offer items at fixed prices , usually items that have a UPC , ISBN , or other kind of SKU , rather than rare , old or collectible items . The items available on half.com are limited to books , textbooks , music , movies , video games , and video game consoles . Half provides a platform where sellers competitively `` bid '' against one another , based on Universal Product Code . The seller can see the average sale price and most recent sale price for any particular item to determine the selling price desired . A potential buyer sees the available inventory for any particular item and can choose the seller . This is the opposite of eBay where buyers bid against one another . The Pre-order feature allows buyers to set a price and quality rating of a particular item they would like to buy . Sellers see the pre-order listed when they put an item up for sale and may sell it to the buyer if they agree with the buyer 's price . There are no fees to list items on Half.com , but rather the company takes a commission of every completed sale . The seller is responsible for shipping any item within three business days of a sale and paying the actual shipping costs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7e0817909912b5ed0a894b6959154861", "text": "Chicken Delight Chicken Delight is a chain of restaurants offering eat in , take out , and delivery service with a menu featuring chicken , pizza and ribs . Based in Winnipeg , the chain mostly has outlets in that city and throughout Manitoba . Although as of 2017 six Chicken Delight restaurants are located in the New York metro area , none of these are included in the corporate web site list of franchise locations . The current operation is a relic of a much larger chain . Founded in Illinois in 1952 , the chain grew to over 1,000 locations in the 1960s . It was purchased by Consolidated Foods in 1964 . Its jingle `` Do n't cook tonight , call Chicken Delight '' , emphasizing their delivery service , was widely broadcast on American radio . By the late 1960s , however , Chicken Delight in the US was a troubled operation . While emerging chains like McDonald 's ensured that each and every outlet provided a product that met the franchisor 's most exacting standards , the quality-control of Chicken Delight outlets in the US was lax . The company was fighting the battle of people who , having had a bad experience in one single outlet , generalized that to the whole chain , then told their friends to stay away . At the same time , Chicken Delight was finding itself under increasing pressure from a fast-growing competitor , Kentucky Fried Chicken . Even though Chicken Delight and KFC were founded in the same year , Chicken Delight had grown far more quickly . KFC , in many markets , was just beginning to take hold . The competition became particularly strong when KFC added a new chicken product to their menu with a similar taste and texture to Chicken Delight 's that they dubbed `` Extra-Crispy . '' When Chicken Delight was founded , franchisers typically used one of two different methods for collecting revenue . One was to collect 4 % to 8 % of gross sales , as is typically done now . The other method was to require their franchisees to buy all their equipment and packaging from the franchisor . Chicken Delight franchisees paid a little extra for each paper cup , each paper plate , the chicken-coating mix , etc. , providing the franchisor with the money for corporate operations , advertising , and profit . A law firm felt this scheme ran afoul of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which requires that the franchisor not sell products above fair market value . In the 1960s , they successfully sued on behalf of 94 franchisees and , in 1971 , got a precedent-setting ruling from the US 9th Circuit Court of Appeals that broke the franchise contract for all stores and awarded their clients damages . ( Siegel v. Chicken Delight , 448 F. 2d 43 ( 9th Cir . 1971 ) ; reversed in modern times by decisions such as Queen City Pizza v. Domino 's Pizza , 124 F. 3d 430 ( 1997 ) . ) The lawsuit win proved to be a Pyrrhic victory , however , because Consolidated Foods ( Now Sara Lee Corporation ) , then-owner of Chicken Delight , turned its back on the business in the US , leaving all its former US franchisees to fend for themselves . Today , some of the old US stores operate independently under names reminiscent of the original , such as `` Chicken Tonight '' . In 1979 Otto Koch , owner of the successful Chicken Delight Canada Ltd. , purchased the remaining rump of the American operations , and a handful of true Chicken Delight stores can once again be found in the US operating under modern quality-control and contractual conditions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b85e5e535df1e04c710a447ce2233eb7", "text": "Just Whitney Just Whitney is the fifth studio album by American recording artist Whitney Houston , released on December 10 , 2002 in North America by Arista Records . It was her first studio album in four years , since 1998 's My Love Is Your Love , and after signing her new $ 100 million Arista contract in 2001 . The album debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200 , and number three of Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums , with sales of 205,147 copies in the first week , not only beating her previous high first-week sales of 177,284 units with the Waiting to Exhale soundtrack but also logged her highest debut sales out of her SoundScan-era solo albums . The album received mixed reviews from music critics . It spawned four official singles -- with three ; `` Whatchulookinat '' , `` Love That Man '' and `` Try It on My Own '' peaking at number one on Billboards Hot Dance Club Play chart . `` Try It on My Own '' also peaked at number 10 on Billboards Adult Contemporary singles . Since its release , Just Whitney ... has gone on to sell/ship more than 2 million units worldwide and has also earned Platinum certification in the US and Switzerland and Gold in France , Brazil and other countries . As of 2012 , the album 's US sales stand at approximately 1 million units . In 2003 , Just Whitney ... was nominated at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards in the category for Best R&B / Soul Album of the Year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d9fd9a34827d5bb0dffc18bbcb0a817", "text": "Night and Day (Joe Jackson album) Night and Day is Joe Jackson 's fifth album , released in June 1982 . It reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , Jackson 's only studio album to do so . It sold over one million copies , earning platinum disc status . The album pays tribute to the wit and style of Cole Porter ( and indirectly to New York ) . The track `` Real Men '' pointed obliquely to the city 's early 1980s gay culture . `` Steppin ' Out '' earned Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . It reached # 6 on both the UK and the US charts . `` Breaking Us in Two '' reached # 18 in the US and # 59 in the UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e7e73134c998ecc8621bb59dc6c49cb5", "text": "Sales engineering Sales engineering is a hybrid of sales and engineering that exists in industrial and commercial markets . Buying decisions in these markets are made differently than those in many consumer contexts , being based more on technical information and rational analysis and less on style , fashion , or impulse . Therefore , selling in these markets can not depend on consumer-type sales methods alone , and instead it relies heavily on technical information and problem-solving to convince buyers that they should spend money on the seller 's products or services , in order to meet a business need ( that is , to satisfy a business case ) . A sales engineer is thus both `` a salesperson that understands and can apply engineering '' and `` an engineer that understands how to sell engineered systems '' . They thus not only sell but also provide advice and support . They provide this service to various internal or external customers , and they may work for a manufacturer ( servicing its industrial-account/business-to-business customers ) , for a distributor ( which in turn services the industrial-account/business-to-business customers ) , or for a third party such as an engineering consultancy or a systems integrator . Sales Engineers are a critical sales team member in many companies and industries around the world . They are more than just technical experts in their respective industries . Highly successful sales engineers must build and maintain parallel expertise in `` soft skill '' disciplines such as business acumen , presentation skills , building customer relationships , developing an engagement strategy , and having a thorough understanding of the targeted industry . Many companies have difficulty finding people who possess these qualities , plus have extensive technical knowledge . The essence of the sales engineering role can be called by various names . Which name is most apt can even depend on which industry it is used in . Some common job titles that involve the essence of sales engineering include Sales Engineer , Solutions Engineer , Systems Engineer , Customer Engineer , ( pre-sales ) consultant , Technical Account Manager ; Applications Engineer or Field Applications Engineer , and others . The term systems engineering has various shades of meaning , however , as it is often more or less synonymous with industrial engineering ; but in any market economy , industrial engineers will often end up providing some sales engineering as a necessary portion of their work . Service technicians in industrial fields may also find that their work challenges them to provide some sales engineering , to whatever extent they are capable of providing it , because they interface with customers having problems with equipment ( or lacking the right equipment ) and seeking solutions ( anywhere from diagnosis and repair , to identifying entirely different systems that could be used instead ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f4a9dd23afa404a404705c6a1ba8ede6", "text": "Now That's What I Call Music! 37 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 37 was released on February 8 , 2011 . The album is the 37th edition of the ( U.S. ) Now ! series . Seven tracks selected for the album were number-one hits on the Billboard Hot 100 : `` Love The Way You Lie '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Firework '' , `` Raise Your Glass '' , `` We R Who We R '' , `` Only Girl ( In The World ) '' and `` Like a G6 '' . Now ! 37 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with first week sales of 151,000 , the biggest week for any US-released Now album since Now ! 31 started at number one with 169,000 in July 2009 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "92371d9ffd56f8b6732f6db3ab97160b", "text": "Now That's What I Call Music! 43 (U.S. series) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 43 was released on August 7 , 2012 . It is the 43rd edition of the Now ! series in the United States . It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart with sales of 111,000 copies in its first week of release , becoming the 16th number-one album in the series ' franchise . Now ! 43 features two number-one Billboard Hot 100 hits , `` Call Me Maybe '' and `` Part of Me '' . Instead of the main version of `` Payphone '' , which featured Wiz Khalifa , the `` No-rap '' version was included on this album .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d045a21f1c0a7fd5a0dbc94f5d3be4f", "text": "Dance/Electronic Digital Songs Dance/Electronic Digital Songs is a weekly chart that ranks the best-selling digital dance and electronic singles in the United States , according to Billboard . Although it originally started tracking singles the week of January 2 , 2010 , it did not become an official chart until the issue dated April 3 , 2010 . The Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart tracks the 50 most popular downloaded dance music singles , including tracks that are exclusively available online only . This chart also includes previously released dance and disco songs that became available for downloading , which means that songs like `` You Spin Me Round ( Like a Record ) '' by Dead or Alive are eligible to chart . On January 17 , 2013 , Billboard added a new chart , Dance/Electronic Songs , which tracks the 50 most popular Dance and Electronic singles and tracks based on club play , single sales , radio airplay , digital downloads , and online streaming . As such , this chart serves as the main component for the Dance Club Songs , Dance/Mix Show Airplay , Dance Single Sales , and Dance/Electronic Digital Songs charts . The chart 's first number one was `` Bad Romance '' by Lady Gaga in the January 23 , 2010 issue and Gaga 's songs spent so far ( as December , 2014 ) a total of 1025 weeks on the chart . The chart 's longest running number-one is `` Bulletproof '' by La Roux , reigning at the lead position for 18 consecutive weeks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "834a0af1aa1edc8b13862aa48966e726", "text": "My Story (Ayumi Hamasaki album) My Story is the sixth studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki , released on December 15 , 2004 by Avex Trax . The album 's lyrics were written in their entirety by Hamasaki herself , with composition on the album handled by a team of composers including Kazuhito Kikuchi , Bounceback , Tetsuya Yukumi , and , on some songs , Hamasaki , under the pen name Crea . By the end of her 2004 arena tour , Hamasaki became dissatisfied with her position at Avex . She felt that the company was treating her as a product rather than a human being and artist . After her two previous efforts , I Am ... and Rainbow , which she felt had been rushed , Hamasaki decided that on her next record she would not write to `` give people hope '' or write `` something good '' ; instead , she simply wrote `` freely and honestly '' with no set theme . These writing sessions resulted in autobiographical lyrics , exploring Hamasaki 's own emotions and reminisces about her career . The music of My Story reflects the free theme of the lyrics ; its noticeable rock overtones expressed Hamasaki 's liking for rock music . Pleased with its sound , Hamasaki declared that My Story was the first album of her career with which she felt truly satisfied . Lead single `` Moments '' was released on March 31 , 2004 to positive reviews from critics , who praised its rock influences . It was a commercial success too , debuting at number one , selling over 300,000 copies , and receiving a platinum certification . The second single , `` Inspire '' , was successful as well , reaching number one and being certified platinum ; it sold over 329,000 units , becoming the highest-selling single from My Story . Similarly , `` Carols '' topped the charts in Japan and was certified Platinum . My Story was positively received by critics , who appreciated its aggressive style compared to Western pop music at the time , and its alternative sound . A commercial success , it became Hamasaki 's sixth consecutive number-one album in Japan , debuting at the top spot with first week sales of 574,321 copies . In its 43-week chart run , My Story sold 1,132,444 copies and became the seventh best-selling album of the year in Japan . Combined with the sales of its three singles , My Story sold 2,073,640 copies and is the 222nd best-selling album in Japan of all time .", "title": "" } ]	fever
af20c81eafe6f5875c5844202cbe210d	Janet Jackson's third album was released in February 1986.	[ { "docid": "b15711d8714d483ee0abddde0b2a5d30", "text": "Janet Jackson Janet Damita Jo Jackson ( born May 16 , 1966 ) is an American singer , songwriter , dancer and actress . Known for sonically innovative , socially conscious , and sexually provocative records , elaborate stage shows , and high-profile television and film roles , she has been a prominent figure in popular culture for over 30 years . The youngest child of the Jackson family , she began her career with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976 and went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s , including Good Times and Fame . After signing a recording contract with A&M Records in 1982 , she became a pop icon following the release of her third studio album Control ( 1986 ) . Her collaborations with record producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis incorporated elements of rhythm and blues , funk , disco , rap , and industrial beats , which led to crossover success in popular music . In 1991 Jackson signed the first of two record-breaking multimillion-dollar contracts with Virgin Records , establishing her as one of the highest paid artists in the industry . Her debut album under the label , Janet ( 1993 ) , saw her develop a public image as a sex symbol as she began to explore sexuality in her work . That same year , she appeared in her first starring film role in Poetic Justice ; she has continued to act in feature films . By the end of the 1990s , she was the second most successful recording artist of the decade . The release of her seventh studio album All for You ( 2001 ) coincided with a celebration of her impact on popular music as the inaugural MTV Icon . After parting ways with Virgin she released her tenth studio album , Discipline ( 2008 ) , her first and only album with Island Records . In 2015 she partnered with BMG Rights Management to launch her own record label , Rhythm Nation , and released her eleventh studio album Unbreakable the same year . Having sold over 100 million records , Jackson is one of the best-selling artists in the history of contemporary music . She has amassed an extensive catalog , with singles such as `` Nasty '' , `` Rhythm Nation '' , `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' , `` Together Again '' and `` All for You '' ; she holds the record for the most consecutive top 10 hits on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart by a female artist with 18 . In 2016 , Billboard placed her number seven on its list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists , and in 2010 ranked her fifth among the `` Top 50 R&B / Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years '' . In December 2016 , the magazine named her the second most successful dance club artist of all-time . One of the world 's most awarded artists , her longevity , records and achievements reflect her influence in shaping and redefining the scope of popular music . She has been cited as an inspiration among numerous performers .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "ee5f3fd9ce4a5659b4a61826101ba52e", "text": "Michael Jackson's Vision Michael Jackson 's Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on November 22 , 2010 by Epic Records , Legacy Recordings , and Jackson 's own label , MJJ Productions . It includes three DVDs , featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio . Jackson referred to each of these productions as a `` short film '' and not a music video . This is the first time that all of Jackson 's videos have been released on DVD . According to a statement by the producers , the video recognizes Jackson 's `` pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless , pop culture classics '' . Disc one features videos from the albums Off the Wall , Thriller and Bad and disc two features videos from the albums Dangerous , HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix and Invincible . The third disc , which is a bonus disc , features seven videos . Michael Jackson 's Vision includes the full-length versions of the John Landis-directed `` Thriller '' and `` Black or White '' as well as the classic `` Bad '' directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Martin Scorsese . Also included in the boxed set are Jackson 's collaborations with other noted film directors such as John Singleton , Spike Lee and David Fincher as well as `` Ghosts , '' his rarely seen collaboration with special effects legend Stan Winston . Michael Jackson 's Vision is available in a limited edition boxed set featuring a 60-page glossy hard-bound book that includes behind-the-scenes photos from Jackson 's videos , which includes information for each video including : songwriter , album , director , production date , location and photography . Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including `` One More Chance '' are included . It was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features . The videos `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Speed Demon '' , `` Come Together '' , and `` Leave Me Alone '' come from Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker . The `` Smooth Criminal '' segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured . The video `` Another Part of Me '' is from Jackson 's Bad World Tour and `` Will You Be There '' is from the Dangerous World Tour . The `` HIStory '' video is the only short film that is not included in this box set . The original music video of `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons . The videos for The Jacksons ' songs `` Torture '' and `` Body '' are also not included , because Michael did not appear in either of them , despite having a verse in each of them . Also not included is the music video for The Jacksons ' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' . On February 15 , 2011 , Michael Jackson 's Vision was certified 5 × Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States . On December 31 , 2010 , it was also certified Diamond in France ( for the sales of over 60 000 units ) and 2 × Platinum in Australia . On May 29 , 2011 , it was also certified Gold in New Zealand . It has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland . Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed . As the videos are played in 16:9 , videos with a 4:3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs . Also , the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f360ebfb40cb4728ec84ceba1d42264b", "text": "Xscape (album) Xscape is the second posthumous album of previously unreleased tracks by American singer Michael Jackson . It is his eighth album released through Epic Records , and it was released on May 13 , 2014 by Epic Records and MJJ Music . It is the fifth album released by Sony and Motown since Jackson 's death in June 2009 . L.A. Reid , chairman of Epic Records , curated and served as executive producer for the album enlisting Timbaland to lead a team of record producers , including StarGate , Jerome `` J-Roc '' Harmon , John McClain , and Rodney Jerkins , to remix and contemporize the eight selected tracks . Jerkins produced the title song and is the only original song producer to work on the final productions . Xscape was promoted across the Sony group of companies ; Sony Mobile used a snippet of `` Slave to the Rhythm '' in their advertising campaign for the Xperia Z2 mobile phone . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' was announced as the official lead single to premiere on May 1 , 2014 . The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs in their original forms as well as one bonus track and two videos .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "01f1dab0e6d205f2bbdd26164984b1a6", "text": "Rush Hour 3 (soundtrack) Rush Hour 3 Soundtrack the original motion picture soundtrack for the movie Rush Hour 3 was released on August 8 , 2007 on CD and audio cassette from New Line Records and Columbia Records . Janet Jackson was initially approached to record the soundtrack 's theme .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "78e1436e2e6da6f0d9a532483a021ad8", "text": "Just a Little While `` Just a Little While '' is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson and Dallas Austin , the song fuses pop with elements of rock , dance , and funk , and is a reflection of Jackson 's new-found happiness . The song leaked ahead of its scheduled release , causing Jackson 's record company to rush with a music video and promotion . It was released following Jackson 's controversial Super Bowl Halftime Show performance incident on February 2 , 2004 , as the lead single from Damita Jo . `` Just a Little While '' received favorable reception from critics , who felt its elements of rock and dance-pop would ensure success . However , following the Super Bowl incident , Jackson 's singles and music videos were blacklisted on many radio formats and music channels worldwide , affecting the song 's performance . Although its success in the US was limited , peaking at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , it was more successful , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , and Spain and the top twenty in Australia and The United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in Japan for five weeks , and was the year 's second-biggest hit on Japan 's international airplay chart . The song 's music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was released exclusively in international territories due to the controversy surrounding Jackson at the time . It portrays Jackson filming a DVD for her boyfriend in a futuristic apartment setting , displaying her multiple personae . An alternate live video , filmed in London , was included on Jackson 's From janet . to Damita Jo compilation . Jackson performed the song on television shows including Top of the Pops , Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! , and Festivalbar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37d5988d5f543e1938d156c7ec36f4a2", "text": "The Pleasure Principle (song) `` The Pleasure Principle '' is a song by American singer-songwriter Janet Jackson , recorded for her third studio album , Control ( 1986 ) . It was written by and produced by Monte Moir , and was released as the sixth single from the album on May 12 , 1987 by A&M Records . `` The Pleasure Principle '' is an `` independent woman '' anthem about love gone wrong built around a dance beat . The photo for the single cover was shot by fashion photographer David LaChapelle . The accompanying music video for `` The Pleasure Principle '' was directed by Dominic Sena . It depicts Jackson entering a loft wearing only a T-shirt and jeans to practice her dancing . The video was seen by critics as iconic , and was nominated at two categories at the 1988 MTV Video Music Awards , eventually winning one . `` The Pleasure Principle '' was performed on many of Jackson 's tours , most recently on her 2015-2016 Unbreakable World Tour . The song was also performed on some promotional appearances , including at the 2006 Billboard Music Awards . In 2008 , Jackson 's lingerie line was named after the song . It has been included in two of Jackson 's greatest hits albums , Design of a Decade : 1986 -- 1996 ( 1995 ) and Number Ones ( 2009 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5bfd144319785522649d0769defead99", "text": "Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label . An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made . The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d9fd9a34827d5bb0dffc18bbcb0a817", "text": "Night and Day (Joe Jackson album) Night and Day is Joe Jackson 's fifth album , released in June 1982 . It reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , Jackson 's only studio album to do so . It sold over one million copies , earning platinum disc status . The album pays tribute to the wit and style of Cole Porter ( and indirectly to New York ) . The track `` Real Men '' pointed obliquely to the city 's early 1980s gay culture . `` Steppin ' Out '' earned Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . It reached # 6 on both the UK and the US charts . `` Breaking Us in Two '' reached # 18 in the US and # 59 in the UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "877e928d9bad4df65cce8a9be485f420", "text": "Stay a Little While, Child `` Stay A Little While , Child '' is the seventh single by English R&B band Loose Ends from their third studio album , Zagora , and was released in June 1986 by Virgin Records . The song reached number 52 in the UK Charts .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2c6d6334e293d3070f8b8f433557fb84", "text": "Come into My Life (Jermaine Jackson album) Come into My Life is the second solo album from Jermaine Jackson . Released in 1973 , Come Into My Life charted during the summer of 1973 , hitting # 30 on R&B and # 152 on the pop charts . The album was arranged by Greg Poree , Fonce Mizell , Freddie Perren , H.B. Barnum , David Van DePitte , David Blumberg , James Anthony Carmichael and The Corporation . The cover photography was by Jim Britt with Berry Gordy being the executive producer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e6313d47017a915bdc913b42decf322", "text": "The Remix Suite The Remix Suite ( digital title : Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite ) is a compilation of remixed hits by Michael Jackson . Although labeled as a Michael Jackson release , the majority of remixes are of hits during his tenure with The Jackson 5 . Starting from August 25 , five remixes each were released digitally as `` suites '' via iTunes , AmazonMP3 and Rhapsody every two weeks . It is the fifth album to be released since Jackson 's death . The first suite leaked online two weeks before its intended digital release .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d19d2a7c9b26ddaa72c65d35c1d2aa90", "text": "All in Love All in Love is the seventh solo studio album release by American country music singer , Marie Osmond . It was her third album release for Curb/Capitol records and was issued in 1988 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d3c9bd1462a91c4f0ea21d68d7f3a1ca", "text": "Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song) `` Come Back to Me '' is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fourth studio album Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . It was written by Jackson , while James Harris III , and Terry Lewis co-wrote and produced the song . The R&B ballad talks about a lover trying to rekindle a romance that faded away a long time ago . It was released as the fifth single from the album in June 18 , 1990 . Jackson also recorded a Spanish version of the song titled `` Vuelve a Mí '' . The song received positive reviews from most music critics , who praised Jackson 's sweet delivery and the song 's instrumentation ; it was also called a sexy and silky ballad . It became a commercial success on the charts , reaching the top three in Canada and the United States , while also reaching the top twenty in the United Kingdom . The music video for the song was directed by Dominic Sena and it was set in Paris . The romantic video features Jackson 's former husband René Elizondo , Jr. . Jackson has performed the track in all of her tours , with the exception of The Velvet Rope Tour ( 1998 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "258db7c673adb9154bc220c4c5b23916", "text": "Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Jonas L.A. is the third soundtrack by the American pop rock group Jonas Brothers and their only soundtrack for Jonas L.A. '' . It was released on July 20 , 2010 to positive reviews and debuted at # 7 on the Billboard 200 . It has sold 132,000 copies in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1610f01dc90988f1f0b386652b6f29ab", "text": "Lady T (album) Lady T is the second studio album by American singer Teena Marie , released by Motown 's Gordy label on February 14 , 1980 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bed073c576632be5e54e9352e5226348", "text": "Ross (1983 album) Ross is a 1983 album by the American entertainer Diana Ross , her third released on the RCA label . It was released shortly before Ross gave a pair of free concerts in New York 's Central Park . The album reached # 32 on the US charts , # 14 on the US R&B charts and # 44 in the UK . It has never been reissued as a digital download . The album 's highest international chart position was in Sweden , where it reached # 7 . Five of the eight tracks were produced by Gary Katz , two by Ray Parker Jr and one by Ross . The album 's first single , `` Pieces of Ice '' , peaked at # 31 on the US charts . Subsequent singles `` Up Front '' ( US R&B # 60 , UK # 79 ) and `` Let 's Go Up '' ( US # 77 ) were also minor hits . `` Up Front '' was remixed by Jolley & Swain for its European release . The album 's final US sales were slightly higher than 250,000 copies . The album was remastered and re-released in September 2014 by Funky Town Grooves , as an `` Expanded Edition '' with bonus material .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ce4b6f35eacd8aa9a4004de2791dc651", "text": "Keep Your Eye on Me Keep Your Eye on Me is a pop/R & B/dance album by Herb Alpert , released in 1987 . It contains two hit singles , `` Diamonds '' and `` Making Love in the Rain '' ( both featuring lead and background vocals by Janet Jackson and Lisa Keith ) . These Billboard Top 40 hits , along with the title track and `` Pillow '' ( featuring co-lead vocals by Alpert and singer/wife Lani Hall ) were produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis . The remainder of the album consists of tracks produced by Herb Alpert and various producers . Keep Your Eye On Me was constructed with Side 1 ( Tracks 1-5 ) featuring uptempo songs , while Side 2 ( Tracks 6-10 ) featured down tempo songs and ballads . All trumpet solos were played by Herb Alpert . The album was released on CD by A&M Records in 1987 , along with extended CD singles of the title track and `` Diamonds '' . It was re-released on September 12 , 2013 in a download-only version available exclusively through Alpert 's official website , HerbAlpertPresents.com .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "76ffe8877ae822be52d7e019700820fc", "text": "Whitney Houston videography The videography of American pop/R & B recording artist Whitney Houston consists of fifty-five music videos , four music video compilations , a concert tour video and three music video singles . In 1983 , Houston signed a recording contract with Arista Records and two years after released her eponymous debut album . Houston 's first music video was for the single `` You Give Good Love '' , which was selected to establish her in the black marketplace first . In the video of worldwide hit `` Saving All My Love for You '' , she played a beaming All-American girl shadowed by her secret lover 's wife . The following video `` How Will I Know '' , directed by Brian Grant , that helped introduce the singer to a wider audience when it became one of the first videos by a black female singer to earn heavy rotation on MTV , blasting open the doors for a whole generation of R&B and pop divas to follow . The clip won MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video at its 3rd ceremony of 1986 . `` Greatest Love of All '' , the final single released from Houston 's debut album , which helped cement the M.O. for the classic Whitney video . In June 1986 , Houston released her first video compilation The No. 1 Video Hits , containing her four music videos off the Whitney Houston album . The video compilation reached number-one on the Billboard Top Music Videocassettes chart and stayed at the top spot for 22 weeks , which remains the all-time record for a video collection by a female artist , and was certified Platinum for shipments of 100,000 units by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on July 15 , 1986 . In 1987 , `` I Wan na Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' , the first single from her second album Whitney , was one of Houston 's most recognized music videos in company with the song 's smash hit worldwide . Houston 's fashion and hairstyle in the clip -- towering curly wig , colorful dangly earrings and a series of going-to-the-club outfits -- became one of her iconic looks . In November 1990 , Houston released her third studio album I 'm Your Baby Tonight . The video for the title track from the album , was what passed for a high-concept clip from Houston , in which she paid tribute to three different legends in film and music industries : Marlene Dietrich , The Supremes and Audrey Hepburn . On January 27 , 1991 , Houston , wearing a white tracksuit with a red and blue print and matching athletic headband , performed `` The Star Spangled Banner '' at Super Bowl XXV , held at the Tampa Stadium in Tampa , Florida . Due to overwhelming response to her rendition , the performance was released as a video single , which was certified 2 × Platinum by the RIAA in April 1991 . Such Houston 's patriotism-boosting-performance for the national anthem led her to give Welcome Home Heroes with Whitney Houston concert , which was for the troops , their families , and military and government dignitaries in honor of those returning from the Gulf War . The concert was released as a VHS ( later also LD and DVD ) in the same year and it was certified Gold for shipments of 50,000 units by the RIAA . Though Houston is acknowledged as one of the best live performers , up to date , the live footage is her only full-concert video that has been issued officially in the United States . `` I Will Always Love You '' , one of Houston 's iconic videos , was the clip for the lead single off the soundtrack for Houston 's 1992 film debut The Bodyguard . In the video , directed by Nick Brandt , the camera focused on an elegantly suited up , forlorn-looking Houston sitting in an empty theater and staring into the distance as she watched clips from the movie scroll by . Houston blasted into the song 's towering finale via a quick zoom to her face , eyes closed , and then popping open as she hit the high notes . The idea and the camerawork helped Houston to deliver perfectly the titanically tear-jerking drama of the song . Her other notable video from The Bodyguard Soundtrack , `` Queen of the Night '' , featured Houston performing the song in a club dressed in a metallic costume , which were inspired by scenes from Fritz Lang 's 1927 silent film Metropolis . After Houston contributed to her songs on the soundtracks for two films , in which she also starred , Waiting to Exhale ( 1995 ) and The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) , she teamed up with Mariah Carey in the video for `` When You Believe '' from The Prince of Egypt Soundtrack . In November 1998 , Houston came back to pop music full-time with My Love Is Your Love , which returned her to heavy rotation . The singles from the album , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , `` It 's Not Right But It 's Okay '' , and `` My Love Is Your Love '' , were all US top 5 hits , and Houston was also once again embraced by MTV thanks to her willingness to let her style and approach evolve in her music and the videos . During that time , most of her music videos were directed by Kevin Bray . Houston began the 2000s with her first greatest hits compilation , Whitney : The Greatest Hits , which spawned three then new videos including two for the duet songs that she collaborated with Enrique Iglesias on `` Could I Have This Kiss Forever '' and George Michael on `` If I Told You That '' . The accompanying video/DVD of the same title was also released at the same time , which contained Houston 's promotional videos from 1985 to 1999 and several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 TV debut on The Merv Griffin Show . In December 2002 , Houston released her fifth studio album , Just Whitney . Two music videos from the album , `` Whatchulookinat '' and `` Try It on My Own '' , were considered her answers to the media for getting too deep into her personal life and to malicious rumours surrounding then her public image . In the former video , she confronted the issues with a white set with an overhead camera and mirrors on its walls , following and reflecting Houston 's every move . In the latter , did with the storyline strongly reminiscent of her high-profile firing by Burt Bacharach from the 2000 Academy Awards ceremony for not singing `` Over the Rainbow '' during rehearsals for the show . In August 2009 , Houston returned to the music scene with her fourth Billboard 200 number-one album , I Look to You , which yielded `` Million Dollar Bill '' and `` I Look to You '' videos . Most of Houston 's notable videos involve just a bit of perfunctory storyline and focus on her performance , however , several sources recognized her as one of pioneers who laid the groundwork and broke down barriers with the videos during her generation . In 2003 , VH1 ranked Houston at number three on the list of '50 Greatest Women of the Video Era ' . In February 2012 , TIME , on a photo article in honor of Black History Month , listed her as one of '50 Cultural Giants ' . Gil Kaufman from MTV News said that '' -LSB- Houston -RSB- proved you could make a fuss without making a spectacle , '' and added his view on Houston 's legacy as follows : The legendary R&B singer -LSB- Houston -RSB- became one of the most important artists of the early music-video era by taking the road less traveled . -LSB- ... -RSB- While such fellow trailblazers as Michael Jackson and Madonna created video fantasy worlds full of monsters , gangsters , street-fighting men and naughty brides , Houston mostly skipped the drama and stood front and center in her most iconic clips doing the thing that she did best : singing her heart out .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "79e8378d8b439f54f15dc09f2d15ca34", "text": "Torture (The Jacksons song) `` Torture '' is the second single released off the album Victory by the band , The Jacksons . Written by Jackie Jackson and fellow Motown veteran Kathy Wakefield , the song is about someone ending a relationship and the torture that a person can receive while trying to end it . Jackie was originally going to sing the song with his brother , Michael , but Jackie 's role instead went to Jermaine Jackson , whose availability for the album was in question until the last minute . The rest of the Jacksons sang the chorus along with Michael and Jermaine . The song received mixed reactions from critics . The video was probably best known for Michael not being available , and the use of a wax dummy in his place throughout the video . Paula Abdul replaced Perri Lister as the video 's choreographer , in which various scenes of torture are displayed with the Jacksons being on the receiving end of most of it . The shoot was an expensive and arduous affair that neither Michael nor Jermaine took part in , and it ultimately bankrupted the production company . The song peaked at # 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making it the second best selling single on the album , behind `` State of Shock '' . It also peaked at # 26 on the UK charts . This was their last single to reach the US Top 40 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ecbea0501fdd1379505174d687d49502", "text": "Smooth Criminal `` Smooth Criminal '' is the seventh single from American recording artist Michael Jackson 's 1987 Bad album . The song contains a fast-paced beat intertwined with Jackson 's lyrics about a woman named Annie , who has been violently attacked in her apartment by a `` smooth '' assailant . First broadcast on television as a video in early October , it was released as a single on October 21 , 1988 , and peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was re-released on April 10 , 2006 , as a part of the Visionary : The Video Singles box set . The re-released Visionary single charted at number 19 in the UK . The song is one of Jackson 's signature songs , and has appeared on numerous greatest hits albums , including Number Ones , The Essential Michael Jackson , Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection , King of Pop , This Is It , and Immortal . The song serves as the theme song to Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker , and plays as the background soundtrack in a section of the video game Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2270b95fa6705fa577be9773ed3d3ed3", "text": "A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love) A Lot About Livin ' ( And a Little ` bout Love ) is the third studio album by American country music artist Alan Jackson . It was released on October 6 , 1992 , and produced the singles `` Chattahoochee '' , `` She 's Got the Rhythm ( And I Got the Blues ) '' , `` Tonight I Climbed the Wall '' , '' ( Who Says ) You Ca n't Have It All '' and `` Mercury Blues '' . `` Chattahoochee '' and `` She 's Got the Rhythm '' were both Number One hits on the Hot Country Songs charts , while the other three songs all reached Top Five . Keith Stegall produced the entire album , working with Scott Hendricks on `` Tonight I Climbed the Wall '' .", "title": "" } ]	fever
1431d18413355005c8313b5df6124053	Mel Gibson's name is Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson.	[ { "docid": "947e023ea3782c503b93139b72681463", "text": "Mel Gibson Mel Colmcille Gerard Gibson ( born January 3 , 1956 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He was born in Peekskill , New York , and moved with his parents to Sydney , Australia , when he was 12 years old . Gibson is best known as an action hero , for roles such as Martin Riggs in the Lethal Weapon buddy cop film series , and Max Rockatansky in the first three films in the Mad Max post-apocalyptic action series . He studied acting at the Australian National Institute of Dramatic Art . During the 1980s , he founded Icon Entertainment , a production company which independent film director Atom Egoyan has called , `` an alternative to the studio system '' . Director Peter Weir cast him as one of the leads in the critically acclaimed World War I drama Gallipoli ( 1981 ) , which earned Gibson a Best Actor Award from the Australian Film Institute . The film also helped to earn Gibson the reputation of a serious , versatile actor . Gibson produced , directed , and starred in the epic historical drama film Braveheart ( 1995 ) , for which he won the Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for Best Director , along with the Academy Award for Best Picture . He later directed and produced the financially successful and controversial , biblical drama film The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) . He received further critical notice for his directorial work of the action-adventure film Apocalypto ( 2006 ) , which is set in Mesoamerica during the early 16th century . After a 10-year hiatus from directing , Gibson returned with the critically praised and financially successful Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) , which won the Academy Awards for Best Sound Mixing and Best Film Editing and earned Gibson his second nomination for Best Director .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "3cfc4325d4d6afb1a833eff2255c7d54", "text": "Paul Gibson Jr. Paul Peyton Gibson , Jr. ( August 5 , 1927 -- July 10 , 2014 ) was an American airline executive and New York City 's first black deputy mayor , serving as deputy mayor to Abraham Beame after being sworn into the position in 1974 . Gibson was born in Manhattan in 1927 . At eight years old , Gibson and his family moved to Brooklyn . He graduated from the Boys High School and later entered the City College of New York , where he also graduated from . Shortly after the second world war , Gibson enlisted into the American Army and was assigned to the Army Air Forces , and was mainly stationed in the Philippines . After his return from military service , he began a law firm . During the 1960s , Gibson began a political career and unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for a City Council seat in the city of Queens . In 1966 , he was granted a seat by American lawyer , Frank D. O'Connor , and later years served as his law secretary . In 1971 , Gibson joined American Airlines and automatically became assistant vice president . Within a year from arrival into American Airlines , he became full vice president . Gibson served as New York 's first black deputy mayor for four years . After resigning from his title , Lucille Mason Rose took over and became New York 's first woman to become deputy mayor , whom was also black . Gibson is survived by his wife of 62 years , one sister , two sons and four grandchildren . He died on July 10 , 2014 , aged 86 at his home in Jamaica , Queens , New York City , New York .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3fd89f3236aea7eeabc22133ebee7c92", "text": "Hoot Gibson Hoot Gibson ( August 6 , 1892 -- August 23 , 1962 ) was an American rodeo champion and a pioneer cowboy film actor , director , and producer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7fe50e3bcc33b9ea9380acfcf66a2fd", "text": "Norwood Gibson Norwood Ringold Gibson -LSB- Gibby -RSB- ( March 11 , 1877 -- July 7 , 1959 ) was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball who played his entire career for the Boston Americans between and . Listed at , 165 lb. , Gibson batted and threw right-handed . A native of Peoria , Illinois , he went to college at the University of Notre Dame . After college , he played for several minor league baseball teams . During that time he was signed by the Cincinnati Reds but never got an opportunity to play an official game for the Reds . According to Sporting Life magazine , he did pitch an exhibition game for the Reds . In 1902 he pitched for the Kansas City Blue Stockings , managed by former Boston Beaneaters star pitcher Kid Nichols . He pitched two no-hitters for the Blue Stockings that season . After the season , apparently on Nichols ' recommendation , Gibson was signed to a Major League contract by the Americans for $ 3000 . During his rookie 1903 season , Gibson was the fourth man of a Boston rotation that included Cy Young , Bill Dinneen , Long Tom Hughes , George Winter and Nick Altrock . He responded with a 13 -- 9 mark , 76 strikeouts , and a 3.19 in 183 1/3 innings pitched . He thus won a World Series ring as a member of the Americans that won the first World Series that season , although Gibson did not play as Collins used only three pitchers , Young , Dineen and Hughes , for the entire series . His second season was much better , when he recorded 17 wins , 112 strikeouts , a 2.21 ERA and 273.0 innings , all career-highs , as his .592 winning percentage ranked him seventh between American League pitchers . The next two years , his playing time was limited by arm injuries . He retired after the 1906 season . In a four-season career , Gibson posted a 34 -- 32 record with 258 strikeouts and a 2.93 ERA in 85 appearances , including 72 starts , 56 complete games , three shutouts , 12 games finished , and 609.0 innings of work . Gibson died in his homeland of Peoria , Illinois , at the age of 82 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed23792560b179c2b170dfe2c34061ae", "text": "Mel (given name) Mel can be the abbreviated version of the given names Melvyn , Melvin , Melanie , Melina , Melinda , Melissa , Melody , Melitta , Melchior or Melville . It is also a standalone name from the Gaelic Maol , meaning bald ; this was used to refer to tonsured men to mean servant , as in `` Maol-Iosa '' - Servant of Jesus .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9c3c0acbc03226a301cf2fa748c453c4", "text": "Ben Gibson (politician) Benjamin J. `` Ben '' Gibson ( November 13 , 1882 -- July 8 , 1949 ) was an American politician and lawyer . Born in Adams County , Iowa , Gibson went to the public schools in Adams County . He graduated from University of Nebraska -- Lincoln in 1906 and was admitted to the Iowa bar . Gibson practiced law in Corning , Iowa . He served in the Iowa State Senate in 1917 and was a Republican . During World War I , Gibson served in the United States Army and was commissioned captain . From 1921 to 1927 , Gibson served as Iowa Attorney General . He moved to Des Moines , Iowa , and continued to practice law . Gibson died in Rochester , Minnesota , after having stomach surgery .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9c63650690057314898f8f3b12eb6f3d", "text": "Ralph Gibson (fighter pilot) Ralph `` Hoot '' Duane Gibson ( November 7 , 1924 -- January 2 , 2009 ) was an American flying ace of the Korean War . He became the nation 's third jet fighter ace with a total tally of five downed MiG-15 fighters . He also flew in the Vietnam War , and was a former lead pilot for the Air Force Thunderbirds .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7115c72cedc1ded081c460f218b53894", "text": "John C. Gibson John C. `` Jack '' Gibson ( born March 30 , 1934 ) is an American Republican politician , who served in the New Jersey General Assembly where he represented the 1st legislative district from 2004-2006 . Gibson also served in the Assembly from 1992-2002 . He served in the Assembly on the Agriculture and Natural Resources and the Transportation Committees . On Election Day , November 8 , 2005 , incumbent Assemblyman Gibson was ousted by Democrat Nelson Albano , in the politically split 1st District , which covers Cape May County and portions of Cumberland County . In the Assembly , Gibson sponsored laws which dedicate $ 25 million annually for beach protection , increased the property tax deduction for veterans , updated the Right to Farm Act , and John 's Law . He also supported legislation to cut the sales tax , the income tax , and the corporate tax rate for small companies . Jack has also supported freezing property taxes for needy senior citizens and created the NJ SAVER property tax rebate program . Gibson has served on the New Jersey Beach Erosion Commission from 1994-2002 ( as its Chair in 1998 ) and on the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission from 2001-2002 . He was a member of the Sea Isle City Board of Education from 1969 -- 1973 and of the Cape May County Planning Board from 1962-1971 . John C. Gibson graduated with a B.C.E. in Civil Engineering from Villanova University .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32d095eb0e1453b32b13d74ea939993c", "text": "Lawrence & Gibson Lawrence & Gibson is an independent publisher founded in Wellington , New Zealand in 2005 . A 2011 feature in The Dominion Post described it as the capital city 's most promising independent publishers . The organisation functions as a non-profit worker collective where profits are split 50/50 between author and publisher . Notable authors include Richard Meros , William Dewey , Brannavan Gnanalingam , Thomasin Sleigh , A.D. Jameson , Dick Whyte and Laurence Stacey , and Ulrich Haarburste . Its most notable release is Richard Meros ' On the condition and possibilities of Helen Clark taking me as Her Young Lover .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "170d75617dd36b28265528ca7db919f9", "text": "Mel Greenberg Mel Greenberg ( born April 16 , 1947 ) is a respected American sports journalist focusing on women 's basketball . Since 1970 , Greenberg has written for the Philadelphia Inquirer , where he predominantly covers college and professional women 's basketball . He has helped pioneer national coverage of the sport , most notably as a leader in organizing the first Top 25 women 's college basketball poll . For this and other accomplishments , he has been called `` The Guru '' of women 's basketball . In 1991 , Greenberg received the first media award from the Women 's Basketball Coaches Association , an award that has since been named after him . The annual Mel Greenberg Media Award is given to `` a member of the media who has best displayed a commitment to women 's basketball and to advancing the role of the media in promoting the women 's game '' . Subsequent winners include Debbie Becker of USA Today in 1992 , Mary Garber of the Winston-Salem Journal in 1998 , and Bill Jauss of the Chicago Tribune in 2006 . In 2007 Greenberg was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fbd32bac91ffb0d2f9bdc9b2e9d24da6", "text": "Melville Shavelson Melville Shavelson ( April 1 , 1917 -- August 8 , 2007 ) was an American film director , producer , screenwriter , and author . He was President of the Writers Guild of America , West ( WGAw ) from 1969 to 1971 , 1979 to 1981 , and 1985 to 1987 . He came to Hollywood in 1938 as one of comedian Bob Hope 's joke writers , a job he held for the next five years . He is responsible for the screenplays of such Hope films as The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) , Where There 's Life ( 1947 ) , The Great Lover ( 1949 ) , and Sorrowful Jones ( 1949 ) , which also starred Lucille Ball . Shavelson also worked as a writer on Hope 's radio show , The Pepsodent Show Starring Bob Hope . Shavelson was nominated twice for Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay -- first for 1955 's The Seven Little Foys , starring Hope in a rare dramatic role , and then for 1958 's Houseboat . He shared both nominations with Jack Rose . He also directed both films . Other films he wrote and directed include Beau James ( 1957 ) , The Five Pennies ( 1959 ) for which he won a Screen Writers Guild Award , It Started in Naples ( 1960 ) , On the Double ( 1961 ) , The Pigeon That Took Rome ( 1962 ) , A New Kind of Love ( 1963 ) , Cast a Giant Shadow ( 1966 ) , and Yours , Mine and Ours ( 1968 ) , which starred Henry Fonda and again with Lucille Ball . Shavelson created two Emmy award-winning television series and wrote for a dozen Academy Award shows . He also wrote , produced and co-directed the six-hour ABC screenplay to the 1979 television miniseries Ike , based on the World War II exploits of Gen. Dwight Eisenhower . It featured an all star cast including Robert Duvall and Lee Remick . Shavelson 's autobiography , published by BearManor Media in April 2007 , is entitled How to Succeed in Hollywood Without Really Trying , P.S. - You Ca n't ! Shavelson wrote several other books , including , with Mr. Hope , `` Do n't Shoot , It 's Only Me : Bob Hope 's Comedy History of the United States '' ( Putnam , 1990 ) , and How to Make a Jewish Movie ( 1971 ) , a memoir of his experiences while producing and directing Cast a Giant Shadow , and the Hollywood-themed novel Lualda ( 1973 ) . Shavelson was a noted instructor at USC 's Master of Professional Writing Program from 1998-2006 . He taught screenwriting , who often cracked to his students , `` I 'm a writer by choice , a producer by necessity and a director in self-defense . '' He was an amateur radio operator and held the callsign W6VLH . Shavelson 's first wife , Lucille , died in 2000 . He was married to his second wife , Ruth Florea , from 2001 until his death in 2007 . He had two children , Lynne Joiner and Richard Shavelson .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "992beb8369aedd37fb2a8052d52f02e0", "text": "Maxwell (surname) Maxwell is a Jewish , Irish , and Scottish surname . The Scottish name is a habitational name , derived from a location near Melrose , in Roxburghshire , Scotland . This name was first recorded in 1144 , as Mackeswell , meaning `` Mack 's spring ( or stream ) '' ( from the Old English well -LSB- a -RSB- ) . The surname Maxwell is also common in Ulster ; where it has , in some cases , been adopted as alternate form of the surname Miskell . The surname Maxwell is also used as a Jewish surname , either as an adoption of the Scottish name , or as an Americanization of one of several like-sounding Jewish surnames . The surname Maxwell is represented in Scottish Gaelic as MacSual .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4cf65c4ac49041cf7e8cd16fbc7d4b8", "text": "Martin Riggs Martin Riggs is a fictional character from the Lethal Weapon franchise . He is played in all four films by Mel Gibson . On March 10 , 2016 , it was announced that Riggs would be played by Clayne Crawford in the pilot for the new Fox Television drama series . Originally a member of the Los Angeles Police Department 's Narcotics Division , upon being reassigned to the Homicide Division , he is partnered up with aging sergeant Roger Murtaugh . Riggs and Murtaugh remain partners throughout the film series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "26137a106c25d58764720e06d5b9bcf8", "text": "William Gibson (playwright) William Gibson ( November 13 , 1914 -- November 25 , 2008 ) was an American playwright and novelist . He won the Tony Award for Best Play for The Miracle Worker in 1959 , which he later adapted for the film version in 1962 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0db5e98be904d9a2f169d3f5ea8d1c37", "text": "Christopher McDonald Christopher McDonald is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Darryl Dickinson in Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) , Shooter McGavin in Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) , Ward Cleaver in the film adaptation of Leave It to Beaver ( 1997 ) , Kent Mansley in The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) , Tappy Tibbons in Requiem for a Dream ( 2000 ) , and Mel Allen in the HBO film 61 * ( 2001 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "73c098b830a4f0d6f597924ed10386c1", "text": "Mel Odom (artist) Mel Odom ( born 1950 ) is an American artist who has created book covers for numerous novels , including a number of paperback editions of the novels of Patrick White , the Australian winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature , and several books by fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay such as The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy , Tigana , A Song for Arbonne , and The Lions of Al-Rassan . Dreamer , a collection of his work , with an introduction by Edmund White , was published by Penguin Books in 1984 . Odom is also the designer of the Gene Marshall collectible fashion doll . Odom was born in Richmond , Virginia , USA , and grew up in Ahoskie , North Carolina , where his parents encouraged his interests in drawing and in dolls . He majored in fashion illustration at Virginia Commonwealth University and then attended Leeds Polytechnic Institute of Art and Design in England for graduate work before moving to New York City in 1975 . His Art Deco-like style established him as a commercial artist , at first via erotic illustrations for sexually oriented magazines such as Blueboy , Viva , and Playboy , the last of which named him their `` Illustrator of the Year '' in 1980 . . In the same year , he provided the cover art for Edmund White 's novel Nocturnes for the King of Naples . During the 1980s , his work covered many commercial media . He created album covers for CBS Records and book covers for numerous other novels , usually in the genres of fantasy , mystery , or horror . He provided illustrations for the science/science-fiction magazine OMNI and ( in 1989 ) a front cover for Time magazine . He also received professional recognition from his peers , receiving the Society of Illustrators 's Gold Medal ( Editorial category ) in 1982 and a Silver Medal ( Book category ) in 1987 . He has exhibited his work in New York City at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and the Society of Illustrators . Edmund White wrote in his Introduction to Dreamer : `` Mel Odom 's work represents an original synthesis of ... two moments in the history of taste : a recuperation of art-nouveau perversities of the past but in a shiny , shadowless , innocently hedonistic space ... In Mel Odom 's world the perverse has become at last a candid pleasure ... a vision of utopia . '' In 1990 , Odom proposed to design the cosmetic facepaint for Mdvanii , a 25 cm limited-edition collector 's fashion doll . The experience renewed his childhood interest in dolls and led him to create a doll of his own , the 15.5 '' Gene Marshall . Gene Marshall 's appearance , wardrobes , and history are modelled on the glamour of Hollywood 's golden age from the 1920s through 1950s . The doll made its commercial debut at the 1995 Toy Fair and was an immediate success , creating a wider market for large , fully articulated collector 's fashion dolls in contrast to the slightly smaller and less flexible Barbie doll . Since then , Odom has largely concentrated his professional pursuits on the Gene Marshall doll , regularly modifying her design to create new variations and creating similar companion dolls to share her world , such as Gene 's `` co-stars '' Madra Lord , Violet Waters , and Trent Osborn . Odom continues to attend doll collectors ' conventions to make personal appearances and buy dolls for his own collection , as well as to support charitable causes . At a 1997 doll convention entirely devoted to Gene Marshall , a charity auction of uniquely modified Gene dolls raised more than $ 30,000 for Gay Men 's Health Crisis , an AIDS service organization .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4404ee819d03b91692a0011e6f7803d0", "text": "Monte Blue Monte Blue ( born Gerard Montgomery Bluefeather , January 11 , 1887 -- February 18 , 1963 ) was a movie actor who began his career as a romantic leading man in the silent film era , and later progressed to character roles .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b1b6d74e55ff04ba88cde0e65757cd4", "text": "Melrose Melrose may refer to :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5526965bf936693128cca6a4339bdbb8", "text": "Adrian Gibson Adrian Gibson ( 3 November 1935 -- 30 April 2015 ) was an Australian politician . Born in Hobart , Tasmania , he was educated there at Hutchins School and at the University of Tasmania where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1959 . He became a barrister in 1959 , as well as a company director and grazier . In 1964 , he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as a member of the Liberal Party , winning a by-election for the seat of Denison . He held the seat until his retirement in 1969 . Gibson was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia ( OAM ) on Australia Day , 2014 , for service to the arts , to agriculture , and to the Parliament of Australia . He resided in Armadale , Victoria . Gibson died on 30 April 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b3c95d6b6f0e5fc404bce953042aa238", "text": "Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film . The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b0a90a8091544d19da107a9f831c026", "text": "Mel Ferrer Melchor Gastón Ferrer ( August 25 , 1917 -- June 2 , 2008 ) was an American actor , film director , and film producer .", "title": "" } ]	fever
e249e74461bd67fe9147f3f3f00f04f9	WALL-E is a Golden Globe Award winner.	[ { "docid": "09efd9cdc002b1da3c6892f187f070e9", "text": "WALL-E WALL-E ( stylized with an interpunct as WALL · E ) is a 2008 American computer-animated dystopian science fiction comedy film directed and co-written by Andrew Stanton , produced by Jim Morris , and co-written by Jim Reardon . It stars the voices of Ben Burtt , Elissa Knight , Jeff Garlin , Fred Willard , John Ratzenberger , Kathy Najimy , Sigourney Weaver and the MacInTalk system . It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures , and was the overall ninth feature film produced by the company . After directing Finding Nemo , Stanton felt Pixar had created believable simulations of underwater physics and was willing to direct a film set largely in space . WALL-E has minimal dialogue in its early sequences ; many of the characters do not have voices , but instead communicate with body language and robotic sounds designed by Ben Burtt . The film criticizes consumerism , corporatism , nostalgia , waste management , human environmental impact and concerns , obesity , and global catastrophic risk . It is also Pixar 's first animated film with segments featuring live-action characters . Following Pixar tradition , WALL-E was paired with a short film titled Presto for its theatrical release . WALL-E was released in the United States and Canada on June 27 , 2008 , by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It was an instant blockbuster , grossing $ 533.3 million worldwide over a $ 180 million budget , receiving overwhelming acclaim from critics and winning the 2008 Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film , the 2009 Hugo Award for Best Long Form Dramatic Presentation , the final Nebula Award for Best Script , the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film and the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature with five nominations . The film also topped Times `` Best Movies of the Decade '' .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "1445773c08da50707979a85167e4edf4", "text": "Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society . The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories . The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin . In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d698ed9bc14db99bc46568a252539259", "text": "Will Smith Willard Carroll Smith Jr. ( born September 15 , 1968 ) is an American actor , producer , rapper , and songwriter . In April 2007 , Newsweek called him `` the most powerful actor in Hollywood '' . Smith has been nominated for five Golden Globe Awards and two Academy Awards , and has won four Grammy Awards . In the late 1980s , Smith achieved modest fame as a rapper under the name The Fresh Prince . In 1990 , his popularity increased dramatically when he starred in the popular NBC television series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , which ran for six seasons until 1996 . After the series ended , Smith transitioned from television to film , and has gone on to star in numerous blockbuster films . He is the only actor to have eight consecutive films gross over $ 100 million in the domestic box office , eleven consecutive films gross over $ 150 million internationally , and eight consecutive films in which he starred open at the number one spot in the domestic box office tally . Smith has been ranked as the most bankable star worldwide by Forbes . As of 2014 , 17 of the 21 films in which he has had leading roles have accumulated worldwide gross earnings of over $ 100 million each , five taking in over $ 500 million each in global box office receipts . As of 2016 , his films have grossed $ 7.5 billion at the global box office . For his performances as boxer Muhammad Ali in Ali ( 2001 ) and stockbroker Chris Gardner in The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2006 ) , Smith received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "696e60ffb4ebe95e4daa11b06d21d85b", "text": "Gold Turkey Gold Turkey is an American album of sketch comedy that was first released as a vinyl record in 1975 . It was a spin-off from -LSB- -LSB- National Lampoon ( magazine ) \| National Lampoon -RSB- -RSB- magazine . The album is a collection of `` greatest hits '' from the National Lampoon Radio Hour , a radio show that was broadcast on 600 radio stations and ran from November 17 , 1973 to December 28 , 1974 . The sketches on Gold Turkey feature numerous National Lampoon actors including Christopher Guest , Bill Murray , John Belushi , Brian Doyle-Murray , Chevy Chase , Harold Ramis , Gilda Radner , Joe Flaherty and Ed Subitzky.Gold Turkey was also subsequently issued as a CD . The title of the album `` Gold Turkey '' is a reference to the phrase `` cold turkey '' a phrase meaning to suffer sudden withdrawal from an addictive substance ; there is a John Lennon song Cold Turkey '' . `` Gold Turkey '' as shown in the cover photograph by Arky & Barrett is a visual pun on the golden statue awards for entertainment , such as the Oscars and the Emmy , and is simultaneously a verbal pun on the word `` turkey '' meaning a box office bomb or entertainment failure .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18a75c5ad0c17a861ba966e0fbe71d59", "text": "BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories . There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers . In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "697580c81479770dc6c70a31e36dd7f8", "text": "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity . In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics . Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie . From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "265457bbd71c6794b018f6d68b1e85e8", "text": "25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City . It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center . A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well . The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since . Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards . Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) . John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day . For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56563307d80f178eefa7f73cb22d6e44", "text": "78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams . Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "696176d03752a3544d91a4edaa68cb3c", "text": "Golda's Balcony Golda 's Balcony is a play by William Gibson . It follows the trajectory of the life of Golda Meir from Russian immigrant to American schoolteacher to a leader of international politics as the fourth Prime Minister of Israel . Much of its focus is on the period surrounding the 1973 Yom Kippur War , when Israel was attacked by Egypt and Syria . Gibson 's drama suggests Meir threatened Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger with the launch of nuclear weapons against her enemies , conceivably starting World War III , unless the U.S. came to her country 's aid . Gibson first explored Meir in 1977 in his multi-character work Golda , which was produced on Broadway with Anne Bancroft in the title role . Never fully satisfied with the piece , he decided to tackle the subject matter , this time in the form of a one-woman play . Golda 's Balcony , produced by David Fishelson , opened Off-Broadway at Manhattan Ensemble Theatre ( `` MET '' ) on March 26 , 2003 , where it sold out its entire 16-week run . Three months after closing Off-Broadway , the MET production , also starring Tovah Feldshuh and produced by Fishelson ( directed by Scott Schwartz ) , opened on October 15 , 2003 at the Helen Hayes Theatre , where it ran for 14 previews and 493 performances , making it the longest-running one-woman show in Broadway history . Feldshuh was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance . In 2006 the play was adapted into a film of the same title , starring Valerie Harper . The term `` Golda 's Balcony '' refers to the nickname given to an area inside the secretive Dimona nuclear weapons facility from which visiting VIPs can observe some of the activity taking place in the underground portion of the facility .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "94f7dfc24f3e97de5634b8404ad67a36", "text": "List of awards and nominations received by Sharon Stone American actress Sharon Stone has won 10 awards from 41 nominations , including one Emmy Award , one Golden Globe Award , and two MTV Movie Awards . She has also received several `` dishonors '' for poor performances in films , earning three Golden Raspberry Awards , and two Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Stone 's breakout role as Catherine Tramell in Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) earned her a Chicago Film Critics Association Award , Golden Globe Award , and Saturn Award nominations . This was followed by two nominations for MTV Movie Award for Most Desirable Female for the films Sliver ( 1993 ) and The Specialist ( 1994 ) . For her role as Ginger McKenna in Casino ( 1995 ) , she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama and received her only Academy Award nomination for the same category . She guest starred as an attorney who believes she can communicate with God in The Practice ( 1997 -- 2004 ) , a role that earned her the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . In Basic Instinct 2 ( 2006 ) , her return to the character Tramell received mixed critical reviews , and garnered her both a Golden Raspberry Award . Stone has also received a number of non-performance honors . She was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1995 for her contribution to acting . The actress was nominated for Golden Apple Award for being easy to work with according to her co-stars . In 2005 , she was named Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in France . She received recognition at the 2006 Women Film Critics Circle Awards for her collaborations with AmfAR with their research on AIDS .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "15de4fea6d1defb9167a6e11108320bb", "text": "Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema . In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe . The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt . The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity . The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68750634e1f32f039dad716519fd2669", "text": "Chinese Wall (album) Chinese Wall is the third solo album by Philip Bailey , released on the Columbia Records label in October 1984 . Chinese Wall has been certified gold in the US . The album reached number 22 and number 10 on the Billboard 200 and Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums charts respectively . In 1986 the album gave Bailey a Grammy Award nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male , while `` Easy Lover '' , the duet with Phil Collins ( who produced the album ) , earned a nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a396c4c33e34920b1a4db2ac051c453f", "text": "Wall Street (disambiguation) Wall Street is a street in New York City which runs through the historical center of the Financial District . Wall Street also refers to : The Wall Street Journal , a daily newspaper in New York City Financial District , Manhattan , a New York City neighborhood containing the headquarters of many of the city 's major financial institutions Financial market of the United States , particularly major participants in New York City These New York City Subway stations in Manhattan : Wall Street ( IRT Broadway -- Seventh Avenue Line ) , at Williams Street ; serving the trains Wall Street ( IRT Lexington Avenue Line ) , at Broadway ; serving the trains Wall Street ( Winnipeg ) , a street in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Wall Street ( train ) a former train of the Reading Railroad Big business , often contrasted with `` Main Street '' small business In arts and entertainment : Wall Street ( 1915 photograph ) Wall Street ( 1929 film ) , directed by Roy William Neill Wall Street ( 1987 film ) , directed by Oliver Stone Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps , ( 2010 film ) , directed by Oliver Stone , sequel to the 1987 film Wall Street , a 1997 book by Doug Henwood `` Wall Street '' , a character in the 2002 film The Transporter", "title": "" }, { "docid": "246d6650165524edfd0b799dfd4312af", "text": "York Theatre York Theatre is an Off-Broadway theatre company base in East Midtown Manhattan , New York City . In its 48th year , York Theatre is dedicated to the production of new musicals and concert productions of forgotten musicals from the past . Each season consists of three or four mainstage productions , six or more concert presentations and dozens of developmental readings . It has had several transfers of its work to larger off-Broadway theatres and to Broadway . The company was awarded a special Drama Desk Award in 1996 to its artistic director Janet Hayes Walker and in 2006 for its `` vital contributions to theater by developing and presenting new musicals '' . Since 1993 the company has performed in an intimate theatre that is part of St. Peter 's Church , in the Citigroup Center Complex at 619 Lexington Avenue at the corner of East 54th Street . The Oscar Hammerstein Award is named in honor of the legendary lyricist and librettist who helped shape American musical theatre through his collaborations with a number of different composers and writers . The award was created in 1988 by Janet Hayes Walker , the Founding Artistic Director of The York Theatre Company , and is presented with the endorsement of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and the Hammerstein family . The Oscar Hammerstein Award Gala is the major annual fundraising event of The York , a mainstay of the Off-Broadway scene for more than 45 years . Past recipients include Stephen Sondheim , Betty Comden & Adolph Green , Harold Prince , Cy Coleman , Charles Strouse , Arthur Laurents , Jerry Herman , Stephen Schwartz , Peter Stone , David Merrick , John Kander & Fred Ebb , Terrence McNally , Sir Cameron Mackintosh , Carol Channing , Tony Walton , Joseph Stein , Thomas Meehan , Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick , Barbara Cook , Paul Gemignani , Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty . In November , 2015 , the 24th Oscar Hammerstein Award was presented to Angela Lansbury in a star-studded tribute evening .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64209cd12f93d721eb7414a20a784073", "text": "60th Golden Globe Awards 60thGolden Globe Awards January 19 , 2003 Picture -- Drama : The Hours Picture -- Comedy or Musical : Chicago TV Series -- Drama : The Shield TV Series -- Musical or Comedy : Curb Your Enthusiasm The 60th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 2002 , were held on January 19 , 2003 in the Beverly Hilton Hotel , Beverly Hills , California .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed6500caf6f27d287848912d3ce8fcaf", "text": "World Freedom Day (United States) World Freedom Day is a United States federal observance declared by then-President George W. Bush to commemorate the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe . It started in 2001 and is celebrated on November 9 . For this occasion , conservative youth groups such as Young America 's Foundation and the College Republicans urge students to commemorate this day ( which they mark as the start of `` Freedom Week , '' thus including Veterans Day ) by `` celebrating victory over communism '' through provocative flyer campaigns and activism projects . Many conservative political commentators and activists use World Freedom Day as an occasion in which to acclaim President Ronald Reagan , whom they regard as being responsible for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a1d800f3a58ce0e26dc0d8caddded51", "text": "Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 . Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography . Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups . Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a913a508bcb016d99cd6c7e4975a6a1", "text": "Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate . The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors . Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City . Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal . The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles . Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97e69b12cafe8bac808c75e5d636fa5b", "text": "Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold . The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2c52d51109c9c5bdf380ddb395113505", "text": "29th Golden Globe Awards The 29th Golden Globe Awards , honoring the best in film and television for 1971 films , were held on February 6 , 1972 .", "title": "" } ]	fever
ca04a96a4d4ecd9b609158e127fe586d	Generation X has no precise date for its cohort.	[ { "docid": "a2bbbbafcf20569e3988628565f9de7b", "text": "Generation X Generation X , or Gen X , is the demographic cohort following the baby boomers . There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends ; demographers and researchers typically use starting birth years ranging from the early-to-mid 1960s and ending birth years ranging from the late 1970s to early 1980s . Generation X is a relatively smaller demographic cohort sandwiched between two larger demographic cohorts , the baby boomers and the millennials . Members of Generation X were children during a time of shifting societal values and as children were sometimes called the `` latchkey generation '' , due to reduced adult supervision compared to previous generations , a result of increasing divorce rates and increased maternal participation in the workforce , prior to widespread availability of childcare options outside of the home . As adolescents and young adults , they were dubbed the `` MTV Generation '' ( a reference to the music video channel of the same name ) and characterized as slackers and as cynical and disaffected . Some of the cultural influences on Gen X youth were the musical genres of grunge and hip hop music , and indie films . In midlife , research describes Gen X adults as active , happy , and as achieving a work -- life balance . The cohort has been credited with entrepreneurial tendencies .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "0780f1d32f23bcbb3e4447210107803f", "text": "Generations from Exile Tribe Generations from Exile Tribe , also known as simply Generations , is a seven-member Japanese boy band signed to the Avex Group label Rhythm Zone . The group belongs to the talent agency LDH , and is part of the collective `` Exile Tribe '' , related to Exile . Generations debuted in November 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfcfab98b5b363f571c3b71e498304c3", "text": "Key demographic The key demographic is a term in television ratings that refers to the most desirable demographic group to a given advertiser . Key demographics vary by network , time of day , and programming type , but they are generally composed of individuals who are younger and more affluent than the general public : `` Young adult viewers have been TV 's target demographic for decades , because they 're thought to have less brand loyalty and more disposable income . '' Most key demographic groups consist of adults who are somewhere in age between 18 and 54 . For example , the key demographic for reality television is women with disposable income aged 18 to 34 whereas for the WB Television Network it is `` eighteen - to thirty-four-year-old , educated , white , affluent viewers '' Television programming is tailored to members of its key demographics : `` Despite the increase in time-shifting to watch recorded television and shows on the Internet , the use of television as an advertising vehicle is still determined by demographic characteristics or who is watching at what time . '' The subset of ratings that only includes the key demographic of 18 - to 49-year-olds is often referred to as the `` key demo '' . Certain radio formats ( especially those dubbed `` classic '' ) and television outlets may target persons 35 to 64 , especially since the late 2000s recession wiped out many career opportunities for millennials , since the 35 -- 64 demographic has much more disposable income .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "53d07cbc73a0d52aa7ece3322a985b13", "text": "Trip generation Trip generation is the first step in the conventional four-step transportation forecasting process ( followed by trip distribution , mode choice , and route assignment ) , widely used for forecasting travel demands . It predicts the number of trips originating in or destined for a particular traffic analysis zone.Guidelines for trip generation analysis Typically , trip generation analysis focuses on residences , and residential trip generation is thought of as a function of the social and economic attributes of households . At the level of the traffic analysis zone , residential land uses `` produce '' or generate trips . Traffic analysis zones are also destinations of trips , trip attractors . The analysis of attractors focuses on nonresidential land uses .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4eb5d1a84f13ed93744ba751426c7aa", "text": "List of Pokémon The Pokémon franchise revolves around 802 eponymous fictional species of characters , each having unique designs and skills . The vast array of creatures is commonly divided into `` Generations '' , with each division encompassing new main series titles and a change of handheld platform . Generation I refers to Red , Green , Blue and Yellow ; Generation II refers to Gold , Silver , and Crystal ; Generation III refers to Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald ; Generation IV refers to Diamond , Pearl , and Platinum ; Generation V refers to Black , White , Black 2 , and White 2 , Generation VI refers to X and Y ; and Generation VII refers to Sun and Moon . Each Generation is also marked by the addition of new Pokémon : 151 in Generation I , 100 in Generation II , 135 in Generation III , 107 in Generation IV , 156 in Generation V , 72 in Generation VI , and 81 in Generation VII . Originally , all Pokémon were designed by Ken Sugimori , however , by 2013 a team of 20 artists worked together to create new species designs . Sugimori and Hironobu Yoshida lead the team and determine the final designs . Designs , in general , have become increasingly complex and thematic in newer games . The new Pokémon of Generation VI , for example , are heavily influenced by the culture and fauna of Europe ( namely France ) . Each iteration of the series has brought about praise and criticism over the numerous creatures . Multiple Pokémon feature alternate forms that change their appearance , stats , and viable attacks ; however , these do not count as separate species . Furthermore , 48 creatures are capable of undergoing Mega Evolution or Primal Reversion , a variant of normal evolution that is akin to a form change ( including a modest change in appearance alongside stat buffs ) . Due to the large number of Pokémon , listing of each species is divided into articles by generation . All 802 Pokémon are organized by their number in the National Pokédex -- an in-game electronic encyclopedia that provides various information on Pokémon . The National Pokédex is subdivided into regional Pokédex series , each revolving around species introduced at the time of their respective generations along with older generations . For example , the Johto Pokédex , Generation II , covers the 100 species introduced in Gold and Silver in addition to the original 151 species . The encyclopedias follow a general ordering : starter Pokémon are listed first , followed by species obtainable early in the respective games , and are concluded with Legendary and Mythical Pokémon .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1895cfbc7686c10d20f91d339503064c", "text": "Childhood Childhood is the age span ranging from birth to adolescence . According to Piaget 's theory of cognitive development , childhood consists of two stages : preoperational stage and concrete operational stage . In developmental psychology , childhood is divided up into the developmental stages of toddlerhood ( learning to walk ) , early childhood ( play age ) , middle childhood ( school age ) , and adolescence ( puberty through post-puberty ) . Various childhood factors could affect a person 's attitude formation . '' ' The concept of childhood emerged during the 17th and 18th centuries , particularly through the educational theories of the philosopher John Locke and the growth of books for and about children . Previous to this point , children were often seen as incomplete versions of adults .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "842707fe5161d2fbcdd141881760464e", "text": "Strauss–Howe generational theory The Strauss -- Howe generational theory , created by authors William Strauss and Neil Howe , describes a theorized recurring generation cycle in American history . Strauss and Howe laid the groundwork for their theory in their 1991 book Generations , which discusses the history of the United States as a series of generational biographies going back to 1584 . In their 1997 book The Fourth Turning , the authors expanded the theory to focus on a fourfold cycle of generational types and recurring mood eras in American history . They have since expanded on the concept in a variety of publications . The theory was developed to describe the history of the United States , including the 13 colonies and their British antecedents , and this is where the most detailed research has been done . However , the authors have also examined generational trends elsewhere in the world and described similar cycles in several developed countries . Eric Hoover ( 2009 ) has called the authors pioneers in a burgeoning industry of consultants , speakers and researchers focused on generations . Steve Bannon , adviser to President Donald Trump , is a prominent proponent of Strauss -- Howe generational theory . Academic response to the theory has been mixed -- some applauding Strauss and Howe for their `` bold and imaginative thesis '' , and others criticizing the theory . Criticism has focused on the lack of rigorous empirical evidence for their claims , and a perception that aspects of the argument gloss over real differences within the population .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "efa35d3958e26eb69d55c1aba95b223f", "text": "Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe . In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 . Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % . France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II . According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) . The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . '' Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) . Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5d011138df76dae2ff17998ebb8c70c6", "text": "GM X platform (1962) The rear-wheel drive X-body underpinned the Chevrolet Nova and similar cars of the 1960s and 1970s . It was also the basis for the Cadillac Seville 's K platform and many components were shared with the contemporary F platform . Entry level badge engineered luxury coupes and sedans offered in the 1970s by Buick , Pontiac , and Oldsmobile appeared around the same time as the competing Ford Granada and Plymouth Volare . Applications : Chevrolet Chevy II ( 1962 -- 1967 ) Chevrolet Nova ( 1968 -- 1979 ) Buick Apollo ( 1973 -- 1974 ; 1975 sedan only ) Buick Skylark ( 1975 coupe only ; 1976 -- 1979 ) Oldsmobile Omega ( 1973 -- 1979 ) Pontiac Ventura ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Pontiac Phoenix ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Acadian ( 1962 -- 1971 ) 1968 -- 1974 GM X-bodies positioned the steering linkage behind the steering gear ( `` rear steer '' - also shared with the 1967-69 F platform ) , whereas 1975 -- 1979 models had the steering linkage forward of the steering gear ( `` front steer '' - shared with the second generation ( 1970-81 ) F platform including the 1973-77 A platform and 1977-96 B platform ( control arms , steering knuckle assembly except steering linkage and front sway bar ) . In the early 1970s , it was noticed that the first letter of each X-body model name ( Nova , Omega , Ventura , Apollo ) spelled out `` NOVA '' , the cheapest model of the quartet .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37493e36d3fc80f25725200d3574445b", "text": "List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders In the 2006 census of New Zealand 67.6 percent of the population identified ethnically as `` New Zealand European '' and 14.6 percent as Māori . Other major ethnic groups include Asian ( 9.2 percent ) and Pacific peoples ( 6.9 percent ) , while 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a `` New Zealander '' ( or similar ) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities . When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group and this list includes all of the stated ethnic groups if more than one is chosen . During the 2013 census in New Zealand , it was estimated that 14.9 % of the population of New Zealand were Maori , 11.8 % of the population were Asians ( deriving from various nations in Asia ) , 7.4 % were of Pacific Islander origin ( including from the Cook Islands , Niue , and Tokelau , all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific ) , and 1.20 % were individuals of Middle-Eastern , Latin American , and African descent . Approximately three-quarters of the population of New Zealand during the census were of European ethnicity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b95ff6edca830fe3ff9bc2786dfe0c03", "text": "Baby boomers Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation . There are no precise dates when the cohort birth years start and end . Typically , they range from the early-to-mid 1940s and end from 1960 to 1964 . Increased birth rates were observed during the post -- World War II baby boom making the baby boomers a relatively large demographic cohort . The term `` baby boomer '' is also used in a cultural context , so it is difficult to achieve broad consensus of a precise date definition . Different people , organizations , and scholars have varying opinions on who is a baby boomer , both technically and culturally . Ascribing universal attributes to such a generation is difficult , and some believe it is inherently impossible , but many have attempted to determine their cultural similarities and historical impact , and the term has thus gained widespread popular usage . Baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values . Many commentators , however , have disputed the extent of that rejection , noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations . In Europe and North America , boomers are widely associated with privilege , as many grew up in a time of widespread government subsidies in post-war housing and education , and increasing affluence . As a group , baby boomers were the wealthiest , most active , and most physically fit generation up to the era in which they arrived , and were amongst the first to grow up genuinely expecting the world to improve with time . They were also the generation that received peak levels of income ; they could therefore reap the benefits of abundant levels of food , apparel , retirement programs , and sometimes even `` midlife crisis '' products . The increased consumerism for this generation has been regularly criticized as excessive . One feature of the boomers was that they have tended to think of themselves as a special generation , very different from those that had come before . In the 1960s , as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults , they , and those around them , created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort , and the changes they were bringing about . This rhetoric had an important impact in the self perceptions of the boomers , as well as their tendency to define the world in terms of generations , which was a relatively new phenomenon . The baby boom has been described variously as a `` shockwave '' and as `` the pig in the python . '' The term `` Generation Jones '' is sometimes used to describe those born between 1954 and 1965 . The term is typically used to refer to the later years of the Baby boomer cohort ( 1954-1960 ) and the early years of Generation X ( 1961-1965 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "10b6d45e7c09f47da1990f0812cd1d54", "text": "DARPA XG The neXt Generation program or XG is a technology development project sponsored by DARPA 's Strategic Technology Office , with the goals to `` develop both the enabling technologies and system concepts to dynamically redistribute allocated spectrum along with novel waveforms in order to provide dramatic improvements in assured military communications in support of a full range of worldwide deployments . '' In the Wireless World Research Forum of 27 October 2003 , Preston Marshall , program manager of DARPA XG Program , said `` The primary product of the XG program is not a new radio , but a set of advanced technologies for dynamic spectrum access . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fddff19ac1068b5226e0b5f2075a65cf", "text": "List of teen films Teen film is a film genre targeted at teenagers and young adults in which the plot is based upon the special interests of teenagers and young adults , such as coming of age , first love , rebellion , conflict with parents , teen angst , and alienation . Some of these films are targeted at adults as well as teenagers . Teen films have been a trope of the cinema industry for decades since the 1950s . At this time , the film industry saw a greater market for teens with more disposable income and therefore more money to spend on leisure activities , largely going to films . Because of the boom in teen viewers , drive-in movie theaters were also very popular . However , even the silent era had teen films . Recently , online streaming services such as Netflix have created a resurgence in the `` tween '' and teenage-oriented film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3059cd04c148998a812ca74a784068a4", "text": "June 9", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e9d4bbb6a38b56e755ab44360f4cf9f1", "text": "Canada 2011 Census The Canada 2011 Census is a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population on May 10 , 2011 . Statistics Canada , an agency of the Canadian government , conducts a nationwide census every five years . In 2011 , it consisted of a mandatory short form census questionnaire and an inaugural National Household Survey ( NHS ) , a voluntary survey which replaced the mandatory long form census questionnaire ; this substitution was the focus of much controversy . Completion of the ( short form ) census is mandatory for all Canadians , and those who do not complete it may face penalties ranging from fines to jail time . The Statistics Act mandates a Senate and/or House of Commons ( joint ) committee review of the opt-in clause ( for the release of one 's census records after 92 years ) by 2014 . The 2011 Census is the fifteenth decennial census and is required by section 8 of the Constitution Act , 1867 . As with other decennial censuses , the data was used to adjust federal electoral district boundaries . As of August 24 , 2011 , Canada 's overall collection response rate was 98.1 % , up over a full percentage point from 96.5 % in the 2006 Census . Ontario and Prince Edward Island each hold the highest response rate at 98.3 % , while Nunavut holds the lowest response rate at 92.7 % . In an article in the New York Times in August 2015 , journalist Stephen Marche argued that by ending the mandatory long-form census in 2011 , the federal government `` stripped Canada of its capacity to gather information about itself '' in the `` age of information . '' Nearly 500 organizations in Canada , including the Canadian Medical Association , the Canadian Chamber of Commerce , and the Canadian Catholic Council of Bishops protested the decision to replace the long form Census in 2011 with a shorter version .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a93d84577f9f139f66977099c60c6d93", "text": "Gray ceiling The gray ceiling is a business/societal phenomenon where the existing workforce of those born during the baby boom era prevents the slightly younger Generation Xers from advancing or being promoted at their jobs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "116812449d8d1da481f2e959e1589136", "text": "November 9", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1e7c7a61d731ee0175e251e3e9714e7d", "text": "Race and intelligence The connection between race and intelligence has been a subject of debate in both popular science and academic research since the inception of IQ testing in the early 20th century . The debate concerns the interpretation of research findings that test takers identifying as White tend on average to score higher than test takers of African ancestry on IQ tests , and subsequent findings that test takers of East Asian background tend to score higher than whites . The first test showing differences in IQ test results between different population groups in the US was the tests of United States Army recruits in World War I . In the 1920s groups of eugenics lobbyists argued that this demonstrated that African-Americans and certain immigrant groups were of inferior intellect to Anglo-Saxon whites due to innate biological differences , using this as an argument for policies of racial segregation . Soon , other studies appeared , contesting these conclusions and arguing instead that the Army tests had not adequately controlled for the environmental factors such as socio-economic and educational inequality between African-Americans and Whites . The debate reemerged again in 1969 , when Arthur Jensen championed the view that for genetic reasons Africans were less intelligent than whites and that compensatory education for African-American children was therefore doomed to be ineffective . In 1994 , the book The Bell Curve argued that social inequality in the United States could largely be explained as a result of IQ differences between races and individuals rather than being their cause , and rekindled the public and scholarly debate with renewed force . During the debates following the book 's publication the American Anthropological Association and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) published official statements regarding the issue , both highly skeptical of some of the book 's claims , although the APA report called for more empirical research on the issue . In subsequent decades much research has been published about the relationships between hereditary influences on IQ , group differences in intelligence , race , environmental influences on IQ . Particularly contentious in the ongoing debate has been the definition of both the concept `` race '' and the concept `` intelligence '' , and especially whether they can in fact be objectively defined and operationalized .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e0d001c2777fa14900d18875c5af0a4", "text": "Generation A Generation A is the thirteenth novel from Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland . It takes place in a near future , in a world in which bees have become extinct . The novel is told with a shifting-frame narrative perspective , shifting between the novel 's five main protagonists . The novel mirrors the style of Coupland 's first novel , Generation X : Tales for an Accelerated Culture , which is also a framed narrative . On September 30 , 2009 , Generation A was announced as a finalist for The Rogers Writers ' Trust Fiction Prize by The Writer 's Trust of Canada .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c6e975e07f5c2224072993195d1403f8", "text": "Pepsi Generation The Pepsi Generation was the theme of an advertising campaign for Pepsi-Cola , a U.S. brand of soft drink , that launched in 1963 as the result of a slogan contest . A new car was awarded to the writer of the winning slogan . The contest was the brainchild of Alan Pottasch , a Pepsico advertising executive , and it was won by Appleton , Wisconsin resident , Ellen M. Reimer . Her slogan invited consumers to `` Come Alive ! You 're the Pepsi Generation ! '' The original `` Come Alive '' jingle was performed by singer Joanie Sommers in her memorable `` breathy '' vocal style . Earlier campaigns for Pepsi-Cola had emphasized price competition . Twelve ounce Pepsi bottles gave you twice as much soft drink as six ounce standard Coca-Cola bottles , and Coca-Cola was by far the leading brand of soft drink . Pepsi formerly ran a campaign that featured the jingle : Pepsi-Cola hits the spotTwelve full ounces , that 's a lot!Twice as much for a nickel , tooPepsi-Cola is the drink for you . This 1969 jingle focused on the simple proposition that Pepsi was just as good as Coke , but better value . The Pepsi Generation campaign represented a major shift away from that line of thinking ; rather than being just as good as Coke , Pepsi was different from Coke . The Pepsi Generation and its associated jingle -- You 've got a lot to liveAnd Pepsi 's got a lot to give . told Pepsi drinkers , now enrolled in the Pepsi Generation , that Pepsi-Cola was taking a stand with the `` young '' side of the 1960 era `` generation gap '' . Television ads featuring the campaign typically displayed young people pursuing exotic entertainments like motorcycle or watercycle riding or piloting a windship through a desert , while an announcer described Pepsi drinkers as people who saw the `` young view of things '' . `` Who is the Pepsi Generation ? Livelier , active people with a liking for Pepsi-Cola ! '' Previous Coca-Cola advertisements had featured Norman Rockwell styled images of small towns and nostalgic scenes , as well as traditional figures such as Santa Claus . Pepsi told soft drink consumers that there are Coke people , and there are Pepsi people , and if you 're a Pepsi person you are young , and the future 's on your side . The original lyrics were : There 's a whole new way of livin ` Pepsi helps supply the drive.It 's got a lot to give for those who like to live'Cause Pepsi helps themcome alive.It 's the Pepsi GenerationComin ' at ya , goin ' strong ... Put yourself behind a PepsiWhen you 're livin ... you belong ... You 've got a lot to live ... and Pepsi 's got a lot to give ... You 've got a lot to live ... and Pepsi 's got a lot to give ... This `` image campaign '' inspired Coca-Cola to do a similar `` hip '' campaign in 1971 , `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing ( in Perfect Harmony ) , '' which also sold the lifestyle rather than the soft drink per se . Pottasch , creator of the campaign , said that `` For us to name and claim a whole generation after our product was a rather courageous thing that we were n't sure would take off . '' The `` Pepsi Generation '' was one of the first and best known instances of what came to be known as `` lifestyle marketing '' . It focused on portraying Pepsi drinkers as possessing desirable qualities such as youth , rather than on the characteristics of the product itself . Pottasch said that `` Pepsi was young , spirited , people doing active things -- playing volleyball on the beach ... . but younger we said in mind , in attitude , in feeling . Young in spirit . Young in heart . '' Pottasch repeated the themes of the Pepsi Generation with the 1984 campaign , `` The Choice of a New Generation '' . In 1997 , during Super Bowl XXXI , a sequel campaign featured the theme `` GeneratioNext '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9de20d4d8db97c7c464a8d99da27a709", "text": "Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation ( xenos - from the Greek meaning `` foreign '' ) , is the transplantation of living cells , tissues or organs from one species to another . Such cells , tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants . It is contrasted with allotransplantation ( from other individual of same species ) , Syngeneic transplantation ( Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species ) and Autotransplantation ( from one part of the body to another in the same person ) . Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research . Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure , a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world . It also raises many novel medical , legal and ethical issues . A continuing concern is that many animals , such as pigs , have a shorter lifespan than humans , meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate . Disease transmission ( xenozoonosis ) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern . A few successful cases of xenotransplantation are published . It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term `` allograft '' imprecisely to refer to either allograft ( human-to-human ) or xenograft ( animal-to-human ) , but it is helpful scientifically ( for those searching or reading the scientific literature ) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage .", "title": "" } ]	fever
75476af32d0fcc2200738ed50748bb59	The Renaissance is known for its cultural developments.	[ { "docid": "91ead44102c4f02c2b3a6a1e9c5c2bc4", "text": "Renaissance The Renaissance ( -LSB- rᵻˈneɪsəns -RSB- , -LSB- rɛnəˈsɑːns -RSB- ) was a period in European history , from the 14th to the 17th century , regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history . It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe , marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age . The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism , derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy , such as that of Protagoras , who said that `` Man is the measure of all things . '' This new thinking became manifest in art , architecture , politics , science and literature . Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete . Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century , the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe . As a cultural movement , the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures , beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources , which contemporaries credited to Petrarch ; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting ; and gradual but widespread educational reform . In politics , the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy , and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning . Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits , as well as social and political upheaval , it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , who inspired the term `` Renaissance man '' . The Renaissance began in Florence , in the 14th century . Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics , focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time : its political structure ; the patronage of its dominant family , the Medici ; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks . Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice , Genoa , Milan , Bologna , and finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy . The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography , and , in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations , there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the `` Renaissance '' and individual culture heroes as `` Renaissance men '' , questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation . The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of `` Renaissance '' : It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization -- historians of economic and social developments , political and religious situations , and , most particularly , natural science -- but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art . Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural `` advance '' from the Middle Ages , instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity , while social and economic historians , especially of the longue durée , have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras , which are linked , as Panofsky observed , `` by a thousand ties '' . The word Renaissance , literally meaning `` Rebirth '' in French , first appeared in English in the 1830s . The word also occurs in Jules Michelet 's 1855 work , Histoire de France . The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements , such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4926269e3e27e4aafe2bf34b32f3403b", "text": "Villanovan culture The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy , abruptly following the Bronze Age Terramare culture and giving way in the 7th century BC to an increasingly orientalizing culture influenced by Greek traders , which was followed without a severe break by the Etruscan civilization . The Villanovan culture and people branched from the Urnfield culture of Central Europe . The Villanovans introduced iron-working to the Italian peninsula ; they practiced cremation and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of distinctive double-cone shape . The name Villanovan comes from the type-site , that of the first archaeological finds relating to this advanced culture , remnants of a cemetery found near Villanova ( Castenaso , 8 kilometers south-east of Bologna ) in northern Italy . The excavation lasting from 1853 to 1855 was made by the scholarly owner , count Giovanni Gozzadini , and involved 193 tombs , six of which were separated from the rest as if to signify a special social status . The `` well tomb '' pit graves lined with stones contained funerary urns ; they had been only sporadically plundered , and most were untouched . In 1893 , a chance discovery unearthed another distinctive Villanovan necropolis at Verucchio , overlooking the Adriatic coastal plain . The burial characteristics relate the Villanovan culture to the Central European Urnfield culture ( c. 1300 -- 750 BC ) , and Celtic Hallstatt culture ( which succeeded the Urnfield culture ) , in such a way that it is not possible to tell them apart in their earlier stages . Cremated remains were placed in cinerary urns and then buried . A custom believed to originate with the Villanovan culture is the usage of `` Hut urns '' , cinerary urns fashioned like small huts , and other advanced urn designs . Typical sgraffito decorations of swastikas , meanders and squares were scratched with a comb-like tool . Urns were accompanied by simple bronze fibulae , razors and rings .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5c8dcd0713ac34a3b8c59d7a8ef87ba5", "text": "European Capital of Culture The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong European dimension . Preparing a European Capital of Culture can be an opportunity for the city to generate considerable cultural , social and economic benefits and it can help foster urban regeneration , change the city 's image and raise its visibility and profile on an international scale . In 1985 , former actress Melina Mercouri , then Greece 's minister of culture , and her French counterpart Jack Lang came up with the idea of designating an annual Capital of Culture to bring Europeans closer together by highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures and raising awareness of their common history and values . The Commission of the European Union manages the title and each year the Council of Ministers of the European Union formally designates European Capitals of Culture : more than 40 cities have been designated so far . An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for the title according to criteria specified by the European Union . A 2004 study conducted for the European Commission , known as the `` Palmer report '' , demonstrated that the choice of European Capital of Culture served as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city . Consequently , the beneficial socio-economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d02104a40736540e27e3e32e85dc188d", "text": "The Age of the Medici The Age of the Medici , originally released in Italy as L'età di Cosimo de Medici ( The Age of Cosimo de Medici ) , is a 1973 3-part TV series about the Renaissance in Florence , directed by Roberto Rossellini . The series was shot in English in the hope of securing a North American release , which it failed to achieve , and was later dubbed into Italian and shown on state television . The films are : Cosimo de Medici , The Power of Cosimo and Leon Battista Alberti : Humanism . It is Fred Ward 's debut role . Like several other TV series directed by Rossellini during the 1970s , The Age of the Medici is a form of docudrama , in which historical information is communicated via dramatized conversations between figures from history , and between ordinary people . They are unabashedly `` teaching films . '' As Dave Kehr explains , `` The dialogue is bluntly didactic , with characters telling one another things they would already know entirely for the benefit of the audience ... . Rossellini is n't asking his viewers to identify with his characters or become caught up in their personal dramas ... Instead he creates a detached perspective . '' Each scene plays out in a single long take , with the camera slowly moving and zooming to create different framings of the action , or , as Kehr puts it , `` to close in on details or investigate relationships '' . When the films debuted in New York 's Public Theater in 1973 , New York Times movie critic Vincent Canby noted that while not difficult , the austere style of the films , `` as well as Rossellini 's total lack of concern for what might be called performance , take some getting used to . Yet once you 've grasped the method and the rhythm of the films , they are a ravishingly beautiful experience '' : The actors make few attempts to act . They recite as they walk about magnificent locations , sounding and looking like ferociously gifted dress-extras . The talk has been rather flatly dubbed into English so that it 's not always possible to tell who is speaking.Forget these problems , though . The film is about what is being said and what you can see around and behind these figures . When you connect with The Age of the Medici , it has the effect of reducing every other film you 've seen recently to the status of an ornament .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "708bd4f6e3751140b1989ed001de1e43", "text": "Purism (Spanish architecture) Purism ( architecture ) redirects here . For another form of purism in architecture , see Purism ( arts ) Purism is an initial phase of Renaissance architecture in Spain , which took place between 1530 and 1560 , after to Isabelline Gothic and prior to the Herrerian architecture in the last third of the 16th century . The name `` Prince Philip '' refers to the period in which Philip II of Spain ( born in 1527 ) had not yet received the inheritance of the Spanish Monarchy by abdication of his father the Emperor Charles V ( 1556 ) . The name `` Serlian '' is due to the influential architect and treatise Sebastiano Serlio ( in addition to the architectural element called Serlian in his honor ) . The Greco-Roman , the purist and the casticist are relate to the interpretation given to different elements of style , whether intellectual , formal , structural or decorative . Until then , writers of the period termed the classicist forms of the Italian Renaissance as the roman ( Diego de Sagredo Las Medidas del Romano , 1526 ) , while the late-Gothic forms were called the modern . For a more stylistic periodization more common in the art history , at that point of the 16th century the Cinquecento had entered in its Mannerist phase , while for the Spanish art is commonly used the expression High Renaissance ( reserving the term Low Renaissance for the last third of the century ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6dce71528c82b7854dabab323763e4e", "text": "Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries , particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97110922d6e385c1c5fc5a03650b67de", "text": "Old master print An old master print is a work of art produced by a printing process within the Western tradition . The term remains current in the art trade , and there is no easy alternative in English to distinguish the works of `` fine art '' produced in printmaking from the vast range of decorative , utilitarian and popular prints that grew rapidly alongside the artistic print from the 15th century onwards . Fifteenth-century prints are sufficiently rare that they are classed as old master prints even if they are of crude or merely workmanlike artistic quality . A date of about 1830 is usually taken as marking the end of the period whose prints are covered by this term . The main techniques used , in order of their introduction , are woodcut , engraving , etching , mezzotint and aquatint , although there are others . Different techniques are often combined in a single print . With rare exceptions printed on textiles , such as silk , or on vellum , old master prints are printed on paper . This article is concerned with the artistic , historical and social aspects of the subject ; the article on printmaking summarizes the techniques used in making old master prints , from a modern perspective . Many great European artists , such as Albrecht Dürer , Rembrandt , and Francisco Goya , were dedicated printmakers . In their own day , their international reputations largely came from their prints , which were spread far more widely than their paintings . Influences between artists were also mainly transmitted beyond a single city by prints ( and sometimes drawings ) , for the same reason . Prints therefore are frequently brought up in detailed analyses of individual paintings in art history . Today , thanks to colour photo reproductions , and public galleries , their paintings are much better known , whilst their prints are only rarely exhibited , for conservation reasons . But some museum print rooms allow visitors to see their collection , sometimes only by appointment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39ea9c7a6519e8764b8ce6f6a559f886", "text": "France France ( -LSB- fʁɑ̃s -RSB- ) , officially the French Republic ( -LSB- ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz -RSB- ) , is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . The European , or metropolitan , area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . France spans 643801 km2 and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017 . It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban centres include Marseille , Lyon , Lille , Nice , Toulouse and Bordeaux . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome , which held Gaul until 486 , when the Germanic Franks conquered the region and formed the Kingdom of France . France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , with its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 to 1453 ) strengthening state-building and political centralisation . During the Renaissance , French culture flourished and a global colonial empire was established , which by the 20th century would be the second largest in the world . The 16th century was dominated by religious civil wars between Catholics and Protestants ( Huguenots ) . France became Europe 's dominant cultural , political , and military power under Louis XIV . In the late 18th century , the French Revolution overthrew the absolute monarchy , established one of modern history 's earliest republics , and saw the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , which expresses the nation 's ideals to this day . In the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire , whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe . Following the collapse of the Empire , France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870 . France was a major participant in the First World War , from which it emerged victorious , and was one of the Allied Powers in the Second World War , but came under occupation by the Axis Powers in 1940 . Following liberation in 1944 , a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War . The Fifth Republic , led by Charles de Gaulle , was formed in 1958 and remains to this day . Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France . France has long been a global centre of art , science , and philosophy . It hosts Europe 's fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually , the most of any country in the world . France is a developed country with the world 's sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity . In terms of aggregate household wealth , it ranks fourth in the world . France performs well in international rankings of education , health care , life expectancy , and human development . France remains a great power in the world , being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state . It is a leading member state of the European Union and the Eurozone . It is also a member of the Group of 7 , North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and La Francophonie .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "196750fa372d3c990546068a0fbdf6ab", "text": "Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper . The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 , though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' . The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy . Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed . Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "acb322c004e5dfa21f905603476f0041", "text": "Trecento The Trecento ( -LSB- treˈtʃɛnto -RSB- ; Italian for 300 , short for `` mille trecento , '' 1300 ) refers to the 14th century in Italian cultural history .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6ed97263161dd72f508ab8766119bec2", "text": "Seicento The Seicento -LSB- ˌsɛiˈtʃɛnto -RSB- is Italian history and culture during the 17th century . The seicento saw the end of the Renaissance movement in Italy and the beginning of the Counter-Reformation and the Baroque era . The word seicento means `` six hundred '' ( sei = six , cento = hundred ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "16f8148256963c76ac4e4f464b57d5dc", "text": "Rasa Renaissance Rasa Renaissance is a movement in the art of painting that makes evocation of rasas the prime aim in the creation and appreciation of a work of art . Rasa is the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art produces through the personalities , their expression and the situation presented in a painting . Rasa is a Sanskrit word that denotes the quality of emotional fulfilment that a work of art brings about . Rasa Theory is a theory of aesthetic criticism that has been prevalent in appreciation of literary works in Sanskrit language for millenniums ( see Indian aesthetic ) . The idea of Rasa Renaissance has evolved in the last quarter of the twentieth century in the domain of painting as a countermovement to abstract and conceptual art . Rasa Renaissance is led by artist , philosopher and Sanskrit scholar Dr. Mumbiram of India ( Ph.D Berkeley California ) . In the twentieth century the art of painting progressively became dissociated from depiction of personalities in real world situations . It concerned itself with exploration of forms and colours for their own sake . It became more or less an exercise in clever intellectual sophistication . Art of Rasa Renaissance presupposes personalities in various situations and in various emotional states as central to a work of art .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e1a7a9f91ae5bc525c157a80bdc00a63", "text": "Palais des Papes The Palais des Papes ( English : Papal palace , lo Palais dei Papas in Occitan ) is a historical palace in Avignon , southern France , one of the largest and most important medieval Gothic buildings in Europe . Once a fortress and palace , the papal residence was the seat of Western Christianity during the 14th century . Six papal conclaves were held in the Palais , leading to the elections of Benedict XII in 1334 , Clement VI in 1342 , Innocent VI in 1352 , Urban V in 1362 , Gregory XI in 1370 and Antipope Benedict XIII in 1394 . The Palais is actually two joined buildings : the old palais of Benedict XII , which sits on the impregnable rock of Doms , and the new palais of Clement VI , the most extravagant of the Avignon popes . Together they form the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages , it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style . The construction design was the work of two of France 's best architects , Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena ( Italy ) , Simone Martini and Matteo Giovanetti . In addition , the papal library housed in the Palais ( the largest in Europe at the time with over 2,000 volumes ) , attracted a group of clerics passionate in the study of `` belle-lettres '' , amongst them the founder of Humanism , Petrarch . At the same time , composers , singers and musicians were drawn to the Great Chapel of the Palais . It was there that Clement VI appreciated the Mass of Notre-Dame of Guillaume de Machaut , there that Philippe de Vitry at the pope 's invitation presented his Ars Nova and there that Johannes Ciconia came to study . Due to its immense size , the Palais was also the place where the general organisation of the Church began to change . It facilitated the centralisation of services and the adaption of operations in order to suit the needs of the papacy , creating a truly central administration for the Church . The manpower of the Curia ( Church administration ) , while 200 at the end of the 13th century , surpassed 300 at the beginning of the 14th century and reached 500 people in 1316 . To this were added over 1,000 lay officials working within the Palais . Despite this , the Palais became obsolete when the papacy found it necessary to return to Rome . The hope of reuniting Latin and Orthodox Christians , along with the achievement of peace in the Papal States in Italy , made the case of returning stronger . Added to that was the strong conviction of both Urban V and Gregory XI that the seat of the papacy could only be the tomb of St Peter . Despite strong opposition from the Court of France and the College of Cardinals , both popes found the means to return to Rome , the first , on 30 April 1362 , the second on 13 September 1370 . This time , the return was absolute . In the following centuries , the Palais lost all of its former glory , despite it serving as the seat of two anti-popes and many cardinals . It retained , however , a `` work of destruction '' aspect that French poets and writers such as Charles Forbes René de Montalembert have referred to over the centuries , with its powerful sense of beauty , simplicity , grandeur and immortality . Since 1995 , the Palais des Papes has been classified , along with the historic center of Avignon , as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , under cultural criteria i , ii and iv .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7952171efe42dd67430ad943e348a789", "text": "Style (visual arts) In the visual arts , style is a '' ... distinctive manner which permits the grouping of works into related categories '' . or '' ... any distinctive , and therefore recognizable , way in which an act is performed or an artifact made or ought to be performed and made '' . It refers to the visual appearance of a work of art that relates it to other works by the same artist or one from the same period , training , location , `` school '' , art movement or archaeological culture : `` The notion of style has long been the art historian 's principal mode of classifying works of art . By style he selects and shapes the history of art '' . Style is often divided into the general style of a period , country or cultural group , group of artists or art movement , and the individual style of the artist within that group style . Divisions within both types of styles are often made , such as between `` early '' , `` middle '' or `` late '' . In some artists , such as Picasso for example , these divisions may be marked and easy to see , in others they are more subtle . Style is seen as usually dynamic , in most periods always changing by a gradual process , though the speed of this varies greatly , between the very slow development in style typical of prehistoric art or ancient Egyptian art to the rapid changes in modern art styles . Style often develops in a series of jumps , with relatively sudden changes followed by periods of slower development . After dominating academic discussion in art history in the 19th and early 20th centuries , so-called `` style art history '' has come under increasing attack in recent decades , and many art historians now prefer to avoid stylistic classifications where they can .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6532ceda3a5eb0d20e2478c9c5593263", "text": "Parallel Polis The political-social concept Parallel Polis was created by Czech political thinker and dissident Vaclav Benda in connection with movement Charter 77 . In addition to other philosophers , Benda sought a theoretical grasp of the social events in the circles of dissents . The so-called alternative culture or underground was described in the text Parallel Polis in 1978 for the first time . As a political scientist , Benda noticed the emergence of a new social structure which was born in artistic and intellectual circles as a tool to escape the totalitarian communist regime . He detected the following basic pillars of this new `` field '' : 1 . Constant monitoring and verification of the extent of civic rights and freedoms which the State has a tendency to restrict . Parallel Polis consists of people who actively advocate for , and protect their rights . 2 . Parallel `` alternative '' culture / underground culture is independent and are various spheres of art which are operated and developed without permission and support from the public authorities . 3 . Parallel education and science , which represent the realization of the right of free education and the development of scientific research ( residential seminars , various educational societies , academies etc. . ) 4 . Parallel informational system as an expression of the right of free dissemination of information ( samizdat publishing , unofficial magazines , collections etc. . ) 5 . Parallel economy : `` political power considers this the area as a critical resource for arbitrary control of citizens and strictly regulates it at the same time '' . Economy of dissence was based on reciprocity and trust in the individual person . It was a natural germ of a reputational principle and the search for the exchange resources that are not dependent on control of centralized monetary tools . 6 . Creation of the parallel political structures and promoting their development . The alternative political structures have to be incubated in the environment of the Parallel Polis and develop into such a functional form that they will be able to replace the ruling authoritarian regime . 7 . Parallel foreign policy has to be an instrument of the parallel society for the stabilization and the grounding of the movement in the international context and the search for potential financial and mental resources . These patterns of the parallel structure are not a closed set , on the contrary , they should occur more on all fronts of the resistance against the authoritarian State . The aim of the Parallel Polis , according to Vaclav Havel , Ivan Martin Jirous , Milan Šimečky and other dissents , who discussed the concept , -LSB- 2 -RSB- should be a so-called independent society . A society that is not oppressed by laws and the decisions of the representatives of the public authorities . A society that is based on its own values . Values which are not forced upon by the central authorities . You could even say , that `` Parallel Polis '' today does not represent a `` dissident world '' but the world of persuasions and private interests of the society as a whole . On one hand , `` Parallel Polis '' gives to the totalitarian authorities what it wants , but at the same time does everything it wants and has nothing in common with the authorities . After the revolution in 1989 , nobody paid too much attention to this concept , because it was ahead of its time , but nowadays the concept is relevant , because of the increased activities in the field of civil rights & the way the authoritarian state has been suppressed . The seminal idea received great attention in the dissident community in Czechoslovakia and in western political circles . It was , however , never put into practice . With the arrival of the Velvet Revolution in 1990 , the idea seemed irrelevant . It has since been revived by a group of scholars who originally met at the University of Washington but who now work at other academic institutions . Their thinking posits that Benda 's idea is now being practiced on the Internet which more easily facilitates parallel institutions . Since 2014 , a physical space inspired by the idea and named after it exists in Prague 's Holešovice district .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4598e8a6e459d06b2ea189171d5d5e7e", "text": "Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain . Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dd70119f758c97211fef175724eec8fa", "text": "Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages . It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture . Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century , Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum ( `` French work '' ) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance . Its characteristics include the pointed arch , the ribbed vault ( which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture ) and the flying buttress . Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals , abbeys and churches of Europe . It is also the architecture of many castles , palaces , town halls , guild halls , universities and to a less prominent extent , private dwellings , such as dorms and rooms . It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully , its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions , whether springing from faith or from civic pride . A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period , of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites . For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is often largely a study of cathedrals and churches . A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England , spread through 19th century Europe and continued , largely for ecclesiastical and university structures , into the 20th century .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "471988de30007725fde9ab307a52eab4", "text": "Culture of the United Kingdom The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK 's history as a developed island country , a liberal democracy and a major power ; its predominantly Christian religious life ; and its composition of four countries -- England , Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland -- each of which has distinct customs , cultures and symbolism . The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture , and Humanism , Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture . British literature , music , cinema , art , theatre , comedy , media , television , philosophy , architecture and education are important aspects of British culture . The United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology , producing world-leading scientists ( e.g. Isaac Newton and Charles Darwin ) and inventions . Sport is an important part of British culture ; numerous sports originated in the country , including football . The UK has been described as a `` cultural superpower '' , and London has been described as a world cultural capital . The Industrial Revolution , which started in the UK , had a profound effect on the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the world . As a result of the British Empire , significant British influence can be observed in the language , law , culture and institutions of a geographically wide assortment of countries , including Australia , Canada , India , the Republic of Ireland , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , South Africa , the United States and English speaking Caribbean nations . These states are sometimes collectively known as the Anglosphere , and are among Britain 's closest allies . In turn the empire also influenced British culture , particularly British cuisine . The cultures of England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "03f3c91aeb340663a8a0ebfe2b765dab", "text": "Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes . Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2cace227439f134b740c11fb94a4e86a", "text": "Renaissance Revival architecture Renaissance Revival ( sometimes referred to as `` Neo-Renaissance '' ) is an all-encompassing designation that covers many 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Grecian ( see Greek Revival ) nor Gothic ( see Gothic Revival ) but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range of classicizing Italian modes . Under the broad designation `` Renaissance architecture '' nineteenth-century architects and critics went beyond the architectural style which began in Florence and central Italy in the early 15th century as an expression of Humanism ; they also included styles we would identify as Mannerist or Baroque . Self-applied style designations were rife in the mid - and later nineteenth century : `` Neo-Renaissance '' might be applied by contemporaries to structures that others called `` Italianate '' , or when many French Baroque features are present ( Second Empire ) . The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe , particularly in France and Italy , has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture . A comparison between the breadth of its source material , such as the English Wollaton Hall , Italian Palazzo Pitti , the French Château de Chambord , and the Russian Palace of Facets -- all deemed `` Renaissance '' -- illustrates the variety of appearances the same architectural label can take .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "73d68c644eb809cb2add211bed19a406", "text": "Dome A dome ( from Latin : domus ) is an architectural element that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere . The precise definition has been a matter of controversy . There are also a wide variety of forms and specialized terms to describe them . A dome can rest upon a rotunda or drum , and can be supported by columns or piers that transition to the dome through squinches or pendentives . A lantern may cover an oculus and may itself have another dome . Domes have a long architectural lineage that extends back into prehistory and they have been constructed from mud , snow , stone , wood , brick , concrete , metal , glass , and plastic over the centuries . The symbolism associated with domes includes mortuary , celestial , and governmental traditions that have likewise developed over time . Domes have been found from early Mesopotamia , which may explain the form 's spread . They are found in Persian , Hellenistic , Roman , and Chinese architecture in the Ancient world , as well as among a number of contemporary indigenous building traditions . They were popular in Byzantine and medieval Islamic architecture , and there are numerous examples from Western Europe in the Middle Ages . The Renaissance style spread from Italy in the Early modern period . Advancements in mathematics , materials , and production techniques since that time resulted in new dome types . The domes of the modern world can be found over religious buildings , legislative chambers , sports stadiums , and a variety of functional structures .", "title": "" } ]	fever
a5d433d6417386a1f9bbb235d7fb6fa0	Paul Simon is a person.	[ { "docid": "32b31296854b47a90b4ae935fbbdeb55", "text": "Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon ( born October 13 , 1941 ) is an American musician , singer-songwriter and actor . Simon 's fame , influence , and commercial success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel , formed in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel . Simon wrote nearly all of the pair 's songs , including three that reached No. 1 on the U.S. singles charts : `` The Sound of Silence '' , `` Mrs. Robinson '' , and `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' . The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity and Simon began a successful solo career as a guitarist and singer-songwriter , recording three highly acclaimed albums over the next five years . In 1986 , he released Graceland , an album inspired by South African township music , which sold 14 million copies worldwide on its release and remains his most popular solo work . Simon also wrote and starred in the film One-Trick Pony ( 1980 ) and co-wrote the Broadway musical The Capeman ( 1998 ) with the poet Derek Walcott . On June 3 , 2016 , Simon released his 13th solo album , titled Stranger to Stranger , which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Album Chart and the UK charts . Simon has earned sixteen Grammys for his solo and collaborative work , including three for Album of the Year ( Bridge Over Troubled Water , Still Crazy After All These Years , Graceland ) , and a Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2001 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 2006 was selected as one of the `` 100 People Who Shaped the World '' by Time magazine . In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine named Simon as one of the 100 Greatest Guitarists . In 2015 , he was named as one of the 100 Greatest Songwriters by Rolling Stone . Among many other honors , Simon was the first recipient of the Library of Congress 's Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in 2007 . In 1986 , Simon was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music , where he currently serves on the Board of Trustees .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e8fe8126de4245d503d175cae1e46a7d", "text": "Simon Waronker Simon `` Si '' Waronker ( 1915 -- June 7 , 2005 ) was a violinist and record producer from Los Angeles , California . Graduating from high school at 13 years old , he won a scholarship to study music in France . Waronker began to establish his music career in Germany , but was forced to return to the U.S. when Nazi Party members began to threaten Jews . From 1939 to 1955 , Waronker recorded music for 20th Century Fox films . He then chose to enter the music industry independently , co-founding Liberty Records and serving as its chairman . The first artist he signed was popular singer Julie London . One of the major acts who recorded on Liberty Records was The Chipmunks , actually Ross Bagdasarian , who recorded as David Seville . Seville named The Chipmunks ( Alvin , Simon , and Theodore ) after Liberty Records executives Alvin Bennett , Simon Waronker , and Theodore Keep , respectively . In 1963 , facing health problems , Waronker sold his interest in Liberty to the electronics firm Avnet . Record producer Lenny Waronker is Simon 's son . Waronker has five grandchildren ; musicians Joey Waronker and Anna Waronker , fashion buyer Katherine Waronker , Lily Waronker , and Grace Waronker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2ffc8dea5447e290fcda6bde3659a54", "text": "Simons Simons is a surname . Notable people with the surname include : Alan Simons ( born 1968 ) , Welsh goalkeeper Alexandra Simons de Ridder ( born 1963 ) , German equestrian Algie Martin Simons ( ( 1870 -- 1950 ) , American socialist journalist , newspaper editor and political activist Andra Simons , Bermudian writer Ann Simons ( born 1980 ) , Belgian judoka Arthur D. Simons ( 1918 -- 1979 ) , U.S. Army Special Forces officer Barbara Simons ( born 1941 ) , American computer scientist Benjamin Simons , British theoretical physicist Billy Simons ( born 1983 ) , American singer Carlos Simons ( born 1954 ) , Turks and Caicos Islands lawyer Charles Simons ( 1906 -- 1979 ) , Belgian footballer Charles Casper Simons ( 1876 -- 1964 ) , American judge Charles Earl Simons , Jr. ( 1916 -- 1999 ) , American judge Charles-Mathias Simons ( 1802 -- 1874 ) , Luxembourg politician Claude Simons , Jr. ( 1914 -- 1975 ) , American college sports coach Claude Simons , Sr. ( 1887 -- 1943 ) , American college sports coach Daniel Simons ( born 1969 ) , American psychologist and cognitive scientist Dave Simons ( 1954 -- 2009 ) , American comic book artist David G. Simons ( 1922 -- 2010 ) , American physician and Airforce pilot Dot Simons ( 1912 -- 1996 ) , New Zealand sportswoman , sports journalist and writer Doug Simons ( born 1966 ) , American baseball pitcher Elwyn L. Simons ( born 1930 ) , American paleontologist Eric Simons ( born 1962 ) , South African cricketer Eva Simons ( born 1984 ) , Dutch singer-songwriter Geoff Simons 1939 -- 2011 ) , British freelance writer Heintje Simons ( born 1955 ) , Dutch singer and actor Hellmuth Simons ( 1893 -- 1969 ) , German bacteriologist Henry Calvert Simons ( 1899 -- 1948 ) , American economist Howard Simons ( 1929 -- 1989 ) , American journalist Hywel Simons ( born 1970 ) , Welsh actor Jack Simons ( 1882 -- 1948 ) , Australian businessman and politician James Harris Simons ( born 1938 ) , American mathematician and hedge fund-manager Jan Simons ( 1925 -- 2006 ) , Canadian baritone Jennifer Simons ( born 1953 ) , Surinamese politician Jesse Simons ( 1917 -- 2006 ) , American labor arbitrator Jim Simons ( 1950 -- 2005 ) , American professional golfer Joe Simons ( born 1947 ) , Dutch ice hockey player Johan Simons ( born 1946 ) , Dutch theatre director John Simons , British radio executive Jonathan Simons ( born 1958 ) , American physician and oncologist Jozef Simons ( 1888 -- 1948 ) , Flemish writer and poet Jud Simons ( 1904 -- 1943 ) , Dutch gymnast Keneth Alden Simons ( 1913 -- 2004 ) , American electrical engineer Kip Simons , American gymnast Margaret Simons ( born 1960 ) , Australian journalist and writer Marlise Simons , Dutch journalist for the New York Times Matt Simons , American singer-songwriter and musician May Wood Simons ( 1876 -- 1948 ) , American writer , teacher and socialist Mel Simons ( 1900 -- 1974 ) , American baseball player Menno Simons ( 1496 -- 1561 ) , Dutch Anabaptist Moisés Simons ( 1889 -- 1945 ) , Cuban composer Nancy Simons ( born 1938 ) , American swimmer Nicholas Simons , Canadian politician Netty Simons ( 1913 -- 1994 ) , American pianist , music editor , music educator and composer Nina Simons ( born 1957 ) , American businesswoman Paul E. Simons , American diplomat Paullina Simons ( born 1953 ) , Russian author Perla Simons ( born 1963 ) , Honduran politician Peter Simons ( born 1950 ) , British philosopher Peter D. Simons ( born 1964 ) , Canadian businessman Rachel Simons ( 1914 -- 2004 ) , South African communist and trade unionist Raf Simons ( born 1968 ) , Belgian fashion designer Regillio Simons ( born 1973 ) , Dutch footballer Renee Simons ( born 1972 ) , Canadian curler Richard D. Simons ( born 1927 ) , New York state judge Rita Simons ( born 1977 ) , English actress , singer and model Robert Simons ( 1922 -- 2011 ) , English cricketer Ronald C. Simons ( born 1935 ) , American psychiatrist and anthropologist Rosearik Rikki Simons ( born 1970 ) , American voice actor and writer Samuel Simons ( 1792 -- 1847 ) , American politician from Connecticut Seymour Simons ( 1896 -- 1949 ) , American pianist , composer , orchestra leader , and radio producer Shirley Simons ( 1897 -- 1963 ) , American architect Simeon Simons ( 1759 -- 1853 ) , Native American bodyguard of George Washington Simone Simons ( born 1985 ) , Dutch mezzo-soprano Sylvana Simons Timmy Simons ( born 1976 ) , Belgian footballer Walter Simons ( 1861 -- 1937 ) , German lawyer and politician William Simons ( born 1940 ) , Welsh actor", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f63571fa8fa1344eaeb1c2eadde14c97", "text": "John Paul (given name) John Paul may refer to : John Paul Jones ( disambiguation ) John Paul Stevens , US Supreme Court Justice John Paul Young , Scottish born Australian singer John Paul Getty , Jr. . John Paul Getty III lists many more", "title": "" }, { "docid": "23182153f7e32244642ce2ef552e386f", "text": "Simon Topping Simon Topping is a Methodist minister and faith leader based in Hucclecote in Gloucester , England , known for his campaign work in favour of ending world poverty .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fba95717a4e497492a6a662a9ad40640", "text": "Simon Berry Simon Paul Berry , known by his alias Art of Trance , is a trance music artist from England . Berry is also known as Poltergeist or Vicious Circles , and has been a member of the trance groups Clanger , Conscious and Union Jack . In addition to his work as an artist , Berry was the co-founder and head of Platipus Records . He cites Depeche Mode , Vangelis , Tomita , Orbital , 808 State , Jean Michel Jarre , Walter Wendy Carlos , Juan Atkins , Derrick May and Jeff Mills as his musical influences . Art of Trance is well known for the usage of samples of natural sounds ( or electronically produced imitations of natural sounds ) in his tracks , like bird singing ( e.g. `` Easter Island '' , `` Kaleidoscope '' , `` Madagascar '' ) . The songs `` Stealth '' and `` Blue Owl '' were featured on the video game Midnight Club II .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "471dfc6f1e5e254d72aa1a99f2ba9a19", "text": "Beaver & Krause Beaver & Krause were a musical duo made up of Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause . Their 1967 album The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music was a pioneering work in the electronic music genre . Beaver introduced Monkees singer-drummer Micky Dolenz to the Moog , which became a featured instrument on the fourth Monkees album , Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , and Beaver himself performed on one track , `` Star Collector '' in 1967 . In addition , he led workshops at the Beaver & Krause LA studio attended by a who 's who of film composers and session keyboardists of the time . In June 1967 , Beaver and Krause set up a booth at the Monterey Pop Festival , demonstrating their newly purchased electronic synthesiser , one of the first constructed by Bob Moog . Thanks to their demonstrations of the Moog at Monterey , Beaver and Krause also introduced the instrument to a number of other leading American pop acts including The Doors , Simon & Garfunkel and The Byrds , helping to create the vogue for the Moog that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Krause introduced the instrument first to Sir George Martin , producer of the Beatles , and then to George Harrison during Harrison 's 1968 visit to California while producing the Apple artist , Jackie Lomax . He used it to generate his 1969 free-form solo Electronic Sound album for Apple Records ' spinoff label Zapple , with the first side of the disc consisting of not only Krause 's composition , but also his performance -- one that remained completely unacknowledged and uncompensated for . In 1968 , Beaver and Krause released an album for Mercury Records imprint Limelight Records , Ragnarok , then released a series of three albums for Warner Brothers Records , In a Wild Sanctuary ( 1970 ) , Gandharva ( 1971 ) and All Good Men ( 1972 ) , effectively creating both the electronica and New Age musical movements . The final chord of the track `` Spaced '' from their album , In a Wild Sanctuary , is abnormally similar to the later synthesizer THX Sound Logo heard for years in movie theaters and named deep note . The THX performance conveniently begins on the same first note ( a G pedal tone ) , splits into an 8-tone glissando with four notes rising and four descending , and ends on the same open ( D Major ) chord . Despite THX 's contention that it was not directly influenced by Beaver and Krause , no other musical rendering of that kind can be found over the entire course of musical history . Both Mike Bloomfield and Ronnie Montrose played guitar on the Beaver & Krause song `` Saga Of The Blue Beaver '' . The duo ended with Beaver 's premature death in January , 1975 , at age 49 . Krause released at least two more solo albums : Citadels of Mystery in 1979 and Gorillas in the Mix in 1988 . He also scored music and/or effects for many movies like Apocalypse Now on synthesizer . In 1995 Krause released an album of Holiday music with Phil Aaberg composed entirely of sampled animal noises recorded in the wild titled A Wild Christmas . Since earning his Ph.D. in Creative ( Sound ) Arts with an internship in bioacoustics ( 1981 ) , Krause has specialized almost exclusively in the recording and archiving of natural soundscapes from wild habitats worldwide and has been a major influence in the introduction to bioacoustics of the fields of soundscape ecology and ecoacoustics . In 2014 , Krause collaborated with Richard Blackford , former composer-in-residence at Balliol College Oxford , to compose a symphony titled , The Great Animal Orchestra Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes , commissioned and performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales . Echoing the pioneering ecoacoustic approach in Beaver & Krause 's In A Wild Sanctuary , the symphony featured the first full orchestration combining wild soundscapes performed live as a component of orchestration . In 2015 , Blackford and Krause were commissioned by the Alonzo King LINES Ballet , an internationally known corps based in San Francisco , to score the ballet , Biophony , which premiered in April of that year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "85c0a989f8ecab856a151eae25aee1e2", "text": "Hearts and Bones Hearts and Bones is the sixth solo studio album by Paul Simon . It was released in 1983 . The album was originally intended to be called Think Too Much , but Mo Ostin , president of Warner Bros. . Records , persuaded Simon to change it to Hearts and Bones . The album was written and recorded following Simon & Garfunkel 's The Concert in Central Park in 1981 , and the world tour of 1982-1983 . Several songs intended for Think Too Much were previewed on tour , and Art Garfunkel worked on some of the songs with Simon in the studio , with an intention that the finished product would be an all-new Simon & Garfunkel studio album . Garfunkel left the project and Simon worked the material into a solo album .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc1e4bd5b1d97311a50f0a6e7a852fce", "text": "Paul Clark (Christian musician) Paul Clark is a musician who was involved in the Jesus music movement and early contemporary Christian music industry . He was born in Kansas City and recorded his first album in 1971 , Songs from the Saviour Vol 1 . Its songs became one of the first signs of the growing `` Jesus Movement '' of the early 70s . He went on to record a further albums including Songs From The Savior - Volume Two , Come Into His Presence and Good To Be Home with Paul Clark and Friends ( including Phil Keaggy , Jay Truax , John Mehler , Bill speer , Mike Burhart , and more ) , then launched the well received , award-winning 1977 album Hand to the Plow . In 1978 he followed up with Change in the Wind and in 1980 with Aim for the Heart . These three albums had some jazz influences and were well-produced in the context of other Christian music of the time . Aim for the Heart featured Abraham Laboriel on bass along with Harlan Rogers , Hadley Hockensmith and Bill Maxwell and was certainly jazz influenced . Those four went on to become members of Koinonia jazz band from 1982 till about 1990 . Clark is recognized as one of the founding fathers of the Jesus Movement and the contemporary Christian music industry . During his 13-year association with Word Records in the 1970s and 1980s , Clark 's songwriting , record producing and performances placed him in the forefront along with artists like Phil Keaggy , 2nd Chapter of Acts , Love Song , Larry Norman , Andraé Crouch , Honeytree , Keith Green , Randy Stonehill , Barry McGuire , and many notable others . He is also interested in fine art photography and entering 2010 is currently working on two new CD projects and releasing two books .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "88389568aaedbbbf849d07898c8f5d6f", "text": "Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road , recorded on 28 July 2005 , was a live concert given by Paul McCartney at Abbey Road Studios , specifically Studio 2 , where many of The Beatles ' recordings were made . Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road was meant as a promotion for McCartney 's album Chaos and Creation in the Backyard . As the audience was of close friends and selected fans , the concert was intimate in nature and was littered with monologues and song fragments . It was shown on BBC Two in the United Kingdom on 17 December 2005 , and on PBS in the United States on 27 February 2006 as part of the performing arts series Great Performances . McCartney plays left-handed and right-handed guitars , drums , harmonium , double bass , Mellotron , and even wine glasses in a reworking of the Wings song `` Band on the Run '' . He also reworks the Beatles ' track `` Lady Madonna '' , which he calls `` Old Lady in New Clothes '' , with a much slower tempo and a swung melody line . The bass McCartney uses on his performance of `` Heartbreak Hotel '' once belonged to Bill Black , Elvis Presley 's bass player who died in 1965 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfcfbe12f97e0c12d5843602f105d026", "text": "Place Saint-Paul Officially , there is no such place as the Place Saint-Paul in Paris . Nonetheless , to the citizens of this 4th-arrondissement neighborhood , the Place Saint-Paul is a real place near the Saint-Paul metro station and the Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis church . Here , almost in front of the church 's north-facing doors , the Rue Saint-Antoine meets the Rue de Rivoli at a narrow angle , forming a triangular island to the west of the intersection where there are trees , benches , kiosks , an entrance to the Saint-Paul metro station , a carousel for children , etc. . Unofficially , this sliver of ground in the middle of traffic is the Place Saint-Paul , but most local people will tell you that the Place Saint-Paul extends a few tens of metres into the neighboring streets as well . Perhaps a workable definition might be : the Place Saint-Paul is any place where either the Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis church or an entrance to the Saint-Paul metro station is within sight . If so , then the portions of the streets closest to the Rivoli/Saint-Antoine intersection would be included : Rue Saint-Paul , Rue de Turenne , Rue de Sévigné , Rue Malher , Rue du Roi de Sicile , Rue Pavée , Rue Francois Miron , Rue de Fourcy , and Rue de Prévôt . Both the `` square '' and the metro station take their names from the local church , the Church of Saint-Paul and Saint-Louis . The area is also called `` Métro Saint-Paul '' . A hotel nearby , perhaps acknowledging the unofficial nature of the `` Place Saint-Paul '' name , calls itself `` Hôtel de la Pointe Rivoli '' . The triangular area described above , planted with two rows of trees , has existed since the extension of the Rue de Rivoli from the ancient Place du Marché-Saint-Jean , which is known today as the Place du Bourg-Tibourg , to the Rue Saint-Antoine undertaken by Baron Haussmann in 1854 . As for the metro station , it was among the stops on the first section of Line 1 of the metro system , which opened on 19 July 1900 , as part of a new service operating between Porte Maillot and the Porte de Vincennes . There are old postcards that have pictures that clearly represent places in the Place Saint-Paul area , yet they are captioned Place des Juifs ( Plaza of the Jews ) . The neighboring Jewish quarter ( Rue des Rosiers , Rue Ferdinand-Duval , etc. ) is called the Pletzl , ( פלעצל , `` little place '' in Yiddish . ) The `` little place '' , which lent its name to an entire neighborhood , is also often identified as the `` Place Saint-Paul '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8068bd046b5ac9daa6e9ebd6c89abc9b", "text": "Ratau Mike Makhalemele Ratau Mike Makhalemele was a South African saxophonist , active since the 1960s . He was a member of the soul-jazz group The Drive during the 1970s . His album `` Searching For The Truth '' received a South African Music Award ( SAMA ) as Best Traditional Jazz Performance in 2000 . In 1990 he released an EP of John Lennon covers called `` Mind Games '' , produced by Trevor Rabin from the bands Yes ( band ) and Rabbitt . He has worked as a session musician with a wide range of musicians , including performance on Paul Simon 's 1986 album Graceland . He died in 2000 , aged 58 . His niece is former Miss South Africa and television personality Basetsane Makhalemele .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a40a445e7b8f31d68bce2a4c1621090", "text": "Paul Simon in Concert: Live Rhymin' Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' is an album by Paul Simon , released in March 1974 by Columbia Records . It was recorded in the wake of the release of There Goes Rhymin ' Simon -- which produced a number of hit singles ( `` Kodachrome '' and `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' ) and radio staples ( as `` Something So Right '' and `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' ) during Simon 's 1973-74 tour , at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum , New York , July 10th , 1973 . However , the album presents a very truncated version of the concerts he performed on this tour , which consisted of up to 24 songs . The album fails to note where the performances were recorded , although according to liner notes in a later Simon compilation , `` Duncan '' is from a London concert and `` American Tune '' was recorded in New York City . Simon was joined by Urubamba and the Jessy Dixon Singers , although the individual members are not identified either on the recording or on the liner notes . In addition to `` Jesus Is the Answer '' , included on the album , Jessy Dixon also performed `` What Do They Call Him '' on tour , while Urubamba performed the instrumentals `` Kacharpari '' and `` Death in Santa Cruz '' . The album was Simon 's first live release and showed him performing Simon & Garfunkel songs solo in concert for the first time . The variety of songs and richness of styles helped with the album 's appeal . Most notable was Simon 's fascination with gospel , something that materialized in the arrangements on many of the songs , taking distance from Simon 's classical folk early style . Near the end of the album , an audience member calls out for Simon to `` say a few words . '' He replies : `` Say a few words ? Well , let 's hope that we continue to live . '' The album was a moderate success . It reached # 33 in the U.S. and was eventually certified gold by the RIAA . However , it failed to chart at all in the UK . Further , two of the live performances were released as a single as part of the promotion for the album : the breakthrough Simon & Garfunkel `` The Sound of Silence '' as the A-side , along with Simon 's debut single `` Mother and Child Reunion '' on the B-side .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6523705adbbac4d2ab088dc66d6a7c1b", "text": "Marcel Simon Marcel Simon ( 10 April 1907 in Strasbourg -- 26 October 1986 ) was a French specialist in the history of religions , particularly relations between Christianity and Judaism in antiquity . Simon received an honorary doctorate by the Faculty of Theology at Uppsala University in 1980 . His major work , Verus Israel , was published in 1948 ; it has been described as ` seminal ' . He was closely associated with Henri Marrou , appreciating his layman 's approach to Vatican II .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fdef472bfcbd640be42df96f8e279e73", "text": "Ellis Paul Ellis Paul ( born Paul Plissey ; January 14 , 1965 ) is an American singer-songwriter and folk musician . Born in Aroostook County , Maine , Paul is a key figure in what has become known as the Boston school of songwriting , a literate , provocative and urbanely romantic folk-pop style that helped ignite the folk revival of the 1990s . His pop music songs have appeared in movies and on television , bridging the gap between the modern folk sound and the populist traditions of Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger . Paul grew up in a small Maine town . He attended Boston College on a track scholarship , majoring in English . Injured during his junior year , Paul began playing guitar to help fill his free time and soon began writing songs . After graduating college Paul played at open mic nights in the Boston area while working with inner-city school children . He won a Boston Acoustic Underground songwriter competition and gained national exposure on a Windham Hill Records compilation which helped him choose music as a career . Paul had released 19 albums by the end of 2014 and received 14 Boston Music Awards , considered the pinnacle of contemporary acoustic music success by some . He has published a book of original lyrics , poems , and drawings and released a DVD that includes a live performance , guitar instruction , and a road-trip documentary . In 2014 , his children 's CD Hero in You was published as a book by Albert Whitman & Company . Paul plays almost 200 live shows a year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1928f1cbc3daccc71597e120d5d9f627", "text": "Sung poetry Sung poetry is a broad and imprecise music genre widespread in European countries , such as Poland and the Baltic States , to describe songs consisting of a poem ( most often a ballad ) and music written specially for that text . The compositions usually feature a delicate melody and scarce musical background , often comprising a guitar or piano . Some sung poetry performers are singer-songwriters , others use known , published poems , or collaborate with contemporary writers . Artists of sung poetry include people of various occupations usually with little or no particular music education , as well as stage actors . Sung poetry shares much in common with the author 's song in Russia yet differs from it in a significant way : sung poetry performers often do not compose lyrics themselves . Similar artists in other countries are usually classified as bards , folk music or folk rock ( such as Jacques Brel , Lluís Llach , Ovidi Montllor , Georges Brassens , Léo Ferré , Bob Dylan , Simon and Garfunkel , Tom Waits , Leonard Cohen , Djordje Balasevic , Bulat Okudzhava , Vladimir Vysotsky , Paco Ibáñez ) , or chamber pop . Artists of other musical genres may or may not be included into sung poetry category . For instance Czesław Niemen whose many songs are based on works of esteemed Polish poets is usually regarded as either a rock or electronic musician . The common forms of expression are individual and collective public performances , festivals of sung poetry , publication of records online and release of music albums .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d274ce0861ebf8bce32fcb86260e0d37", "text": "Beatlemania in the United Kingdom The phenomenon known as Beatlemania originated in the United Kingdom , birthplace of the Beatles , when the band first realised enormous popularity there in 1963 . Returning in 1962 from a highly formative two-year residency in Germany , the Beatles achieved a commercial breakthrough with their second UK single release , `` Please Please Me '' early in 1963 , but gained `` Superstar '' status with the release of `` She Loves You '' later that year . There followed an almost non-stop series of concerts and tours , attended with feverish enthusiasm across the UK , for the whole of the following year . The Beatles ' popularity in the UK came to exceed even that of the notable American artists Tommy Roe , Chris Montez and Roy Orbison , whose UK chart success at the time did not keep them from being overshadowed by the Beatles during their 1963 nationwide tours with the lower-billed band -- an achievement previously unknown for a UK act . With intense media interest in the Beatles during 1963 , the year was also taken up with TV shows , press interviews and a weekly radio show . Despite these demands the band found time for many sessions in the recording studio , releasing two albums and four singles during the year . 1963 was also the year when Lennon 's son Julian was born . By the end of 1963 , Beatlemania would begin to spread internationally . The single `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' entered the US charts on 18 January 1964 , selling one-and-a-half million copies in under three weeks , and the following month the Beatles made their first visit to America . The great interest in the Beatles brought about a major change in US attitudes to popular music and marked the start of the phenomenon known as the British Invasion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2e825f6980de5309d3fb4873050f538", "text": "Paul Johnson (singer) Paul Johnson is a British gospel and soul singer who released a series of singles 1987-1990 on CBS Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7ad10a01ac84c49943bc2143f4fd5e15", "text": "Simon Soussan Simon Soussan is an American music producer of the disco era of the 1980s . He produced Shalamar , Patti Brooks , Santa Esmeralda , Jessica Williams with Arpeggio and the electro group French Kiss , Romance , Charisma , Nicole Stone , Spice of Life , as well as recording with his namesake Simon Orchestra . Soussan scored hits with Jessica Williams `` Queen of Fools '' , and Arpeggio `` Love and Desire '' . While French Kiss had a hit with Panic ( French Kiss song ) . He founded Harem Records , devoted to disco music , which entered a joint venture 1985 Bluebonnet Records and a distribution agreement with RCA Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4fc96d02d405141413fdb8746883d416", "text": "Paul Simon in Concert Paul Simon in Concert dates from October 8 , 1980 , when singer-songwriter Paul Simon performed a concert at the Tower Theater outside Philadelphia as part of his One Trick Pony Tour . The concert was recorded and released as a VHS video under this name . This concert has also been widely bootlegged on CD due to the quality of the performances of classic Simon songs as well as now-rare live recordings of songs such as `` Jonah '' and `` Ace in the Hole '' from One-Trick Pony . In November 2003 , the recording was re-released on DVD with the title Live at the Tower Theatre . The original recording was reproduced in surround sound and the DVD 's extra features include biographies of the band members from the One Trick Pony film and soundtrack including Richard Tee and Eric Gale . Category :2003 video albums Category : Live video albums Category : Paul Simon albums Category :2003 live albums", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7a4613f90ea50f7bd57b14fd18d290a7", "text": "Paul Rodgers Paul Bernard Rodgers ( born 17 December 1949 ) is an English singer , songwriter and musician , best known for his success in the 1960s and 1970s as vocalist of Free and Bad Company . He now lives in Canada as a naturalized Canadian citizen . After stints in two less successful bands in the 1980s and early 1990s , The Firm and The Law , he became a solo artist . He has more recently toured and recorded with Queen . Rodgers has been dubbed `` The Voice '' by his fans . A poll in Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 55 on its list of the `` 100 Greatest Singers of All Time '' . In 2011 Rodgers received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music . Rodgers has been cited as a significant influence on a number of notable rock singers , including David Coverdale , John Waite , Steve Overland , Lou Gramm , Jimi Jamison , Eric Martin , Steve Walsh , Joe Lynn Turner , Paul Young , Bruce Dickinson , Robin McAuley , Jimmy Barnes , Richie Kotzen . Joe Bonamassa , and the late Ronnie Van Zant . In 1991 , John Mellencamp called Rodgers `` the best rock singer ever '' . Freddie Mercury , the original Queen vocalist , in particular liked Rodgers and his aggressive style .", "title": "" } ]	fever
dc77771900abd5d17d71979aead0f017	Swedish Empire was ruled by Gustavus Adolphus from 1611 to 1632.	[ { "docid": "d09c997a737d9a17214888887898e014", "text": "Swedish Empire The Swedish Empire ( stormaktstiden , `` the era of great power '' ) refers to the Kingdom of Sweden 's territorial control of much of the Baltic region during the 17th and early 18th centuries , a time when Sweden was one of the great European powers . The beginning of the Empire is usually taken as the reign of Gustavus Adolphus , who ascended the throne in 1611 , and the end as the loss of territories in 1721 following the Great Northern War . In Swedish history , the period is referred to as stormaktstiden , literally meaning `` the Great Power era '' . After the death of Gustavus Adolphus in 1632 , the empire was , over lengthy periods , controlled by part of the high nobility , most prominently the Oxenstierna family , acting as tutors for minor regents . The interests of the high nobility contrasted with the uniformity policy ( i.e. , the upholding of the traditional equality in status of the Swedish estates favoured by the kings and peasantry ) . In territories acquired during the periods of de facto noble rule , serfdom was not abolished , and there was also a trend to set up respective estates in Sweden proper . The Great Reduction of 1680 put an end to these efforts of the nobility and required them to return estates once gained from the crown to the king . Serfdom , however , remained in force in the dominions acquired in the Holy Roman Empire and in Swedish Estonia , where a consequent application of the uniformity policy was hindered by the treaties by which they were gained . After the victories in the Thirty Years ' War , the climax of the great power era was reached during the Second Northern War , when their primary adversary Denmark was neutralized by the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 . However , in the further course of this war as well as in the subsequent Scanian War , Sweden was able to maintain her empire only with support of her closest ally , France . Charles XI of Sweden consolidated the empire and ensured a period of peace , before Russia , Saxony and Denmark started a concerted attack on his successor , Charles XII . After initial Swedish victories , Charles secured the empire for some time in the Peace of Travendal ( 1700 ) and the Treaty of Altranstädt ( 1706 ) , before the Battle of Poltava ( 1709 ) finally brought the great power era of Sweden to an end .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b6750c8e659b6ba2498767acdc35973", "text": "Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden Gustav II Adolf ( 9 December 1594 -- 6 November 1632 , O.S. ) ; widely known in English by his Latinised name Gustavus Adolphus or as Gustav II Adolph , was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632 and is credited as the founder of Sweden as a Great Power ( Stormaktstiden ) . He led Sweden to military supremacy during the Thirty Years ' War , helping to determine the political as well as the religious balance of power in Europe . He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great ( Gustav Adolf den store , Gustavus Adolphus Magnus ) by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634 . He is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time , with innovative use of combined arms . His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld . With a superb military machine with good weapons , excellent training , and effective field artillery , backed by an efficient government which could provide necessary funds , Gustavus Adolphus was poised to make himself a major European leader , but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen in 1632 . He was ably assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna , the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden , who also acted as regent after his death . In an era characterized by almost endless warfare , he led his armies as king from 1611 ( at age 16 ) until his death in battle in 1632 while leading a charge . Sweden rose from the status of a mere regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government . Within only a few years of his accession , Sweden had become the largest nation in Europe after Russia , Spain and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth . Some have called him the `` father of modern warfare '' , or the first great modern general . Under his tutelage , Sweden and the Protestant cause developed a number of excellent commanders , such as Lennart Torstensson , who would go on to defeat Sweden 's enemies and expand the boundaries and the power of the empire long after Gustavus Adolphus ' death in battle . He was known by the epithets `` The Golden King '' and `` The Lion of the North '' by neighboring sovereigns . He made Sweden one of the great powers of Europe in part by reforming the administrative structure . For example , he began Parish registration of the population , so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people . Historian Christer Jorgensen argues that his achievement in the field of economic reform , trade , modernization , and the creation of the modern bureaucratic autocracy was as great as his exploits on the battlefields . His domestic reforms , which transformed a backward , almost medieval economy and society , were in fact not only the foundations for his victories in Germany , but also absolutely crucial for the creation and survival of the Swedish Empire .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "06eae1f2776c415a133372cfa57d5d10", "text": "1812 in Sweden Events from the year 1812 in Sweden", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2c107b9394e95f8a68ec11ef8ad2d9f8", "text": "Caroline era The Caroline or Carolean era refers to the era in English and Scottish history during the Stuart period ( 1603 -- 1714 ) that coincided with the reign of Charles I ( 1625 -- 1642 ) , Carolus being Latin for Charles . The Caroline era followed the Jacobean era , the reign of Charles 's father James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) ; it was followed by the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) and the English Interregnum ( 1651 -- 1660 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "89ad66ce3ea7da33cdc3c7ce296624d9", "text": "Great Officers of the Realm The Great Officers of the Realm ( Swedish : De högre riksämbetsmännen ) were the five leading members of the Swedish Privy Council from the later parts of the 16th century to around 1680 . With the constitution of 1634 , the five officers became heads of five different branches of government ( Swedish : kollegium ) . The same constitution also declared that the great officers were to act as regents during the minorities of kings or regnal queens . All great officers of the realm were abolished by king Carl XI of Sweden . The Lord High Steward and the Lord High Chancellor offices were revived in the late 18th century , but were soon removed again .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e97a23703c715dbabf7ed44bc522e71", "text": "1603 in Sweden Events from the year 1600 in Sweden", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e9f161b0b04549ca19501d067a43daea", "text": "Treaty of Stolbovo The Treaty of Stolbovo is a peace treaty of 1617 that ended the Ingrian War , fought between Sweden and Russia . After nearly two months of negotiations , representatives from Sweden and Russia met at the ( now derelict ) village of Stolbova , south of Lake Ladoga , on . From the outset , Sweden had gone into the negotiations with very high ambitions , with the hopes of fulfilling the old dream of making all Russian trade pass through Swedish territory . As a consequence of this ambition , the Swedes originally demanded far-reaching territorial gains into western Russia , including the important northern port of Arkhangelsk . At this point , however , James I of England sent a delegation to mediate , and so did the Dutch , mostly to make sure Arkhangelsk did not fall into Swedish hands , which would have made the extensive trade between Western Europe and Russia far more difficult . Arkhangelsk did not change hands in the resulting treaty , partly because of the Dutch and English efforts , but mostly because Russia finally managed to unite under one tsar , Michael Romanov . As word reached Russia that the Swedish war against Poland might soon be over , the Russians were quick to get negotiations going for real -- knowing that they could not afford Sweden 's renewal of the war effort on just one front . In the resulting peace treaty , the tsar and the Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus agreed to the following terms : Sweden gained the province and fortress of Kexholm ( Käkisalmi ) ( now Priozersk ) , south-west Karelia and the province of Ingria -- including the fortress of Nöteborg , known as `` the key to Finland '' ( now Shlisselburg , Russia ) Members of the upper classes in these conquered areas were allowed to migrate within 14 days , if they wished to , a right not granted to regular priests and farmers Russia renounced all claims to Estonia and Livonia Russia would pay Sweden war indemnities of 20,000 rubles Novgorod and other Swedish territorial gains during the war would be returned to Russia Sweden had the right to keep all spoils of war collected before 20 November 1616 The Russian city of Gdov was to remain in Swedish hands until the peace had been confirmed and the borders fully established Sweden recognized Michael Romanov as the rightful tsar of Russia , putting an end to further Swedish claims in Russia Russia was allowed free trade at normal trade tariffs , making sure Sweden could not cripple Russia completely Russia was allowed to establish merchant houses in Stockholm , Reval ( Tallinn ) and Viborg in exchange for Sweden being allowed to establish merchant houses in Novgorod , Pskov , and Moscow . Gustavus Adolphus is known to have said about this treaty , which granted Sweden natural borders to Russia , partly in the form of Lake Ladoga and Lake Peipus : `` jag hoppas att det skall bliva svårt för ryssen att hoppa över den bäcken '' -- `` I hope it will be hard for the Russians to jump across that creek '' . England is officially credited with brokering this peace , through their mediator John Mericke , though the Dutch efforts were also of great importance . After the war , the leader of the Dutch delegation , Reinoud van Brederode , was granted the title Baron and given the barony of Wesenberg ( Rakvere ) in Estonia by Gustavus Adolphus .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "06f4349ccbc0e40cd9469bbc84c8e56e", "text": "Jesper Mattson Cruus af Edeby Jesper Mattson Cruus af Edeby ( 1576 -- 1622 ) was a Swedish soldier and politician , being appointed Privy Councilor in 1612 , Field Marshal in 1615 , Lord High Treasurer in 1615 , and Governor of Riga in 1621 . In the Kalmar War ( 1611 -- 1613 ) he led the Swedish troops to victory against the Danish forces , led by King Christian IV of Denmark , at the Battle of Kölleryd , on 21 February 1612 . In 1622 he died in Riga after being wounded in a dispute with a local clergyman .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c1c8717ae292c84d4ee4dff46b2c6c9c", "text": "Frederick I of Sweden Frederick I , Fredrik I , ( 28 April 1676 -- 5 April 1751 ) was prince consort of Sweden from 1718 to 1720 , and King of Sweden from 1720 until his death and ( as Frederick I ) also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel from 1730 . He ascended the throne following the death of his brother-in-law , absolutist Charles XII in the Great Northern War , as his sister and heir Ulrika Eleonora preferred to abdicate from her position as queen regnant after relinquishing most powers to the Riksdag of the Estates . His powerless reign saw his family 's elimination from the line of succession after the parliamentary government dominated by pro-revanchist Hat Party politicians ventured into a war with Russia , which ended in defeat and the Russian tsarina Elizabeth demanding Adolph Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp to be instated following the death of the king .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "498a726519263106c8c26d66ed175044", "text": "Albert, Duke of Prussia Albert of Prussia ( German : Albrecht von Preussen , 17 May 149020 March 1568 ) was the 37th Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights , who after converting to Lutheranism , became the first ruler of the Duchy of Prussia , the secularized state that emerged from the former Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights . Albert was the first European ruler to establish Lutheranism , and thus Protestantism , as the official state religion of his lands . He proved instrumental in the political spread of Protestantism in its early stage , ruling the Prussian lands for nearly six decades ( 1510 -- 1568 ) . A member of the Brandenburg-Ansbach branch of the House of Hohenzollern , Albert became Grand Master , where his skill in political administration and leadership ultimately succeeded in reversing the decline of the Teutonic Order . But Albert , who was sympathetic to the demands of Martin Luther , rebelled against the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire by converting the Teutonic state into a Protestant and hereditary realm , the Duchy of Prussia , for which he paid homage to his uncle , the King of Poland , Sigismund I . That arrangement was confirmed by the Treaty of Kraków in 1525 . Albert pledged a personal oath to the King and in return was invested with the duchy for himself and his heirs . Albert 's rule in Prussia was fairly prosperous . Although he had some trouble with the peasantry , the confiscation of the lands and treasures of the Catholic Church enabled him to propitiate the nobles and provide for the expenses of the newly established Prussian court . He was active in imperial politics , joining the League of Torgau in 1526 , and acted in unison with the Protestants in plotting to overthrow Emperor Charles V after the issue of the Augsburg Interim in May 1548 . Albert established schools in every town and founded Königsberg University in 1544 . He promoted culture and arts , patronising the works of Erasmus Reinhold and Caspar Hennenberger . During the final years of his rule , Albert was forced to raise taxes instead of further confiscating now-depleted church lands , causing peasant rebellion . The intrigues of the court favourites Johann Funck and Paul Skalić also led to various religious and political disputes . Albert spent his final years virtually deprived of power and died at Tapiau on 20 March 1568 . His son , Albert Frederick , succeeded him as Duke of Prussia . Albert 's dissolution of the Teutonic State caused the founding of the Duchy of Prussia , paving the way for the rise of the House of Hohenzollern . He is therefore often seen as the father of the Prussian nation , and even as indirectly responsible for the unification of Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "04ac27686043d049c6a8db24d2987cfd", "text": "John of Sweden John of Sweden - Swedish : Johan , Jon and Hans - may refer to : John I , King of Sweden 1216 John II , King of Sweden 1497 John III , King of Sweden 1569 John , Swedish prince , died 1152 , son of King Sweartgar I John , Swedish prince , died 1205 , son of King Canute I John , prince and heir apparent 1520 , son of King Christian II John , Duke of Östergötland , Swedish prince 1589 John II Casimir Vasa , pretender to the Swedish throne as of 1609 John Casimir , Count Palatine of Kleeburg , Swedish prince 1652", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ecbd4d2854857970d15b33046914545b", "text": "List of monarchs of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order , a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea . The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master , the last of whom , Albert , converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands , which then became the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland , as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following the Prussian War . When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618 , the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family , who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire . While still nominally two different territories , Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire , the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia . Following the Second Northern War , a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from any vassalage to any other state , making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right . This complex situation ( where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg ) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 . For diplomatic reasons , the rulers of the state were known as the King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772 ; largely because they still owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg , the `` King in Prussia '' title ( as opposed to `` King of Prussia '' ) avoided offending the Emperor . As the Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century , it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power that did not need to submit meekly to the Holy Roman Empire . By 1772 , the pretense was dropped , and the style `` King of Prussia '' was adopted . Thus it remained until 1871 , when in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War , the King of Prussia Wilhelm I was crowned German Emperor . From that point forward , though the Kingdom of Prussia retained its status as a constituent state of the German Empire , all remaining Kings of Prussia also served as German Emperor , and that title took precedence .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f054a67b1ced3f2ccb93078df8d6d3f5", "text": "Battle of the Sound The naval Battle of the Sound took place on 8 November 1658 ( 29 October O.S. ) during the Second Northern War , near the Sound or Øresund , just north of the Danish capital , Copenhagen . Sweden had invaded Denmark and an army under Charles X of Sweden had Copenhagen itself under siege . The Dutch fleet was sent to prevent Sweden from gaining control of both sides of the Sound and thereby controlling access to the Baltic Sea as well as of its trade . The Dutch , under the command of Lieutenant-Admiral Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam with Egbert Bartholomeusz Kortenaer as his flag captain , who had sailed to the Baltic in support of Denmark , had 41 ships with 1413 guns while the Swedes , under Lord High Admiral Carl Gustaf Wrangel , had 45 ships with 1838 guns . The Dutch were grouped into three squadrons , while the Swedes separated their ships into four . The seven Danish ships with about 280 guns were unable to assist their Dutch allies because of adverse northern winds and could only watch . Obdam , who first received very complicated written instructions from the Grand Pensionary , Johan de Witt , and went so far as to request them again `` in three words '' , summed up his mission in a single sentence : `` Save Copenhagen and punch anyone in the face who tries to prevent it '' . This was a direct reference to the English , whose powerful fleet had recently defeated the Dutch in the First Anglo-Dutch War ; in the event , however , the English did not intervene . The Swedes attacked aggressively , but failed to gain the upper hand , primarily because the approaching Dutch had the weather gage . The Dutch forced the Swedish fleet to end the blockade of the Danish capital , enabling its resupply by Dutch armed transport ships , which eventually forced Charles to abandon the siege entirely . The Swedes lost five ships in the action compared to one Dutch ship , however , remaining allied ships were more damaged . Also , considering the slightly fewer losses of men in the Swedish navy ; 1,200 compared to 1,400 ( 439 killed , 269 captured and slightly more than 650 wounded allies ) , the battle is considered a tactical draw . Strategically , however , it was a major allied victory .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "187491c081d51327f5d0148dd5aab3d2", "text": "King in Prussia King in Prussia was a title used by the Electors of Brandenburg from 1701 to 1772 . Subsequently , they used the title King of Prussia . The House of Hohenzollern ruled Brandenburg as Prince-Electors , and were subjects of the Holy Roman Emperor . Since 1618 , the Electors of Brandenburg had also ruled the Duchy of Prussia , which lay outside of the empire , in a personal union . The dual state was known as Brandenburg-Prussia . The Duchy of Prussia was originally a fief that the dukes held of the King of Poland , of whom they were vassals , until the Treaties of Labiau ( 1656 ) and Bromberg ( 1657 ) , with which Frederick William , the Great Elector , had achieved full sovereignty from the Polish Crown . In 1701 Elector Frederick III wanted to show his greatness by adopting the title king . In return for Hohenzollern assistance in the War of the Spanish Succession and support for the Habsburg candidate in the subsequent election , Emperor Leopold I allowed Frederick to crown himself `` King in Prussia '' . Legally , Frederick was only an elector in his domains within the borders of the empire ; he was only king in his former duchy . Even though Brandenburg was still legally part of the empire and ruled in personal union with Prussia , it soon came to be treated as a de facto part of Prussia . On 17 January 1701 , Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms , the Prussian black eagle with the motto `` suum cuique '' imprinted . On 18 January , he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle . Even so , Frederick 's move was controversial , and only became widely accepted after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 . The title `` King of Prussia '' implied lordship over the entire Prussian region , not simply the former Duchy of Prussia , now Kingdom of Prussia , and the assumption of such a title by the Hohenzollern margraves would have threatened neighboring Poland ; because the province of Royal Prussia was part of the Kingdom of Poland , the Kings of Poland titled themselves Kings of Prussia until 1742 . Throughout the 18th century the power of the Kings in Prussia continued to increase . They were victorious over the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy in the three Silesian Wars , greatly increasing their power through the acquisition of Silesia . King Frederick II adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772 , the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland . The kings of Prussia continued to be Electors of Brandenburg until the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . Brandenburg was then made a province of the Kingdom of Prussia , Berlin officially gaining the status of capital of the Kingdom .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "da8a77a4f59dc4ad05e585d78d9f9389", "text": "Treaty of Labiau The Treaty of Labiau was a treaty signed between Frederick William I , Elector of Brandenburg and Charles X Gustav of Sweden on 10 November ( O.S. ) / 20 November ( N.S. ) 1656 in Labiau ( now Polessk ) . With several concessions , the most important being the elevation of Frederick William I from a Swedish vassal to a full sovereign in the Duchy of Prussia and in Ermland ( Ermeland , Warmia ) , Charles X Gustav strove to `` buy Frederick William 's support '' in the ongoing Second Northern War .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b943213e122d5ccf809b87e5753a2fc9", "text": "The Estates The Estates or the States ( États , Landstände , Staten ) was the assembly of the representatives of the estates of the realm , the divisions of society in feudal times , called together for purposes of deliberation , legislation or taxation . A meeting of the estates that covered an entire kingdom was called an estates general . In many states , the first estate comprised the clergymen , the second estate the nobility , and the third estate the commoners ( bourgeoisie , artisans and peasants ) . The actual representation of these three estates in the assembly could vary from country to country . Bourgeoisie , peasants and people with no estate from birth were separated in Sweden and Finland as late as in 1905 . In some countries , the parliament kept the same name when its feudal organization was replaced with a more modern kind of representation , like census or universal suffrage . In Sweden , the Riksdag of the Estates was replaced with the Riksdag in 1866 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ba29981262e420aed65a09bfc995eddc", "text": "History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764) History of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( 1648 -- 1764 ) covers a period in the history of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , from the time their joint state became the theater of wars and invasions fought on a great scale in the middle of the 17th century , to the time just before the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski , the last king of the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth . From the 17th century , the nobles ' democracy , experienced devastating wars and fell into internal disorder and then anarchy , and as a result declined . The once powerful Commonwealth had become vulnerable to internal warfare and foreign intervention . In 1648 the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east of the vast Polish -- Lithuanian state , and was soon followed by a Swedish invasion , which raged through core Polish lands . Warfare with the Cossacks and Russia left Ukraine divided ; the eastern part , lost by the Commonwealth , became a dependency of the Tsardom of Russia . John III Sobieski , who fought protracted wars against the Ottoman Empire , revived the Commonwealth 's military might once more . In one decisive engagement he helped in 1683 to deliver Vienna from a Turkish onslaught . Further disintegration followed nevertheless . The Commonwealth , subjected to almost constant warfare until 1720 , suffered devastating population losses and massive damage to its economy and social structure . The economic regression had not been fully compensated for the duration of the Commonwealth 's existence . The government became ineffective because of large scale internal conflicts ( e.g. Lubomirski 's Rokosz against John II Casimir and rebellious confederations ) , corrupted legislative processes ( such as the infamous use of the liberum veto ) and manipulation by foreign interests . The nobility class fell under control of a handful of powerful families with established territorial domains , the urban population and infrastructure fell into ruin , together with most peasant farms . The reigns of two kings of the Saxon Wettin dynasty , Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III , brought the Commonwealth more political damage and little meaningful reform . The Great Northern War , a period seen by the contemporaries as a passing eclipse , may have been the decisive blow that critically weakened the Polish-Lithuanian state . The Kingdom of Prussia became a strong regional power and took Silesia from the Habsburg Monarchy . The Commonwealth-Saxony personal union , however , gave rise to the emergence of the reform movement in the Commonwealth , and the beginnings of the Polish Enlightenment culture .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "23bc261c088b69ca07d3dcaa1f691123", "text": "Great Northern War The Great Northern War ( 1700 -- 21 ) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Central , Northern , and Eastern Europe . The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I of Russia , Frederick IV of Denmark -- Norway and Augustus II the Strong of Saxony-Poland . Frederick IV and Augustus II were defeated by Sweden , under Charles XII , and forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively , but rejoined it in 1709 after the defeat of Charles XII at the battle of Poltava . George I of Great Britain and of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Hanover ) joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain , and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715 . Charles XII led the Swedish army . Swedish allies included Holstein-Gottorp , several Polish magnates under Stanisław I Leszczyński ( 1704 -- 10 ) and Cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa ( 1708 -- 10 ) . The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I. The war began when an alliance of Denmark -- Norway , Saxony , Poland and Russia sensing an opportunity as Sweden was ruled by the young Charles XII , declared war on the Swedish Empire , and launched a threefold attack on Swedish Holstein-Gottorp , Swedish Livonia , and Swedish Ingria . Sweden parried the Danish and Russian attacks at Travendal ( August 1700 ) and Narva ( November 1700 ) respectively , and in a counter-offensive pushed Augustus II 's forces through the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth to Saxony , dethroning Augustus on the way ( September 1706 ) and forcing him to acknowledge defeat in the Treaty of Altranstädt ( October 1706 ) . The treaty also secured the extradition and execution of Johann Reinhold Patkul , architect of the alliance seven years earlier . Peter I 's forces had meanwhile recovered from its defeat at Narva and gained ground in Sweden 's Baltic provinces , where he cemented Russia 's access to the Baltic Sea by founding Saint Petersburg in 1703 . Charles XII moved from Saxony into Russia to confront Peter , but the campaign ended with the destruction of the main Swedish army at the decisive 1709 Battle of Poltava ( in present-day Ukraine ) , and Charles ' exile in the Ottoman town of Bender . The Ottoman Empire defeated the Russian-Moldavian army in the Pruth River Campaign , but that peace treaty was in the end without great consequence to Russia 's position . After Poltava , the anti-Swedish coalition revived and subsequently Hanover and Prussia joined it . The remaining Swedish forces in plague-stricken areas south and east of the Baltic Sea were evicted , with the last city , Riga , falling in 1710 . The coalition members partitioned most of the Swedish dominions among themselves , destroying the Swedish dominium maris baltici . Sweden proper was invaded from the west by Denmark -- Norway and from the east by Russia , which had occupied Finland by 1714 . Sweden defeated the Danish invaders at the Battle of Helsingborg ( 1710 ) . Charles XII opened up a Norwegian front , but was killed in Fredriksten in 1718 . The war ended with Sweden 's defeat , leaving Russia as the new dominant power in the Baltic region and as a new major force in European politics . The Western powers , Great Britain and France , became caught up in the separate War of the Spanish Succession ( 1702-1715 ) , which broke out over the Bourbon Philip of Anjou 's succession to the Spanish throne and a possible joining of France to Spain . The formal conclusion of the Great Northern War came with the Swedish-Hanoverian and Swedish-Prussian Treaties of Stockholm ( 1719 ) , the Dano-Swedish Treaty of Frederiksborg ( 1720 ) , and the Russo-Swedish Treaty of Nystad ( 1721 ) . By these treaties Sweden ceded her exemption from the Sound Dues , and lost the Baltic provinces and the southern part of Swedish Pomerania . The peace treaties also ended her alliance with Holstein-Gottorp . Hanover gained Bremen-Verden , Brandenburg-Prussia incorporated the Oder estuary ( Stettin Lagoons ) , Russia secured the Baltic Provinces , and Denmark strengthened her position in Schleswig-Holstein . In Sweden , the absolute monarchy had come to an end with the death of Charles XII , and Sweden 's Age of Liberty began .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "702fd9e6ecf4c7652316f6d56c736bfc", "text": "Johannes Matthiae Gothus John Matthiae Gothus ( born December 29 , 1592 in Västra Husby - died February 18 , 1670 in Stockholm ) was an Uppsala University professor , the rector of the Collegium illustrious in Stockholm ( 1626 -- 1629 ) and the most eminent teacher in Sweden during the seventeenth century . He was Bishop of Strängnäs from 1643 to 1664 . Gothus was the son of the vicar and became court chaplain , teacher and mentor to Crown Princess Christina . Some of his contemporaries believed that he was the greatest advocate for ecumenism in Sweden . He had travelled in England and Holland was influenced by Comenius and had a general view of Christian humanism . Gothus wanted to work for a reconciliation between the warring churches . John Matthiae received gifts and great fiefs from Christina , Queen of Sweden and the Queen Mother . He owned more than 33 large estates and farms and a number of smaller properties in different parts of Sweden . The farms were part of the crown payment . John Matthiae Gothus authored numerous publications which spread over Europe . Category : Swedish chaplains Category : Uppsala University alumni Category : Uppsala University faculty Category :1592 births Category :1670 deaths Category :17 th-century Swedish people Category : Bishops of Strängnäs", "title": "" }, { "docid": "512753c033569a5453f7c6ff004189e6", "text": "1632 in Sweden Events from the year 1632 in Sweden", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d44dd14476f751149d24a9f010883b7d", "text": "Magnus Brahe (1564–1633) Count Magnus Brahe ( 1564 -- 1633 ) was a Swedish noble . Being both Lord High Constable and Lord High Steward of Sweden , he was a notable figure in the 17th century Sweden . Magnus Brahe , a son of Per Brahe the Elder and Beata Stenbock and nephew of queen dowager Catherine Stenbock , was born at Tynnelsö Palace on 25 September 1564 . He was the brother of Erik Brahe ( 1552 -- 1614 ) , Gustaf Brahe ( 1558 -- 1615 ) , Margareta Brahe ( 1559 -- 1638 ) , Sigrid Brahe and Abraham Brahe ( 1569 -- 1630 ) . He became a chamberlain of King Sigismund in 1590 . Four years later , he left Sigismund and started to support Sigismund 's cousin Duke Carl , who was an enemy of Sigismund and challenged the king for the throne . Brahe received various important assignments from Duke Carl , and eventually , in 1602 , Brahe became Lord High Constable ( Swedish : riksmarsk ) and a member of the Swedish Privy Council . Brahe 's older brothers had supported Sigismund which led to them losing the Visingsborg County . Having been a trustful supporter of Duke Carl , who became regent of Sweden in 1599 and king 1604 , Brahe was declared Count of Visingsborg instead . When King Carl IX died and was succeeded by his son Gustavus Adolphus in 1611 , Brahe remained a close confidant of the new king . The same year , he was appointed Lord High Steward ( Swedish : riksdrots ) , becoming arguably the most prominent member of the Privy Council . Brahe married Countess Brita Stensdotter Leijonhufvud ( 1567 -- 1611 ) at Gräfsnäs Palace on 10 November 1594 . They were parents of Ebba Brahe ( 1596 -- 1674 ) , who was the subject of king Gustav Adolphus ' love . The countess died in 1611 , and Brahe remarried at Strömsholm Palace on 18 October 1618 , this time with Baroness Helena Bielke ( 1592 -- 1651 ) . In 1614 , he was made president of Svea Court of Appeal , when this court was created . Brahe was knighted at the coronation of Gustavus Adolphus in October 1617 . He died in Stockholm on 3 March 1633 due to an illness , which possibly was caused by the great grief Brahe felt when king Gustavus Adolphus died four months earlier . He was buried on 12 May the same year in Västerås Cathedral .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "304ca23c78f3c9566114127884665b35", "text": "List of wars involving Sweden This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden . There are legendary accounts of Swedish kings well into prehistory and they are mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania , but St. Olof Skötkonung ( 995 -- 1022 ) was the first ruler documented to have been accepted by both the Swedes around Lake Mälaren and by the Geats around Lake Vättern . The modern state of Sweden considers itself to have been established on 6 June 1523 by the acclamation of Gustav Vasa as king which finally ended the Kalmar Union with Denmark , although the current Swedish constitution dates to 1974 . Military engagements since 1814 have not been formally declared wars .", "title": "" } ]	fever
714a0b853e878dc44fc61556476f19d8	Las Vegas's population has grown.	[ { "docid": "9a6d1ca7ada5d77196d6aa778d470dc6", "text": "Las Vegas Las Vegas ( -LSB- lɑːs_ˈveɪɡəs -RSB- , Spanish for `` The Meadows '' ) , officially the City of Las Vegas and often known simply as Vegas , is the 28th-most populated city in the United States , the most populated city in the state of Nevada , and the county seat of Clark County . The city anchors the Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area and is the largest city within the greater Mojave Desert . Las Vegas is an internationally renowned major resort city known primarily for its gambling , shopping , fine dining , entertainment , and nightlife . It is the leading financial , commercial , and cultural center for Nevada . The city bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World , and is famous for its mega casino -- hotels and associated activities . It is a top three destination in the United States for business conventions and a global leader in the hospitality industry , claiming more AAA Five Diamond hotels than any city in the world . Today , Las Vegas annually ranks as one of the world 's most visited tourist destinations . The city 's tolerance for numerous forms of adult entertainment earned it the title of Sin City , and has made Las Vegas a popular setting for literature , films , television programs , and music videos . Las Vegas was settled in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911 . At the close of the 20th century , it was the most populated American city founded within that century ( a similar distinction earned by Chicago in the 1800s ) . Population growth has accelerated since the 1960s , and between 1990 and 2000 the population nearly doubled , increasing by 85.2 % . Rapid growth has continued into the 21st century , and according to a 2013 estimate , the population is 603,488 with a regional population of 2,027,828 . `` Las Vegas '' is often used to describe areas beyond official city limits -- especially the areas on and near the Las Vegas Strip , which is actually located within the unincorporated communities of Paradise , Winchester , and Enterprise .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "7d673aa192d292ba26f461c017841af7", "text": "History of Las Vegas This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley . The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1829 by an Australian scout named Richard , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there while heading north and west on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "efa35d3958e26eb69d55c1aba95b223f", "text": "Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques ( INED ) and the Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques ( INSEE ) . As of the 1 January 2017 , almost 67 million people lived in the French Republic ( 66,991,000 ) , including all the five overseas departments ( 2,132,000 ) , but excluding the overseas collectivities and territories ( 604,000 ) . 64,859,000 of these lived in Metropolitan France , the part of France located in Europe . In March 2017 the population of France officially reached the 67 million mark . The 66 million mark was reached in the beginning of 2014 . Between the years 2010 and 2017 the population of France grew from 64,613 million to 66,991 million or with about 2,4 million people for a span of 7 years , making France one of the fastest growing countries in Europe . The population of France is growing with 1 million people every 3 years . For an average annual growth of 340,000 people , or a grow rate of +0,6 % . France was historically Europe 's most populous nation . During the Middle Ages , more than one quarter of Europe 's total population was French ; by the 17th century , this had decreased slightly to one fifth . By the beginning of the 20th century , other European nations , such as Germany and Russia , had caught up with and overtaken it . However , the country 's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II . According to INSEE , since 2004 , 200,000 immigrants entered annually into the country . One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa . Between 2009 and 2012 , the number of Europeans entering France increased sharply ( + 12 % per year on average ) . The national birth rate , after dropping for a time , began to rebound in the 1990s and currently the country 's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study , `` The natural increase is close to 300,000 people , a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years . '' Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010 , 80.1 % had two French parents , 13.3 % had one French parent , and 6.6 % had two non-French parents . For the same year , 27.3 % of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born parent and 23.9 % had at least one parent born outside of Europe ( parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France ) . Between 2006 and 2008 , about 40 % of newborns in France had one foreign-born grandparent ( 11 % born in another European country , 16 % born in the Maghreb and 12 % born in another region of the world ) . Racial and ethnic censuses have been banned by the French government since 1978 , since the term `` race '' in France invokes associations with Nazi Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "272ca9e0c4049577716a98d73f3bb533", "text": "The Mall at Sierra Vista The Mall at Sierra Vista is an indoor shopping center located in Sierra Vista , Arizona , United States owned and managed by Rouse Properties , one of the largest mall owners in the United States . It was constructed during the late 1990s . Sierra Vista is one of the fastest growing communities in Arizona and the major population center for southeastern Arizona . The developers had hoped to market to the growing community , which had no other malls . It was the first major mall to be built in southeastern Arizona , with 400000 sqft of retail space . During the mall 's opening months , around October 1999 , many shoppers expressed surprise at how small the mall was : although it appeared quite large from the outside , much of the space was taken by the mall 's two anchor stores , Dillard 's and Sears , leaving little room for the mall 's single main corridor . Many local residents began calling the Mall `` The Hall '' or `` The Small '' , because most of the stores were built along just this one relatively short passage of corridor . Though many stores have passed through the mall , the majority of the store slots are currently full . Additionally , stores , eating establishments , a bank and hotel have opened around the perimeter of the mall ; these include : Applebee 's , Wells Fargo , Jack in the Box , Best Buy , Home Depot , Texas Roadhouse and Fairfield Inn . This regional mall serves a large portion of southeastern Arizona and northern parts of the Mexican state of Sonora . A recent survey indicated that as much as 30 % of the mall 's shoppers come from Sonora , traveling as far away as Nacozari and Cumpas , 120 mi south of the border , just to shop there . In addition to shopping , the Mall at Sierra Vista hosts the annual Festival of Trees , the Festival of Giving , and an annual Car Show for the Boys and Girls Club . The Mall merits a mention in Ethel Jackson Price 's 2003 book , Sierra Vista : a Young City with a Past .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2c1c841964bdc59dbd298290f54b67d", "text": "Timeline of Reno, Nevada The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Reno , Nevada , United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ba3b80f036ddb2cfd744cd3aec670d74", "text": "Symphony Park Symphony Park is a 61-acre site situated in downtown Las Vegas . The downtown area is located just a few miles north of the Las Vegas Strip and centrally within the Las Vegas Valley . Once housing a Union Pacific rail yard , Symphony Park currently is being master developed for mixed-use by the city of Las Vegas , which is also the landowner . Symphony Park is home to the Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health , Smith Center for the Performing Arts and the Discovery Children 's Museum .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "304c97ee5f4d8ae38d44a804847de6a7", "text": "Cuban migration to Miami Cuban immigration has greatly characterized modern Miami , creating what is known as `` Cuban Miami . '' However , Miami reflects global trends as well , such as the growing trends of multiculturalism and multiracialism ; this reflects the way in which international politics shape local communities . Essentially , the coexistence of growth and internationalization within Miami has perpetuated an ethnically driven social polarization . The growing number of Cubans in Miami have remained loyal to their cultural norms , mores , customs , language , and religious affiliations . The transnational force of immigration defines Miami as a growing metropolis , and the 20th century Cuban influx has greatly affected Miami 's growth . As of 2012 , there were 1.2 million Cubans in Greater Miami . As of that year , about 400,000 had arrived after 1980 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca06766cdf24706426661e5491090c27", "text": "Moore's law Moore 's law ( -LSB- mɔərz.ˈlɔː -RSB- ) is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years . The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House , who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months ( being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster ) . Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades , and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development . Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality-adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity , sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries . Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth . Moore 's law is an observation or projection and not a physical or natural law . Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012 , the rate was faster during the first decade . In general , it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future . For example , the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , predicted that growth would slow around 2013 , and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation : `` I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so . '' Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed , starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012 , and continuing at 14 nm . Brian Krzanich , CEO of Intel , announced that `` our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two . '' This is scheduled to hold through the 10 nm width in late 2017 . He cited Moore 's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration , which results from technical challenges and is `` a natural part of the history of Moore 's law . '' However , in April 2016 , Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated that `` In my 34 years in the semiconductor industry , I have witnessed the advertised death of Moore 's Law no less than four times . As we progress from 14 nanometer technology to 10 nanometer and plan for 7 nanometer and 5 nanometer and even beyond , our plans are proof that Moore 's Law is alive and well '' . In January 2017 , he declared that `` I 've heard the death of Moore 's law more times than anything else in my career , '' Krzanich said . `` And I 'm here today to really show you and tell you that Moore 's Law is alive and well and flourishing . '' Today hardware has to be designed in a multi-core manner to keep up with Moore 's law . In turn , this also means that software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2ea585ef60ef268227fe9497a4433d6c", "text": "Christian population growth Christian population growth is the population growth of the global Christian community . According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey , there were 2.19 billion Christians around the world in 2010 , more than three times as much from the 600 million recorded in 1910 . According to a 2015 Pew Research Center study , by 2050 , the Christian population is expected to be 2.9 billion . Protestantism is one of the most dynamic religious movements in the contemporary world . From 1960 to 2000 , the global growth of the number of reported Evangelical Protestants grew three times the world 's population rate , and twice that of Islam .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b846efe07ca891bc0e13b56aab39ea45", "text": "Nevada State Museum, Las Vegas The Nevada State Museum , Las Vegas located at the Springs Preserve , in Las Vegas , Nevada is one of 6 Nevada State Museums operated by the Nevada Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs . The name was changed from the Nevada State Museum and Historical Society in 2008 when the museum moved from Lorenzi Park in Las Vegas to the Springs Preserve . The museum houses items from the development of Las Vegas as well as the natural history of the area .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e9a36059c1db5c89b8c5462df134453", "text": "Downtown Grand The Downtown Grand Las Vegas , formerly the Lady Luck Hotel & Casino , is a hotel and casino in Downtown Las Vegas , Nevada , owned by the CIM Group and operated by Fifth Street Gaming . The Downtown Grand is the centerpiece of Downtown3rd , a new neighborhood and entertainment district under development in downtown Las Vegas .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a298383fbbafbb83ca643f87caadf8ab", "text": "Arizona Sun Corridor The Arizona Sun Corridor , shortened Sun Corridor , is a megaregion , or megapolitan area , in the southern area of the U.S. state of Arizona . The Sun Corridor is equivalent to Indiana in both size and population . It is one of the fastest growing conurbations in the country and is speculated to double its population by 2040 . The largest metropolitan areas are the Phoenix metropolitan area - Valley of the Sun - and the Tucson metropolitan area . The regions ' populace is nestled in the valley of a desert environment . Similar to Southern California , the urban area extends into Mexico , reaching the communities of Nogales and Agua Prieta . Its population is composed of a total of five metropolitan areas : Phoenix , Tucson , Prescott , Sierra Vista-Douglas and Nogales . Out of these , two are metropolitan areas with over 1,000,000 residents : the Phoenix metropolitan area with 4,192,887 residents and the Tucson metropolitan area with 1,020,200 residents . The Arizona Sun Corridor is made up of all of Maricopa , Pinal and Pima counties , along with parts of Yavapai , Santa Cruz and Cochise counties . It is home to over 86 percent of Arizona 's population . The Megaregion has an area a population that is about the same as the state of Indiana ( About 5.6 million people ) , and it is expected to grow to nearly 7.8 million by 2025 . By 2050 , it is projected to grow to more than twice its original size ( 12.3 million , about 118 % growth and 6.66 million additional people ) . It comprises about 2 % of the population of the entire United States , and it makes up about the same proportion of the total GDP , with an output of $ 191,036,000,000 in 2005 . Most of the Arizona Sun Corridor is in the Sonoran Desert ; to the south of the region is the border between the United States and Mexico , and to the east is the Arizona transition zone and the Mountains of Arizona . The Southern California Megaregion is to west and is the nearest other Megaregion to the Arizona Sun Corridor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "198751b8ffccab89a186e7bda42333bb", "text": "Panorama Towers Panorama Towers is a high-rise residential condominium complex located in Paradise , Nevada . Developed by Laurence Hallier and Andrew Sasson , the $ 600 million aqua-blue glass 635-unit complex sits on 8.5 acres on Dean Martin Drive and is centrally located across from the Las Vegas Strip 1/4 mile from CityCenter . The complex consists of two towers , completed in 2006 and 2007 . A third tower was completed in 2008 , and was later rebranded as The Martin in 2011 . A fourth tower had been planned , but was never built . With the opening of Tower I in 2006 , the 420 ft structure was the 16th tallest in Las Vegas Valley at the time of construction and is currently ranked 35th along with the Marriott 's Grand Chateau .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "03a4a032f3f165faada86a398d7a819f", "text": "Demographics of Texas Texas is the second most populous U.S. state , with an estimated 2017 population of 28.449 million . In recent decades , it has experienced strong population growth . Texas has many major cities and metropolitan areas , along with many towns and rural areas . Much of the population is in the major cities of Houston , San Antonio , Dallas , Fort Worth , Austin , and El Paso .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd4fa23b0b9486db2de52b1625c31176", "text": "Christian Schoyen Christian Schoyen ( born February 13 , 1966 ) is a headhunter , expert in human behavior and futurist with speciality in human behavior futurology . He has since 1997 been the CEO for a successful international headhunting company that he founded , with offices in the U.S. and Europe . On October 7 , 2015 Christian received the honorary award ; ` Recognition of Your Contribution to the Community ' from Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn G. Goodman and the City Council as the founder for Heroes United and his work in Sierra Oeste . On November 14 , 2014 the film Vegas Vikings by Christian Schoyen was announced as the Best Nevada Film for 2014 by the Nevada International Film Festival , then on May 1 , 2015 as winner of the 2015 Golden Palm Award at Mexico International Film Festival and on May 5 , 2015 as winner of the Golden Kahuna Award at Honolulu Film Awards . The Vegas Vikings film documents the activities conducted in Las Vegas over 21 field days by Schoyen , taken place over a time period of two years , starting with Introduction of the Leif Erikson Day and ending with the Hometown Heroes United project in Sierra Oeste , which resulted in violent crime being reduced with 75 % . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; '' Making the community safer helped bring the neighborhood together . To us , it 's been exciting that we 've been able to change a situation that 's been so bleak . '' In an interview with Romerikes Blad , Schoyen said ; `` The success we achieved in Sierra Oeste means a lot to not just Nevada and Las Vegas , but also to the rest of America , as we through this collaborative initiative have proven what is possible , and that our blue-print can be applied to also other US cities . `` On December 19 , 2013 the parade and block party for the children of Sierra Oeste took place , launching the initiative of Hometown Heroes United , a group with Christian Schoyen as the project director , formed by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department and Hometown Heroes to fight crime and improve the conditions for children in poverty . The block party which had Christmas music , free food , gifts and a drawing contest gathered hundreds of children in Sierra Oeste , which is considered to be the most dangerous place to live in Las Vegas . Over several weeks Christian and others involved in the project knocked on every door to get to know the families and better understand what troubles the community . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; '' We want to reduce crime and reach out to the children . We hope to bring a strong community spirit to the area , something that is vital for children to thrive and to break the cycle of violence that has plagued the neighborhood for years and hope we can alter that life path . Transforming a neighborhood known to many as the `` baby ghetto '' wo n't be easy . A drastic situation needs drastic measures . '' On October 8 , 2013 the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Awards took place at South Point Hotel , Casino & Spa in Las Vegas hosted by Christian Schoyen with awards presented by Las Vegas Mayor Pro Tem Stavros Anthony , where the good deeds of nine Nevadans where recognized with the Hometown Heroes Leif Erikson Award and Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department with the Leif Erikson `` Viking of honor '' lifetime award . The recipients have been featured on the `` Hometown Heroes '' television show appearing on KCLV Channel 2 . The celebration of the modern day Vikings of Las Vegas was done in conjunction with the 50-year celebration of when Leif Erikson Day was first suggested in Congress as a national observance . On April 29 , 2013 Hometown Heroes ( talk show ) , hosted by Christian , which spotlights individuals in the Las Vegas community , who have made a difference in others ' lives premiered on KCLV Channel 2 . Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review Journal ; `` I 'm out to raise the social consciousness of the community by highlighting those who help others '' . I found the same patterns in every person I interviewed for the show . They all had a mental fortitude that shrugged off temporary setbacks to continue moving forward . They saw their work not as a chore , but as their passion . With any recognition , they were quick to deflect the praise and characterize it as a team effort . They were meant to be here in Las Vegas . They 're high-energy , driven people who feel a responsibility to help others . '' `` I hope by showcasing people who have helped others , `` Hometown Heroes '' could inspire more people to become role models . On October 3 , 2012 Christian accepted from Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn G. Goodman on behalf of the Vegas Viking Lodge . of Sons of Norway and the more than 50,000 Scandinavians in Las Vegas proclamation of October 9 being the official Leif Erikson Day throughout the city . The ceremony took place at City Hall and was televised live on KCLV Channel 2 . To nurture the core Viking traits in children growing up in Las Vegas represented by Leif Erikson 's legacy a drawing competition sponsored by Vegas Viking lodge was in conjunction with the day announced . The lodge works with the Clark County School District and Christian said in an interview with Las Vegas Review-Journal ; `` We can influence young minds , especially when they 're the most open ( under age 12 ) as eighty-five percent of your conditioning is fixed before you 're 12 . We want to further the understanding of what it meant to be a Viking and how that approach to life can apply to their lives . The Vikings represent role models , and we believe everybody needs role models . What stops people is fear ; if you can overcome fear , your potential as a human being is much greater ; it can open doors . '' In 2011 , Christian 's futuring project ; `` Las Vegas 2020 '' was selected for presentation at World Future Society international Conference in Vancouver , Canada . The project which was done in conjunction with futurist Nils Rasmussen introduced a new model for city government , together with a vision of how to ensure optimal allocation of resources to provide a higher quality of life for the citizens of Las Vegas . He has written several books , this including ; Can People Change ? - When trapped in a bubble , which has its basis in his 17-year study in human behavior and predictability . His docudrama Living the Dream linking childhood conditioning to adulthood plays an important part of his behavior study . Christian is also the author of the US bestselling book for companies on how to recruit ; Secrets of the Executive Search Experts , The Hidden Job Market : Secrets of an International Headhunter , Recruitment in the European Economic Area ( EEA ) : Forecast of Future Labour Market ( The Norwegian Government Research Council / ISBN 978-1-4675-2151-2 ) , How to Get the Job : A Handbook for International Job Seekers and A Second Life : Your Second Chance at Life . Christian graduated with a BBA from Pacific Lutheran University , Tacoma , WA in 1991 and conducted his ethnic studies at California State University , Northridge .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c69a98d144a1ba8c880c96cd3b976e6e", "text": "Mexico City Mexico City , or the City of Mexico ( Ciudad de México , -LSB- sjuˈða ðe ˈmexiko -RSB- ; abbreviated as `` CDMX '' ) , is the capital and most populous city of Mexico . As an `` alpha '' global city , Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas . It is located in the Valley of Mexico ( Valle de México ) , a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico , at an altitude of 2240 m . The city consists of sixteen municipalities ( previously called boroughs ) . The 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people , with a land area of 1485 km2 . According to the most recent definition agreed upon by the federal and state governments , the Greater Mexico City population is 21.2 million people , making it the second-largest metropolitan area of the western hemisphere , behind New York City , the tenth-largest agglomeration , and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world . The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US$ 411 billion in 2011 , making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world . The city was responsible for generating 15.8 % of Mexico 's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22 % of total national GDP . As a stand-alone country , in 2013 , Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America -- five times as large as Costa Rica 's and about the same size as Peru 's . Mexico 's capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians ( Native Americans ) , the other being Quito . The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan , which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan , and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards . In 1524 , the municipality of Mexico City was established , known as México Tenochtitlán , and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México ( Mexico City ) . Mexico City served as the political , administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire . After independence from Spain was achieved , the federal district was created in 1824 . After years of demanding greater political autonomy , residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997 . Ever since , the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution ( PRD ) has controlled both of them . In recent years , the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies , such as abortion on request , a limited form of euthanasia , no-fault divorce , and same-sex marriage . On January 29 , 2016 , it ceased to be called the Federal District ( Spanish : Distrito Federal or D.F. ) and is now in transition to become the country 's 32nd federal entity , giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state . Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution , however , as the seat of the powers of the federation , it can never become a state , lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "16d7528c48cf5a33556d90bf95cd8831", "text": "Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation The Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation , formerly the Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Community of the Fort McDowell Indian Reservation ) , is a federally recognized tribe and Indian reservation in Maricopa County , Arizona about 23 mi northeast of Phoenix . The reservation was officially created on September 15 , 1903 by executive order , on a small parcel carved from the ancestral lands of the Yavapai people , encompassing 24680 acre . The acreage had been part of the Fort McDowell Military Reserve , which had been an important outpost during the Apache Wars . The original inhabitants of the reservation were members of the kwevikopaya , or Southeastern Yavapai , who lived in the nearby Mazatzal-Four Peak and Superstition Mountains area . In the 1970s , there was a proposal to build a dam at the confluence of the Verde and Salt Rivers . Due to the negative effects such a dam would have had on the reservation , the community voted not to sell the land for the dam to the federal government . What would have been called the `` Orme Dam '' was never built . The reservation celebrates this victory with a rodeo and pow wow each November . After the passage of the 1988 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act , a casino was built on the reservation . In 1992 , agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation attempted to seize the gaming devices of the casino . This raid took place in conjunction with raids at four other Indian reservations throughout the country . While the raids at the other four reservations went unopposed , members of the Yavapai tribe organized a protest . Using cars , trucks , and large mobile earth moving equipment , they blocked the egress from the property , preventing the trucks from carting off the machines . An agreement was reached between the tribe and Governor Fife Symington allowing the casino to remain in operation . The outside communities of Fountain Hills and Rio Verde lie adjacent to the reservation . In addition to Rio Verde and Fountain Hills , the reservation 's economy is also closely tied to the nearby cities of Mesa , Scottsdale and Phoenix . Also in the area is the Salt River Indian Reservation of the Pima and Maricopa peoples . The tribe operates its own gas station , a large sand and gravel operation , a farm , and the Fort McDowell Casino . Other operations on the reservation include the Wekopa Resort and Conference Center , the Poco Diablo hotel , the Wekopa Golf Course , and Fort McDowell Adventures . The area now occupied by the reservation was the birthplace of the Native American activist , Carlos Montezuma , who founded the Society of American Indians .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2561535e3364bf58ebcb52903d9b2273", "text": "Dayton, Nevada Dayton is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Lyon County , Nevada , United States . The population was 8,964 at the 2010 census .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9b8353df6fd255ed36dfdd1f34e0a0b8", "text": "Seal of Nevada The Great Seal of the State of Nevada is derived from the Seal of the Territory of Nevada . As Nevada prepared for statehood in 1864 , its Constitutional Convention began to formalize the features of the state 's official seel . Nevada was admitted as a state on October 31 , 1864 by proclamation of President Abraham Lincoln . On February 24 , 1866 , the motto `` Volens et Potens '' ( `` Willing and Able '' ) was replaced by `` All for Our Country '' . The design of the seal was formalized , and Nevada 's mineral resources are featured with a silver miner and his team moving a carload of ore from a mountain in the foreground . A quartz mill stands before another mountain . Transportation and communication are symbolized by a train steaming across the background , with telegraph poles spanning the distance . Agriculture is represented by a sheaf of wheat , a sickle , and a plow in the foreground . Nevada 's natural environment is symbolized by a brilliant sun rising over snow-capped peaks . The inner circle of the seal carries the motto `` All for Our Country '' , and Nevada 's entry into the Union as the 36th state is shown with 36 stars completing the inner ring . The perimeter of the seal proclaims `` The Great Seal of the State of Nevada '' . Mark Twain was said to have convinced the designer to make the two trails of smoke blow in opposite directions as a prank , which was later rectified when the mistake was realized .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "111970245c66e2d33668f0c6420d8662", "text": "Nevada Senate The Nevada Senate is the upper house of the Nevada Legislature , the state legislature of U.S. state of Nevada . The Senate currently ( 2012-2021 ) consists of 21 members from single-member districts . In the previous redistricting ( 2002-2011 ) there were 19 districts , two of which were multimember . Since 2012 , there have been 21 districts , each formed by combining two neighboring Assembly districts . Each senator represented approximately 128,598 as of the 2010 census . Article Four of The Nevada Constitution sets that Senators serve staggered four-year terms . In addition , the size of the Senate is set to be no less than one-third and no greater than one-half of the size of the Assembly . Term limits , limiting senators to three 4-year terms ( 12 years ) , took effect in 2010 . Because of the change in Constitution , seven senators were termed out in 2010 , four were termed out in 2012 , and one is to be termed out in 2014 . The Senate met at the Nevada State Capitol in Carson City until 1971 , when a separate Legislative Building was constructed south of the Capitol . The Legislative Building was expanded in 1997 to its current appearance to accommodate the growing Legislature .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56af532e799d9155fd5cfbfb64ceeb29", "text": "Las Vegas Springs The Las Vegas Springs or Big Springs is the site of a natural oasis , known traditionally as a cienega . For more than 15,000 years , springs broke through the desert floor , creating grassy meadows ( called las vegas by Mexican explorers ) . The bubbling springs were a source of water for Native Americans living here at least 5,000 years ago . Known as The Birthplace of Las Vegas it sustained travelers of the Old Spanish Trail and Mormons who came to settle the West . The springs ' source is the Las Vegas Aquifer . The springs are now a part of the Las Vegas Springs Preserve . Las Vegas Springs was once the site of three springs , running into two large pools of water . It is a site historically known for a gathering of pioneers and Native Americans and early settlers in the Las Vegas Valley . In 1905 , it provided water source to the budding town and railroad . Once pipe lines were laid and wells were drilled , the surface water receded , making it the way it is today . The site is currently undergoing rehabilitation to protect what remains architecturally and archaeologically . Now , it is 180 acres of historic land located just west of Downtown Las Vegas . It is open to the public and more information can be found here : http://www.springspreserve.org/", "title": "" } ]	fever
9b688e11e4737ee4bbbe568cbdbd1d4e	One type of spread is Vegemite.	[ { "docid": "ea009a9c77cbbfa31d39119d51481ebb", "text": "Spread (food) A spread is a food that is literally spread , generally with a knife , onto food products such as bread and crackers . Spreads are added to food in order to enhance the flavor or texture of the food , which may be considered bland without it . Spreads should be distinguished from dips , such as salsa , which are generally not applied to spread onto food but have food dipped into them instead . Peanut butter is a typical example of spread . Common spreads include dairy spreads ( such as cheeses , creams , and butters -- although the term butter is broadly applied to many spreads ) , honey , plant-derived spreads ( such as jams , jellies , and hummus ) , yeast spreads ( such as vegemite and marmite ) , and meat-based spreads ( such as pâté ) .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a6ea969c4348f7d70a1fca41c91b0d44", "text": "Crema (dairy product) Crema , sometimes referred to as crema espesa ( English : `` thick cream '' ) , and referred to as crema fresca ( English : `` fresh cream '' ) in Mexico , is a Mexican dairy product prepared with heavy cream and buttermilk . Salt and lime juice may also be used in its preparation . Its fat content can range from 18 percent to 36 percent . In Mexico , it is sold directly to consumers by ranches outside of large cities , and is available in Mexican and Latino grocery stores in the United States . Crema is used as a food topping , a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces . It is similar in texture and flavor to crème fraîche and sour cream .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc9fd0ecd666fa31a13fb450f8675893", "text": "Protected cultivation In the present scenario of perpetual demand for better quality vegetables and continuously shrinking land holdings , protected cultivation is the best choice for quality produce and efficient use of land and other resources . Protected cultivation means some level of control over plant microclimate to alleviate one or more of abiotic stresses for optimum plant growth which can be achieved in naturally ventilated poly-house or net - / polynet-house . Crop yields can be several times higher than those under open field conditions , quality of produce is superior , higher input use efficiencies are achieved and vegetable export can be enhanced . Extreme weather conditions , in some countries , under the open field conditions are the major limiting factors for achieving higher yield and better quality of vegetables . Under such circumstances , protected cultivation is best option . Keeping these points in view , net-house and naturally ventilated poly-house technology has been recommended for the cultivation of different vegetables .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9937f94d224546fc4d6376830ca1fef7", "text": "Food distribution Food distribution is the process in which a general population is supplied with food . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) considers food distribution as a subset of the food system . The process and methodology behind food distribution varies by location . Food distribution has been a defining characteristic of human behavior in all societies , and recordings of food distribution date back for thousands of years . One clear and defined documentation of historical food distribution comes from the Roman Republic and Empire . Many Roman rulers and emperors sought to determine the best method of distributing food throughout the Mediterranean , and as the demands of the Roman people changed in time , so too did their leaders ' plans . In the few centuries after the death of Christ , the annona became a prominent aspect in Roman food distribution . As the Empire expanded and the accessibility to certain foods changed , the demand for grain and wine drastically increased , and became a defining aspect of Roman food culture . Societies prominent after the fall of the Romans continued to deal with the ever-present dilemma of food distribution . The distribution systems of the United States and Latin America have developed in unique ways , and faced different problems in the past century . The United States ' food distribution system is vast in size and strength , and is dominated by corporations and industry . Current methods of food distribution in the US rely on the country 's advanced network of infrastructure and transportation . In less developed parts of the world like Latin America , food distribution differs from the US . There are a multitude of risk factors that can affect food distribution . War , economic failure , political problems , and weather conditions all play a role in determining the efficiency of any food system . Two recent examples of war and economic failure impacting food distribution includes the decline of food distribution in Japan during World War II and food recession in Sub-Saharan Africa during the late 1970s and early 1980s . In both cases , food distribution was negatively affected and the population in these areas consequently suffered . Special organizations exist today to prevent any total collapses in food distribution , assist in developing food distribution and food systems in underdeveloped areas , and respond to food distribution crises . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) plays a key role in facilitating the growth of food distribution systems all over the world . A mixture of federal , non-profit , and volunteer organizations function in the United States to safeguard the well-being of the US food distribution system . The American Red Cross is one key example of a volunteer organization is the US that has an international presence .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e624eb31435d3df19061568a6e51d694", "text": "Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae -LSB- v3rbi : ` naysee -RSB- are a family , commonly known as the verbena family or vervain family , of mainly tropical flowering plants . It contains trees , shrubs , and herbs notable for heads , spikes , or clusters of small flowers , many of which have an aromatic smell . Recent phylogenetic studies have shown that numerous genera traditionally classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae . The new narrowly circumscribed Verbenaceae family includes some 35 genera and 1,200 species . The mangrove genus Avicennia , sometimes placed in the Verbenaceae or in its own family , Avicenniaceae , has been placed in the Acanthaceae . Economically important Verbenaceae include : Lemon verbena ( Aloysia triphylla ) , grown for aroma or flavoring Verbenas or vervains ( Verbena ) , some used in herbalism , others grown in gardens", "title": "" }, { "docid": "05484fb28d279d522c96a8405082755f", "text": "Pålægschokolade Pålægschokolade are thin slices of chocolate ( or vekao ) that are used as a topping ( in Danish , en :p ålæg #Danish ) on bread , such as rugbrød or white bread . It is available in both light and dark chocolate , with the light variety being more common ( the Danish confectionery Toms sells 70 % light and 30 % dark ) . Pålægschokolade is found primarily in Denmark . In most other countries , Nutella and other chocolate spreads are more popular . In recent years , organic varieties of pålægschokolade have been introduced into the market . Pålægschokolade was invented by Galle & Jessen in 1963", "title": "" }, { "docid": "269f7b4b9814cb0ea963ee5817a903d1", "text": "Benedictine (spread) Benedictine or benedictine spread is a spread made with cucumbers and cream cheese . Invented near the beginning of the 20th century , it was originally and still is used for making cucumber sandwiches , but in recent years it has been used as a dip or combined with meat in a sandwich . This spread can be obtained pre-made from some Louisville area grocery stores . Although benedictine is rarely seen in restaurants outside the state of Kentucky , it has been written about in articles in national publications such as the The New York Times , The Washington Post , and Saveur Magazine , and also reported about on multimedia outlets such as the Food Network and NPR . A benedictine-based sandwich was featured on the Food Network 's 50 States 50 Sandwiches program in 2012 , on the television shows of celebrity chefs Paula Deen and Damaris Phillips , and in Southern Living magazine as one of June 's `` 2011 Best Recipes '' for their corresponding issue .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "202f223f073ea3a7f733e2eafd59733d", "text": "Tree crown measurement The crown of a tree consists of the mass of foliage and branches growing outward from the trunk of the tree . The average crown spread is the average horizontal width of the crown , taken from dripline to dripline as one moves around the crown . Some listings will also list the maximum crown spread which represents the greatest width from dripline to dripline across the crown . Other crown measurements that are commonly taken include limb length , crown volume , and foliage density . Canopy mapping surveys the position and size of all of the limbs down to a certain size in the crown of the tree and is commonly used when measuring the overall wood volume of a tree . Average crown spread is one of the parameters commonly measured as part of various champion tree programs and documentation efforts . Other commonly used parameters , outlined in tree measurement , include height , girth , and volume . Additional details on the methodology of tree height measurement , tree girth measurement , and tree volume measurement are presented in the links herein . American Forests , for example , uses a formula to calculate Big Tree Points as part of their Big Tree Program that awards a tree 1 point for each foot of height , 1 point for each inch of girth , and 1/4 point for each foot of crown spread . The tree whose point total is the highest for that species is crowned as the champion in their registry . The other parameter commonly measured , in addition to the species and location information , is wood volume . A general outline of tree measurements is provided in the article tree measurement and more detailed instruction in taking these basic measurements is provided in `` The Tree Measuring Guidelines of the Eastern Native Tree Society '' by Will Blozan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4cc3cc5d9129341cca2a081bee302193", "text": "Triticale Triticale ( × Triticosecale ) , -LSB- trɪtɪˈkeɪliː -RSB- is a hybrid of wheat ( Triticum ) and rye ( Secale ) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany . Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid , i.e. , a cross between two kinds of primary ( first-cross ) triticales . As a rule , triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance ( including soil conditions ) of rye . Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop . Depending on the cultivar , triticale can more or less resemble either of its parents . It is grown mostly for forage or fodder , although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores or are to be found in some breakfast cereals . When crossing wheat and rye , wheat is used as the female parent and rye as the male parent ( pollen donor ) . The resulting hybrid is sterile and must be treated with colchicine to induce polyploidy and thus the ability to reproduce itself . The primary producers of triticale are Poland , Germany , Belarus , France and Russia . In 2014 , according to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , 17.1 million tons were harvested in 37 countries across the world . The triticale hybrids are all amphidiploid , which means the plant is diploid for two genomes derived from different species . In other words , triticale is an allotetraploid . In earlier years , most work was done on octoploid triticale . Different ploidy levels have been created and evaluated over time . The tetraploids showed little promise , but hexaploid triticale was successful enough to find commercial application . The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center triticale improvement program was intended to improve food production and nutrition in developing countries . Triticale was thought to have potential in the production of bread and other food products , such as cookies , pasta , pizza dough and breakfast cereals . The protein content is higher than that of wheat , although the glutenin fraction is less . The grain has also been stated to have higher levels of lysine than wheat . Acceptance would require the milling industry to adapt to triticale , as the milling techniques employed for wheat are unsuited to triticale . Sell et al. found triticale could be used as a feed grain , and later research found its starch was particularly readily digested . As a feed grain , triticale is already well established and of high economic importance . It has received attention as a potential energy crop , and research is currently being conducted on the use of the crop 's biomass in bioethanol production .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f35d67f35cf0b82a6e85e7e6e1e0a876", "text": "Bread in culture Bread has a significance beyond mere nutrition in many cultures in the West and Near and Middle East because of its history and contemporary importance . Bread is also significant in Christianity as one of the elements ( alongside wine ) of the Eucharist ; see sacramental bread . The word companion comes from Latin com - `` with '' + panis `` bread '' . The political significance of bread is considerable . In 19th century Britain , the inflated price of bread due to the Corn Laws caused major political and social divisions , and was central to debates over free trade versus protectionism . The Assize of Bread and Ale in the 13th century demonstrated the importance of bread in medieval times by setting heavy punishments for short-changing bakers , and bread appeared in the Magna Carta a half-century earlier . Like other foods , choosing the `` right '' kind of bread is used as a social signal , to let others know , for example , that the person buying expensive bread is financially secure , or the person buying whatever type of bread that the current fashions deem most healthful is a health-conscious consumer . As a simple , cheap , and adaptable type of food , bread is often used as a synecdoche for food in general in some languages and dialects , such as Greek and Punjabi . There are many variations on the basic recipe of bread worldwide , such as bagels , baguettes , biscuits , bocadillo , brioche , chapatis , Challah , lavash , naan , pitas , pizza , pretzels , puris , tortillas , and many others . There are various types of traditional `` cheese breads '' in many countries , including Brazil , Colombia , Italy , and Russia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "30fd15d7606d2100f71e829bc2596ba5", "text": "Viviparity Viviparity literally means `` giving live birth '' , from the Latin vivus ( `` living '' ) and parere ( `` to beget '' ) . The term is in use both in zoology and in botany as a term for certain classes of modes of reproduction , though it has different meanings in the two contexts . The adjective viviparous is derived from `` viviparity '' and describes both the various modes of reproduction and the organisms that reproduce in any such mode . In zoology viviparity refers to development of the embryo inside the body of the parent , eventually leading to live birth , as opposed to reproduction by laying eggs that complete their incubation outside the parental body . There are several forms of reproductive processes that answer to that description however , and they differ so radically , both in their nature and evolutionary origin , that no definitive and exclusive terminology is universally accepted , and the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference . In botany vivipary is a common alternative form of the term , and botanical definitions also vary . One usage refers to reproduction via embryos , such as shoots or bulbils , as opposed to germinating externally from a dropped , dormant seed , as is usual in plants ; however , vivipary also may refer to plants arising from buds or seedlings that have formed or germinated while still on the parent plant , and are dropped when ready to establish themselves in the substrate . In botany too , the usage of the term is largely a matter of convenience and preference .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "415a102d0badd1451e3a860293b24e1f", "text": "Panzergewinde The Stahlpanzerrohrgewinde standard for screw threads , more often called by the shorter name Panzergewinde ( pronunciation ) , is a technical standard created in Germany and subsequently used in various countries , such as the German-speaking zone ( Germany , Switzerland , Austria ) and neighboring European countries . The German name `` Stahlpanzerrohrgewinde '' translates to English as ` steel ( pipe armoured ) conduit thread ' . The thread is used to join pieces of electrical conduit and cable glands . Alternative stylings of the German name are Stahl-Panzer-Rohr-Gewinde and an abbreviated form , StaPa-Rohr-Gewinde . The standard , codified by the Deutsches Institut für Normung ( DIN , German Institute for Standardization ) , is DIN 40430 . Panzergewinde sizes are named with the prefix PG plus a nominal number which approximately corresponds to the maximum cable diameter ( in millimeters ) that can be passed through the conduit . Because the walls of the conduit are usually relatively thin , the thread depth should not be very large . Thus a thread angle of 80 ° is used . The Verband der Elektrotechnik , Elektronik und Informationstechnik ( VDE ) ( which began as a trade association for standardization in electrical engineering ) originally standardized ( and named ) the thread for use with conduit and cable glands that were made of steel , although today the thread is used with both steel ( typically plated with combinations of nickel , zinc , or tin to resist rusting ) and polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Beginning in 2000 , the VDE standard for cable glands ( VDE 0619 ) was formally replaced by EN 50262 . After a transitional period of several years during which it could still be used , it was replaced in 2003 by a final metric fine thread with 1.5 mm pitch . Similarly , conduit threads were replaced by EN 60423 . Even today , Panzergewinde cable glands are still often found on chemical reactors and bioreactors ( for example , PG13 .5 thread for screwing in sensors ) and various other equipment , enclosures , junction boxes , and connectors .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3c877357b2cf7ff7a9d5ecddc56d7d1b", "text": "Cheez Whiz Cheez Whiz is a processed cheese sauce or spread sold by Kraft Foods . It was developed by a team led by food scientist Edwin Traisman ( 1915 -- 2007 ) . While many sources give its national debut as 1953 , it was advertised by Kraft and retailers in several states in late 1952 . Orange in color , it usually comes in a glass jar and is used as a topping for cheesesteaks , corn chips , hot dogs and other foods . It is marketed in Canada , Mexico , the Philippines , the United States and Venezuela . Cheez Whiz is one of a number of `` processed cheese foods '' , a category including some types of individually wrapped cheese slices . These products contain regular cheese that has been reprocessed along with additional ingredients such as emulsifiers and stabilizing agents , such as xanthan gum or carrageenan , and derive their tanginess and flavor from additional ingredients such as citric acid and flavoring compounds . Annatto is used for coloring .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2fa2c58ddff19f8b8e702f31865842fd", "text": "Shattering (agriculture) In agriculture , shattering is the dispersal of a crop 's seeds upon their becoming ripe . From an agricultural perspective this is generally an undesirable process , and in the history of crop domestication several important advances have involved a mutation in a crop plant that reduced shattering -- instead of the seeds being dispersed as soon as they were ripe , the mutant plants retained the seeds for longer , which made harvesting much more effective . A particularly important mutation that was selected very early in the history of agriculture removed the `` brittle rachis '' problem from wheat . A ripe head ( `` ear '' ) of wild-type wheat is easily shattered into dispersal units when touched , or blown by the wind , because during ripening a series of abscission layers forms that divides the rachis into short segments , each attached to a single spikelet ( which contains 2 -- 3 grains along with chaff ) . A different class of shattering mechanisms involves dehiscence of the mature fruit , which releases the seeds . Current research priorities to understand the genetics of shattering include the following crops : Barley Buckwheat Grain Amaranth Oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) Sesame and canola are harvested before the seed is fully mature , so that the pods do not split and drop the seeds .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f0c44416b20dc51bf01a8b62d196a6c", "text": "Cruciferous vegetables Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae ( also called Cruciferae ) with many genera , species , and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower , cabbage , garden cress , bok choy , broccoli , brussels sprouts and similar green leaf vegetables . The family takes its alternate name ( Cruciferae , New Latin for `` cross-bearing '' ) from the shape of their flowers , whose four petals resemble a cross . Ten of the most common cruciferous vegetables eaten by people , known colloquially in North America as cole crops and in Britain and Ireland as `` brassicas '' , are in a single species ( Brassica oleracea ) ; they are not distinguished from one another taxonomically , only by horticultural category of cultivar groups . Numerous other genera and species in the family are also edible . Cruciferous vegetables are one of the dominant food crops worldwide . They are high in vitamin C and soluble fiber and contain multiple nutrients and phytochemicals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5bdb35f9033b8685dee99e83e037ac9a", "text": "Western flower thrips The western flower thrips -LSB- Frankliniella occidentalis ( Pergande ) -RSB- is an important pest insect in agriculture . This species of thrips is native to the Southwestern United States but has spread to other continents , including Europe , Australia ( where it was identified in May 1993 ) , and South America via transport of infested plant material . It has been documented to feed on over 500 different species of host plants , including a large number of fruit , vegetable , and ornamental crops . The adult male is about 1 mm long ; the female is slightly larger , about 1.4 mm in length . Most western flower thrips are female and reproduce by arrhenotokous parthenogenesis ; i.e. females can produce males from unfertilized eggs , but females arise only from fertilized eggs . Males are rare , and are always pale yellow , while females vary in color , often by season , from red to yellow to dark brown . Each adult is elongated and thin , with two pairs of long wings . The eggs are oval or kidney-shaped , white , and about 0.2 mm long . The nymph is yellowish in color with red eyes . The lifecycle of the western flower thrips varies in length due to temperature , with the adult living from two to five or more weeks , and the nymph stage lasting from five to 20 days . Each female may lay 40 to over 100 eggs in the tissues of the plant , often in the flower , but also in the fruit or foliage . The newly hatched nymph feeds on the plant for two of its instars , then falls off the plant to complete its other two instar stages . The insect damages the plant in several ways . The major damage is caused by the adult ovipositing in the plant tissue . The plant is also injured by feeding , which leaves holes and areas of silvery discoloration when the plant reacts to the insect 's saliva . Nymphs feed heavily on new fruit just beginning to develop from the flower . The western flower thrip is also the major vector of tomato spotted wilt virus , a serious plant disease . Western flower thrips are a year-round pest , but are less destructive during wet weather . Damage can be reduced by growing barriers of nonhost plants around crops and by eliminating reservoir plants , plants to which the thrips are especially attracted , such as jimson weed . The thrips ' natural enemies include pirate bugs of genus Orius . Other agents show promise as biological pest control , including the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae , and the mirid Dicyphus hesperus . Flower-feeding thrips are routinely attracted to bright floral colors , especially white , blue , and yellow , and will land and attempt to feed . Some flower thrips will `` bite '' humans wearing clothing with such bright colors , though no species feed on blood ; such biting does not result in any known disease transmission , but skin irritations are known to occur .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c5c1d9bc3e28c9a34a593bead8c5c0cf", "text": "Sticky bun Sticky buns are a dessert or breakfast sweet roll that generally consist of rolled pieces of leavened dough -- sometimes containing brown sugar or cinnamon -- which are then compressed together to form a kind of flat loaf corresponding to the size of the baking pan . Before the dough is placed in the pan , the latter is lined with the `` sticky '' ingredients like maple syrup , honey ( or both ) , as well as nuts and perhaps more sugar and sometimes butter . After the buns are baked , they are inverted so that the pan lining then becomes a topping . Commercially produced sticky buns , however , are usually just baked in an aluminum loaf tin , which allows the topping to suffuse the buns , making them sticky throughout . The way the buns were baked allows them to more or less be pulled off as individual servings , although it is often a futile effort . Sticky buns have been consumed since the Middle Ages , at which time cinnamon became more prominent . Sticky buns also have a Germanic origin and were originally known as `` Schnecken '' . The Pennsylvania Dutch introduced Schnecken in the United States . Wherever 18th-century German settlers ( such as the Pennsylvania Dutch ) went , sticky buns have remained long after many other cultural traits have disappeared . In Venezuela , there is a very similar local version of them called golfeado . The main difference between them is the ground fresh cheese on top that gives the bun a very particular sweet-salty taste .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08d7333c88c540806bf92f0a1ad9f76a", "text": "Spread Spread may refer to : Statistical dispersion . Spread ( food ) , an edible paste put on other foods . The score difference being wagered on in spread betting . Spread ( rational trigonometry ) , the measure of line inclination in rational trigonometry . Temperature-Dewpoint spread , dew point depression . Two-page spread a redundant term , also simply called `` spread '' , referring to two adjacent , facing pages in a magazine or other publication with conjoined or connected content . In finance , the difference in price between related securities : Bid-offer spread , between the buying and selling price of a commodity or security . Spread trade , between two related securities or commodities . Option-adjusted spread , on mortgage backed securities where the borrower has the right to repay in full . Yield spread , difference in percentage rate of return of two instruments . Z-spread , on mortgage backed securities . Credit spread ( bond ) , on bonds . A term used for speed reading in policy debate . The laying of Tarot cards for divinatory uses . Spread ( film ) , a 2009 film . Spread , West Virginia . Bedspread , for protective or decorative use . Spreadability , a concept in media studies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "60dfb649ddbcd3cee78ebaa6c4b32889", "text": "Spreadmart A spreadmart ( spreadsheet data mart ) is a business data analysis system running on spreadsheets or other desktop databases that is created and maintained by individuals or groups to perform the tasks normally done by a data mart or data warehouse . Typically a spreadmart is created by individuals at different times using different data sources and rules for defining metrics in an organization , creating a fractured view of the enterprise . The concept was coined in 2002 by Wayne Eckerson at TDWI in his article Taming Spreadsheet Jockeys . Critics like Stephen Samild argue that the definition stems from a biased view that sees a data warehouse as desirable end-result , whereas One might more accurately define data marts and data warehouses as `` scaled-up systems which perform some of the tasks normally done by a spreadmart '' . In the rest of the article Stephen Samild argues that a spreadmart fulfills a number of roles that a data warehouse can not fulfill as easily or as cheaply due to the lack of integration with unstructured data , the lack of read-write capabilities , the long time span needed for integration of new sources in the data warehouse and the inherent ` free form ' of many analytical presentations done in Word , PowerPoint or Excel . Usually , spreadmarts grow where standard Business Intelligence ( BI ) reporting is too inflexible and too slow . A Business analyst uses the `` export to Microsoft Excel '' button in his BI software and creates his own report with the exported data table . By this , the number of independently generated spreadsheets dealing with a particular group of analyses grows inside the company , and the data inside each spreadsheet is uncoupled from its source . When this happens , the data reflected in the spreadsheets is no longer verifiable and is not automatically kept up to date . Usually these spreadsheet files are distributed via email to colleagues resulting in even more copies of the data roaming through the enterprise . With Microsoft PowerPivot for Microsoft SharePoint , Excel spreadsheets can be distributed as dashboards throughout the entire company , giving even more users the tools to create spreadmarts . The growth of spreadmarts poses tangible risks for companies , since undefined and uncoupled data can be used to draw false conclusions that lead to wrong decisions , which will cost time and money to discover and correct . Although Business Intelligence 2.0 software vendors claim to have overcome this issue , locally installed spreadsheet and graphing software continues to be easier to access and use , giving the business analyst the freedom to create the needed analysis quickly , and choose to live with the risk of data inconsistency that goes with it .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "30061bf5e4ac67308026fdae220c3235", "text": "Asiago cheese Asiago ( -LSB- ɑːsiˈɑːɡoʊ -RSB- or -LSB- ɑːˈsjɑːɡoʊ -RSB- -LSB- aˈzjaːɡo -RSB- ) is an Italian cow 's milk cheese that can assume different textures , according to its aging , from smooth for the fresh Asiago ( Asiago Pressato ) to a crumbly texture for the aged cheese ( Asiago d'allevo ) , the flavor of which is reminiscent of Parmesan . The aged cheese is often grated in salads , soups , pastas , and sauces while the fresh Asiago is sliced to prepare panini or sandwiches ; it can also be melted on a variety of dishes and cantaloupe . As Asiago has a protected designation of origin ( Denominazione di Origine Protetta or DOP , see below ) , the only `` authentic '' Asiago is produced around the alpine area of the Asiago Plateau , in the regions of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige . Asiago cheese is one of the most typical products of the Veneto region . It was , and still is , the most popular and widely used cheese in the DOP area where it is produced . The production area is strictly defined : It starts from the meadows of the Po Valley and finishes in the Alpine pastures between the Asiago Plateau and the Trentino 's highlands . The officially designated area where the milk is collected and Asiago DOP cheese is produced extends to four provinces in the north-east of Italy : the entire area of Vicenza and Trento and part of the provinces of Padua and Treviso . Asiago cheese which is produced and matured in dairies located more than 600 m above sea level , using milk from farms also more than 600 m above sea level , is entitled to the additional label `` Product of the Mountains '' . Similar cheeses are produced elsewhere , principally in the United States , using different techniques and cultures that produce a cheese of a similar aspect , but with a different taste . The best-known of these is Wisconsin Cheese , a mezzano cheese with a sharper flavour ( piccante ) than the Italian .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7bdcf479cbf0483b84680e953ad8019a", "text": "Danger zone (food safety) The temperature range in which food-borne bacteria can grow is known as the danger zone . Food safety agencies , such as the United States ' Food Safety and Inspection Service ( FSIS ) , define the danger zone as roughly 4 to . The FSIS stipulates that potentially hazardous food should not be stored at temperatures in this range in order to prevent foodborne illness ( for example , a refrigerator 's temperature must be kept below 40 F ) , and that food that remains in this zone for more than two hours should not be consumed . Foodborne microorganisms grow much faster in the middle of the zone , at temperatures between 21 and . Food-borne bacteria , in large enough numbers , may cause food poisoning , symptoms similar to gastroenteritis or `` stomach flu '' ( a misnomer , as true influenza primarily affects the respiratory system ) . Some of the symptoms include stomach cramps , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and fever . Food-borne illness becomes more dangerous in certain populations , such as people with weakened immune systems , young children , the elderly , and pregnant women . In Canada , there are approximately 11 million cases of food-borne disease per year . These symptoms can begin as early as shortly after and as late as weeks after consumption of the contaminated food . Time and temperature control plays a critical role in food safety . To prevent time-temperature abuse , the amount of time food spends in the danger zone must be minimized . A logarithmic relationship exists between microbial cell death and temperature : a significantly large number of cells may survive slightly lower temperatures . In addition to reducing the time spent in the danger zone , foods should be moved through the danger zone as few times as possible when reheating or cooling . Foods that are potentially hazardous inside the danger zone : Meat : beef , poultry , pork , seafood Eggs and other protein-rich foods Dairy products Cut or peeled fresh produce Cooked vegetables , beans , rice , pasta Sauces , such as gravy Sprouts Any foods containing the above , e.g. casseroles , salads , quiches", "title": "" } ]	fever
9ccfd30dd0f48abdc425ce58980882c7	Leukemia has to do with a lack of normal blood cells.	[ { "docid": "64a9c1598ab2198838c89344660edb0b", "text": "Leukemia Leukemia , also spelled leukaemia , is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells . These white blood cells are not fully developed and are called blasts or leukemia cells . Symptoms may include bleeding and bruising problems , feeling tired , fever , and an increased risk of infections . These symptoms occur due to a lack of normal blood cells . Diagnosis is typically made by blood tests or bone marrow biopsy . The exact cause of leukemia is unknown . Different kinds of leukemia are believed to have different causes . Both inherited and environmental ( non-inherited ) factors are believed to be involved . Risk factors include smoking , ionizing radiation , some chemicals ( such as benzene ) , prior chemotherapy , and Down syndrome . People with a family history of leukemia are also at higher risk . There are four main types of leukemia -- acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL ) , acute myeloid leukemia ( AML ) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL ) and chronic myeloid leukemia ( CML ) -- as well as a number of less common types . Leukemias and lymphomas both belong to a broader group of tumors that affect the blood , bone marrow , and lymphoid system , known as tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues . Treatment may involve some combination of chemotherapy , radiation therapy , targeted therapy , and bone marrow transplant , in addition to supportive care and palliative care as needed . Certain types of leukemia may be managed with watchful waiting . The success of treatment depends on the type of leukemia and the age of the person . Outcomes have improved in the developed world . The average five-year survival rate is 57 % in the United States . In children under 15 , the five-year survival rate is greater than 60 to 85 % , depending on the type of leukemia . In children with acute leukemia who are cancer-free after five years , the cancer is unlikely to return . In 2015 , leukemia was present in 2.3 million people and caused 353,500 deaths . In 2012 it newly developed in 352,000 people . It is the most common type of cancer in children , with three quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type . However , about 90 % of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults , with AML and CLL being most common in adults . It occurs more commonly in the developed world .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "431d11348079ad8dad4fa19f0bc13435", "text": "Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder ( PTLD ) is the name given to a B-cell proliferation due to therapeutic immunosuppression after organ transplantation . These patients may develop infectious mononucleosis-like lesions or polyclonal polymorphic B-cell hyperplasia . Some of these B-cells may undergo mutations which will render them malignant , giving rise to a lymphoma . In some patients , the malignant cell clone can become the dominant proliferating cell type , leading to frank lymphoma , a group of B cell lymphomas occurring in immunosuppressed patients following organ transplant .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7616dc2c61355c8bc01313d5671d7ec6", "text": "Chronic neutrophilic leukemia Chronic neutrophilic leukemia ( CNL ) is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm that features a persistent neutrophilia in peripheral blood , myeloid hyperplasia in bone marrow , hepatosplenomegaly , and the absence of the Philadelphia chromosome or a BCR/ABL fusion gene .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b639f4c7e6317c4abb31563ab7f4f66f", "text": "Human pathogen A human pathogen is a pathogen ( microbe or microorganism such as a virus , bacterium , prion , or fungus ) that causes disease in humans . The human physiological defense against common pathogens ( such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body 's normal flora and fauna . However , if the immune system or `` good '' microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy , human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) , or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ) , pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host . Such cases are called opportunistic infections . Some pathogens ( such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis , which may have caused the Black Plague , the Variola virus , and the malaria protozoa ) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups . Of particular note in modern times is HIV , which is known to have infected several million humans globally , along with the influenza virus . Today , while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens , through the use of vaccination , antibiotics , and fungicide , pathogens continue to threaten human life . Social advances such as food safety , hygiene , and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cab52fc6dbc619b9c947c0735da8f3c1", "text": "Melanocytic nevus A melanocytic nevus ( also known as `` nevocytic nevus '' or `` nevus-cell nevus '' ) is a type of lesion that contains nevus cells ( a type of melanocyte ) . Some sources equate the term mole with `` melanocytic nevus '' . Other sources reserve the term `` mole '' for other purposes . The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person 's life , with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles . Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm , while congenital moles , or congenital nevi , are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma . A mole can be either subdermal ( under the skin ) or a pigmented growth on the skin , formed mostly of a type of cell known as a melanocyte . The high concentration of the body 's pigmenting agent , melanin , is responsible for their dark color . Moles are a member of the family of skin lesions known as nevi .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea62ef8e34eeb0a5f1f61511ac731877", "text": "Ex vivo Ex vivo ( Latin : `` out of the living '' ) means that which takes place outside an organism . In science , ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions . Ex vivo conditions allow experimentation on an organism 's cells or tissues under more controlled conditions than is possible in in vivo experiments ( in the intact organism ) , at the expense of altering the `` natural '' environment . A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects . Tissues may be removed in many ways , including in part , as whole organs , or as larger organ systems . Examples of ex vivo specimen use include : assays ; finding cancer treatment agents that are effective against the organism 's cancer cells measurements of physical , thermal , electrical , mechanical , optical and other tissue properties , especially in various environments that may not be life-sustaining ( for example , at extreme pressures or temperatures ) ; realistic models for surgical procedure development ; investigations into the interaction of different energy types with tissues ; or as phantoms in imaging technique development . The term ex vivo means that the samples to be tested have been extracted from the organism . The term in vitro ( `` within the glass '' ) means the samples to be tested are obtained from a repository , in the case of cancer cells a strain that would produce favorable results , then grown to produce a control sample and the number of samples required for the number of tests . These two terms are not synonymous even though the testing in both cases is `` within the glass '' . The results of ex vivo only apply to the organism supplying the cell whereas the in vitro results only apply to the cell line used . In cell biology , ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus , usually under sterile conditions with no alterations , for up to 24 hours to obtain sufficient cells for the experiments . Experiments generally start after 24 hours of incubation . Using living cells or tissue from the same organism are still considered to be ex vivo . One widely performed ex vivo study is the chick chorioallantoic membrane ( CAM ) assay . In this assay , angiogenesis is promoted on the CAM membrane of a chicken embryo outside the organism ( chicken ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f5d5f86b6bbb268cb9d4745641608dcf", "text": "Molecular medicine Molecular medicine is a broad field , where physical , chemical , biological , bioinformatics and medical techniques are used to describe molecular structures and mechanisms , identify fundamental molecular and genetic errors of disease , and to develop molecular interventions to correct them . The concept of the distribution of medicine to each individual cell just as oxygen would be an example of the practice of molecular medicine ( via lung chemical reaction manipulation an idea coined by Saniab Jacob ) . The molecular medicine perspective emphasizes cellular and molecular phenomena and interventions rather than the previous conceptual and observational focus on patients and their organs . In November 1949 , with the seminal paper , `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' , in Science magazine , Linus Pauling , Harvey Itano and their collaborators laid the groundwork for establishing the field of molecular medicine . In 1956 , Roger J. Williams wrote Biochemical Individuality , a prescient book about genetics , prevention and treatment of disease on a molecular basis , and nutrition which is now variously referred to as individualized medicine and orthomolecular medicine . Another paper in Science by Pauling in 1968 , introduced and defined this view of molecular medicine that focuses on natural and nutritional substances used for treatment and prevention . Published research and progress was slow until the 1970s ' `` biological revolution '' that introduced many new techniques and commercial applications . Molecular medicine is a new scientific discipline in European universities . Combining contemporary medical studies with the field of biochemistry , it offers a bridge between the two subjects . At present only a handful of universities offer the course to undergraduates . With a degree in this discipline the graduate is able to pursue a career in medical sciences , scientific research , laboratory work and postgraduate medical degrees .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5c57ba54b384e99455af34f83d4aa540", "text": "Interleukin 2 Interleukin-2 ( IL-2 ) is an interleukin , a type of cytokine signaling molecule in the immune system . It is a protein that regulates the activities of white blood cells ( leukocytes , often lymphocytes ) that are responsible for immunity . IL-2 is part of the body 's natural response to microbial infection , and in discriminating between foreign ( `` non-self '' ) and `` self '' . IL-2 mediates its effects by binding to IL-2 receptors , which are expressed by lymphocytes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "596ac84f428324f14e202dc1ff6ab653", "text": "RNAi-Based Identification System and interference of Specific Cancer Cells A `` classifier '' was created to classify cells by identifying specific characteristics of Cervical Cancer . These characteristics were consistent with HeLa cells , which served as the target cell line for cell death . Upon identifying these cells the Classifier would release specific proteins within the HeLa cell that would trigger apoptosis without killing or endangering neighboring , healthy cells . The defining characteristics of these Classifiers were defined by elements whose levels within the cells created markers that could be measured . High markers and low markers were established and a `` classifier molecule '' was created to insert into prospective cells , and would induce apoptosis only when cells exhibit the threshold level of High or Low markers . These classifiers would use a small interfering RNA which targeted the repressor and activator in the Lac operon . The potential for therapeutic use , providing that an efficient delivery system can be established for in vivo DNA . In vitro applications are possible provided the classifier molecule can be safely integrated into cultured cells .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd9a3a1941fffd4258a6e17a67de34a9", "text": "Morphogenesis Morphogenesis ( from the Greek morphê shape and genesis creation , literally , `` beginning of the shape '' ) is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape . It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation , unified in evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ) . The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism . Morphogenesis can take place also in a mature organism , in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses . Morphogenesis also describes the development of unicellular life forms that do not have an embryonic stage in their life cycle , or describes the evolution of a body structure within a taxonomic group . Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones , by environmental chemicals ranging from substances produced by other organisms to toxic chemicals or radionuclides released as pollutants , and other plants , or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9de20d4d8db97c7c464a8d99da27a709", "text": "Xenotransplantation Xenotransplantation ( xenos - from the Greek meaning `` foreign '' ) , is the transplantation of living cells , tissues or organs from one species to another . Such cells , tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants . It is contrasted with allotransplantation ( from other individual of same species ) , Syngeneic transplantation ( Grafts transplanted between two genetically identical individuals of the same species ) and Autotransplantation ( from one part of the body to another in the same person ) . Xenotransplantation of human tumor cells into immunocompromised mice is a research technique frequently used in pre-clinical oncology research . Human xenotransplantation offers a potential treatment for end-stage organ failure , a significant health problem in parts of the industrialized world . It also raises many novel medical , legal and ethical issues . A continuing concern is that many animals , such as pigs , have a shorter lifespan than humans , meaning that their tissues age at a quicker rate . Disease transmission ( xenozoonosis ) and permanent alteration to the genetic code of animals are also causes for concern . A few successful cases of xenotransplantation are published . It is not uncommon for patients and physicians to use the term `` allograft '' imprecisely to refer to either allograft ( human-to-human ) or xenograft ( animal-to-human ) , but it is helpful scientifically ( for those searching or reading the scientific literature ) to maintain the more precise distinction in usage .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "49420ae3cfc6abe0c7013dc8f26dcd93", "text": "Livedo reticularis Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin . The discoloration is caused by swelling of the venules owing to obstruction of capillaries by small blood clots . The blood clots in the small blood vessels can be a secondary effect of a condition that increases a person 's risk of forming blood clots , including a wide array of pathological and nonpathological conditions . Examples include hyperlipidemia , microvascular hematological or anemia states , nutritional deficiencies , hyper - and autoimmune diseases , and drugs/toxins . The condition may be normal or related to more severe underlying pathology . Its differential diagnosis is broadly divided into possible blood diseases , autoimmune ( rheumatologic ) diseases , cardiovascular diseases , cancers , and endocrine disorders . It can usually ( in 80 % of cases ) be diagnosed by biopsy . It may be aggravated by exposure to cold , and occurs most often in the lower extremities . The condition 's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish and reticular which refers to the net-like appearance .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6ccdea15e266fe5f7b9a41e17fa2a1f", "text": "Hypoplasia Hypoplasia ( from Ancient Greek ὑπo - hypo - , `` under '' + πλάσις plasis , `` formation '' ; adjective form hypoplastic ) is underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ . Although the term is not always used precisely , it properly refers to an inadequate or below-normal number of cells . Hypoplasia is similar to aplasia , but less severe . It is technically not the opposite of hyperplasia ( too many cells ) . Hypoplasia is a congenital condition , while hyperplasia generally refers to excessive cell growth later in life . ( Atrophy , the wasting away of already existing cells , is technically the direct opposite of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy . ) Hypoplasia can be present in any tissue or organ . It is descriptive of many medical conditions , including underdevelopment of organs such as : Breasts during puberty Testes in Klinefelter 's syndrome Ovaries in Fanconi anemia , gonadal dysgenesis , trisomy X Thymus in DiGeorge syndrome Labia majora in popliteal pterygium syndrome Corpus callosum , connecting the two sides of the brain , in Agenesis of the corpus callosum Cerebellum caused by mutation in the Reelin gene Tooth caused by oral pathology , such as Turner 's hypoplasia Chambers of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome and hypoplastic right heart syndrome Optic nerve in optic nerve hypoplasia Sacrum in sacral agenesis Facial muscle in asymmetric crying facies Thumb from birth Lungs , often as a result of oligohydramnios during gestation or the existence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia Small bowel in coeliac disease Fingers and ears in Harlequin type ichthyosis Mandible in congenital hypothyroidism", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a743591a71347cb53c14c6e8e04fd7b", "text": "Leukemoid reaction The term leukemoid reaction describes an increased white blood cell count , or leukocytosis , which is a physiological response to stress or infection ( as opposed to a primary blood malignancy , such as leukemia ) . It often describes the presence of immature cells such as myeloblasts or red blood cells with nuclei in the peripheral blood . It may be lymphoid or myeloid .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb246577fdd712577f099df8872f3160", "text": "Stroma (tissue) Stroma ( from Greek στρῶμα , meaning `` layer , bed , bed covering '' ) is the part of a tissue or organ that has a connective and structural role . It consists of all the parts which do not conduct the specific functions of the organ , for example , connective tissue , blood vessels , nerves , ducts , etc. . The other part is the parenchyma , which is the cells that perform the function of the tissue or organ . There are multiple ways of classifying tissues : one way of classifying tissues is based on their functions and another is based on their cellular components . Stromal tissue falls into the class that functions in contributing to the body 's support and movement . The cells that stroma tissues are composed of serve as a matrix in which the other cells are embedded . Stroma is made of various types of stromal cells . Examples of stroma include : stroma of iris stroma of cornea stroma of ovary stroma of thyroid gland stroma of thymus stroma of bone marrow lymph node stromal cell", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82d69fa2c484bd9ce215a71f789671dd", "text": "Supravital staining Supravital staining is a method of staining used in microscopy to examine living cells that have been removed from an organism . It differs from intravital staining , which is done by injecting or otherwise introducing the stain into the body . Thus a supravital stain may have a greater toxicity , as only a few cells need to survive it a short while . The term `` vital stain '' is used by some authors to refer specifically to an intravital stain , and by others interchangeably with a supravital stain , the core concept being that the cell being examined is still alive . As the cells are alive and unfixed , outside the body , supravital stains are temporary in nature . The most common supravital stain is performed on reticulocytes using new methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue , which makes it possible to see the reticulofilamentous pattern of ribosomes characteristically precipitated in these live immature red blood cells by the supravital stains . By counting the number of such cells the rate of red blood cell formation can be determined , providing an insight into bone marrow activity and anemia . This is in contrast to vital staining , when the dye employed is one that is excluded from the living cells so that only dead cells are stained positively . ( Vital stains include dyes like trypan blue and propidium iodide , which are either too bulky or too charged to cross the cell membrane , or which are actively rapidly pumped out by live cells . ) Supravital staining can be combined with cell surface antibody staining ( immunofluorescence ) for applications such as FACS analysis . Immunofluorescence can also be done within the interior of live cells by reversible cell permeabilization using the detergent Triton X-100 . Adjusted carefully to the appropriate concentration for the number of cells , the pretreatment can permit access of molecules between 1 and 150 kilodaltons to the interior of the cell . Although antibodies may be used in a similar way in this context , the term `` supravital stain '' is typically reserved for smaller chemicals which possess suitable properties intrinsically .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7ec7ecebdcba811ab183f0e27e295eb", "text": "Genome instability Genome instability ( also `` genetic instability '' or `` genomic instability '' ) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage . These mutations can include changes in nucleic acid sequences , chromosomal rearrangements or aneuploidy . Genome instability does occur in bacteria . In multicellular organisms genome instability is central to carcinogenesis , and in humans it is also a factor in some neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy . The sources of genome instability have only recently begun to be elucidated . A high frequency of externally caused DNA damage can be one source of genome instability since DNA damages can cause inaccurate translesion synthesis past the damages or errors in repair , leading to mutation . Another source of genome instability may be epigenetic or mutational reductions in expression of DNA repair genes . Because endogenous ( metabolically-caused ) DNA damage is very frequent , occurring on average more than 60,000 times a day in the genomes of human cells , any reduced DNA repair is likely an important source of genome instability .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0de021731ac0f6c07ecfecb6b80d1ce9", "text": "Hematopoietic stem cell Hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis . They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow , which is contained in the core of most bones . HSCs give rise to both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages of blood cells cells . ( Myeloid cells include monocytes , macrophages , neutrophils , basophils , eosinophils , erythrocytes , dendritic cells , and megakaryocytes or platelets . Lymphoid cells include T cells , B cells , and natural killer cells . ) The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has evolved since HSCs were first discovered in 1961 . The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities and committed multipotent , oligopotent , and unipotent progenitors . HSCs constitute 1:10.000 of cells in myeloid tissue . HSC studies through much of the past half century have led to a much deeper understanding . More recent advances have resulted in the use of HSC transplants in the treatment of cancers and other immune system disorders .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "20a393f8bb44e001c22e098c5186fa63", "text": "Psycho-oncology Psycho-oncology is a field of interdisciplinary study and practice at the intersection of lifestyle , psychology and oncology . It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include lifestyle , psychological and social aspects of cancer . Sometimes it is also referred to as psychosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics . The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person 's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer and/or the remission of it . This is where the effects of : Chemobrain or post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment `` PCCI '' would be addressed . Radiation induced cognitive decline issues . Placebo effect and the nocebo effect will be studied . Self care issues are studied . Transition to survivorship phase of cancer journey ( See : Cancer survivor ) Psycho-oncology , as a subspeciality , addresses the two major psychological dimensions of cancer : the psychological responses of patients to cancer at all stages of the disease and that of their families and caretakers ( called oncopsychology ) ; and the psychological , behavioral and social factors that may influence the disease process ( called psychosocial-oncology ) . Psycho-oncology is an area of multi-disciplinary interest and has boundaries with the major specialities in oncology : the clinical disciplines ( surgery , medicine , pediatrics , radiotherapy ) , epidemiology , immunology , endocrinology , biology , pathology , bioethics , palliative care , rehabilitation medicine , clinical trials research and decision making , as well as psychiatry and psychology .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed3fa13abb90bb991f9e4a1347431771", "text": "Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology . By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy . Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy . Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7f5c01d3a3abe8524190f90a2a7fb334", "text": "Erythrocrine Erythrocrine describes red blood cell or erythrocyte for production and release of signaling molecules . The term `` erythrocrine `` was coined by Song et al. -LSB- 1 -RSB- in reference to erythrocyte , particularly the mature erythrocyte as a secretory cell , not just engaging in gaseous conveyance and exchange . The erythrocyte is differentiated for such function to predominately express hemoglobin and remove all the organelle including protein synthesis machinery . Our traditional review of erythrocyte function is solely for gaseous exchange . Nevertheless , several previously undetected physiologic functions of erythrocyte are largely neglected . The available literature data speak in favor of the unique behavior of erythrocrine . The seminal concept of erythrocrine may illuminate the unveiled exquisite molecular signaling of erythrocyte and expedite our understanding of the physiologic and pathophysiologic functions of erythrocyte .", "title": "" } ]	fever
737a3222e77b3e24ef35ec312f3979e1	Timothy Olyphant was born.	[ { "docid": "ec226e648f52569a7a7fd8c63161f0b7", "text": "Timothy Olyphant Timothy David Olyphant ( -LSB- ˈɔːlʌfɪnt -RSB- ; born May 20 , 1968 ) is an American actor and producer . He made his acting debut in Off-Broadway theater in 1995 in The Monogamist , winning the Theatre World Award for his performance , and then originated David Sedaris ' The Santaland Diaries in 1996 . Following this he branched out to film ; in the early years of his career , he was often cast in supporting villainous roles , most notably in Scream 2 ( 1997 ) , Go ( 1999 ) , A Man Apart ( 2003 ) and The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) . He came to the attention of a wider audience with his portrayal of Sheriff Seth Bullock in HBO 's western Deadwood ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . He then had starring roles in the romantic comedy Catch and Release ( 2006 ) , the action film Hitman ( 2007 ) , the thriller A Perfect Getaway ( 2009 ) and the horror film The Crazies ( 2010 ) . He was a villain in Live Free or Die Hard ( 2007 ) and was a recurring guest star in season two of the FX legal thriller Damages ( 2009 ) . The best-known performance of Olyphant 's career to date has been as Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens in FX 's modern-day Kentucky western Justified ( 2010 -- 2015 ) . He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 2011 . He later had guest appearances in numerous television sitcoms including The Office ( 2010 ) , The Mindy Project ( 2013 ) and The Grinder ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , for which he won a Critics Choice Award . Olyphant currently stars with Drew Barrymore in the Netflix comedy Santa Clarita Diet ( 2017 ) , and is also an executive producer on the show .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "be307320a88c0db6692c460f95ab90ea", "text": "Online transaction processing Online transaction processing ( OLTP ) is a class of information systems that facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications , typically for data entry and retrieval transaction processing on a database management system . The term is somewhat ambiguous ; some understand a `` transaction '' in the context of computer or database transactions , while others ( such as the Transaction Processing Performance Council ) define it in terms of business or commercial transactions . OLTP has also been used to refer to processing in which the system responds immediately to user requests . An automated teller machine ( ATM ) for a bank is an example of a commercial transaction processing application . Online transaction processing applications are high throughput and insert or update-intensive in database management . These applications are used concurrently by hundreds of users . The key goals of OLTP applications are availability , speed , concurrency and recoverability . Reduced paper trails and the faster , more accurate forecast for revenues and expenses are both examples of how OLTP makes things simpler for businesses . However , like many modern online information technology solutions , some systems require offline maintenance , which further affects the cost -- benefit analysis of on line transaction processing system . OLTP is typically contrasted to OLAP ( online analytical processing ) , which is generally characterized by much more complex queries , in a smaller volume , for the purpose of business intelligence or reporting rather than to process transactions . Whereas OLTP systems process all kinds of queries ( read , insert , update and delete ) , OLAP is generally optimized for read only and might not even support other kinds of queries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39318b3b6e70be4ef9504ccbb0cdeb82", "text": "Timothy Jenkins Timothy Jenkins ( January 29 , 1799 -- December 24 , 1859 ) was a U.S. Representative from New York .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2cd31ecd1e2365a241b8c742d67268f9", "text": "An American Translation The Bible , An American Translation ( AAT ) ( not to be confused with Beck 's American Translation done later ) consists of The Old Testament translated by a group of scholars under the editorship of John Merlin Powis Smith , the Apocrypha translated by Edgar J. Goodspeed , and The New Testament translated by Edgar J. Goodspeed . In a foreword to the 1949 edition , Goodspeed wrote , `` The rapid advance of learning in recent years in the fields of history , archaeology , and language has thrown new light upon every part of the Bible . At the same time our changing English speech has carried us farther and farther from the sixteenth-century diction in which all our standard versions of it are clothed . Yet the great messages of the Old and New Testaments were never more necessary than in our present confused and hurried life . We have , therefore , sought to produce a new translation of them , based upon the assured results of modern study , and put in the familiar language of today . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "825f132aadc258a51e9b31bcdca4a988", "text": "Ombudsman for the Defence Forces The Ombudsman for the Defence Forces Ireland ( ODF ) is an independent office tasked with investigating complaints made by current and former members of the Irish Defence Forces . The Ombudsman for the Defence Forces was established as an independent statutory body as a result of the Ombudsman ( Defence Forces ) Act 2004 . It is charged with dealing with complaints made by current and former members of the Defence Forces -- including the Army , Naval Service , Air Corps and Reserve Defence Forces . The ODF handles complaints concerning actions taken by serving or former military personnel of the Defence Forces ( of all ranks ) or civil servants ( Department of Defence ) where there is an adverse affect , in cases where existing internal grievance procedures have either been exhausted , the complainant believes have not resulted in a fair outcome or their complaint has not been appropriately dealt with internally within 28 days . To protect the confidentiality of the complainants and complaints and the integrity of the complaints procedure , The Freedom of Information Act ( FOI ) does not apply to the Ombudsman for the Defence Forces . Staff at the Office of the Ombudsman for the Defence Forces consists of one ; Investigation Officer ( Assistant Principal Officer ) Case Manager ( Higher Executive Officer ) Administrative Assistant ( Clerical Officer ) Mr Patrick Anthony `` Tony '' McCourt is the current Ombudsman , appointed by President Michael D. Higgins on the recommendation of Government on 7 November 2012 . The Ombudsman is selected through an open competition run by the Commission for Public Service Appointments .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6da3a651eb7833fbd7ce1e9db95e9ef6", "text": "Olliffe Olliffe ( -LSB- ˈɒlɪf -RSB- ; also spelt Oliff , Olliff and Oliffe ) is a rare English surname of Scandinavian origin derived from the Old Norse personal name Ōleifr meaning `` ancestral relic '' or `` heirloom '' . Olliffe is a version of Ōleifr that has not been gaelicised unlike the Irish and Scottish derivations such as McAuliffe and McAuley . In England , the majority of people with the surname are descended from the Buckinghamshire Olliffes , the earliest traceable ancestors of which lived in the village of Bierton , near Aylesbury , in the mid-16th century . The earlier origins of this family of Olliffes are unclear , however others in the country primarily descend from Ireland , particularly the Munster province . Certain Olliffe families immigrated from Ireland to the London area as a result of the Irish Potato Famine and others left the Ireland and Britain following colonisation settling notably in Canada and Australia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a2c7565cfcb0d7a8e55c9f1cd6533d5", "text": "Tim Taylor (producer) Professor Timothy ` Tim ' Taylor is a British television producer best known for his work as the originator and producer of Channel 4 's popular archaeology series Time Team . He is an Executive Producer for Time Team America . Taylor spent five years teaching , including two years VSO in Thailand , after completing a degree at the University of Birmingham and a PGCE at the University of Exeter . On leaving teaching he set up a company which specialised in producing educational programmes for schools . Today , Taylor is an independent writer and producer of archaeology programmes . He devised the format for Channel 4 's Time Team , which was developed from an earlier Channel 4 series Time Signs , first broadcast in 1991 . Produced by Taylor , it featured Mick Aston and Phil Harding , who both went on to appear on Time Team . He also produced the spin-off series History Hunters , Time Team Digs and Time Team Live . Taylor is a Visiting Industrial Professor for the Public Understanding of Archaeology at the University of Bristol , and has written a series of best selling books including The World Atlas of Archaeology in collaboration with Professor Mick Aston , The Ultimate Time Team Companion : An Alternative History of Britain , Behind the Scenes at Time Team , Digging the Dirt and Time Team : A Guide to the Archaeological Sites of Britain and Ireland . Taylor recently received a Visiting Professorship in ` Archaeology in the Media ' from the University of Exeter .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d016f32b88883325641b151862ad4673", "text": "Justified (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Justified premiered on January 8 , 2013 , on FX , and concluded on April 2 , 2013 , consisting of 13 episodes . The series was developed by Graham Yost based on Elmore Leonard 's novels Pronto and Riding the Rap and his short story `` Fire in the Hole '' . Its main character is Raylan Givens , a deputy U.S. Marshal . Timothy Olyphant portrays Givens , a tough federal lawman , enforcing his own brand of justice in his Kentucky hometown . The series is set in the city of Lexington , Kentucky , and the hill country of eastern Kentucky , specifically in and around Harlan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ec81115cbe8a12a071a4d08b757c5d28", "text": "British Seaman's Boys' Home The British Seaman 's Orphan Boys ' Home The `` Ophan '' has long since been omitted from the name . It was founded in Brixham on the Berry Head Road in 1863 by William Gibbs of Tyntesfield for the orphan sons of deceased British seamen . He died in 1875 and his widow conveyed the Home upon trust to the Bishop of Exeter , with the object of providing for the orphan sons of British seaman . It was closed in 1988 after 125 years . It was famous for its bugle and drum marching band which could be seen marching from the home to the All Saints Church most Sundays . Many hundreds of boys have passed through the Home and have been given a good start in life which they otherwise would have not had , most went on to join the Royal Navy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f344d706b715748fdba85ebfb46c6eea", "text": "Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier Oliphant , Anderson and Ferrier was a Scottish publishing company based in the national capital Edinburgh . It produced many hundreds of books mainly on religious and biographical themes , especially during its heyday from about 1880 to 1910 . It is probably best remembered for its memorable ` Famous Scots Series ' with their distinctive red and gilt covers . Forty-two of them were published from 1896 to 1905 and many have been reprinted recently by other publishers . The firm also published the works of Annie S. Swan , a very popular writer in her time . It existed in some form from 1807 to 1968 . It was incorporated as ` Oliphants Ltd ' in 1915 and taken over by the publishers , Marshall , Morgan & Scott in 1946 . Oliphants Ltd was voluntarily liquidated without debt in 1968 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f6fc10b50460f3cb5031e270a3e7341f", "text": "Milton Ottey Milton Bruce `` Milt '' Ottey ( born December 29 , 1959 in May Pen , Clarendon , Jamaica ) is a retired Canadian high jumper . Milt came to Canada at the age of 10 years . He attended and graduated from high school within the Toronto District School Board ( TDSB ) . He received a full athletic scholarship from the University of Texas El Paso , where he received his bachelor 's degree in education.After retiring from active competition Ottey spent several years coaching in various universities throughout the United States , including University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) , Kent State University and University of New Mexico before moving back to Toronto . The number one ranked high jumper in the world in 1982 and the twenty three times indoor and outdoor -LSB- National champions -RSB- in the men 's high jump event , Ottey is the owner and director OT Fitness Educational Services inc. . Ottey took over the reins of the UK kids core skills development program International Fun and Team Athletics ( IFTA ) in Canada . OT Fitness provide programs in schools that promote health and fitness to assist in the core skills development of children and teens . OT Fitness looks at the obstacles to a healthy lifestyle and helps kids jump over them , crawl under them , run around them and tackle them head on `` IT 'S ABOUT THE KIDS '' . Ottey resides in Scarbough with his wife and three children . He is a cousin of nine-time Olympic medallist Merlene Ottey .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2f6d66d5912816d008a576934ac8d37d", "text": "Hypolydian mode The Hypolydian mode , literally meaning `` below Lydian '' , is the common name for the sixth of the eight church modes of medieval music theory . The name is taken from Ptolemy of Alexandria 's term for one of his seven tonoi , or transposition keys . This mode is the plagal counterpart of the authentic fifth mode . In medieval theory the Hypolydian mode was described either as ( 1 ) the diatonic octave species from C to the C an octave higher , divided at the final F ( C -- D -- E -- F + F -- G -- A -- B -- C ) or ( 2 ) a mode with F as final and an ambitus from the C below the final to the D above it . The third above the final , A -- corresponding to the reciting tone or `` tenor '' of the sixth psalm tone -- was regarded as having an important melodic function in this mode . The sequence of intervals was therefore divided by the final into a lower tetrachord of tone-tone-semitone , and an upper pentachord of tone-tone-tone-semitone . However , from as early as the time of Hucbald the Hypolydian mode -- even more than the corresponding authentic mode , the Lydian -- was characterized by the predominance of B instead of B as the fourth degree above the final . The melodic centering on F and A , as well as the use of B instead of B , is illustrated in the accompanying example from the Requiem Mass introit , `` Requiem aeternam '' . Finer distinctions among the scale degree are sometimes made , with the D below the final called the `` mediant '' , the lowest note , C , the `` participant '' ( a tone functioning as an auxiliary to the mediant ) , the G , B , and B ♭ the `` conceded modulations '' ( subsidiary degrees ) , and the lowest C , the final , F , and ( rarely ) the D the `` absolute initials '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39e45668391ea511aa3af6b11e05f511", "text": "Timothy I (Nestorian patriarch) Timothy I , ( ܛܝܡܬܐܘܣ ܩܕܡܝܐ , c. 740-9 January 823 , traditional date of birth 727/728 ) patriarch of the Church of the East from 780 to 823 , is widely considered to be one of the most impressive patriarchs in the long history of the Church of the East as well as a Father of the Church . Respected both as an author , a church leader and a diplomat , Timothy was also an excellent administrator . During his reign he reformed the metropolitan administration of the Church of the East , granting greater independence to the metropolitans of the mission field ( the ` exterior ' provinces ) but excluding them from participation in patriarchal elections . These reforms laid the foundations for the later success of Church of the East missions in central Asia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8bb5d8714b3c0a05f90a595291b545bf", "text": "Frankie Sheahan Frankie Sheahan ( born August 27 , 1976 ) is a retired Irish rugby union player . During his career , Sheahan played for Munster from 1996 until 2009 and for Ireland from 2000 until 2007 . Sheahan played his whole career as a Hooker . He was released by Munster at the end of the 2008 -- 09 season after playing 151 games in thirteen seasons . He played his last game for Munster on the 15 May 2009 in 36-10 Celtic League win over the Ospreys at Thomond Park where the team also received the trophy as 2008 -- 09 Celtic League winners . Sheahan agreed to join French Top 14 club Brive for the 2009 -- 10 season , he was offered the choice of a two-year deal or a one-year contract with the option of a second season and has chosen the latter . `` I spent the weekend there taking in the Brive-Montauban match , there 's a load of ambition , '' Sheahan said . On May 15 he picked up an injury during the Celtic League win over the Ospreys and aggravated a chest problem . He had been struggling with the injury for the past four months and on 21 July 2009 , he announced his immediate retirement from the game after undergoing a scan . Following retirement , Frankie has become both an agent and is heavily involved in media work for both Sky Sports and RTE . He is the founder and managing director of Front Row Speakers - an international speakers bureau and talent management agency . He also founded the Pendulum Summit , an international business and self-empowerment summit which takes place annually in Dublin , Ireland . Pendulum Summit 2014 was Ireland 's first Business and Self-Empowerment Summit and saw 600 of the country 's top business leaders in attendance . Keynote speaker on the day was Commander Chris Hadfield , Canadian Astronaut . Keynote speaker for Pendulum Summit 2015 was Deepak Chopra , while Tony Robbins headlined the 2016 event which attracted over 3,500 distinguished International business leaders and influencers . The 2017 Pendulum Summit , which again takes place at the Convention Centre Dublin , is expanded to a two day ( Jan 11/12 ) event covering 5 masterclasses on important areas of professional development with Jack Canfield confirmed as the leading speaker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4018ebd746fb593961e300013401ea5e", "text": "Timothy Wright Timothy Wright ( June 17 , 1947 -- April 24 , 2009 ) , generally credited as Rev. Timothy Wright or Reverend Timothy Wright on recordings , was an American gospel singer and pastor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "73d2a9cc28755912f33583a01afeb06a", "text": "Timothy Lincoln Beckwith Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( born October 14 , 1968 ) is the son of Annemarie Hoffman and claimed by Hoffman to be the son of her husband Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith , which would make Beckwith the great-great grandson , and the only known living descendant , of Abraham Lincoln .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a25990f0a5b94c77b790fdedf281dd0", "text": "Foclut Focluth was the name of an ancient forest in Ireland . Saint Patrick refers to Focluth in the autobiographical portion of his Confession : ... I heard the voices of those Irish who live near the woods of Focluth near the Western Sea . They called out to me with a single voice : `` We beg you , holy boy , come here and walk among us ! '' Because Patrick was a native of Roman Britain who was taken to Ireland as a slave , most modern scholarship assumes that Focluth was the site of his captivity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "568a6fd00cd8dbfbc82f63085f3bc80a", "text": "Tim Boswell Timothy Eric Boswell , Baron Boswell of Aynho ( born 2 December 1942 ) is an English politician who was formerly the Conservative Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Daventry from 1987 until he retired at the 2010 general election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "401bc59b733bbee352664c78286ef337", "text": "Tim & Bob Tim & Bob ( Tim Kelley and Bob Robinson ) , also known as Funktwons , are Grammy Award-winning songwriting musicians and a Hip-hop/R & B production duo . Tim & Bob have discovered and or worked on some of the biggest artists in the music industry and has helped develop the Atlanta music scene as it is widely known for today . They have won three Grammy Awards amongst twelve nominations and have sold more than 300 million albums worldwide making them one of the most successful producer duos in music history . They are among the most consistent urban producers in the last 18 years , earning a spot on Billboard 's top ten list of producers almost every year since 1998 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "14936935ac01d1058e99d401feed386f", "text": "Tait's Edinburgh Magazine Tait 's Edinburgh Magazine was a monthly periodical founded in 1832 . It was an important venue for liberal political views , as well as contemporary cultural and literary developments , in early-to-mid-nineteenth century Britain . The magazine was founded by William Tait ( 1792 -- 1864 ) , the son of a builder and an inheritor of a large fortune . Tait was an `` independent radical '' in politics ; he strongly favored the Whig party . 1832 was a time of great political ferment , with the first Reform Bill the dominant subject of discourse . Tait 's periodical was intended as a `` Radical riposte '' to `` the politically revanchist but culturally avant-garde Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine . '' Tait 's welcomed many new and unknown writers like Robert Nicoll , as well as established voices like James Henry Leigh Hunt , and figures of future fame like Harriet Martineau and John Stuart Mill . From 1833 on , Tait 's Magazine was a regular venue for the essays of Thomas De Quincey . De Quincey 's series of biographical essays on the Lake Poets ( later collected as Recollections of the Lake Poets ) were featured in Tait 's between 1834 and 1840 . Tait published a range of other selections by De Quincey , including , somewhat surprisingly , `` A Tory 's Account of Toryism , Whiggism and Radicalism '' ( December 1835 , January 1836 ) . That article , however , was supplied with many sarcastic footnotes disagreeing with its points -- `` objecting foot-notes from the pen , presumably , of Tait himself . '' In 1834 Tait 's Magazine was combined with Johnstone 's Edinburgh Magazine , a liberal periodical started two years earlier by husband and wife John Johnstone and Christian Isobel Johnstone . She was an early feminist who wrote extensively for Tait 's in the following years , becoming the magazine 's `` chief contributor and director '' under William Tait himself . Christian Johnstone was `` the first woman to serve as paid editor of a major Victorian periodical , '' to which she brought `` fresh life and popularity . '' In the same year Alexander Bailey Richmond took the magazine 's London agents to court , for reviewing a work calling Richmond a government spy : the defence was successful . Christian Johnstone died in 1857 ; Tait 's Magazine ceased publication in 1861 .", "title": "" } ]	fever
5fd902e836d163ff16e61fc79de0bd43	The Hangover Part III includes Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha, and Ken Jeong, Jeffrey Tambor, Heather Graham, Mike Epps, Melissa McCarthy and John Goodman.	[ { "docid": "1bdf149db5915e4fb6aaa13e96b7d7b6", "text": "The Hangover Part III The Hangover Part III is a 2013 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the third and final installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Justin Bartha , and Ken Jeong . The supporting cast includes Jeffrey Tambor , Heather Graham , Mike Epps , Melissa McCarthy and John Goodman with Todd Phillips directing a screenplay written by himself and Craig Mazin . The film follows the `` Wolfpack '' ( Phil , Stu , Doug , and Alan ) as they try to get Alan the help he needs after facing a personal crisis . However , things go awry when an incident from the original film comes back to haunt them . The Hangover Part III was announced days before the release of The Hangover Part II and Mazin , who co-wrote Part II , was brought on board . In January 2012 , the principal actors re-signed to star . In March 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a U.S. Memorial Weekend release . The supporting roles were cast between June and September 2012 . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Nogales , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . The film was released on May 23 , 2013 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2c9c9f93b8635c8af42e45e32a519805", "text": "Episode 3 (Twin Peaks) `` Episode 3 '' , later also known as `` Rest in Pain '' , is the fourth episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks . The episode was written by Harley Peyton , and directed by Tina Rathborne . `` Episode 3 '' features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan , Michael Ontkean and Ray Wise , and introduces Sheryl Lee 's second role , Maddy Ferguson . Rathborne has highlighted the episode 's introduction of Jungian analytical psychology to the series . She also described MacLachlan 's character Dale Cooper as not only a wholesome , grounded anchor against which the series ' more bizarre elements could be contrasted ; but as the central component of the series ' coming-of-age `` Bildungsroman '' narrative . `` Episode 3 '' was first broadcast on April 26 , 1990 , and was viewed by approximately 18 percent of the available audience in its initial airing . The episode received positive reviews from critics , with its mix of comedy and tragedy seen as a highlight , and Miguel Ferrer 's character Albert Rosenfield singled out as a particularly successful example of this . The episode also drew praise from The New York Times for its compelling and unusual cast of characters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "24fde163931dad61927643e071c359b5", "text": "Jeff Garlin Jeffrey Todd `` Jeff '' Garlin ( born June 5 , 1962 ) is an American comedian , actor , producer , voice artist , director , writer , podcast host and author . He has acted in many television shows and some movies , is an expert in magic , and is known for his role as Jeff Greene on the HBO show Curb Your Enthusiasm , for which he was nominated for seven Emmys in his role as Executive Producer and two wins for Producing from the PGAs . He currently stars in the ABC sitcom The Goldbergs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "65b2944eef7c113704188b86a5788ced", "text": "John Michael Higgins John Michael Higgins ( born February 12 , 1963 ) is an American actor and voice actor whose film credits include Christopher Guest 's mockumentaries , the role of David Letterman in HBO 's The Late Shift , and a starring role in the American version of Kath & Kim . He portrayed Peter Lovett in the TV Land original sitcom Happily Divorced , and provided the voice of Iknik Blackstone Varrick in The Legend of Korra . He currently stars in the NBC sitcom Great News as Chuck Pierce .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81970e85417b18372281fc1ea96bac85", "text": "The Hangover: Part Tubbs `` The Hangover : Part Tubbs '' is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the animated comedy series The Cleveland Show . The episode was aired on Fox in the United States on March 17 , 2013 . This episode follows Donna , who decides to run for a place on the school board , and attempts to keep Cleveland away from her campaign in case he embarrasses her , but her plans soon backfire when Cleveland accidentally kills a new friend playing a game . Cleveland Jr. discovers that he is naturally gifted as a diver , but his ambition to succeed in the sport is threatened when he is too frightened to wear the school diving team 's uniform of tiny swimming trunks . The episode was written by Aaron Lee and directed by Ron Rubio . It was viewed by approximately 2.8 million viewers in its original airing . The episode features guest performances by Kasey Kahne , Tony Stewart , Dale Earnhardt Jr. and David Alan Grier , along with several recurring guest performers for the series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6c575b42440550129cf29873950e717", "text": "Drunk History (UK TV series) Drunk History is a British television comedy which began airing on Comedy Central on 12 January 2015 . It is based on the American TV series of the same name . In each episode , a comedian struggles to recount an event from British history after drinking many alcoholic drinks . The show is narrated by Jimmy Carr . The second series began broadcasting in February 2016 . A special edition featuring Holly Hagan and Gaz Beadle from the MTV show Geordie Shore was broadcast on MTV on 23 February 2016 . The third series will begin airing on 8 March 2017 at 10pm on Comedy Central UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a4690039271d66afe4bdacbb13afd71", "text": "Jeffrey Tambor Jeffrey Michael Tambor ( born July 8 , 1944 ) is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian widely known for his roles as Hank Kingsley on The Larry Sanders Show , George Bluth Sr. and Oscar Bluth on Arrested Development , and Maura Pfefferman on Transparent , for which he has received one Golden Globe , one Screen Actors Guild and two Emmy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7ebbf272ebbfb3673620d0b7867af760", "text": "Kevin Carroll (actor) Kevin Carroll is an American actor , best known for his role as John Murphy in the HBO television series The Leftovers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81d38a67e9e91e229785562fd8362810", "text": "Jon Hamm Jonathan Daniel Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , director , and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series , Mad Men ( 2007 -- 2015 ) . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . During 2000 , he made his feature movie debut in the space adventure movie Space Cowboys . The next year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy , Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) . He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began broadcast during July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama during 2008 and 2016 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series during 2015 . He directed two episodes of the show . During 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction movie The Day The Earth Stood Still . His first leading movie role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He also had supporting roles in the movies The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He provided his voice to the animated movie Shrek Forever After during 2010 , and during 2015 , he featured in the animated movie Minions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "90f27afba8397fe1f035ddb9ea46d394", "text": "The Hangover Part II The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy . Directed by Todd Phillips , who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong , the film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Ken Jeong , Jeffrey Tambor , Justin Bartha , and Paul Giamatti . It tells the story of Phil , Stu , Alan , and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu 's wedding . After the bachelor party in Las Vegas , Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe , subdued pre-wedding brunch . Things do not go as planned , resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night . Development began in April 2009 , two months before The Hangover was released . The principal actors were cast in March 2010 to reprise their roles from the first film . Production began in October 2010 , in Ontario , California , before moving on location in Thailand . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 and became the highest-grossing R-rated comedy during its theatrical run . A third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1445773c08da50707979a85167e4edf4", "text": "Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2010 The 4th Houston Film Critics Society Awards were presented on December 18 , 2010 . These awards for `` extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Houston Film Critics Society ( HFCS ) based in Houston , Texas . The organization , founded in 2007 , includes 22 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications in the greater Houston area . The awards are co-sponsored by the Houston Film Commission , Southwest Alternate Media Project , Women in Film and Television/Houston , WorldFest , and the Houston Cinema Arts Society . The nominations for the 2010 awards were announced on December 12 , 2010 . Eligible films do not need to have played or opened in a Houston film theater prior to the nomination deadline , merely made available to the HFCS membership at a screening or on DVD . Along with the 13 `` best of '' category awards , this year also saw the introduction of a new category for `` Worst Movies of the Year '' . The Social Network , True Grit , and 127 Hours each received six nominations , all including the Best Picture , Actor , Direction , and Original Score categories . The Social Network was the HFCS 's most awarded film of 2010 taking top honors in the Best Picture , Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Actor ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , and Best Screenplay ( Aaron Sorkin ) categories . Inception was the only other film to garner multiple awards , winning both the Best Original Score ( Hans Zimmer ) and Best Cinematography ( Wally Pfister ) prizes . The other acting awards went to Natalie Portman as Best Actress for Black Swan , Hailee Steinfeld as Best Supporting Actress for True Grit , and Christian Bale as Best Supporting Actor for The Fighter . The remaining film honors went to Toy Story 3 as Best Animated Film , Restrepo as Best Documentary , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo as Best Foreign Language Film . `` We Are Sex Bob-Omb '' by Beck from Scott Pilgrim vs. the World was named the Best Original Song . The HFCS 's first-ever award for `` Worst Picture '' was given to Jonah Hex starring Josh Brolin . In addition to the category awards , the HFCS presented their annual Lifetime Achievement Award to Sissy Spacek and its Humanitarian Award to George Clooney . Clooney was selected for `` selflessly using his celebrity for greater good '' . The HFCS award for Outstanding Achievement in Cinema awards were presented to Charles Dove , director of the Rice University Media Center , and Hector Luna , the founder and editor of C-47 Houston .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f959f141b192326374a134f254da9b90", "text": "Jeff Ross Jeffrey Ross Lifschultz ( born September 13 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Jeff Ross , is an American stand-up comedian , writer , and actor . His skill in doing high-profile celebrity roasts and his appearances in Comedy Central 's Roasts , have led him to be dubbed `` The Roastmaster General . '' He has appeared in various film , television , and cartoon projects . He has made appearances at events for U.S. soldiers and directed a documentary film covering his experiences touring U.S. bases in Iraq .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d4a8c1b39d79ac1e06e8550e471df6f5", "text": "Jim Thurman James `` Jim '' George Thurman ( March 15 , 1935 -- April 14 , 2007 ) , was an Emmy-winning American writer , actor , photographer , director , cartoonist , and producer . He is best known for the writings of TV gags for the likes of Bob Hope , Bob Newhart , Carol Burnett , Bill Cosby , and Dean Martin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "80700e82ff7beefe396eedf1ad2f2566", "text": "Jason Alexander Jay Scott Greenspan ( born September 23 , 1959 ) , known by his stage name Jason Alexander , is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and director . Alexander is best known for his prominent role as George Costanza in the television series Seinfeld . Other well-known roles include Phillip Stuckey in the film Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) and the title character in the animated series Duckman ( 1994 -- 1997 ) . Alexander has had an active career on stage , appearing in several Broadway musicals including Jerome Robbins ' Broadway in 1989 , for which he won the Tony Award as Best Leading Actor in a Musical . He appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Producers . He was the Artistic Director of `` Reprise ! Broadway 's Best in Los Angeles '' , where he has directed several musicals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "abe696227acc65dd13b5388468380216", "text": "John Henson John Morris Henson ( born July 11 , 1967 ) is an American comedian , talk show host , and actor . He was the co-host of ABC 's Wipeout with John Anderson , a prime-time game show that ran for 7 seasons .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "27629dddeb82fd5212c264a9ecd5be5e", "text": "The Bubble (30 Rock) `` The Bubble '' is the fifteenth episode of the third season of the American television series 30 Rock . It was written by series ' creator Tina Fey and directed by Tricia Brock . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on March 19 , 2009 . Jon Hamm and Bobb ' e J. Thompson guest star in this episode , and there are cameo appearances by Calvin Klein and Meredith Vieira . In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Fey ) discovers that her boyfriend Drew ( Hamm ) lives in a `` bubble '' because of his good looks , and has never experienced many of the unpleasant phenomena in life . At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) decides to leave the fictitious sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) because he no longer needs the money , and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) decides to cut her hair as a publicity stunt . `` The Bubble '' received generally positive reviews . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 7 million households during its original broadcast . For their performances in this episode , Hamm and Jack McBrayerthe latter playing Kenneth Parcellreceived Primetime Emmy Award nominations in the categories for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series , respectively .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c1469fc1a77224f5d52428f075210d5c", "text": "Chris Hogan Christopher `` Chris '' Hogan is an American stand-up comedian , actor , and comedian , most notable for his membership in the recurring cast of comedians on MADtv and for the character of Aubrey Pitman , one of Dick Solomon 's students , on 3rd Rock from the Sun .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c3d9583563df22eb4f109c24e504d46f", "text": "Lost Boys: The Thirst Lost Boys : The Thirst is a 2010 horror comedy film directed by Dario Piana and stars Corey Feldman , Casey B. Dolan , Tanit Phoenix and Jamison Newlander . The film is a sequel to Lost Boys : The Tribe ( 2008 ) and the third and final installment of The Lost Boys trilogy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5eed381a6c740dc75218643ee7ac4e94", "text": "Hangover Tonight `` Hangover Tonight '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Gary Allan . It was released to country radio on March 2 , 2015 as the lead single to Allan 's upcoming tenth studio album . The song was written by Allan , Chris Stapleton , Cary Barlowe and Jesse Frasure .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3123a1c34aba83e181a8f26abaedc362", "text": "Let's Stay Together (30 Rock) `` Let 's Stay Together '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 83rd overall episode of the series . It was directed by co-executive producer John Riggi and written by co-executive producer Jack Burditt . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on October 7 , 2010 . Guest stars in this episode include John Amos , Todd Buonopane , Reg E. Cathey , Queen Latifah and Rob Reiner . In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) must appear before Congress to discuss NBC 's merger with the fictitious company network KableTown ( a parody of Comcast ) . He hopes that he will charm celebrity members for the deal to go through , but one Congresswoman ( Latifah ) demands more diversity in the NBC programming lineup . As a result , Jack enlists Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) to come up with some new development ideas . Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , the head writer of the fictitious sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) is fed up with the criticism her writing staff gives her , and finally Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) helps Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) reapply in the competitive NBC page program . This episode of 30 Rock was generally , though not universally , well received among television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4.90 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2.1 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b66ce5821aab4218da3ef24e4d3c2a98", "text": "Greg Fitzsimmons Gregory Sebastian `` Greg '' Fitzsimmons ( born April 5 , 1966 ) is an American stand-up comedian , writer , producer and radio host . He is currently the host of The Greg Fitzsimmons Show on Howard 101 .", "title": "" } ]	fever
404968b4183256364269f932c0a6e721	Chinese people only can be associated with Spain through nationality.	[ { "docid": "2236ae9dd9455235eafbbdc50dd59a11", "text": "Chinese people Chinese people are the various individuals or groups of people associated with China , either through ancestry , ethnicity , nationality , citizenship , or other affiliation .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "cbdde3c8dafe2c0cd3b095ea6db5e5d7", "text": "China International Publishing Group The China International Publishing Group ( CIPG ) , also known as the China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration , is the largest foreign-language publishing organisation in China . Established in October 1949 , it has developed into a global media corporation , providing up-to-date information about China to readers worldwide through books , magazines and the Internet . CIPG owns seven subordinate publishing houses , i.e. Foreign Languages Press , New World Press , Morning Glory Publishers , Sinolingua , China Pictorial Publishing House , Dolphin Books and New Star Publishers . The organisation annually publishes over 3,000 titles of books and around 50 journals in more than 10 languages . Notable periodicals include Beijing Review , China Today , China Pictorial , People 's China and China Report . Its subsidiary , the China International Book Trading Corporation is in charge of the distribution . It also runs 20 overseas branches in countries and regions , including the United States , Britain , Germany , Japan , Belgium , Egypt , Mexico and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , with about 3,000 staff members including around 100 foreign workers . In addition to publishing , CIPG operates a number of websites , including china.org.cn and chinagate.com.cn , releasing news in nine languages , including Chinese ( both in simplified and traditional characters ) , English , French , German , Japanese , Spanish , Arabic , Russian , Korean and Esperanto . It is also responsible for the implementation and management of the national translation test and appraisal for the Chinese Ministry of Personnel . Prominent people who have worked in the CIPG include Nobel Literature Prize-winning novelist and playwright Gao Xingjian , Nobel Prize-nominated poet Bei Dao , actor and politician Ying Ruocheng , known for his role in Oscar-winning The Last Emperor , translators Yang Xianyi and Ye Junjian , author Xiao Qian , non-fiction novel writer Xu Chi , cartoonist Ding Cong , former Chinese Foreign Minister Qiao Guanhua and former UN Undersecretary of State ( 1972-1979 ) Tang Mingzhao . Several foreign employees have also gained notoriety , including the pseudonymous author `` Alex Hill , '' whose account of working as a foreign editor for the organization was widely read in 2015 . In his account , the author writes of feckless bureaucracy , political correctness , and a general feeling of malaise among the many foreigners working in the compound .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8d4f2a0e24752a1894e6f6fb7a930f21", "text": "Castilians Castilians ( Spanish : castellanos ) are certain inhabitants in regions of central Spain including at least the eastern part of Castile and León , the northern and eastern parts of Castile-La Mancha , and the Madrid community , who are the source of the Spanish language ( Castilian ) among other aspects of cultural identity . However , not all people in the regions of the medieval Kingdom of Castile think of themselves as Castilian . For this reason , the exact limits of what Castile is today are disputed . As an ethnicity , they are most commonly associated with the sparsely populated inner plateau of the Iberian peninsula , which is split in two by the Sistema Central mountain range and Northern or `` Old Castile '' from southern or `` New Castile '' , the latter being somewhat closer in terms of culture and dialect to southern regions of Spain such as Andalusia , Extremadura and Murcia . Through the Reconquista and other conquests in the Middle Ages , the Kingdom of Castile ( later Crown of Castile ) spread over a large part of the Iberian Peninsula , especially towards the southern Spanish regions . After this , since the 15th century , through the Spanish colonization of the Americas , the Castilians also spread over the New World , bringing with them not only their language , but also elements of their culture and traditions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d1825aab45e140c82f8949cd5627f48f", "text": "Hispanismo Hispanismo or Hispanicism is an ideology , school of thought and historiographic current centered on Spanish heritage . In Hispanic America it is similar but opposite to indigenismo . The view of hispanismo holds that `` countries '' should not deny their cultural roots because in doing so they are denying themselves . In the case of Hispanic America these cultural roots are Spanish and indigenous . An important detail is that in hispanismo the Spanish roots are implicitly more important than the indigenous roots . Hispanismo consist of Hispanic American countries building upon their `` own heritage '' which would be the same as Spanish heritage .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "058fd641f01982b2ea254c1eca16d032", "text": "Hui people The Hui people ( , Xiao'erjing : خُوِذُو Dungan : Хуэйзў , Xuejzw ) are a Chinese ethnic group which is composed predominantly of adherents of the Muslim faith and found throughout China , though they are concentrated mainly in the Northwestern provinces of the country and the Zhongyuan . According to a 2011 census , China is home to approximately 10.5 million Hui people , the majority of whom are Chinese-speaking practitioners of Islam , though some may practice other religions . Hui people are ethnically and linguistically similar to Han Chinese with the exception that most of them practice Islam , engendering distinctive cultural characteristics . For example , as Muslims , they follow Islamic dietary laws and reject the consumption of pork , the most common meat consumed in China , and have given rise to their variation of Chinese cuisine . Traditional Hui clothing differs from that of other Chinese groups as it incorporates elements primarily found in other Islamic cultures . However , since the rapid industrialization and modernization of China , younger generations have slowly been shifting towards Western dress code . The Hui people are one of 56 ethnic groups recognized by China . The government defines the Hui people to include all historically Muslim communities not included in China 's other ethnic groups . The Hui predominantly speak Chinese , while maintaining some Persian and Arabic phrases . In fact , the Hui ethnic group is unique among Chinese ethnic minorities in that it associates with non-Sinitic languages . The Hui people are more concentrated in Northwestern China ( Ningxia , Gansu , Qinghai , Xinjiang ) , but communities exist across the country , e.g. Beijing , Inner Mongolia , Hebei , Hainan , and Yunnan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ba2a2f719fb9281978702abc6a99a76b", "text": "Spanish New Zealanders Spanish New Zealanders refers to New Zealand citizens and residents of Spanish descent , or people who were born in Spain and emigrated to New Zealand . There are approximately 2,043 New Zealanders who are full or partial Spanish descent , most of whom reside within the major cities of Auckland and Wellington . Immigration to New Zealand from Spain was minimal during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the social disruption of the Carlist civil wars . Larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period , as well as unpopular wars . Many immigrants either moved back to Spain or to another country .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c8e9ff3bcd10a3762802e87a33bdd711", "text": "Isleño Isleño ( -LSB- izˈleɲo -RSB- , pl . isleños ) is the Spanish word meaning `` islander . '' The term was applied to the Canary Islanders to distinguish them from Spanish mainlanders known as `` peninsulars '' ( links = no ) . The Isleños are the inhabitants of the Canary Islands , and by extension the descendants of Canarian settlers and emigrants to present-day Louisiana , Texas , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Puerto Rico , and other parts of the Americas . In these places , the name , which formerly referred to a general category of people , now refers to the specific cultural identity of Canary Islanders or their descendants throughout Latin America and in Louisiana , where they are still called isleños . Another name for Canary Islander in English is `` Canarian . '' In Spanish , an alternative is canario or isleño canario . The term isleño is still used in Latin America , at least in those countries which had large Canarian populations , to distinguish a Canary Islander from a peninsular ( continental Spaniard ) . By the early 19th century there were more people of Canarian extraction in the Americas than in the Canary Islands themselves , and the number of descendants of those first immigrants is exponentially larger than the number who originally migrated . The Americas were the destination of most Canarian immigrants , from their discovery by Europeans in the 15th century until the 20th century , when substantial numbers went to the Spanish colonies of Ifni , Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea in Africa during the first half of the century . Beginning in the 1970s , they began to emigrate to other European countries , although emigration to the Americas did not end until the early 1980s . The cultures of Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , and Uruguay partially have all been influenced by Canarian culture , as have the dialects of Spanish spoken in all but Uruguay . Although almost all descendants of Canary Islanders who emigrated to the Americas from the 16th to the 20th century are incorporated socially and culturally within the larger populations , there remain a few communities that have preserved at least some their ancestors ' Canarian culture , as in Louisiana , San Antonio in Texas , Hatillo , Puerto Rico San Carlos de Tenerife ( now a neighborhood of Santo Domingo ) in the Dominican Republic and San Borondón in Peru .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0a64ec0c634d1b68b4b7931a12988097", "text": "Asian-Scots Asian-Scots or Scottish Asians is a term used for people of South Asian ancestry who were born and/or raised in Scotland . Their parents or grandparents are normally South Asia immigrants . Many of them are academics , doctors , business owners and/or engineers . In British usage , the term does not include East Asians , who are known by their respective national origins ( e.g. Chinese , Japanese , Malaysians and others ) or under the umbrella term `` Oriental '' . It also does not include western Asians , such as Turks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a5e60e6924d0300f1117d82cd9f7d46", "text": "Manchu people The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name . They are sometimes called `` red-tasseled Manchus '' , a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats . The Later Jin ( 1616-1636 ) , and Qing dynasty ( 1636 -- 1912 ) are established by Manchus , who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in China . Manchus form the largest branch of the Tungusic peoples and are distributed throughout China , forming the fourth largest ethnic group in the country . They can be found in 31 Chinese provincial regions . They also form the largest minority group in China without an autonomous region . Among them , Liaoning has the largest population and Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Inner Mongolia and Beijing have over 100,000 Manchu residents . About half of the population live in Liaoning and one-fifth in Hebei . There are a number of Manchu autonomous counties in China , such as Xinbin , Xiuyan , Qinglong , Fengning , Yitong , Qingyuan , Weichang , Kuancheng , Benxi , Kuandian , Huanren , Fengcheng , Beizhen and over 300 Manchu towns and townships .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8af7a1d041b65aae6cb47291d5d8b2a7", "text": "Culture of Chile The culture of Chile reflects the relatively homogeneous population as well as the geographic isolation of the country in relation to the rest of South America . Since colonial times , the Chilean culture has been a mix of Spanish colonial elements with indigenous ( mostly Mapuche ) culture . The Huasos of Central Chile and their folk music and dance are central to Chilean folk culture . Even though the folk traditions the Central Chile are central to Chilean cultural and national identity , Chile is both geographically and culturally diverse with both the North and the South having their own folk music and dance due to different indigenous peoples and immigrant groups settling there . Additionally , while some regions of Chile have very strong indigenous heritage , such as Araucanía Region , Easter Island , and Arica y Parinacota Region , some regions lacks considerable indigenous communities and a few other regions have noteworthy non-Spanish European immigrant heritage .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "559c924bd68875cac6844d8fd6ba0b3a", "text": "Taiwanization Taiwanization , also known as the Taiwanese localization movement , is a conceptual term used in Taiwan to emphasize the importance of a ( separate ) Taiwanese culture , society , economy , nationality , and identity rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China . This involves the teaching of the history of Taiwan , geography , and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective , as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan , including Taiwanese Hokkien ( Taiwanese ) , Hakka , and aboriginal languages . Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement and related to the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign , some of Taiwanization 's aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese Unification on Taiwan . The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of language or dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs . Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan . The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China . Some Taiwanese-owned companies or organizations established in earlier times have names containing the words `` China '' or `` Chinese '' . They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word `` China '' in their names to `` Taiwan '' as an act of Taiwanization . This campaign for changing the names is known as the `` Name Rectification Campaign '' or `` Taiwan Name Rectification '' . Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as `` Taiwan '' - based for clarity 's sake . This keeps international customers from confusing them with an enterprise based in the People 's Republic of China . Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a `` Taiwanese '' name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bebd834df22998ee423a10d28148ad17", "text": "Spanish language Spanish ( castellano ) -- is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain , with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world . It is usually considered the world 's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese . It is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks ( ¿ and ¡ , respectively ) . Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages , which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century . The oldest Latin texts which show traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in the 9th century , and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , then capital of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century . Beginning in the early 16th century , Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire , most notably to the Americas , as well as territories in Africa , Oceania and the Philippines . Around 75 % of modern Spanish is derived from Latin . Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary , especially through Latin , on which it had a great impact . Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic , having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula . With around 8 % of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin , this language is the second most important influence after Latin . It has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages . It also adopted words from non-Iberian languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin . It has absorbed vocabulary from other languages , particularly the Romance languages French , Italian , Occitan , and Sardinian , as well as from Nahuatl , Quechua , and other indigenous languages of the Americas . Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations . It is also used as an official language by the European Union , the Organization of American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and by many other international organizations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d3bebbac09b249d6796518766139ae6", "text": "Luu Lưu or Luu is a Vietnamese surname . It is also the Vietnamese transliteration of the Chinese surname Liu . during the Ancient , The Yao people use surname Liu , H'mong - Mien Lìu , they emigrate from Guangdong , Guangxi , to Vietnam . during the Yuan dynasty , the Mongols used the surname Liu in Vietnam . In according to folk-story `` Hùng Vương Ngọc Phả '' ( Family tree of Hung King ) one of 50 son of Kinh Dương Vương there was Lưu Lang , who joined with Mother Âu Cơ and settled to northern mountain area of Van Lang . Luu Lang is considered as Ancestor of all Vietnamese/Kinh people possessed surname Luu . And other folktale : `` Sự tích trầu cau '' - Legend of areca nuts and betel leaves , its mentioned about a Landlord with surname Luu . The offering of areca nuts and betel leaves to the ancestors is a Vietnamese wedding ritual . It 's also ancient legendary story only . Lưu is a Vietnamese surname . Some ( though not all ) Lưu are of Han Chinese descent . Between changes in Chinese dynasties and regimes , there were several major Luu/Liu families who immigrated to Vietnam . An example would be the Shu Han 蜀漢 dynasty where Emperor Liu ( Luu ) Bei 's 劉備descendants left their capital Chengdu in Sichuan . After losing the Cao Wei 曹魏dynasty in the Three Kingdoms 三國 era , many royalties and peasants alike headed south and eventually escaped to Vietnam . Another major immigration period is in 1949 when the communist took over China and many loyal nationalist of the Republic of China left to Vietnam . Prior to French occupation , Vietnamese writing was in Chinese characters and Luu was written as 劉 . After French occupation , alphabets were introduced and Liu surnames were spelled as Luu . In 1919 , the French government abandoned the use of Chinese characters and forced the Vietnamese to use strictly French 's alphabet spelling system . Many descendants of Luu who speak Chinese would spell Luu in English and write 劉 as their Chinese surname . After the Vietnam War in 1975 , many left the country and resettled all over the world . The majority resides in France and the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5fb15f6a286f3db86917c6bf5d7ab2a", "text": "Spanish Canadians Spanish Canadians , in Spanish as Canadienses-Españoles , and in French as Canadiens Espagnols . are Canadians of full or partial Spanish heritage or people who hold a European Union citizenship from Spain as well as one from Canada . The laws in Spain ( see Spanish nationality law ) limit who may be granted Spanish citizenship from Latin America to parents and grandparents who once held spanish citizenship . More recently the legal system in Spain has granted citizenship to Cubans who can prove that their grandparents immigrated to Cuba during the Spanish Civil War ( see Law of Historical Memory ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a71cfa7200edb0ac56640da4496cf34e", "text": "China national football team The Chinese national football team , recognized as China PR by FIFA , is the national association football team of the People 's Republic of China and is governed by the Chinese Football Association . The team is colloquially referred to as `` Team China '' , the `` National Team '' or `` Guózú '' ( , short for ) . The team was founded in 1924 by the Republic of China and joined FIFA in 1931 . Following the Chinese Civil War , the Chinese Football Association was reformed by the newly founded People 's Republic of China . They remained affiliated with FIFA until 1958 , when they withdrew , but they rejoined the organisation in 1979 . China has won the EAFF East Asian Cup twice in 2005 and 2010 and have been runners-up at the AFC Asian Cup twice in 1984 and 2004 . Although China failed to score a goal in their FIFA World Cup debut appearance during the 2002 FIFA World Cup , losing all their matches , qualifying for the tournament has been considered the greatest accomplishment in the country 's football history . Although modern football lacks a distinguished history in China , there were an estimated 250 million viewers for the 2004 AFC Asian Cup Final , which China lost 3 -- 1 to arch-rivals Japan , the largest single-event sports audience in the country 's history at that time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc2f6880d5e90a5ea7e2d8100c843a2f", "text": "List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations The following is a list of adjectival forms of countries and nations in English and their demonymic equivalents . A country adjective describes something as being from that country , for example , `` Italian cuisine '' is `` cuisine of Italy '' . A country demonym denotes the people or the inhabitants of or from there , for example , `` Germans '' are people of or from Germany . Note : Demonyms are given in plural forms . Singular forms simply remove the final 's ' or , in the case of - ese endings , are the same as the plural forms . The ending - men has feminine equivalent - women ( e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman ) . The French terminations - ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine ; adding ` e ' ( - oise / aise ) makes them singular feminine ; ` es ' ( - oises / aises ) makes them plural feminine . The Spanish and Portuguese terminations '' - o '' usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the '' - o '' and adding '' - a '' . The plural forms are usually '' - os '' and '' - as '' respectively . Adjectives ending in - ish can be used as collective demonyms ( e.g. the English , the Cornish ) . So can those ending in - ch / - tch ( e.g. the French , the Dutch ) provided they are pronounced with a ` ch ' sound ( e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify ) . Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things , sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words . ( Sometimes , the use of one or more additional words is optional . ) Notable examples are cuisines , cheeses , cat breeds , dog breeds , and horse breeds . ( See List of words derived from toponyms . ) Note - in cases where two or more adjectival forms are given , there is often a subtle difference in usage between the two . This is particularly the case with Central Asian countries where one form tends to relate to the nation and the other often relates to the predominant ethnic group ( e.g. , Uzbek is primarily an ethnicity , Uzbekistani relates to citizens of Uzbekistan ) . In addition , several countries have a large number of sub-names for their citizens in the form of nicknames for people of certain different areas ; these are usually related to something typical of the area . In Puerto Rico for example , people who come from the town of Bayamon are referred to as `` Cowboy ( s ) '' or `` Cowgirl ( s ) '' ; those from Caguas are referred to as `` Criollo ( s ) '' or `` Criolla ( s ) '' . Except in cases such as Spain , in which sub-names have been used interchangeably by others , sub-names belonging to some areas in a country are not listed here .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e1a99733146663c29aaa22a24b05fb85", "text": "Quechua people The Quechua people are the indigenous peoples of South America who speak any of the Quechua languages . Most Quechua speakers live in Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia , Argentina , Chile and Colombia . The most common Quechua dialect is Southern Quechua . The Kichwa people of Ecuador speak the Kichwa dialect ; in Colombia , the Inga people speak Inga Kichwa . The Quechua word for a Quechua speaker is runa or nuna ( `` person '' ) ; the plural is runakuna or nunakuna ( `` people '' ) . Some historical Quechua peoples are : The Chanka people , who lived in the Huancavelica , Ayacucho , and Apurímac regions of Peru . The Huanca people of the Junín Region of Peru , who spoke Quechua before the Incas did . The Inca , who established the largest empire of the pre-Columbian era . The Cañari of Ecuador , who adopted the Quechua language from the Inca . The Chincha , an extinct merchant kingdom of the Ica Region of Peru .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df92e035e0f203b9ce577329e4cf5adc", "text": "China–France relations China -- France relations , also known as Sino-French relations or Franco-Chinese relations , refers to the interstate relations between China and France ( Kingdom or later ) . Note that the meaning of both `` China '' and `` France '' as entities has changed throughout history ; this article will discuss what was commonly considered ` France ' and ` China ' at the time of the relationships in question . There have been many political , cultural and economic relationships between the two countries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aaafb90072e35ad51e79de33c6482fc0", "text": "Hispanic (disambiguation) Hispanic means `` of or from Spain '' . The term is commonly used to refer to the people and languages of what is now Spain from the historic period during the Roman Empire . It may especially refer to : Derived from the name of the Roman province of Hispania ( Modern day Spain , Portugal , Andorra and Gibraltar in the Iberian Peninsula ) . Related to , or derived from , the Spanish people or the culture of Spain , Hispanidad or other Hispanophone countries . Related to , or derived from , the countries and culture of the people of Hispanic America . Related to , or derived from , Hispanic Americans living in the United States and their culture . Relating to the Spanish and Mexican period of colonial rule in the Philippines . Relating to the Spanish and Mexican derived influences on the Culture of the Philippines , but not in relation to said Filipino culture or the Filipino people , nor to that which derives from these .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "87d082d6313b217c677d777a60fae0bc", "text": "Spanish naming customs Spanish naming customs are historical traditions for naming children practised in Spain . According to these customs , a person 's name consists of a given name ( simple or composite ) followed by two family names ( surnames ) . The first surname is usually the father 's first surname , and the second the mother 's first surname . In recent years , the order of the surnames can be reversed at birth if it is so decided by the parents . Often , the practice is to use one given name and the first surname only , with the full name being used in legal , formal , and documentary matters , or for disambiguation when the first surname is very common ( e.g. Federico García Lorca ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7386341db5bcc85ece3d97a3ee9b3a63", "text": "Singaporean Chinese privilege Singaporean Chinese privilege ( or simply Chinese privilege within Singaporean contexts ) is a term used to describe the societal privileges that Chinese Singaporeans enjoy as compared to non-Chinese Singaporeans by virtue of their race . Similar to how white privilege operates in white-dominated societies , Chinese privilege can manifest as various benefits and advantages that may often go unnoticed by Chinese Singaporeans , such as the prevalence of Mandarin Chinese in the public sphere , access to better educational , political and employment opportunities , and widespread media representation of Chinese people .", "title": "" } ]	fever
86e41a471c886983e00d453bd67a3745	Escape from Planet Earth is an American film.	[ { "docid": "e4121cdb167acacd806b555415a7efd1", "text": "Escape from Planet Earth Escape from Planet Earth is a 2013 Canadian-American 3D computer animated science fiction-comedy film produced by Rainmaker Entertainment and distributed by The Weinstein Company in the United States and Alliance Films in Canada , directed by Cal Brunker which he co-wrote with Bob Barlen , and starring the voices of Rob Corddry , Brendan Fraser , Sarah Jessica Parker , William Shatner , Jessica Alba , Craig Robinson , George Lopez , Jane Lynch and Sofía Vergara . The film was released on February 15 , 2013 . This was the first Rainmaker Entertainment film released in theaters . It was also Jessica Alba 's voice debut in an animated feature . The film earned $ 74.6 million on a $ 40 million budget .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "7b06dc438fe330418ef5af037496b451", "text": "Disasterpiece Theatre Disasterpiece Theatre was a comedy television program that aired in the early 1980s on XETV , a station in Tijuana , Mexico owned by Mexican media company Grupo Televisa which broadcasts in English across the border to neighboring San Diego , California . The show 's title is both a play on the long-running PBS anthology program Masterpiece Theatre and a reference to the low-budget , campy science fiction and horror films that were lampooned each week . At the time of Disasterpiece Theatre '' 's run , XETV was an independent station ; today it serves as the San Diego affiliate of The CW network . The premise of the show was simple : show the worst movies ever made and make fun of them . Among the films shown were Shriek of the Mutilated , Monster on Campus , The Thing That Could n't Die , The Mummy 's Hand , Born to Speed , Big Boy Rides Again , First Spaceship on Venus and Curse of the Undead . Comments would be written as subtitles during the movie ; for example , in Track of the Moonbeast a character says , `` I 'm somewhat of an ... ( laughs ) an adventurer , '' and the word `` IDIOT '' appeared on screen during the pause in the middle of the sentence . Sometimes music would be added and , in some cases , redubbing by the writers would occur . On a showing of First Spaceship on Venus , the soundtrack was replaced by the writers ' voices arguing about which television show they are going to watch , similar to the overdubbing idea in What 's Up , Tiger Lily?Jay Curtis hosted the show as Sal U. Lloyd , a play on the word celluloid . Bruce Mueller played `` The Other Guy '' and would often dress up as The Mummy , A Lion Tamer , and the Network Producer . Curtis and Mueller wrote and produced the show . Fred Stern was a constant contributor and served as the show 's musical director . Stern chose popular music that was added to scenes for comic punctuation . As an example , during the film Beginning of the End , giant grasshoppers are attacking Chicago , scientists decide to use the grasshopper mating call to lure the creatures into Lake Michigan but instead of the mating call coming from a boat loudspeaker , the audience hears At the Hop by Danny and the Juniors and the monsters hop in and drown . San Diego radio announcer Gary Cocker appeared on the show many times . Guests included Whoopi Goldberg , Richard Simmons , and J. Michael Straczynski . The show was done so cheaply , the producers would tape over the same reels , thus erasing the previous episode . In the show , Curtis and Mueller 's microphone cords are easily visible , but it is the poor production quality that makes the show more humorous . Sal U. Lloyd was portrayed as a big loser who hates his job . In one episode , he explains his position : `` I 'm sick of television ... I wan na be a rock and roll star . I wan na make some money . '' He is often seen receiving some kind of brain damage after showing a movie . Several times , Lloyd has a run-in with the network producer , George Mucas ( obviously a parody of George Lucas ) , who hates the show . In reality , Curtis had a strong rivalry with the actual network producer of XETV , who eventually cancelled the show . The show became quite successful , generating a loyal following and beating Saturday Night Live in the ratings several times . However , the show was eventually cancelled due to creative control with the station . Although the show is not widely acclaimed , it is mentionable for inspiring a generation of cult television shows that used the same premise , such as Mystery Science Theater 3000 . In 1991 , the Beetlejuice episode `` Moby Richard '' had Lydia staging a television dramatization of `` Moby Dick '' for the Neitherworld program `` Disasterpiece Theatre . '' In 1993 , Animaniacs had an episode of the same title . In 2009 , the creators of Disasterpiece Theatre '' created a YouTube Page posting archival footage of the show .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cbd7d3bbcb245f28a7d82f9b4a8c0de4", "text": "Heidelberg Appeal The Heidelberg Appeal , authored by Michel Salomon and signed by a large number of scientists , is a statement decrying `` an irrational ideology which is opposed to scientific and industrial progress , and impedes economic and social development . '' Issued to coincide with the opening of the United Nations-sponsored Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 , the Appeal stated that its signers : `` share the objectives of the ` Earth Summit ' '' but advised `` the authorities in charge of our planet 's destiny against decisions which are supported by pseudo-scientific arguments or false and non-relevant data . ... The greatest evils which stalk our Earth are ignorance and oppression , and not Science , Technology and Industry . '' It was carefully worded to be directed generally at underfunded and poorly conducted science , rather than specifically at climate change . This allowed it to be promoted and exploited by a number of different industries by using this in the context of their own pollution defenses . In fact , the Appeal was created and promoted by a group of industry associations with polluting problems ( including chemical , energy , and mining concerns ) : the tobacco industry was involved , but in this case it was not the primary driving force . At that time the tobacco industry was focussed on trying to change the scientific standards for Good Epidemiology Practice ( GEP ) A version of the Heidelberg Appeal was published in the June 1 , 1992 , Wall Street Journal over the signatures of 46 prominent scientists and other intellectuals . It has subsequently been endorsed by some 4,000 scientists , including 72 Nobel Prize winners . The Appeal was for an anthropocentric assessment of the world 's resources and a utilitarian as opposed to abolitionist approach to hazardous substances used or created by technology . It targeted as irrational , by implication , if not explicitly , both a vision of a `` Natural State '' with intrinsic rights to impede the activities of man , and hysterical fears of environmental poisons , disproportionate to the threat and dismissive of their associated benefits . The Heidelberg Appeal has been enthusiastically embraced by critics of the environmental movement such as S. Fred Singer of the Science and Environmental Policy Project . Conservative think tanks frequently cite the Heidelberg Appeal as proof that scientists reject the theory of global warming as well as a host of other environmental health risks associated with modern science and industry . Its name has subsequently been adopted by the Heidelberg Appeal Nederland Foundation , which was founded in 1993 and disputes health risks related to nitrates in foods and antibiotic-resistant bacteria . The Heidelberg Appeal was promoted in 1993 by the International Center for a Scientific Ecology , a group set up by Michael Salomon `` that was considered important in Philip Morris ' plans to create a group in Europe similar to The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition ( TASSC ) '' . Parts of the Heidelberg Appeal endorse environmental concerns , such as a sentence that states , `` We fully subscribe to the objectives of a scientific ecology for a universe whose resources must be taken stock of , monitored and preserved . '' Its 72 Nobel laureates include 49 who also signed the `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity '' , which was circulated that same year by the Union of Concerned Scientists ( UCS ) and attracted the majority of the world 's living Nobel laureates in science along with some 1,700 other leading scientists . In contrast with the vagueness of the Heidelberg Appeal , the `` World Scientists ' Warning '' is a very explicit environmental manifesto , stating that `` human beings and the natural world are on a collision course '' and citing ozone depletion , global climate change , air pollution , groundwater depletion , deforestation , overfishing , and species extinction among the trends that threaten to `` so alter the living world that it will be unable to sustain life in the manner that we know . '' Moreover the Heidelberg Appeal has been , if not specifically misrepresented , at least broadly interpreted out of context , for example , by The National Center for Public Policy which asserts `` The appeal warns industrialized nations that no compelling scientific consensus exists to justify mandatory greenhouse gas emissions cuts . '' Although the Heidelberg Appeal may be open to such an interpretation , it is not what the document said , as the text below shows . 1994 Jun 16 Matt Winokur then sends to a list of PM organisers a note saying : APCo ( the old spelling of APCO Worldwide ) is completing its evaluation of a Symposium for Europe in the fall . They have forwarded the draft Guiding Scientific Principles ( or GEP ) which would constitute the outcome of such a meeting . They are on the right track but the language is too vague . ( Tom ) Borelli and ( Richard ) Carchman will review and tighten . Obviously , any output from the symposium must be supportive of GEP . So the bottom line for both the GEP resolution and GEP Symposium must be in synch . Burson ( Marsteller ) has begun its feasibility review based on a more explicit understanding that GEP is what we are interested in promoting . I gather from Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- that there may have been a misunderstanding as to whether or not Burson was to have proceeded with the review prior to the presentation of a `` joint '' proposal -LSB- APCO and B-M -RSB- . I was aware that Burson began and take responsibility for allowing them to proceed . If you do n't want to pay for it then I will . But the intelligence obtained from their interviews with potential coalition sponsors as well as information about analogous efforts by existing groups , e.g. , Heidelberg , will be critical to the development of a comprehensive Burson/APCo proposal . -LSB- Note : after a territory battle , Philip Morris had suggested that rivals APCO and B-M present this as a joint proposal -RSB- The Burson research is necessary now in order to tell us whether it is possible or efficient to try to develop an enduring -LSB- ` Sound Science ' -RSB- coalition following on from the symposium . Possible , in that there may prove to be an insufficient amount of interest in the corporate sector for such a movement . Efficient , in that there may already exist analogous groups which we could use without going to the effort of starting one from scratch . And we need to be careful not to step on unseen toes . For example , Bruce Ames is part of TASSC and Heidelberg . Do we need/want him on a third group in Europe ? Thus the benefit in having Burson complete the study now , is that what they learn will be factored into both the content of the symposium AND inform us as to what options are available after the symposium concludes . If we only want a one off event , that 's our decision . But I would think we 'd at least want a mechanism to be able to tap the participants to later on endorse the GEP resolution in the appropriate EU institutions . The Burson research will also turn up corporate interest in GEP in general which may help us identify allies regardless of whether we do either a symposium or create a coalition . The presentation therefore at the next TF mtg. will be a single proposal for PM prepared jointly by Burson and APCo . And I 've asked Margery -LSB- Krause of APCO -RSB- and Jim -LSB- Lindheim of B-M -RSB- to come themselves , as well as any other support staff they may wish to have accompany them .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1f734b74808e1de2bb0fe080506f23a", "text": "The Planet (film) The Planet is a Swedish documentary film on environmental issues , released in 2006 . The film was made by Michael Stenberg , Johan Söderberg and Linus Torell for the big screen and was shot in English to reach an international audience . It includes interviews with 29 environmental scientists and experts including Stephen Peake , Herman Daly , Lester Brown , Gretchen Daily , Mathis Wackernagel , Norman Myers , Jill Jäger , George Monbiot , Robert Costanza , Will Steffen , and Jared Diamond . At 8pm GMT on 21 March 2007 , as part of the OXDOX : MK documentary film festival , it became the first ever simultaneous round the world screening of a film . After the screening , a panel of leading environmental experts answered questions from around the world from the Berrill Lecture Theatre at The Open University , England .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "62eeab70dbf5974f29f9e6b603f020f5", "text": "Planet of the Apes (disambiguation) Planet of the Apes is a film and media franchise involving a world where humans and intelligent apes clash for control . Planet of the Apes may also refer to :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0572fcfe575b41d8bb6578135c3ed2d", "text": "Earth in Planet 51 In the 2010 Spanish-British-American movie Planet 51 , an American astronaut lands on an Earth-like planet , but the planet is populated by green human-like extrateterrestrials , who live in an era similar to the American 1950s and are very afraid of terrestrial-like `` aliens '' from their popular culture . This is a list of Earth-related things in the movie .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d02fef17c99d03860d3b269d760027f", "text": "Escape to the Country Escape to the Country is a British daytime television real estate-buying programme which premieres on network BBC One and is repeated on BBC Two , and airs internationally in syndication .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c1670c590acc755b2539a1416b8a2906", "text": "Escape from Fort Bravo Escape from Fort Bravo is a 1953 Anscocolor western film set during the American Civil War . It stars William Holden , Eleanor Parker , and John Forsythe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ca401e11f46f249e9c751bcd964bbbb", "text": "Escape to the Sun Escape to the Sun is a 1972 drama film written and directed by Menahem Golan and starring Laurence Harvey , Josephine Chaplin , John Ireland , Lila Kedrova and Jack Hawkins . The film was a co-production between Israel , France and West Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed4e332136f74d5653132ca1ae9cd16c", "text": "The Last Man on Earth ( The ) Last Man on Earth may refer to : The Last Man on Earth ( 1924 film ) , a silent comedy film The Last Man on Earth ( 1964 film ) , an Italian science fiction starring Vincent Price The Last Man on Earth ( 2011 film ) , an Italian science fiction film by Gipi The Last Man on Earth ( TV series ) , a 2015 American television series Last Man on Earth ( 1982 book ) , science fiction anthology edited by Isaac Asimov Last Man on Earth ( album ) , a 2001 album by Loudon Wainwright III", "title": "" }, { "docid": "31948f76ba17cc40cbfc2facdfe8fb16", "text": "Alien from L.A. Alien From L.A. is a 1988 science fiction film that stars Kathy Ireland as a young woman who visits the underground civilization of Atlantis . The film was featured on Mystery Science Theater 3000 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "139624e58a09dcb5f8ea7b4e80fa282a", "text": "Tarzan Escapes Tarzan Escapes is a 1936 Tarzan film based on the character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs . It was the third in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Tarzan series to feature Johnny Weissmuller as the `` King of the Apes '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d7d1ac0bc7856e910ea3199dd66fdb45", "text": "The Living Planet The Living Planet : A Portrait of the Earth is a BBC nature documentary series written and presented by David Attenborough , first transmitted in the UK from 19 January 1984 . The sequel to his pioneering Life on Earth , it is a study of the ways in which living organisms , including humans , adapt to their surroundings . Each of the twelve 55-minute episodes ( one fewer than his previous series ) featured a different environment . The executive producer was Richard Brock and the music was composed by Elizabeth Parker of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop . Part of David Attenborough 's ` Life ' series , it was followed by The Trials of Life ( 1990 ) . However , before the latter , Attenborough wrote and presented two shorter series : The First Eden ( 1987 ) , about man 's relationship with the natural habitats of the Mediterranean , and Lost Worlds , Vanished Lives ( 1989 ) , concerning the discovery of fossils .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b95eb89b588abcf0897b208b90b37ce5", "text": "Apogee Books Apogee Books is an imprint of Canadian publishing house Collector 's Guide Publishing . The Apogee imprint began with `` Apollo 8 The NASA Mission Reports '' in November 1998 at the request of astronaut Buzz Aldrin , second man on the moon . The first publication by Apogee was printed to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first manned flight around the moon . A limited edition print run of this Apollo 8 book led to Aldrin suggesting that the imprint continue with further anniversary publications . In March 1999 Apogee published the book Apollo 9 - The NASA Mission Reports . Since that time Apogee has been the winner of the Space Frontier Foundation 's media award and has published almost 100 books on space flight . Almost all of the Apogee titles were packaged with CDROMs or DVDs which included what was , at the time , the first digital release of seminal NASA footage , including the first commercial release of the uncut television broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonwalk . Notable contributors to the Apogee series include Sir Arthur C. Clarke , Tom Hanks , Ron Howard , Buzz Aldrin , Harrison Schmitt , William Pogue , Wernher von Braun , David Lasser , Sy Liebergot , Guenter Wendt , Robert Zubrin , Wally Schirra , David R. Scott , Rick Tumlinson and Winston Scott . Apogee Books has performed contracted work with or for , Lockheed , Boeing , Energia , NASA , Imax , Space Frontier Foundation , The Mars Society and The National Space Society . An offshoot of Apogee Books , publishing science fiction , began in 2005 . Apogee Science Fiction specializes in space-related historical science fiction . By 2007 titles had been published by Hugo Gernsback , Garrett P. Serviss , Wernher von Braun , and George Griffith .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "96755d5fbc3315f0d7c6c2a2a5cf7c88", "text": "Krypton (comics) Krypton , a planet appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The planet is the native world of Superman and is named after the element krypton , which is abundant in its atmosphere . The planet was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , and was first referred to in Action Comics # 1 ( June 1938 ) . The planet made its first full appearance in Superman # 1 ( Summer 1939 ) . Krypton is also the native world of Supergirl , Krypto the Superdog , and Power Girl ( in her case , an alternate-universe version designated `` Krypton-Two '' ) . It has been consistently described as having been destroyed shortly after Superman 's flight from the planet , although the exact details of its destruction vary by time period and writers . Kryptonians were the dominant species on Krypton .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5324570341ce64ebf3ceb29e24d262eb", "text": "Alienator Alienator is a 1989 science fiction/action/thriller , directed by filmmaker Fred Olen Ray -- the producer , director , and screenwriter of over one hundred low to medium-budget feature films in many genres -- and starring Jan-Michael Vincent , star of the CBS television series Airwolf . Alienator is among several films produced by Jeffrey C. Hogue . The movie was described by Leonard Maltin and confirmed by Fred Olen Ray to be a `` semi-remake '' of the 1957 film The Astounding She-Monster . Robert Clarke , who starred in that movie , also appears in Alienator .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "697580c81479770dc6c70a31e36dd7f8", "text": "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity . In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics . Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie . From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4974702bb0257d1a6700c943a33d888a", "text": "Escape from Kathmandu Escape from Kathmandu by Kim Stanley Robinson is a 1989 collection of novellas about a group of American expatriates in Nepal . The novellas are : Escape from Kathmandu 1986 : nominated for Nebula Award for Best Novella 1987 : nominated for Hugo Award for Best Novella Mother Goddess of the World The True Nature of Shangri-La The Kingdom Underground", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0c646305535a94ad6994165976ee7a6a", "text": "AE: Apocalypse Earth AE : Apocalypse Earth is a 2013 American science fiction film produced by The Asylum and directed by Thunder Levin , starring Adrian Paul and Richard Grieco . It 's also a mockbuster of After Earth and Oblivion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ca90d356ecf91241fb3a5dcb32511a5", "text": "Planet P Project Planet P Project is a pseudonym used by American rock musician Tony Carey for his science-fiction themed , progressive rock/space rock music . Carey has released six albums under the Planet P Project name : Planet P ( 1983 , later retitled Planet P Project ) , Pink World ( 1984 ) , Go Out Dancing , Part I ( 1931 ) ( 2005 ) , Go Out Dancing , Part II ( Levittown ) ( 2008 ) , Go Out Dancing , Part III ( Out in the Rain ) ( 2009 ) and Steeltown ( 2013 ) . Music videos for singles from the first albums received heavy to moderate airplay on MTV , when originally released . Pink World was originally a two-record set , released on bright-pink-colored vinyl . Planet P 's most well known singles were `` Why Me ? '' ( a sweeping , energetic romp about outer space and isolation ) , and the downbeat `` Static '' . Go Out Dancing , Part I ( 1931 ) is the first of the trilogy , with part two titled Go Out Dancing , Part II ( Levittown ) and part three as Go Out Dancing , Part III ( Out in the Rain ) . The project 's name was inspired from the fictional `` Planet P '' in Robert A. Heinlein 's book Starship Troopers .", "title": "" } ]	fever
60a546ee34afc7fa351a422d0bc1f954	Venus Williams has won multiple Wimbledons.	[ { "docid": "fe30803ed4ae97df6b6d9465a600f8b4", "text": "Venus Williams Venus Ebony Starr Williams ( born June 17 , 1980 ) is an American professional tennis player who is generally regarded as one of the all-time greats of women 's tennis and who , along with younger sister Serena Williams , is credited with ushering in a new era of power and athleticism on the women 's professional tennis tour . Ranked World No. 11 in singles as of January 28 , 2017 , Williams has been ranked World No. 1 by the Women 's Tennis Association on three occasions , for a total of 11 weeks . She first became the World No. 1 on February 25 , 2002 , the first African American woman to do so in the Open Era . On 10 June 2002 , Venus and Serena became the first sisters to hold the No. 1 and No. 2 spots in the singles rankings , respectively . On 7 June 2010 , Venus became co-No . 1 in doubles with Serena after they won their 4th consecutive grand slam doubles title at Roland Garros . By virtue of that doubles ascension , Venus became one of seven women to reach No. 1 in singles and No. 1 in doubles . On 21 June 2010 , Venus and Serena again occupied the No. 2 and No. 1 spots in the singles rankings , respectively . This came almost exactly 8 years after first accomplishing this feat . At the time , Venus had just celebrated her 30th birthday and Serena was three months shy of her 29th birthday , both ages at which many of their peers had retired . Her seven Grand Slam singles titles ties her twelfth on the all-time list , more than any other active female player except sister Serena . She has also won fourteen Grand Slam doubles titles and two mixed doubles titles . Her five Wimbledon singles titles ties her with two other women for eighth place on the all-time list . Williams is one of four women to have won five or more Wimbledon singles titles in the Open Era . From the 2000 Wimbledon Championships to the 2001 US Open , Williams won four of the six Grand Slam singles tournaments held . She is one of only six women in the Open Era to win 200 or more main draw Grand Slam singles matches . At the 2017 French Open , Williams extended her record as the all-time leader , male or female , in Grand Slams played , with 74 . Furthermore , Williams ' run to the 2017 Australian Open Women 's Singles final set the record for longest span between singles slam finals in the open era at 20 years , the beginning of which was marked by her appearance in the singles final at the 1997 US Open . Williams has won four Olympic gold medals , one in singles and three in women 's doubles , along with a silver medal in mixed doubles . She and Serena have won more Olympic gold medals than any other tennis player , male or female . Venus also holds the record for the most Olympic medals won by a male or female tennis player , shared with Kathleen McKane Godfree . She is the only tennis player to have won a medal at four separate Olympic Games . At the 2000 Sydney Olympics , Williams became only the second player to win Olympic gold medals in both singles and doubles at the same Olympic Games , after Helen Wills Moody in 1924 . With 49 singles titles , Williams is behind only Serena among active players on the WTA Tour . Her 35-match winning streak from the 2000 Wimbledon Championships to the 2000 Generali Ladies Linz tournament final is the longest since January 1 , 2000 . She is also one of only three active WTA players to have made the finals of all four Grand Slams , along with Serena and Russian Maria Sharapova . By winning her 49th career singles title at the 2016 Taiwan Open , Williams became the 5th oldest WTA Tour titlist in the Open Era , at 35 years , 7 months and 28 days . Williams has played against her sister in 27 professional matches since 1998 , and won 11 . They have played against each other in nine Grand Slam singles finals , with Venus holding a 2-7 record . Venus has 8 runner-up finishes in grand slam singles events with Martina Hingis being the only player other than Serena to beat Venus in a major final at the 1997 US Open . Beginning with the 2002 French Open , they opposed each other in four consecutive Grand Slam singles finals , the first time sisters had so met in the Open Era . On the other side , the pair have won 14 Grand Slam doubles titles playing alongside each other and are undefeated in Grand Slam finals .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "8215daad99c8b48a9b412d6f5e1fd4a7", "text": "2013 Australian Open The 2013 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place in Melbourne Park in Melbourne , Australia , from 14 to 27 January 2013 . It was the 101st edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam event of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments . All four of the main events in singles and same-sex doubles were won by the top seeds -- Novak Djokovic in men 's singles , Victoria Azarenka in women 's singles , Bob and Mike Bryan in men 's doubles , and Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci in women 's doubles . This year 's Australian Open was the first Grand Slam event since that tournament 's 2004 edition in which the women 's singles and doubles were won by the top seeds , and the first Grand Slam event since the 1997 Wimbledon Championships in which the men 's and women 's singles and doubles were all won by the top seeds .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "03b4ca5a975ca227dfb17d44adbc44b4", "text": "2017 Australian Open The 2017 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park between 16 -- 29 January 2017 . It was the 105th edition of the Australian Open , and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year . The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles , doubles and mixed doubles play . Junior and wheelchair players competed in singles and doubles tournaments . As in previous years , the tournament 's title sponsor was Kia . Novak Djokovic and Angelique Kerber were the defending champions and both were unsuccessful in their title defense ; they lost to Denis Istomin and Coco Vandeweghe in the second and fourth rounds , respectively . For the first time since the 2004 French Open , both No. 1 seeds lost before the quarterfinals , with both Andy Murray and Kerber defeated in the fourth round . Roger Federer won his eighteenth men 's singles Grand Slam title by defeating Rafael Nadal in a five-set final . It was his first major title since 2012 Wimbledon and a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final , which Nadal won in five sets . Serena Williams overcame her sister Venus in the women 's singles final , surpassing Steffi Graf to become the player with the most major wins in the women 's game in the Open Era .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4dfa02cf008c1c99739d61e140b66577", "text": "2009 Billie Jean King Cup March 2 , 2009 , marked the inaugural year of the Billie Jean King Cup and the first time women 's tennis had been played at Madison Square Garden since 2000 , when the year-ending Chase Championships were held there . Broadcast internationally on HBO , the event featured 2008 US Open Champion Serena Williams , 2008 Wimbledon Champion Venus Williams , 2008 French Open Champion Ana Ivanovic and 2008 year end world No. 1 ranked player Jelena Janković , who filled in as a wild card for the injured 2008 Australian Open Champion Maria Sharapova . Serena Williams won her semifinal match against Ana Ivanovic 6 -- 3 , and Venus Williams won hers 6 -- 4 against Jelena Janković . The final was won by Serena 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 . Between the semifinals and final a tribute was paid to tennis legend and pioneer Billie Jean King . The tribute featured a speech by former president Bill Clinton , and appearances by figure skaters Sarah Hughes and Nancy Kerrigan , race car driver Janet Guthrie , Billie Jean King 's long time double 's partner Rosie Casals and other prominent women in sports . A portion of the proceeds from the 2009 event benefited the Dream Vaccines Foundation and the Women 's Sports Foundation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07395d5c750a558d458d5dff6be0621b", "text": "Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( Новак Ђоковић , Novak Đoković , -LSB- nôʋaːk d͡ʑôːkoʋit͡ɕ -RSB- ; born 22 May 1987 ) , often referred to by the hypocorism Nole , is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 2 in men 's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . He is considered one of the greatest tennis players of all time . Djokovic holds the highest match winning rate ( 82.8 % ) in the Open Era , as of May 2017 . Djokovic has won 12 Grand Slam singles titles , the fourth most in history , and held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for a total of 223 weeks . In majors , Djokovic has won six Australian Open titles , three Wimbledon titles , two US Open titles and one French Open title . In 2016 , he became the eighth player in history to achieve the Career Grand Slam ; by winning the 2016 French Open , Djokovic became the third man to hold all four major titles at once , the first since Rod Laver in 1969 , and the first ever to do so on three different surfaces . Djokovic has won an all-time record of 30 Masters 1000 series titles , tied with Rafael Nadal . Djokovic 's records include breaking the single-season record with six masters titles in 2015 , winning 31 consecutive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series matches , playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments ( shared with Roger Federer and Nadal , and being the only player to win eight of the nine events ( and at least twice ) . Among other titles , he has won the ATP World Tour Finals five times and was on the Serbian team which won the 2010 Davis Cup . He also won the Bronze medal in men 's singles at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Djokovic is the first Serbian player to be ranked No. 1 by the ATP and the first male player representing Serbia to win a Grand Slam singles title . Djokovic has won numerous awards , including the 2012 , 2015 , and 2016 Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year , 2011 BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , five-time ITF World Champion , and four-time ATP year-end number 1 . He is a recipient of the Order of St. Sava , the Order of Karađorđe 's Star and the Order of the Republika Srpska .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d9438a35946734638eb62f67c02ae47", "text": "2016 Australian Open – Main Draw Wildcard Entries The 2016 Australian Open Wildcard Playoffs and Entries was a group of events and internal selections to choose the eight men and eight women singles wildcard entries for the 2016 Australian Open , as well as seven male and seven female doubles teams plus eight mixed doubles teams . One wildcard each was given to the winners of the Australian Open Wildcard Playoff , a tournament between Australian players who did not receive direct entry into the draw . This took place from 14 to 20 December 2015 . In an agreement with the United States Tennis Association and the French Tennis Federation , Tennis Australia gives one man and one woman from the United States and France each a wildcard into the Australian Open . The French players were chosen by internal selection , while USTA awarded the entry to the player with the most points over three pre-selected events in USA over October and November 2015 . Since the Australian Open is promoted as the `` Grand Slam of Asia/Pacific '' , one male and one female player from this geographical area were awarded a wildcard . This was decided through the Asia-Pacific Australian Open Wildcard Playoff . At the same event , one male and one female doubles team won wildcards , and one wildcard each was contested in boys and girls singles . This took pace from 2 to 6 December 2015 . Remaining wildcards were awarded by internal Australian selection . For the first time , a new initiative was put in place for rewarding women 's wildcards . A wildcard race was put in place by Tennis Australia to offer the highest Australian points earner from the 2015 Canberra Tennis International and 2015 Bendigo Women 's International a main draw wildcard . The singles wildcard was won by Tammi Patterson and the doubles wildcard was won by Jessica Moore and Storm Sanders . Also for the first time , the winner of the girls ' 18 and under national championships was rewarded a main draw wildcard .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b3423e5c9a0147b3463b0bb09035caa", "text": "Sesil Karatantcheva Sesil Radoslavova Karatantcheva ( Сесил Радославова Каратанчева born 8 August 1989 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player . Karatantcheva has won seven singles titles on the ITF tour in her career . On 7 November 2005 , she reached her best singles ranking of world no. 35 . On 19 April 2010 , she peaked at world no. 154 on the doubles rankings . Karatantcheva is perhaps best known for reaching the quarterfinals of the 2005 French Open , upsetting seven-time Grand Slam champion Venus Williams en route . The same year , she twice tested positive for nandrolone and was therefore issued a two-year suspension . She returned to professional competition in January 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6ee977ee4f7b9e8e1da8f7b3e907d657", "text": "Margaret Court career statistics This is a list of the main career statistics of Australian former tennis player Margaret Court . She won 64 Grand Slam events ( 24 singles , 19 doubles , 21 mixed doubles ) , which is a record for a male or female player . Her 24 Grand Slam singles titles and 21 in mixed doubles are also all-time records for both sexes . She achieved a career Grand Slam in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles . She is one of two women to have achieved the calendar year Grand Slam in singles in the Open Era ( alongside Steffi Graf ) , and is the only woman to have achieved the mixed doubles Grand Slam , which she did twice . Court won more than half of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played ( 24 of 47 ) . She won 192 singles titles before and after the Open Era , an all-time record . Her career singles win-loss record was 1,177-106 , for a winning percentage of 91.74 percent on all surfaces ( hard , clay , grass , carpet ) , is also an all-time record . She won at least 100 singles matches in 1965 ( 113-8 ) , 1968 ( 107-12 ) , 1969 ( 104-6 ) , 1970 ( 110-6 ) , and 1973 ( 108-6 ) . She won more than 80 percent of her singles matches against top 10 players ( 297-73 ) and was the year-end top ranked player seven times .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d5890804d44a454d2f95743b000b1860", "text": "2009 Wimbledon Championships The 2009 Wimbledon Championships took place on the outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , from Monday 22 June through to Sunday 5 July 2009 . It was the 123rd staging of the Wimbledon Championships , and the third Grand Slam tennis event of the year . Rafael Nadal did not defend his title after withdrawing from the tournament due to knee tendinitis . Roger Federer won his 6th Wimbledon title defeating rival Andy Roddick in the final in five sets . Federer 's victory marked his fifteenth Grand Slam title which broke the men 's all-time record . Venus Williams was unsuccessful in her title defence , being defeated in the final by her sister Serena , who won her first Wimbledon in 2002 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9c98f5ca9a8cc57f81d449e0bbb6d052", "text": "Grunting in tennis Grunting in tennis is the very loud noise , sometimes described as `` shrieking '' or `` screaming '' , made by some players while hitting their shots . It is prominent in both men 's and women 's tennis . Many players and spectators find it to be distracting or obnoxious above a certain sound level . Monica Seles and Jimmy Connors are generally considered as the `` grunt creator '' in the women 's and men 's games respectively . Examples of contemporary tennis players who notably grunt are Serena Williams , Venus Williams , Maria Sharapova , Victoria Azarenka , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic , David Ferrer and Gustavo Kuerten .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7528e357589de3d535a21549ea34d5cb", "text": "Heide Orth Heide Orth ( née Schildknecht ; born 10 August 1942 ) is a former tennis player from Germany . Heide grew up in Essen in the industrial Ruhr valley and began playing tennis with her father at the age of 13 . Her first major success was winning the West German Junior Championship in 1960 . Heide later competed in the International Women 's Circuit for many years and played for the Germany National Fed Cup team 15 times . Heide reached the quarter-finals in doubles at both Wimbledon and the French Open . In singles , she had outstanding wins on the women 's tour against the then-reigning Wimbledon Champions Virginia Wade ( twice ) and Evonne Goolagong . Heide married Ludwig Orth in 1965 and gave birth to her son in 1970 . At that time , she took over ten years to break from tennis before entering the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) Senior Circuit . According to the ITF , Heide Orth is the most successful female player worldwide in the history of Senior Tennis . She won ITF World Championships in Singles ( 10 ) , in Doubles ( 11 ) and in Team ( Cup ) Competitions ( 11 ) . She was also successful in winning more than 80 European Championships in Singles and Doubles ( indoor and outdoor ) , as well as numerous Championships of Germany and other countries . During tournaments in the USA , she earned 43 Gold Balls for winning titles as a USA-Champion on clay and grass . Heide was a fourteen-time European Player of the Year , and she is one of only four tennis players who received the European Senior Lifetime Champion Award . Heide Orth is the first female tennis player worldwide to be honoured by the ITF for Outstanding Achievements in Senior Tennis . This special award was handed over to her at the ITF World Champions Dinner in Paris on 3 June 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6c917453c093feb9b417bad55adf3d0a", "text": "Fed Cup Fed Cup is the premier international team competition in women 's tennis , launched in 1963 to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) . The competition was known as the Federation Cup until 1995 . The Fed Cup is the world 's largest annual women 's international team sports competition , in terms of the number of nations that compete . The men 's equivalent of the Fed Cup is the Davis Cup . Australia , Czech Republic and the United States are the only countries that have held both the Fed Cup and Davis Cup at the same time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e08b945c5030c8ff4e1d13b2d6fb2893", "text": "Henin–S. Williams rivalry Tennis players Justine Henin from Belgium , former world No. 1 , and Serena Williams from the USA , current World No. 1 , who met 14 times during their careers . When Henin was an active player , their rivalry was one of the most heated and competitive between two female players on the WTA Tour ; their contests were not solely athletic in nature , but interpersonal as well . As of June 30 , 2013 , Williams leads the overall head-to-head series , 8 -- 6 . Henin retired for the second time in January 2011 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "61365a37e8ee16cb24b7cff095254273", "text": "2012 BGL Luxembourg Open The 2012 BGL Luxembourg Open was a professional women 's tennis tournament played on hard courts . It was the 22nd edition of the tournament , which was part of the 2012 WTA Tour . It took place in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg between 15 and 21 October 2011 . Venus Williams won the singles title .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f8c21513fdebd7b436c97bffe93e40dc", "text": "Laura Robson Laura Robson ( born 21 January 1994 ) is a British tennis player and an Olympic Mixed Doubles silver medalist . She debuted on the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) junior tour in 2007 , and a year later won the Wimbledon Junior Girls ' Championship at the age of 14 . As a junior , she also twice reached the final of the girls ' singles tournament at the Australian Open , in 2009 and 2010 . She won her first professional tournament in November 2008 . Robson was the first British woman since Samantha Smith at Wimbledon in 1998 to reach the fourth round of a Grand Slam tournament , doing so at the 2012 US Open and the 2013 Wimbledon Championships . She won a silver medal in the mixed doubles at the 2012 London Olympics playing with Andy Murray , with whom she also reached the 2010 Hopman Cup final . At the 2012 Guangzhou Women 's Open , Robson became the first British woman since Jo Durie in 1990 to reach a WTA main-tour final , where she lost to Hsieh Su-wei . Robson was named WTA Newcomer of the Year for 2012 and reached a career high singles ranking of world number 27 on 8 July 2013 . Since then , Robson has suffered from various injuries which have caused a prolonged absence from the WTA tour . After losing in the first round of the 2013 HP Open on 7 October 2013 , she has played just 33 matches : two in 2014 , 11 in 2015 and 20 in 2016 , winning just eight of them . She dropped out of the world rankings in early 2015 , returning at 906 in July 2015 , and is currently ranked at 173 . She has a career-high doubles ranking of number 82 and is currently ranked 344 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6495f6f4cae128adc35060114155397", "text": "2001 WTA Tour Championships The 2001 WTA Tour Championships , also known by its sponsored name Sanex Championships , was a women 's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the Olympiahalle in Munich , Germany . It was the 31st edition of the year-end singles championships , the 26th edition of the year-end doubles championships , and was part of the 2001 WTA Tour . The tournament was held between 30 October and 4 November 2001 . Seventh-seeded Serena Williams won the singles event after Lindsay Davenport defaulted the final due to a knee injury she sustained in her semifinal match . Davenport 's semifinal win ensured her the No. 1 year-end ranking . Williams earned $ 500,000 first-prize money as well as 390 ranking points . Venus Williams and Martina Hingis had qualified for the tournament but withdrew due to injuries while Monica Seles refused to play in Germany , the country where she was stabbed in 1993 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aa66eadf82b11595be7ae79bf7e27775", "text": "2005 İstanbul Cup – Singles This was the first the first time a WTA level was held in İstanbul.Top seed Venus Williams won the title , defeating Nicole Vaidišová in the final , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0a9b53a8a91c35a50baba435c4f4093a", "text": "2014 US Open (tennis) The 2014 US Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts . It was the 134th edition of the US Open , the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year . It took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center . Rafael Nadal was the defending champion in the men 's event ; however , on 18 August , the Spaniard announced his withdrawal from the event after failing to recover from a wrist injury , while Serena Williams was the two-time defending champion in the women 's event . In the men 's singles competition , Marin Čilić won his maiden grand slam title ; while , Serena Williams won her Open era record tying sixth title in the women 's singles competition tying Chris Evert , and it was her eighteenth grand slam title tying Evert and Martina Navratilova . Winning the men 's doubles , Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan became the most victorious doubles team in Open era history at the tournament , and this was the team 's 100th title together and sixteenth grand slam title tying Todd Woodbridge for the Open era record . Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina won women 's doubles competition title , becoming two-time grand slam champions with their victory at the 2013 French Open . The winning mixed doubles team was Sania Mirza and Bruno Soares , and for Mirza it was her third mixed doubles grand slam title in her career and Soares ' second grand slam title for his career . It was Soares ' second US Open title in mixed doubles , and it was the first for Mirza .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c16f0ed91738b151b6c67782b9a25518", "text": "1979 Avon Championships The 1979 Avon Championships were the eighth WTA Tour Championships , the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1979 WTA Tour . It was held on indoor carpet courts from March 21 through March 25 1979 , in Madison Square Garden in New York City , United States . First-seeded Martina Navratilova won the singles title and earned $ 100,000 first-prize money .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f070d9076b81460acb19a9aa4614b1e", "text": "Tsvetana Pironkova Tsvetana Pironkova ( Цветана Кирилова Пиронкова -LSB- tsvɛˈtana pirɔnˈkɔva -RSB- ) ( born 13 September 1987 ) is a Bulgarian tennis player and the current no. 1 Bulgarian in the WTA rankings . She is right-handed and plays with a two-handed backhand . Born in Plovdiv , Pironkova started playing tennis at the age of four on being introduced to the sport by her father , who later coached her . After playing at a junior level and winning Atlantic Cup , she made her senior international tournament debut in 2002 at the International Tennis Federation circuit . Early in her career , Pironkova won six international singles titles at the ITF circuit . Pironkova made her WTA tour debut at the İstanbul Cup in 2005 , and achieved moderate success earlier in her career . That changed in 2010 , when she entered Wimbledon with a 1 -- 4 career record at the event , and went on reach the semifinals of the tournament , becoming the second Bulgarian tennis player in history to reach the semifinal stage of a Grand Slam in singles . She garnered wide recognition for her performance , and after her semifinal finish reached her highest WTA Singles ranking at no. 31 in September 2010 . Pironkova followed it up with a quarterfinal run at the event the following year , earning her the nickname `` The Wimbledon Darkhorse '' . She is also known defeating Venus Williams three times at Grand Slam tournaments , twice at Wimbledon . Pironkova won her first WTA title at the 2014 Apia International , defeating three top-10 ranked players in a row . She defeated the world no. 2 Agnieszka Radwańska in the fourth round of the 2016 French Open , reaching her quarterfinal at a Grand Slam other than Wimbledon . In addition to this , Pironkova has a total of twelve wins over other top-10 ranked players to her name . She also holds the second longest active streak of the most consecutive Grand Slam appearances at 45 , only behind Jelena Jankovic . Pironkova has been recognized by The New York Times for her `` cerebral '' grass-court abilities and named one of the most beautiful women in sports by MSN .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dd6b1f9dd2b5b596f60116130a542a82", "text": "Grand Slam Cup The Grand Slam Cup was a tennis tournament held annually at the Olympiahalle in Munich in Germany from 1990 through 1999 . The event was organized by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) , which invited the best-performing players in the year 's Grand Slam events to compete in the Grand Slam Cup . The tournament was created in 1990 and was played on indoor carpet courts . From 1990 to 1996 , it was held in December but was moved to the middle of autumn from 1997 to 1999 . From 1990 to 1997 the tournament was limited to male players . A women 's Cup was added in 1998 and was held simultaneously with the men 's Cup . Throughout its existence , the Grand Slam Cup was famous for paying out the highest prize money of any tournament in tennis . The winner for the first three years of the Cup received US$ 2 million in prize money , which dipped to $ 1.625 million in 1993 , rose to $ 1.875 million in 1996 and back to $ 2 million in 1997 before falling to $ 1.3 million in 1998 . If the Cup was won by a player who had also won a Grand Slam event that year they received a bonus of $ 1 million . Prize money for the winner of the two women 's Cups was fixed at $ 800,000 . The Cup was not recognized by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) for the course of its run , and participants did not receive points in the ATP computer rankings nor have it credited as an official career title . Following the discontinuation of the Cup in 1999 , the ATP decided to give the event full recognition and added it to players ' lists of official titles . A compromise between the ITF and the ATP was announced on December 9 , 1999 which merged the Cup with the ATP Tour World Championship , the ATP 's year-end tournament also held annually in Germany , giving birth to the ATP World Tour Finals , an official tour event . A direct result of the merging of the two competitions can still be seen in the qualification rules for the ATP World Tour Finals , which included one notable difference from those of the ATP Tour World Championship . The Tour World Championship was meant to include the top eight players on the ATP computer rankings at the end of a season , even though this could mean the exclusion of a Grand Slam champion who had not been able to earn sufficient ranking points in the rest of the year . Present Finals rules ensure the participation of a Grand Slam champion who is unable to earn a top eight ranking at the end of the season and automatic qualification for the top seven players in the computer rankings . The eighth ranked player , however , qualifies only if all Grand Slam singles champions are among the top eight . Any Grand Slam event champion who is not in the top eight but is still in the top twenty is included to the detriment of the eighth ranked player . This situation occurred at the 2004 Tennis Masters Cup , where Andre Agassi , the 8th ranked player in the ATP Champions Race , was excluded from the event in favor of Gastón Gaudio , who had won that year 's French Open but was ranked 10th at the end of the year . Pete Sampras was the most successful player at this event winning two titles out of three final appearances .", "title": "" } ]	fever
6b05b0e8ad0341949c26ea953a9a131e	Jemaine Clement refuses to have anything to do with comedy.	[ { "docid": "8a1ed0724a1c7dcc2440f06ec8d3ee38", "text": "Jemaine Clement Jemaine Clement ( born 10 January 1974 ) is a New Zealand comedian , actor , voice actor , singer , writer , director , and multi-instrumentalist , known as one half of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords along with Bret McKenzie .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "68a6f59dd9b1adc448875c4334a1de46", "text": "Jasper Carrott Jasper Carrott , OBE ( born Robert Norman Davis ; 14 March 1945 ) is an English comedian , actor , singer , television presenter , and personality .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "89c7ccfbedc32a7625c2f39f7afd633a", "text": "Fart lighting Fart lighting , also known as pyroflatulence or flatus ignition , is the practice of igniting the gases produced by human flatulence , often producing a flame of a blue hue , hence the act being known colloquially as a `` blue angel '' , `` blue dart '' , or in Australia , a `` blue flame '' . The fact that flatus is flammable , and the actual combustion of it through this practice , gives rise to much humorous derivation . Other colors of flame such as orange and yellow are possible with the color dependent on the mixture of gases formed in the colon . In order to `` fire fart '' , one must have a fart prepared in the anal cavity , and a lighter at the ready . Then they fart onto the lighter . In 1999 author Jim Dawson observed that fart lighting has been a novelty practice primarily among young men or college students for decades , but is discouraged for its potential for causing injury . Such experiments typically occur on camping trips and in single-sex group residences , such as tree-houses , dormitories , or fraternity houses . With the advent of video sharing features online , hundreds of self-produced videos , both documentary as well as spoof , have been posted to sites such as YouTube . The people appearing in the videos are predominantly young males . In his book The Curse of the Self : Self-Awareness , Egotism , and the Quality of Human Life author Mark Richard Leary explains how a great deal of unhappiness is due to people 's inability to exert control over their thoughts and behavior and that `` stupid stunts '' , including lighting flatulence , were a way to make an impression and be included in group bonding or hazing . Although there is little scientific discourse on the combustive properties of flatus , there are many anecdotal accounts of flatus ignition and the activity has increasingly found its way into popular culture with references in comic routines , movies , and television ; including cartoons . In Electric Don Quixote : The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa author Neil Slaven quotes Frank Zappa for calling fart lighting `` The manly art of fart-burning '' , and another book quotes the musician Kenny Williams for saying that it demonstrates `` compression , ignition , combustion and exhaust . '' There have been documented cases of flatulence during surgery being inadvertently ignited causing patient injury and the risk of death .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b21096d80f5273fd1f18a57e5dd89a7e", "text": "Funny or Die Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell , Adam McKay and Chris Henchy . The website Funny Or Die contains exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers , producers , and directors , and occasionally from a number of famous contributors like Judd Apatow , James Franco , and Norm Macdonald . The production company makes TV shows like truTV 's Billy on the Street , Comedy Central 's @midnight , and Zach Galifianakis 's popular Emmy-winning web series Between Two Ferns . Many videos on the site feature well-known actors ( examples include Steve Carell , Charlie Sheen , Ryan Gosling , Patrick Stewart , Daniel Radcliffe , Sophia Bush , Mila Kunis , AnnaSophia Robb , Hilary Duff , Adam West , James Van Der Beek , Jim Carrey , Ariel Winter , and Selena Gomez ) . Michael Kvamme , an aspiring young comedian , came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site ; and the site was developed by Randy Adams . Funny Or Die launched on April 12 , 2007 with the site 's first video , `` The Landlord '' . `` The Landlord '' has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing , beer-drinking two-year-old landlord . In June 2007 , they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital , and in June 2008 , they announced a partnership with HBO . On August 3 , 2016 , Funny or Die shut-down one of its California offices , reducing its headcount by 30 % to 95 employees , with the announcement coming just two month after the new CEO , Mike Farah , took office", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd5d7a7f213714eb0dce168dc5ceef4f", "text": "The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor . Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics . Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion . It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award . The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times . In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "11db2bc5429753df46eedf05a1a0651f", "text": "Questionable Content Questionable Content ( abbreviated QC ) is a slice-of-life webcomic written and drawn by Jeph Jacques . It was launched on August 1 , 2003 . Jacques makes his living exclusively from QC merchandising and advertising , making him one of the few professional webcomic artists . By 2004 , Jacques was able to support himself and his then-fiancée based on income from merchandise and advertising sales . On July 11 , 2015 , the comic reached its 3000th strip . The plot originally centered on Marten Reed , an indie rock aficionado ; his anthropomorphized personal computer Pintsize ; his roommate , Faye Whitaker ; their mutual friend , Dora Bianchi ; and their neighbor Hannelore Ellicott-Chatham . However , over time a supporting cast of characters has grown to include employees of the local coffee shop , neighbors , and androids . QC 's storytelling style combines romantic melodrama , situational comedy , and sexual humor , while considering questions of relationships , sexuality , dealing with emotional trauma , and , as of late , artificial intelligence and futurism .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb155e7c7fca45c93595ed997188530c", "text": "The Catherine Tate Show The Catherine Tate Show is a British television sketch comedy written by Catherine Tate and Aschlin Ditta . Tate also stars in all but one of the show 's sketches , which feature a wide range of characters . The Catherine Tate Show airs on BBC Two and is shown worldwide through the BBC . Collectively , the show has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , two British Comedy Awards and an Emmy Award , and it has won two Royal Television Society Awards , two British Comedy Awards and a National Television Award since its debut in 2004 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "98f1e01ea636516b1e035b05016c0755", "text": "Monty (TV series) Monty is an American sitcom that aired on Fox from January 11 to February 15 , 1994 . The series starred Henry Winkler as Monty Richardson , a loud , obnoxious conservative TV commentator . Richardson had also written a best-selling book titled I 'm Right . I 'm Right . I 'm Right . Shut Up . The series also starred Tom McGowan as his executive producer and David Schwimmer as his left-leaning son . Monty hoped to capitalize on the same family dynamic that made the television show All in the Family a success in the 1970s . However , the show was canceled after six episodes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "52a0cef3c12503f0c207fc6d2e4b8687", "text": "BBC Entertainment BBC Entertainment is an international television channel broadcasting comedy , drama , light entertainment , reality and children 's programming ( some regions only ) from the BBC , Channel 4 and other UK production houses . The channel broadcasts regional versions to suit local demands and replaces BBC Prime . It is wholly owned by BBC Worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9686d72e74d530d67da31d46faafb7e9", "text": "Comedy Central Belgium Comedy Central is a Belgian television channel based on the American channel of the same name . Comedy Central has been several years in Europe with broadcasters in the Netherlands , Germany , Sweden , Poland , Italy , United Kingdom and Hungary . The channel broadcasts mainly of Comedy , in the form of animation , series , movies and stand up shows . In Belgium , the channel started on Monday , January 20 , 2014 with the broadcast of a program block on the TMF channel , every day from 22 hours to 24 hours . The channel is available on cable , digital terrestrial and IPTV operators in Flanders . It airs between 10 pm and midnight on the channel of music channel TMF . As of November 1 , 2015 , it will broadcast 24 hours a day and therefore TMF will disappear . Comedy Central is owned by Viacom International Media Networks Belgium . The sale is done by SBS Sales Belgium .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f3addfe547a43f221cb838a1dbba5435", "text": "Just for Laughs: Gags Just for Laughs : Gags ( in French , Juste pour rire : Gags ) is a Canadian silent comedy/hidden camera reality television show that is under the Just for Laughs brand . It is based on the similar American series Candid Camera . The series is also on YouTube . In December 26 , 2000 , JFL : Gags began airing on French Canadian network Canal D . In the following years , the show was picked up by TVA , CBC and The Comedy Network in Canada , BBC1 in the UK , TF1 in France and ABC and Telemundo in the United States ; the Canadian version ( unlike the ones produced for ABC ) aired in the United States in first-run syndication starting in the fall of 2015 and ended in February 2016 . The series uses a hidden camera format , playing pranks on unsuspecting subjects while hidden cameras capture the subjects ' responses ; each episode presents multiple gags . While some segments have included brief dialogue , most do not contain any sound or dialogue ; the audio is replaced with sound effects , a laugh track , and public domain music . Most segments are filmed in Quebec City , Montreal and Vancouver , while some have been filmed in Mexico . British and Asian versions have been produced in the UK and Singapore , respectively . In 2011 the show spawned a spinoff , Just Kidding , which consists exclusively of kids playing pranks on adults . With its silent format and no translation required , Just for Laughs : Gags has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and by airlines . Reactions to the gags range from `` inane '' to cross-culturally funny . The same distributors also distribute Surprise Sur Prise , a similar show . In March 2011 , Just for Laughs Gags entered into a partnership with Montreal-based , entertainment site , Videobash.com and now have their own devoted channel there . ( No video has been posted as of this writing . )", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5021206e2ef749ed1b615424878033d7", "text": "Predicament Predicament is a 2010 comedy horror film based on the 1975 novel by Ronald Hugh Morrieson and starring Jemaine Clement of the musical comedy duo Flight of the Conchords plus Tim Finn of the Finn Brothers . Filmed in Hawera and Eltham in Taranaki , it was the last Morrieson novel to be adapted for cinema ; his other three novels were filmed in the 1980s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18e0eb3bef5c33b3633fb0f7091db06a", "text": "Comic Relief Comic Relief is an operating British charity , founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Lenny Henry in response to famine in Ethiopia . The highlight of Comic Relief 's appeal is Red Nose Day , a biennial telethon held in March , alternating with sister project Sport Relief . A prominent biennial event in British popular culture , Comic Relief is one of the two high-profile telethon events held in the United Kingdom , the other being Children in Need , held annually in November .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4df2752a72196dd7175019a18a03ae35", "text": "Marcus Morris (publisher) The Reverend John Marcus Harston Morris OBE ( 25 April 1915 -- 16 March 1989 ) was an English Anglican priest who founded the Eagle comic in 1950 and was deputy chairman of the National Magazine Company . Born in Preston , Lancashire , the son of a clergyman , Morris grew up in Southport . He attended Dean Close School in Cheltenham , before reading Classics at Brasenose College , Oxford University on an ecclesiastical scholarship , then theology at Wycliffe Hall . He was ordained deacon in Liverpool in 1939 , and priest in 1940 . Having been briefly engaged to model Rita Foyle , he married actress Jessica Dunning in 1941 , and they had four children , while Morris pursued `` an energetic and exotic love life on the side . '' After a chaplaincy in the RAF and postings in Great Yarmouth , Norfolk and Weeley , Essex , he became vicar of St James ' Church , Birkdale , in 1945 , where he published a magazine , The Anvil , which contained illustrations and design by Frank Hampson , articles by C. S. Lewis , Harold MacMillan , Dorothy L. Sayers and Chad Varah , and short stories for children by Geoffrey Trease , and circulated far beyond his parish , although it did not sell well and put Morris in considerable debt . In 1948 Morris and Chad Varah were part of a group of diocesan editors who formed the Society of Christian Publicity , which took over publishing The Anvil . At its inaugural meeting Morris spoke about the kinds of periodical the Church should be publishing , including a `` strip-cartoon magazine for children '' . In February 1949 He wrote an article for the Sunday Dispatch entitled `` Comics that bring Horror into the Nursery '' , in which he decried the violence and sensationalism of American crime and horror comics and their effects on British children , after which he and Hampson set out to produce a more wholesome , uplifting alternative . They devised a proposed strip for the Sunday Empire News called Lex Christian , about the adventures of a brave inner-city parson , but it fell through after the paper 's editor died . They turned their attention to creating a new weekly comic , entitled the Eagle . Hampson and fellow artist Harold Johns put together a series of dummies , and Morris , a gifted salesman , presented them to various publishers , of whom Hulton Press agreed to publish it . The first issue proper went on sale on 14 April 1950 . Morris and his family moved to Epsom , Surrey , in 1950 , and Hampson set up a studio on their house . In November 1951 Morris launched Girl , a girls ' counterpart to the Eagle , followed by Robin ( 1953 ) , for younger children , and Swift ( 1954 ) , for an audience younger than Eagle and Girl but older than Robin . From 1954 to 1959 he was managing editor of Hultons ' Housewife magazine , and he was also appointed a member of the Hulton Press management committee . He left Hultons in 1959 when they were taken over by Odhams Press , joining the National Magazine Company , a subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation , as editorial director . However , he continued to write serials for the Eagle in the early 1960s , mostly on historical or religious subjects and often in collaboration with Guy Daniel , including `` The Golden Man '' , a biography of Sir Walter Raleigh drawn by Robert Ayton , and `` The Road of Courage '' , a retelling of the life of Christ illustrated by Hampson and Joan Porter . He became managing director and editor-in-chief of the National Magazine Company in 1964 . He was responsible for launching the British edition of Cosmopolitan , created the distributor Comag in association with Condé Nast , and increased the circulation of his magazines at a time when the market was declining . He became deputy chairman in 1979 , received the OBE in 1983 , and retired in 1984 . In his later years he lived in Midford , Somerset , and died on 16 March 1989 at the King Edward VII Hospital for Officers , London . A memorial service was held at St. Bride 's , Fleet Street , where he had been honorary chaplain from 1952 to 1983 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2b90a9e89695d680c09c092b3fc3918", "text": "Humour Humour ( British English ) or humor ( American English ; see spelling differences ) is the tendency of particular cognitive experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement . The term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks , which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body , known as humours ( Latin : humor , `` body fluid '' ) , controlled human health and emotion . People of all ages and cultures respond to humour . Most people are able to experience humour -- be amused , smile or laugh at something funny -- and thus are considered to have a sense of humour . The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable , strange , or even irrational . Though ultimately decided by personal taste , the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables , including geographical location , culture , maturity , level of education , intelligence and context . For example , young children may favour slapstick such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or the Tom and Jerry cartoons , whose physical nature makes it accessible to them . By contrast , more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context , and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2178a9472189e3ccae97d62607be9b42", "text": "Anything Goes Anything Goes is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter . The original book was a collaborative effort by Guy Bolton and P.G. Wodehouse , heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London . Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt , who is engaged to Lord Evelyn Oakleigh . Nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy # 13 Moonface Martin aid Billy in his quest to win Hope . The musical introduced such songs as `` Anything Goes '' , `` You 're the Top '' , and `` I Get a Kick Out of You . '' Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre ( now known as the Neil Simon Theatre ) on Broadway , the musical has been revived several times in the United States and Britain and has been filmed twice . The musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cef454ba22f51cdaf980cb0862859940", "text": "Prop comedy Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects , or conventional objects in humorous ways . The stages and films term `` prop '' , an abbreviation of `` property '' , refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance . Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians , the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era . The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue Hellzapoppin . A prop comic is a comedian who uses prop comedy . Prop comics are sometimes looked down upon by other comedians , and the term is sometimes used derisively . However , some , such as Tommy Cooper , rose to critical acclaim as their props revolved around a gimmick ( such as Cooper 's magic ) and the comedian 's character around that gimmick .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1efa95b3827a72f5f5a9dbb507ec1728", "text": "Gingerbeer (web community) Gingerbeer is a London-based virtual community for lesbian and bisexual women . The name `` Gingerbeer '' ( Cockney rhyming slang for `` queer '' ) refers to both the web site , and to the community which it supports . It is maintained and moderated entirely by a team of volunteers . Gingerbeer was initially launched on January 1 , 2000 , and has undergone two subsequent relaunches , firstly on June 25 , 2001 , and later on November 11 , 2005 , following a major redesign . Gingerbeer became an official not-for-profit organisation in March 2004 , when it was registered as a limited company by guarantee . The site 's main feature is a highly active messageboards forum , with over 2,000 registered members in May 2007 . In the eighteen months to the end of May 2007 , they had logged over 335,000 posts in over 5000 topics or discussion threads . One of the distinctive features of the messageboards is that they support an active calendar of social , cultural and sporting events across the UK , so that Gingerbeer exists as both a web community and a real life community . Besides the messageboards , Gingerbeer offers listings of bars , clubs and community events , reviews , and a London guide . Gingerbeer has been recommended as a useful resource for lesbians by some travel guides .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b64e0bd330bd3ccc7128a5397138a04", "text": "Jen Brister Jen ( Jennifer ) Brister ( born February 1975 ) , is a stand-up comedian from South London . Brister studied theatre at Middlesex University , where she took a course in stand-up comedy in the mid 90s , the only course of its kind at the time in the UK . Other famous graduates include Alan Carr , Renton Skinner of the Dutch Elm Conservatoire and Shooting Stars and Clare Warde of the Runaway Lovers . Brister 's first gig was a showcase for the course , at the Kings Head in Crouch End . Since then , she has performed in many London venues , including Comedy Camp , Banana Cabaret Comedy Store , The Kings Head , and ED Comedy , as well as hosting her own nights , including Hysterics at Shaun & Joe and CatFlap Comedy at the Player Bar , Soho . She is also a comedy writer and has performed alongside Doug Faulkner & Clare Warde , as part of the comedy sketch group , The Loose Connection . They appeared regularly at the Hen & Chickens Theatre , Etcetera Theatre , Sketch Club and The Enterprise in the mid-2000s . 2006 : Brister appeared at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe with her show `` Me , My Mother and I. '' In Time Out , March 2006 , Jen stated '' ` It 's really an exploration of my relationship with my mum . It 's an analysis , as well , of where I am at this point in my life . I 'm 31 . I 'm single . I do n't own a house . Or a car . I do n't have kids . Or any solid financial security . At 31 , my mother had three children and a fourth on the way . She was married and she had a mortgage . '' 2007 - 2008 : She worked for BBC 6 Music as a stand in presenter and in 2008 took a show to Edinburgh called Reception with her comedy partner at the time Clare Warde . 2009 : Brister appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe again in 2009 doing a stand up show as well as appearing in a play called `` The One and The Many '' by Trevor Lock .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "10dcfc5a344968bf0ee77ef052261ff4", "text": "Flight of the Conchords discography The discography of Flight of the Conchords , a New Zealand-based comedy band , consists of two studio albums , one live album , two compilation albums , one extended play ( EP ) and seven singles . Jemaine Clement and Bret McKenzie formed Flight of the Conchords in Wellington in 1998 . Their first release was the live album Folk the World Tour , which the duo self-released in 2002 . In 2006 , the band signed with American independent label Sub Pop ; they released the EP The Distant Future the following year , which reached number eight in New Zealand . Clement and McKenzie began starring in the Flight of the Conchords TV series on HBO in June 2007 . After the conclusion of the first season of the show , the band 's self-titled debut full-length album was released in April 2008 , which topped the New Zealand Albums Chart and reached number three on the US Billboard 200 . Similarly , following the conclusion of the show 's second season , I Told You I Was Freaky was released in October 2009 , reaching the top ten in New Zealand and the top 20 in the US . The lead single from the album , `` Hurt Feelings '' , became the band 's first to chart when it reached number 36 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . Flight of the Conchords returned in 2012 with the release of `` Feel Inside ( And Stuff Like That ) '' , a charity single recorded to benefit the New Zealand children 's charity Cure Kids . The single topped the New Zealand Singles Chart . The compilation album The Complete Collection , featuring The Distant Future , Flight of the Conchords , I Told You I Was Freaky and `` Pencils in the Wind '' , was released in 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "640c51a20a156b797914f925a0b34a30", "text": "Mimi Maguire Katherine Harmonica Joy `` Mimi '' Tutton ( also Maguire ; born 4 October 1963 ) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 comedy drama , Shameless . Mimi is the foul-mouthed , loud , brash and violent matriarch of the Maguire family . She is also a drug dealer on the Chatsworth Estate and is frequently seen selling drugs on the show . She is extremely violent and easily angered . She has `` headbutted '' several characters on the show including Lip Gallagher ( Jody Latham ) , Sue Garland ( Gillian Kearney ) , Cassie Western ( Moya Brady ) and even her own son , Shane ( Nicky Evans ) . Mimi is as hard as nails , and she can hold her own with men and women ; at one point during series 3 a whole riot squad is needed to restrain her after she attempts to free her daughter from incarceration at the police station . Mimi appeared in 111 episodes in total . She is the wife of Paddy Maguire ( Sean Gilder ) and the mother of Mandy Maguire ( Samantha Siddall ) and the Maguire boys : Jamie ( Aaron McCusker ) , Shane , Micky ( Ciarán Griffiths ) , the late Fergal and the little-seen Joey ( Will Willoughby ) and Donny ( Clyve Bonelle ) , and the daughter of `` Nana '' Murphy . Her ex-boyfriend is also called Paddy . In Series 5 a more sensitive side to Mimi is introduced after her ex-boyfriend , Paddy , makes a crass comment about her weight . She describes herself as a `` bulimic who ca n't stand vomit '' . In the same series , she is shown attending anger management classes . In Series 6 , Mimi experiences some regret over her lack of education when her son Micky takes film classes . Mimi does most of his coursework for him , and when he decides the class is not for him , he allows Mimi to take his place . Mimi is presented in the series as somewhat of a character who behaves in ways which are polar opposites . For example , she has no qualms about selling drugs to children and behaving in a violent manner . However , she also has maternal instincts and shows compassion for others . For example , when Chesney Karib ( Qasim Akhtar ) reacts badly after consuming drugs , she and Paddy care for Chesney by feeding him and ensuring that he recovers . Furthermore , when Chesney 's mother , Yvonne Karib ( Kelli Hollis ) accuses Mimi of being racist and intolerant , Mimi retorts by describing the large amount of racism that Paddy faced when he arrived in England from Ireland . Yvonne and Mimi realise that they share love for their own children and would do anything to ensure the happiness of their respective children . Lastly , Mimi is someone upon whom Libby Croker ( Pauline McLynn ) can depend when she seeks Mimi 's assistance . The Maguire family 's drug dealing business comes to haunt them when Mimi 's beloved Paddy is abducted and forcibly addicted to heroin by the bereaved mother of one of their deceased customers . To make matters worse , she is arrested for an assault that her son Jamie carried out , though she openly wants to take the blame for the attack , claiming `` A mam 's got ta do what a mam 's got ta do '' . This is because she does not want to see her son go to jail again . At the end of series 6 , her beloved daughter Mandy is killed by the woman who got Paddy addicted to heroin . The strain of this loss causes Paddy and Mimi to split up . In Series 7 , Mimi lives in The Jockey as the landlord and also has an affair with a friend of her son Micky called Billy Tutton ( Michael Taylor ) , until she finds out that he is only 14 years old , although he looks just as old as Micky . After the boy starts to blackmail Mimi into a secret relationship , Mimi tries to threaten him away from her , finally giving him a gun filled with blanks and daring him to shoot her . When he does , she pretends to be dead , and he flees Chatsworth . Mimi attempts to join a local women 's group to feel better about herself , but they rebuff her attempts to appear in their risque charity calendar , and make her feel worthless . To add insult to injury , they ask Mimi to supply them with some party drugs to help loosen them up before the photoshoot . In revenge , Mimi gives them such a strong supply that they begin dancing around in their underwear and groping each other . Mimi sets up a pornographic website to display the shots . Mimi gives birth to a newborn daughter , later named Cilla , at the end of Series 7 after complaining of stomach pains and nausea which scared her into believing she had started her menopause . Cilla was presumably fathered by her estranged husband Paddy . According to the Shameless website , Mimi will return to the Maguire house , with her baby daughter Cilla , in Series 8 . It is implied that she does not know who fathered Cilla because of her fling with the underage football star Billy . Mimi returns to The Jockey with baby Cilla , marries Billy , where her full name is revealed , and lives happily ever after", "title": "" } ]	fever
5008d6f20d4312cbd617c48cb8049150	Kurt Sutter is the creator of Sons of Anarchy.	[ { "docid": "90e1f38bc82fda67a7ec5fe6f407576d", "text": "Kurt Sutter Kurt Leon Sutter ( born May 5 , 1960 ) is an American screenwriter , director , producer , and actor . He worked as a producer , writer , and director on The Shield , and appeared on the show as hitman Margos Dezerian . Sutter is also the creator of Sons of Anarchy on FX ; he wrote , produced , and directed the series , as well as played incarcerated club member Otto Delaney . Sutter spent time with members of an outlaw motorcycle club in Northern California as research for Sons of Anarchy . Sutter 's wife , actress Katey Sagal , was one of the show 's lead actresses .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "5f3e9c4ab77798917fd80a5373e65cf4", "text": "Anarchy Is What States Make of It Anarchy is What States Make of It ( full title : Anarchy is what states make of it : the social construction of power politics ) is a journal article by Alexander Wendt published in International Organization in 1992 that outlines a constructivist approach to international relations theory . He argues that anarchy is not inherent in the international system in the way in which other schools of international relations theory envision it , but rather it is a construct of the nation-states in the system . At the core of constructivist thought is the idea that many core aspects of international relations are socially constructed ( they are given their form by ongoing processes of social practice and interaction ) , rather than inherent , contrary to the assumptions of neorealism and neoliberalism . According to Wendt , the two basic tenets of constructivism are : The structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces The identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature The constructivist sentiment is summed up in the following extract from the article : `` I argue that self-help and power politics do not follow either logically or causally from anarchy and that if today we find ourselves in a self-help world , this is due to process , not structure . There is no ` logic ' of anarchy apart from the practices that create and instantiate one structure of identities and interests rather than another ; structure has no existence or causal powers apart from process . Self-help and power politics are institutions , not essential features , of anarchy . Anarchy is what states make of it '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "87e27e93dc512d86e0843be21c9fb7dc", "text": "Sons of Anarchy: Songs of Anarchy Vol. 2 Sons of Anarchy : Songs of Anarchy Vol . 2 is a soundtrack album featuring music from the FX television program Sons of Anarchy , and is a follow-up to the 2011 release Songs of Anarchy : Music from Sons of Anarchy Seasons 1 -- 4 and several earlier EPs from the popular show . Songs include covers of `` Sympathy for the Devil , '' `` Higher Ground , '' and `` Travelin ' Band , '' as well as several original tracks . Performers include Jane 's Addiction , with most tracks performed by longtime SOA contributors The Forest Rangers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aab7df0fb61fe97f4c2a95878501b3b7", "text": "This Life (song) `` This Life '' is the theme song for the FX television series Sons of Anarchy , written by singer-songwriter Curtis Stigers , Velvet Revolver guitarist Dave Kushner , producer Bob Thiele Jr. and show creator Kurt Sutter while it was performed by Curtis Stigers & The Forest Rangers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9535b60f857c4b0cd348d9c7b6b31635", "text": "Hart Hanson Hart Hanson ( born July 26 , 1957 ) is an American-born television writer and producer . His family moved to Canada when he was a child . He received a B.A. from the University of Toronto and a MFA from the University of British Columbia , where he taught briefly . He is the creator , executive producer , and writer of the TV series Bones . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Hanson would be writing about an `` overweight , offensive cop '' on FOX 's television show , Backstrom .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f82c2398099546d33bd28c352a367f51", "text": "Steve Uy Steve Uy ( born January 11 , 1979 ) is an American comic book artist and writer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d8232f793b6fdb59e88584ae35dd407", "text": "Respawn Entertainment Respawn Entertainment , LLC is an American video game development studio founded by Jason West and Vince Zampella , who created and were responsible for the development of the Call of Duty franchise at Infinity Ward before 2010 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "628047b742ff829101b0e30c15010d12", "text": "David W. Zucker David W. Zucker is President of Television for Scott Free , and Executive Producer of the landmark series adaptation of Philip K. Dick 's classic `` The Man in the High Castle '' for Amazon , esteemed Civil War medical drama `` Mercy Street '' on PBS , the forthcoming first season of the Amazon half-hour action-comedy starring Jean-Claude Van Damme as `` Jean-Claude Van Johnson , '' the AMC anthological psychological thriller `` The Terror , '' `` The Good Fight , '' the widely acclaimed CBS all-access spin-off of `` The Good Wife , '' and `` Killing Reagan , '' the fourth in the acclaimed National Geographic channel series of `` Killing '' telefilms ( which include `` Killing Jesus '' and `` Killing Kennedy , '' both Emmy-nominated , plus the docudrama `` Killing Lincoln '' ) . During his tenure , Scott Free has produced a steady stream of highly acclaimed programs including the Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated , Peabody-winning drama , `` The Good Wife , '' which recently concluded its 7th and final season on CBS , as well as `` Numb3rs , '' which ran for six successful seasons on the same network . Notable long form programs include `` Klondike '' for Discovery , the Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated `` The Pillars of the Earth '' for Starz , `` World Without End '' for Reelz , Emmy-nominated `` Into the Storm '' for HBO , Emmy-nominated `` The Andromeda Strain '' and `` Coma '' for A&E , the Golden Globe-nominated `` The Company '' at TNT and a feature-length digital series for X-Box/Microsoft , `` Halo : Nightfall . '' Acclaimed non-fiction programs include `` Crimes of the Century '' and the Emmy-winning documentary special `` Gettysburg '' for History Channel . Previously , Zucker worked as a Story Editor on the CBS series , Judging Amy , wrote pilot scripts for CBS and ABC , as well as various stage plays , and served as VP of Drama Series for CBS in addition to VP of Drama Series & Current Programs at Warner Bros. . TV .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d51e4e423ecf61375866c9d25be0de72", "text": "Steve Moore (cartoonist) Steven `` Steve '' Moore ( born 1965 ) is an American cartoonist , screenwriter , producer and feature film director . He is the creator and director of the syndicated sports cartoon In the Bleachers and the animated movies Open Season ( Sony Pictures Animation ) , and the Alpha and Omega franchise ( alongside Ben Gluck ) . Moore contributed a unique one page story to the Tarzan and the Comics of Idaho # 1 anthology published by Idaho Comics Group in August 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0a3c6bda5f232b3d5e10d42dd0aae2f8", "text": "David Nutter David Nutter ( born 1960 ) is an American television and film director and television producer . He is best known for directing pilot episodes for television . In 2015 , he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series , for his work on the HBO series , Game of Thrones .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6779a0cd8d4b3bed5c9ea71244ccb67e", "text": "Fans4Writers Fans4Writers is a fan activist movement which supported the striking writers of the WGA during the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike . The organization was not associated with the WGA , and indeed was notable for its unprecedented show of solidarity by individuals who were neither directly involved in contract negotiations , nor had a financial stake in the outcome . While the group was first proposed by fans of Joss Whedon , it came to embrace more than 40 self-identified fandoms . They called themselves `` fans of TV shows and movies , fans of actors , fans of directors , fans of producers , crew and everyone involved in the team effort of crafting wonder . But most of all we are fans of writers , because they are where the wonder begins . They write the words we remember , they create the characters we love , they think up the lines that stay with us forever . As supporters of the people behind the scenes , who develop and write the stories that have meant so much to so many , we wanted to do something tangible to show them that we support the Writers Guild of America strike . '' Fans4Writers solicitied financial support for its activities , which included bringing food to picket lines and skywriting messages of support at the Rose Bowl . Money left over after the strike was contributed to the WGA Strike Fund . The organization stated its support for `` the writers in their fight for fair treatment and equitable pay ... with our thoughts , with food deliveries , with money , and we will pick up signs and march with them until a resolution is found . We do it in appreciation , and because it 's right . '' The Internet-based fan movement received some online press coverage ancillary to the strike itself , and Brenda Lawhorn , Fans4writers ' Campaign Coordinator , was interviewed on Public Radio International 's Fair Game . However , WGA member and Battlestar Galactica writer Jane Espenson was quoted on fan involvement : `` I 'm not sure that -LSB- fan involvement -RSB- , which is so clear on the Internet , is being made as clear as it could be in the mainstream press ... it 's the stuff with the mainstream , grassroots fans who come out in amazing numbers and send us food on the picket lines every day ... that 's a bigger part of our everyday strike experience than the involvement of the movie stars . '' The organization 's existence and activities highlighted one of the main sticking points in the contract negotiations -- the significance of the Internet and other `` new media '' distribution channels . The fan involvement in the strike could also be seen as an outgrowth of trends in which the audience had become more vocal as consumers of entertainment . Striking writers closed the circle by soliciting fan action on their behalf and specifically referring those upset at the loss of their favorite programs to the Fans4writers website , alongside the WGA 's own strike site , in order to register their sentiments and become involved . Successful use of the internet to organize `` save our show '' campaigns had garnered significant attention , as when supporters of Jericho inundated CBS with grievances in protest of the program 's cancellation . This and other similar fan-organized publicity stunts on behalf of television shows appeared to have inspired WGA strikers themselves to undertake a similar campaign of sending pencils to the CEOs of the media conglomerates in a position to influence the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers . Fans4Writers received designation as Yahoo.com 's Site of the Day on November 21 , 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f5a3914c5293e85ca92f3abc36b4f1bb", "text": "Pilot & Huxley Pilot and Huxley ( stylized as Pilot & Huxley ) is a comic book series that is edited and created by Dan McGuiness . It is published by the Graphix division of the Scholastic Corporation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "084dcf66b8df94b775b39a7c72e9e6e5", "text": "Kurt Yaeger Kurt Yaeger ( born January 3 , 1977 ) is an American actor , director and professional athlete , who is also a below-the-knee amputee . Recent work includes roles on the CBS hit franchise NCIS and the much anticipated HBO/Cinemax series Quarry . Kurt is notable for appearing in season five of the FX series Sons of Anarchy as Greg `` the Peg '' and in the Rudimental music video for the UK hit single `` Waiting All Night '' featuring vocals from Ella Eyre .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fbc8bf81f27171c034bdfe3b7a72d18a", "text": "History of Saturday Night Live (1995–2000) Saturday Night Live is an American sketch comedy series created and produced by Lorne Michaels for most of the show 's run . The show has aired on NBC since 1975 . After a disastrous 1994 -- 95 season featuring a mix of old and new characters , Michaels decided to once again revamp the cast , keeping only five cast members and hiring six . The 1995 -- 96 season once again saved the show from cancellation , introducing a new era of Saturday Night Live characters and sketches that were highly popular with audiences . This cast stayed mostly stable until the 1998 -- 99 season , which added cast members such as Jimmy Fallon and Horatio Sanz . These two would pave the way for the next era of Saturday Night Live in the early 2000s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad511207d14bf63d9a7cf8c5596b89d0", "text": "The Bastard Executioner The Bastard Executioner is an American historical fiction drama television series , created by Kurt Sutter and aired on FX from September 15 , 2015 to November 17 , 2015 . On November 18 , 2015 , Sutter announced that FX had cancelled the series after one season .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bd4db7db265772d5d5f6b63ae6317315", "text": "Alexander Payne Alexander Payne ( born Constantine Alexander Payne ; February 10 , 1961 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , and producer , known for the films Citizen Ruth ( 1996 ) , Election ( 1999 ) , About Schmidt ( 2002 ) , Sideways ( 2004 ) , The Descendants ( 2011 ) , and Nebraska ( 2013 ) . His films are noted for their dark humor and satirical depictions of contemporary American society . Payne is a two-time winner of the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , and a three-time nominee of the Academy Award for Best Director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "851b4eef7fe588cf167220ca96c1a372", "text": "Aaron Sowd Aaron Sowd ( born November 3 , 1970 ) is an American comic book creator , writer and artist . Sowd began his comic book career as an inker for Top Cow , Marvel Comics , and DC Comics . He currently works as an illustrator and storyboard artist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e38ed8f0a7a0c582b8c530879bd065d", "text": "Dave Erickson Dave Erickson is an American television writer and producer , best known for co-creating Fear the Walking Dead with Robert Kirkman , which he is currently the showrunner for . He also created the television series Canterbury 's Law , and wrote and produced for television series Sons of Anarchy and Low Winter Sun .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e571971f912c9f8965eef89cb26c320a", "text": "Rockne S. O'Bannon Rockne S. O'Bannon is an American television writer , screenwriter and producer . O'Bannon has created five original television series ( Farscape , seaQuest , Defiance , Cult , and Alien Nation ) . O'Bannon made his writing debut selling spec material to NBC 's Amazing Stories ( 1985 ) and CBS 's The Twilight Zone ( 1985 ) , but first garnered critical attention for his film Alien Nation ( 1988 ) and its subsequent spinoff television show . His next notable achievement was his original series seaQuest DSV ( 1993 ) which ran for three seasons . O'Bannon 's most critically acclaimed success was the space epic Farscape on Syfy ( 1999 -- 2003 ) which ran for four seasons and spun off into a mini-series , a comic book series , and a rumored film . Since Farscape , he 's created the hit TV show Defiance ( 2013 ) and CW 's Cult ( 2013 ) , the miniseries The Triangle ( 2005 ) , along with helping to write the Warehouse 13 ( 2009 ) pilot . He 's also written and produced for Constantine , Revolution and V among others . O'Bannon prides himself on `` delivering shows that truly are , in their own way , really unique '' and pushing the boundaries of the science fiction genre . He 's won multiple Saturn Awards ( including best series for Farscape ) and been nominated for other awards such as a Hugo Award and a WGA Award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e7c03491dc464276e10c991a13144408", "text": "Skatterman Stacy Landis , better known by his stage name Skatterman ( pronounced Scātterman ) , is an American rapper from Kansas City , Missouri .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8d7b7bd08a8e84f087bfec3e69a5c1f9", "text": "Image Comics Image Comics is an American comic book publisher . It was founded in 1992 by several high-profile illustrators as a venue where comics creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created , as creator-owned properties . It was immediately successful , and remains one of the largest comic book publishers in North America . Its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the Image partners , but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators . Its best-known series include Spawn , Savage Dragon , Witchblade , The Darkness , Invincible , The Walking Dead , Saga , and Chew .", "title": "" } ]	fever
ddc921d6eeaffca8ffc25feb11c9fa4a	There are two major contemporary political parties, and William Jennings Bryan belongs to one of them.	[ { "docid": "68f769a44b892355b8717133a5e88c33", "text": "William Jennings Bryan William Jennings Bryan ( March 19 , 1860 -- July 26 , 1925 ) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska , and a dominant force in the populist wing of the Democratic Party , standing three times as the Party 's nominee for President of the United States ( 1896 , 1900 , and 1908 ) . He served two terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska and was United States Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1915 ) . He resigned because of his pacifist position on World War I. Bryan was a devout Presbyterian , a strong advocate of popular democracy , and an enemy of the banks and the gold standard . He demanded `` Free Silver '' because he believed it undermined the evil `` Money Power '' and put more cash in the hands of the common people . He was a peace advocate , a supporter of Prohibition , and an opponent of Darwinism on religious and humanitarian grounds . With his deep , commanding voice and wide travels , he was perhaps the best-known orator and lecturer of the era . Because of his faith in the wisdom of the common people , he was called `` The Great Commoner '' . In the intensely fought 1896 and 1900 elections , he was defeated by William McKinley but retained control of the Democratic Party . With over 500 speeches in 1896 , Bryan invented the national stumping tour in an era when other presidential candidates stayed home . In his three presidential bids , he promoted Free Silver in 1896 , anti-imperialism in 1900 , and trust-busting in 1908 , calling on Democrats to fight the trusts ( big corporations ) and big banks , and embrace anti-elitist ideals of republicanism . President Wilson appointed him Secretary of State in 1913 . After the Lusitania was torpedoed in 1915 , Wilson made strong demands on Germany that Bryan disagreed with , resigning in protest as a pacifist . After 1920 , he turned to Christian fundamentalism ; he supported Prohibition and attacked Darwinism and evolution , most famously at the Scopes Trial in 1925 in Tennessee . Five days after the conclusion of the Scopes case , Bryan died in his sleep .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "610a4165f281baea2399d209e2aefcca", "text": "Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active party . The Democrats ' dominant worldview was once social conservativism and economic liberalism , while , especially in the rural South , populism was its leading characteristic . In 1912 , Theodore Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate in the Progressive ( `` Bull Moose '' ) Party , leading to a switch of political platforms between the Democratic and Republican Party and Woodrow Wilson being elected as the first fiscally progressive Democrat . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform , supporting social justice . Today , the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists , with a smaller minority of conservative Democrats . The party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy . These interventions , such as the introduction of social programs , support for labor unions , affordable college tuitions , moves toward universal health care and equal opportunity , consumer protection , and environmental protection form the core of the party 's economic policy . The party has united with smaller liberal regional parties throughout the country , such as the Farmer -- Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and southern conservative-populist anti-business wings . The New Deal Coalition of 1932 -- 1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction -- many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal of the 1930s , the pro-business wing withered outside the South . After the racial turmoil of the 1960s , most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s . Racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. such as ( but not limited to ) Jewish Americans , Hispanic Americans , Arabic Americans , and African Americans , tend to support the Democratic Party in proportions higher than their overall representation in American society . Overall , the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party ( GOP ) . 15 Democrats have served as president under 16 administrations : the first was seventh president Andrew Jackson , who served from 1829 to 1837 ; Grover Cleveland served two nonconsecutive terms from 1885 to 1889 and 1893 to 1897 , and is thus counted twice ( as the 22nd and 24th president ) . The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama , who held the office from 2009 to 2017 . In the 115th Congress , following the 2016 elections , Democrats are the opposition party , holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate . The party also holds a minority of governorships ( 16/50 ) , and state legislatures ( full control of 12/50 , split control of six others ) , though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City , Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston , and Washington , D.C.", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2754217fccb42563618531ac58ace12b", "text": "Pro tempore Pro tempore ( -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəri -RSB- , -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpərɛ -RSB- or -LSB- ˌproʊ_ˈtɛmpəreɪ -RSB- ) , abbreviated pro tem or p.t. , is a Latin phrase which best translates to `` for the time being '' in English . This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens ( placeholder ) in the absence of a superior , such as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate , who acts in place of the President of the United States Senate , the Vice President of the United States . Legislative bodies can have one or more pro tempore for the presiding officer . These positions ostensibly go to legislators experienced in floor debate who are familiar with the content and application of relevant rules and precedents and who have a reputation for fairness among their colleagues .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "018dbcfea7e664482df3b8e7c00f2f93", "text": "Right-wing politics Right-wing politics hold that certain social orders and hierarchies are inevitable , natural , normal , or desirable , typically supporting this position on the basis of natural law , economics or tradition . Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies . The term right-wing can generally refer to `` the conservative or reactionary section of a political party or system . '' The political terms Right and Left were first used during the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 99 ) , and referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament ; those who sat to the right of the chair of the parliamentary president were broadly supportive of the institutions of the monarchist Ancien Régime . The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left , and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy , tradition , and clericalism . The use of the expression la droite ( the right ) became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815 , when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists . The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms `` right '' and `` left '' to their own politics until the 20th century . Although the right-wing originated with traditional conservatives , monarchists and reactionaries , the term extreme right-wing has also been applied to movements including fascists , Nazis , and racial supremacists . From the 1830s to the 1880s , there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy , moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism . This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party , which responded by becoming supportive of capitalism . In the United States , the Right includes both economic and social conservatives . In Europe , economic conservatives are usually considered liberal , and the Right includes nationalists , nativist opposition to immigration , religious conservatives , and historically a significant presence of right-wing movements with anti-capitalist sentiments including conservatives and fascists who opposed what they saw as the selfishness and excessive materialism inherent in contemporary capitalism .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1bc7234cbb3b7cb26c9b986bcaa8b4d9", "text": "Blue Tory Blue Tories , also known as small ` c ' conservatives , are , in Canadian politics , members of the former federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada , current Conservative Party of Canada and provincial Progressive Conservative parties who are more economically right wing . Prior to the 1960s , these Conservatives were most identified with the Montreal and Toronto commercial elite who took positions of influence within the Progressive Conservative Party . Since the mid-1970s , they have been heavily influenced by the libertarian movement and the more individualist nature of American conservatism . Blue Tories tend to favour libertarian policies such as devolution of federal power to the provincial governments , a reduced role for government in the economy , reduction of taxation and similar mainstream market liberal ideals . The term Blue Tory does not refer to social conservatism . One example of a Blue Tory administration in Canada was the `` Common Sense Revolution '' provincial Progressive Conservative government of Ontario Premier Mike Harris . The Harris Tories were widely viewed as radical by Canadian standards in their economic policies and style of governance . Harris ' government embarked on a number of initiatives , including cuts to education , welfare and Medicare , privatization of government services and health care , the sale of provincial highways and the forced amalgamation of municipalities . Provincial income taxes were also cut by 30 % and corporate tax rates were nearly cut in half during the Harris mandate . Most Blue Tories are at least somewhat ideologically aligned close to the economic libertarian positions of the former Canadian Alliance and as such supported the merger between the PCs and the Alliance to form the new federal Conservative Party of Canada ( CPC ) . Some notable Blue Tories include many prominent federal and provincial Progressive Conservatives such as former PC Party Leader and Attorney General Peter MacKay , Conservative Party leadership contender and current Treasury Board President Tony Clement , former Premier of Ontario Mike Harris , and current CPC leader Andrew Scheer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfc201293475e261a8145d0713ea4684", "text": "United States Congress The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers : the Senate and the House of Representatives . The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington , D.C. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election , though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment . Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party , and only rarely to a third party or as independents . Congress has 535 voting members : 435 Representatives and 100 Senators . The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members . These members can , however , sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation . These members represent Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency , known as a `` district '' . Congressional districts are apportioned to states by population using the United States Census results , provided that each state has at least one congressional representative . Each state , regardless of population or size , has two senators . Currently , there are 100 senators representing the 50 states . Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term , with terms staggered , so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af09b876027a7cf0f633ca506ec38fa3", "text": "National Party (United States) The National Party was an early-20th-century national political organization in the United States founded by pro-war defectors from the Socialist Party of America in 1917 . These adherents of the SPA Right first formed a non-partisan national society to propagandize the socialist idea called the Social Democratic League of America . Many of these individuals were eager for the formation of an alternative political organization to both the so-called `` old '' parties and the anti-war Socialist Party of America and eagerly latched on to a burgeoning movement for a new party that sprouted in 1917 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8963257c6ec1dae9bb87b152d103b85c", "text": "New Democrats New Democrats , also called Centrist Democrats , Clinton Democrats or Moderate Democrats , are a relatively `` centrist '' ideological faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election . Describing themselves as `` centrist '' , they are an economically conservative and `` Third Way '' faction which dominated the party for around 20 years , starting in the late 1980s after the US populace turned much further to the political right . They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3545711a2cc397152d720dce6c11dfee", "text": "John McCain presidential campaign, 2000 The 2000 presidential campaign of John McCain , the United States Senator from Arizona , began in September 1999 . He announced his run for the Republican Party nomination for the presidency of the United States in the 2000 presidential election . McCain was the main challenger to Texas Governor George W. Bush , who had the political and financial support of most of the party establishment . McCain staged an upset win in the February 2000 New Hampshire primary , capitalizing on a message of political reform and `` straight talk '' that appealed to moderate Republican and independent voters and to the press . McCain 's momentum was halted when Bush won the South Carolina primary later that month , in a contest that became famous for its bitter nature and an underground smear campaign run against McCain . McCain won some subsequent primaries , but after the March 2000 Super Tuesday contests he was well behind in delegates and withdrew . He grudgingly endorsed Bush two months later and made occasional appearances for him during the general election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3136ef3a705a62a8c929bb951b25d61a", "text": "Election An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office . Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century . Elections may fill offices in the legislature , sometimes in the executive and judiciary , and for regional and local government . This process is also used in many other private and business organizations , from clubs to voluntary associations and corporations . The universal use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic archetype , ancient Athens , where the Elections were considered an oligarchic institution and most political offices were filled using sortition , also known as allotment , by which officeholders were chosen by lot . Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place , or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems . Psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections ( especially with a view to predicting future results ) . To elect means `` to choose or make a decision '' , and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections , especially in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5ec69f76f862c9b38e890e8e962e56ca", "text": "Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism . The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform . Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated . John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows : Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one , Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment . Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "09508088bec7d8b57341d104a245f47e", "text": "Political eras of the United States Political eras of the United States refer to a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system existing in the United States . The party systems ( with periods indicated in parenthesis ) include : First Party System ( 1792-1824 ) Second Party System ( 1828-1854 ) Third Party System ( 1854-1895 ) Fourth Party System ( 1896-1932 ) Fifth Party System ( 1932-1964 ) Sixth Party System ( mid 1960s-presently ) Category : Political history of the United States", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b5a54feedbb2bbd75e004d685330576", "text": "Party system A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country . The idea is that political parties have basic similarities : they control the government , have a stable base of mass popular support , and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding , information and nominations . The concept was originated by European scholars studying the United States , especially James Bryce and Moisey Ostrogorsky , and has been expanded to cover other democracies . Giovanni Sartori devised the most widely used classification method for party systems . He suggested that party systems should be classified by the number of relevant parties and the degree of fragmentation . Party systems can be distinguished by the effective number of parties .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be2e77e87c3fa9f9b60043c2bd9812a0", "text": "Political feasibility analysis Political feasibility analysis is used to predict the probable outcome of a proposed solution to a policy problem through examining the actors , events and environment involved in all stages of the policy-making process . It is one frequently used component of a policy analysis and can serve as an evaluative criterion in choosing between policy alternatives . Feasible policies must be politically acceptable or at least not unacceptable . Political unacceptability is a combination of two conditions too much opposition or too little support . One common mistake is widespread in practice that feasibility becomes a dominant criterion of preferable alternative . Feasibility is `` the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done '' . More plainly , one might ask `` can we get this done ? '' Feasibility , as it pertains to the political arena , speaks to the political climate . The question then becomes : `` In this political climate , can we get this done ? '' Political feasibility is a measure of how well a solution to a policy problem , will be accepted by a set of decision makers and the general public . For a policy to be enacted and implemented , it must be politically acceptable , or feasible . A policy alternative 's lack of political feasibility can often be attributed to its lack of political support or the result of controversy that may surround the issue the policy seeks to address . Alternatively , a politically feasible alternative is one that has the greatest probability of `` receiv -LSB- ing -RSB- sufficient political push and support to be implemented '' given any specific constraints . When policy analysis generates policy alternatives , the political risks and costs associated with each can be important criteria for deciding between alternatives . A good policy alternative requires a certain amount of political feasibility , or implementation of the policy will be impossible . It is important to keep in mind , however , that feasibility alone does not make a policy `` good . '' Examining all criteria is necessary for the implementation of socially responsible policy . Politics are difficult to predict but it has been said that `` no decision is ever made in complex systems without political feasibility having played some role . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f9540e0d3cdee222cdb436490003ca10", "text": "Third Way In politics , the Third Way is a position akin to centrism that tries to reconcile right-wing and left-wing politics by advocating a varying synthesis of right-wing economic and left-wing social policies . The Third Way was created as a serious re-evaluation of political policies within various centre-left progressive movements in response to international doubt regarding the economic viability of the state ; economic interventionist policies that had previously been popularized by Keynesianism and contrasted with the corresponding rise of popularity for economic liberalism and the New Right . The Third Way is promoted by some social democratic and social liberal movements . Major Third Way social democratic proponent Tony Blair claimed that the socialism he advocated was different from traditional conceptions of socialism . Blair said `` My kind of socialism is a set of values notions of social justice ... Socialism as a rigid form of economic determinism has ended , and rightly '' . Blair referred to it as `` social-ism '' that involves politics that recognized individuals as socially interdependent , and advocated social justice , social cohesion , equal worth of each citizen , and equal opportunity . Third Way social democratic theorist Anthony Giddens has said that the Third Way rejects the traditional conception of socialism , and instead accepts the conception of socialism as conceived of by Anthony Crosland as an ethical doctrine that views social democratic governments as having achieved a viable ethical socialism by removing the unjust elements of capitalism by providing social welfare and other policies , and that contemporary socialism has outgrown the Marxian claim for the need of the abolition of capitalism . Blair in 2009 publicly declared support for a `` new capitalism '' . It supports the pursuit of greater egalitarianism in society through action to increase the distribution of skills , capacities , and productive endowments , while rejecting income redistribution as the means to achieve this . It emphasizes commitment to balanced budgets , providing equal opportunity combined with an emphasis on personal responsibility , decentralization of government power to the lowest level possible , encouragement of public-private partnerships , improving labour supply , investment in human development , protection of social capital , and protection of the environment . The Third Way has been criticized by some conservatives and libertarians who advocate laissez-faire capitalism . It has also been heavily criticized by many social democrats , democratic socialists , anarchists and communists in particular as a betrayal of left-wing values . Specific definitions of Third Way policies may differ between Europe and America .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6f0b3fc9f84a74192576d3c2405046d", "text": "Conservatism in North America Conservatism in North America is a political philosophy that varies in form , depending on the country and the region , but that has similar themes and goals . Academic study into the differences and similarities between conservatism in North American countries has been undertaken on numerous occasions . Reginald Bibby has asserted that the primary reason that conservatism has been so strong and enduring throughout North America is because of the propagation of religious values from generation to generation . This connection is strongest in mainstream Protestantism in the United States and both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Canada . According to Louis Hartz , nations that developed from settler colonies were European `` fragments '' that froze the class structure and underlying ideology prevalent in the mother country at the time of their foundation . He considered Latin America and French Canada to be fragments of feudal Europe , and the United States and English Canada as liberal fragments . However Gad Horowitz , writing that Hartz had acknowledged a Tory influence in English Canada , claimed a conservative tradition had developed there as well . American conservatism is generally considered to be a variety of liberalism , rather than true conservatism , although Canada also developed an American style conservatism that competed with the older Tory conservatism . A right-wing conservatism , or `` Latin conservatism '' , developed in Latin America and Quebec . Today , conservative and conservative liberal parties in North America cooperate through the International Democrat Union .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3cbd8eeb1737a365d05e3dc59522192b", "text": "Party switching in the United States In the United States politics , party switching is any change in party affiliation of a partisan public figure , usually one who is currently holding elected office . Use of the term `` party switch '' can also connote a transfer of held power in an elected governmental body from one party to another .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c5e479597257631dd5f8c26deb9be017", "text": "William McKinley William McKinley Jr. ( January 29 , 1843 -- September 14 , 1901 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 25th President of the United States from March 4 , 1897 until his assassination in September 1901 , six months into his second term . McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish -- American War , raised protective tariffs to promote American industry , and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals . McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War , and the only one to have started the war as an enlisted soldier , beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major . After the war , he settled in Canton , Ohio , where he practiced law and married Ida Saxton . In 1876 , he was elected to Congress , where he became the Republican Party 's expert on the protective tariff , which he promised would bring prosperity . His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial ; which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office , led to his defeat in the Democratic landslide of 1890 . He was elected Ohio 's governor in 1891 and 1893 , steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests . With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna , he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 , amid a deep economic depression . He defeated his Democratic rival , William Jennings Bryan , after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated `` sound money '' ( the gold standard unless altered by international agreement ) and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity . Rapid economic growth marked McKinley 's presidency . He promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition , and in 1900 , he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act . McKinley hoped to persuade Spain to grant independence to rebellious Cuba without conflict , but when negotiation failed , he led the nation into the Spanish -- American War of 1898 ; the U.S. victory was quick and decisive . As part of the peace settlement , Spain turned over to the United States its main overseas colonies of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ; Cuba was promised independence , but at that time remained under the control of the U.S. Army . The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898 and it became a U.S. territory . Historians regard McKinley 's 1896 victory as a realigning election , in which the political stalemate of the post -- Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System , which began with the Progressive Era . McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election , in a campaign focused on imperialism , protectionism , and free silver . However , his legacy was quickly cut short when he was shot on September 6 , 1901 by Leon Czolgosz , a second-generation Polish-American with anarchist leanings ; McKinley died eight days later , and was succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt . As an innovator of American interventionism and pro-business sentiment , McKinley 's presidency is generally considered above average , though his universally positive public perception was soon overshadowed by Roosevelt .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0780806d09d0e8660d79ef923e8940cb", "text": "New World Alliance The New World Alliance was an American political organization that sought to articulate and implement what it called `` transformational '' political ideas . It was organized in the late 1970s and dissolved in 1983 . It has been described as the first U.S. national political organization of its type and as the first entity to articulate a comprehensive transformational political program . The Alliance maintained a national office two blocks from the White House . It established chapters across the U.S. , produced a 98-page political platform , conducted `` Political Awareness Seminars '' to help participants learn to communicate across ideological and psychological divides , initiated national `` Consultations with Elected Officials , '' and produced a national political newsletter whose sponsors included Ecotopia author Ernest Callenbach and psychologist Carl Rogers . Over the decades , social scientists and others have sought to explain why the Alliance did not achieve a longer life . There is no agreement . Explanations have touched on history ( the U.S. was not ready ) , culture ( the Alliance was too counter-cultural ) , process ( the commitment to near-unanimous consensus decision-making was too onerous ) , leadership ( the people on the Governing Council did not have the personalities or skills to build a mass organization ) , transformational political assumptions and behaviors ( said to be inappropriate , self-defeating , or cult-like ) , and more . Following the dissolution of the organization , many former Governing Council members and other founders of the Alliance -- many near the beginning of their careers -- took transformational ideas into a variety of organizational settings , including the early U.S. Green Party movement and the multinational corporate world . Their organizational efforts and published political writings extended into the 21st century .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dfb534bacc240e075683ea15532f3454", "text": "Labor Party (United States, 1996) The Labor Party was an American social democratic political party advocating workers ' interests . Membership at one point reached about 5,000 . The party was formed in 1996 by the United Mine Workers , International Longshore and Warehouse Union , American Federation of Government Employees , California Nurses Association , and hundreds of other local labor unions . From the beginning a dispute over the Party 's running of candidates arose with many of the official unions totally opposed to running candidates that might cause the defeat of their normal Democratic allies . Smaller locals and left union activists on the other had pushed for a clean break with the Democratic Party . This issue was debated internally for years until 1999 when the Party 's leadership agreed to some endorsements of Labor Party members running . In 2001 the Labor Party endorsed labor sponsored independent candidates in San Francisco and Ohio local elections . After the 2000 elections even symbolic support dripped away . The future of the party remains uncertain , particularly after the 2002 death of Tony Mazzocchi , the founding national organizer . All of the founding unions continued to actively support Democratic Party candidates . In December 2005 , the South Carolina Labor Party announced that it would seek ballot status in South Carolina and run a candidate in the 2006 legislative elections . Labor Party News quoted Leonard Riley , President of the Charleston International Longshoremen 's Association Local 1422 as saying , `` Given the results of the past few elections , I think the workers of South Carolina would jump at the opportunity to consider a Labor Party which would guarantee an uncompromising voice for working people on their issues . '' Although South Carolina law permitted electoral fusion , the Labor Party pledged not to endorse candidates of any other party . Party officials acknowledged that the choice of South Carolina may have seemed unusual due to the fact that the state had the second lowest concentration of union workers in the United States . However , party officials said that the relatively high unemployment rate , the decline in the textile industry , and the indifference of the state Democratic and Republican parties to the interests of working people , African-Americans and women created a political space for the Labor Party . The party submitted 16,500 signatures on July 11 , 2006 . If 10,000 of the signatures were valid , the party would be qualified for the 2007 and 2008 elections . This effort was apparently unrelated to the concurrent attempt of the Working Families Party to gain ballot access in South Carolina , a state that allows electoral fusion . In July 2007 Ballot Access News reported that the SCLP was attempting to recruit candidates . The party suspended active operations in 2007 but a group said to affiliated with the party nominated one candidate for the South Carolina State House for 2010 . The candidate , Brett Bursey , received 442 votes , or 3.06 % . In December 2012 Mark Dudzic wrote an article in which he said confirmed that the party had suspended operations in 2007 . While some have taken this to mean that he said that the time was currently not right for the Labor Party to exist , others have seen this as a start of a discussion about the future of the Labor Party .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "072a7005287497869ef693fdd7e2a83a", "text": "Party switching Party-switching is any change in political party affiliation of a partisan public figure , usually one currently holding elected office . In many countries , party-switching takes the form of politicians refusing to support their political parties in coalition governments . This happens particularly commonly in countries without firmly-established political parties , such as Vanuatu and French Polynesia where in 2004 , a few members of various parties left the governing coalition , forcing it to collapse . Party switches often occur with the formation of new parties -- witness the situation in the United Kingdom , where some Liberals moved to the Labour Party in the early twentieth century . In formerly communist countries in Europe , de-Sovietisation saw many Communist-Party representatives switch to other parties ranging on the political spectrum from socialist to conservative . In some cases , the defectors from an opposition party may choose to support a ruling coalition . In Poland , for example , the exit of the populist Samoobrona party from the government prompted a number of its members to leave and form a new parliamentary group . Party switching also occurs quite commonly in Italy , Ukraine , India , and the Philippines .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "71d6da1834f407bf13686e741b70c0dc", "text": "List of elections in the Province of Canada The Province of Canada was the union of Canada West ( formerly Upper Canada and later Ontario ) and Canada East ( formerly Lower Canada and later Quebec ) . The Province of Canada held 8 unique elections from 1841 to 1863 before Confederation . While party lines were somewhat blurred , there were political parties . There are many examples of groups of MPs going against the party line , or splitting a party into two . A good example of this is when a number of Liberal MPs supported John A. Macdonald , a Conservative , and his idea for Canadian Confederation , many other Liberal Party members were opposed to Confederation . After the establishment of the double majority principle , any bill , in order to be passed , needed a majority of MPs from both Canada West and Canada East . This sometimes led to coalitions between Ontario Liberals and Quebec Tories , or vice versa . The elections listed below are divided into `` Left '' or `` Reformer '' camps , and `` Right '' or `` Conservative '' camps .", "title": "" } ]	fever
c0cc614b0a5cc9a7c1ce7f1e903a69c8	David Koepp is a director.	[ { "docid": "fe055ab714a887864b95b593f60abc8f", "text": "David Koepp David Koepp ( born June 9 , 1963 ) is an American screenwriter and director . Koepp is the fifth most successful screenwriter of all time in terms of U.S. box office receipts with a total gross of over $ 2.3 billion . Koepp has achieved both critical and commercial success in a wide variety of genres : thriller , science fiction , comedy , action , drama , crime , superhero , horror , adventure , and fantasy . Some of the best known films he has written include the sci-fi adventure films Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) ; the action spy films Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) and Jack Ryan : Shadow Recruit ( 2014 ) ; the superhero film Spider-Man ( 2002 ) ; the sci-fi disaster film War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) and the mystery thriller Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) . Koepp has directed six films over the course of his career : The Trigger Effect ( 1996 ) , Stir of Echoes ( 1999 ) , Secret Window ( 2004 ) , Ghost Town ( 2008 ) , Premium Rush ( 2012 ) , and Mortdecai ( 2015 ) .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2c062ce5d527d8181abffa8183e35a2a", "text": "David A. Goldsmith David A. Goldsmith lives and works in the UK and Italy . His career in television spans the vast technological changes : from film to videotape ; from black & white to colour ; from terrestrial to satellite ; from the UK 's three national networks to the plethora of channels today ; from analogue to digital ; from 405 lines to High Definition . He moved through the ranks : from a Programme Assistant in educational television to a presenter of Ready Steady Go ! ; from film Location Manager at the newly formed Yorkshire TV to Programme Director ; from drama to current affairs ; from making documentaries in ITV to directing at ITN where he won a BAFTA award covering the 1980 Iranian Embassy Siege . Other experiences include : teaching at the then London College of Printing , TV production for the Metropolitan Police , directing the pan-European satellite experiment , setting up the BBC 's school of TV Journalism in Bucharest , starting the RGB news production Partnership , and as a Vice President at ScanSat Broadcasting launching its news department . In 1993 he acted as an advisor to a start up television company in Hungary . Assisted in the production of a documentary about the British television industry . His documentaries mainly in the field of human rights range : from the 1964 civil rights campaign in Mississippi to Amnesty International 's concern about the state of human rights in Mexico ; from following the Six-Day War in Jerusalem to the role of policewomen under the Equal Opportunities Act ; from World War I Old Contemptibles in Flanders to Hells Angels in Great Britain . His enthusiasm for the documentary led to his book The Documentary Makers published by RotoVision . Since 2006 he has been developing a film project to be shot in Venezuela .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82ce5efc975419724b224b726e86091e", "text": "Set piece In film production , a set piece is a scene or sequence of scenes whose execution requires serious logistical planning and considerable expenditure of money . The term set piece is often used more broadly to describe any important dramatic or comedic highpoint in a film or story , particularly those that provide some kind of dramatic payoff , resolution , or transition . Thus the term is often used to describe any scenes that are so essential to a film that they can not be edited out or skipped in the shooting schedule without seriously damaging the integrity of the finished product . Often , screenplays are written around a list of such set pieces , particularly in high-budget `` event movies '' . Set pieces are very often planned meticulously using storyboards , screentests , and rehearsals , in contrast to smaller scenes where the director and actors may be more improvisational . Each action requires the combined efforts of different departments : set builders , physical effects , and special visual effects . On most films , different groups of people will work on different set pieces individually since they can take a long time to prepare before shooting . For example , the car chase in The Matrix Reloaded took months to prepare and cost $ 30 million , including $ 5 million to build the freeway set .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "886243ed319a1c5a8263d12a75360808", "text": "K/O Paper Products K/O Paper Products is an American television and motion picture production company founded by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci c. 2009 , in which year Bobby Cohen became chief executive officer of its films division .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64daf635e0704799258b62ebaea7c666", "text": "Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' . Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' . Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions . A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "05487ad2c0674f1d290bddb51b0fe67d", "text": "Daniel Koren Daniel Koren is a Brooklyn-based musician , comedian and director . Koren was born in Israel on January 23 , 1984", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1f891c0dcea2eb8bc2e4e8d1027ff77d", "text": "David Zellner David Zellner is an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He lives and works in Austin , Texas . Zellner is best known for directing the films Kid-Thing ( 2012 ) and Kumiko , the Treasure Hunter ( 2014 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "608ee0789bd7de5059eccd7cd124b390", "text": "Directors Guild of Great Britain The Directors Guild of Great Britain ( DGGB ) is a professional organization which represents directors across all media , including film , television , theatre , radio , opera , commercials , music videos , corporate film/video and training , documentaries , multimedia and `` new technology '' . It has evolved to become an independent trade union and a non-profit limited company , asset-linked to the Directors Guild Trust , the charity arm of the Guild .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3ff6dfa87151afa8a817806ff1a698de", "text": "David E. Tolchinsky David E. Tolchinsky ( born David Jan Edelson ) is a screenwriter , playwright , sound designer , and academic . He is Chair of Northwestern University 's Department of Radio-TV-Film and Founder/Director of Northwestern University School of Communication 's MFA in Writing for the Screen + Stage . As a screenwriter , his feature film Girl is distributed by iTunes and has been seen internationally . He has been commissioned by such studios as Touchstone/Disney , MGM , Ivan Reitman 's Montecito Pictures , USA Networks , Edward R. Pressman Film Corp , and Addis-Wechsler & Assoc. / Industry Entertainment to write feature screenplays . He is the author of original screenplays such as The Last Crash and Reflections on a Teenage Anti-Christ featured in a New York Times article about home offices . Some of his work centers on teen subcultures such as heavy-metal fans , Florida surfer teens , teen groupies , and female football players , particularly in relation to social decay . He is also interested in horror , both psychological and physical . As a sound designer , he has designed the sound for interactive computer environments and video installations which have been exhibited internationally . In 2003 , he was nominated for a Motion Picture Sound Editors Guild Golden Reel Award for his sound design for Dolly . In 2008 , he was appointed as a Northwestern University Charles Deering McCormick Professor of Teaching Excellence . In 2009 , he co-curated The Horror Show at Dorsky Gallery Curatorial Programs in New York City which explored horror in film , video , installation , photography , sculpture and painting and which was featured as a The Village Voice `` Voice Choice for Art '' and on their blog , and which was accompanied by a 32-page catalog . In 2011 , he co-produced Debra Kahn Tolchinsky 's Fast Talk , which investigates the accelerated speed of argumentation in college debate and which is available on iTunes and Amazon instant . Recently , he published `` Where 's the Rest of Me ? '' a reflective essay about Spalding Gray in Paraphilia Magazine and co-curated with Debra Kahn Tolchinsky The Presence of Absence sponsored by the Contemporary Arts Council at Hairpin Arts Center in Chicago , chosen by Chicago Magazine as one of the `` 16 best art gallery shows to see now in Chicago '' and described in The Huffington Post as `` The space is gorgeous , the art solid , challenging , yet accessible . This is a wonderfully odd , powerful , thoughtful show '' . He was also ranked # 14 on New City 's Film 50 2013 : Chicago 's Screen Gems , was the recipient of a 2014 Illinois Arts Council Artist Fellowship in Literature , and was voted Best Director for his play , Where 's the Rest of Me ? ( which was nominated for Best Play and which was an adaptation of his essay ) , at the 2015 Riant Theatre One-Act Play Festival in New York City . Most recently , his play Clear was published in Issue 3 2015 of Proscenium Journal , he was ranked number 8 with Debra Kahn Tolchinsky on New City 's Film 50 2015 : Chicago 's Screen Gems , and he co-curated Sick by Seven ( seven plays/films about mental health in the modern world ) at A Red Orchid Theatre in Chicago as part of its Incubator Series . He is a graduate of Yale ( 1985 , BA , magna cum laude ) and USC School of Cinematic Arts/School of Cinema-Television ( 1988 , MFA ) . He continues to collaborate often with his spouse , the media artist Debra Kahn Tolchinsky .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "980192d6fa3366e4f0d2e64e3d4c0cb6", "text": "Kenneth Kokin Kenneth Kokin has been a producer for many first time feature directors . He is also a sworn deputy in state of Georgia . The debut feature film he produced for Bryan Singer , Public Access won the Sundance Grand Jury Prize . Ken Kokin and Singer developed a script with writer Christopher McQuarrie to produce the multi-Academy Award winning film The Usual Suspects which Kokin directed the substantial second-unit and co-produced . This achievement landed Kokin on the cover of Fade In Magazine as one of `` The 100 People to Know in Hollywood '' . Kokin spent the next several years dividing his time between working with new film makers and developing a screenplay on the life of Alexander the Great , written with Peter Buchman and McQuarrie , for Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio . ( Scorsese and DiCaprio chose to do The Aviator first , making way for Oliver Stone to produce his version of Alexander . ) Next , he produced and directed second-unit on McQuarrie 's directorial first feature , The Way of the Gun starring Juliette Lewis , Ryan Phillippe , James Caan and Oscar winner Benicio del Toro . The 2008 Sundance Film Festival marks Kenneth Kokin 's next statements in cinema with Captain Abu Raed the Audience Award Winner in festival 's World Dramatic Competition . This is not only the first independent film produced in Kingdom of Jordan but it 's the fist feature film from recent AFI graduate Amin Matalqa . 2008 is also the year where For Tomorrow the documentary that Kokin produced and directed in Argentina which was an official selection for the Tribeca Film Festival and the Newport Beach Film Festival where he won the Humanitarian Vision Award . This groundbreaking documentary premiered in 10 film festivals and won many other awards and created awareness about cause of Toms shoes assisting the company in achieve recognition as the fastest growing shoe company in the world . Kenneth Kokin 's dedication to directing started at 14 when he started making his own films with a borrowed Super-8 camera . In high school , he directed several claymation , live action shorts and documentaries on 16mm . His most ambitious teenage endeavor was a re-creation of the Civil War Battle of Bull Run where he combined animated clay figures and actors to win the Newbridge Reel Award for Best Picture . Upon graduating from University of Southern California Cinema , Kokin joined the Editor 's Guild and worked at both NBC and Amblin Entertainment . CBS hired Kokin to shoot , edit and direct the behind the scenes for the longest-running annual special , Circus of the Stars where he worked with lions , tigers , motorcycle , stunts , high-wire and trapeze acts . Having a passion for all elements of filmmaking from pre-production through production and post-production , Kokin chose producing and directing because they are the only jobs where he has the opportunity to participate in all areas of the process . Recently , Kokin has produced a Chinese-America co-production in Chengdu , China starring John Robinson http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1440281/ and Xiaolu Li http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0523735/ . Back in two thousand and eight , he traveled South America , Haiti and Africa directing documentaries about the pandemic of poverty and HIV facing children in those regions . Staying true to his roots in the crime genre Kenneth Kokin wrote the feature about the famous mobster , James `` Whitey '' Bulger . The Los Angeles Time piece June 26 , 2012 quoted Kokin to say , `` Finding out that Whitey Bulger was living in Santa Monica just three blocks away from me was a little like looking frantically for your sunglasses only to find out they were on your head the whole time . '' Kokin 's passion for documentaries continues as he is currently working on a feature about sea mammals as well as working as a producer in reality television . link title http://about.me/kenkokin", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7fea7214776e48b8df3ba17ee50bb7ba", "text": "David DeCoteau David DeCoteau ( born January 5 , 1962 , Portland , Oregon ) is an American-Canadian film director and producer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d491fc5875a81dc68874cdc4c6d2c1ae", "text": "Robert Kramer Robert Kramer ( June 22 , 1939 -- November 10 , 1999 ) was an American film director , screenwriter and actor . He directed 19 films between 1965 and 1999 , most of them political cinema made from a left-wing point of view . His film À toute allure was entered into the 1982 Cannes Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2bf6d98cfb5cf1c8c4ac5165fbeabd63", "text": "David Warren (director) David Warren is an American theatre and television director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0b8cebd03d7b58e2d6ba0e8b5b12a0b1", "text": "David Hepp David Hepp is an American journalist and former public television producer . He and Lise Bang-Jensen created the Albany , New York-based Inside Albany news television program , which ran for several decades until it ceased production on December 31 , 2006 . Hepp received the Alfred I. duPont -- Columbia University Award `` for excellence in television journalism '' as well as awards from the Associated Press , the American Bar Association , the New York State Bar Association and the New York State Broadcasters Association . Hepp holds degrees from Siena College and Syracuse University 's Newhouse School of Public Communications .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe081c2b902c5ccad8bd6df16fc80c5d", "text": "Walter Kolm-Veltée Walter Kolm-Veltée ( 27 December 1910 -- 8 March 1999 ) was an Austrian film director . He directed nine films between 1933 and 1959 . He was the son of Austrian film director Luise Fleck from her first marriage . He became a respected film director , producer and screenwriter . After his earlier career in which he often worked with his mother and stepfather , he founded in 1952 the first film academy in Austria , at the Hochschule für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna . His film on the life of Beethoven , Eroica , released in 1949 , with Ewald Balser , Oskar Werner and Judith Holzmeister in the leads , is counted as one of the most successful Austrian films ever . In the same way that his parents were pioneers of film , so Walter Kolm-Veltée was a pioneer of the development of the new medium of television . His 1959 film Panoptikum 59 was entered into the 9th Berlin International Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c8df14afc84da47e6777dcafe2d5fb6f", "text": "Moving Picture Institute The Moving Picture Institute ( MPI ) is an American non-profit organization and film production company founded in 2005 by human rights advocate Thor Halvorssen . Its current executive director is Rob Pfaltzgraff . MPI produces and collaborates on both fictional films , and non-fictional , often documentary-style films . The subjects of MPI 's films typically center on concepts like human rights and individual freedoms , and governmental waste and corruption . It uses its films as a medium through which these kinds of social and economic troubles are brought to public attention to shape public perceptions , and ultimately , to change society 's values . As Halvorssen explains , `` Put it this way : What Sideways did for Pinot noir , I want to do for freedom . '' Public exposure to freedom-oriented ideas , they contend , will contribute to the improvement of these important issues which they feel tend to be ignored by other traditional media outlets .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b669f301f83a206dd3b2975f868db079", "text": "DAVID DAVID ( the Database for Annotation , Visualization and Integrated Discovery ) is a free online bioinformatics resource developed by the Laboratory of Immunopathogenesis and Bioinformatics ( LIB ) . All tools in the DAVID Bioinformatics Resources aim to provide functional interpretation of large lists of genes derived from genomic studies , e.g. microarray and proteomics studies . DAVID can be found at http://david.niaid.nih.gov or http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov The DAVID Bioinformatics Resources consists of the DAVID Knowledgebase and five integrated , web-based functional annotation tool suites : the DAVID Gene Functional Classification Tool , the DAVID Functional Annotation Tool , the DAVID Gene ID Conversion Tool , the DAVID Gene Name Viewer and the DAVID NIAID Pathogen Genome Browser . The expanded DAVID Knowledgebase now integrates almost all major and well-known public bioinformatics resources centralized by the DAVID Gene Concept , a single-linkage method to agglomerate tens of millions of diverse gene/protein identifiers and annotation terms from a variety of public bioinformatics databases . For any uploaded gene list , the DAVID Resources now provides not only the typical gene-term enrichment analysis , but also new tools and functions that allow users to condense large gene lists into gene functional groups , convert between gene/protein identifiers , visualize many-genes-to-many-terms relationships , cluster redundant and heterogeneous terms into groups , search for interesting and related genes or terms , dynamically view genes from their lists on bio-pathways and more . DAVID 6.8 ( beta ) was released in May 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "600370788883fa3bb99c4b9cbd958f79", "text": "Jeff Kopas Jeff Kopas ( born January 23 , 1975 ) is a Canadian writer , director , and producer , who released his first feature film An Insignificant Harvey in 2011 . The film was picked up by Film Movement for US release at the Sundance Film Festival , it is distributed internationally by Shoreline Entertainment , and in Canada by KinoSmith . The film premiered at the Busan International Film Festival in South Korea .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "806dd48f51af29f3e353239cb39a1a97", "text": "Real Film Real Film or Real-Film was a West German film production company . It was established in 1947 in Hamburg , then part of the British Zone of Occupation . Its founders were Walter Koppel and the Hungarian Gyula Trebitsch . The company released some rubble films but gradually switched to concentrate on comedies and musicals . In 1948 an estate in Wandsbek was acquired and developed into a modern film studio , with space sometimes rented out to other companies . The company became a stable and economically successful producer in the 1950s . In the 1960s the studio was increasingly used for television production , and Real-Film went out of business by 1965 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bf1784ed8692cc632b5e5eec87b6423d", "text": "Pierre David Pierre David ( born May 17 , 1944 ) is a Canadian film producer and film financier . David is best known for executive-producing iconic films directed by David Cronenberg , such as Scanners , Videodrome , and The Brood . He is also credited as `` production executive '' on the Academy Award-winning film Platoon , directed by Oliver Stone . He has since produced dozens of independent films , mainly in the thriller genre , and is still actively producing .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc6a18576cd3951f75320d8b6c521dae", "text": "David di Donatello for Best New Director The David di Donatello is a major Italian film award given by the Italian Film Academy .", "title": "" } ]	fever
e51c1981f08cd1714084c5fe3d7b1f37	George VI was succeeded by Mary I.	[ { "docid": "18b4b140ed6fcf7d6a198c5b11baa478", "text": "George VI George VI ( Albert Frederick Arthur George ; 14 December 1895 -- 6 February 1952 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death . He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth . Known as Albert until his accession , George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria , and was named after his great-grandfather Albert , Prince Consort . As the second son of King George V , he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother , Edward . He attended naval college as a teenager , and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War . In 1920 , he was made Duke of York . He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923 and they had two daughters , Elizabeth and Margaret . In the mid-1920s , he had speech therapy for a stammer , which he never fully overcame . George 's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII upon the death of their father in 1936 . However , later that year Edward revealed his desire to marry divorced American socialite Wallis Simpson . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin advised Edward that for political and religious reasons he could not marry a divorced woman and remain king . Edward abdicated in order to marry , and George ascended the throne as the third monarch of the House of Windsor . During George 's reign , the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated . The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country 's constitution on the day of his accession . The following year , a new Irish constitution changed the name of the state to Ireland and established the office of President . From 1939 , the Empire and Commonwealth -- except Ireland -- was at war with Nazi Germany . War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941 , respectively . Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945 , the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined . After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 , George remained king of both countries , but relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 . Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949 , and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year . George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth . He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign . He was succeeded by his eldest daughter , Elizabeth II .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "c92e2aa20923dcd87fe52d51ce4c66fc", "text": "Duke of Bedford Duke of Bedford ( named after Bedford , England ) is a title that has been created six times ( for five distinct people ) in the Peerage of England . The first and second creations came in 1414 in favour of Henry IV 's third son , John , who later served as regent of France . He was made Earl of Kendal at the same time and was made Earl of Richmond later the same year . The titles became extinct on his death in 1435 . The third creation came in 1470 in favour of George Neville , nephew of Warwick the Kingmaker . He was deprived of the title by Act of Parliament in 1478 . The fourth creation came 1478 in favour of George , the third son of Edward IV . He died the following year at the age of two . The fifth creation came in 1485 in favour of Jasper Tudor , half-brother of Henry VI and uncle of Henry VII . He had already been created Earl of Pembroke in 1452 . However , as he was a Lancastrian , his title was forfeited between 1461 and 1485 during the predominance of the House of York . He regained the earldom in 1485 when his nephew Henry VII came to the throne and was elevated to the dukedom the same year . He had no legitimate children and the titles became extinct on his death in 1495 . The Russell family currently holds the titles of Earl and Duke of Bedford . John Russell , a close advisor of Henry VIII and Edward VI , was granted the title of Earl of Bedford in 1551 , and his descendant William , 5th Earl , was created Duke following the Glorious Revolution . The subsidiary titles of the Duke of Bedford , all in the Peerage of England , are Marquess of Tavistock ( created 1694 ) , Earl of Bedford ( 1550 ) , Baron Russell , of Cheneys ( 1539 ) , Baron Russell of Thornhaugh in the County of Northampton ( 1603 ) , and Baron Howland , of Streatham in the County of Surrey ( 1695 ) ( and possibly the Barony of Bedford , which was merged into it in 1138 , 1366 or 1414 ) . The courtesy title of the Duke of Bedford 's eldest son and heir is Marquess of Tavistock '' . Every Duke from the 5th Duke onwards is descended from Charles II of England . The family seat is Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire . The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael 's Church in Chenies , Buckinghamshire ( photo ) . The family owns The Bedford Estate in central London .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "65db15b7b1b6d8061b34c5578b25d138", "text": "1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Economic Conference The 1952 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Economic Conference was an emergency Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations . It was called by the British government of Sir Winston Churchill and held in the United Kingdom in December 1952 as a follow-up to a Commonwealth Finance Minister 's conference held in January 1952 . The conference was held in the context of British economic and military decline and the United States ' surging role in the world . The principal topic of the conference was the convertibility and liquidity of Pound sterling into American dollars and British concerns that non-sterling Commonwealth countries were building up sterling balances for the purpose of conversion into American dollars , the future of the Pound sterling area , and the alleviation of Commonwealth trade restrictions and imperial preference , particularly in the light of the surging American economy and the desire of Commonwealth countries such as Australia for American investment in order for economic development to occur against British concerns that American economic dominance threatened Britain 's economic position . This discussion was necessary as the Commonwealth , with the exception of Canada , had a common pool of gold and dollar reserves . Little was accomplished in the economic discussion with the final communique being described as an `` agreement in platitudes '' . British concerns at being excluded from the ANZUS military treaty between Australia , New Zealand and the United States were also a topic and were addressed by a communique issued by the prime ministers supporting Britain 's demand for a voice in ANZUS . In addition , Commonwealth prime ministers , after months of discussion on whether the newly ascended Queen Elizabeth II should have a uniform Royal Styles and Titles throughout the Commonwealth or whether realms should adopt their own styles and titles , it was agreed that each member of the Commonwealth `` should use for its own purposes a form of the Royal Style and Titles which suits its own particular circumstances but retains a substantial element which is common to all '' and agreed to pass appropriate legislation in their respective parliaments . The prime ministers also agreed to proclaim the new Queen , Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth in succession of her late father , George VI .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "42edafb91d0d6bf41db9f8d91a17212c", "text": "Kingdom of Great Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain , officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800 . The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands . It did not include Ireland , which remained a separate realm . The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster . The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI , King of Scots , became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I , bringing about a `` Union of the Crowns '' . Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714 , the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover . The early years of the unified kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at Culloden in 1746 . Later on in 1763 , victory in the Seven Years ' War led to the dominance of the British Empire , which was to become the foremost global power for over a century and later grew to become the largest empire in history . On 1 January 1801 , the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland were merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . In 1922 , five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom and the state was renamed the `` United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland '' -- a title it has retained to date .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "732bd731c698a975d3c1beb6b2bb7e17", "text": "Crown Estate The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as a corporation sole , making it the `` Sovereign 's public estate '' , which is neither government property nor part of the monarch 's private estate . As a result of this arrangement , the sovereign is not involved with the management or administration of the estate , exercising only very limited control of its affairs . Instead , the estate 's extensive portfolio is overseen by a semi-independent , incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , who exercise `` the powers of ownership '' of the estate , although they are not `` owners in their own right '' . The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of Her Majesty 's Government and thus proceed directly to Her Majesty 's Treasury for the benefit of the British nation . The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to make an annual report to the sovereign , a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom , overseeing property worth # 12 billion , with urban properties valued at # 9.1 billion representing the majority of the estate by value . These include a large number of properties in central London , but the estate also controls 792000 ha of agricultural land and forest , more than half of the UK 's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights , including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK , collectively known as `` Mines Royal '' , are managed by The Crown Estate and leased to mining operators . Historically , Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country . However , in 1760 , George III surrendered control over the Estate 's revenues to the treasury , thus relieving him of the responsibility of personally paying for the costs of the civil service , defence costs , the national debt , and his own personal debts . In return , he received an annual grant known as the Civil list . By tradition , each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession . However , from 1 April 2012 , under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 ( SSG ) , the Civil List was abolished and the monarch was thenceforth provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate 's annual net revenue ( currently set at 15 % ) . This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years . Subsequently , the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change on the nature of the estate 's ownership , but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0f080e4ef7d3f87dfafa68c0bdd2e464", "text": "Malawi (Commonwealth realm) Malawi was a predecessor to the modern-day Republic of Malawi . It existed between 1964 and 1966 . When British rule ended in 1964 , by the Malawi Independence Act 1964 , the Nyasaland Protectorate , formerly a constituent of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , became an independent Commonwealth realm . The British monarch was head of state . Malawi shared the sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , with the other Commonwealth realms . The monarch 's constitutional roles were mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Malawi , Sir Glyn Smallwood Jones ( 6 July 1964 -- 6 July 1966 ) . The royal succession was governed by the same rules as the succession to the British throne . Elizabeth II did not reside in or visit Malawi in the 1960s but she did visit in 1979 ( 22 -- 25 July ) as Head of the Commonwealth . Hastings Banda held office as prime minister ( and head of government ) of Malawi during this period . Following the abolition of the monarchy , the Republic of Malawi came into existence on 6 July 1966 and Banda became the first President of Malawi .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcce7c225ec0c9560c5783de807ef1b5", "text": "Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom ( Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary ; 6 July 1868 -- 3 December 1935 ) , known as `` Toria '' , was the fourth child and second daughter of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark , and the younger sister of George V.", "title": "" }, { "docid": "035cc9af370a75a6e75675386dfcd211", "text": "Queen of the Gambia Elizabeth II was Queen of the Gambia from 1965 to 1970 , when the Gambia was a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations . The Queen was also the monarch of the other Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . Her constitutional roles in the Gambia were delegated to a Governor-General . The Gambia was granted independence in 1965 under the Parliament of the United Kingdom 's Gambia Independence Act 1964 , which unified the Gambia Colony and Protectorate into an independent sovereign state . After two referenda on constitutional amendments , the first unsuccessful because it did not pass by the necessary two-thirds majority and the second successful , the Gambia adopted a new constitution that abolished the monarchy on 24 April 1970 . The Gambia became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President of Gambia as head of state . The Queen visited the Gambia on 3 -- 5 December 1961 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3b8d0fdf75e26b95ec3f58724e557690", "text": "Queen of Guyana Elizabeth II was Queen of Guyana from 1966 to 1970 , when Guyana was independent sovereign state with a constitutional monarchy . She was also the Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom . Her constitutional roles were delegated to the Governor-General of Guyana . The Crown colony of British Guiana became an independent country called Guyana on 26 March 1966 . Its new constitution provided for the country to become a republic after 45 months by a majority vote in the House of Assembly . Exactly 45 months from independence , Guyana became a republic within the Commonwealth , with the President of Guyana as head of state . The Queen visited the country twice : in 1966 shortly before independence ( 4 -- 5 February ) and in 1994 ( 19 -- 22 February ) . Both trips were part of a Caribbean tour .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fce39bf47b983f719d3f68493ec265fe", "text": "Restoration (Scotland) The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Commonwealth , and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689 . It was part of a wider Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of England and Ireland in the person of Charles II . As military commander of the Commonwealth 's largest armed force , George Monck , governor-general in Scotland , was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II , who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660 . There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms , but four individuals were excepted and executed . Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law , parliament and kirk , but also regained the Lords of the Articles and bishops , and it now had a king who did not visit the country and ruled largely without reference to Parliament through a series of commissioners . These began with the Earl of Middleton and ended with the King 's brother and heir , James , Duke of York . The restoration of the Scottish Episcopacy led to a series of conflicts between Presbyterians and the Bishops of the Episcopalian establishment , culminating in the persecution of The Killing Time . Charles died in 1685 and his brother the Duke of York succeeded him as James VII of Scotland and II of England . He survived attempted rebellions , but alienated much of the political nation by his Catholicism and policies . When William of Orange of the Netherlands , James ' Protestant son-in-law , invaded England in 1688 , James fled and William and his wife took over the throne as William II and Mary II . William called a Scottish Convention , which was dominated by the Presbyterians . It offered William and Mary the crown , and after the defeat of James ' supporters the bishops were abolished and a Presbyterian system reinstated in the kirk . The economic conditions of the period were generally favourable , although the restoration of Scottish independence reinstated the economic border with England and English tariffs . The restoration of the monarchy also saw the restoration of the nobility to political power , although they may have exercised their power with more caution . It also saw the rise of the lairds , who continued to gain new local political powers . There was an attempt to restore the theatre to Scotland , which had suffered from the lack of a court and the hostility of the kirk . The Restoration saw the introduction of a style of country house among the Scottish nobility that encouraged a move towards a more leisure-oriented architecture . As in England , sculpture was dominated by foreign professionals . Scotland produced some notable artists and was also visited by many important continental artists . The period between 1679 and 1689 saw the foundation of many institutions that would be important in Scottish cultural and intellectual life .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "55f7c657aaea89db88a9c84e7dad65ea", "text": "George IV of the United Kingdom George IV ( George Augustus Frederick ; 12 August 1762 -- 26 June 1830 ) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover following the death of his father , George III , on 29 January 1820 , until his own death ten years later . From 1811 until his accession , he served as Prince Regent during his father 's final mental illness . George IV led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era . He was a patron of new forms of leisure , style and taste . He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace , and Sir Jeffry Wyattville to rebuild Windsor Castle . His charm and culture earned him the title `` the first gentleman of England '' , but his poor relationship with both his father and his wife , Caroline of Brunswick , and his dissolute way of life , earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy . He even forbade Caroline to attend his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in a desperate , unsuccessful attempt to divorce her . For most of George 's regency and reign , Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister , with little help from George . His ministers found his behaviour selfish , unreliable and irresponsible . At all times he was much under the influence of favourites . Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending at a time when Britons were fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . He did not provide national leadership in time of crisis , nor act as a role model for his people . Liverpool 's government presided over Britain 's ultimate victory , negotiated the peace settlement , and attempted to deal with the social and economic malaise that followed . After Liverpool 's retirement , George was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it . His only child , Princess Charlotte , died before him in 1817 and so he was succeeded by his younger brother , William .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "69a5e9ee146d5a97ff5bf88180d64bd8", "text": "Earl of Beaconsfield Earl of Beaconsfield , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . It was created in 1876 for Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli , a favourite of Queen Victoria . Victoria favoured Disraeli 's Tory policies over those of his Liberal rival , William Ewart Gladstone . Disraeli had also promoted the Royal Titles Act 1876 that had given Victoria the title of `` Empress of India '' . The subsidiary title of the earldom was Viscount Hughenden , of Hughenden in the County of Buckingham , also in the Peerage of the United Kingdom . In 1868 , at the end of his first term as Prime Minister , Disraeli 's wife Mary had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield , of Beaconsfield in the County of Buckingham , in her own right , allowing her husband to remain a member of the House of Commons . Lady Beaconsfield died in 1872 . When Disraeli became an earl in 1876 he automatically lost his seat in the Commons but remained Prime Minister , leading his government from the House of Lords . Beaconsfield is the name of a town in the county of Buckinghamshire . For most of his parliamentary career , Disraeli served as a member for Buckinghamshire . He owned an estate , Hughenden Manor , in the nearby town of High Wycombe , but never lived in Beaconsfield . His choice of title might have been partly influenced by the fact that in 1794 the conservative political philosopher and parliamentarian Edmund Burke , whom Disraeli admired , had turned down King George III 's offer to raise him to the peerage as Lord Beaconsfield . In 1878 , Disraeli refused Queen Victoria 's offer to make him a duke , accepting instead membership in the Order of the Garter . The Disraelis died without direct heirs and their titles became extinct ; Hughenden Manor passed to Lord Beaconsfield 's nephew Coningsby Ralph Disraeli .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc1eb089b05bce19da005e153af85c33", "text": "List of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, 1720–39 This is an incomplete list of Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain for the years 1720 -- 1739 . For Acts passed up until 1707 see List of Acts of the Parliament of England and List of Acts of the Parliament of Scotland . See also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 and the List of Acts of the Parliament of Ireland , 1701 -- 1800 . For Acts passed from 1801 onwards see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . For Acts of the devolved parliaments and assemblies in the United Kingdom , see the List of Acts of the Scottish Parliament from 1999 , the List of Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly , and the List of Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales ; see also the List of Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland . The number shown after each Act 's title is its chapter number . Acts are cited using this number , preceded by the year ( s ) of the reign during which the relevant parliamentary session was held ; thus the Union with Ireland Act 1800 is cited as `` 39 & 40 Geo . 3 c. 67 '' , meaning the 67th Act passed during the session that started in the 39th year of the reign of George III and which finished in the 40th year of that reign . Note that the modern convention is to use Arabic numerals in citations ( thus `` 41 Geo . 3 '' rather than `` 41 Geo . III '' ) . Note also that Acts of the last session of the Parliament of Great Britain and the first session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are both cited as `` 41 Geo . 3 '' . Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain did not have a short title ; however , some of these Acts have subsequently been given a short title by Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( such as the Short Titles Act 1896 ) . Before the Acts of Parliament ( Commencement ) Act 1793 came into force on 8 April 1793 , Acts passed by the Parliament of Great Britain were deemed to have come into effect on the first day of the session in which they were passed . Because of this , the years given in the list below may in fact be the year before a particular Act was passed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "38fe1d90daf361506a260ac3ab3b0191", "text": "Church of England The Church of England ( C of E ) is the state church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury ( currently Justin Welby ) is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It dates its establishment as a national church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed : Catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds . Reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer . In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church , but this ended with the Restoration . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo-Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members . The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37d1b261186797ef22ca15072934cc32", "text": "List of Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order appointed by Elizabeth II (1978–2002) The Royal Victorian Order is an order of knighthood awarded by the sovereign of the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth realms . It is granted personally by the monarch and recognises personal service to the monarchy , the Royal Household , royal family members , and the organisation of important royal events . The order was officially created and instituted on 23 April 1896 by letters patent under the Great Seal of the Realm by Queen Victoria . It was instituted with five grades , the two highest of which were Knight Grand Cross ( GCVO ) and Knight Commander ( KCVO ) , which conferred the status of knighthood on holders ( apart from foreigners , who typically received honorary awards not entitling them to the style of a knight ) . Women were not admitted until Edward VIII altered the statutes of the order in 1936 ; those receiving the highest two awards were styled dames and those grades , when conferred on women , are Dame Grand Cross and Dame Commander ( DCVO ) . No limit was placed on the number of appointments which could be made . Queen Elizabeth II appointed 58 Knights and 6 Dames Grand Cross between 1978 and the end of her Golden Jubilee year ( 2002 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1488eef2f350a3e200af1008da95602d", "text": "Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of wars for control of the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet : the House of Lancaster ( associated with a red rose ) , and the House of York ( whose symbol was a white rose ) . The conflict lasted through many sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1487 ; however , there was fighting before and after this period between the houses . The power struggle ignited around social and financial troubles following the Hundred Years ' War , combined with the mental infirmity and weak rule of Henry VI which revived interest in Richard of York 's claim to the throne . Historians disagree about whether the Wars of the Roses were caused by the structural problems of bastard feudalism or Henry VI 's ineffectiveness as king . With the Duke of York 's death , the claim transferred to his heir , Edward , who later became the first Yorkist king of England , as Edward IV . His son reigned for 86 days as Edward V , but Parliament then decided that Edward and his brother Richard were illegitimate and offered the crown to Edward IV 's younger brother , who became Richard III . The two young princes disappeared within the confines of the Tower of London . The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party , Henry Tudor , Earl of Richmond , who defeated the last Yorkist king , Richard III , at the Battle of Bosworth Field . After assuming the throne as Henry VII , he married Elizabeth of York , the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV , thereby uniting the two claims . The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603 , with the death of Elizabeth I , granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfd3f7ee287fef35d701d0771efb524b", "text": "List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II Queen Elizabeth II ( born 21 April 1926 ) has held numerous titles and honours , both during and before her time as monarch of each of her Commonwealth realms . Each is listed below ; where two dates are shown , the first indicates the date of receiving the title or award ( the title as Princess Elizabeth of York being given as from her birth ) , and the second indicates the date of its loss or renunciation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5c3d9c3e6190ed920f14f24d43d1277", "text": "Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 The Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 ( 2 Will & Mary c 1 ) was an Act of the Parliament of England , passed in 1689 . It was designed to confirm the succession to the throne of King William III and Queen Mary II of England and to confirm the validity of the laws passed by the Convention Parliament which had been irregularly convened following the Glorious Revolution and the end of James II 's reign . This Act is still wholly in force in Great Britain ( as of 2015 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "87d5126edfd224467b5807556d966f6d", "text": "Henry V of England Henry V ( 9 August 1386 -- 31 August 1422 ) was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 36 in 1422 . He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster . After military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr , and against the powerful aristocratic Percys of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury , Henry came into political conflict with his father , whose health was increasingly precarious from 1405 onward . After his father 's death in 1413 , Henry assumed control of the country and embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years ' War ( 1337 -- 1453 ) between the two nations . His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt ( 1415 ) and saw him come close to conquering France . After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France , the Treaty of Troyes ( 1420 ) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne , and he was subsequently married to Charles 's daughter , Catherine of Valois ( 1401 -- 37 ) . Following Henry V 's sudden and unexpected death in France two years later , he was succeeded by his infant son , who reigned as Henry VI ( 1422 -- 61 , 1470 -- 71 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4bcaf8d764786e63a6e255e35b32b6b6", "text": "Evelyn Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire Evelyn Emily Mary Cavendish , Duchess of Devonshire ( née Petty-FitzMaurice ; 27 August 1870 -- 2 April 1960 ) was the wife of Victor Cavendish , 9th Duke of Devonshire . She was born the elder daughter of the politician Henry Petty-FitzMaurice , 5th Marquess of Lansdowne and grew up amidst public life . Evelyn 's marriage to Cavendish , the heir of the 8th Duke of Devonshire , led to her becoming Duchess of Devonshire in 1908 . With her position , she oversaw the reorganisation of the Devonshire estates and presided over four English houses and one Irish castle . Evelyn held the position of Mistress of the Robes to Queen Mary from 1910 until 1916 , when she accompanied her husband upon his appointment as Governor General of Canada . The Duchess held the position Viceregal Consort until the Duke 's term ended in 1921 . Upon returning to England , the Duchess again was appointed Mistress of the Robes to Queen Mary , holding the position until the latter 's death in 1953 . The Dowager Duchess , widowed since 1938 , spent her final years living at Hardwick Hall , which was made over to HM Treasury in 1956 , in part payment of death duties .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b4182a7525b8c515de33bed895515ea", "text": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne ( 6 February 1665 -- 1 August 1714 ) became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland on 8 March 1702 . On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union , two of her realms , the kingdoms of England and Scotland , united as a single sovereign state known as Great Britain . She continued to reign as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death . Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II , who had no legitimate children . Her father , James , was first in line to the throne . His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England , and on Charles 's instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican . Three years after he succeeded Charles , James was deposed in the `` Glorious Revolution '' of 1688 . Anne 's Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife , Anne 's elder sister Mary II . Although the sisters had been close , disagreements over Anne 's finances , status and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary 's accession and they became estranged . William and Mary had no children . After Mary 's death in 1694 , William continued as sole monarch until he was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702 . As queen , Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians , who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents , the Whigs . The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession , until in 1710 Anne dismissed many of them from office . Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill , Duchess of Marlborough , turned sour as the result of political differences . Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life . From her thirties onwards , she grew increasingly lame and obese . Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband , Prince George of Denmark , she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 , she was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother , Elizabeth , a daughter of James VI and I.", "title": "" } ]	fever
0c6721231059783017946fce83a22f5d	The Ren & Stimpy Show premiered on August 11, 1991.	[ { "docid": "fee2f35fca096ad96a46e3b8e0e70f8d", "text": "The Ren & Stimpy Show The Ren & Stimpy Show , often simply called Ren & Stimpy , is an American children 's / adult animated television series created by John Kricfalusi for Nickelodeon . The series follows the adventures of title characters Ren , an emotionally unstable chihuahua , and Stimpy , a good-natured , dimwitted cat . It premiered on August 11 , 1991 as one of the original three Nicktoons , along with Rugrats and Doug . Throughout its run , the show was controversial for its off-color humor , sexual innuendo , dark humor , adult jokes , and violence , similar to Rocko 's Modern Life . This controversy contributed to the production staff 's altercations with Nickelodeon 's Standards and Practices department . The show ended on December 16 , 1995 , with a total of five seasons and 52 episodes . Ren & Stimpy received mixed to very positive reviews during its original run then later widespread critical acclaim after its run , and has developed a cult following . The series is often cited as paving the way for animated shows like Beavis and Butt-Head and South Park . A spin-off for adult audiences , Ren & Stimpy `` Adult Party Cartoon '' , aired in 2003 on Spike , but was cancelled soon after its debut .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4024067521ef711acf604d305ebfeae2", "text": "The Dan & Scott Show The Dan & Scott Show was an uncensored comedy program named for its hosts , Dan Schulz and Scott Wirkus . The show is credited as pioneering internet radio , with its uncensored comedy format that is now more commonplace both online and in satellite radio formats such as XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio . The show was first made available as downloadable audio , an early form of podcasting , on AOL in 1995 . It debuted as a live streaming audio format on April 1 , 1996 first via Audionet.com AKA Broadcast.com . Throughout the show 's five-year run , it moved from between several streaming providers such as Audionet , Audioactive , Talkspot.com , Radio HTB , and finally Eyada.com . They had the show on radiofun.com for a number of years as well . The show was one of the few kept by Eyada in their restructuring attempts but in the end both the Dan and Scott show and Eyada failed to survive the tail end of the dot com crash of 2000-2001 due to Eyada 's financial troubles . The show first received national attention when Rick Rockwell , the bachelor from Who Wants to Marry a Multi-Millionaire ? appeared on the show making a plea for contestants . The show also received attention for the weekly Survivor predictions from regular show caller `` Jesus '' . After trying to find another site to broadcast the show , it became apparent that the dot com crash had killed all the viable streamed radio sites on the market . After trying to work deals with many networks outside the streaming world in 2001 -- 2002 they had a meeting with HBO . But HBO wanted a sanitized version of the show ; Dan and Scott submitted a censored demo that exists but felt they just could n't do the show HBO wanted . Then it was XM and Sirius to also ask for a clean version of the show , it did not come to fruition there . Big supporter of the show and Eyada owner Bob Meyrowitz offered them a chance for a nationally syndicated morning radio show . Bob 's big plan was for them to take on Howard Stern . Ultimately though , Scott and Dan decided to stop doing the show ; they announced it was going on hiatus on August 24 , 2002 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3b4da06a3483480a329403e61e607944", "text": "Flop Starz `` Flop Starz '' is the first segment for the first official aired episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb . The episode was originally broadcast on Disney Channel on February 1 , 2008 . In the episode , Phineas and Ferb become one-hit wonders in the matter of a morning . This is much to the disappointment of Candace , who is trying out for super stardom on a competition show titled The Next American Pop Teen Idol Star ! Meanwhile , Doofenshmirtz converts his building into a giant robot to aid him in his attempt to conquer the tri-state area . The episode 's storyboard was written by Sherm Cohen and Antoine Guilbaud , though the story itself was made by the co-creators of the series . The song in the episode , `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo , '' was the first song the series had and caused for Disney to want one in every episode . Despite the actual pilot being `` Rollercoaster , '' the episode was broadcast to premiere the series , so a majority of the series ' standard humor and plot devices had yet to be established ( e.g. Perry and Doofenshmirtz have no involvement in the removal of the boys ' evidence -LSB- mainly instigated by the boys themselves -RSB- and Candace 's busting attempts in the A-plot are limited to two ) . `` Flop Starz '' carried several references to the music industry and several genres ( the title itself is as well a spoof of the phrase `` pop stars '' ) , as well as to the talent competition American Idol . The episode was well received by critics and fans alike , gaining 23.5 million viewers in its premiere . The song featured , `` Gitchee Gitchee Goo , '' was as well reviewed favorably by critics . `` Flop Starz '' has been featured in several pieces of merchandise , including a junior novelization by Lara Bergen in 2009 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "063d7ec0f20ad751c06b1585c6b0a98f", "text": "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears is a Disney animated television series that first aired in the United States from 1985 to 1991 . The series was the first animated production by Walt Disney Animation Television , and loosely inspired by the gummy bear candies ; Disney CEO Michael Eisner was struck with inspiration for the show when his son requested the candies one day . The series premiered on NBC on September 14 , 1985 , and aired there for four seasons . The series moved to ABC for one season from 1989 to 1990 ( airing alongside The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh as the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour ) , and concluded on September 6 , 1991 as part of the Disney Afternoon television syndication package . Of the series ' 65 shows , 30 were double-features , consisting of two 11-minute cartoons , thereby bringing the series total to 94 distinct episodes overall . The show is well-remembered for its theme music , written by Michael and Patty Silversher and creation of `` gummiberry juice '' which was a type of magic potion , granting abilities , which allowed them to bounce away from their hunters . The theme was memorably performed by Joseph Williams , son of composer John Williams and one-time lead singer of Toto . The series was later rebroadcast on the syndicated Disney Afternoon block , and rerun on the Disney Afternoon through the summer of 1991 . In later years , it was shown on The Disney Channel ( from October 7 , 1991 to at least January 1997 ) , and later on Toon Disney , with its most recent televised airing occurring on December 28 , 2001 . Seasons 1 to 3 of the series were released on DVD on November 14 , 2006 featuring commentary from producers Eric Wong and Daniel Weinstein .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "01757044222d499fd05350e44fa587f0", "text": "The Looney Tunes Show The Looney Tunes Show is an American animated sitcom that ran from May 3 , 2011 , through August 31 , 2014 , on Cartoon Network . The show consist of two series , each containing 26 episodes , and features characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons updated for the 21st century . It is produced by Warner Bros. . Animation . On July 29 , 2014 , producer Tony Cervone confirmed that the series would not be renewed for a third season in light of Wabbit . Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run is an animated direct-to-video spin-off film released on August 4 , 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5b2a5188d6098e6f9404d8f0f3d4aee", "text": "It Hits the Fan `` It Hits the Fan '' is the first episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series South Park , and the 66th episode of the series overall . It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on June 20 , 2001 . In the episode , the word `` shit '' is said uncensored on television on the crime show Cop Drama . After this , everyone starts saying `` shit '' over and over , which eventually brings over a mysterious plague that unleashes the ancient Knights of Standards and Practices , and only Chef and the boys can save the world . The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA-LV in the United States . Throughout the episode , the profanity `` shit '' or `` shitty '' are exclaimed uncensored a total of 162 separate times ; in syndicated or re-aired versions of this episode , a counter in the bottom left corner of the screen counts the number of times the word has been uttered . The written occurrences are not counted , but `` shit '' is written 38 times , which puts the `` shit `` s up to an even 200 . `` Shit '' is uttered roughly once every eight seconds ; one such count includes the episode 's theme song in the calculation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c850737d99f3248016cee7d5c2b8fd3d", "text": "Saturday Night Live (season 11) The eleventh season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between November 9 , 1985 , and May 24 , 1986 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5583a4b82a194fe8d075ba071148f4a5", "text": "The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show is the sixth incarnation of the Hanna-Barbera Saturday morning cartoon Scooby-Doo . It premiered on September 10 , 1983 , and ran for one season on ABC as a half-hour program made up of two eleven-minute short cartoons . In 1984 , the name of the show was changed to The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries , with the actual show format remaining the same . The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries ran for another season on ABC . The series airs reruns on Cartoon Network 's classics channel Boomerang . Thirteen half-hour episodes , composed of twenty-four separate segments were produced under the New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo title in 1983 , and thirteen more episodes , composed of twenty separate segments were produced under the name The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries in 1984 . At the time , Margaret Loesch , who served as supervising executive for the series , also worked for another animation production company Marvel Productions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b844bec44aeabc6995140ef255427985", "text": "Warner Bros. Studio Store The Warner Bros. . Studio Store was a chain of retail stores selling Looney Tunes and other merchandise based on Warner Bros. films , similar in style to The Disney Store . They first opened in 1991 . In 1996 , Warner Bros. owner Time Warner merged with Turner Broadcasting , which owned Hanna-Barbera and the pre-1986 MGM library , and merchandise based on Turner properties were added to the product lines . In 2001 , all Warner Bros. . Studio Stores went out of business . In 2006 , Warner Bros. . Consumer Products partnered with PMW Retail and reopened the stores in China .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0004b2483fa7fa9b9f34757eaa19b483", "text": "The Adventures of Mark & Brian The Adventures of Mark & Brian is a comedy television program that was broadcast by NBC as part of its 1991 fall lineup .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "20906a7c6099341bdf0b1c7c2cf1f2ce", "text": "The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show is a 60-minute Saturday morning animated package show produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on ABC from November 8 , 1980 to September 18 , 1982 . The program contained segments of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo and Richie Rich . The Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo shorts represents the sixth show in which Scooby-Doo appears . This was the only Hanna-Barbera package series for which Scooby-Doo was given second billing and also notable for Richie Rich 's debut in animation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "11da7b6ecfe4d6361144611dea632226", "text": "Philip Morris Playhouse Philip Morris Playhouse is a 30-minute old-time radio dramatic anthology series . The program '' -LSB- g -RSB- enerally ... featured straight and crime drama , '' radio historian John Dunning wrote . He noted that one of the directors was William Spier , who `` had directed Suspense in its salad days and brought to The Philip Morris Playhouse the same slick production '' that was used in Suspense . Philip Morris Playhouse was broadcast on CBS June 30 , 1939 -- February 18 , 1944 , then returned to the air ( again on CBS ) November 5 , 1948 -- July 29 , 1949 . The 1948 edition replaced a giveaway show , Everybody Wins . Its third and final incarnation on radio was a bit more complicated , as explained on The Digital Deli Too website : The emerging popularity of between three and five other popular playhouse formats of the early 1950s persuaded Philip Morris to resurrect its Philip Morris Playhouse a third time as Phillip Morris Playhouse On Broadway , beginning with its initial CBS run on March 15 , 1951 . Emphasizing Broadway productions , the subsequent series ran over CBS for twenty-six installments , only to jump to NBC on September 11 , 1951 . The series ran on NBC for the remainder of 1951 , jumping back to CBS on January 13 , 1952 . CBS aired the remainder of the canon through September 2 , 1953 . In 1951 , a trade publication reported that the program 's annual budget was $ 1 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4db52a86fc24dc98295463344031ee6b", "text": "The Yogi Bear Show The Yogi Bear Show is an animated television series about the misadventures of picnic basket stealing bear Yogi in Jellystone Park . The show debuted in syndication on January 30 , 1961 , and ran for 33 episodes until January 6 , 1962 , and included two segments , Snagglepuss and Yakky Doodle . The show had a two-year production run .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1bd8301ae412a918c4bc93dd1b35274e", "text": "Good & Evil Good & Evil is an American sitcom which was broadcast in the United States on ABC from September 25 , 1991 until October 30 , 1991 . The series was created by Susan Harris , and produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions in association with Touchstone Television .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fc74708a37b8ff5d5eac1140ad690607", "text": "South Park (season 11) The eleventh season of South Park , an American animated television series created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone , began airing on March 7 , 2007 . The 11th season concluded after 14 episodes on November 14 , 2007 . This is the first season to have uncensored episodes available for DVD release . This is also the season featuring the three-part , Emmy Award-winning episode `` Imaginationland '' ( which was released separately on DVD with scenes not shown in the televised version before being packaged with the rest of the season 11 episodes as part of the complete season DVD ) . Parker was the director and writer of this eleventh season .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f277de82a67c9867ca84cf27db82fe93", "text": "You and Me Kid You and Me , Kid is an American children 's television series which premiered on The Disney Channel on April 18 , 1983 . The series was hosted by Sonny Melendrez who was joined by the You and Me Players ( Toni Attell , Caleb Chung , Mitchell Young Evans , Gary Schwartz and Ricci Mann ) . Each show lasted approximately 30 minutes and was dedicated to building interactive skills between parents and their toddler children . The shows contained five segments : Let 's Go ! ( exercise skills ) You and Me Theater ( creative drama ) Famous and 1/2 ( celebrities and their children ) Ssh ! ( listening and observation skills ) Mime Your Own Business ( pantomime ) Its theme song Just You and Me , Kid was sung by Robin Frederick . The show ran for 130 episodes and reruns continued to air on the channel until September 29 , 1991 . Four VHS tapes were released by Walt Disney Home Video in the mid-1980s for the then new video home rental market . Each tape contained four episodes and have since become hard to find . In 1988 , a store with same name opened up at Disney Village Marketplace which sold children 's apparel , games and toys .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2a32a2f37f40787ee067c20f9cc70eb", "text": "BBC World Service Television BBC World Service Television , often abbreviated to WSTV ( World Service Television ) , was the name of two BBC international satellite television channels between 1991 and 1995 . It was the BBC 's first foray into worldwide television broadcasting . In Europe , it was the successor to BBC TV Europe , replacing it on 11 March 1991 . The service was also launched in Asia as a 24-hour news and information service with minor differences , a precursor to BBC World News , launched on 14 October 1991 . Unlike BBC World Service at the time , it was not funded by the British government with a grant-in-aid . Instead , it was funded by commercial advertising , with commercials were inserted locally by the cable or satellite providers . In the years that followed , the BBC would insert news headlines and other updates to fill the gaps , known as the break fillers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9e370e95c72d81237f64146dd84fe054", "text": "Red vs. Blue (season 11) The eleventh season of the American action comedy science fiction animated/machinima web series Red vs. Blue premiered on June 14 , 2013 , and concluded on November 11 , 2013 . The series is created and produced by Rooster Teeth Productions and is loosely based in the Halo universe . The season premiered on June 14 , 2013 , while the rest of the episodes were released on Rooster Teeth 's website on Mondays starting June 24 , 2013 . It is the first season of the Chorus Trilogy . The season returns to a similar format that was used in the Blood Gulch Chronicles , where both teams are in a boxed canyon and do nothing but talk to each other . Also like the first seven seasons of the series , Season 11 '' featured no pre-rendered character animation sequences .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ef5b4bbc1956cc6ad28023a6f9639874", "text": "Rescue 911 Rescue 911 was an informational docudrama television series that premiered on CBS on April 18 , 1989 and ended on August 27 , 1996 . The series was hosted by William Shatner and featured reenactments ( and occasionally real footage ) of emergency situations that often involved calls to 911 . Though never intended as a teaching tool , various viewers used the knowledge they obtained watching the show . Two specials , titled `` 100 Lives Saved '' and `` 200 Lives Saved , '' were dedicated to these viewers who had written to CBS with their stories on how the knowledge they obtained watching the show allowed them to save the life of someone else . At least 350 lives have been saved as a result of what viewers learned from watching it . The show 's popularity coincided with the widespread adoption of the 911 emergency system , replacing standalone police and fire numbers that would vary from municipality to municipality . The number is now universally understood in the United States and Canada to be the number dialed for emergency assistance nationwide . At its height , the show was adapted in 45 countries ( with their own 911 equivalent showcased ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4c7b778f21ee862cf7ac72b356595f0", "text": "Renga Media Renga Media ( originally Renga Studios ) is a British multimedia and animation company located in Brighton . It was established in 1995 , and is run by creator Tony Luke alongside producers Simon Moorhead and Doug Bradley . Partners include Alan Grant , Yasushi Nirasawa and Jim Brathwaite , chairman of S.E.E.D.A. .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f6371e18335cdeffb86ecacb0f014cfe", "text": "Jim Smith (animator) Jim Smith ( born James Carl Jobb October 8 , 1954 , Lubbock , Texas ) is an American animator and musician . He worked on Mighty Mouse : The New Adventures with his long-time working partner John Kricfalusi . Smith later briefly worked on Tiny Toon Adventures , and then along with Kricfalusi , Bob Camp and Lynne Naylor he founded Spümcø , where he co-created The Ren & Stimpy Show and The Ripping Friends . He is also the one playing the guitar for the Ren & Stimpy theme in the intro . His performance name is Jelly-Roel , Jelly Roll .", "title": "" } ]	fever
50fb662e052dc56a04105e0cfbd2edc2	Britney Spears titled her fourth studio album Britney.	[ { "docid": "0d08ad1189c590315b872592199cd111", "text": "Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first and second studio albums , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , became international successes , with the former becoming the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist . Title tracks '' ... Baby One More Time '' and `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' broke international sales records . In 2001 , Spears released her self-titled third studio album , Britney , and played the starring role in the film Crossroads ( 2002 ) . She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) , which yielded the worldwide success of the single `` Toxic '' . In 2007 , Spears 's much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus . Her fifth studio album , Blackout , was released later that year , and spawned singles such as `` Gim me More '' and `` Piece of Me '' . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the following year , at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship . Spears 's sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) , included the international chart-topping single `` Womanizer '' . Her seventh studio album , Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States . She released her eighth studio album Britney Jean in 2013 . Later that year , Spears began the four-year residency show , Britney : Piece of Me , at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas . In 2016 , Spears released her ninth studio album , Glory . In 2017 , she announced that her residency show would develop into a world tour , Britney : Live in Concert . Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s . She became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the `` Princess of Pop '' . Her work has earned her numerous awards and accolades , including a Grammy Award , six MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award , seven Billboard Music Awards including the Millennium Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2009 , Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade , and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the 2000s , as well as the fifth overall . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States , with 34 million certified albums . She has sold over 100 million records worldwide making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began . Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time , while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 , and Billboard named her the sexiest woman in music . Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of 2012 , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a76ab30fe3b130d0646a6fa0d70728f9", "text": "Do You Wanna Come Over? `` Do You Wan na Come Over ? '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Britney Spears for her ninth studio album Glory ( 2016 ) . It was written by Mattias Larsson , Robin Fredriksson , Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter and Sandy Chila , and produced by Mattman & Robin . The song was released as the third and final promotional single from the album on August 18 , 2016 , as an instant track for those who pre-ordered the album and for streaming . `` Do You Wan na Come Over ? '' is an electropop and dance-pop song , with subtle keyboards , a strummed guitar and wobbly bass in its instrumentation . Lyrically , the song talks about a flirt between two people , where the protagonist asks for a casual relationship and offers several options and reasons for her lover to hook up with her . The chorus of the song features a `` shouted gang '' of backup singers , with Spears repeating what they sing . Well received , the writers of AllMusic , Boston Globe , Entertainment Weekly , musicOMH , and Vice considered the song a highlight among Glory . Entertainment Weekly and Billboard ranked it among the best songs of 2016 . It has charted in the low regions of France , where it remained for two weeks on the SNEP charts . Spears has performed the track live during her Las Vegas residency show , Britney : Piece of Me , Today and 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "98118eaac7d2afa9baf20e2b6eca4a84", "text": "Brittany Spears Brittany or Britney Spears may refer to : Britney Spears ( born 1981 ) , an American singer and actress Brittany Spears ( basketball ) ( born 1988 ) , American basketball player Brittany Spears : Unbreakable by The Pleasers", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56c66db283cff722b009b37a03037ca4", "text": "Hard as Hell Hard as Hell is the fourth studio album by rapper Hell Rell . It was released on April 28 , 2009 . The album reached # 68 on the Billboard 's Top R&B / Hip-Hop Albums chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8402303e3aae30ea655c1cfa57292bc7", "text": "Steppin' Stone (album) Steppin ' Stone is the eighth solo studio album by American country music singer Marie Osmond . It was her fourth studio album issued on Capitol/Curb records . It was released in 1989 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "128fa0fe12bffd99f7c9a69f3a78bc75", "text": "Do Somethin' `` Do Somethin '' is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : My Prerogative ( 2004 ) . It was written and produced by Christian Karlsson and Pontus Winnberg ( known collectively as Bloodshy & Avant ) , with additional writing by Henrik Jonback and Angela Hunte . Originally , the song was never intended to be released as a single . Spears , however , wanted to shoot a music video for it , and had to convince her record company . It was then released on February 14 , 2005 by Jive Records as the second single from the album worldwide except North America . The rock-influenced dance-pop song features usage of electric guitars , and its lyrics allude to having a good time and not caring about other people 's judgement . `` Do Somethin' '' received generally favorable reviews from critics , and received comparisons to Gwen Stefani 's 2004 single `` What You Waiting For ? '' . Although the single was not released in the United States , it charted on many of Billboards component charts due to digital downloads , managing to reach number 100 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was also successful worldwide , reaching top ten positions in countries such as Australia , Denmark , Sweden and the United Kingdom . By the end of 2005 , `` Do Somethin' '' was one of the best-selling singles in Australia and Belgium that year . An accompanying music video , co-directed by Billie Woodruff and Spears , who is credited as her alter ego `` Mona Lisa '' , portrays the singer and four female friends dancing and performing in a nightclub . The usage of a Louis Vuitton dashboard in the video resulted in a lawsuit against Jive Records , which ended with Louis Vuitton winning $ 80,000 in damages . The video was also banned in all European TV channels . Spears performed `` Do Somethin' '' during the The M+M 's Tour in 2007 , The Circus Starring Britney Spears in 2009 and Britney : Piece of Me in 2013 -- 17 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2d36bf9bf40986e34cc2e4aeabead67", "text": "He's All I've Got He 's All I 've Got is the fourth studio album by Love Unlimited .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "28cb8fe3bea224a791e27589e58fe550", "text": "Impossible Princess Impossible Princess ( retitled Kylie Minogue in the UK and Europe for a temporary period , following the death of Princess Diana ) is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue , released on 22 October 1997 , by Sony BMG and Deconstruction in Japan . Minogue had co-written all the songs on the album , with additional credits in production and composition ; the album was also assisted by Dave Ball , Ingo Vauk , Brothers in Rhythm , Manic Street Preachers and Rob Dougan , among others . Musically , the album was inspired by the techno and brit-pop revolution during the late 1990s , and incorporates musical elements of trip-hop , dance music , rock , and electronica . Lyrically , it focuses on Minogue 's relationships , self-discovery , and a variety of emotions . Impossible Princess received a polarized response from music critics . American and Australian critics noted Minogue 's involvement in the production , whilst the sound and experimentation were commended . Conversely , British press criticized these points . Additionally , the records attracted controversy by the public , which was ambivalent towards Minogue 's sonic and visual development . Commercially , the album reached the top 10 in Australia , Scotland and the United Kingdom , but was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for physical shipments of 70,000 units . The lack of commercial success prompted further tabloid exploitation of Minogue and the album , with formal comments added by the producers and management of Deconstruction . Five singles were released off the album : `` Some Kind of Bliss '' , `` Did It Again '' , `` Breathe '' , and `` Cowboy Style '' , all of which experienced moderate success . The fifth single , `` Too Far '' , was distributed in the US and UK to promote the album . After a promotional tour in 1997 , Minogue went on her Intimate and Live tour in Australia and the UK the following year , which was a commercial and critical success . Since the album 's release , it has been recognized by publications as one of Minogue 's key `` re-inventions '' . In retrospect , Minogue labelled the Impossible Princess period as the lowest point of her career .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f501bca0cd78ba1f30657e298cc11aa4", "text": "List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1983 The Billboard 200 , published in Billboard magazine , is a weekly chart that ranks the highest-selling music albums and EPs in the United States . In 1983 , the name of the chart was Top LPs & Tape . Before Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991 , Billboard estimated sales from a representative sampling of record stores nationwide , using telephone , fax or messenger service . Data were based on rankings made by the record stores of the best-selling records , not on actual sales figures . There were six number-one albums on this chart in 1983 , including the debut album of the Australian band Men at Work , Business as Usual , which spent the last seven weeks of 1982 and the first eight weeks of 1983 at number one , and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in 1984 . Thriller , the sixth studio album by recording artist Michael Jackson , was released on November 1982 . It peaked at number one for twenty-two non-consecutive weeks in 1983 with another fifteen consecutive weeks at the top into the following year , and seven songs from the album became top ten singles between late 1982 and early 1984 . Two of them : `` Billie Jean '' and `` Beat It '' , reached the top position of the Billboard Hot 100 . Thriller won eight Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year at the 26th Grammy Awards , and was the best-selling album of 1983 with more than fifteen million copies sold . In 2008 , twenty-five years after its release , the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , and a few weeks later , it was among twenty-five recordings preserved by the Library of Congress to the National Recording Registry as `` culturally significant '' . Flashdance , the soundtrack to the 1983 musical and romance film of the same name , peaked at number one for two weeks and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture . The two singles released from the album , `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara , and `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello , reached the top of the singles chart in 1983 . The New York Times considered the British band The Police to be the year 's most influential rock band . Australian , British , and American bands copied the white-reggae formula of their ( The Police 's ) earlier successes . The group released their fifth and final studio album , Synchronicity , in 1983 . The album , a varied accomplished blend of rock , funk , and third-world rhythms , stayed at number one for seventeen weeks and was certified four times platinum by the RIAA in 1984 . Metal Health , the third album by heavy metal band Quiet Riot , peaked at number one for one week , becoming the first heavy metal record to reach the top of the Billboard 200 . Singer-songwriter Lionel Richie released his second album Ca n't Slow Down in 1983 , which spent three weeks at the top and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 27th Grammy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5689b21217a3b5abfe61e5b62cadcdd6", "text": "I.V. (Loma Prieta album) I.V. is the fourth studio album by the American hardcore punk band Loma Prieta . The album was released on January 17 , 2012 through Deathwish Inc. . I.V. was written during an `` intense and emotional '' period in the lives of the band members .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea9c0108a6294dff52c06bc0ae860abc", "text": "4x4 (song) `` 4x4 '' is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus featuring American rapper Nelly from Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Pharrell Williams , with additional songwriting provided by Cyrus and Nelly . The song is a country rap track that discusses having fun through the metaphor of a 4x4 truck . The song is sampled in British indie rock band Alt-J 's 2014 single `` Hunger of the Pine '' . `` 4x4 '' received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics , who appreciated its overall production and individuality compared to the other tracks included on Bangerz . Despite not having been released as a single , it peaked at number 41 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Digital Songs chart . Cyrus first performed the song during her episode of MTV Unplugged in January 2014 , and has also performed it during her Bangerz Tour . In August 2014 , Ubisoft revealed that the song will appear in Just Dance 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e9fe84f60e896cfdbbd82a9239c33d7", "text": "Songs of Mass Destruction Songs of Mass Destruction is the fourth studio album by Annie Lennox , released on 1 October 2007 . It was her first album of new material since 2003 's Bare .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "99c1dcc95d3d298c01e8143891b388d7", "text": "Imagination (La Toya Jackson album) Imagination is the fourth studio album by American singer La Toya Jackson . The album was released on June 19 , 1986 by Private-I Records ( an extension of Columbia Records ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe46d777a4bd754fd14179480b5f5a49", "text": "Sad Britney Sad Britney is the third EP from American singer-songwriter Christopher Dallman . It was released on November 9 , 2009 by Beauteous Bird Records . After hearing Dallman 's cover of Britney Spears 's `` Gim me More '' , producer Rachel Alina suggested releasing an EP of Spears 's songs to bring attention to his music . The EP also included covers of `` Radar '' , `` Toxic '' and '' ... Baby One More Time '' . All the songs were recorded during the first day of the recording of his second EP , Never Was . The EP became Dallman 's first record to chart on iTunes . His music video for `` Gim me More '' received attention from Spears 's fans who misenterpreted his message and thought he was parodying her , which he denied .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "278088df63d33203bb8c0bf0b233a87a", "text": "Party (Beyoncé song) `` Party '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It features guest vocals from American rapper André 3000 and uncredited vocals from Kanye West , and was released by Columbia Records as the fourth single from 4 on August 30 , 2011 . The song was written by Kanye West , Jeff Bhasker and Beyoncé , with the production being handled by Beyoncé and West and was co-produced by Bhasker . A midtempo R&B song , `` Party '' exhibits elements of the 1980s funk and soul music , and samples the 1985 song `` La Di Da Di '' , written by Dexter Mills , Douglas Davis and Ricky Walters . It recalls the work of New Edition and Prince , among others . Built on a 808-retro beat , multi-tracked harmonies , and a smooth groove , the song 's instrumentation includes slow-bouncing synthesizers , keyboard tones , and drums . Lyrically , `` Party '' gives ode to political themes such as feminism and sexual empowerment . In his rap verses , André 3000 references milk and gets philosophical about his own career . `` Party '' was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration at the 54th Grammy Awards . The song reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . It debuted on the US Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Songs chart in July 2011 , and peaked at number 2 on the chart for three consecutive weeks . Following the release of 4 , `` Party '' charted at number 19 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart . `` Party '' was part of Beyoncé 's set list for her 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and the Revel Presents : Beyoncé Live residency shows .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ee2c1002ffa558c2f77b0e7620eef87", "text": "If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits If I Could Turn Back Time : Cher 's Greatest Hits is the fourth U.S. compilation album by American singer-actress Cher , released on March 9 , 1999 by Geffen . In January 2000 , the album was certified Gold by the RIAA for selling more than 500,000 copies in the US . Billboard stated in November 2011 that the album has sold 955,000 copies in the US . It does not contain her last 1998 worldwide hit `` Believe '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "87394b378fae60aec10ae512afb89b84", "text": "Sweat It Out (song) `` Sweat It Out '' is the fourth single from The-Dream 's second studio album `` Love vs. Money '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3c09c6f0e8d7291d96b15f8a26a604da", "text": "Savage Life 4 Savage Life 4 is the fourth studio album by American rapper Webbie . The album was released on November 19 , 2013 , by Trill Entertainment . The album features guest appearances from Lil Phat , Lloyd , Blake and Lil Trill .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a2d67d022f8038c8a722e63cb5dd77a", "text": "Tripping Daisy (album) Tripping Daisy is the fourth and final studio album by Tripping Daisy . It was released in 2000 on the independent label Sugar Fix Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "02fda74518c8823e97ddcf5e8d895394", "text": "Now That's What I Call Christmas! 4 Now That 's What I Call Christmas ! 4 is a 2010 double album from the Now That 's What I Call Music ! series in the United States . It was released on October 12 , 2010 , and peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard 200 . The album has sold 440,000 copies as of January 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bb78d839de029f4f8e6ccfea7cca6929", "text": "The Pussycat Dolls discography The discography of American girl group The Pussycat Dolls consists of two studio albums , one extended play , two live albums , 14 singles , two promotional singles and 13 music videos . To date , the group has sold 15 million albums and 40 million singles worldwide . In 2003 , Robin Antin struck a joint venture with Interscope Records to develop the Pussycat Dolls into a recording group . In 2004 , the group made their musical debut by releasing a cover of `` Sway '' , for the soundtrack to the film , Shall We Dance ? . Their self-titled debut album was released in September 2005 and it peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 . It earned double platinum certification in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and 3 × platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , and 4 × platinum the United Kingdom by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . The album 's lead single , `` Do n't Cha '' , peaked atop the charts in 15 countries and reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA . Its follow-up singles , `` Stickwitu '' and `` Buttons '' were also a commercial success peaking in the top five on charts worldwide . After the success of their debut album , The Pussycat Dolls released their first video album , Pussycat Dolls : Live from London in 2006 to coincide with the group 's headlining world tour . As of 2008 , PCD has sold 3 million copies in the United States . After a three-year hiatus in hopes to further Scherzinger 's own solo career , the group reunited to record their second and final studio album , Doll Domination in September 2008 . Scherzinger began to receive a larger input in the recording process as co-writer and co-producer of the album . Doll Domination garnered a higher peak position than PCD of number four on Billboard 200 , but failed to match its predecessor 's commercial success . Its lead single `` When I Grow Up '' became another top ten single for the group . `` I Hate This Part '' was released as the second single and managed to attain similar success . In early 2009 , Doll Domination was re-released as two compilation albums . The lead single from Doll Domination 2.0 was `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' which reached number one in 17 countries and follow-up single `` Hush Hush ; Hush Hush '' reached the top 20 worldwide . In 2010 , the original recording group line-up disbanded .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b2383b424e84f3c8d9fbd6fd61ec0264	Carrie Fisher died of cardiac arrest.	[ { "docid": "04e271ec7f8dff1140504f42cd30e869", "text": "Carrie Fisher Carrie Frances Fisher ( October 21 , 1956 -- December 27 , 2016 ) was an American actress , writer and humorist who first became known for playing Princess Leia in the Star Wars film series . Her other film roles included Shampoo ( 1975 ) , The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , The ` Burbs ( 1989 ) , and When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) . Fisher wrote several semi-autobiographical novels , including Postcards from the Edge and the screenplay for the film of the book , as well as an autobiographical one-woman play , and its non-fiction book , Wishful Drinking , based on the play . She worked on other writers ' screenplays as a script doctor . In later years , she earned praise for speaking publicly about her experiences with bipolar disorder and drug addiction . The daughter of the singer Eddie Fisher and actress Debbie Reynolds , Fisher and her mother appear in Bright Lights : Starring Carrie Fisher and Debbie Reynolds , a 2016 documentary about their relationship . It premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Fisher died of cardiac arrest on December 27 , 2016 , at age 60 , four days after experiencing a medical emergency during a transatlantic flight from London to Los Angeles . Her final film , Star Wars : The Last Jedi , is scheduled to be released on December 15 , 2017 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "7b2cb9df678d5e1924f82b992ab1d5c6", "text": "Death of Aaliyah Aaliyah Dana Haughton was an American recording artist who was killed in a plane crash on August 25 , 2001 after boarding a twin-engine Cessna 402B at the Marsh Harbour Airport on the Abaco Islands , Bahamas . She had just completed her work for the music video for her single `` Rock the Boat '' . Employees of Virgin Records America accompanied her on the flight . The light aircraft , piloted by Luis Morales III , crashed shortly after takeoff . In addition to Aaliyah , eight other people were killed in the accident . She was 22 years old . The investigation following the crash looked into the possibility that the aircraft was overloaded . Three days after the crash , Aaliyah 's remains were returned to the United States . Her funeral was held August 31 , 2001 in Manhattan . Her death came only a month after the release of her self-titled third album , Aaliyah . Posters for the album became memorials for grieving fans . At her funeral , she was eulogized by her brother Rashad Haughton .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f9484e40d91d550426931a2e4cb8a83f", "text": "Play On (Carrie Underwood album) Play On is the third studio album by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood . It was released in the United States on November 3 , 2009 , through Arista Nashville . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first week sales of 318,000 copies , which was rated as the highest first-week sales for a female artist in 2009 upon release . It is her second album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 , and her third to debut atop the Billboard Top Country Albums chart . As of October 2016 , the album has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , Platinum by the CRIA and Gold by the ARIA . Play On has since sold over three million copies worldwide . The album spawned three consecutive Billboard Hot Country Songs number one singles -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' and `` Undo It '' , all of which certified Multi-Platinum or Platinum by the RIAA . The fourth single , `` Mama 's Song '' , reached number two on the chart and received a Gold certification from the RIAA . `` Cowboy Casanova '' achieved one of the biggest single-week upwards on the Billboard Hot 100 of all time , when it climbed 96-11 in its second week . `` Temporary Home '' and `` Mama 's Song '' were both nominated for Grammy Awards , while Play On was nominated for Album of the Year at both the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards and Country Music Association Awards , and won Favorite Country Album at the 2010 American Music Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f3b1c2c6da30aeacaa3e1e2ac35a336", "text": "Requiem (Fisher novel) Requiem is a novel by the American writer A. E. Fisher set during the Great Depression in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . It tells the story of a week in the life of a family of six struggling to survive .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ec6015a2ae7673674435379e4f39610", "text": "Fishers Island Club The Fishers Island Club is a country club located near the eastern end of Fishers Island in New York . The club includes an eighteen-hole golf course designed by Seth Raynor that was ranked ninth in the 2009 Golf Digest list of America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses . The golf course has been called the `` Cypress Point of the East '' and is also referred to by its members as the `` The Big Club '' to distinguish it from the Hay Harbor Club , another country club on the western part of the island with a nine-hole golf course . The course opened in July 1926 , a few months after the death of its architect , Seth Raynor . Most of the holes have water views of Block Island Sound or Fishers Island Sound . Like his mentor Charles B. Macdonald , Raynor patterned many of the holes after classic designs at other courses including the Alps , Biarritz , Cape , Double Plateau , Eden , Punchbowl , Redan and Short . The country club also has four tennis courts and a beach club .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2d8a5f3e6e0d4ebe6969c0dd151c765", "text": "Carrie Underwood discography American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood has released five studio albums and 29 singles . Underwood rose to fame after winning the fourth season of American Idol in 2005 . Her debut album , Some Hearts , was released in 2005 and is the fastest-selling debut country album in Nielsen SoundScan history . It also became the best-selling solo female country debut in Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) history , as well as the top-selling debut album of any American Idol contestant in the United States . Her second album , Carnival Ride , was released in 2007 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 charts . During the first week , it sold 527,000 copies , which at the time was the best sales week by a female solo country artist since Shania Twain 's Greatest Hits sold 530,000 copies in its first week back in 2004 . The album has since been certified 4x Platinum . Underwood released her third studio album , Play On , on November 3 , 2009 . It debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre Billboard 200 . It features the number one singles `` Cowboy Casanova '' , `` Temporary Home '' , and `` Undo It '' , as well as the number two single , `` Mama 's Song '' . The album has since been certified 3x Platinum in the US , Platinum in Canada , and Gold in Australia . On June 2011 , the album re-entered the Australian Albums Charts for both the ARIA National Top 50 and the Country Top 20 albums at number 14 and number one , respectively , giving Underwood her first number one album in Australia . The album was eventually certified Gold in Australia . On May 1 , 2012 , Underwood released her fourth album , Blown Away . In the United States , it sold 267,000 albums in its first week and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums charts . It debuted at number one in Canada 's Top 200 all-genre albums chart and Top 100 Country albums chart , being immediately certified Gold . The album also debuted at number one on Australia 's Top 20 Country Albums and number four on the all-genre Top 50 Albums . The album has been certified 2x Platinum in the United States and Canada . On December 9 , 2014 , Underwood released her first greatest hits album , Greatest Hits : Decade # 1 . The compilation debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 and at number one on the Top Country Albums charts , and set several records upon release , including having the biggest sales debut for a hits collection in any genre of music in more than six years and the biggest first-week sales for a female hits album in any genre in over nine years . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on January 16 , 2015 . Underwood 's fifth studio album , Storyteller was released on October 23 , 2015 . The album debuted at number 2 on the Billboard 200 . This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the Billboard 200 chart . It also debuted atop the Top Country Albums chart , earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart . The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 24 , 2016 . Underwood has sold in excess of 65 million records globally . In the United States , she has sold 16.3 million albums and over 34.8 million digital singles , making her the best-selling American Idol contestant of all-time . She is the top country artist and the fifth highest-certified female artist on the RIAA Top Artists ( Digital Singles ) Ranking . She is also the fourth biggest album seller among artists who have debuted the past 13 years . Underwood has accumulated 85 Billboard number-ones . She has had 15 singles top the Billboard Country Airplay , and 14 singles top the Hot Country Songs , respectively . Notably , Underwood garnered twenty-six consecutive top 10 singles on the Hot Country Songs chart , the longest streak of top ten singles for a country artist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cba7b20f4b31889a3ba7644643c444c7", "text": "George Lotrell Timanus George Lotrell Timanus ( January 31 , 1892 -- June 1981 ) was a physician who performed illegal abortions in the Baltimore/Washington , D.C. area from 1920 to 1951 . Timanus and one other abortion provider performed an estimated 90 % criminal abortions in Baltimore . In 1950 , Timanus used his criminal trial to challenge the abortion laws in the United States , as Aleck Bourne had done in the UK . However , his trial and that of another doctor , Edgar Keemer , were not understood as challenges by the public , and Timanus and Keemer did not recruit other doctors or patients to their cause in a way that might have built a movement or sparked national conversation . He was fined $ 5,000 , sentenced to six months in jail , and barred from further practice of medicine . Timanus participated in the Planned Parenthood Conference on Abortion in America in 1955 . He gave a detailed breakdown of his patients , of whom he kept meticulous records , noting that of 5,200 women on whom he had performed abortions , only two had died . As Garrett Hardin noted , this 0.04 % rate , in the days before antibiotics , was not only far lower than the mortality rate for women carrying to term at the time , but still only half the maternal mortality rate a generation later . At the conference , Timanus also lamented that of the 353 doctors who referred patients to him -- some of them , Timanus claimed , with letters recommending abortion -- none stood up to testify for him when he was arrested . Timanus asked referring doctors to make a written statement that the abortion was necessary because her life would otherwise be jeopardized . The breakdown of Timanus ' patients was as follows : Age 12 - 15 : 17 Age 16 - 20 : 688 Age 21 - 25 : 1,834 Age 26 - 30 : 1,268 Age 31 - 40 : 1,312 Age 41 + : 91 Single : 1,830 Married : 2,773 Widowed/Divorced/Separated : 607 Physicians : 7 Wives of physicians : 58 Nurses : 270 Mary Calderone , then Medical Director of Planned Parenthood Federation of America , noted that Timanus `` certainly seemed to be very competent and professional . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ead41e963de46d7da9ff8787ac3f23b", "text": "Terry Louise Fisher Terry Louise Fisher ( born February 21 , 1946 ) is an American television producer , screenwriter and novelist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e08b548461d17b13b3e7e438bee1e95", "text": "Irving Fisher Irving Fisher ( February 27 , 1867 -- April 29 , 1947 ) was an American economist , statistician , inventor , and Progressive social campaigner . He was one of the earliest American neoclassical economists , though his later work on debt deflation has been embraced by the Post-Keynesian school . Joseph Schumpeter described him as `` the greatest economist the United States has ever produced '' , an assessment later repeated by James Tobin and Milton Friedman . Fisher made important contributions to utility theory and general equilibrium . He was also a pioneer in the rigorous study of intertemporal choice in markets , which led him to develop a theory of capital and interest rates . His research on the quantity theory of money inaugurated the school of macroeconomic thought known as `` monetarism . '' Fisher was also a pioneer of econometrics , including the development of index numbers . Some concepts named after him include the Fisher equation , the Fisher hypothesis , the international Fisher effect , the Fisher separation theorem and Fisher market . Fisher was perhaps the first celebrity economist , but his reputation during his lifetime was irreparably harmed by his public statements , just prior to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , claiming that the stock market had reached `` a permanently high plateau '' . His subsequent theory of debt deflation as an explanation of the Great Depression , as well as his advocacy of full-reserve banking and alternative currencies , were largely ignored in favor of the work of John Maynard Keynes . Fisher 's reputation has since recovered in neoclassical economics , particularly after his work was rediscovered in the late 1950s , and more widely due to an increased interest in debt deflation after the late-2000s recession . Having made numerous contributions to economic theory , he later became the foremost proponent of the full-reserve banking reform until his death . He was one of the authors of A Program for Monetary Reform where the general concepts of 100 % reserve system is outlined .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7c60244c60baab4d04186b0d6c527c2d", "text": "Florence Henderson Florence Agnes Henderson ( February 14 , 1934 -- November 24 , 2016 ) was an American actress and singer with a career spanning six decades . She is best remembered for her starring role as matriarch Carol Brady on the ABC sitcom The Brady Bunch from 1969 to 1974 . Henderson also appeared in film , as well as on stage , and hosted several long-running cooking and variety shows over the years . She appeared as a guest on many scripted and unscripted ( talk and reality show ) television programs and as a panelist on numerous game shows . She was a contestant on Dancing with the Stars in 2010 . Henderson hosted her own talk show , The Florence Henderson Show , and cooking show , Who 's Cooking with Florence Henderson , on Retirement Living TV during the years leading up to her death at age 82 on Thanksgiving Day , 2016 from heart failure .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e24a9729571cfc99217e272e518fdd62", "text": "Carrie Pilby Carrie Pilby is a coming-of-age novel by Caren Lissner , first published by Red Dress Ink in 2003 , then re-released on July 1 , 2010 for teenage readers under the new imprint Harlequin Teen . It was among the first novels published by Harlequin Enterprises 's Red Dress Ink imprint , an imprint created primarily to take advantage of the then-burgeoning `` chick lit '' phenomenon that included humorous books about young single women like Bridget Jones ' Diary . In its first incarnation , Carrie Pilby was noted in various newspaper articles as one of the smarter and more original novels in the genre . It proved successful , selling more than 50,000 copies . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times referred to the novel as `` hilarious '' in an August 10 , 2003 story . After the chick lit market became saturated , Harlequin stopped publishing novels under the Red Dress Ink imprint in 2009 , but Carrie Pilby was selected to be re-published on July 1 , 2010 as one of the first books in the new Harlequin Teen line for teenagers . It was republished with a new cover for teens and some of the technology referred to in the novel was slightly modernized ( Carrie was now renting DVDs instead of videos ) . The novel was released in France on June 1 , 2010 as one of the first four titles released under the French Harlequin imprint for teens , Darkiss .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b259887db7806f3f5e307e88e4cf3659", "text": "List of accolades received by Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars : The Force Awakens is a 2015 epic space opera film directed , co-produced , and co-written by J. J. Abrams . The seventh installment in the main Star Wars film series , and first of three in Star Wars sequel trilogy , it stars Harrison Ford , Mark Hamill , Carrie Fisher , Adam Driver , Daisy Ridley , John Boyega , Oscar Isaac , Lupita Nyong ` o , Andy Serkis , Domhnall Gleeson , Anthony Daniels , and Max von Sydow . The Force Awakens is set 30 years after Return of the Jedi ; it follows Rey , Finn , and Poe Dameron 's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance , led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance , against Kylo Ren and the First Order , a successor group to the Galactic Empire . The Force Awakens was premiered by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in Los Angeles on December 14 , and was released in United States and Canada on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens opened across 14,300 theaters , breaking numerous box-office records and became the first film to earn more than $ 100 million worldwide in a single day . The film grossed a worldwide total of over $ 2 billion on a production budget of $ 306 million becoming the highest-grossing release of 2015 , and the fastest film to earn $ 1 billion worldwide , doing so in twelve-days . The Force Awakens became the third film in history to surpass $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ( 2009 ) and Titanic ( 1997 ) ) , doing so on its 53rd day of release . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 360 reviews and judged 92 percent to be positive . The Force Awakens garnered many awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for Abrams ' direction , its action sequences , visual effects , editing and Ridley 's and Boyega 's performances . Several awards held their nominations before the December release of The Force Awakens , making the film ineligible for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and some other awards ceremonies . However , the film was added to the 21st Critics ' Choice Awards 's slate of best picture nominees after a special vote by the board of directors , and the announcement of the 2015 American Film Institute Awards was delayed until after the release of film , where it was named one of Top Ten Films of the year . The Force Awakens received five nominations at the 88th Academy Awards as Best Original Score , Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , Best Film Editing and Best Visual Effects . The film garnered four nominations at 69th British Academy Film Awards , and won for Best Special Visual Effects and a special BAFTA Rising Star Award for John Boyega . At the 21st Empire Awards , the film received nine nominations and won five including Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film , and Best Director for J.J. Abrams . The Force Awakens became the most nominated film in Saturn Awards history with total of thirteen nominations at 42nd Saturn Awards and won eight including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Director and Best Special Effects . The film received seven nominations from the Visual Effects Society , winning four including Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Feature Motion Picture . Star Wars : The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at MTV Movie Awards , the most for the ceremony and won three including Movie of the Year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d403ba95538df951631b910094752a5", "text": "Grammy Award for Best New Artist The Grammy Award for Best New Artist has been awarded since 1959 . Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were handed out , for records released in the previous year . The award was not presented in 1967 . The official guidelines are as follows : `` For a new artist who releases , during the Eligibility Year , the first recording which establishes the public identity of that artist . '' Note that this is not necessarily the first album released by an artist . It is sometimes asserted , with varying degrees of sincerity , that winning the award is a curse , as several award winners ( particularly from the late 1970s and early 1980s ) were never able to duplicate the success they experienced in their debut year . This viewpoint was expressed by former Starland Vocal Band member Taffy Danoff in a 2002 interview for VH1 's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders : `` We got two of the five Grammys -- one was Best New Artist . So that was basically the kiss of death and I feel sorry for everyone who 's gotten it since . '' The category is also notable for being the only one of its kind in which a Grammy Award was vacated . This occurred in 1990 after it was revealed winners Milli Vanilli did not contribute their own vocals on their debut album . The award was revoked , but was not handed out to another artist . Of the 54 awards presented in the category since its inception , the honor has been presented to 25 solo female artists , 18 duos or groups , and 11 solo male artists . Between 1997 and 2003 , all the winners were solo female artists . Also , from 1993 to 2005 , no winner was a solo male artist . In 2006 , John Legend broke this trend , which started with Marc Cohn in 1992 . Only four artists have won both Best New Artist and Album of the Year in the same year : Bob Newhart in 1961 , Christopher Cross in 1981 , Lauryn Hill in 1999 and Norah Jones in 2003 . Of all the winners , only three have been country artists . In 1997 , LeAnn Rimes became the first country artist to win the award . She was followed by Carrie Underwood in 2007 and Zac Brown Band in 2010 . Additionally , 2017 marked the first time that two country artists were nominated in this category in the same year . 1984 marked the first time that all of the nominees were from outside of the United States ( Winner Culture Club , Eurythmics , and Musical Youth were from England , Big Country was from Scotland , and Men Without Hats were from Canada ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "698615794695352306131ed4c420c109", "text": "Carrie Anne `` Carrie Anne '' is a song written by Allan Clarke , Graham Nash , and Tony Hicks and released by British pop rock group The Hollies . The song was recorded on 1 May 1967 and was released as a single in the same month by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom and Epic Records in the United States . It became a hit in 1967 , reaching # 3 on the UK Singles Chart . It was also a hit in the US and Canada , peaking at # 9 on both pop charts . It also reached No. 4 in the Irish charts . Actress Carrie-Anne Moss was named ( by her mother ) in honor of the song , which was released three months before her birth .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a8a4d4e72fe5335bfd7e4656a8208894", "text": "Fisher & Fisher Fisher & Fisher was an architectural firm based in Denver , Colorado named for partners William Ellsworth Fisher ( 1871 -- 1937 ) and Arthur Addison Fisher ( 1878 -- 1965 ) . The firm was founded in 1892 by William Ellsworth Fisher as William Fisher , Architect . After ten years in practice alone , mainly designing starter homes , he partnered with Daniel Riggs Huntington from 1901 to 1905 as Fisher & Huntington , during which time the firm designed increasingly expensive residences and also commercial buildings . The firm then once more became William Fisher , Architect until 1907 , when William was joined by his younger brother Arthur Addison Fisher ; they worked together as William Fisher Architect and Brother until 1910 and then as William E. Fisher and Arthur A. Fisher , Architects until William 's death in 1937 . William 's son Alan B. Fisher , who had previously joined the firm , then became his uncle 's partner and the firm was renamed Arthur A. Fisher and Alan B. Fisher , Architects . From 1956 to 1959 they were joined by Rodney S. Davis as Fisher , Fisher and Davis ; on Arthur 's retirement the firm became Fisher and Davis . Finally beginning in 1967 , Alan Fisher was in partnership with John D. Reece and Hilary M. Johnson as Fisher , Reece and Johnson until his retirement in 1978 . In Colorado , the firm worked on dozens of notable buildings , and has left a legacy unique in the state . Of 67 surviving buildings in Denver identifiable as being by Fisher & Fisher , 50 are either listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) , individually or as part of historic districts , or are eligible for listing . Although most work by Fisher & Fisher was in Denver , buildings by them elsewhere in the state and outside it are also listed . For example , William and Arthur Fisher planned the town of Parco , Wyoming ( now Sinclair ) and designed its public buildings . The Fisher brothers were unusually innovative , and the firm 's buildings are in a variety of styles . The Railway Exchange Addition of 1909/13 and the connected Railway Exchange New Building of 1937 ( now the Hotel Monaco ) in downtown Denver show contrasting styles by the same firm . The New Building , by Fisher , Fisher & Hubbell , is one of Denver 's best Art Moderne works , although the architects denied at the time that it was `` modernistic '' . In April 2011 one of their works , the Cowperthwaite home , was the 2011 Denver Designer Show House , a fundraiser involving interior decorators prior to the house coming to market . Among lost works by the firm are the Lafayette Hughes and Gerald Hughes mansions . Surviving works include ( with attribution ) : Ashland Public Library , 207 N. 15th St. Ashland , NE ( Shankland , W.R. / Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed Belcaro , 3400 Belcaro Dr. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed Copperthwaite Home Ideal Building , 821 17th St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed Lorraine Lodge , SW of Golden Golden , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed McPhee and McGinnity Building , 2301 Blake St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed Neusteter Building , 720 Sixteenth St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed St. Thomas Episcopal Church , 607 Fourth St. Alamosa , CO ( Fisher , William Ellsworth ; Fisher , Arthur Addison ) , NRHP-listed Tower of Memories , 8500 W. 29th Ave. Wheat Ridge , CO ( Charles A. Smith , Fisher & Fisher , John Monroe ) , NRHP-listed Tramway Building , 1100 14th St. Denver , CO ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed Original public buildings in Parco Historic District , roughly bounded by Monroe Ave. , N. Fourth St. , Union and Lincoln Aves. , and N. Ninth St. Sinclair , WY ( Fisher & Fisher ) , NRHP-listed", "title": "" }, { "docid": "db007fd233282c90b175313c90931802", "text": "Nora Fisher McMillan Born Eleanor Fisher , the first of Ernest and Janet Fisher 's two daughters , in Belfast on 16 March 1908 , but known even then as `` Nora '' , Nora Fisher McMillan , as she became , was a larger-than-life self-taught expert in natural history , especially conchology , specialising in post-glacial fresh-water Mollusca , but with broad academic interests in the history of natural history , geology and other areas , as well as being a keen amateur botanist , naturalist and local historian . She wrote prolifically , with over 400 publications to her name . She moved to Liverpool in 1933 and , with a short interruption due to her marriage in 1937 , worked for the Liverpool Museum until her retirement in 2000 at the age of 92 . By the time of her death in 2003 , she had become almost the last direct link with two generations of Irish and British Victorian conchologists who brought distinction to the subject through their personal research and field collecting . Largely self-taught , she was conferred an Honorary MSc by the University of Liverpool in 1991 , was President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland , and was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1970 . She received an MBE for her life 's work in 1992 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b9015276847f187bc5ec67b815c62a69", "text": "Death of Elisa Lam The body of Elisa Lam , also known by her Cantonese name , Lam Ho Yi ( ; April 30 , 1991 -- 2013 ) , a Canadian student at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver , was recovered from a water tank atop the Cecil Hotel in Downtown Los Angeles on February 19 , 2013 . She had been reported missing at the beginning of the month . Maintenance workers at the hotel discovered the body when investigating guest complaints of problems with the water supply . Her disappearance had been widely reported ; interest had increased five days prior to her body 's discovery when the Los Angeles Police Department released video of the last time she was known to have been seen , on the day of her disappearance , by an elevator security camera . In the footage , Lam is seen exiting and re-entering the elevator , talking and gesturing in the hallway outside , and sometimes seeming to hide within the elevator , which itself appears to be malfunctioning . The video went viral on the Internet , with many viewers reporting that they found it unsettling . Explanations ranged from claims of paranormal involvement to the bipolar disorder from which Lam suffered ; it has also been argued that the video was altered prior to release . The circumstances of Lam 's death , when she was found , also raised questions , especially in light of the Cecil 's history in relation to other notable deaths and murders . Her body was naked with most of her clothes and personal effects floating in the water near her . It took the Los Angeles County Coroner 's office four months , after repeated delays , to release the autopsy report , which reports no evidence of physical trauma and states that the cause of death was accidental . Guests at the Cecil , now re-branded as Stay on Main , sued the hotel over the incident , and Lam 's parents filed a separate suit later that year ; the latter was dismissed in 2015 . Some of the early Internet interest noted what were considered to be unusual similarities between Lam 's death and plot elements from the 2005 horror film Dark Water . There have been efforts to fictionalize the case since then as well . Less than a year after her death , Hungry Ghost Ritual , a Hong Kong horror film , included a scene apparently inspired by the elevator video , and Chinese director Liu Hao announced he was planning a film based on her life and death , hopefully starring Gao Yuanyuan . An episode of Castle was inspired by it , and a horror film that uses the case as a backstory , The Bringing , began development under Sony Pictures Entertainment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e01a48d25c2f96d3ca92dfcb8b062a2", "text": "Catastrophe (2015 TV series) Catastrophe is a British sitcom first broadcast on 19 January 2015 on Channel 4 . It stars Sharon Horgan as Sharon Morris and Rob Delaney as Rob Norris , who get together after she becomes pregnant following a brief affair while he is in the UK on business . Carrie Fisher , Ashley Jensen , and Mark Bonnar play supporting characters in the series . The show was renewed for a second series in January 2015 and began broadcasting from 27 October 2015 , having been brought forward from its original schedule of early 2016 . In July 2016 , Catastrophe was renewed for a third and fourth series . The third series , which began broadcasting in the UK on 28 February 2017 , comprises 6 episodes -- which all became available in the Untied States on April 28 , 2017 , hosted by Amazon . The fourth series of the show is scheduled for 2018 . For her performance in the show , Sharon Horgan was nominated for a 2016 British Academy Television Awards for Best Female Comedy Performance in 2016 . Both Horgan and Delaney won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Writer : Comedy . The show was nominated for a Peabody Award . In July 2016 , the show received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing For a Comedy Series , going to Horgan and Delaney .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe0ca5804f324e01ebd865d46092b39e", "text": "Anna Nicole Smith Vickie Lynn Hogan professionally known as Anna Nicole Smith ( born November 28 , 1967 -- February 8 , 2007 ) was an American model , actress and television personality . Smith first gained popularity in Playboy , winning the title of 1993 Playmate of the Year . She modeled for fashion companies including Guess , H&M , Heatherette , and Lane Bryant . Smith dropped out of high school and was married three years later in 1985 . Her highly publicized second marriage to J. Howard Marshall resulted in speculation that she married the octogenarian mainly for his money , which she denied . Following Marshall 's death , Smith began a lengthy legal battle over a share of his estate . Her case , Marshall v. Marshall , reached the U.S. Supreme Court on a question of federal jurisdiction , and again on a question of bankruptcy court authority ( now called Stern v. Marshall ) . Smith died on February 8 , 2007 , in a Hollywood , Florida , hotel room as a result of an overdose of prescription drugs . During the final six months of her life , Smith was the focus of renewed press coverage surrounding the death of her son , Daniel , and the paternity and custody battle over her newborn daughter , Dannielynn .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0157be309275075190ec15476564e8ac", "text": "Cardiac arrest (disambiguation) Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating . Cardiac Arrest may also refer to : Cardiac Arrest ( film ) , a 1980 film Cardiac Arrest ( TV series ) , BBC television drama about the British NHS in the 1990s Cardiac Arrest ( album ) , the 1977 debut album by American band Cameo `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( Madness song ) , 1981 `` Cardiac Arrest '' ( Teddybears song ) , 2011", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4b1bfbf4c36d8b83134f51f902300a42", "text": "Carrie Carrie may refer to : Carrie ( name ) , a female given name in English speaking countries , usually a pet form of Caroline or Carolyn", "title": "" } ]	fever
375e627c6ad55e02f3a59a9cb3c04841	The Fifth Element was the lowest-grossing French film in the international box office until 2011.	[ { "docid": "60825129f3231c86547bae7f6e03fd7d", "text": "The Fifth Element The Fifth Element ( Le Cinquième Élément ) is a 1997 English-language French science-fiction action film directed and co-written by Luc Besson . It stars Bruce Willis , Gary Oldman and Milla Jovovich . Primarily set in the 23rd century , the film 's central plot involves the survival of planet Earth , which becomes the responsibility of Korben Dallas ( Willis ) , a taxicab driver and former special forces major , after a young woman ( Jovovich ) falls into his cab . Dallas joins forces with her to recover four mystical stones essential for the defence of Earth against an impending attack . Besson started writing the story that became The Fifth Element when he was 16 years old ; he was 38 when the film opened in cinemas . Besson wanted to shoot the film in France , but suitable locations could not be found ; filming took place instead in London and Mauritania . Comics writers Jean `` Moebius '' Giraud and Jean-Claude Mézières , whose comics provided inspiration for parts of the film , were hired for production design . Costume design was by Jean Paul Gaultier . The Fifth Element received mainly positive reviews , although it tended to polarize critics . It has been called both the best and worst summer blockbuster of all time . The film was a financial success , earning more than $ 263 million at the box office on a $ 90 million budget . At the time of its release it was the most expensive European film ever made , and it remained the highest-grossing French film at the international box office until the release of The Intouchables in 2011 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "f9402484760843724abaa08041762262", "text": "Metals (album) Metals is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Feist . It was released on September 30 , 2011 in Ireland , Austria , Switzerland , Germany , Sweden and Belgium ; October 3 , 2011 in the United Kingdom ; and October 4 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . The first single from the album is `` How Come You Never Go There '' , which was released on August 12 , 2011 . The album was supported by a world tour which started in Amsterdam , Netherlands on October 15 , 2011 and finished on October 20 , 2012 in Latin America . Metals debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 7 , and sold 38,000 copies in its first week . It earned Feist 's best sales week and it was her first top 10 album to chart in the US . The album received acclaim from critics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a2d0140ca26c0eef1d478e8136d26c50", "text": "Seer (film) Seer is a 2011 Chinese animated fantasy adventure film based on an online game . It is about some robots on an airship called Seer who were off to find a legendary phoenix in a vast universe , they also had to fight off some evil space pirates who were blocking their way . It was released on July 28 , 2011 . The film is the first in a film series , being followed by Seer 2 ( 2012 ) , Seer the Movie 3 : Heroes Alliance ( 2013 ) , Seer 4 ( 2014 ) and Seer Movie 5 : Rise of Thunder ( 2015 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca830f4d08e529fee74b94f6b1eecca5", "text": "Histoire(s) du cinéma Histoire ( s ) du cinéma ( -LSB- is.twaʁ dy si.ne.ma -RSB- ) is an 8-part video project begun by Jean-Luc Godard in the late 1980s and completed in 1998 . The longest , at 266 minutes , and one of the most complex of Godard 's films , Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is an examination of the history of the concept of cinema and how it relates to the 20th century ; in this sense , it can also be considered a critique of the 20th century and how it perceives itself . The project is considered by many the most important work of the late period of Godard 's career . Histoire ( s ) du cinéma is always referred to by its French title , because of the word play it implies : histoire means both `` history '' and `` story , '' and the s in parentheses gives the possibility of a plural . Therefore , the phrase Histoire ( s ) du cinéma simultaneously means The History of Cinema , Histories of Cinema , The Story of Cinema and Stories of Cinema . Similar double or triple meanings , as well as puns , are a recurring motif throughout Histoire ( s ) and much of Godard 's work . The film was screened out of competition at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . Nine years later , it was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1997 Festival . The soundtrack was released as a 5-CD boxed set on the ECM record label .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "10659ac63fe05be6564369be94f39d08", "text": "38th César Awards The 38th Annual César Awards ceremony , presented by the French Academy of Cinema Arts and Techniques ( Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma ) , was held on 22 February 2013 , at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris . The ceremony was chaired by Jamel Debbouze , with Antoine de Caunes as master of ceremonies . Nominations were announced 25 January 2013 . Michael Haneke 's film Amour , nominated in ten categories , won in five , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Actress .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ee09b53272d0919160e72c5b1f781304", "text": "5x2 5x2 ( also Cinq fois deux ; Five Times Two ) is a 2004 French film directed by François Ozon , which uncovers the back story to the gradual disintegration of a middle class marriage by depicting five key moments in the relationship , but in reverse order .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "62a76004cc7c2110bf799438186bc5b9", "text": "James Bond The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming , who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections . Since Fleming 's death in 1964 , eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations : Kingsley Amis , Christopher Wood , John Gardner , Raymond Benson , Sebastian Faulks , Jeffery Deaver , William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz . The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz , published in September 2015 . Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond , and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character , Moneypenny . The character has also been adapted for television , radio , comic strip , video games and film . The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $ 7.040 billion in total , making it the fourth-highest-grossing film series to date , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , starring Sean Connery as Bond . As of , there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series . The most recent Bond film , Spectre ( 2015 ) , stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond ; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series . There have also been two independent productions of Bond films : Casino Royale ( a 1967 spoof ) and Never Say Never Again ( a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film , Thunderball ) . In 2015 , the franchise was estimated to be worth $ 19.9 billion , making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . The Bond films are renowned for a number of features , including the musical accompaniment , with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions , and two wins . Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond 's cars , his guns , and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch . The films are also noted for Bond 's relationships with various women , who are sometimes referred to as `` Bond girls '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "281ad9273c5fdedf6b01919646686394", "text": "Hugo (film) Hugo is a 2011 historical adventure drama film directed and co-produced by Martin Scorsese and adapted for the screen by John Logan . Based on Brian Selznick 's book The Invention of Hugo Cabret , it is about a boy who lives alone in the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris in the 1930s . A co-production between Graham King 's GK Films and Johnny Depp 's Infinitum Nihil , the film stars Ben Kingsley , Sacha Baron Cohen , Asa Butterfield , Chloë Grace Moretz , Ray Winstone , Emily Mortimer , Jude Law , Helen McCrory , and Christopher Lee . Hugo is Scorsese 's first film shot in 3D , of which the filmmaker remarked : `` I found 3D to be really interesting , because the actors were more upfront emotionally . Their slightest move , their slightest intention is picked up much more precisely . '' The film was released in the United States on November 23 , 2011 . When it was released , Hugo received critical acclaim and received 11 Academy Award nominations ( including Best Picture ) , more than any other film that year , and won five awards : Best Cinematography , Best Art Direction , Best Sound Mixing , Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for eight BAFTAs , winning two , and was nominated for three Golden Globe awards , earning Scorsese his third Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film grossed $ 185 million against a budget of $ 150 -- $ 170 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a19db86bf62cd38c7350853318f5fc6", "text": "Michel Deville Michel Deville ( born 13 April 1931 ) is a French film director and screenwriter . Deville started his filmmaking career in the late 1950s , paralleling the emergence of the French New Wave directors . He never achieved the level of critical and international recognition of some of his contemporaries such as François Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard and Claude Chabrol , possibly because of his more conventional filmmaking style . Nevertheless , his films , especially his comedies from the 1970s and 1980s , were popular in his native France . One of Deville 's comedies , La Lectrice ( The Reader ) was probably his biggest success with international audiences . La Lectrice is about a woman ( played by Miou-Miou ) , who finds work reading novels for the blind but gradually finds herself unwittingly attracting a clientele of fetishists who enjoyed being read to . At one time his films were difficult to find in North America but presently ( 2007 ) seven of his films are available in DVD in the U.S. His 1980 film Le Voyage en douce was entered into the 30th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later , his film Death in a French Garden was entered into the 35th Berlin International Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "30335ddaab944bb2fdd0e3eae455e5ac", "text": "36th César Awards The 36th César Awards ceremony was presented by the Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma in Paris , France to honour its selection of the best French films of 2010 on 25 February 2011 . The ceremony was chaired by Jodie Foster and hosted by Antoine de Caunes . The audience gave a standing ovation to Olivia de Havilland , their `` special honored guest '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e1562e3e2ba348de668f39a050d4889", "text": "Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' . 2017 - Sully The Martian Zootopia Star Wars : The Force Awakens The Revenant 2016 - American Sniper Kingsman : The Secret Service Mad Max : Fury Road Spectre Whiplash 2015 - Frozen Interstellar Jersey Boys Fury Godzilla 2014 - Les Misérables 3 Idiots Captain Phillips Django Unchained Gravity 2013 - The Intouchables Argo The Dark Knight Rises The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Skyfall 2012 - The King 's Speech Rise of the Planet of the Apes Moneyball The Social Network Black Swan 2011 - Avatar Inception Toy Story 3 Invictus The Hurt Locker 2010 - Gran Torino Slumdog Millionaire Changeling The Wrestler Red Cliff Part II 2009 - The Dark Knight The Bucket List No Country for Old Men Lust , Caution Red Cliff Part I 2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima Dreamgirls Babel Hairspray The Bourne Ultimatum 2007 - Flags of Our Fathers Crash Hotel Rwanda Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The Da Vinci Code 2006 - Million Dollar Baby Cinderella Man Charlie and the Chocolate Factory The Phantom of the Opera Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 - The Last Samurai The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Mystic River Seabiscuit Troy 2004 - The Pianist Chicago The Hours The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Yeopgijeogin geunyeo 2003 - Monster 's Ball Gangs of New York Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets I Am Sam The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring 2002 - Billy Elliot Artificial Intelligence : AI Chocolat Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Postmen in the Mountains 2001 - Dancer in the Dark American Beauty Gladiator The Green Mile Swiri 2000 - The Sixth Sense Elizabeth The Matrix Shakespeare in Love La Vita è bella 1999 - L.A. Confidential Armageddon As Good as It Gets Good Will Hunting Saving Private Ryan 1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption Apollo 13 The Bridges of Madison County Forrest Gump Léon 1995 - Schindler 's List The Piano Pulp Fiction Speed True Lies 1994 - Jurassic Park Cliffhanger The Fugitive Heaven & Earth Unforgiven 1993 - JFK The Lover Basic Instinct The Bodyguard A League of Their Own 1992 - Dances with Wolves Awakenings Nikita The Silence of the Lambs Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 1991 - Field of Dreams Die Hard 2 Ghost Cinema Paradiso Total Recall 1990 - Die Hard Black Rain Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Major League Rain Man 1989 - The Last Emperor Fatal Attraction Full Metal Jacket Moonstruck Wall Street 1988 - Platoon Hannah and Her Sisters Stand By Me Top Gun The Untouchables 1987 - Back to the Future Aliens A Chorus Line The Color Purple Out of Africa 1986 - Amadeus The Cotton Club The Killing Fields A Passage to India Witness 1985 - Once Upon a Time in America Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom The Natural The Right Stuff Terms of Endearment 1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5f4c32797741a74c1b25fa6d76b95ed", "text": "Toy Story (franchise) Toy Story is a computer animated film series and Disney media franchise that began with the original 1995 film , Toy Story , produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The franchise is based on the anthropomorphic concept that all toys , unknown to humans , are secretly alive , and the films focus on a diverse group of toys that feature a classic cowboy , Sheriff Woody , and modern spaceman , Buzz Lightyear . The group unexpectedly embark on adventures that challenge and change them . The first two films of the franchise were directed by John Lasseter , and the third by Lee Unkrich , who acted as the co-director of the second film ( together with Lasseter and Ash Brannon ) . Lasseter will return to direct the upcoming fourth film . All three films , produced on a total budget of $ 320 million , have grossed more than $ 1.9 billion worldwide . Each film set box office records , with the third included in the top 15 all time worldwide films . Critics have given all three films extremely positive reviews . Special Blu-ray and DVD editions of Toy Story and Toy Story 2 were released on March 23 , 2010 . They were also re-released in theaters as a Disney Digital 3-D `` double feature '' for at least two weeks in October 2009 . The series is the 24th highest-grossing franchise worldwide , the fifth highest-grossing animated franchise ( behind Shrek , Ice Age , Despicable Me and Madagascar ) , and is among the most critically acclaimed trilogies of all time . On November 1 , 2011 , all three Toy Story films were released in Disney Blu-ray 3D as a trilogy pack and as individual films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb7cb5f704a1820dd85179dad2081a8d", "text": "Les Ordres Orders ( original title : Les Ordres , known in the United States as : Orderers ) is a 1974 Quebec historical drama film about the incarceration of innocent civilians during the 1970 October Crisis and the War Measures Act enacted by the Canadian government of Pierre Trudeau . It is the second film by director Michel Brault . It features entertainer and Senator Jean Lapointe . The film tells the story of five of those incarcerated civilians . It is scripted but is inspired by a number of interviews with actual prisoners made during the events and its style is heavily inspired by the Quebec school of Cinéma vérité . It is a docufiction . It shared a Cannes Film Festival Award in 1975 and four Canadian Film Awards ( predecessor of the Genie Awards ) the same year . It was also selected as the Canadian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 48th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee . The film was selected to be screened in the Cannes Classics section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "697580c81479770dc6c70a31e36dd7f8", "text": "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity . In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics . Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie . From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fc70562e8e699c0615685faf9d72bfc4", "text": "Five Hours from Paris Five Hours from Paris ( Hamesh Shaot me'Pariz ) is a 2009 Israeli comedy film by Leonid Prudovsky . It premiered as an official selection at the Toronto International Film Festival on 12 September 2009 . A French cinema chain caused controversy when they cancelled its release following the Gaza flotilla raid and instead screened a French documentary about Rachel Corrie , an American protestor killed by an Israeli bulldozer in 2004 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "28c338353cd559de6b20a8e582e27f46", "text": "Jean-Luc Godard Jean-Luc Godard ( -LSB- ʒɑ̃lyk ɡɔdaʁ -RSB- ; born 3 December 1930 ) is a French-Swiss film director , screenwriter and film critic . He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague , or `` New Wave '' . Like his New Wave contemporaries , Godard criticized mainstream French cinema 's `` Tradition of Quality '' , which `` emphasized craft over innovation , privileged established directors over new directors , and preferred the great works of the past to experimentation . '' As a result of such argument , he and like-minded critics started to make their own films . Many of Godard 's films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema . He is often considered the most radical French filmmaker of the 1960s and 1970s ; his approach in film conventions , politics and philosophies made him arguably the most influential director of the French New Wave . Along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references , several of his films expressed his political views ; he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy . Since the New Wave , his politics have been much less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist , and a Marxist perspective . In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll , Godard ranked third in the critics ' top-ten directors of all time ( which was put together by assembling the directors of the individual films for which the critics voted ) . He is said to have `` created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century . '' He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have `` challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticism 's vocabulary . '' In 2010 , Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award , but did not attend the award ceremony . Godard 's films have inspired many directors including Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino , Brian De Palma , Steven Soderbergh , D. A. Pennebaker , Robert Altman , Jim Jarmusch , Wong Kar-wai , Wim Wenders , Bernardo Bertolucci , and Pier Paolo Pasolini .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b2172850fe2c30b2058355f1877d3d8", "text": "2001 Shanghai International Film Festival The 5th Shanghai International Film Festival was film festival held between June 9 and June 17 , 2001 . 164 films were screened including 46 from China . 14 films were entered into the Golden Cup competition , with Antitrust from the United States winning the grand prize . The Festival utilized 9 theaters , which held 479 screenings to an aggregate audience of 170,000 . This marked the last time the Shanghai International Film Festival was held on a biannual basis . Beginning with 2001 , the festival was held on an annual basis .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5349efb37d6a05cec1e9202ce515c28", "text": "List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film This is a list of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film every year since the award was created in 1956 . The award is presented annually by the Academy to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Nine shortlisted contenders will be revealed a week before the announcement of the Oscar nominations . The submitted motion pictures must be first released theatrically in their respective countries between 1 October 2011 , and 30 September 2012 . On 8 October 2012 , the Academy announced the final list of eligible submissions , with a record number of 71 films . Nine finalists were announced in December 2012 , which were shortlisted in January , with the final five nominees announced on 10 January 2013 . The Austrian entry Amour directed by Michael Haneke was the eventual winner . Kenya submitted its first film in the Foreign Language category with Nairobi Half Life . Cambodia made its first submission in 18 years ( and its second overall ) with Lost Loves .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bdfd52c3a21b86fc4df9fa98e54c1e15", "text": "Small World (2010 film) Small World ( Je n'ai rien oublié ) is a 2010 Franco-German drama film directed by Bruno Chiche and adapted from the book Small World by Martin Suter .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b3b29d687f89dbec98e1db5a84853fdb", "text": "List of 2011 box office number-one films in Spain This is a list of films which have placed number one at the weekend box office in Spain during 2011 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eff85e0e31cb056c5e9fe3ec422f045a", "text": "Environmental Performance Index The Environmental Performance Index ( EPI ) is a method of quantifying and numerically marking the environmental performance of a state 's policies . This index was developed from the Pilot Environmental Performance Index , first published in 2002 , and designed to supplement the environmental targets set forth in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals . The EPI was preceded by the Environmental Sustainability Index ( ESI ) , published between 1999 and 2005 . Both indexes were developed by Yale University ( Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy ) and Columbia University ( Center for International Earth Science Information Network ) in collaboration with the World Economic Forum and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission . The ESI was developed to evaluate environmental sustainability relative to the paths of other countries . Due to a shift in focus by the teams developing the ESI , the EPI uses outcome-oriented indicators , then working as a benchmark index that can be more easily used by policy makers , environmental scientists , advocates and the general public . Other leading indices like the Global Green Economy Index ( GGEI ) provide an integrated measure of the environmental , social and economic dynamics of national economies . The GGEI utilizes EPI data for the environmental dimension of the index while also providing a performance assessment of efficiency sectors ( e.g. transport , buildings , energy ) , investment , green innovation and national leadership around climate change . As of January 2012 four EPI reports have been released - the Pilot 2006 Environmental Performance Index , and the 2008 , 2010 , and 2012 Environmental Performance Index . For the 2012 report , a new `` Pilot Trend EPI '' was developed to rank countries based on the environmental performance changes occurred during the last decade , allowing to establish which countries are improving and which are declining . In the 2014 EPI ranking , the top five countries were Switzerland , Luxembourg , Australia , Singapore , and the Czech Republic . The bottom five countries in 2014 were Somalia , Mali , Haiti , Lesotho , and Afghanistan . The United Kingdom was ranked in 12th place , Japan 26th place , the United States 33rd , Brazil 77th , China 118th , and India came in 155th . The top five countries based on their 2012 Pilot Trend EPI were Estonia , Kuwait , El Salvador , Namibia and Congo .", "title": "" } ]	fever
3e208b1f86c18b1af928d1eaa39bc282	Winter Passing had mixed reviews in 2005.	[ { "docid": "1204bb0e9089e0acaed59a52b2b293d4", "text": "Winter Passing Winter Passing is a 2005 American film . It is the directorial debut of playwright Adam Rapp , also known for his work on the show The L Word . The film stars Zooey Deschanel and Ed Harris , with supporting performances by Will Ferrell and Amelia Warner . The film premiered in 2005 to mixed reviews , and was not released in the United Kingdom until 2013 , when it was released under the new title Happy Endings .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "74710d1ddd3cd1bbc313b9e94e42a5de", "text": "Winter (Tori Amos song) `` Winter '' is a song by American singer-songwriter and musician Tori Amos , first released in 1992 . The song was written about Amos ' relationship with her father , who is a minister . `` Winter '' was Amos ' first single to reach the top 40 in any country , peaking at # 25 in the UK in March 1992 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9899176531546abcb014dbe388d9f88e", "text": "An Experiment in Criticism An Experiment in Criticism is a 1961 book by C. S. Lewis in which he proposes that the quality of books should be measured not by how they are written , but by how they are read . To do this , the author describes two kinds of readers . One is what he calls the `` unliterary '' , and the other the `` literary '' . He proceeds to outline some of the differences between these two types of readers . For example , one characterization of an unliterary reader is that the argument `` I 've read it before '' is a conclusive reason not to read a book . In contrast , literary readers reread books many times , savoring certain passages , and attempting to glean more from subsequent readings . Lewis also argued that judging books by whether they are `` lowbrow '' or `` highbrow '' is not necessarily fruitful ; many `` lowbrow '' books prove to be valuable to a literary reader willing to approach without prejudgment . He noted that books classified as `` lowbrow '' , such as science fiction , are also capable of inducing a passion to re-read and imparting experience which changes reader 's worldview . Lewis suggests that books which are capable of doing this may prove to have enduring merit regardless of their genre of origin . He suggested that attempting to judge the literary merit of books based on traditional criteria may not prove fruitful . Thus , Lewis suggests that a quality book is one that someone , anyone will re-read . A highbrow view that such a book is poor quality has failed to appreciate whatever qualities merit re-reading by someone .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b880f09c45bd461b3e923351fc2133e", "text": "2005 United Kingdom snow events The year 2005 saw 25 heavy snowfall days , which is the joint snowiest year with 1876 across the United Kingdom , between the years 1861-2005 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b150eabc6d5f8589e4fd3f4460ca89b", "text": "The Last Winter (2006 film) The Last Winter is a 2006 thriller film directed by Larry Fessenden . The Last Winter premiered in The Contemporary World Cinema Programme at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2006 . The script for the film originally featured a more woodsy Alaska with pine trees and it was after a research trip to Prudhoe Bay that they discovered the harsh flat conditions that ultimately ended up in the film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9e0d0b4bceb23db7d8aac6fa5a502fe4", "text": "Snow in Florida It is very rare for snow to fall in the U.S. state of Florida , especially in the central and southern portions of the state . With the exception of the far northern areas of the state and the Jacksonville area , most of the major cities of Florida have never recorded measurable snowfall , have only recorded trace ( T ) amounts , or have only reported flurries in the air , usually just a few times each century . In the Florida Keys and Key West there is no known occurrence of snow flurries since the settlement of the region . Due to Florida 's low latitude and subtropical climate , temperatures cold enough to support significant snowfall are infrequent and their duration is fleeting . In general , frost is more common than snow , requiring temperatures of 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) or less at 2 m above sea level , a cloudless sky , and a relative humidity of 65 % or more . Generally , for snow to occur , the polar jet stream must move southward through Texas and into the Gulf of Mexico , with a stalled cold front across the southern portion of the state curving northeastward to combine freezing air into the frontal clouds . While light snowfall occurs a few times each decade across the northern panhandle , most of the state is too far south of the cold continental air masses responsible for generating snowfall in the rest of the country . The mean maximum monthly snowfall in most parts of Florida is zero . The only other areas in the continental United States with this distinction are extreme southern Texas and parts of coastal southern California . Much of the known information on snow in Florida prior to 1900 is from climatological records provided by the National Weather Service meteorological station in Jacksonville , and information for other locations is sparse . The earliest recorded instance of snow in Florida occurred in 1774 ; being unaccustomed to snow , some Jacksonville residents called it `` extraordinary white rain . '' The first White Christmas in northeastern Florida 's history resulted from a snow event that occurred on December 23 , 1989 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfccf74aa9318b613d7c94e07f0e785f", "text": "For a Breath I Tarry `` For a Breath I Tarry '' is a highly regarded 1966 post-apocalyptic novelette by Roger Zelazny . Taking place long after the self-extinction of Man , it recounts the tale of Frost , a sentient machine ( '' ... a silver-blue box , 40x40x40 feet , ... featured in whatever manner he chose . '' ) Though Man has disappeared , his robotic creations ( and their creations in turn ) continue to function . For ten thousand years Frost sat at the North Pole of the Earth , aware of every snowflake that fell . He monitored and directed the activities of thousands of reconstruction and maintenance machines . He knew half the Earth , as gear knows gear , as electricity knows its conductor , as a vacuum knows its limits . At the South Pole , the Beta-Machine did the same for the southern hemisphere . Along the way , the story explores the differences between Man and Machine , the former experiencing the world qualitatively , while the latter do so quantitatively . `` A machine is a Man turned inside-out , because it can describe all the details of a process , which a Man can not , but it can not experience that process itself as a Man can . '' This is illustrated by a conversation Frost has with another machine named Mordel . `` Regard this piece of ice , mighty Frost . You can tell me its composition , dimensions , weight , temperature . A Man could not look at it and do that . A Man could make tools which would tell Him these things , but He still would not know measurement as you know it . What He would know of it , though , is a thing that you can not know . '' `` What is that ? '' `` That it is cold . '' Driving the plot and setting its tone are allusions to other literature , most specifically the first chapter of the Book of Job , both in situation and language , as verses are both quoted directly and paraphrased . Additionally , echoes of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis appear . Finally , Frost and Mordel enter into a Faustian bargain , with , however , better results than in the original . The novelette has appeared in collections of Zelazny 's works and in anthologies . The title is from a phrase in A. E. Housman 's collection A Shropshire Lad .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e719d270d9bb7d936a536bfbb7145054", "text": "Let It Snow (2001 film) Let It Snow is a 2001 romantic comedy movie . The story involves a young man who finds love during `` snow days '' time off from high school , but spends years finding his true self . He is haunted by the family `` curse '' -- as told to him by his grandmother -- that the men in the family are doomed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "deed15024de3f7d31f252be028ca646c", "text": "Passing Passing may refer to :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "70dec585081c17d6470f25b45bae5bdf", "text": "The Nasty Bits The Nasty Bits : Collected Varietal Cuts , Usable Trim , Scraps , and Bones , is a largely nonfiction New York Times bestselling book by Anthony Bourdain , published in 2006 . The book is a collection of 37 exotic , provocative , and humorous anecdotes and essays , many of them centered around food , followed by a 30-page fiction piece ( `` A Chef 's Christmas '' ) . The book concludes with an appendix of commentaries on the various pieces , including when and why they were written . The essays range from descriptions of restaurant-kitchen life ; to various rants about places , people , and things Bourdain objects to ; to lively accounts of far-flung world travels and remote ethnic life and food ; to accolades of the unsung Latinos who cook most fine-dining restaurant food in America ; to glowing reports of cutting-edge chefs like Ferran Adrià ; to details of Bourdain 's obsessions and pursuits when he is not working ; to opinions and anecdotes on various other subjects . Bourdain organized the various essays and anecdotes into sections named for each of the five traditional flavors : Salty Sweet Sour Bitter Umami The book is , according to Bourdain , basically a collection of the best of his magazine and newspaper writings during the previous few years . As he says in the preface : I 've done a lot of writing for magazines and newspapers in the last few years , and it 's the better morsels ( I hope ) from that work that follow . ... I 've been writing this stuff for much the same reason behind my frenetic traveling : Because I can . Because there 's so little time . Because there 's been so much to see and remember . ... It 's an irritating reality that many places and events defy description . Angkor Wat and Machu Picchu , for instance , seem to demand silence , like a love affair you can never talk about . For a while after , you fumble for words , trying vainly to assemble a private narrative , an explanation , a comfortable way to frame where you 've been and what 's happened . In the end , you 're just happy you were there -- with your eyes open -- and lived to see it .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7ae2bd0091215e696fb463910979011", "text": "Downbound Train `` Downbound Train '' is a song that appears on the 1984 Bruce Springsteen album Born in the U.S.A. . The song is a lament to a lost spouse , and takes on a melancholy tone . Author Christopher Sandford described the song as beginning `` like a Keith Richards ' riff '' that ultimately moves to `` one of those great country busted-heart lines , ` Now I work down at the car wash/where all it ever does is rain . ' '' The song was recorded in March or April 1982 at the Power Station in one of the first sessions for the Born in the U.S.A. album . Like several other Born in the U.S.A. songs , including `` Working on the Highway '' and the title track , a solo acoustic version of `` Downbound Train '' was originally recorded on the demo that eventually became the Nebraska album . Though it was not one of the seven singles released from the album , the song nevertheless gained some album-oriented rock radio airplay and was featured fairly regularly on the Born in the U.S.A. Tour . It has been performed sporadically in tours since . Overall , the song has been played in concert about 130 times through 2008 . Author Robert Kirkpatrick contended that `` Downbound Train '' `` might be the best song on the album '' , and Debby Bull called it `` the saddest song -LSB- Springsteen -RSB- 's ever written . '' But Springsteen biographer Dave Marsh , writing in Glory Days , did not agree , calling `` Downbound Train '' `` the weakest song -LSB- Springsteen -RSB- 's released since the second album , ... incredibly sloppy ... The protagonist 's three jobs in five verses are only symptomatic of its problems . '' Other observers analysed it in retrospect as a harbinger , with naturalistic imagery lacing the song throughout in an approach that Springsteen would return to heavily in his Dylan - `` Series of Dreams '' - influenced early 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f5201f4d606fba37c49cc6ee7a9086c", "text": "Holidays of Future Passed `` Holidays of Future Passed '' is the ninth episode of the twenty-third season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 11 , 2011 . Most of the episode is set thirty years into the future , when Bart and Lisa take their children with them to Homer and Marge 's house over Christmas , while a pregnant Maggie goes into labor . Bart has divorced his wife Jenda and is struggling to become a better father for his two boys , while Lisa has trouble connecting with her rebellious teenage daughter Zia . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening made a minor uncredited cameo appearance as a sports commentator shouting `` goal ! '' during a soccer game . Originally written as a potential series finale , the episode has received highly positive reception from television critics who often cited it as the best episode of the season . It has been particularly praised for its humor and for its emotional scenes , such as one where Bart and Lisa sit in their old treehouse and talk about how difficult parenting is . During the original broadcast , `` Holidays of Future Passed '' was watched by about 6.43 million people . Since then , it has garnered attention in the media for a segment taking place thirty years in the future in which it is implied that the city of Dearborn , Michigan is `` still under sharia law '' . Commentators have had mixed opinions on what the segment is mocking , whether it is the increasing Islamic influence in the US , specifically in Dearborn , or rather those who are thinking that Dearborn is under sharia law in December 2011 , the time that the episode aired .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "400add09ec3e43e31ddebcc8f291491b", "text": "Living for the Weekend (Hard-Fi song) `` Living for the Weekend '' is the fourth single from English indie rock band Hard-Fi , from their debut album Stars of CCTV . It was released on 5 September 2005 and peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart . `` Living for the Weekend '' was written by Hard-Fi frontman Richard Archer , and has been heavily featured in a Lifestyle Sports commercial in Ireland , and an Carling commercial in the United Kingdom . It has also been featured on the Winter Olympics Special of BBC 's Top Gear and in the CSI episode `` Time of Your Death '' . The single cover does not bear the `` Parental Advisory '' sticker in spite of the lyrics : `` Ah shit ! '' about halfway through the song . The Sugababes also covered this song , which appeared on their single `` Follow Me Home '' as well as the Radio 1 's Live Lounge compilation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1318f23e2e6fabf22ddbe228f6772d7", "text": "Fahrenheit (2005 video game) Fahrenheit ( known as Indigo Prophecy in North America ) is a cinematic interactive drama action-adventure video game developed by Quantic Dream and published by Atari , Inc. for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox . The director 's cut and uncut versions were later released for Microsoft Windows . Fahrenheit has sold over 700,000 units worldwide since it was released in September 2005 and has won several awards . On 4 December 2007 , Atari released the game for Xbox 360 through Xbox Originals . On 8 November 2011 , Quantic Dream released the game uncensored for PC through GOG.com . A remastered version of the game , entitled Fahrenheit : Indigo Prophecy Remastered , was developed and published by Aspyr in January 2015 for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Linux and iOS . A port for the PlayStation 4 , which was developed by International Software Development Group at Sony Interactive Entertainment , was released on 9 August 2016 via PlayStation Network . In this paranormal thriller , New York City experiences a series of mysterious murders that follow the same pattern ; ordinary people become possessed and kill strangers in public . The main characters of the story must uncover the supernatural forces behind these crimes . Publicity was generated from the developer 's rejection of conventional game genre labeling ; preferring to brand it as the first `` interactive film '' rather than an adventure or third-person action title . The game features motion captured animation as well as branching story lines , split screen cameras and an interface designed to be intuitive and realistic . Event triggers in the game are also mainly time-based , as opposed to the more common player-initiated progression found in most games .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "76b90aeed7d4385c3a66cc5043ed00ff", "text": "Nickel Creek discography This article represents the discography of progressive bluegrass band Nickel Creek . They have released six studio albums , one compilation album , as well as eight singles . Nickel Creek 's first widely known album , Nickel Creek , was released in 2001 . It charted within the Top 20 of the Billboard Top Country Albums charts . The album featured three singles : `` When You Come Back Down '' , `` The Lighthouse 's Tale '' , and `` Reasons Why '' . The first two charted to number 48 and number 49 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts , whereas the third single failed to chart . Also in 2001 , the band were featured with Dolly Parton on `` Shine '' , a cover of the pop group Collective Soul 's signature song . The song was released as a single from Parton 's album Little Sparrow , and also featured a music video . Nickel Creek was then certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 4 , 2004 . In 2003 , they released their critically acclaimed album This Side . It was success on the Top Country Albums chart , debuting and peaking at number 2 , as well as their first album to chart within the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 , where it reached number 18 . It was also a number-one album on the Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums chart . The album only spawned one chart single with its title track . It peaked at number 56 on the country charts . Their fifth studio album , Why Should the Fire Die ? , was released in 2005 . Like its predecessor , it too , made the Top 20 of the Billboard 200 , but failed to enter the Top Country Albums chart . One single was released , `` When in Rome , '' but it failed to chart . The band 's sixth studio album , A Dotted Line , was released April 1 , 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d2ca839a5cb844ffc8336ac1d7ee794", "text": "Snow (1963 film) Snow is a short documentary film made by Geoffrey Jones for British Transport Films in 1962-1963 . The 8-minute-long film shows the efforts of British Railways staff in coping with the 1963 United Kingdom cold wave . An example of `` pure cinema '' , it was nominated for an Academy Award in 1965 . The film had its origins in primary research for a documentary about the British Railways Board . Jones ' test research coincided with one of the coldest winters on record , and Jones approached BTF producer Edgar Anstey with the idea to contrast the comfort of the passengers with the efforts of the railway workmen in keeping trains going in the frozen conditions . Work began on the documentary straight after gaining approval , and Jones and cameraman Wolfgang Suschitzky travelled around the country filming scenes for the rest of the winter . The film was edited to a re-recorded version of Sandy Nelson 's `` Teen Beat '' by Johnny Hawksworth , expanded to twice its original length by accelerating the tempo over the duration of the film . BBC Radiophonic Workshop composer Daphne Oram then added various effects to the soundtrack .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae65512649a9def97a64c6a6ab88303f", "text": "Shopped Shopped : The Shocking Power Of British Supermarkets is a book by British author and investigative journalist Joanna Blythman first published by Fourth Estate in 2004 . Described by one reviewer as `` an emotive and bitter attack on -LSB- Britain 's -RSB- supermarket culture '' the book examines the way supermarkets have changed `` diets , cities , countryside and economy '' in Britain and argues that consumers have unwittingly `` surrendered control over what -LSB- they -RSB- eat to a few powerful chains . '' Along with Felicity Lawrence 's Not On The Label ( 2004 ) and Colin Tudge 's So Shall We Reap ( 2003 ) , Shopped was seen by some critics as representing the frontline of the emerging , radical Slow Food movement in Europe . The book helped establish Blythman 's reputation as `` one of the most influential commentators '' on British supermarkets . It was the winner of the Best Food Book prize at the 2005 Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards and was shortlisted for the 2005 Guild of Food Writers ' Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "907c6b7233e1e24c83843a55d64e7cdf", "text": "Winter's Bone Winter 's Bone is a 2010 American independent drama film , an adaptation of Daniel Woodrell 's 2006 novel of the same name . Written and directed by Debra Granik , the film stars Jennifer Lawrence as a teenaged girl in the rural Ozarks of the central United States who , to protect her family from eviction , must locate her missing father . The film explores the interrelated themes of close and distant family ties , the power and speed of gossip , self-sufficiency , and poverty as they are changed by the pervasive underworld of illegal methamphetamine labs . Winter 's Bone won several awards , including the Grand Jury Prize : Dramatic Film at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival . It also received four 2011 Academy Award nominations : Best Picture , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ed204668e58ab78253dcb4552d83f3d", "text": "The Twilight Sad (EP) The Twilight Sad is the debut EP by The Twilight Sad , released on 14 November 2006 on Fat Cat Records . The EP was only released on CD in the United States . Regarding its US-only release , former bassist Craig Orzel stated that `` the American side of Fat Cat wanted a release to announce our arrival , so they got that . I think the UK side were , initially , more interested in albums than EPs . '' The EP was mixed by composer and Fat Cat labelmate Max Richter . `` That Summer , at Home I Had Become the Invisible Boy '' , `` Last Year 's Rain Did n't Fall Quite So Hard '' , and `` And She Would Darken the Memory '' also appear on the band 's debut album , Fourteen Autumns & Fifteen Winters , which followed the EP in April 2007 . The EP garnered warm critical reception , with independent music website Delusions of Adequacy praising `` the cathartic racket '' of the songs as `` uplifting and expansive , on the verge of overwhelming with sound , sweeping the listener away from the harsh , earth-bound lyrics and delivery '' and hailing the EP as `` a bracing distillation of what The Twilight Sad does best , marrying spare to expansive sonics with bitter , sharp , sometimes enigmatic lyrics and a powerful , emotional sing-talking delivery by James Graham , as skeletons are rattled in the old family closet . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b893ba8cf2f01dcc00ce3f69052e734", "text": "Passing By Passing By may refer to :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4df4ae05733e0d2697a9c0c5e72761a4", "text": "Lost Highway (Bon Jovi album) Lost Highway is the tenth studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi , released on June 19 , 2007 through Island Records . Produced by John Shanks and Dann Huff , the album was recorded at Black Bird Studios , Nashville and NGR Recording , Hollywood . The album influences the band 's rock sound with that of country music following the success of a country version of the band 's 2006 single `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , a duet with Jennifer Nettles , which reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart in May 2006 . Following the success had with the duet version of `` Who Says You Ca n't Go Home '' , there are two songs on the album produced in collaboration with other artists , namely `` We Got It Going On '' featuring Big & Rich and the single `` Till We Ai n't Strangers Anymore '' featuring LeAnn Rimes . Described by Jon Bon Jovi as a `` Bon Jovi album influenced by Nashville '' , the album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , becoming Bon Jovi 's first ever album to debut at No. 1 and their third album to reach that position in the United States . The album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2008 Grammy Awards .", "title": "" } ]	fever
1636732b0ee0b081b6ee074c5fb69bcf	The United States was the first country to develop nuclear weapons.	[ { "docid": "64b2d5472ff53b8ccf519c4471ea7a0a", "text": "United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco . Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "0c0a3bd90ace9d7b97aa942d0812dcc0", "text": "History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions . Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s , the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project . In August 1945 , two fission bombs were dropped on Japan , and stands to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat . The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project , and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as `` hydrogen bombs '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7386c2624f4e19e0eaae2a624ed89b3", "text": "Cash and carry (World War II) Cash and carry was a policy requested by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt at a special session of the United States Congress on September 21 , 1939 , subsequent to the outbreak of war in Europe . It replaced the Neutrality Acts of 1936 . The revision allowed the sale of materiel to belligerents , as long as the recipients arranged for the transport using their own ships and paid immediately in cash , assuming all risk in transportation . However , the sale of war materials was not allowed . Though `` Cash and Carry '' concepts had been introduced in the Neutrality Act of 1936 , it only pertained to materials that could not be used in war efforts , which allowed them to aid warring countries . Originally presented to Congress by Senator Key Pittman ( D-NV ) earlier in 1939 , the bill was designed to replace the Neutrality Act of 1937 , which had lapsed in May 1939 . The bill had been defeated repeatedly by the Senate and the House on more than one occasion as Isolationists feared that passing the bill would draw the US into the conflict in Europe . However , President Roosevelt felt that further help was needed in Europe after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 . The bill passed in late October , gaining approval from the House on November 5 , 1939 . The President gave his signature the same day . The purpose of this policy was to maintain neutrality between the United States and European countries while giving aid to Britain by allowing them to buy non war materials . Various policies , such as the Neutrality Acts of 1935 , 1936 , and 1937 , forbade selling implements of war or lending money to belligerent countries under any terms . The U.S. economy was rebounding at this time , following the Great Depression , but there was still a need for industrial manufacturing jobs . The cash and carry program helped to solve this issue and in turn Great Britain benefited from the purchase goods . This program also prevented US businesses interests backing the success or failure of any warring nation . Because of the conclusion of the Nye Committee , which asserted that United States involvement in World War I was driven by private interests from arms manufacturers , many Americans believed that investment in a belligerent would eventually lead to American participation in war . U.S. shipping interests were forbidden from entering into conflict zones and US passengers traveling on foreign ships did so at their own risk . The `` cash and carry '' legislation enacted in 1939 effectively ended the arms embargo that had been in place since the Neutrality Act of 1936 . It paved the way for Lend-Lease .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e8d50a745d3fb292cb2de094b753a914", "text": "Strategic Defense Initiative The Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons ( intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles ) . The system , which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms , was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23 , 1983 . The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction ( MAD ) . The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization ( SDIO ) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative . Reagan was a vocal critic of MAD doctrine . SDI was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy , as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of the Soviet Union 's nuclear defenses . The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach and to possibly re-ignite `` an offensive arms race '' . SDI was nicknamed largely in the mainstream media as `` Star Wars '' , after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas . In 1987 , the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as `` Star Wars '' was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status , and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational . Under the SDIO 's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office , headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson , the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories , universities , and in industry ; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics , supercomputing/computation , advanced materials , and many other critical science and engineering disciplines -- funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists , and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment . Laser research funded by the SDI office was disclosed at laser conferences that also included panel discussions on the subject with the participation of James Ionson , Edward Teller , and other prominent advocates of SDI . During the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , the SDIO 's name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ( BMDO ) and its focus shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense ; and its scope from global to more regional coverage . It was never truly developed or deployed , though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today . BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002 . This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO . Today , the United States holds a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing . The US and the UK also have both laser weapons and 360 degree laser shields in development , which are expected to be ready for military use as early as 2020 . Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1f9191d62fe1a8fba25c19954431a3ff", "text": "Deadline (science fiction story) `` Deadline '' is a 1944 science fiction short story by American writer Cleve Cartmill , first published in Astounding Science Fiction . The story described the then-secret atomic bomb in some detail . At that time the bomb was still under development and top secret , which prompted a visit by the FBI . In 1943 , Cartmill suggested to John W. Campbell , the then-editor of Astounding , that he could write a story about a futuristic super-bomb . Campbell liked the idea and supplied Cartmill with considerable background information gleaned from unclassified scientific journals , on the use of Uranium-235 to make a nuclear fission device . The resulting story appeared in the issue of Astounding dated March 1944 , which actually appeared early in February of that year . By March 8 it had come to the attention of the Counterintelligence Corps , who saw many similarities between the technical details in the story and the research currently being undertaken in great secrecy at Los Alamos . Gregory Benford describes the incident as told him by Edward Teller in his autobiographical essay `` Old Legends '' : Coming three years later in the same magazine , Cleve Cartmill 's `` Deadline '' provoked astonishment in the lunch table discussions at Los Alamos . It really did describe isotope separation and the bomb itself in detail , and raised as its principal plot pivot the issue the physicists were then debating among themselves : should the Allies use it ? To the physicists from many countries clustered in the high mountain strangeness of New Mexico , cut off from their familiar sources of humanist learning , it must have seemed particularly striking that Cartmill described an allied effort , a joint responsibility laid upon many nations . Discussion of Cartmill 's `` Deadline '' was significant . The story 's detail was remarkable , its sentiments even more so . Did this rather obscure story hint at what the American public really thought about such a superweapon , or would think if they only knew ? Talk attracts attention , Teller recalled a security officer who took a decided interest , making notes , saying little . In retrospect , it was easy to see what a wartime intelligence monitor would make of the physicists ' conversations . Who was this guy Cartmill , anyway ? Where did he get these details ? Who tipped him to the isotope separation problem ? `` and that is why Mr. Campbell received his visitors . '' Fearing a security breach , the FBI began an investigation into Cartmill , Campbell , and some of their acquaintances ( including Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein ) . It appears that the authorities eventually accepted the explanation that the story 's material had been gleaned from unclassified sources , but as a precautionary measure they requested that Campbell should not publish any further stories about nuclear technology for the remainder of the war . Campbell , in the meantime , had guessed from the number of Astounding subscribers who had suddenly moved to the Los Alamos area , that the US government probably had some sort of technical or scientific project ongoing there . He declined to volunteer this information to the FBI .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "33ab5c95a23badac84252eb6e9437b4b", "text": "Public opinion on nuclear issues Public opinion on nuclear issues is the aggregate of attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population concerning nuclear power , nuclear weapons and uranium mining . Surveys about nuclear power use have been conducted internationally for four decades . Surveys originally examined public opinion on building new nuclear power plants . In the U.S. , support has declined over the period from the mid-1970s through 2000 . The Japanese were more supportive of nuclear power expansion during this time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aeb95d39c9806d3e721dbf8eded365d0", "text": "United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan The United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan is a bilateral agreement aimed at putting in place a framework for the joint research and development of nuclear energy technology . The agreement was signed on April 18 , 2007 . Japan also has agreements with Australia , Canada , China , France , and the United Kingdom and is discussing agreements with other nations . Under the plan , the United States and Japan will each conduct research into fast reactor technology , fuel cycle technology , advanced computer simulation and modeling , small and medium reactors , safeguards and physical protection , and nuclear waste management . The work is to be coordinated by a joint steering committee . An initial report on progress was due in April 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "063a66c5815e225899a9c94f60268d2a", "text": "WASH-740 WASH-740 was a report published by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ( USAEC ) in 1957 . This report , called `` Theoretical Possibilities and Consequences of Major Accidents in Large Nuclear Power Plants '' ( also known as `` The Brookhaven Report '' ) , estimated maximum possible damage from a meltdown with no containment building at a large nuclear reactor . The conclusions of this study estimated the possible effects of a `` maximum credible accident '' for nuclear reactors then envisioned as being 3400 deaths , 43,000 injuries and property damage of $ 7 billion ( $ 57bn adjusted for inflation in 2012 since 1957 ) . The estimate of probability was one in a hundred thousand to one in a billion per reactor-year . When WASH-740 was revised in 1964-65 to account for the larger reactors then being designed , the new figures indicated that there could be as many as 45,000 deaths , 100,000 injuries , and $ 17 billion in property damage ( $ 125bn adjusted for inflation since 1964 ) . However ; the assumptions underlying the results were unrealistic ( including the worst meteorological conditions , no containment building , and that half the reactor core is released into the atmosphere as micrometre-sized pellets without any examination of how this might occur ) . These were due to conservatism ( estimating the maximum possible damage ) and the need to use atomic bomb fallout data , which had been collected from tests ( computers in 1955 being greatly insufficient to do the calculations ) . As knowledge , models and computers improved the conclusions of this report were replaced by those of first WASH-1400 ( 1975 , The Rasmussen Report ) , then CRAC-II ( 1982 ) , and most recently NUREG-1150 ( 1991 ) . Now all of these studies are considered obsolete ( see the disclaimer to NUREG-1150 ) , and are being replaced by the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses study .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cf30caeee151e95c62798a93683d3acd", "text": "We begin bombing in five minutes On August 11 , 1984 , United States President Ronald Reagan , while running for re-election , was preparing to make his weekly Saturday radio address on National Public Radio . During a sound check before the address , Reagan made the following joke to the radio technicians : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you today that I 've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever . We begin bombing in five minutes . '' The joke was a parody of the opening line of that day 's speech : `` My fellow Americans , I 'm pleased to tell you that today I signed legislation that will allow student religious groups to begin enjoying a right they 've too long been denied -- the freedom to meet in public high schools during nonschool hours , just as other student groups are allowed to do . '' Contrary to popular misconception , this microphone gaffe was not broadcast over the air , but rather leaked later to the general populace . But the Tokyo newspaper Yomiuri Shimbun reported in October 1984 that the Soviet Far East Army was placed on alert after word of the statement got out and that the alert was not withdrawn until 30 minutes later . An unnamed aide to US Representative Michael Barnes ( D-Md . ) confirmed that the Pentagon was aware of the alert . There was no report of any change in the DEFCON level for the United States . The Soviet reaction , and mild confusion it created , was covered by NBC news anchor Tom Brokaw . This was not the first time Reagan had joked before giving a speech or address . The Soviet official news agency , TASS , condemned the joke , declaring that `` The USSR condemns this unprecedented and hostile attack by the US President '' and that `` this kind of behavior is incompatible with the great responsibility borne by heads of nuclear states for the destinies of their own people and mankind '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32659355ac829cfdbb19178b66546bf1", "text": "Axis of evil The term axis of evil was used by U.S. President George W. Bush in his State of the Union address on January 29 , 2002 , and often repeated throughout his presidency , to describe governments that his administration accused of sponsoring terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction . Iran , Iraq , and North Korea were portrayed by Bush during the State of the Union as building nuclear weapons . The notion of such an axis was used to pinpoint these common enemies of the United States and rally the American populace in support of the War on Terror .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82d8f9e59718a904dc7c4f07d854341e", "text": "Mark 21 nuclear bomb The Mark 21 nuclear bomb was a United States nuclear gravity bomb first produced in 1955 . It was based on the TX-21 `` Shrimp '' prototype that had been detonated during the Castle Bravo test in March 1954 . While most of the Operation Castle tests were intended to evaluate weapons intended for immediate stockpile , or which were already available for use as part of the Emergency Capability Program , Castle Bravo was intended to test a design which would drastically reduce the size and costs of the first generation of air-droppable atomic weapons ( the Mk 14 , Mk 17 & Mk 24 ) . At 12 ft long , 56 in in diameter , and weighing 15000 lb , the Mk-21 was half the length and one-third the weight of the Mk-17 / 24 weapons it replaced . Its minimum yield was specified at four megatons . Quantity production of the Mk-21 started in December 1955 and ran until July 1956 . Three marks were produced ; the Mk-21C was proof tested as the Operation Redwing Navajo shot , with a yield of 4.5 megatons . Starting in June 1957 all Mk-21 bombs were converted to the more powerful Mk-36 , which was removed from service in 1962 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a4caa6badbd4e35208967401dc98c9f", "text": "National security National Security is a concept that a government , along with its parliaments , should protect the state and its citizens against all kind of `` national '' crises through a variety of power projections , such as political power , diplomacy , economic power , military might , and so on . The concept developed all in the United States after World War II . Initially focusing on military might , it now encompasses a broad range of facets , all of which impinge on the non-military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society . Accordingly , in order to possess national security , a nation needs to possess economic security , energy security , environmental security , etc. . Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors , narcotic cartels , multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations ; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category . Measures taken to ensure national security include : using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation maintaining effective armed forces implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures ( including anti-terrorism legislation ) ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage , and to protect classified information using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats There is no single universally accepted definition of national security . The variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept . The concept still remains ambiguous , having originated from simpler definitions which initially emphasised the freedom from military threat and political coercion to later increase in sophistication and include other forms of non-military security as suited the circumstances of the time . A typical dictionary definition , in this case from the Macmillan Dictionary ( online version ) , defines the term as `` the protection or the safety of a country 's secrets and its citizens '' emphasising the overall security of a nation and a nation state . Walter Lippmann , in 1943 , defined it in terms of war saying that `` a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate ínterests to avoid war , and is able , if challenged , to maintain them by war '' . A later definition by Harold Lasswell , a political scientist , in 1950 , looks at national security from almost the same aspect , that of external coercion : `` The distinctive meaning of national security means freedom from foreign dictation . '' In 1960 , Arnold Wolfers , while recognising the need to segregate the subjectivity of the conceptual idea from the objectivity , talks of threats to acquired values : `` An ambiguous symbol meaning different things to different people . National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively , the absence of fear that such values will be attacked . '' The 1996 definition propagated by the National Defence College of India accretes the elements of national power : `` National security is an appropriate and aggressive blend of political resilience and maturity , human resources , economic structure and capacity , technological competence , industrial base and availability of natural resources and finally the military might . '' Harold Brown , U.S. Secretary of Defense from 1977 to 1981 in the Carter administration , enlarged the definition of national security by including elements such as economic and environmental security : National security then is the ability to preserve the nation 's physical integrity and territory ; to maintain its economic relations with the rest of the world on reasonable terms ; to preserve its nature , institution , and governance from disruption from outside ; and to control its borders.In 1990 , Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power : `` National security ... is best described as a capacity to control those domestic and foreign conditions that the public opinion of a given community believes necessary to enjoy its own self-determination or autonomy , prosperity and wellbeing . '' According to Prabhakaran Paleri , author of National Security , Imperatives and Challenges , national security may be defined as : The measurable state of the capability of a nation to overcome the multi-dimensional threats to the apparent well-being of its people and its survival as a nation-state at any given time , by balancing all instruments of state policy through governance , that can be indexed by computation , empirically or otherwise , and is extendable to global security by variables external to it . A concise working definition by Premaratne that paraphrases the aspects of the definitions of Brown , Romm and Paleri defines national security as Safeguarding the sovereignty , territorial integrity , citizenry and socioeconomic functionality of a nation from an aggressor intent on undermining a particular valued aspect of a nation through violent or unjust means", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcf43a4ba988ca745a3538ca95e70b99", "text": "1953 Soviet nuclear tests The Soviet Union 's 1953 nuclear test series was a group of 5 nuclear tests conducted in 1953 . These tests followed the 1949-51 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1954 Soviet nuclear tests series . -RCB- 279 m + 30 m \| air drop , weapons development \| RDS-6s \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| aka RDS-6s . First thermonuclear explosion . Used `` sloika '' Layer-cake method , where primary is wrapped in shells of lithium and tamper . It worked , but could not be scaled up to megaton yields . \| - ! 5 Tatyana ( Joe 5 ) \| 02:00 : ?? \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 289 m + 600 m \| air drop , weapons development \| RDS-4 \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| Test of first production tactical weapon , used on Tu-4 and Tu-16 jets . \| - ! 6 ( Joe 6 ) \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 255 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| - ! 7 \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 220 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| - ! 8 ( Joe 7 ) \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 260 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| -RCB-", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e43271b08313bd58a9232092b492253f", "text": "Nuclear weapons and Israel Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons and to be the sixth country in the world to have developed them , allegedly having built its first deliverable nuclear weapon in December 1966 based on scientific and industrial cooperation with pre-nuclear France . It is one of four nuclear-armed countries not recognized as a Nuclear Weapons State by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) ; the others being India , Pakistan , and North Korea . Israel maintains a policy known as `` nuclear ambiguity '' ( also known as `` nuclear opacity '' ) . Israel has never officially denied nor admitted to having nuclear weapons , instead repeating over the years that it would not be the first country to `` introduce '' nuclear weapons to the Middle East , leaving ambiguity as to whether it means it will not create , will not disclose , will not make first use of the weapons or possibly some other interpretation of the phrase . The `` not be the first '' formulation goes back to the Eshkol-Comer ( sic ) memorandum of understanding made between Israel and the United States on March 10 , 1965 , which contained Israel 's written assurance for the first time that it would not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East . Israel has refused to sign the NPT despite international pressure to do so , and has stated that signing the NPT would be contrary to its national security interests . Additionally , Israel has made extensive efforts to deny other regional actors the ability to acquire their own nuclear weapons . The counter-proliferation , preventive strike Begin Doctrine added another dimension to Israel 's existing nuclear policy . Israel remains the only country in the Middle East believed to possess them . Israel started investigating the nuclear field soon after its founding in 1948 and with French support secretly began building the Negev Nuclear Research Center , a facility near Dimona housing a nuclear reactor and reprocessing plant in the late 1950s . Israel is alleged to have built its first nuclear weapon in December 1966 , but it is not publicly confirmed . In 1986 , Mordechai Vanunu , a former Israeli nuclear technician , provided explicit details and photographs to The Sunday Times of a nuclear weapons program in which he had been employed for nine years , `` including equipment for extracting radioactive material for arms production and laboratory models of thermonuclear devices . '' In 1987 , an unclassified US DoD report ( released in February 2015 in response to a FOIA request ) stated that `` As far as nuclear technology is concerned , the Israelis are roughly where the U.S. -LSB- w -RSB- as in the fission weapon field in about 1955 to 1960 . It should be noted that the Israelis are developing the kind of codes which will enable them to make hydrogen bombs . '' Estimates as to the size of the Israeli nuclear arsenal vary between 75 and 400 nuclear warheads . It is estimated that the Israel nuclear deterrent force has the ability to deliver them by intermediate-range ballistic missile , intercontinental ballistic missile , aircraft , and submarine-launched cruise missile . The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimates that Israel has approximately 80 intact nuclear weapons , of which 50 are for delivery by Jericho II medium-range ballistic missiles and 30 are gravity bombs for delivery by aircraft . Former U.S. officials Jimmy Carter and Colin Powell have stated that Israel has 200 ( Powell ) or more than 300 ( Carter ) nuclear warheads .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b8a2da7d2c76af7c1b05c8dc7c9e959", "text": "History of the United States The date of the start of the history of the United States is a subject of debate among historians . Older textbooks start with the arrival of Christopher Columbus on October 12 , 1492 and emphasize the European background of the colonization of the Americas , or they start around 1600 and emphasize the American frontier . In recent decades American schools and universities typically have shifted back in time to include more on the colonial period and much more on the prehistory of the Native Americans . Indigenous people lived in what is now the United States for thousands of years before European colonists began to arrive , mostly from England , after 1600 . The Spanish built small settlements in Florida and the Southwest , and the French along the Mississippi River and the Gulf Coast . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained two and a half million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After the end of the French and Indian Wars in the 1760s , the British government imposed a series of new taxes , rejecting the colonists ' argument that any new taxes had to be approved by them ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws ( the Intolerable Acts ) by Parliament designed to end self-government in Massachusetts . American Patriots ( as they called themselves ) adhered to a political ideology called republicanism that emphasized civic duty , virtue , and opposition to corruption , fancy luxuries and aristocracy . Armed conflict began in 1775 as Patriots drove the royal officials out of every colony and assembled in mass meetings and conventions . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared that there was a new , independent nation , the United States of America , not just a collection of disparate colonies . With large-scale military and financial support from France and the military leadership of General George Washington , the American Patriots won the Revolutionary War . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Florida and Canada ) . The central government established by the Articles of Confederation proved ineffectual at providing stability , as it had no authority to collect taxes and had no executive officer . Congress called a convention to meet secretly in Philadelphia in 1787 . It wrote a new Constitution , which was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief political and financial adviser , a strong central government was created . When Thomas Jefferson became president he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France , doubling the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 . Encouraged by the notion of Manifest Destiny , federal territory expanded all the way to the Pacific . The U.S. always was large in terms of area , but its population was small , only 4 million in 1790 . Population growth was rapid , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster . However , compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off the institution , producing high-value cotton exports to feed increasing high demand in Europe . The 1860 presidential election of Republican Abraham Lincoln was on a platform of ending the expansion of slavery and putting it on a path to extinction . Seven cotton-based deep South slave states seceded and later founded the Confederacy four months before Lincoln 's inauguration . No nation ever recognized the Confederacy , but it opened the war by attacking Fort Sumter in 1861 . A surge of nationalist outrage in the North fueled a long , intense American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was fought largely in the South as the overwhelming material and manpower advantages of the North proved decisive in a long war . The war 's result was restoration of the Union , the impoverishment of the South , and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to the freed slave . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South during the 1870s , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting , a situation that continued for decades until gains of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed with the work of Chinese immigrants and large-scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many social and political reforms . In 1920 , the 19th Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed women 's suffrage ( right to vote ) . This followed the 16th and 17th amendments in 1913 , which established the first national income tax and direct election of US senators to Congress . Initially neutral during World War I , the US declared war on Germany in 1917 and later funded the Allied victory the following year . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade-long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs for relief , recovery , and reform . The New Deal , which defined modern American liberalism , included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , the United States entered World War II along with Britain , the Soviet Union , China , and the smaller number of Allied nations . The U.S. financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using the newly invented nuclear weapons on Japanese cities that helped defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers after World War II . During the Cold War , the US and the USSR confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . US foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The US joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the civil rights movement , another wave of social reforms were enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African-Americans and other racial minorities . Native American activism also rose . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States focused on international conflicts around the Middle East in response to the Gulf War in the early 1990s . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda in 2001 , which would later followed by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which has been followed by slower than usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "143c87815bc6a523056ec6181ee38be3", "text": "United States Navy in World War II The United States Navy grew rapidly during World War II from 1941 -- 45 , and played the central role in the war against Japan , and ( after the British Royal Navy ) a major role in the European war against Germany and Italy . The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II , with battleship production being restarted in 1937 , commencing with the . It was able to add to its fleets during the early years of the war while the US was still neutral , increasing production of vessels both large and small , deploying a navy of nearly 350 major combatant ships by December 1941 and having an equal number under construction . The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) sought naval superiority in the Pacific by sinking the main American battle fleet at Pearl Harbor , which was built around its battleships . The December 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor did knock out the battle fleet , but it did not touch the aircraft carriers , which became the mainstay of the rebuilt fleet . Naval doctrine had to be changed overnight . The United States Navy ( like the IJN ) had followed Alfred Thayer Mahan 's emphasis on concentrated groups of battleships as the main offensive naval weapons . The loss of the battleships at Pearl Harbor forced Admiral Ernest J. King , the head of the Navy , to place primary emphasis on the small number of aircraft carriers . The U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas . It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater , where it was instrumental to the Allies ' successful `` island hopping '' campaign . The U.S. Navy fought six great battles with the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) : the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Battle of the Coral Sea , the Battle of Midway , the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and the Battle of Okinawa . By war 's end in 1945 , the United States Navy had added nearly 1,200 major combatant ships , including 27 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships , and had over 70 % of the world 's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "323bfbf88970457b361cb1ee22f1d80a", "text": "Middle East nuclear weapon free zone The Middle East nuclear weapon free zone ( MENWFZ ) is a proposed agreement similar to other nuclear-weapon-free zones in other regions . Steps towards the establishment of such a zone began in the 1960s led to a joint declaration by Egypt and Iran in 1974 which resulted in a General Assembly resolution ( broadened in 1990 through the Mubarak Initiative to cover all weapons of mass destruction ) . Following the 1995 NPT Review Conference , the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) held a series of meetings involving experts and academics to consider ways to advance this process . Such a zone would strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) , would help to promote global nuclear disarmament and would also help the Middle East peace process as substantial confidence-building measures . The United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 ( the ceasefire ending the Gulf War ) recognizes the goal of establishing the MENWFZ ( para 14 ) . For the Egyptian government ( until the political changes of 2011 ) , a MENWFZ was seen as a central source of pressure on Israel to relinquish its ambiguous nuclear policy , and to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) . Until the Iranian nuclear program , Israel was believed to be the only Mideast country to have a nuclear deterrence capability , developed in the 1960s . As Avner Cohen , Gerald Steinberg and other experts have noted , Israeli policy has emphasized the link between nuclear demilitarization and a comprehensive peace settlement including Palestinian issues and with countries and potential threats in the region , including Syria and Iran . Israel maintains a veil of `` studied ambiguity '' ( `` amimut '' ) about its nuclear arsenal , and has not signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty . Four countries in the Middle East have been found in non-compliance with their IAEA safeguards obligations under the NPT : Iraq , Libya , Iran , and Syria . Of these cases , Iran and Syria remain unresolved . Following pressure from Egypt and the Arab League , the 2010 NPT Review Conference called for holding a conference on a MENWFZ which would primarily press Israel to end its policy of a ambiguity . Finland planned to host such an event in 2012 . However , no agreement was reached on the agenda and other issues , and the conference was called off in November 2012 . An international group of concerned citizens , including former members of the Israeli Knesset , responded to the lack of progress in official talks by organizing an International Conference For A WMD-Free Middle East . It was held in Haifa in December 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40d678faafe13fb09ffe77c9e2783541", "text": "History of the United States National Security Council 1953–61 This article is about the history of the United States National Security Council during the Eisenhower Administration , 1953 -- 1961 . Under President Dwight D. Eisenhower , the National Security Council system evolved into the principal arm of the President in formulating and executing policy on military , international , and internal security affairs . Where Harry S. Truman was uncomfortable with the NSC system and only made regular use of it under the pressure of the Korean War , Eisenhower embraced the NSC concept and created a structured system of integrated policy review . Eisenhower had a penchant for careful staff work , and believed that effective planning involved a creative process of discussion and debate among advisers compelled to work toward consensus recommendations . The genesis of the new NSC system was a report prepared for the President in March 1953 by Robert Cutler , who became the President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs . Cutler proposed a systematic flow of recommendation , decision , and implementation that he later described as the `` policy hill '' process . At the bottom of the hill , concerned agencies such as State and Defense produced draft policy recommendations on specific topics and worked for consensus at the agency level . These draft NSC papers went up the hill through the Planning Board , created to review and refine the recommendations before passing them on for full NSC consideration . The NSC Planning Board met on Tuesday and Friday afternoons and was composed of officials at the Assistant Secretary level from the agencies with permanent or standing representation on the Council , as well as advisers from the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Central Intelligence Agency . Hundreds of hours were spent by the Board reviewing and reconstructing proposed papers for the NSC . Cutler resigned in 1958 in exhaustion . The top of the foreign policy-making hill was the NSC itself , chaired by the President , which met regularly on Thursday mornings . The Council consisted of the five statutory members : the President , Vice President , Secretaries of State and Defense , and Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization . Depending on the subject under discussion , as many as a score of other senior Cabinet members and advisers , including the Secretary of the Treasury , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and the Director of Central Intelligence , attended and participated . The agenda included regular briefings by the Director of Central Intelligence on worldwide developments affecting U.S. security , and consideration of the policy papers advanced by the Planning Board . The upshot of the discussions were recommendations to the President in the form of NSC Actions . The President , who participated in the discussion , normally endorsed the NSC Action , and the decision went down the hill for implementation to the Operations Coordinating Board . President Eisenhower created the Operations Coordinating Board ( OCB ) to follow up on all NSC decisions . The OCB met regularly on Wednesday afternoons at the Department of State , and was composed of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs , Deputy Secretary of Defense , the Directors of the CIA , the United States Information Agency , and ICA , and the Special Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs and Security Operations Coordination . The OCB was the coordinating and implementing arm of the NSC for all aspects of the implementation of national security policy . NSC action papers were assigned to a team from the OCB for follow-up . More than 40 interagency working groups were established with experts for various countries and subjects . This 24-person staff of the OCB supported these working groups in which officials from various agencies met each other for the first time . The President 's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs , a post held under Eisenhower by Cutler , Dillon Anderson , William Harding Jackson , and finally Gordon Gray , oversaw the flow of recommendations and decisions up and down the policy hill , and functioned in Council meetings to brief the Council and summarize the sense of discussion . The Special Assistant was an essential facilitator of the decision-making system , but , unlike the National Security Adviser created under Kennedy , had no substantive role in the process . The NSC staff managed by the Special Assistant grew during the Eisenhower years , but again had no independent role in the policy process . President Eisenhower had great confidence in the efficacy of covert operations as a viable supplement or alternative to previous normal foreign policy initiatives . The seeming clear success of the operations to overthrow Iranian populist leader Mossadegeh in 1953 , and overthrow the democratically elected , left-leaning President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán in Guatemala in 1954 was not without their crisis moments in the White House . In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations . Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the `` 5412 Committee '' as it was called , and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees , variously named `` 303 '' , `` 40 '' , `` Special Coordinating Committee , '' which , in later Presidential administrations , were charged with the review of CIA covert operations . President Eisenhower also created the position of staff secretary with the responsibility to screen all foreign policy and military documents coming to the President . While Colonel Andrew Goodpaster held this position , he tended to eclipse the Special Assistant for National Security . The strength of the NSC system under Eisenhower was that it provided for regular , fully staffed , interagency review of major foreign and national security issues , culminating in discussion and decision at the highest level of government . The resulting Presidentially approved NSC papers provided policy guidance at every level of implementation . Eisenhower felt that the regular policy discussions kept his principal advisers fully informed , in step with one another , and prepared to react knowledgeably in the event of crisis . His commitment to the system was such that he chaired every Council meeting he could attend ( 329 of a total of 366 ) . The NSC meetings , including prior briefings and subsequent review of NSC Actions , constituted the largest single item on his weekly agenda . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , on the other hand , had reservations about the NSC system . He was the strongest personality in the Eisenhower Cabinet and jealously guarded his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . He had constant , direct access to the President and did not feel that some of the most sensitive issues should be discussed in groups as large as were involved in most NSC meetings . He drew a sharp line between the NSC policy review process and the day-to-day operations of foreign policy , which he maintained were the province of the Department of State . Dulles and his deputies also were not comfortable with the scope the NSC review system gave to Secretary of the Treasury George Humphrey , another strong figure in the Cabinet , to intrude budgetary limitations into policy considerations . Dulles successfully resisted a proposal to substitute the Vice President for the Under Secretary of State as chairman of the OCB , arguing that such a change would impinge on his role as principal adviser to the President on foreign policy . Critics of the Eisenhower NSC system have argued that it was inflexible , overstaffed , unable to anticipate and react to immediate crises , and weighed down by committees reporting in great detail on long checklists of minor policy concerns . The most thorough critique of the system emerged from the hearings conducted in 1960 ( 1961 by the Senate Subcommittee on National Policy Machinery , known as the Jackson Subcommittee for its chairman , Senator Henry Jackson . Cutler and NSC Executive Secretary James Lay testified in support of the effectiveness of the system , but their testimony was offset by that of former Truman administration officials such as George Kennan , Paul Nitze , and Robert Lovett . They argued that foreign policy was being made by a passive President influenced by a National Security Council rendered virtually useless by ponderous , bureaucratic machinery . Basically , they argued , the NSC was a huge committee , and suffered from all the weaknesses of committees . Composed of representatives of many agencies , its members were not free to adopt the broad , statesmanlike attitude desired by the President , but , rather , were ambassadors of their own departments , clinging to departmental rather than national views . To make matters worse , critics added , the NSC system by its very nature was restricted to continuing and developing already established policies and was incapable of originating new ideas or major innovations . The critics suggested replacement of the formal , `` over-institutionalized '' NSC structure with a smaller , less formal NSC which would offer the President a clear choice of alternatives on a limited number of major problems . Eisenhower was certainly not a passive President , dominated by his Secretary of State on foreign policy and national security issues . In fact , Eisenhower was actively in command of his administration 's foreign policy , and the established NSC system met his instincts and requirements to the extent he used them . Although there is substance in the criticism that the Eisenhower NSC became to some extent the prisoner of a rigidly bureaucratic process , the criticism misses the point that Eisenhower and Dulles did not attempt to manage fast-breaking foreign policy crises or day-to-day operation through the NSC apparatus . An examination of several of the major foreign policy decisions that confronted the Eisenhower administration reveals that the NSC system was used to manage some , but was essentially bypassed in others . The established NSC process was used when the question involved a policy debate between departments with strongly held , contending positions , as it did in the case of the debate between the Departments of State and Defense in 1956/1957 over whether to introduce a more modern generation of weapons into Korea , where it focused debate and produced the necessary agreed-upon decision after discussion of three draft policy papers . In fast-breaking crisis situations however , including the concurrent Suez crisis and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , the first and Second Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955 and 1958 , and the 1958 Lebanon crisis , these were typically managed through small meetings with the President in the White House , normally involving Dulles and other concerned advisers , and through telephone conversations between Eisenhower , Dulles , and other principal advisers . Eisenhower sometimes used trusted NSC staffers to serve as an intermediary to gain information outside the chain of command as he did with Colonel Goodpaster during the straits crisis in 1955 . There was great similarity between this process of crisis management and that adopted by subsequent Presidents , such as Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon , except for the fact that the ad hoc meetings in the Eisenhower White House did not involve a National Security Adviser as a substantive participant . And in the event that aspects of crisis management depended on contact with the critical man-on-the-spot , as it did in 1958 when Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert Murphy was dispatched to Lebanon to attempt to defuse the crisis , his instructions came from the Department of State and he reported to the Secretary of State rather than directly to the White House , as became the practice during the height of the Vietnam War . When Eisenhower briefed President-elect Kennedy on the NSC system , as when Gordon Gray briefed his successor McGeorge Bundy , they both emphasized the importance of the established NSC machinery in the management of foreign policy and national security affairs . They might have been more persuasive in maintaining the system had they pointed to the fact that the NSC apparatus was essentially limited to policy review , but was not used by them to manage foreign policy crises or day-to-day decisions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "657e512120e1364241839d9bd4ed1eda", "text": "List of nuclear weapons This is a list of nuclear weapons listed according to country of origin , and then by type within the states .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ef1eaf5ef473a1a46a5c968e0abb2494", "text": "Mutual Defense Assistance Act The Mutual Defense Assistance Act was a United States Act of Congress signed by President Harry S. Truman on 6 October 1949 . For US Foreign policy , it was the first U.S. military foreign aid legislation of the Cold War era , and initially to Europe . The Act followed Truman 's signing of the Economic Cooperation Act ( the Marshall Plan ) , on April 3 , 1948 , which provided non-military , economic reconstruction and development aid to Europe . The Act was reauthorized in 1950 , but in 1951 , it and the Economic Cooperation Act were succeeded by the Mutual Security Act , and its newly created independent agency , the Mutual Security Administration , to supervise all foreign aid programs , including both military assistance programs and non-military , economic assistance programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies . About the same time , the Mutual Defense Assistance Control Act of 1951 , also known or referred to as the Battle Act , ( 65 Stat . 644 ; 22 U.S.C. 1611 et seq. ) was also passed ; it banned U.S. assistance to countries doing business with the Soviet Union and was so-named after its sponsor , Representative Laurie C. Battle of Alabama . Strong motivation for this ` control ' act also came from export control concerns , following their tightening by the Export control Act of 1949 over Soviet advances ; export controls were used for both domestic policy and later as an instrument of foreign policy . This is exemplified by the restrictions on export of certain strategic or military items to the Soviet bloc or to other countries which it felt , if permitted , would be detrimental to the foreign policy program of the US . This latter motive became so strong that it brought legislation directing the President to enlist the cooperation of other nations in enacting controls on trade with the Soviet block to parallel those of the United States . The benefits of the various economic and military aid programs were to be withheld from non-cooperating nations . The act covered a wide range of materials needed for the production of weapons , and was especially focused on anything that could aid atomic weapons research and construction . As the Cold War developed , these acts were part of the American policy of containment of Communism . They importantly provided defense assistance to any ally that might be attacked by the Soviet Union or one of its allies , while other programs provided non-military economic assistance . In Asia the programs expanded with the newly established Maoist People 's Republic of China , and other areas , with the development of specific country missions , including ones in Austria ( 1947 -- 50 ) , China ( 1946 -- 48 ) , Ireland ( 1948 -- 51 ) , and Trieste ( 1947 -- 52 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b67978c54f4d6a26bfa7a553a5e897e3", "text": "Special Relationship The Special Relationship is the unofficial term for the exceptionally close political , diplomatic , cultural , economic , military and historical relations between the United Kingdom and the United States . It was used in a 1946 speech by Winston Churchill . Although both the United Kingdom and United States have close relationships with many other nations , the level of cooperation between them in economic activity , trade and commerce , military planning , execution of military operations , nuclear weapons technology , and intelligence sharing has been described as `` unparalleled '' among major powers . The United Kingdom and United States have been close allies in numerous military and political conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries including World War I , World War II , the Korean War , the Cold War , the Gulf War , and the War on Terror .", "title": "" } ]	fever
0e19f1a5d417e52985db2de308937086	Curly Top was released.	[ { "docid": "d378009aa4cbbecca8367c282032d4a6", "text": "Curly Top (film) Curly Top ( 1935 ) is an American musical film directed by Irving Cummings . The screenplay by Patterson McNutt and Arthur J. Beckhard focuses on the adoption of a young orphan ( Shirley Temple ) by a wealthy bachelor ( John Boles ) and his romantic attraction to her older sister ( Rochelle Hudson ) . Together with The Littlest Rebel , another Temple vehicle , the film was listed as one of the top box office draws of 1935 by Variety . The film 's musical numbers include `` Animal Crackers in My Soup '' and `` When I Grow Up '' . This film was the first of four films that Shirley Temple and Arthur Treacher cooperated in ; others were Stowaway ( 1936 ) , Heidi ( 1937 ) and The Little Princess ( 1939 ) .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e7c646bc58d4a58684b5ac5294a315ff", "text": "Denim delinquent Denim Delinquent was an influential underground fanzine of seven issues in total , published from 1971 to 1976 . It was the first rock and roll fanzine to come out of Canada . The zine began as a launching pad for the writing of Jymn Parrett and Mark Jones in Ottawa , Ontario . After the first two Ottawa-based issues , subsequent Denim Delinquents were published out of Los Angeles by Jymn and Dee Parrett . The content of these issues included articles about music groups playing the Sunset Strip , including the Whisky a Go Go . Contributors included Lester Bangs , Jeremy Gluck ( later of The Barracudas ) , Danny Sugerman , Jeffrey Morgan AKA Machine Rock ( Creem ) . Interviews and features spanned such groups as : Iggy and the Stooges Kiss Kinks New York Dolls Mott the Hoople Michael Nesmith Monty Python Original issues of Denim Delinquent sell for over $ 300 on eBay . For many years after the demise of Denim Delinquent , Jymn Parrett continued to write for various Canadian music magazines , including Cheap Thrills , Stagelife , Roxy and more recently , `` Ugly Things . '' A compendium of Denim Delinquent issues was published by the book division of HoZac Records , May 2016 . It was sold out in one week . A second edition is currently being prepared .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d41b2c0b4099194aca7b7710941f127c", "text": "Flame maple Flame maple ( tiger maple ) , also known as flamed maple , curly maple , ripple maple , fiddleback or tiger stripe , is a feature of maple in which the growth of the wood fibers is distorted in an undulating chatoyant pattern , producing wavy lines known as `` flames '' . This effect is often mistakenly said to be part of the grain of the wood ; it is more accurately called `` figure '' , as the distortion is perpendicular to the grain direction . Prized for its beautiful appearance , it is used frequently in the manufacturing of musical instruments , such as violins and bassoons , and fine furniture . Another well-known use of the material is its use in guitars , especially the venerated Gibson Les Paul . The Gibson Les Paul `` Standard '' , initially manufactured from 1958 to 1960 , sported a flame maple top finished in a cherry-red sunburst on a mahogany body . Today , these instruments are some of the most prized on the vintage guitar market , and as such are unaffordable to most musicians . During the westward expansion of early settlers and explorers into the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains , curly maple was often used for making the stocks used on Kentucky rifles .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fef24d763f685ed1634ad089e037c11a", "text": "Top Gun Top Gun is a 1986 American romantic military action drama film directed by Tony Scott , and produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer , in association with Paramount Pictures . The screenplay was written by Jim Cash and Jack Epps , Jr. , and was inspired by an article titled `` Top Guns '' published in California magazine three years earlier . The film stars Tom Cruise , Kelly McGillis , Val Kilmer , Anthony Edwards , and Tom Skerritt . Cruise plays Lieutenant Pete `` Maverick '' Mitchell , a young Naval aviator aboard the aircraft carrier . He and his Radar Intercept Officer ( RIO ) Nick `` Goose '' Bradshaw ( Edwards ) are given the chance to train at the Navy 's Fighter Weapons School at Miramar in San Diego . Top Gun was released on May 16 , 1986 . Upon its release , the film received generally mixed reviews from film critics but many particularly praised the action sequences , the effects , the aerial stunts , and the acting performances with Cruise and McGillis receiving the most praise . Four weeks after release , the number of theaters showing it increased by 45 % . Despite its initial mixed critical reaction , the film was a huge commercial hit grossing $ 356 million against a production budget of only $ 15 million . With its success , the film became a cult film over the years and earned an IMAX 3D re-release in 2013 . Additionally , the film won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Take My Breath Away '' performed by Berlin . In 2015 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b93d647a1a598003b47d66f6371736db", "text": "Piqué (weaving) Piqué , or marcella , refers to a weaving style , normally used with cotton yarn , which is characterized by raised parallel cords or geometric designs in the fabric . Piqué fabrics vary from semi - sheer dimity to heavy weight waffle cloth . Twilled cotton and corded cotton are close relatives . The weave is closely associated with white tie , and some accounts even say the fabric was invented specifically for this use . It holds more starch than plain fabric , so produces a stiffer shirt front . Marcella shirts then replaced earlier plain fronts , which remain a valid alternative . Marcella 's use then spread to other parts of the dress code and it is now the most common fabric used in the tie and waistcoat of white tie . A knit fabric with a similar texture is used in polo shirts . Marcella weaving was developed by the Lancashire cotton industry in the late 18th century as a mechanised technique of weaving double cloth with an enclosed heavy cording weft . It was originally used to make imitations of the corded Provençal quilts made in Marseille , the manufacture of which became an important industry for Lancashire from the late 18th to the early 20th century . The term `` marcella '' is one of a number of variations on the word `` Marseille '' . Pique fabrics are a type of dobby construction . Piques may be constructed in various patterns such as cord , waffle , honeycomb and birdseye piques . These fabrics require the addition of extra yarns , called stuffer yarns . These stuffer yarns are incorporated into the back of the fabric to give texture and added depth to the fabric design . Some piques may be made using the Jacquard attachment on the loom . Although made of 100 % cotton today , cotton-silk blends and even pure silk versions were made in the past and in a variety of weaves .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a312d5dbe61197341ecb392bcb57438", "text": "Top Billin' `` Top Billin ' '' is a single for American hip-hop duo Audio Two , released as the B-side of the single `` Make It Funky '' from the album What More Can I Say ? It was released before First Priority Music inked a distribution deal with Atlantic Records . The song had a deep cultural impact on hip hop . The song was voted # 8 in About.com 's Top 100 Rap Songs . It was also included in both lists of the musical-reference book 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die : And 10,001 You Must Download . A remake of `` Top Billin ' '' was released in 1998 , this time a duet between Milk Dee and MC Lyte , which appeared on her album Seven & Seven .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "914d4d897a92ecece09a491d1db46164", "text": "Ridge Bond Ridgely McClure `` Ridge '' Bond ( July 12 , 1922 -- May 6 , 1997 ) was an American actor , singer and businessman , who is best known for playing the role of Curly in the musical Oklahoma ! on Broadway and on tour . He retired from acting when the musical closed in 1954 , and entered the insurance business .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a69577cbd58c14339ea68acfd1503b85", "text": "Bunches Bunches ( also called twintails , angel wings , two ponytails , dog ears , or pigtails ) are a hairstyle in which the hair is parted down the middle and gathered into two symmetrical bundles , like ponytails , secured near the scalp . In some English-speaking regions , this hairstyle is referred to as `` pigtails , '' but in others , the term `` pigtails '' applies only if the hair is braided . The style is often given to toddlers and young girls , and is sometimes also worn by teenagers and young women .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ee5eb2faf688d2bc896dd479902dc004", "text": "Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. . Cartoons , Inc. was the in-house division of Warner Bros. . Pictures during the Golden Age of American animation . One of the most successful animation studios in American media history , Warner Bros. . Cartoons was primarily responsible for the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short subjects . The characters featured in these cartoons , including Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Porky Pig , Speedy Gonzales , Sylvester and Tweety , Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner , are among the most famous and recognizable characters in the world . Many of the creative staff members at the studio , including directors and animators such as Chuck Jones , Friz Freleng , Robert McKimson , Tex Avery , Robert Clampett and Frank Tashlin , are considered major figures in the art and history of traditional animation . The Warner animation division was founded in 1933 as Leon Schlesinger Productions , an independent company which produced the popular Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated short subjects for release by Warner Bros. . Pictures . In 1944 , Schlesinger sold the studio to Warner Bros. , who continued to operate it as Warner Bros. . Cartoons , Inc. until 1963 . Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies were briefly subcontracted to Freleng 's DePatie-Freleng Enterprises studio from 1964 until 1967 . The Warner Bros. . Cartoons studio briefly re-opened in 1967 before shutting its doors for good two years later . A successor company , Warner Bros. . Animation , was established in 1980 . That company continues to produce Looney Tunes-related works , in addition to television shows and feature films centering on other properties . The classic Warner Bros. animation studio is sometimes referred to as `` Termite Terrace '' , a name given to the temporary headquarters Tex Avery and his animators were assigned to during Avery 's first year as a Looney Tunes director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d21ccb9b870a30bee13e08022d3aa2d", "text": "Knockouts Knockouts and Knockouts Haircuts for Men are the trade names of a privately held American salon chain ( international as of early 2011 ) , Knockouts LLC , based in Irving , Texas . Knockouts are full-service grooming salons with a boxing ( and mixed martial arts ) / sex appeal theme targeting men seeking an alternative to the cut-rate chain salons . The Today Show ( NBC TV ) , The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch ( CNBC ) and other media have compared Knockouts to Hooters restaurants for the sex appeal/entertainment angle used to engage customers , labeling Knockouts `` the Hooters of Haircutting . '' The salons have a gym/warehouse-like decor with faux boxing ring posts and ropes and a brick wall helping to define the space , as well as boxing photos and memorabilia on the walls . There are flat-screen televisions at each grooming station and in the waiting area . These are usually tuned to sports programs , but are individually controlled by the customer . Knockouts employs an attractive all-female staff of licensed hair stylists and massage therapists . The services include haircuts , hair coloring , waxing , manicures , pedicures , and six types of massage therapy . Grooming products are also available for purchase . Some locations also offer hair replacement and facial shaves . Knockouts salons provide a free beverage to customers while they wait , including water , sports drinks and beer ( where legally permitted ) . Knockouts has sold over 500 franchised salons in 29 states .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7b8b803b3e36d0d3a8138cced831d6c8", "text": "Top of the World (Bridgit Mendler song) `` Top of the World '' is a song by American recording artist Bridgit Mendler , taken from Mendler 's debut studio album , Hello My Name Is ... ( 2012 ) . It was composed by Mendler , Emanuel `` Eman '' Kiriakou , Jai Marlon , Laura Raia , David Ryan and Freddy Wexler . The song was released as a promotional single to Radio Disney on October 12 , 2012 . On August 4 , 2013 the song was announced as the official third single by some radio stations , but that was never confirmed . The song received acclaim from music critics , who praised Mendler 's vocals and the song 's pop influence .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4c73c9fc2e8262e2d23aa8ffccbaa3b9", "text": "You're the Top `` You 're the Top '' is a Cole Porter song from the 1934 musical Anything Goes . It is about a man and a woman who take turns complimenting each other . The best-selling version was Paul Whiteman 's Victor single , which made the top five . It was the most popular song from Anything Goes at the start with hundreds of parodies . The lyrics are particularly notable because they offer a snapshot as to what was highly prized in the mid-1930s and demonstrate Porter 's rhyming ability . Some of the lyrics were re-written by P. G. Wodehouse for the British version of Anything Goes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ce5feffc1fef6074c532d5d123185fa4", "text": "Hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis , or skin . Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals . The human body , apart from areas of glabrous skin , is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair . Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth , hair types and hair care , but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein , notably keratin . Attitudes towards different hair , such as hairstyles and hair removal , vary widely across different cultures and historical periods , but it is often used to indicate a person 's personal beliefs or social position , such as their age , sex , or religion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a9c32c6f3197006908d357bac0ea8e56", "text": "Hairy cell leukemia Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes . It is usually classified as a sub-type of chronic lymphoid leukemia . Hairy cell leukemia makes up approximately 2 % of all leukemias , with fewer than 2,000 new cases diagnosed annually in North America and Western Europe combined . Hairy cell leukemia was originally described as histiocytic leukemia , malignant reticulosis , or lymphoid myelofibrosis in publications dating back to the 1920s . The disease was formally named leukemic reticuloendotheliosis and its characterization significantly advanced by Bertha Bouroncle and colleagues at The Ohio State University College of Medicine in 1958 . Its common name , which was coined in 1966 , is derived from the `` hairy '' appearance of the malignant B cells under a microscope .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad9c17d5d5a9c03889b453f7b225376e", "text": "Tiny Topsy Otha Lee Moore ( May 22 , 1930 -- August 16 , 1964 ) , better known as Tiny Topsy , was an American R&B singer . The music journalist , Mark Lamarr , noted `` Tiny in the same spirit you 'd call a bald man curly , Tiny Topsy definitely had the lungpower to match her name . '' Her five foot tall , 250 pound frame , coupled with a strong singing style resembled that of LaVern Baker , Big Maybelle and Big Mama Thornton . Although none of her seven single releases made the national charts , she was a well-respected singer whose early version of `` Just a Little Bit '' preceded bigger success for the song . Tiny Topsy was once believed to be an alias used by Bernice Williams ( who wrote Tiny Topsy 's track , `` Western Rock 'N' Roll '' ) , although pop historians now discount the idea .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "169f738d41a3423407192065b1493873", "text": "Sverigetopplistan Sverigetopplistan ( -LSB- ² sværjɛˌtɔpːˌlɪstan -RSB- , lit . `` Sweden top list '' ) is the Swedish national record chart , earlier known as Topplistan ( 1975 -- 1997 ) and Hitlistan ( 1998 -- 2007 ) and known by its current name since October 2007 , based on sales data from the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( in Swedish Grammofonleverantörernas förening ) . Before Topplistan , music sales in Sweden were recorded by Kvällstoppen , whose weekly chart was a combined albums and singles list .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a897f181b2a668162c70c67417cc13e", "text": "Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children's Favorites Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children 's Favorites is a 12-inch LP album of folk songs for children recorded by Burl Ives ( vocal and guitar ) for Columbia Records between 1949 and 1951 . The label , in 1950 , crafted a `` shared '' 10-inch children 's LP . On side one , Hollywood actor Victor Jory narrated Tubby the Tuba , while side two featured Burl Ives performing seven tunes under the title Animal Fair : Songs for Children . The catalog number was JL 8103 . One year earlier , Animal Fair : Songs for Children had been presented separately on a two-disc 78-rpm set , using as a catalog number MJV 59 . In 1956 , another Ives endeavor for children appeared , containing `` The Little White Duck '' and six other ditties . Part of Columbia 's brief ( 1955 -- 56 ) House Party Series of 10-inch LPs , the album was called Children 's Favorites , affixed with the catalog number CL 2570 . Next , a new collection , expanded to 12 inches , combining these 14 Ives selections and 2 additional ones and entitled Burl Ives Sings Songs for All Ages , was issued by Columbia in 1957 , bearing CL 980 as the catalog number . Two years later , this album was shortened by two tracks , christened with its final title , Burl Ives Sings Little White Duck and Other Children 's Favorites , and reassigned to Columbia 's budget label , Harmony Records , which employed HL 9507 as the catalog number . Being the customary practice in the vinyl marketplace of the 60s , this monaural platter wound up electronically enhanced for stereo , circa 1963 , and given the modified catalog number HS 14507 . Columbia , in 1974 , reissued the LP , again in simulated stereo , with the catalog number C 33183 . At the same time , the label also transferred the album to cassette tape , affixing the catalog number CT 33183 . On November 22 , 1988 , Columbia unveiled the album in CD format , which upgraded the sound quality to digital stereo . Distribution of the disc then was taken over by Sony Wonder on October 3 , 1995 . The 1974 LP cover , later retained for the CD , was designed by Ed Lee and Eloise Smith , with illustrations by Reynolds Ruffin . Currently , the CD is out of print , but it still can be purchased through online music sellers . Moreover , all the album tracks are now available via MP3 downloading .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8ee0fdc7970a99f5d8bcf13740e0390f", "text": "Soy curls Soy curls are a meat alternative created and sold by Butler Foods LLC , based out of Grand Ronde , Oregon . The product is made from non-GMO soybeans that have not been sprayed with chemical pesticides . Once cooked , the curls have a unique texture and flavor , similar to that of chicken . Other comparable products are seitan , wheatmeat , and tempeh .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af698f1b85f198b52b94a6334e099da6", "text": "Kid Albums Kid Albums ( formerly known as Top Kid Audio ) is a music chart published weekly by Billboard magazine which ranks the top selling children 's music albums in the United States . The chart debuted on the issue dated September 9 , 1995 . It originally began as a 15-position chart , but has now been expanded to 25 . Rankings are compiled by point-of-purchase sales obtained by Nielsen Soundscan data and from legal digital downloads from an all music digital retailers . The Kid Albums chart features full-length albums that are geared towards children or teenage audiences . Some of the genres can extend from baby music , like lullabies , to soundtracks for films that are targeted to children of the age 5-9 to pop , teen pop and other subdivisions of it . Studio albums , EPs , compilation albums and soundtracks are also eligible for the chart . The first number-one title on the Top Kid Audio chart was a compilation album from Walt Disney Records titled , Classic Disney , Vol . 1 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a835a73ae0adda0c563026232030b85b", "text": "The Top The Top may refer to The Top ( album ) , a 1984 album by The Cure The Top ( short story ) , a short story by Franz Kafka", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c5b5458363fcf3093eb5a1dd836afe65", "text": "Top Authority Top Authority was one of the first rap groups from Flint , Michigan and among the earliest of the underground Midwest rap scene to release a nationally recognized album . Bootleg , a member of the slightly later Flint group The Dayton Family , told Murderdog magazine , `` We grew up together , same hood . We 'd be together every day . That 's family . '' He lists them as leading lights in Flint music , along with acts like Ready for the World and MC Breed . Rapper Chilla Pertilla defined Northern hip hop to Murderdog as `` Eminem , Twista , Bone , Breed , Dayton Family , Top Authority , Esham , and ICP '' . They first came to public attention with the single `` 93 ( Things Ai n't How They Should Be ) '' from the debut album Something To Blaze To ( TRAK Records , 1993 ) . Something To Blaze To reached # 21 on Billboard 's Top R&B Albums chart in April 1994 . The `` rolling g-funk trio '' ( as allmusic describe members Shotgun , Dalo and Flex ) followed up with Rated G for Wrap Records in 1995 . It featured scratches from DJ Aladdin and reached # 16 on the Top R&B Albums chart . allmusic considers 1997 's Top Authority Uncut ( The New Year ) to be their best release . It peaked at # 21 , with the single `` World War III '' charting at # 37 on Billboard 's Hot Rap Singles . In 2009 Top Authority returned with their fourth album , kush music , on which MC Breed and Do or Die make guest appearances .", "title": "" } ]	fever
c604c2eae8fe91eda37e5e2d5cfa8e78	Edgar Allan Poe was a horse.	[ { "docid": "90696c174adf9e359e6d762553becbbb", "text": "Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe ( -LSB- poʊ -RSB- born Edgar Poe ; January 19 , 1809 -- October 7 , 1849 ) was an American writer , editor , and literary critic . Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories , particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre . He is widely regarded as a central figure of Romanticism in the United States and American literature as a whole , and he was one of the country 's earliest practitioners of the short story . Poe is generally considered the inventor of the detective fiction genre and is further credited with contributing to the emerging genre of science fiction . He was the first well-known American writer to try to earn a living through writing alone , resulting in a financially difficult life and career . Poe was born in Boston , the second child of two actors . His father abandoned the family in 1810 , and his mother died the following year . Thus orphaned , the child was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond , Virginia . They never formally adopted him , but Poe was with them well into young adulthood . Tension developed later as John Allan and Edgar repeatedly clashed over debts , including those incurred by gambling , and the cost of secondary education for the young man . Poe attended the University of Virginia for one semester but left due to lack of money . Poe quarreled with Allan over the funds for his education and enlisted in the Army in 1827 under an assumed name . It was at this time that his publishing career began , albeit humbly , with the anonymous collection of poems Tamerlane and Other Poems ( 1827 ) , credited only to `` a Bostonian '' . With the death of Frances Allan in 1829 , Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement . However , Poe later failed as an officer cadet at West Point , declaring a firm wish to be a poet and writer , and he ultimately parted ways with John Allan . Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals , becoming known for his own style of literary criticism . His work forced him to move among several cities , including Baltimore , Philadelphia , and New York City . In Richmond in 1836 , he married Virginia Clemm , his 13-year-old cousin . In January 1845 , Poe published his poem `` The Raven '' to instant success . His wife died of tuberculosis two years after its publication . For years , he had been planning to produce his own journal The Penn ( later renamed The Stylus ) , though he died before it could be produced . Poe died in Baltimore on October 7 , 1849 , at age 40 ; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol , brain congestion , cholera , drugs , heart disease , rabies , suicide , tuberculosis , and other agents . Poe and his works influenced literature in the United States and around the world , as well as in specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography . Poe and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature , music , films , and television . A number of his homes are dedicated museums today . The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "5d5d87b7c52d741657bbec57e09bd54b", "text": "Suffolk Punch The Suffolk Punch , also historically known as the Suffolk Horse or Suffolk Sorrel , is an English breed of draught horse . The breed takes the first part of its name from the county of Suffolk in East Anglia , and the name `` Punch '' from its solid appearance and strength . It is a heavy draught horse which is always chestnut in colour , traditionally spelled '' '' by the breed registries . Suffolk Punches are known as good doers , and tend to have energetic gaits . The breed was developed in the early 16th century , and remains similar in phenotype to its founding stock . The Suffolk Punch was developed for farm work , and gained popularity during the early 20th century . However , as agriculture became increasingly mechanised , the breed fell out of favour , particularly from the middle part of the century , and almost disappeared completely . Although the breed 's status is listed as critical by the UK Rare Breeds Survival Trust and the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy , there has been a resurgence in interest , and population numbers are increasing . As well as being used for farm work , the breed pulled artillery and non-motorised commercial vans and buses . It was also exported to other countries to upgrade local equine stock . Today , they are used for draught work , forestry and advertising .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "79954128ad0a1e881b18acd5f98b44a0", "text": "Tarpan The tarpan ( Equus ferus ferus ) , also known as Eurasian wild horse , is an extinct subspecies of wild horse . The last individual believed to be of this subspecies died in captivity in Russia in 1909 , although some sources claim that it was not a genuine wild horse due to its resemblance to domesticated horses . Beginning in the 1930s , several attempts were made to develop horses that looked like tarpans through selective breeding , called `` breeding back '' by advocates . The breeds that resulted included the Heck horse , the Hegardt or Stroebel 's horse , and a derivation of the Konik breed , all of which have a primitive appearance , particularly in having the grullo coat color . Some of these horses are now commercially promoted as `` tarpans . '' However , those who study the history of the ancient wild horse assert that the word `` tarpan '' only describes the true wild horse .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "355f0ba2443269ec28a30cdc78b695e2", "text": "The Adventure of Silver Blaze `` Silver Blaze '' , one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle , is one of 12 in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes . Doyle ranked `` Silver Blaze '' 13th in a list of his 19 favourite Sherlock Holmes stories . One of the most popular Sherlock Holmes short stories , `` Silver Blaze '' focuses on the disappearance of the eponymous race horse ( a famous winner ) on the eve of an important race and on the apparent murder of its trainer . The tale is distinguished by its atmospheric Dartmoor setting and late-Victorian sporting milieu . It also features some of Conan Doyle 's most effective plotting , hinging on the `` curious incident of the dog in the night-time : '' Gregory ( Scotland Yard detective ) : `` Is there any other point to which you would wish to draw my attention ? '' Holmes : `` To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time . '' Gregory : `` The dog did nothing in the night-time . '' Holmes : `` That was the curious incident . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c78e944c02431921f99cbffea25b6664", "text": "The Oblong Box (short story) `` The Oblong Box '' is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in 1844 , about a sea voyage and a mysterious box .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f437a49f8c3b942a4c3af226e5ea31fa", "text": "The Business Man (short story) `` The Business Man '' is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe about a businessman boasting of his accomplishments . It was published in February 1840 in Burton 's Gentleman 's Magazine . The story questions the concept of a self-made man .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d075743c00a878facc8d71ec15cd0b2b", "text": "The Man That Was Used Up `` The Man That Was Used Up '' , sometimes subtitled `` A Tale of the Late Bugaboo and Kickapoo Campaign '' , is a short story and satire by Edgar Allan Poe . It was first published in 1839 in Burton 's Gentleman 's Magazine . The story follows an unnamed narrator who seeks out the famous war hero John A. B. C. Smith . He becomes suspicious that Smith has some deep secret when others refuse to describe him , instead remarking only on the latest advancements in technology . When he finally meets Smith , the man must first be assembled piece by piece . It is likely that in this satire Poe is actually referring to General Winfield Scott , veteran of the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , and the American Civil War . Additionally , some scholars suggest that Poe is questioning the strong male identity as well as how humanity falls as machines become more advanced .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7445073a48622956d5b93159e6b1f8b3", "text": "Pewsey White Horse Pewsey White Horse is a hill figure of a white horse near the village of Pewsey , Wiltshire , England . Cut of chalk in 1937 , it replaces an earlier horse that had disappeared under the grass and is one of eight remaining white horses in Wiltshire . It measures 66 ' by 45 ' , making it the smallest of the eight canonical white horse in Wiltshire . When Pewsey White Horse was cut it was the seventh or eighth White Horse in Wiltshire ( the confusion arising as Rockley White Horse was unknown until 1948 ) and the first of the 20th century . It was also one of the smallest . George Marples designed the white horse commemorating the Coronation of George VI , and was inspired by other white horses in Wiltshire . The horse is the most well known landmark in Pewsey , and today it is maintained and scoured by the Pewsey 6X Club , who work under the name Pewsey Horse Restoration Group . Wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk consider it to be a `` well-proportioned representation of the real animal . '' The white horse also features on the Town Flag of Pewsey , whose official registration notes describe the horse as `` iconic '' . Barry Leighton of the Swindon Advertiser describes the horse as standing in a `` care-free trotting stance . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c51775fd65a62b57f9b9073e32b9de7b", "text": "Stock horse A stock horse is a horse of a type that is well suited for working with livestock , particularly cattle . The related cow pony or cow horse is a historic phrase , still used colloquially today , referring to a particularly small agile cattle-herding horse ; the term dates to 1874 . The word `` pony '' in this context has little to do with the animal 's size . though the traditional cow pony could be as small as 700 to and less than high . Such horses are characterized by agility , quickness , and powerful hindquarters . They are usually noted for intelligence and `` cow sense , '' having an instinctive understanding of how to respond to the movement of cattle so as to move livestock in a desired manner with minimal or no guidance from their rider . Such horses are used both as working animals on livestock ranches or stations , and are also seen in competition where horses are evaluated on their ability to work cattle . The term may refer to any of the following : A horse used for ranch work or for competition based on the movements of a working ranch horse , including : campdrafting cutting ( sport ) ranch sorting reining rodeo , particularly calf roping and team roping team penning working cow horse An outdated term for reining or working cow horse competition . Any breed used for ranch or cattle work in the United States , or work on cattle stations in Australia , including : Australian Stock Horse American Quarter Horse American Paint Horse Appaloosa Banker horse Carolina Marsh Tacky Florida Cracker Horse Any other breed of horse used for western riding , ranch work or for stock horse types of competition . Any breed or type of light riding horse of a phenotype that includes a powerful build with heavily muscled hindquarters that appears suitable for work as a stock horse . This includes some representatives of a variety of breeds and crossbreeds . Among breeds with stock horse-type representatives include : Arabian horse Morab Morgan horse Mustang Pony of the Americas Quarab", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f167192b2328682ece797d89efa71503", "text": "Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) Edgar Allan Poe was an American author and also a literary critic . His works include the narrative poem `` The Raven '' ; and the short stories `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' , and `` The Black Cat '' ; among others . The name may also refer to Things named after him : Edgar Allan Poe Award , a literary award Edgar Allan Poe Elementary School ( disambiguation ) Edgar Allan Poe Middle School ( disambiguation ) Edgar Allan Poe Museum ( disambiguation ) , various museums , houses and a cottage USS E.A. Poe ( IX-103 ) , a World War II US Navy vessel formerly named the Edgar Allan Poe A relative : Edgar Allan Poe ( Maryland attorney general ) ( 1871 -- 1961 )", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f98bb41838ece69c768bb1e545831057", "text": "War Horse (novel) War Horse is a children 's novel by English author Michael Morpurgo . It was first published in Great Britain by Kaye & Ward in 1982 . The story recounts the experiences of Joey , a horse purchased by the Army for service in World War I France and the attempts of young Albert , his previous owner , to bring him safely home . It formed the basis of both an award winning play ( 2007 ) and an acclaimed film adaptation ( 2011 ) by Steven Spielberg .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7530677fd6f7056d8c228023fe8dc9a", "text": "The Cask of Amontillado `` The Cask of Amontillado '' ( sometimes spelled `` The Casque of Amontillado '' -LSB- a.mon.ti.ˈʝa.ðo -RSB- ) is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe , first published in the November 1846 issue of Godey 's Lady 's Book . The story is set in an unnamed Italian city at carnival time in an unspecified year , and is about a man taking fatal revenge on a friend whom , he believes , has insulted him . Like several of Poe 's stories , and in keeping with the 19th-century fascination with the subject , the narrative revolves around a person being buried alive -- in this case , by immurement . As in `` The Black Cat '' and `` The Tell-Tale Heart '' , Poe conveys the story from the murderer 's perspective .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0ce56d00cc14a48c286f6dbfcff1723a", "text": "Annabel Lee `` Annabel Lee '' is the last complete poem composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe . Like many of Poe 's poems , it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman . The narrator , who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young , has a love for her so strong that even angels are envious . He retains his love for her even after her death . There has been debate over who , if anyone , was the inspiration for `` Annabel Lee '' . Though many women have been suggested , Poe 's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates . Written in 1849 , it was not published until shortly after Poe 's death that same year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b3d76c30c73a27517e0a300b66773b5", "text": "Audax Minor Audax Minor ( 1887 -- October 8 , 1979 ) , the pen name of George F. T. Ryall , was a Canadian writer who worked as the horse racing columnist for The New Yorker for 52 years . Born in Toronto , Ryall was sent to England to be educated in 1900 . In England , he began working as a general reporter for the newspaper London Exchange-Telegraph and began writing racing reports from England for New York World . Ryall afterwards went to New York City , and his first column for The New Yorker was published on July 10 , 1926 . The New Yorker had been launched on February 21 , 1925 . Ryall chose a pen name because at the time he was still writing for New York World ; he used this name in honor of Audax , the nom de plume of British racing journalist Arthur Fitzhardinge Berkeley Portman . ( Ryall 's full name was George Francis Trafford Ryall . His son , a horse-racing photographer , and grandson , an art photographer , both received the same name , designated as generations II and III . ) He was the writer of longest record in the history of the magazine , and his column , `` The Race Track , '' ran from 1926 to 1978 . He wrote on various aspects of horse racing , from starting barriers to horse training , from the Saratoga Special Stakes to the names given horses . `` Being one of those peevish fellows who believe that every horse deserves a good name ( and you 'll find that , on the whole , the better racers are well named ) , '' Ryall wrote in 1960 , `` I 'm sorry to say this year 's crop of two-year-olds has fared pretty badly ... Ambiopoise ... Nassue ... Rulamyth ... '' He also wrote for PM , The Blood-Horse , Town & Country , The Sportsman , Polo , and Country Life . Ryall won the Walter Haight Award in 1972 . Ryall also wrote on automobiles , polo and men 's fashions . He died at Columbia , Maryland . His obituary in Time magazine described him as a `` jaunty , tweedy Canadian . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a23900228ecf2cddb4d92c18fb53e81", "text": "Virgil (horse) Virgil ( 1864 -- 1886 ) was an American thoroughbred racehorse that was bred in Kentucky by Hyman C. Gratz . He was a brown to dark bay stallion , was approximately 16 hands high and had a prominent white star on his forehead . -LSB- 2 -RSB- His sire , Vandal , was the second leading sire of the time , behind the great Lexington . Virgil was a direct descendant of the thoroughbred foundation sire Herod and was the leading sire in the United States in 1885 . Virgil was trained as a flat-racer , buggy racer and jumper . He had a total of 8 starts on the flat racing circuit , netting 6 wins . Virgil tended to run his best in races less than 1 1/2 miles . In 1869 , Virgil was bought by R.W. Simmons , who trained him for steeple chasing . After his racing and jumping career , he was briefly contracted as a logging horse , which took its toll on his joints and appearance . -LSB- 1 -RSB- He was eventually bought in the 1870s by Milton Sanford . His stud career and Milton Sanford 's Elmendorf Farm was started by accident when Virgil was allowed to stand in for Sanford 's regular stallion , Glenelg . Sanford briefly sold Virgil to B.G. Bruce , but bought him back for $ 2500 after Vagrant won the Kentucky Derby in 1876 . -LSB- 2 -RSB- Virgil remained at Elmendorf Stud until his death at the age of 22 in September 1886 . -LSB- 2 -RSB- He is the sire of three Kentucky Derby winners : Vagrant ( 1876 ) , Hindoo ( 1881 ) and Ben Ali ( 1886 ) . He also sired other successful flat-racers Tremont , Virgilian and Carley B , winner of the 1882 Travers Stakes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9eadd75014467bf956f69adde55f63a1", "text": "Winged unicorn A winged unicorn is a fictional horse with wings like Pegasus and the horn of a unicorn . This creature has no specific name , but in some literature and media , it has been referred to as a pegacorn , which is a combination of a pegasus and a unicorn .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d9831200fa1eb9a6182550db1ee68eb8", "text": "Nez Perce Horse The Nez Perce Horse is a spotted horse breed of the Nez Perce tribe of Idaho . The Nez Perce Horse Registry ( NPHR ) program began in 1995 in Lapwai , Idaho and is based on cross-breeding the old-line Appaloosa horses ( the Wallowa herd ) with an ancient Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke . This program seeks to re-establish the horse culture of the Nez Perce , a tradition of selective breeding of Appaloosa horses and horsemanship that was destroyed in the 19th century . The breeding program was financed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services , the Nez Perce tribe and a nonprofit group called the First Nations Development Institute , which promotes such businesses . The Nez Perce Horse is `` fit to carry the Nez Perce name , '' according to Rudy Shebala , director of the Tribe 's Horse Registry and the Nez Perce Young Horsemen program . The Akhal-Teke is an ancient breed that originated in Turkmenistan ( near Afghanistan ) . They are known for their superb endurance and `` metallic '' coats . The Akhal-Teke coat colors commonly include palominos , buckskins , and dark bays . A typical Nez Perce Horse is a buckskin or palomino with Appaloosa characteristics -- mottled skin with a spotted coat or a blanket . The Nez Perce Horse 's conformation is longer and leaner than the Quarter Horses or other stock horses of the Western U.S. , with narrower shoulders and hindquarters , a longer back , and a lean runner 's appearance . They are good at long rides and compete well in endurance races ; they are also good jumpers . The Nez Perce Horses are often gaited , with a fast and smooth running walk . The Nez Perce say that the horse has attitude . The Nez Perce people are historically known for their selective horse breeding practices , according to NPHR breeders Jon and Rosa Yearout . `` We strive to follow the lead of our ancestors and carry on their legacy and traditions . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2bb9110789599222cd3cfdad55f96712", "text": "Horse slaughter Horse slaughter is the practice of slaughtering horses to produce meat for consumption . Human beings have consumed horse meat since the earliest days of human history : the oldest known cave art , the thirty-thousand-year-old paintings in the Chauvet Cave of modern France , show horses prominently alongside other wild animals hunted by humans . The later domestication of the horse is widely held to have been initiated for the purposes of raising horses for slaughter for human consumption . In modern times , horse slaughter has become controversial in some parts of the world , based on a various of concerns : e.g. whether horses are or can be managed humanely in industrial-style slaughter ; whether horses not purpose-raised for consumption are likely to yield safe meat ; whether it is appropriate to consume a creature that has become a companion animal .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b971a97389aa0a403e8d01169f582841", "text": "Fernando Poe Jr. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe ( August 20 , 1939 -- December 14 , 2004 ) , better known as Fernando Poe Jr. . and colloquially known as FPJ and Da King , was a Filipino actor . During the latter part of his career , Poe was defeated by then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in the 2004 Philippine presidential elections . His long career as an action film star earned him the nickname `` King of Philippine Movies '' ( often shortened to Da King ) . Poe was posthumously declared a National Artist of the Philippines for Film on May 23 , 2006 by President Macapagal-Arroyo . The award was confirmed by President Benigno Aquino III on July 20 , 2012 , and was presented to his family on August 16 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a7f52f04a20c12870a35bc75a31c834", "text": "Competitive trail riding Competitive trail riding ( CTR ) is an equestrian sport where riders cover a marked trail for a distance that is usually between 15 and 40 miles per day . Some rides are only one day long , others may run as long as three days . One-day six-mile events have also become popular . The goal of the competition is to demonstrate partnership between horse and rider . Unlike in endurance riding , factors other than speed are considered . If the ride is timed , it is a form of pace race ; otherwise it is a judged trail ride . In a timed ride , horses may not come in under or over a certain time , and veterinary checks , rider behavior and other elements play a role in the placings . The horse is evaluated on performance , manners , and related criteria . `` Pulse and respiration '' stops check the horse 's recovery ability and conditioning . There are many different organizations which sanction competitive trail rides . Horsemanship may be considered at some competitions , depending on the sanctioning organization . Riders are evaluated on how they handle the trail , manage the horse , and present to the judges and veterinarians throughout the ride . Obstacles are also set up along the trail with the horse and rider graded on how well they perform as a team . Rides are often held on public lands , such as Forest Service or BLM lands in the United States , but are also held on private property . The terrain varies depending on the part of the country in which a competition is held , and lands available for the event . Unlike trail riding at a guest ranch , where inexperienced riders walk their horses most of the time and cover simple trails , riders who compete in competitive trail rides are asked to have their animals navigate a variety of terrain and use all gaits , especially the trot . Similar events exist around the world , though often with wide variations in rules and distances . In all cases , the most obvious difference between an endurance ride and a competitive trail ride is that the winner of an endurance ride is the first horse and rider team to cross the finish line and pass a vet check that deems the horse `` fit to continue , '' whereas competitive trail rides usually consider additional factors and penalize a horse and rider that finish in too little or too long of a time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b9b766406c2f29537da2d8a86cb4ef0", "text": "Racehorse injuries Racehorse injuries and fatalities are a side effect of training and competition . The problem with equine injuries is that they so often result in death . A 2005 study by the United States Department of Agriculture found that injuries are the second leading cause of death in horses , second only to old age . Nureyev 's recovery from a broken leg while retired at stud in 1987 typifies the struggle horses have after being injured . Two years after Secretariat 's recordbreaking US Triple Crown took the sport in the United States to a new level of popularity , the breakdown and death of Ruffian brought on a new era of safety concerns . Racehorses had been breaking down for centuries , but never before in an event so widely seen as the great match race between Ruffian and Foolish Pleasure at Belmont Park with 18 million viewers . The horse racing industry has been trying to adapt to the increased safety concerns ever since . `` I personally think that in a very real way , we 're almost held to a higher standard because of the horses -- they do n't make the decision to do this . And I think that 's fair , '' said Nick Nicholson , the president and chief executive of Keeneland .", "title": "" } ]	fever
8c404ea93084cf0d6c4b61af56792df0	The Minnesota Vikings is a National Football League team.	[ { "docid": "3b663cedfe9f69bb9b615278664364f0", "text": "NFC North The NFC North is a division of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) , based in the Upper Midwest region of the United States . Nicknamed the `` Black & Blue Division '' for the rough and tough rivalry games between the teams , it currently has four members : the Chicago Bears , Detroit Lions , Green Bay Packers , and Minnesota Vikings . The NFC North was previously known as the NFC Central from 1970 to 2001 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers were previously members , from 1977 , one year after they joined the league as an expansion team , until 2001 when they moved to the NFC South . The division was created in 1967 as the Central Division of the NFL 's Western Conference and existed for three seasons before the AFL -- NFL merger . After the merger , it was renamed the NFC Central and retained that name until the NFL split into eight divisions in 2002 . The four current division teams have been together in the same division or conference since the Vikings joined the league in 1961 . The Bears , Lions and Packers have been in the same division or conference since the NFL began a conference format in 1933 . Largely because the four teams have played each other at least twice a year , with the exception of the strike-shortened 1982 season , for more than half a century ( more than 80 years in the case of the Bears , Lions and Packers ) , the entire division is considered one very large rivalry . Based on the combined ages of its current teams , the NFC North is the oldest division in the NFL , at a combined 336 years old . The Bears are 96 years old ( founded in 1919 in Decatur , Illinois ; moved to Chicago in 1921 ) , the Packers are also 96 years old ( founded in 1919 , but turned professional in 1921 ) , the Lions are 88 years old ( founded 1929 in Portsmouth , Ohio ; moved to Detroit in 1934 ) , and the Vikings are 56 years old ( founded 1961 ) . The division has a total of 11 Super Bowl appearances . The Packers have the most appearances in the Super Bowl with 5 , the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season . The Bears and the Packers have the only Super Bowl wins of this division , a total of 5 ( 4 for the Packers and 1 for the Bears ) . Of the top 10 NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout its franchise history , three of them are in the NFC North ( the Bears , the Packers , and the Vikings ) . The Lions however , have one of the lowest winning percentages in the NFL , including the only winless 16-game season in NFL history , in 2008 . Entering the Bears led the division with an overall record of 730 -- 534 -- 42 , victory in Super Bowl XX and eight pre-Super Bowl league titles ; Chicago 's overall playoff record is 17 -- 18 . The Packers hold an overall record of 698 -- 537 -- 36 with an overall playoff record of 30 -- 18 , four Super Bowl titles in five Super Bowl appearances , and nine pre-Super Bowl league titles - bringing the Packers to a total of 13 World Championships , currently the most in the NFL . The Lions hold a record of 517 -- 620 -- 32 , four league championships , and a 7 -- 11 playoff record . As the youngest ( in terms of franchise age ) team in the division , the Vikings hold a record of 431 -- 365 -- 9 , a playoff record of 19 -- 27 , and had won a league title the season before the merger ( although they subsequently lost Super Bowl IV ) . This division earned the moniker `` Black and Blue Division '' due to its intense rivalries and physical style of play , and this nickname is still used regularly today . It is also known as the `` Frostbite Division '' as all teams played home games in late season winter cold until the mid-1970s . The division is also humorously called the `` Frozen North '' , although Detroit has played its home games indoors since 1975 , and Minnesota also did so from 1982 to 2013 and returned to indoor home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 . ESPN sportscaster Chris Berman often refers to this division as the `` NFC Norris '' because of its geographical similarity to the National Hockey League 's former Norris Division .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "055a9e57e8357e2e2509622c537e1f04", "text": "Minnesota Vikings The Minnesota Vikings are an American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division ; before that , the Vikings were in the NFC Central , and before that they were in the NFL 's Western Conference Central Division . The team has played in four Super Bowl games , but lost each one . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0e588e7bb7657fa2e3f9db2a3b9ae3a1", "text": "U.S. Bank Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium is a fixed-roof stadium located in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States , on the former site of Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome . U.S. Bank Stadium serves as the home of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) and the Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team ( NCAA ) . The Vikings played at the Metrodome from 1982 until its closure in 2013 and before that at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota from 1961 to 1981 . During the 2014 and 2015 seasons , the Vikings played at TCF Bank Stadium on the campus of the University of Minnesota while the new stadium was being built . On June 17 , 2016 , U.S. Bank Stadium was deemed substantially complete by contractor Mortenson Construction . The stadium was substantially completed six weeks before the ribbon-cutting ceremony and official grand opening , which was held on July 22 , 2016 . Authority to use and occupy the stadium was handed over to the Vikings and the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority . The Vikings played their first regular-season game at U.S. Bank Stadium on September 18 , 2016 , hosting the Green Bay Packers . It is the first fixed-roof stadium built in the NFL since Ford Field , home of the Detroit Lions , opened in 2002 . As of March 2015 , the overall budget was estimated to be 1.061 billion , of which 348 million is coming from the state of Minnesota , 150 million from the city of Minneapolis , and 551 million from the team and private contributions . U.S. Bank Stadium is scheduled to host Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 , the 2019 NCAA Final Four , the 2020 NCAA Division I Wrestling Championships , and the ESPN X Games in 2017 and 2018 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df2fba6252e6ec2fdaff467770b8caf9", "text": "Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game is the culmination to a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year . Normally , Roman numerals are used to identify each game , rather than the year in which it is held . For example , Super Bowl I was played on January 15 , 1967 , following the 1966 regular season . The single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50 , which was played on February 7 , 2016 , following the 2015 regular season . The next game , Super Bowl LII , scheduled for February 4 , 2018 , will follow the 2017 regular season . The game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league , the American Football League ( AFL ) . It was agreed that the two leagues ' champion teams would play in the AFL -- NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970 . After the merger , each league was redesignated as a `` conference '' , and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion . Currently , the National Football Conference ( NFC ) leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles , with six . The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances , with nine . The day on which the Super Bowl is played , now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday , is called `` Super Bowl Sunday '' . It is the second-largest day for U.S. food consumption , after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year ; the seven most-watched broadcasts in U.S. television history are Super Bowls . In 2015 , Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114.4 million viewers , the fifth time in six years the game had set a record , starting with the 2010 Super Bowl , which itself had taken over the number-one spot held for 27 years by the final episode of M * A * S * H . The Super Bowl is also among the most-watched sporting events in the world , almost all audiences being North American , and is second to soccer 's UEFA Champions League final as the most watched annual sporting event worldwide . The NFL restricts the use of its `` Super Bowl '' trademark ; it is frequently called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations . Because of the high viewership , commercial airtime during the Super Bowl broadcast is the most expensive of the year , leading to companies regularly developing their most expensive advertisements for this broadcast . As a result , watching and discussing the broadcast 's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event . In addition , popular singers and musicians including Michael Jackson , Madonna , Prince , Beyoncé , Paul McCartney , The Rolling Stones , The Who , Whitney Houston , and Lady Gaga have performed during the event 's pre-game and halftime ceremonies .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "ca85984a4214b9de936e4192ed25433f", "text": "Minnesota Valkyrie The Minnesota Valkyrie was a sports team that played in the Legends Football League ( formerly the Lingerie Football League ) . Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota , the team played their home games at the Target Center . On March 23 , 2011 , it was announced that the LFL would add an expansion team to Minneapolis . On April 4 , 2011 , the team was officially named Minnesota Valkyrie . The LFL announced that it would suspend operations of the American teams for the 2012 -- 13 season . The LFL returned for summer 2013 . Tony Nguyen was the head coach for the first season ( 2011 -- 12 ) . Benson Manento was the head coach in 2013 . The team folded in December 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "166ebb285e2fa85e9b23d1cc50fe33e7", "text": "1996 NFL season The 1996 NFL season was the 77th regular season of the National Football League and the season was marked by notable controversies from beginning to end . The season ended with Super Bowl XXXI when the Green Bay Packers defeated the New England Patriots 35-21 at the Louisiana Superdome .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe2f40316b5f23575a002e1e21ff87da", "text": "National Football League Properties National Football League Properties also known as NFL Properties abbreviated NFLP is the merchandising and licensing arm of the National Football League . The subsidiary of the league was founded in 1943 to maintain control of the brands of the league and its franchises and to license and negotiate with vendors to create official NFL merchandise . The NFL Properties head office is located in Buford , Wyoming .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1604c93555b9dbbad60a98c82e7b829", "text": "Sports marketing Sports marketing is a subdivision of marketing which focuses both on the promotion of sports events and teams as well as the promotion of other products and services through sporting events and sports teams . It is a service in which the element promoted can be a physical product or a brand name . The goal is to provide the client with strategies to promote the sport or to promote something other than sport through sports . Sport marketing is also designed to meet the needs and wants of the consumer through exchange processes . These strategies follow the traditional four `` P '' 's of general marketing Product , Price , Promotion and Place , another four `` P '' 's are added to sport marketing , relating to the fact sports are considered to be a service . The additional 4 P 's are : Planning , Packaging , Positioning and Perception . The addition of the four extra elements is called the `` sport marketing mix . '' Sports marketing is an element of sports promotion which involves a wide variety of sectors of the sport industry including broadcasting , advertising , social media , digital platforms , ticket sales , and community relations . Sports marketing is divided into three sectors . The first is the advertising of sport and sports associations such as the Olympics , Spanish Football league and the NFL , as well as sport teams like Real Madrid and the New York Yankees . The second concerns the use of sporting events , sporting teams and individual athletes to promote various products . The third category is the promotion of sport to the public in order to increase participation . In the first case , the promotion is directly related to sports . In the second case , the products can but do not have to be directly related to sports . When the promotion is about sports in general , the use of this kind of strategy is called `` Marketing of Sports . '' When the promotion is not about the sports but sports events , athletes , teams or leagues are used to promote different products , the marketing strategy is denominated `` Marketing through sports . '' When the promotion is about increasing participation among the public , it is called `` Grassroots Sports Marketing . '' To promote the products or services , the companies and associations use different channels such as sponsorships of teams or athletes , television or radio advertisement during the different broadcast sports events and celebrations , and/or advertisement on sporting venues . `` Street marketing of sport '' considers sport marketing through billboards on the street and also through urban elements ( street lighters and sidewalks , etc. ) to help promote and gain publicity during major worldwide sporting events such as the Football World Cup , the Olympic Games , or the Super Bowl .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b4cd7928d1dcf39497c9f16f9545eef", "text": "David Mandelbaum (politician) David Mandelbaum ( born December 13 , 1935 ) is an American Democratic Party politician , and minority-owner of the Minnesota Vikings NFL team .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d7af7fad31f47e6b9df257a6dd2b92c8", "text": "USA Football USA Football is the national governing body for amateur American football in the United States . It is an independent non-profit based in Indianapolis , Indiana . USA Football hosts more than 100 training events annually and offers education programs for coaches and game officials , as well as skill development for young players and resources for youth league administrators . The organization awards more than $ 1,000,000 in equipment grants to youth leagues and high schools each year based on merit and need along with additional resources . USA Football also offers up to $ 500,000 in subsidies for volunteer youth coach background checks . USA Football was endowed by the National Football League and the National Football League Players Association in 2002 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2d9f63c2c563d724f9eb5b562cb5fdaf", "text": "Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy The Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy was the trophy awarded to the champions of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1934 through 1969 . The trophy was named after Ed Thorp , a noted referee , rules expert , sporting goods dealer , and friend to many of the early NFL owners . Thorp died in June 1934 , and a large , traveling trophy was made later that year . It was to be passed along from champion to champion each season with each championship team 's name inscribed on it . Unlike the modern day Lombardi trophies , the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy did not become the possession of the winning team , but instead spent a year with the winning team before being passed on to the next year 's champion , much like the Grey Cup in the Canadian Football League or the Stanley Cup in the National Hockey League . In addition to their year with the Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy , though , teams were also awarded a smaller replica of the trophy , which they were allowed to keep . A prevailing theory of what happened was that the Minnesota Vikings , who were thought to be the last to win the Trophy in 1969 , somehow lost it when the league switched over to the Lombardi Trophy the following year . The Vikings after winning the Thorp Trophy went on to face the American Football League champion the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFL-NFL World Championship Game ( which is more commonly referred to as Super Bowl IV ) . The spirit of Ed Thorp was also rumoured to have cursed the Vikings , since they lost the trophy that was named in his honor . To date , the team has lost four Super Bowls . A similar incident occurred to the first trophy that was awarded to the NFL Champions , the Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup . In 1920 , after the Akron Pros were awarded the league championship , that trophy also went missing ( like the Thorp trophy , it too was initially to be passed down to each successive champion ) . The Washington Redskins replica of the Thorp Trophy is on display at FedExField . In 2015 , the Thorp Trophy was found to have been in the possession of the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Inc. . instead of with the Vikings . After some research , it was discovered by various teams that , contrary to original belief , there had only been six of the individual trophies awarded to teams for their victories , with five of them coming during Joe Carr 's life , and a sixth not long after his death : Those of the 1934 and 1938 New York Giants , the 1935 Detroit Lions , the 1937 Washington Redskins , and the 1936 and 1939 Green Bay Packers , along with one trophy given out to the 1961 Green Bay Packers that was not part of the original pattern , being differently shaped than the ones originally presented . What is thought to have happened is that , due to the fact that few owners and teams were interested in the traveling trophy idea , the Packers kept the trophy after the 1939 NFL season . However , it is unknown how it ended up in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame Inc. as that is a separate organization from the Green Bay Packers that was formed in the 1970s . It is interesting it note , however , that the original Ed Thorp trophy has all the winners engraved on it from the 1934 New York Giants to the 1951 Los Angeles Rams , until it runs out of room . This implies that someone was monitoring the victors of the league every season .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "77e02465a518167f6d75ad2f8d774433", "text": "1969 NFL Championship Game The 1969 NFL Championship Game was the 37th and final championship game prior to the AFL -- NFL merger , played January 4 , 1970 , at Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota , a suburb south of Minneapolis . The winner of the game earned a berth in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans against the champion of the American Football League . The Minnesota Vikings of the Western Conference hosted the Cleveland Browns of the Eastern Conference . It was the Vikings ' first appearance in the title game , while the Browns were making their second straight appearance and fourth of the 1960s . Minnesota had a regular season record of 12 -- 2 , including a 51 -- 3 defeat of the Browns eight weeks earlier on November 9 . The Vikings defeated the Los Angeles Rams 23 -- 20 in the Western Conference championship a week earlier at Met Stadium . They were coached by Bud Grant and led on offense by quarterback Joe Kapp and wide receiver Gene Washington . The defense allowed only 133 points ( 9 1/2 per game ) during the regular season and their four defensive linemen were known as the `` Purple People Eaters . '' Cleveland was 10 -- 3 -- 1 during the regular season and had upset the Dallas Cowboys 38 -- 14 at the Cotton Bowl for the Eastern Conference title . The Browns were coached by Blanton Collier ; Bill Nelsen was the starting quarterback and Gary Collins and Paul Warfield were star wide receivers for the team . Although not as severe as the `` Ice Bowl '' of 1967 , the weather conditions were bitterly cold at 8 F , with a sub-zero wind chill factor . Cleveland linebacker Jim Houston suffered frostbite during the game and was hospitalized . Minnesota was favored by nine points to win the title game at home , and they won , 27 -- 7 . Of the four NFL teams that joined the league during the AFL era ( 1960s ) , Minnesota was the sole winner of a pre-merger NFL championship . The Dallas Cowboys entered the league in 1960 and lost two NFL title games to the Green Bay Packers , in 1966 and 1967 . The expansion Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 ) and New Orleans Saints ( 1967 ) did not qualify for the postseason until 1978 and 1987 , respectively . Starting with the season , the NFL champion was determined in the Super Bowl , beginning with Super Bowl V.", "title": "" }, { "docid": "240774435a545023ba5e7201f76d0f53", "text": "AFL and NFL era competitive college drafts During the first seven years of existence ( 1960 -- 1966 ) of the American Football League ( AFL , 1960 -- 1969 ) , the AFL and the NFL held separate , competing drafts for college football talent . These drafts were conducted differently in each league , with the AFL , as a new league , starting its existence with the 1960 AFL draft that was actually held in December , 1959 and had 33 rounds . Each AFL team had `` territorial rights '' to players from its general region for a `` bonus '' draft selection , so that teams could sign players who were known to their fans . These were not `` picked '' as such , but agreed on by consensus . The 1960 AFL draft proceeded with teams selecting by lot and player position , e.g. , each team selected quarterbacks from the available list , then running backs , etc. . These were not listed in order of selection , but alphabetically in two groups called `` First Selections '' and `` Second Selections '' by each team . Minneapolis-Saint Paul was originally included in the AFL draft on November 22 , 1959 . When the Minneapolis-Saint Paul owners reneged on their agreement to join the AFL and jumped to the NFL , some of the remaining AFL teams signed several players from the deserters ' draft list . To compensate for this , after the Oakland Raiders ' AFL franchise was granted , an allocation draft was held , to permit the Raiders to stock their team with players from the other seven AFL teams . The established NFL held drafts more similar to the present day , in which the team with the worst record from the previous year selected first , and the reigning league champion selected last . Starting in 1961 , the AFL also followed this procedure . Because of the competition between the leagues , unlike today 's drafts , they were held soon after the end of the football season in each league , often before the college bowls were over . Many players , such as LSU 's Billy Cannon signed pro contracts `` under the goalposts '' at bowl games ; and in the College East-West Game and other all-star college bowls , many players wore the helmets of the professional team that they had signed with . The AFL was at a disadvantage in name-recognition with the established NFL , but contrary to common belief , during this period , its franchises signed a significant number of stars away from the older league . These included Cannon , as well as eventual Hall of Famers Lance Alworth , Buck Buchanan , Jim Otto , Billy Shaw , and Nick Buoniconti , and such standouts as Matt Snell , Tom Sestak , Charley Hennigan , Abner Haynes , Johnny Robinson and many others . Category : American Football League draft Category : National Football League Draft", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b36ea8e587e4a596e04cfb5610d6b0d", "text": "Rob Brzezinski Rob Brzezinski is the current Vice President of Football Operations for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League . Brzezinski joined the Vikings in 1999 as Director of Football Administration and was promoted to Vice President of Football Administration in 2001 . He was elevated to his current position as Vice President of Football Operations in 2002 . `` He is considered one of the best in the NFL , consistently keeping the Vikings under the salary cap and proactively negotiating player contracts . Prior to joining the Vikings , Brzezinski spent the previous six seasons ( 1993 -- 1998 ) with the Miami Dolphins where he advanced to the position of Staff Counsel/Salary Cap . Brzezinski earned degrees from Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale , a Juris Doctorate in 1995 and a Bachelor of Science in education in 1992 . In addition , Brzezinski is a member of the Florida Bar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b502f99f2ee6312d5aa3dd9d6cabd4d6", "text": "American football American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada , and also known as `` gridiron football '' or simply `` gridiron '' , is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with control of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball , while the team without control of the ball , the defense , aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs , or plays , or else they turn over the football to the opposing team ; if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs . Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of association football and rugby football . The first game of American football was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , under rules based on the association football rules of the time . During the latter half of the 1870s , colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code , which allowed carrying the ball . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the `` Father of American Football '' , established the snap , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs ; later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone , and specified the size and shape of the football . American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States . Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game , with the other major levels being high school and youth football . , nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually , almost all of them men , with a few exceptions . The National Football League , the most popular American football league , has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world ; its championship game , the Super Bowl , ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world , and the league has an annual revenue of around US$ 10 billion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cce80c9c23536473d0d0e1de926c1f54", "text": "1997 NFL season The 1997 NFL season was the 78th regular season of the National Football League . The Oilers relocated from Houston , Texas to Nashville , Tennessee . The newly renamed Tennessee Oilers played their home games during this season at the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee while a new stadium in Nashville began construction . Houston would rejoin the NFL with the expansion Texans in 2002 . This was the last season to date that TNT broadcast NFL games , as well as the last for NBC until 2006 . When the TV contracts were renewed near the end of the season , Fox retained the National Football Conference package , CBS took over the American Football Conference package and ESPN won the right to televise all of the Sunday night games . Due to Game 7 of the 1997 World Series , the Chicago Bears -- Miami Dolphins game at Pro Player Stadium was delayed one day to Monday , October 27 . The Denver Broncos and Tampa Bay Buccaneers both changed their uniforms , and the new uniforms for both teams were introduced during this season . The season ended with Super Bowl XXXII when the Denver Broncos defeated the Green Bay Packers 31-24 at the Qualcomm Stadium . This broke the National Football Conference 's streak of 13 consecutive Super Bowl victories .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "06bffd6db9a353fea472f3341633d5b9", "text": "List of Wisconsin Badgers in the NFL Draft The University of Wisconsin -- Madison Badgers have drafted 289 players into the National Football League ( NFL ) since the league began holding drafts in 1936 . The Badgers ' highest draft position was second overall in 1944 , when Pat Harder was selected by Card-Pitt . Wisconsin 's first drafted player in the NFL was Eddie Jankowski , who was the 9th overall pick by the Green Bay Packers in 1937 . Three former Badgers were selected from the latest NFL draft : T. J. Watt , Ryan Ramczyk and Vince Biegel . Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL Draft . The team with the worst record the previous year picks first , the next-worst team second , and so on . Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular-season record , with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule . Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams , based on their round of elimination ( wild card , division , conference , and Super Bowl ) . Before the AFL -- NFL merger agreements in 1966 , the American Football League ( AFL ) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft . This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues . As part of the merger agreement on June 8 , 1966 , the two leagues would hold a multiple round `` Common Draft '' . Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970 , the `` Common Draft '' simply became the NFL Draft . This list includes players that have transferred to or from Wisconsin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f5ba3347801c5bcdc2caee98ed7209b", "text": "Chiefs–Raiders rivalry The Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry is considered to be one of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's most bitter rivalries . Since the American Football League ( AFL ) was established in 1960 , the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders have shared the same division , first being the AFL Western Conference , and since the AFL -- NFL merger in , the AFC West . The Chiefs lead the series 62 -- 52 -- 2 . The Chiefs are ahead in playoff match-ups with a record of 2 -- 1 . The Chiefs are one of only four teams in the NFL ( and the only team in the AFC West ) with a winning record against the Raiders ( with 10 or more contests )", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7432dbdc075bb8b78b59622b6121532", "text": "1970 Minnesota Vikings season The Minnesota Vikings season was the franchise 's 10th season in the National Football League . It was also the first season of play following the AFL-NFL merger , as the Vikings played in the National Football Conference . The Vikings ' defense became the second defense in the history of the NFL to lead the league in fewest points allowed and fewest total yards allowed for two consecutive seasons . The Vikings won the first-ever NFC Central title , as they finished with a record of 12 wins and two losses , before losing to the San Francisco 49ers at home in the NFC Divisional Playoff game .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "02b8edc01f6ee8a3a5fc0280a3815451", "text": "1976–77 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 1976 season began on December 18 , 1976 . The postseason tournament concluded with the Oakland Raiders defeating the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl XI , 32 -- 14 , on January 9 , 1977 , at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d3eaba34b4cd194a7567203c8cfd93d7", "text": "1976 Los Angeles Rams season The 1976 Los Angeles Rams season was the team 's 39th year with the National Football League and the 31st season in Los Angeles . The Rams continued their dominance of the NFC West , winning their 4th straight division title as well as their 4th straight playoff berth . After a record setting 1975 season in which their defense was nearly untouchable , the Rams were picked by many to win the Super Bowl . Despite not improving on its 12-2 record from 1975 , the team continued to be one of the best in the NFL . This Rams team is quite notable for setting many records during the season . One good notable record was breaking the franchise record for points scored in a game with 59 in a 59-0 devouring of the Atlanta Falcons . The Rams would ultimately have another year of success , finishing 10-3-1 . In the playoffs , they would beat Dallas 14-12 in the Divisional Round of the playoffs . However , the Rams would lose the NFC Championship game to the Minnesota Vikings 24-13 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9919f31c05bcca76ed9707b74bb16a3f", "text": "1961 NFL expansion draft The 1961 NFL expansion draft was a National Football League ( NFL ) draft in which a new expansion team , named the Minnesota Vikings , selected its first players . That selection was provided by the expansion draft , held on January 26 , 1961 . In August 1959 , a group of Minneapolis businessmen were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . In January 1960 , they forfeited their AFL membership and were awarded a 90 % stake in the 14th franchise of the NFL ( the other 10 % , under a decades-old agreement , went to former Duluth Kelleys/Eskimos owner Ole Haugsrud ) . Though the ownership group had participated in the 1960 American Football League draft before jumping leagues to the NFL , they did not take any of the players they selected in that draft with them . As such , they entered the 1961 draft with an empty roster . So that the Vikings could become competitive with existing teams , the league awarded the Vikings the first pick in the 1961 NFL draft and gave them the opportunity to select current players from existing teams . In the expansion draft , the existing franchises listed players from which the Vikings could select to switch to the new team .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfddb4e3fdf6832148e20910f95a2381", "text": "Cleveland Browns relocation controversy The Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , sometimes referred to by fans as `` The Move '' , was the decision by then-Browns owner Art Modell to move the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) from its long-time home of Cleveland to Baltimore during the 1995 NFL season . Subsequent legal actions by the city of Cleveland and Browns season ticket holders led to a compromise that saw the Browns history , records , and intellectual property remain in Cleveland , while Modell was permitted to move to Baltimore and establish the Baltimore Ravens , who are officially regarded as a 1996 expansion team . The city of Cleveland agreed to demolish Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site , and the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by the 1999 season through either an expansion draft or a relocated franchise . The Browns were officially reactivated in 1998 through the expansion process and resumed play in 1999 . The compromise between Cleveland , the NFL , and Modell was a first in North American professional sports . The compromise has been cited in other franchise moves and agreements , including those in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , National Hockey League ( NHL ) , Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bdd4ffb028dd2b0d89aee1c1bb12c389", "text": "2001–02 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2001 season began on January 12 , 2002 . The postseason tournament concluded with the New England Patriots defeating the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI , 20 -- 17 , on February 3 , at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . For the first time , the NFL scheduled prime time playoff games for the first two rounds in an attempt to attract more television viewers . Saturday wild card and divisional playoff games were moved from 12:30 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. EST to 4:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. , respectively . Thus , the league abandoned its practice of scheduling colder , northern playoff games for daylight hours only ; any stadium , regardless of evening January temperatures , could host prime time playoff games .", "title": "" } ]	fever
34f04943cd81bff353b22d3360fe5749	Paradise was released in 2012.	[ { "docid": "463ab1d5aef9ce87c6eab8ddc77b2e3c", "text": "Paradise (Lana Del Rey EP) Paradise is the third extended play ( EP ) and second major release by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey ; it was released on November 9 , 2012 by Universal Music . It is additionally packaged with the reissue of her second studio album Born to Die ( 2012 ) , titled Born to Die : The Paradise Edition . Del Rey enlisted collaborators including producers Rick Nowels , Justin Parker , and Rick Rubin . Upon its release , Paradise received generally favorable reviews from music critics . The extended play debuted at number 10 on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 67,000 copies . It also debuted at number 10 on the Canadian Albums Chart and peaked within the top-five of various other Billboard charts . Charting across Europe , the extended play became a top-ten hit in Flanders and Poland , charting within the top twenty in Wallonia and the Netherlands . The EP 's lead single was the ballad `` Ride '' which became a modest hit in the United States , Switzerland , Ireland , and France and reached the top ten in Russia . `` Blue Velvet '' , a cover of the popular 1950s track , and `` Burning Desire '' were released as promotional singles . Music videos for `` Ride '' , `` Blue Velvet '' , `` Bel Air '' , and `` Burning Desire '' were posted to Vevo and YouTube to help promote the EP . In December 2013 , Del Rey released the Anthony Mandler-directed Tropico , a short film that includes the songs `` Body Electric '' , `` Gods & Monsters '' , and `` Bel Air '' . That same month , an EP of the same name was made available for purchase on iTunes , containing the film along with the three aforementioned songs . In 2014 , the EP was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "cd262b9a956ad765ab5c19b6a4e13c5f", "text": "Sabbath in Paradise Sabbath in Paradise is a documentary film by Claudia Heuermann examining contemporary Jewish musical culture in New York 's avant garde Jazz scene in the 1990s . It features concert footage and interviews with Anthony Coleman , Marc Ribot , Andy Statman , David Krakauer , Frank London , John Zorn and others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "28bdece485507c85e11095427f30150a", "text": "Paradise Don't Come Cheap Paradise Do n't Come Cheap , is the second album by New Kingdom . It was released on July 9 , 1996 , on Gee Street Records . This album is the follow up to Heavy Load .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c87dfd54886c4a458a5b53e8c138005b", "text": "Ultra Dance 13 Ultra Dance 13 is a compilation DJ mix album featuring songs from the dance music genre as well as dance remixes of songs . It is the thirteenth album in the Ultra Dance series . It was released by Ultra Records on February 7 , 2012 . The album peaked at number 157 on the Billboard 200 chart as well as at number 10 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe0a358f675a3134302798e5f648c410", "text": "Skyfall Skyfall is the 23rd James Bond film produced by Eon Productions and released in 2012 . It features Daniel Craig in his third performance as James Bond , and Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva , the film 's villain . It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis , Robert Wade and John Logan , and features an Academy Award-winning theme , sung by Adele . It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) and Columbia Pictures . The story centres on Bond investigating an attack on MI6 ; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva to humiliate , discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him . The film sees the return of two recurring characters to the series after an absence of two films : Q , played by Ben Whishaw , and Moneypenny , played by Naomie Harris . Skyfall is the last film of the series for Judi Dench , who played M , a role that she had played in the previous six films . The position is subsequently filled by Ralph Fiennes ' character , Gareth Mallory , though Dench would make a brief appearance in the next Bond film , Spectre . Mendes was approached to direct the film after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008 . Development was suspended when MGM encountered financial troubles and did not resume until December 2010 ; during this time , Mendes remained attached to the project as a consultant . The original screenwriter , Peter Morgan , left the project during the suspension . When production resumed , Logan , Purvis , and Wade continued writing what became the final version of the script . Filming began in November 2011 and primarily took place in the United Kingdom , with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey . Skyfall premiered in London at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 October 2012 and was released in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2012 and the United States on 9 November 2012 . It was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues , although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras . The film 's release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series , which began with Dr. No in 1962 . Skyfall was positively received by critics , being praised for its performances -- particularly those of Craig , Bardem and Dench -- writing and script , cinematography , Mendes ' direction , Thomas Newman 's score , and the action scenes . It was the 14th film to gross over $ 1 billion worldwide , and the first Bond film to do so . It became the seventh-highest-grossing film at the time , the highest-grossing film in the UK , the highest-grossing film in the series , the highest-grossing film worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2012 . The film won several accolades , including two BAFTA Awards , two Academy Awards and two Grammys .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3da0e0b073136236b5b02bd024f0d0ee", "text": "Trouble in Paradise (Loretta Lynn song) `` Trouble in Paradise '' is 1974 single by Loretta Lynn . `` Trouble in Paradise '' was Lynn 's eighth number one on the U.S country singles chart as a solo artist . The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9606837e94553d21981f97378b905c82", "text": "Oceania (The Smashing Pumpkins album) Oceania is the eighth studio album by American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins , released on June 19 , 2012 through EMI , Reprise Records and Martha 's Music . Produced by Billy Corgan and Bjorn Thorsrud , the album is part of the band 's ongoing 44-song box set , Teargarden by Kaleidyscope . As of September 2012 , Oceania has sold over 102,000 copies in the US . A live performance of the album , Oceania : Live in NYC , was released on September 24 , 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "65eb8d39c641b7b85ae457e6aed9a42b", "text": "Paradise (Benny Benassi and Chris Brown song) `` Paradise '' is a song by Italian DJ Benny Benassi and American recording artist Chris Brown , released on 31 March 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b385e012070856584bac8122aadb78be", "text": "Hotel Cabana Hotel Cabana is the debut studio album by British record producer Shahid `` Naughty Boy '' Khan , released from 23 August 2013 through Naughty Boy Recordings and Virgin EMI . Khan set up his Naughty Boy Productions record and production company . He would find his break by producing Chipmunk 's 2009 top-ten single `` Diamond Rings '' , featuring a then unknown Emeli Sandé . Naughty Boy released his own debut single as a signed artist in 2010 . `` Never Be Your Woman '' samples White Town 's 1997 number-one single `` Your Woman '' and featured British grime artist Wiley and Sandé on the chorus ; it reached the top ten in the UK and is included as a bonus track on Hotel Cabana . The collaboration marked the start of a partnership between Naughty Boy and Sandé which is seen throughout Hotel Cabana and Sandé 's debut set , Our Version of Events ( 2012 ) . Hotel Cabana is R&B , soul , garage , pop and hip hop music productions record , with influences from orchestral and Bollywood music . Naughty Boy describes it as an `` audio-visual experience '' and a concept album based on a luxury hotel where musicians come to perform . Hotel Cabana reunites Naughty Boy with Sandé on eight collaborations , as well as features from other British artists such George the Poet , Sam Smith , Bastille , Tinie Tempah , Ella Eyre , Gabrielle , Wretch 32 , Mic Righteous , Maiday , Chasing Grace , Ed Sheeran , and American rapper Wiz Khalifa , who appears on the album 's fourth single overall , `` Think About It '' , with Eyre . Ava Stokes , Tanika , Thabo and RØMANS make additional appearances on the US version of the album which was released by Virgin Records on 6 May 2014 . Prior to release , Hotel Cabana was promoted with several video trailers which included the collaborating artists arriving at the fictional hotel . It was also preceded by the release of three singles , including the two top-ten Sandé collaborations : `` Wonder '' and `` Lifted '' , as well as the UK Singles Chart-topper `` La La La '' ( featuring Sam Smith ) . Upon release , the album received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who praised the production , but with some criticism towards the concept , execution and some collaborations . Hotel Cabana made its chart debuts at number two in the UK , number five in Scotland and twenty-five in Ireland .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7ec07667f9bb46a9b11e514a0be07bb3", "text": "Wonderland (Steve Aoki album) Wonderland is the debut studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki . It was released on January 10 , 2012 through Ultra Records and Dim Mak Records . Most songs from the album were released as a single with its own remixes ( exceptions being `` Dangerous '' and `` Livin ' My Love '' ) . The remix album was released five months later on June 10 , 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5aadd183c1015b02bbffa242a48c087", "text": "Born to Die Born to Die is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey . Her major label debut , it was released on January 27 , 2012 by Interscope Records , Polydor Records and Stranger Records . Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger , Jeff Bhasker , Chris Braide , Emile Haynie , Justin Parker , Rick Nowels , Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record , which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop , indie pop and trip hop music . Contemporary music critics gave Born to Die mixed reviews ; some commended its distinctive production , while its repetitiveness and melodramatic tendencies were a recurring complaint . The album debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 77,000 copies ; it was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) after moving one million units . Born to Die reached the peak positions on eleven international record charts . After attaining online success after its initial premiere on June 29 , 2011 , `` Video Games '' was released as the lead single from Born to Die on October 17 , 2011 ; it peaked at number ninety-one on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Its follow-up singles `` Born to Die '' , `` Off to the Races '' , `` Blue Jeans '' , `` Summertime Sadness '' , `` National Anthem '' , and `` Dark Paradise '' performed sporadically across Billboard component charts and international record charts . The Cedric Gervais remix of `` Summertime Sadness '' was released on July 11 , 2013 and became Del Rey 's highest-charting single in the United States , reaching number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . Del Rey additionally promoted Born to Die with several televised performances , including a widely criticized appearance on Saturday Night Live . It was reissued on November 9 , 2012 as an expanded version subtitled The Paradise Edition , which was packaged with her third extended play Paradise ( 2012 ) . Born to Die has sold 7,000,000 copies worldwide as of June 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "075a20eb674846e6c36112aa3e1674ad", "text": "Paris By Night 53: Thiên Đuờng Là Đây Paris By Night 53 - Thiên Đường Là Đây ( Paradise is Here ) , was a music and entertainment program produced by Thúy Nga , released in early 2000 on a 3-set VHS . The show was made with a live audience at Thúy Nga 's former anchor studio in the Studios de Paris media complex in Paris , France to welcome the arrival of the new millennium , and was hosted by Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên . It includes a segment commemorating the works of late song composer Văn Phụng , who died in 1999 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d6c74461b23f0a2fda92086d43eccd1f", "text": "Paraiso (TV series) Paraiso ( lit . Paradise ) is a 2012 Philippine daytime television drama that aired on ABS-CBN from November 5 , 2012 to April 5 , 2013 , replacing the PHR 's high-rating series entitled Pintada which was starred Denise Laurel and Martin del Rosario . It is the 17th and final installment of the Precious Hearts Romances Presents series , and is topbilled by Jessy Mendiola and Matteo Guidicelli .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c806d07dfdd0e663e136fbba0b52bb8", "text": "Tragic Idol Tragic Idol is the 13th studio album by the British gothic metal band Paradise Lost . The album was released on 23 April 2012 in Europe and 24 April 2012 in North America via Century Media Records . In support of the album , Paradise Lost went on a UK concert tour with Insomnium . Formats the album was released through are : Standard CD ; Limited Edition 2-CD Box ; a fan box , which includes a poster , album slipmat , gold marbled colored 7 '' & 12 '' Vinyl , A1 poster 135g , army cap and boxes selected at random will include handwritten lyrics by the band . This band has a box set titled Original Album Classics and they have a release similar titled Original Album Collection which has this album along with this band 's other albums , In Requiem & Faith Divides Us - Death Unites Us . There are EMP Edition ( 200 copies ) - gold vinyl , Amazon Edition ( 400 copies Germany / 200 copies France ) - white vinyl , Nuclear Blast Edition ( 400 copies ) - dark blue vinyl and Band Edition ( 250 copies , signed ) - dark sand marbled vinyl Commented guitarist Gregor Mackintosh : `` The -LSB- new CD was -RSB- again produced by Jens Bogren and is influenced by classic doom metal and classic metal . I would say it is more melodic than the last record whilst retaining the heaviness . There are lots of guitar solos and melodies . '' Also this is the first Paradise Lost studio album featuring Adrian Erlandsson on drums , who joined the band in 2009 . There is a track called `` The Last Fallen Saviour '' which written for this album but it was initially made only available as a free flexi disc with Decibel magazine , but has since been included on Tragic Illusion 25 , a rarities compilation released in 2013 to commemorate the band 's 25th anniversary .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "15a62b149e67eed6b28e0aa58777f958", "text": "WhoIsParadise Marcus `` Paradise '' Dawes ( born 23 February 1973 ) , also known by his stage names Paradise and WhoIsParadise , is a British-American rapper , poet , songwriter and community activist . He is best recognized as the co-founder and frontman of the Brixton-based Hip hop group , The 57th Dynasty . Raised in the United States , he spent his childhood and teenage years in New York City and is considered an allochthonous son of the city . Mentored by The Black Panthers as a youth ; Paradise 's lyrics frequently use social and political themes inspired by personal experiences . During The 57th Dynasty 's early years , Paradise 's lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone . His debut and sophomore albums with the group , The Spoken Word ( 1996 ) and Boro 6 Vol . 2 - A Dynasty Truly Like No Other ( 2002 ) are considered landmark albums . Outside the group , he is former Director at Young People Matter charity and resides as it 's Senior Project Coordinator . As a label executive , brand consultant and songwriter , he has worked with artists such as Amplify Dot , Coldsteps , Noni Zondi , Estelle and JJC . His writing & production credits include Alan Kasirye , Arrow Benjamin , Big Brovaz , Krafty Kuts , KRS-One , Omar , Silvastone , Skinnyman , Sounds of Blackness , Stereo MCs and DJ Tim Westwood . Paradise is widely known for his community activism and concern for youth . He has organised and performed in several benefit concerts and at high-profile events including the African Music Awards . In British press , Paradise is referred to as He has received several awards and nominations for both his music and community work . He is a sought after philanthropic performing artist , having worked with organisations such as YMCA , Black Cultural Archives , VH1 , RESEO ( the European Network of Opera Education ) , The Metropolitan Black Police Association , British Black Music and the Sickle Cell Society .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "54e5231eb6d135555dd3eeae1144369c", "text": "A Touch of Paradise `` A Touch of Paradise '' is a song written by Ross Wilson , Gulliver Smith , Roger McLachlan , recorded by Australian singer John Farnham . The song was released as the third single from his album Whispering Jack ( 1986 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "301cb3947d13ca9447bdd8ca08d2c00e", "text": "Infinity Records Infinity Records was a short-lived subsidiary of MCA Records established in New York City in 1978 . The label was conceived by MCA president Sidney Sheinberg as a way for the Los Angeles-based entertainment conglomerate to improve its presence on the East Coast . Ron Alexenberg , who had previously been the head of the Epic Records division of CBS Records ( now part of Sony Music Entertainment ) was hired as CEO . The biggest hit the Infinity label had was `` Escape '' by Rupert Holmes , which was number 1 at the end of 1979 . Other acts that had chart entries on Infinity included Dobie Gray , Hot Chocolate , New England , Orleans and Spyro Gyra . Under the distribution of MCA , the Infinity Records label released titles in the US , Canada , the UK , Japan and parts of Europe . Infinity spent lavishly but failed to earn a profit . In addition to developing new talent , Infinity also paid substantial sums to acquire established artists . Most of the established artists were unable to duplicate their previous success . In October 1979 , Infinity released Pope John Paul II Sings at the Festival of Sacrosong , an album of speeches and songs sung by Pope John Paul II in his native Polish . Due to the tremendous popularity of the new Pope , Infinity thought the record would be a major hit . The company paid a substantial fee ( which went to charity ) to the Catholic Church to obtain exclusive rights to the recording . The album briefly peaked at # 126 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , however , it received poor reviews and was quickly seen as a colossal failure . Most of the one million advance copies of the John Paul II album were returned unsold to the label , producing a huge financial loss . MCA pulled the plug on Infinity Records in November 1979 , and the Infinity catalog was immediately absorbed by the parent company . Rupert Holmes and Spyro Gyra were the only Infinity acts to be retained by MCA , and most of the label 's catalog went out of print . The collapse of Infinity also coincided with rising costs of manufacturing for vinyl LP records and a huge sales slump for the music industry . Infinity has since become known as one of the most expensive failures in the history of the record business . There are at least two other smaller record labels that also have used the name Infinity Records . One of these other labels was a subsidiary of Festival Records , which for many years was Australia 's leading independent record company , but is now also defunct . Other companies with the Infinity Records name do not have an affiliation with MCA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "54f1a51894cc19c169c2b843caffa4dd", "text": "Five Trees `` Five Trees '' in Paradise is a mysterious allegory or concept from famous Coptic Gospel of Thomas NHC 2 : ( gnostic library from Nag Hammadi in Egypt ) 19th saying/logia of Jesus and other sources of religious mythology . Blatz Translation : ( 19 ) Jesus said : Blessed is he who was before he came into being . If you become disciples to me ( and ) listen to my words , these stones will minister to you . For you have five trees in Paradise which do not change , either in summer or in winter , and their leaves do not fall . He who knows them shall not taste of death . `` Blessed is he who was before he came into being , '' is similar to other enigmatic statements commonly found in mysticism across cultures , referring to the benefits of self-awareness ( knowledge of one 's true nature ) before development of ego identity beliefs . `` If you ... listen ... , these stones will minister to you , '' may refer to both `` listening '' to the true self within - which would allow one to accurately trace internal/cause from observing external/effects ( physical reality/stones ) , or that only through this `` self-awareness '' are we able to understand Jesus ' symbolic language and master external reality . The word , tree , is a creative ( manifesting ) symbol in Jewish and Christian sacred texts , descriptive of both ingesting ( taking in ) fruits and/or producing fruits ( Genesis and Four Gospels ) . In the Acts of Thomas , Chapter 27 , during an anointing ceremony , the apostle implores , `` Come , elder of the five members of mind , communicate with these young men ; '' the five words for ` mind ' according to Theodore bar Khoni ( www.gnosis.org/library/actthom.htm ) are the equivalents of hauna ( sanity ) , mad ' a ( reason ) , re ` yana ( mindfulness ) , mahshebhatha ( imagination ) , tar ` itha ( intention ) - considered the Five Manifestations of the Father of Greatness which may provide the clue to the meaning of the five trees . These five would therefore be the causal factors in the experience of the Real . Marvin Meyer writes : `` The `` five trees '' in paradise are mentioned frequently in gnostic texts , ordinarily without explanation or elaboration . In Manichaean Psalm Book 161,17-29 , it is said that various features of life and faith are put together in groups of five . This section opens with the statement , ` For -LSB- five -RSB- are the trees that are in paradise -LSB- ... -RSB- in summer and winter . ' On the trees in paradise according to Genesis , see Genesis 2:9 . '' ( The Gospel of Thomas : The Hidden Sayings of Jesus , pp. 77 -- 78 )", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2bbb7198fee0293dc476919162a05756", "text": "Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away Cirque du Soleil : Worlds Away is a 2012 American 3D family fantasy film directed by Andrew Adamson . The film premiered on October 20 , 2012 at the Tokyo International Film Festival , and was released theatrically in the United States on December 21 , 2012 . Distributed worldwide by Paramount Pictures on December 21 , 2012 , the film tells the story of a girl named Mia going to a traveling circus and falling in love with its main attraction , the Aerialist . After the Aerialist falls during his act , he and Mia are transported to another world where each encounter the different worlds of Cirque du Soleil through O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . It stars Erica Linz and Igor Zaripov as the main characters and incorporates acts from some of the Cirque du Soleil shows that were running in Las Vegas in 2011 including O , Mystère , Kà , Love , and Viva Elvis . The 3D used in the film was highly admired by critics on its Tokyo premiere . The Eels performed a song titled `` Calling for Your Love '' for the movie . The film incorporates acts from the seven Cirque du Soleil shows running in Las Vegasin 2011 : O , Mystère , Kà , Love , Zumanity , Viva Elvis and Criss Angel Believe . Each of the acts/performances was filmed on the stage of the theater in Las Vegas where the show is/was running : the acts from `` O '' at the `` O '' Theatre at the Bellagio , those from `` Ka '' at the Ka Theater at the MGM Grand , those from `` Love '' at the Love Theater at the Mirage , the act from `` Mystere '' at the Mystere Theater at Treasure Island , the act from `` Zumanity '' at the Zumanity Theater at the New York New York and the act from `` Viva Elvis '' at the Aria Theater . It was Reel FX 's first and only live action film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d8844b876015969dcc9b1f446b78513", "text": "Paradise Cafe '' is the 23rd studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima , released in October 1996 . The album includes a new recording of her 1995 chart-topping hit `` Wanderer 's Song '' , and also features her own interpretation of `` Lie to Me Eternally '' which was originally written for Long Time No See album recorded by Takuro Yoshida . Following massive success of a single `` Wanderer 's Song '' which sold over 1 million units , Paradise Cafe immediately gained Platinum award by the RIAJ for shipments of over 400,000 copies . However , the album itself apparently sold beneath expectations , staying briefly on charts and selling approximately 200,000 units in total .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f8e02bc5f68fd77ffad49132f89e054", "text": "Pluto (Future album) Pluto is the debut studio album by American rapper Future . It was released on April 13 , 2012 , by A1 Recordings , Freebandz and Epic Records . The album features guest appearances from Drake , R. Kelly , T.I. , Trae tha Truth and Snoop Dogg , with the production , which was handled by Will-A-Fool , Sonny Digital and K.E. on the Track , among others . Pluto was supported by five singles : `` Tony Montana '' , `` Go Harder '' , `` Magic ( Remix ) '' featuring T.I. , `` Same Damn Time '' and `` Turn On the Lights '' . The album received generally positive reviews from critics , debuting at number eight on the Billboard 200 , selling 41,000 copies in its first week . It was reissued later in 2012 as Pluto 3D .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b7de9f074cc90ed2988dc05b5457cb19	Apple was founded in 1979.	[ { "docid": "0f13532620c4a97dd6de2e0ca5fa10aa", "text": "Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino , California that designs , develops , and sells consumer electronics , computer software , and online services . The company 's hardware products include the iPhone smartphone , the iPad tablet computer , the Mac personal computer , the iPod portable media player , the Apple Watch smartwatch , and the Apple TV digital media player . Apple 's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems , the iTunes media player , the Safari web browser , and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites . Its online services include the iTunes Store , the iOS App Store and Mac App Store , Apple Music , and iCloud . Apple was founded by Steve Jobs , Steve Wozniak , and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers . It was incorporated as Apple Computer , Inc. in January 1977 , and sales of its computers saw significant momentum and revenue growth for the company . Within a few years , they had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line . Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success . Over the next few years , Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces , and Apple 's marketing commercials for its products received widespread critical acclaim . However , the high price tag of its products and limited software titles caused problems , as did power struggles between executives at the company . Jobs resigned from Apple and created his own company . As the market for personal computers increased , Apple 's computers saw diminishing sales due to lower-priced products from competitors , in particular those offered with the Microsoft Windows operating system . More executive job shuffles happened at Apple until then-CEO Gil Amelio in 1997 decided to buy Jobs ' company to bring him back . Jobs regained position as CEO , and began a process to rebuild Apple 's status , which included opening Apple 's own retail stores in 2001 , making numerous acquisitions of software companies to create a portfolio of software titles , and changed some of the hardware technology used in its computers . It again saw success and returned to profitability . In January 2007 , Jobs announced that Apple Computer , Inc. would be renamed Apple Inc. to reflect its shifted focus toward consumer electronics , and announced the iPhone , which saw critical acclaim and significant financial success . In August 2011 , Jobs resigned as CEO due to health complications , and Tim Cook became the new CEO . Two months later , Jobs died , marking the end of an era for the company . Apple is the world 's largest information technology company by revenue , and the world 's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung . In February 2015 , Apple became the first U.S. company to be valued at over US$ 700billion . The company employs 116,000 full-time employees and maintains 496 retail stores in 21 countries . It operates the iTunes Store , which is the world 's largest music retailer . , more than one billion Apple products are actively in use worldwide . Apple 's worldwide annual revenue totaled $ 215billion for the 2016 fiscal year . The company enjoys a high level of brand loyalty and has been repeatedly ranked as the world 's most valuable brand . However , it receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices , including the origins of source materials .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2db6737625d07a388cd6f3ad34b9a49f", "text": "MacRumors MacRumors.com is a website that aggregates Mac and Apple related news , rumors , and reports . The site was launched February 24 , 2000 , in Richmond , Virginia , and is owned by Arnold Kim . By consolidating reports and cross-referencing claims , MacRumors attempts to keep track of the rumor community . The tagline of MacRumors is `` News and Rumors You Care About '' . The website is updated weekdays with new rumors , with most updates starting in the morning of east coast United States time . During breaking news , updates are posted during the weekend and afterhours .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39a495ce875c2d5d7dfe624ea20eed48", "text": "Acorn Computers Acorn Computers Ltd. was a British computer company established in Cambridge , England , in 1978 . The company produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the UK , including the Acorn Electron and the Acorn Archimedes . Acorn 's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s . It is more known for its computer than for its other products . Though the company was broken up into several independent operations in 1998 , its legacy includes the development of reduced instruction set computing ( RISC ) personal computers . One of its operating systems , , continues to be developed by RISC OS Open . Some of Acorn 's former subsidiaries lived on : ARM Holdings technology is dominant in the mobile phone and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) microprocessor market . Acorn is sometimes referred to as the `` British Apple '' and has been compared to Fairchild Semiconductor for being a catalyst for start-ups . In 2010 , the company was listed by David Meyer in ZDNet as number nine in a feature of top ten fallen `` Dead IT giants '' . Many British IT professionals gained their early experiences on Acorns , which were often more technically advanced than commercially successful US hardware .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6b863be67dcd003d13731f8721ab7ee", "text": "IPass (company) iPass Inc is an American multinational company headquartered in Redwood Shores , California that provides Internet access on wireless-enabled devices . The firm was first incorporated in California in July 1996 and later reincorporated in Delaware in June 2000 . The company 's stock was added to the NASDAQ on July 24 , 2003 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fc891c56063765b29a106cabed39132c", "text": "Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White) The Power Mac G3 series ( commonly known as the `` Blue and White G3 '' , or sometimes either as the `` B&W G3 '' , `` Yosemite G3 '' or `` Smurf Tower '' to distinguish it from the original Power Macintosh G3 ) is a short-lived series of personal computers designed , manufactured and sold by Apple Computer Inc. as part of their Power Macintosh line . It was introduced in January 1999 , succeeding the original `` beige '' Power Macintosh G3 , with which it shared the name and processor architecture but little else ; it was discontinued in favor of the Power Mac G4 line in August 1999 . The Blue & White G3 used a modified version of the memory/PCI controller , the Motorola MPC106 ( codenamed `` Grackle '' ) ; it used the MPC106 v4 . The I/O `` Heathrow '' had been replaced by `` Paddington '' ( adding 100 Mbit Ethernet and power save features ) , the audio chip `` Screamer '' ( on the beige G3 's `` Personality Card '' ) had been replaced by `` Burgundy '' , and other controllers for Firewire ( Texas Instruments PCI-Lynx ) , for USB etc. were added . Though still based on the PowerPC G3 architecture , the G3 B&W was a totally new design . The first new Power Mac model after the release of the iMac , it used a novel enclosure with the logic board on the folding `` door '' , which swung down onto the desk for easy access ( a design that was also used on all Power Mac G4 models except for the Cube ) , and borrowed the iMac 's blue-and-white color scheme . It also introduced the New World ROM to the Power Macintosh line .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5390aa2866596c5bb62ef9a12de43f7", "text": "Apple Daily Apple Daily is a Hong Kong-based tabloid-style newspaper founded in 1995 by Jimmy Lai Chee Ying and is published by its company , Next Digital . A sister publication carrying the same name is published in Taiwan , Republic of China under a joint venture between Next Media and other Taiwanese companies . Apple Daily tends to favour the pan-democracy camp in its editorials and commentaries . However , this position has resulted in backlashes - ostensibly led by the Chinese government , who opposes democracy in Hong Kong - involving advertising boycotts , online hacking attacks and torchings of their newspapers . Apple Daily 's popularity as Hong Kong 's second best selling newspaper , according to AC Nielsen , is derived from its concentration on celebrity coverage , brash news style , sensationalist news reportage and its anti-government political positions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "437089ed7e551a078f300d00d1efcda3", "text": "Haddock Corporation Haddock Corporation is an American consumer electronics and information technology consulting business based in Wichita , Kansas which operates two Haddock Computer Center retail locations . Founded as a software company , Haddock has been an Apple-authorized dealer and computer repair shop since 1984 , the year the Macintosh computer was released . Company founder and CEO Richard Haddock served on Apple 's reseller advisory board for over ten years . He is a member and one of the founders of the Apple Specialist Marketing Corporation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "da2dd1c7824d65e7c4714f7c5b808303", "text": "Apple Campus The Apple Campus is the corporate headquarters of Apple Inc. , located at 1 Infinite Loop in Cupertino , California , United States . Its design resembles that of a university , with the buildings arranged around green spaces , similar to a suburban business park .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d4bb7be9ff8a01a759db37ea9cb27e8c", "text": "John Couch (American executive) John Couch is the Vice President of Education at Apple , Inc. . Couch holds an A.B. in Computer Science from Berkeley , 1969 . He earned his master 's degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1970 . John spent an additional two years in the Computer Science Ph.D. program . He left the program to work for Hewlett Packard as a software engineer . In 2010 John was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Philadelphia University for his innovative contributions to education . At Hewlett Packard , John took on management roles at the same time teaching graduate courses at Cal State San Jose . He coauthored the textbook published by SRA ( Science Research Associates ) titled `` Compiler Construction : Theory and Practice . '' In 1978 John was recruited by Steve Jobs as Director of New Products for Apple Computer , Inc. . In early 1979 John was promoted to Vice President of Software . Like Steve , John was influenced by their visit to Xerox PARC and managed the initial graphical user interface for the Lisa system . John was promoted to General Manager and Vice President of the newly created Lisa division , called `` Personal Office Systems . '' He ran the Lisa division through launch . In the early years of Macintosh development , a Lisa was needed to compile software for the new machine . Bruce Horn tells a story in which he needed a Lisa for this purpose , and Steve Jobs directed him to just take one from John Couch 's office when he was away . Horn did so , and even decades later `` I still do n't know to this day whether Steve had arranged this with John , or if John came back to the surprise of an empty desk . '' The truth being , at the time , the Macintosh was under development , and there were a limited number of Lisa machines available to develop Macintosh software . John felt it more important for the Macintosh developers to have use of the machine than for him to have one on his desk . Couch left Apple in 1984 to take over a struggling Christian school in Solana Beach , CA . Couch served as Executive in Residence for the Mayfield Fund . In 1997 , he became CEO of biotechnology software maker DoubleTwist ( then called Pangea Systems ) and served in this capacity , and then as Chairman , until the company failed in 2002 . At this point he returned to Apple to fill the newly created role of Vice President of Education .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bac8cbdcee3a9b4dee7503b4b3b581bd", "text": "MacUpdate MacUpdate is an Apple Macintosh ( desktop ) app/software download website , which was started in the late-1990s . MacUpdate has been featured in several magazines and newspapers including The New York Times , USA Today , Detroit News & Free Press , The Philadelphia Inquirer , Macworld , and MacLife . According to Inc. . Magazine in 2009 , MacUpdate ( est. 2006 ) was the 114th fastest growing privately owned company in the USA . Inc magazine also listed it as the fastest growing company in Michigan and the fifth-fastest growing retail company in the United States . In 2010 , the last year that data is publicly available for MacUpdate on that site , INC. . Magazine had Macupdate listed as the 233rd . MacUpdate is updated daily , listing the newest updates and releases of Macintosh software for the Mac OS X operating systems . It does not list Microsoft Windows or Linux software , although it does list some software that has been ported from Linux and requires Apple 's X11 environment . The website is free to use with or without signup . A membership service is also available that offers users expanded services such as email notifications , watch lists , daily email newsletters , and the ability to rate and review software , and discounts on software sales through their MacUpdate Promo website . In 2007 , MacUpdate launched the MacUpdate Promo website , which offers a Macintosh application ( or bundle of applications ) at a discount . MacUpdate Promo also sells software bundles three or four times a year , which include up to 10 or more Mac applications , usually at around 90 % off normal price . In July 2014 MacUpdate launched a new version of its MacUpdate Desktop application ( Version 6 ) which enables members to automatically update any Macintosh-compatible software on their computer that is also tracked by MacUpdate . Programs not tracked by the MacUpdate website are not able to be updated . Version 6 of the software , however , has attracted complaint from customers regarding its efficacy and reliability . In addition , programs purchased through the Apple Store are , for the average user , incompatible with MacUpdate Desktop updates unless the program defaults to the Apple Store . Nevertheless , MacUpdate has experienced a more than 50 % rise in its Alexa Traffic rating since its new partnership with AdRoll , a retargeting advertisement company , and the deployment of Version 6 of its MacUpdate Desktop application . MacUpdate Desktop was a freemium app , giving users up to 5 free updates per month at no charge . Users requiring unlimited updates can do so at a further annual cost . MacUpdate also provides another paid membership option , which it calls promo membership , which provides unlimited Desktop downloads as well as additional promotional bundle incentives . Starting with version 6.1.7 MacUpdate will not let you see updates or give you 5 free updates . You now have to pay $ 20 for a six month membership .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a156298f4266e608d49f1ba8ba269da6", "text": "Apple Mighty Mouse The Apple Mouse ( formerly Apple Mighty Mouse ) is a multi-control USB mouse manufactured by Mitsumi Electric and sold by Apple Inc. . It was announced and sold for the first time on August 2 , 2005 , and a Bluetooth version was available from 2006 to 2009 . Before the Mighty Mouse , Apple had sold only one-button mice with its computers , beginning with the Apple Lisa 22 years earlier . The Mighty Mouse supported two buttons , and a minuture trackball for scrolling . On October 20 , 2009 , the wireless Mighty Mouse was discontinued and replaced by the multi-touch Magic Mouse . The wired version of the device remains available , but was renamed the `` Apple Mouse '' as of the same date , due to trademark issues with another manufacturer of a device named `` Mighty Mouse '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6f87a1885b411b02a2a1715cd1b189f7", "text": "Apple Assembly Line Apple Assembly Line was a monthly newsletter published from October 1980 through May 1988 . This newsletter focused on assembly language for the Apple II , IIe , IIc , and IIgs computers . In the beginning all the programs were written for the 6502 microprocessor , but as the Apple II family developed , this expanded to the 65C02 , 65802 , and 65816 . A reviewer wrote : `` This was something more than a newsletter , but not quite a magazine . It was edited and printed by Bob Sander-Cederlof , author of the S-C Macro Assembler , and was written initially for support of that product . It included information about how to write assembly language routines for various projects , and one of Sander-Cederlof 's favorite pastimes was finding ways to squeeze the most code into the fewest bytes possible . Often he would take sections of code from Apple 's system software , disassemble it , and point out how it could have been coded more tightly or efficiently . He also included various products that he or others had written that were useful for other programmers , including a package of extensions for Applesoft that allowed 18-digit-precision math functions . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1acc9f60df01807c0d1c7eb213af54ec", "text": "Apple File System Apple File System ( APFS ) is a file system for macOS , iOS , tvOS and watchOS , developed and deployed by Apple Inc. . It aims to address the core issues of the existing HFS + ( also called Mac OS Extended ) file system in use on these platforms today . Apple File System is optimized for flash and solid-state drive storage , with a primary focus on encryption .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c20085a00a1f8e4aeea0f4bf707db2f5", "text": "ABC 80 The ABC 80 ( Advanced BASIC Computer 80 ) was a personal computer engineered by the Swedish corporation Dataindustrier AB ( DIAB ) and manufactured by Luxor in Motala , Sweden in the late 1970s and early 1980s . It was introduced on the marked in August 1978 . The ABC 80 was based on an earlier modular computer system from the same company and built around a Z80 and of ROM containing a fast semi-compiling BASIC interpreter . It had of RAM as main memory and a dedicated ( included ) tape recorder for program and data storage , but could also be expanded to handle disk drives as well as many other peripherals . The ROM could be extended in increments of 1 or 4KB in order to handle such so called `` options '' . The monitor was a black and white TV set modified for the purpose , an obvious choice since Luxor also made TVs . The ABC 80 was used in schools and officies around Scandinavia and parts of Europe . It was also used for industrial automation , scientific measurement and control systems . Like its successor , the ABC 800 , the computer had an unusually quick and usable BASIC with excellent I/O response times , something that was often discovered when trying to switch to IBM PC-based personal computers . Due to its roots in an industrial computer system , the ABC 80 also had a flexible bus extension system with many ( external ) expansion and peripheral cards available for various purposes and applications , as well as high quality support and documentation . ABC 80 was also manufactured on license as BRG ABC80 by Budapesti Rádiótechnikai Gyár in Hungary . It used the same keyboard , but the case was metal instead of plastic .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0cb2623b0125b785bb842c342601d0a5", "text": "Copland (operating system) Copland was a project at Apple Computer to create an updated version of the classic Macintosh operating system . It was to have introduced protected memory , preemptive multitasking and a number of new underlying operating system features , yet still be compatible with existing Mac software . As originally planned , a follow-up release known as Gershwin would add multithreading and other advanced features . Development began in 1994 and was underway in earnest by 1995 when the system started to be referred to as System 8 , and later , Mac OS 8 . It was the major topic of Apple 's WWDC in 1996 , where it was presented as the sole focus of the company 's development efforts . However , as the project gathered momentum a furious round of empire building began . New features began to be added more rapidly than they could be completed , including most of the items originally slated for Gershwin , along with a wide variety of otherwise unrelated projects from within the company . The completion date for the beta continued to slip into the future and several announced dates passed with no sign of a release . The press became highly critical of the project , and the company as a whole . In 1996 , Apple 's newest CEO , Gil Amelio , poached Ellen Hancock from National Semiconductor and put her in charge of engineering in an effort to try to get development back on track . She decided it was best to cancel the project outright and try to find a suitable third-party system to replace it . Development officially ended in August 1996 , and after a short search , they announced that Apple was buying NeXT in order to use their NeXTSTEP operating system as the basis of a new Mac OS . Hancock also suggested that Apple should work on improving the existing System 7 while the new system matured . This was released as Mac OS 8 in 1997 and was followed by Mac OS 9 in 1999 . The new operating system based on NeXTSTEP shipped in 2001 as Mac OS X. In 2008 , PC World named Copland on a list of the biggest project failures in IT history .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "291988c6747b436951157657e2867616", "text": "Keith Stattenfield Keith Stattenfield is a senior Apple Computer software engineer . He started at Apple Computer in 1989 in the Information Systems & Technology group . Then worked on the Macintosh operating system starting in 1995 , from the Mac OS 7.5 release on . He led the Netbooting project starting in Mac OS 8.6 , and then served as the overall technical lead of Mac OS 9 . His California license plate reads `` MAC OS 9 '' . In 2001 , he was ranked 14 on the MDJ POWER 25 , a list of the most influential people in the Macintosh community . He has often presented at conferences such as Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference and MacHack ( convention ) . Keith has a Public-access television show and web site called Keith Explains . He is also a frequent guest on the show John Wants Answers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "814ecdb47bca44d9c85fc9120054ca5d", "text": "Apple Adjustable Keyboard The Apple Adjustable Keyboard is an ergonomic and adjustable keyboard introduced by Apple Computer in 1993 for the Macintosh personal computers at a retail price of US$ 219 . The keyboard attached to the computer via the Apple Desktop Bus ( ADB ) . The last Apple computer released compatible with this keyboard without using a USB to ADB adapter was the Power Macintosh G3 ( Blue & White ) , as it was the last one with the Apple Desktop Bus . It aimed to solve repetitive stress injuries resulting in carpal tunnel syndrome , after several computer keyboard manufacturers were sued for poor design . The Apple Adjustable Keyboard came with contoured plastic wrist rests , and a separate keypad with function keys and arrow keys . This was the third and last time Apple offered a separate numeric keypad . Unlike its predecessors , it was not sold separately . The keyboard also included volume buttons and a record button on the right side of the keyboard . It was hinged at the top , allowing the user to adjust the angle between the right and left sides of the keyboard . The split came between the key pairs : 5/6 , T/Y , G/H , and B/N . The space bar floated midway between the two parts . Although the keyboard addressed several ergonomic problems , it was reviewed poorly due to using a large amount of desk space , mainly because of the optional palm rests . The keyboard uses Alps SKFS switches , which provide tactile feedback with a slightly `` clicky '' feel .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "92b4dc78671e96aa9693fcc35c9d19fb", "text": "Apple Lisa Apple Lisa is a desktop computer developed by Apple , released on January 19 , 1983 . It was one of the first personal computers to offer a graphical user interface ( GUI ) in a machine aimed at individual business users . Development of the Lisa began in 1978 , and it underwent many changes during the development period before shipping at the very high price of US$ 9,995 with a 5 MB hard drive . The high price , relatively low performance and unreliable `` Twiggy '' floppy disks led to poor sales , with only 100,000 units sold . In 1982 , after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project , he joined the Macintosh project , at that time developing a much more limited machine with a task-switching interface . Jobs redirected the Macintosh team to build a cheaper and better Lisa , releasing it in January 1984 and quickly outstripping Lisa sales . Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably , but it failed to achieve favorable sales compared to the much less expensive Mac . The final revision of the Lisa , the Lisa 2/10 , was modified and sold as the Macintosh XL . Generally considered a failure , the Lisa nevertheless introduced a number of advanced features that would not re-appear on the Macintosh for a number of years . Among these was an operating system which featured protected memory and preemptive multitasking , and a more document-oriented workflow . The hardware itself was also much more advanced than the Macintosh , with a hard drive and support for up to 2 megabytes ( MB ) of RAM , expansion slots and a larger higher-resolution display . The main exception being that while the Macintosh also used the 68000 processor , the Macintosh initially used a version clocked at 7.89 Mhz , compared to the 5Mhz version used in the Lisa . The complexity of the Lisa operating system and its associated programs overtaxed the slower processor enough that users perceived it to be sluggish , particularly when scrolling in documents .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4478368fd861952944518d3e11a0ddd6", "text": "Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States . The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage . Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? '' Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives . Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea1d3667b745296500552792e8283043", "text": "IPod Touch The iPod Touch ( stylized and marketed as iPod touch ) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based . It can be used as a music and video player , digital camera , handheld game device , and personal digital assistant ( PDA ) . It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations , does not use cellular network data , and is therefore not a smartphone , though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the `` iPhone without a phone '' . Furthermore , it does not fit in Apple 's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases . As of May 2013 , 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold . It is also the most popular iPod model . iPod touch models are sold by storage space and color , with all models of the same generation typically offering otherwise identical features , processors , and performance , in addition to available operating system upgrades ; an exception was the fifth generation , as the low-end ( 16 GB ) model was initially sold without a rear-facing camera . The current iPod touch is the sixth-generation model , released on July 15 , 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a59f6f51a1681404394b81f45d73e6bf", "text": "TvOS tvOS is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the fourth-generation Apple TV digital media player . tvOS was announced on September 9 , 2015 at the Apple September 2015 event , alongside the 4th generation Apple TV . On October 26 , 2015 , 4th generation Apple TV pre-orders began , and shipments began the following week . At the Apple September 2015 Event , Hipster Whale 's Andy Sum demoed Crossy Road for the Apple TV , available via the tvOS App Store . Apple also announced that other apps ( such as Netflix and HBO Now ) would be coming to the Apple TV running tvOS . tvOS is based on iOS heavily rather than just the stripped-down versions of iOS that the operating systems for the 2nd and 3rd generation Apple TV are . The 4th generation Apple TV , with support for third-party software via an App Store , was rumored prior to the Apple September 2015 Event held on September 9 , 2015 .", "title": "" } ]	fever
400c81a8ae191f609f22eec95cfccd11	The September 11 attacks caused at least $10 billion in property damage.	[ { "docid": "27278578ba1db6092e8ded787688b4b7", "text": "September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks ( also referred to as 9/11 ) The expression `` 9/11 '' is pronounced `` nine eleven '' . The slash is not part of the pronunciation . The name is frequently used in British English as well as in American English , even though the dating conventions differ . were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 . The attacks killed 2,996 people , injured over 6,000 others , and caused at least $ 10 billion in property and infrastructure damage . Four passenger airliners operated by two major U.S. passenger air carriers ( United Airlines and American Airlines ) -- all of which departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California -- were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists . Two of the planes , American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 , were crashed into the North and South towers , respectively , of the World Trade Center complex in New York City . Within an hour and 42 minutes , both 110-story towers collapsed , with debris and the resulting fires causing partial or complete collapse of all other buildings in the World Trade Center complex , including the 47-story 7 World Trade Center tower , as well as significant damage to ten other large surrounding structures . A third plane , American Airlines Flight 77 , was crashed into the Pentagon ( the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense ) in Arlington County , Virginia , leading to a partial collapse of the building 's western side . The fourth plane , United Airlines Flight 93 , initially was steered toward Washington , D.C. , but crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania , after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers . It was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States , with 343 and 72 killed respectively . Suspicion for the attack quickly fell on al-Qaeda . The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban , which had harbored al-Qaeda . Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks . Although al-Qaeda 's leader , Osama bin Laden , initially denied any involvement , in 2004 he claimed responsibility for the attacks . Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel , the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia , and sanctions against Iraq as motives . Having evaded capture for almost a decade , bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U.S. Navy in May 2011 . The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant effect on global markets , closing Wall Street until September 17 and the civilian airspace in the U.S. and Canada until September 13 . Many closings , evacuations , and cancellations followed , out of respect or fear of further attacks . Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002 , and the Pentagon was repaired within a year . On November 18 , 2006 , construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site . The building was officially opened on November 3 , 2014 . Numerous memorials have been constructed , including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City , the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County , Virginia , and the Flight 93 National Memorial in a field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville , Pennsylvania .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2d558377a21d275df8f67ec4b245dd21", "text": "List of terrorist incidents in 1970 This is a timeline of incidents in 1970 that have been labelled as `` terrorism '' and are not believed to have been carried out by a government or its forces ( see state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism ) . , 1970 -- 1972 : The Jewish Defense League was linked with a bomb explosion outside Aeroflot 's New York City office , and a detonation outside of Soviet cultural offices in Washington . Also a JDL member allegedly fired a rifle into the Soviet Union 's mission office at the United Nations . Two JDL members were convicted of bomb possession and burglary in a conspiracy to blow up the Long Island residence of the Soviet Mission to The Bronx .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "663784d3560ea681b1a8e505137935a3", "text": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks On 10 June 2013 , a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck the central and northern parts of Iraq , killing at least 94 people and injuring 289 others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "898a706e8d1055d20c2c60e4ccdc91e2", "text": "List of populated places affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake This is a list of populated places and structures affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake , a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake which occurred on 12 January 2010 , with an epicentre approximately 25 km west of Port-au-Prince , Haiti , and affected an estimated three million people . The Haitian government estimated that 230,000 people died , 300,000 were injured and 1,000,000 made homeless by the quake . The earthquake caused extensive damage to infrastructure in southwestern Haiti -- in February , Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged . The deputy mayor of Léogâne , at the epicentre of the earthquake , reported that 90 percent of buildings in the city were destroyed and Léogâne had `` to be totally rebuilt . '' As much as 90 percent of Grand-Goâve was devastated , including all public buildings . In Gressier , 40 -- 50 percent of buildings were destroyed ; the same in the worst-affected areas of Carrefour . Jacmel , the capital of Sud-Est Department , also was heavily affected ; 70 percent of homes in the city were damaged according to the mayor of Jacmel , as well as the airport , hospital and city hall building . Many landmark buildings were damaged or destroyed , including the Presidential Palace , the National Assembly building ( Palais Législatif ) , the Supreme Court building ( Palais de Justice ) and the Holy Trinity and Port-au-Prince Cathedrals . Port-au-Prince 's main port and airport , the Port international de Port-au-Prince and Toussaint Louverture International Airport also suffered severe damage , as did Killick , the Haitian Coast Guard 's base in the capital city . The Ciné Institute , Haiti 's only film school , `` lost two buildings '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d36ab1b6993cb0974f949e4b79a65e99", "text": "Jonestown `` Jonestown '' was the informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project formed by the Peoples Temple , an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones , in northwestern Guyana . It became internationally notorious when on November 18 , 1978 , a total of 918 people died in the remote commune , at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma , and in Georgetown , Guyana 's capital city . The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations . A total of 909 Americans died in Jonestown , all but two from apparent cyanide poisoning , in an event termed `` revolutionary suicide '' by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions . The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma , including United States Congressman Leo Ryan , an act that Jones ordered . Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones ' command . While some refer to the events in Jonestown as mass suicide , many others , including Jonestown survivors , regard them as mass murder . All who drank poison did so under duress , and more than a third of victims ( 304 ) were minors . It was the largest such event in modern history and resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11 , 2001 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8380494efb8bc6fcf5d621bdfa3f256e", "text": "Los Angeles Times bombing The Los Angeles Times bombing was the purposeful dynamiting of the Los Angeles Times building in Los Angeles , California , on October 1 , 1910 by a union member belonging to the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers . The explosion started a fire which killed 21 newspaper employees and injured 100 more . It was termed the `` crime of the century '' by the Times . Brothers John J. ( `` J.J. '' ) and James B. ( `` J.B. '' ) McNamara were arrested in April 1911 for the bombing . Their trial became a cause célèbre for the American labor movement . J.B. admitted to setting the explosive , and was convicted and sentenced to life in prison . J.J. was sentenced to 15 years in prison for bombing a local iron manufacturing plant , and returned to the Iron Workers union as an organizer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7523a94fa72292afd22f76f21148505d", "text": "Reconstruction of New Orleans Hurricane Katrina destroyed much of the city of New Orleans in 2005 . The storm caused levees to fail , releasing tens of billions of gallons of water . The levee failure contributed to extensive flooding in New Orleans area and surrounding parishes . 80 % of all structures in Orleans Parish sustained water damage . Over 204,000 homes were damaged or destroyed , and more than 800,000 citizens displaced -- the greatest displacement in the United States since the Dust Bowl of the 1930s . Wind damage was less severe than predicted . Reconstruction was hindered by bureaucratic problems and funding issues with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) . Relief agencies provided supplemental relief . By mid-June 2006 , the city was again hosting conventions and promoting tourism .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "04eb41068e505df158de97b530781be1", "text": "Arkansas Army National Guard and the Global War on Terrorism The history of the Arkansas Army National Guard and the Global War on Terrorism begins with the expanded use of the National Guard for overseas duties as the United States reduced the size of the active army in an attempt to realize a `` Peace Dividend '' at the close of the `` Cold War '' . Beginning in the 1990s Arkansas National Guard unit 's experience increased Operations Temp and overseas training opportunities . In the late 1990s Arkansas National Guard units began deploying as part of peace keeping operations in the Balkans and in support of ongoing operations in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia . Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the National Guard became deeply involved in the Global War on Terrorism , with units deploying to guard infrastructure such as Arkansas Nuclear One and airports as part of Operation Noble Eagle . The Guard initially replaced regular army units on missions such as Middle East peace keeping in order to free these units for combat operations . With the 2003 Invasion of Iraq , the Arkansas National Guard began deploying for combat operations in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2831df2070d6a5f7872b0f9f0fe7780d", "text": "National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace In the United States government , the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace , is a component of the larger National Strategy for Homeland Security . The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace was drafted by the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks . Released on February 14 , 2003 , it offers suggestions , not mandates , to business , academic , and individual users of cyberspace to secure computer systems and networks . It was prepared after a year of research by businesses , universities , and government , and after five months of public comment . The plan advises a number of security practices as well as promotion of cyber security education . The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace identifies three strategic objectives : ( 1 ) Prevent cyber attacks against America 's critical infrastructures ; ( 2 ) Reduce national vulnerability to cyber attacks ; and ( 3 ) Minimize damage and recovery time from cyber attacks that do occur . To meet these objectives , the National Strategy outlines five national priorities : The first priority , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Response System , focuses on improving the government 's response to cyberspace security incidents and reducing the potential damage from such events . The second , third , and fourth priorities ( the development of a National Cyberspace Security Threat and Vulnerability Reduction Program , the creation of a National Cyberspace Security Awareness and Training Program , the necessity of Securing Governments ' Cyberspace ) aim to reduce threats from , and vulnerabilities to , cyber attacks . The fifth priority , the establishment of a system of National Security and International Cyberspace Security Cooperation , intends to prevent cyber attacks that could impact national security assets and to improve the international management of and response to such attacks . Ultimately , the National Strategy encourages companies to regularly review their technology security plans , and individuals who use the Internet to add firewalls and anti-virus software to their systems . It calls for a single federal center to help detect , monitor and analyze attacks , and for expanded cyber security research and improved government-industry cooperation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "58ca67c2de1591f5355349a05e686466", "text": "Fallujah during the Iraq War The United States bombardment of Fallujah began in April 2003 , one month following the beginning of the invasion of Iraq . In April 2003 United States forces fired on a group of demonstrators who were protesting against the US presence . US forces alleged they were fired at first , but Human Rights Watch who visited the site of the protests concluded that physical evidence did not corroborate their allegations and confirmed the residents ' accusations that the US forces fired indiscriminately at the crowd with no provocation . 17 people were killed and 70 were wounded . In a later incident , US soldiers fired on protesters again ; Fallujah 's mayor , Taha Bedaiwi al-Alwani , said that two people were killed and 14 wounded . Iraqi insurgents were able to claim the city a year later , before they were ousted by a siege and two assaults by US forces . These events caused widespread destruction and a humanitarian crisis in the city and surrounding areas . As of 2004 , the city was largely ruined , with 60 % of buildings damaged or destroyed , and the population at 30 % -- 50 % of pre-war levels .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "72e7d54a15b95b1cdacf32c46f291c81", "text": "School attacks in China (2010–12) A series of uncoordinated mass stabbings , hammer attacks , and cleaver attacks in the People 's Republic of China began in March 2010 . The spate of attacks left at least 25 dead and some 115 injured . As most cases had no known motive , analysts have blamed mental health problems caused by rapid social change for the rise in these kinds of mass murder and murder-suicide incidents . As the Chenpeng school attack was followed by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in the United States hours later comparisons were drawn between the two . The difference in gun control laws between the two countries was used to explain the disparity in casualties of the school attacks by journalists and politicians , including U.S. Representative Jerry Nadler , and an article in the Associated Press noted that despite the different outcomes , an underlying commonality between the attacks was the increased frequency of school attacks because , `` attackers often seek out the vulnerable , hoping to amplify their outrage before they themselves often commit suicide . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0c3c2e76cb27777307c5c75a4de9f0c4", "text": "Amiriyah Fallujah Al-Amiriyah ( العامرية al-ʻāmiriyyah ) or Amiriyah Fallujah , also Ameriyah , Amiriyyah , Ameriya , Amiriyat , Ameriyat and the like , is a city in the Fallujah District of Al Anbar province , about 30 km south of the city of Fallujah , in Iraq . Ameriyah residents belong mostly to the Albu Issa subtribe , part of the Dulaim tribe . The city was named Amiriyah Fallujah after the occupation of Iraq because of huge number of displaced persons from the city of Fallujah , with a total population of 17 thousand people . During the lead up to the Gulf War in 1990 , several Western hostages were held as a human shield at a suspected ammunition factory in the area from September 1990 until their release 6 December 1990 . These included a crew member from British Airways Flight 149 . Nationals of Britain , Japan and France were held on the site . Only the British were detained until December , the French and Japanese being released in October and November 1990 respectively . The nature of their internment makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact location , but they were told by their Iraqi minders that they were at `` a factory in Amiriyah '' During the American war on Iraq the city witnessed violent clashes such as those seen in the cities of Fallujah and Ramadi as well as explosions and car bombs with chlorine , but in the end in 2007 the Anbar police took over on the city . In 2016 , during the Siege of Fallujah , there was intense fighting in the area between the Iraqi army and ISIL militants . Also several suicide attacks by ISIL were reported .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "094b546e62581ff82522be9ddecac952", "text": "Long Depression The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession , beginning in 1873 and running either through the spring of 1879 , or 1896 , depending on the metrics used . It was the most severe in Europe and the United States , which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War . The episode was labeled the `` Great Depression '' at the time , and it held that designation until the Great Depression of the 1930s . Though a period of general deflation and a general contraction , it did not have the severe economic retrogression of the Great Depression . It was most notable in Western Europe and North America , at least in part because reliable data from the period is most readily available in those parts of the world . The United Kingdom is often considered to have been the hardest hit ; during this period it lost some of its large industrial lead over the economies of Continental Europe . While it was occurring , the view was prominent that the economy of the United Kingdom had been in continuous depression from 1873 to as late as 1896 and some texts refer to the period as the Great Depression of 1873 -- 96 . In the United States , economists typically refer to the Long Depression as the Depression of 1873 -- 79 , kicked off by the Panic of 1873 , and followed by the Panic of 1893 , book-ending the entire period of the wider Long Depression . The National Bureau of Economic Research dates the contraction following the panic as lasting from October 1873 to March 1879 . At 65 months , it is the longest-lasting contraction identified by the NBER , eclipsing the Great Depression 's 43 months of contraction . In the US , from 1873 to 1879 , 18,000 businesses went bankrupt , including 89 railroads . Ten states and hundreds of banks went bankrupt . Unemployment peaked in 1878 , long after the panic ended . Different sources peg the peak U.S. unemployment rate anywhere from 8.25 % to 14 % .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d8fbce7d1369c9150f34a01527d2720b", "text": "New Orleans Public Belt Railroad The New Orleans Public Belt Railroad is a Class III railroad , owned by the City of New Orleans . It connects with six Class I railroads serving the city , and provides switching and haulage service . It is estimated that one-third of the United States ' east-west rail freight crosses the Mississippi on the Huey P. Long Bridge segment of the railroad . The impetus for the NOPB came at the start of the 20th century era when multiple railroads terminating locally created both congestion at the Port of New Orleans and safety problems on city streets . The railroad began operation in 1908 with the intention of giving the major railroads `` uniform and impartial '' access to the port . The railroad is managed by the Public Belt Railroad Commission , which also owns and maintains the Huey P. Long Bridge . NOPB covers over 160 kilometers ( 100 mi ) of track with ten locomotives . No funding is received from the city ; operating and capital expenses are covered by operating revenues . Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 caused an estimated $ 450 million in damage to NOPB equipment and track . At least 70 percent of the railroad 's lines and interchanges were back in operation by September 2005 , and 90 percent by March 2006 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "026389785d9b99718f6c489bd84a9205", "text": "American Ground In American Ground : Unbuilding the World Trade Center , William Langewiesche describes in detail the cleanup and recovery at Ground Zero following the September 11 attacks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bb251b929dac1469923ca6ec3e5d8ea7", "text": "International Freedom Center The International Freedom Center ( IFC ) was a proposed museum to be located adjacent to the site of Ground Zero at the former World Trade Center in New York City , USA . It was selected in 2004 to comprise a `` cultural space '' near to the memorial for victims of the September 11 attacks , called Reflecting Absence . However , opponents reacted against the IFC 's mission , saying that plans to promote international freedom through exhibits and displays about various genocides and crimes against humanity through history , including genocide of Native American and the slave trade in the United States , were inappropriate at a site that many people consider to be sacred . On September 28 , 2005 , New York Governor George E. Pataki barred the IFC from the World Trade Center site . '' George Soros , Tom Bernstein , Anthony Romero , and Eric Foner were promoters of the IFC . Within an hour of being barred from the WTC site , the IFC museum declared itself to be out of business , making no effort to find a new location . `` We do not believe there is a viable alternative place for the I.F.C. at the World Trade Center site , '' said the statement from the center 's executives , Tom Bernstein , Peter Kunhardt and Richard Tofel . `` We consider our work , therefore , to have been brought to an end . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6e56f27c1c74f390bbf03069f994ff36", "text": "U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks The response of the U.S. government to the September 11 attacks sparked investigations into the motivations and execution of the attacks , as well as the ongoing War on Terrorism in Afghanistan The response included funds for affected families , plans for the War on Terrorism , rebuilding of Lower-East Manhattan , and the invasion and investigation of Iraq and Afghanistan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "70326ad8086e25752ca1d15e8093950e", "text": "Rare disasters A rare disaster is an economic collapse that is infrequent and large in magnitude , having a negative effect on an economy . Rare disasters are important because they provide an explanation of the equity premium puzzle , the behavior of interest rates , and other economic phenomena . The parameters for a rare disaster are a substantial drop in GDP and at least a 10 % decrease in consumption . Examples include financial disasters : the Great Depression and the 1997 Asian financial crisis ; wars : World War I , World War II , and regional conflicts ; epidemics : influenza outbreaks and the Asian Flu ; weather events ; and earthquakes and tsunamis ; however , any event that has a substantial impact on GDP and consumption could be considered a rare disaster . The idea was first proposed by Rietz in 1988 , as a way to explain the equity premium puzzle . Since then , other economists have added to and strengthened the idea with evidence , but many economists are still skeptical of the theory .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a7857cf9768ff317f8d4c517ab2b4b13", "text": "America: A Tribute to Heroes America : A Tribute to Heroes was a benefit concert created by the heads of the four major American broadcast networks ; Fox , ABC , NBC and CBS . Joel Gallen was selected by them to produce and run the show . Actor George Clooney organized celebrities to perform and to staff the telephone bank . The marketing and public relations was headed by Warner Bros. . EVP Corp Comm with assistance from the marketing and publicity departments of all four broadcast networks . It was broadcast live by the four major American television networks and all of the cable networks in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001 . Done in the style of a telethon , it featured a number of national and international entertainers performing to raise money for the victims and their families , particularly the New York City firefighters and New York City police officers . It aired September 21 , 2001 , uninterrupted and commercial-free , for which it won a Peabody Award . It was released on December 4 , 2001 , on compact disc and DVD . On a dark stage illuminated by hundreds of candles , twenty-one artists performed songs of mourning and hope , while various actors and other celebrities delivered short spoken messages . The musical performances took place at three studios in Los Angeles ( CBS Television City ) , New York , and London , while the celebrity messages took place at Los Angeles . Some of the musicians including Neil Young and Eddie Vedder were heard working the phone banks taking pledges . The money raised amounted to over $ 200 million , and was given to the United Way 's September 11 Telethon Fund . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine selected this concert , along with the later The Concert for New York City , as one of the 50 moments that changed rock and roll . The show was also simulcast in Canada ; Young and another Canadian singer , Celine Dion , performed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b42419a32f4b304c0a5f7f749e32a49", "text": "Architectural forgery in Japan In Japan , structural engineers designing structures exceeding a certain floor area or number of storeys must submit drawings and calculations to the authorities , demonstrating that the building is safe ( e.g. earthquake-resistant , etc. ) `` Structural Calculation Forgery Problem '' ( 構造計算書偽造問題 , kōzō keisansho gizō mondai ) refers to a series of incidents , set off by the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure and Transport 's November 17 , 2005 , announcement that structural engineer Hidetsugu Aneha of Aneha Architectural Design Office in Chiba Prefecture had falsified earthquake design calculations . A number of Japanese construction and real estate companies have had to declare bankruptcy due to their involvement in the affair , including Kimura Construction and Huser . Note that Aneha is frequently referred to as an architect , as Japan has a unique licensing system where structural engineers designing buildings are registered as first-class architects . It is suggested that one of the causes for the problem was that the ( privately owned ) oversight agencies responsible for confirming compliance to Japanese safety standards did not detect the forgery . Prior to 1999 , oversight was managed solely by regional governments , however , a change made to Japanese law that year allowed private organizations to conduct investigations as well . It was said that these private organizations , such as `` EHomes '' and `` Nihon ERI '' did not adequately function in their oversight roles , however , it was later revealed that government oversight agencies had also failed to detect some instances of forgery . Of 14 hotels that had already been built under false pretenses when the problem first came to light , two of them were shown to fail Japan 's earthquake resistance standards . Because the concrete had insufficient reinforcing steel , there was a fear that an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the Japanese Shindo scale could cause the buildings to collapse . None of the buildings in question have yet collapsed , but the safety of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone Japan has been called into question , particularly in the light of the 1995 Sampoong Department Store collapse in Korea . Residents of the areas around the affected buildings live in a constant state of unease , not knowing if or when the buildings will collapse . Some hotels , unable to guarantee the safety of their customers , have ceased operations . As the architect concerned in the matter has participated in the construction of a large number of buildings , the full extent of the problem is still unknown . In Japan , the incident was first publicized by bloggers . Hidetsugu Aneha , Moriyoshi Kimura , Akira Shinozuka and Togo Fujita etc. were arrested on April 26 , 2006 , and Huser 's president Susumu Ojima was arrested on May 17 of the same year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07bd4fea90e0ba731780de846d206602", "text": "Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel Since 2001 , Palestinian militants have launched thousands of rocket and mortar attacks on Israel from the Gaza Strip as part of the continuing Arab -- Israeli conflict . From 2004 to 2014 , these attacks have killed 27 Israeli civilians , 5 foreign nationals , 5 IDF soldiers , and at least 11 Palestinians and injured more than 1900 people , but their main effect is their creation of widespread psychological trauma and disruption of daily life among the Israeli populace . Medical studies in Sderot , the Israeli city closest to the Gaza Strip , have documented a post-traumatic stress disorder incidence among young children of almost 50 % , as well as high rates of depression and miscarriage . A public opinion poll conducted in March 2013 found that most Palestinians do not support firing rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip . Another poll conducted in September 2014 found that 80 % of Palestinians support firing rockets against Israel if it does not allow unfettered access to Gaza . These rocket attacks have caused flight cancellations at Ben Gurion airport . The weapons , often generically referred to as Qassams , were initially crude and short-range , mainly affecting Sderot and other communities bordering the Gaza Strip . In 2006 , more sophisticated rockets began to be deployed , reaching the larger coastal city of Ashkelon , and by early 2009 major cities Ashdod and Beersheba had been hit by Katyusha , WS-1B and Grad rockets . In 2012 , Jerusalem and Israel 's commercial center Tel Aviv were targeted with locally made `` M-75 '' and Iranian Fajr-5 rockets , respectively , and in July 2014 , the northern city of Haifa was targeted for the first time . A few projectiles have contained white phosphorus said to be recycled from unexploded munitions used by Israel in bombing Gaza . Attacks have been carried out by all Palestinian armed groups , and , prior to the 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War , were consistently supported by most Palestinians , although the stated goals have been mixed . The attacks , widely condemned for targeting civilians , have been described as terrorism by United Nations , European Union and Israeli officials , and are defined as war crimes by human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . The international community considers indiscriminate attacks on civilians and civilian structures that do not discriminate between civilians and military targets illegal under international law . Israeli defenses constructed specifically to deal with the weapons include fortifications for schools and bus stops as well as an alarm system named Red Color . Iron Dome , a system to intercept short-range rockets , was developed by Israel and first deployed in the spring of 2011 to protect Beersheba and Ashkelon , but officials and experts warned that it would not be completely effective . Shortly thereafter , it intercepted a Palestinian Grad rocket for the first time . In the cycle of violence , rocket attacks alternate with Israeli military actions . From the outbreak of the Al Aqsa Intifada ( September 30 , 2000 ) through March 2013 , 8,749 rockets and 5,047 mortar shells were fired on Israel , while Israel has conducted several military operations in the Gaza Strip , among them Operation Rainbow ( 2004 ) , Operation Days of Penitence ( 2004 ) , Operation Summer Rains ( 2006 ) , Operation Autumn Clouds ( 2006 ) , Operation Hot Winter ( 2008 ) , Operation Cast Lead ( 2009 ) , Operation Pillar of Defense ( 2012 ) , and Operation Protective Edge ( 2014 ) .", "title": "" } ]	fever
75625c6e4037163aa0a41416f2c4df23	Farrah Fawcett acted in the romantic comedy Love is a Funny Thing.	[ { "docid": "c4eb7b05ef81b2ce3851386f7a6f3bda", "text": "Farrah Fawcett Farrah Fawcett ( born Ferrah Leni Fawcett ; February 2 , 1947 -- June 25 , 2009 ) was an American actress and artist . A four-time Emmy Award nominee and six-time Golden Globe Award nominee , Fawcett rose to international fame when she posed for her iconic red swimsuit poster -- which became the best selling pin-up poster in history -- and starred as private investigator Jill Munroe in the first season of the television series Charlie 's Angels ( 1976 -- 1977 ) . In 1996 , she was ranked No. 26 on TV Guide `` 50 Greatest TV stars of All-Time '' . Fawcett began her career in 1968 in commercials and guest roles on television . During the 1970s , she appeared in numerous television series , including recurring roles on Harry O ( 1974 -- 1976 ) , and The Six Million Dollar Man ( 1974 -- 1978 ) with then husband , film and television star Lee Majors . Her breakthrough role came in 1976 , when she was cast as Jill Munroe in the ABC series Charlie 's Angels , alongside Kate Jackson and Jaclyn Smith . The show propelled all three to stardom , but especially Fawcett ( then billed as Farrah Fawcett-Majors ) . After appearing in only the first season , Fawcett decided to leave the show which led to legal disputes . Eventually she signed a contract requiring her to make six guest appearances in the show 's third and fourth seasons ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . For her role in Charlie 's Angels she received her first Golden Globe nomination . In 1983 , Fawcett received positive reviews for her performance in the Off-Broadway play Extremities . She was subsequently cast in the 1986 film version and received a Golden Globe nomination . She received two Emmy Award nominations for her roles in TV movies , as a battered wife in the 1984 film The Burning Bed and as real-life murderer Diane Downs in the 1989 film Small Sacrifices . Her 1980s work in TV movies also earned her four additional Golden Globe nominations . In 1997 , she gained some negative press for a rambling appearance on The Late Show with David Letterman , but also garnered strong reviews for her role in the film The Apostle with Robert Duvall . She continued in numerous TV series , including recurring roles in the sitcom Spin City ( 2001 ) and the drama The Guardian ( 2002 -- 2003 ) . For the latter , she received her third Emmy nomination . Her film roles include , Love Is a Funny Thing ( 1969 ) , Myra Breckinridge ( 1970 ) , Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) , Sunburn ( 1979 ) , Saturn 3 ( 1980 ) , The Cannonball Run ( 1981 ) , Extremities ( 1986 ) , The Apostle ( 1997 ) , and Dr. T & the Women ( 2000 ) . Fawcett was diagnosed with anal cancer in 2006 ; the 2009 NBC documentary Farrah 's Story chronicled her battle with the disease . She posthumously earned her fourth Emmy nomination for her work as a producer on the documentary .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "ff368d9df55b7de8812c65ec366e0bd3", "text": "Hot Stuff (1929 film) Hot Stuff is a 1929 American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and written by Robert S. Carr , Humphrey Pearson and Louis Stevens . It stars Alice White and features Louise Fazenda , William Bakewell , Doris Dawson , Ben Hall and Charles Sellon . The film was released by First National Pictures on May 5 , 1929 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9805cfda6b3725b9590c2c0272947beb", "text": "Duets (film) Duets is a 2000 American road trip film co-produced and directed by Bruce Paltrow and written by John Byrum . The motion picture features an ensemble cast co-starring Gwyneth Paltrow , Paul Giamatti , Maria Bello , Scott Speedman , Andre Braugher , Huey Lewis and Angie Dickinson , among others . The movie `` revolves around the little known world of karaoke competitions and the wayward characters who inhabit it . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd00c2508796f885c5928897e79e7863", "text": "The Ugly Truth The Ugly Truth is a 2009 American romantic comedy film starring Katherine Heigl and Gerard Butler . The film was released in North America on July 24 , 2009 by Columbia Pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f76f2c724f8ce67bf48481256e4f4fa", "text": "In Love with Barbara In Love with Barbara is a 2008 drama film , inspired by the life of the romantic novelist Barbara Cartland , which tells the story of what made her the Queen of Romance . It was written by Jacquetta May and shown on BBC Four at 9:00 pm , on Sunday 26 October 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b21096d80f5273fd1f18a57e5dd89a7e", "text": "Funny or Die Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell , Adam McKay and Chris Henchy . The website Funny Or Die contains exclusive material from a regular staff of in-house writers , producers , and directors , and occasionally from a number of famous contributors like Judd Apatow , James Franco , and Norm Macdonald . The production company makes TV shows like truTV 's Billy on the Street , Comedy Central 's @midnight , and Zach Galifianakis 's popular Emmy-winning web series Between Two Ferns . Many videos on the site feature well-known actors ( examples include Steve Carell , Charlie Sheen , Ryan Gosling , Patrick Stewart , Daniel Radcliffe , Sophia Bush , Mila Kunis , AnnaSophia Robb , Hilary Duff , Adam West , James Van Der Beek , Jim Carrey , Ariel Winter , and Selena Gomez ) . Michael Kvamme , an aspiring young comedian , came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site ; and the site was developed by Randy Adams . Funny Or Die launched on April 12 , 2007 with the site 's first video , `` The Landlord '' . `` The Landlord '' has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing , beer-drinking two-year-old landlord . In June 2007 , they received venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital , and in June 2008 , they announced a partnership with HBO . On August 3 , 2016 , Funny or Die shut-down one of its California offices , reducing its headcount by 30 % to 95 employees , with the announcement coming just two month after the new CEO , Mike Farah , took office", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d54e3b8a664da465c62453c4e06bb50", "text": "Summer Love (1958 film) Summer Love is a 1958 comedy film directed by Charles F. Haas , written by William Raynor , starring John Saxon , Jill St. John , Judi Meredith and Molly Bee . It is rated 6.4 / 10 on the IMDb . It is a sequel to the 1956 film Rock , Pretty Baby .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a763cb0e28d10e51fce9f4cd5bab05ba", "text": "Hannah Free Hannah Free is a 2009 American lesbian romance film , adapted from Claudia Allen 's play of the same name . It is a story about living , loving , and letting go . Hannah and Rachel grew up as little girls in the same small Midwest town , where traditional gender expectations eventually challenged their deep love for one another . Hannah becomes an adventurous , unapologetic lesbian and Rachel a strong but quiet homemaker . Weaving back and forth between past and present , the film reveals how the women maintained their love affair despite a marriage , a world war , infidelities , and family denial . Hannah Free is a feature-length motion picture shot in HD for distribution in worldwide theatrical and ancillary markets . It stars Sharon Gless , Maureen Gallagher , Kelli Strickland , Ann Hagemann , Taylor Miller , and Jax Jackson . The film is produced by Ripe Fruit Films , LLC .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1e1db7ef5ce481651b446c320687bfdd", "text": "Love Rules (film) Love Rules is a 2004 comedy film starring Joey Lawrence and Maggie Lawson , airing on ABC Family . On its premiere night , Love Rules opened up with 4.1 million viewers tuning in for its premiere .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "73f35a1bb7cfa8a1d18f4dbbe6733bef", "text": "Hollywood & Wine Hollywood & Wine is a 2010 American comedy film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d32b0a41b0769eeb5aba774729f08a8d", "text": "Married and in Love Married and in Love is a 1940 film directed by John Farrow .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a59b72ffba6dbdaccbe5d325739b218", "text": "Dalva Dalva is a 1996 American made-for-television drama film starring Farrah Fawcett and Carroll Baker . Although Fawcett is n't the movie 's only star , she is the only performer to be billed in the opening credits . However , on DVD and VHS cases Baker and Powers Boothe garner direct below-the-title billing .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fa30d7dfd687f486e2c41735e1422cf3", "text": "Hooray for Love (film) Hooray for Love is a 1935 American musical comedy film directed by Walter Lang from a screenplay by Lawrence Hazard and Ray Harris , which was based on an unpublished story by Marc Lachmann titled The Show Must Go On . Starring Ann Sothern and Gene Raymond , they were supported by Bill Robinson , Maria Gambarelli , Thurston Hall , and Pert Kelton ; the film was released by RKO on June 14 , 1935 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "93db1d079f643f52f5f61aa0b0663a61", "text": "Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love Salaam-e-Ishq : A Tribute To Love is a 2007 Bollywood romantic drama anthology film . Directed by Nikhil Advani , it featured an ensemble cast of stars including Salman Khan , Priyanka Chopra , Anil Kapoor , Juhi Chawla , Akshaye Khanna , Ayesha Takia , John Abraham , Vidya Balan , Govinda , Shannon Esra , Sohail Khan and Isha Koppikar in lead roles . It is an unofficial remake of 2003 British film , Love Actually . The movie weaves six love stories together thanks to the relationships of the people within it . The film was Advani 's second directorial venture after Kal Ho Naa Ho . The shooting for the film begun in 2004 and was finished by 2006 . The movie released on 26 January 2007 . The film met with negative reviews from critics and recorded as disaster at the box-office .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "09d51123de2f559c7066c74c55468d52", "text": "Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story Poor Little Rich Girl : The Barbara Hutton Story is a 1987 television biographical drama starring Farrah Fawcett . The film chronicles the life of Barbara Hutton , a wealthy but troubled American socialite . Released as both a television movie and a mini series , the film won a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film . Fawcett earned her fifth Golden Globe Award nomination , for Best Actress in a Miniseries of Television Film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "059f36d14c6e060105f3b79c01941c4c", "text": "My First Love (film) My First Love is a 1988 comedy-romance television film starring Richard Kiley and Bea Arthur .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "88c54f418778287f4b8f66f525226687", "text": "Playing It Cool Playing It Cool ( formerly known as A Many Splintered Thing ) is an American romantic comedy film directed by Justin Reardon and written by Chris Shafer and Paul Vicknair . The film stars Chris Evans , Michelle Monaghan , Anthony Mackie , Aubrey Plaza , Patrick Warburton , Ashley Tisdale , Ioan Gruffudd , and Topher Grace . The film was released on video on demand starting on March 31 , 2015 before a limited release on May 8 , 2015 by Vertical Entertainment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3677cc3b9ea48c26adb8e57306f6e0ff", "text": "Bromantic comedy A bromantic comedy is a comedy film genre that takes the formula of the typical `` romantic comedy '' but focuses on close male friendships .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "49359cd95d89b659f38d5a9bc3a5813c", "text": "The Comedian (2016 film) The Comedian is a 2016 American comedy-drama film directed by Taylor Hackford and written by Lewis Friedman , Richard LaGravenese , Art Linson , and Jeff Ross . The film stars Robert De Niro , Leslie Mann , Danny DeVito , Edie Falco , Veronica Ferres , Charles Grodin , Cloris Leachman , Patti LuPone and Harvey Keitel . The film had its world premiere at the AFI Fest on November 11 , 2016 and was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Sony Pictures Classics . The film opened to negative reviews from critics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7744022af153ff01626ba2f717e88340", "text": "Love Nest Love Nest is a 1951 American comedy-drama film directed by Joseph Newman and starring June Haver , William Lundigan , Frank Fay , Marilyn Monroe , and Jack Paar . The post-World War II comedy features an early supporting role for Monroe . It is one of the few films Paar made prior to his television career , and the last film appearance by Fay , who had been a popular stage comedian in 1920s and revived his career starring in the long-running Broadway comedy Harvey . It was also the last appearance by silent star Leatrice Joy . The film borrows its name from the popular old song Love Nest with music by Louis Hirsch and lyrics by Otto A. Harbach . The song is sung by a chorus over the opening credits and was used as a theme song for The Burns and Allen Show on both radio and TV .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "becb852a9a1d129df458f58244030ab3", "text": "Love Liza Love Liza is a 2002 American comedy-drama film directed by Todd Louiso and starring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Kathy Bates , Jack Kehler , Wayne Duvall , Sarah Koskoff and Stephen Tobolowsky .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b0de5a218762497af407929fd8bddbe6	The Los Angeles Lakers hold the NBA record for longest winning streak.	[ { "docid": "da4277598f81ce4dd04f958739997763", "text": "Los Angeles Lakers The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles . The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center , an arena shared with the NBA 's Los Angeles Clippers , the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women 's National Basketball Association , and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League . The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA , and have won 16 NBA championships , their last being in 2010 . As of 2015 , the Lakers are the second most valuable franchise in the NBA according to Forbes , having an estimated value of $ 2.7 billion . The franchise began with the 1947 purchase of a disbanded team , the Detroit Gems of the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The new team began playing in Minneapolis , calling themselves the Minneapolis Lakers in honor of the state 's nickname , `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Initially a member of the NBL , the Lakers won the 1948 NBL championship before joining the rival Basketball Association of America and winning five of the next six BAA and NBA championships in Minneapolis after the NBA formed in 1949 . The team was propelled by center George Mikan , who is described by the NBA 's official website as the league 's `` first superstar '' . After struggling financially in the late 1950s following Mikan 's retirement , they relocated to Los Angeles before the 1960 -- 61 season . Led by Hall of Famers Elgin Baylor and Jerry West , Los Angeles made the NBA Finals six times in the 1960s , but lost each series to the Boston Celtics , beginning their long and storied rivalry . In 1968 , the Lakers acquired four-time NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Wilt Chamberlain to play center , and after losing in the Finals in 1969 and 1970 , they won their sixth NBA title -- and first in Los Angeles -- in 1972 , led by new head coach Bill Sharman . After the retirement of West and Chamberlain , the team acquired another center , Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , who had won multiple MVP awards , but was unable to make the Finals in the late 1970s . The 1980s Lakers were nicknamed `` Showtime '' due to their Magic Johnson-led fast break-offense , and won five championships in a 9-year span , including their first ever Finals championship against the Celtics in 1985 . This team featured Hall of Famers in Johnson , Abdul-Jabbar , and James Worthy , and a Hall of Fame coach , Pat Riley . After Abdul-Jabbar and Johnson 's retirement , the team struggled in the early 1990s before acquiring Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant in 1996 . Led by O'Neal , Bryant , and another Hall of Fame coach , Phil Jackson , Los Angeles won three consecutive titles between 2000 to 2002 , securing the franchise its second `` three-peat '' . After losing both the 2004 and 2008 NBA Finals , the Lakers won two more championships by defeating the Orlando Magic in 2009 and Boston in 2010 . The Lakers hold the record for NBA 's longest winning streak , 33 straight games , set during the 1971 -- 72 season . 21 Hall of Famers have played for Los Angeles , while four have coached the team . Four Lakers -- Abdul-Jabbar , Johnson , O'Neal , and Bryant -- have won the NBA MVP Award for a total of eight awards .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "19be0e868f60d06916a2a519cd63eedc", "text": "2016–17 Cleveland Cavaliers season The 2016 -- 17 Cleveland Cavaliers season is the 47th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . For the first time in franchise history , the Cavaliers entered the season as the defending NBA champions . The Cavaliers also broke the record of most made three-pointers in a regular season game with 25 against the Atlanta Hawks . The Cavaliers finished the regular season with a 51 -- 31 record , securing the 2nd seed . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated and swept the Indiana Pacers in four games in the First Round , advancing to the Semifinals . They then defeated and swept the Toronto Raptors in four games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals . They defeated the Boston Celtics in five games to advance to the NBA Finals for the third straight season . In the 2017 NBA Finals , the Cavaliers will face the Golden State Warriors for the third straight year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "74523e8eb9fdf9fbeb39cab73cf8d7c4", "text": "Backstage: Lakers Backstage : Lakers is a reality sports documentary television series produced by Spectrum SportsNet which covers the Los Angeles Lakers from an in-depth , behind-the-scenes angle , giving the viewer `` unprecedented access '' to the team . The series has documented the season from inside the locker room , the practice facility , the executive offices , the training room , as well as chronicling the players at home with their families and on the road with their team . A new 30-minute episode debuts every week of the season on Wednesdays at 5:00 PM PST on Spectrum SportsNet . Re-airs can be viewed multiple times throughout the week of the network . A Spanish-language version entitled Lakers Confidencial premieres every Thursday on Spectrum Deportes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a21ab35d17281feb81f03d046bbf769c", "text": "1963–64 NBA season The 1963 -- 64 NBA season was the 18th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning their 6th straight NBA Championship , beating the San Francisco Warriors 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cf455ee88ed3481172d8058df8aeea1f", "text": "Southwest Division (NBA) The Southwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The division is located in the South Central United States and consists of five teams , the Dallas Mavericks , the Houston Rockets , the Memphis Grizzlies , the New Orleans Pelicans and the San Antonio Spurs . Three of the teams , the Mavericks , Rockets , and Spurs , are based in Texas . The division was created at the start of the 2004 -- 05 season , when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats . The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference . The Southwest Division began with five inaugural members , the Mavericks , the Rockets , the Grizzlies , the Hornets ( now Pelicans ) and the Spurs . The Mavericks , the Rockets , the Grizzlies and the Spurs joined from the now-defunct Midwest Division , while the Pelicans joined from the Central Division . The Spurs have won the most Southwest Division titles with eight . The Mavericks have won two titles and the Pelicans and Rockets have won one title each . The Grizzlies have never won the Southwest Division title . Four NBA champions came from the Southwest Division . The Spurs won the NBA championship in 2005 , 2007 and 2014 , while the Mavericks won in 2011 . In the 2007 -- 08 season , all four teams that qualified for the playoffs each had more than 50 wins . In the 2010 -- 11 season and the 2014 -- 15 season , all teams in the division had winning percentages above 0.500 ( 50 % ) . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the Southwest Division saw every one of its teams making the playoffs , a feat achieved only twice in the last 30 years . The most recent division champion is the San Antonio Spurs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "67ff1570bb3a667557dcb83141f2cbbd", "text": "NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association All-Star Game Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the player ( s ) voted best of the annual All-Star Game . The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year 's game . The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games . Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively . The voting is conducted by a panel of media members , who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game . The player ( s ) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award . No All-Star Game MVP was named in 1999 since the game was canceled due to the league 's lockout . , the most recent recipient is New Orleans Pelicans forward Anthony Davis . Bob Pettit and Kobe Bryant are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times . Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , and Shaquille O'Neal have each won the award three times , while Bob Cousy , Julius Erving , Isiah Thomas , Magic Johnson , Karl Malone , Allen Iverson , LeBron James and Russell Westbrook have all won the award twice . James ' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years , 1 month . Kyrie Irving , winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP , is the second-youngest at 21 years , 10 months . They 're notable as being the two youngest to win the award , both as Cleveland Cavaliers . Four of the games had joint winners -- Elgin Baylor and Pettit in 1959 , John Stockton and Malone in 1993 , O'Neal and Tim Duncan in 2000 , and O'Neal and Bryant in 2009 . O'Neal became the first player in All-Star history to share two MVP awards . The Los Angeles Lakers have had eleven winners while the Boston Celtics have had eight . Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands and Irving of Australia are the only winners not born in the United States . Both Duncan and Irving are American citizens , but are considered `` international '' players by the NBA because they were not born in one of the fifty states or Washington , D.C. No player trained entirely outside the U.S. has won the award ; Irving lived in the U.S. since age two , and Duncan played U.S. college basketball at Wake Forest . Bob Pettit ( 1958 , 1959 ) and Russell Westbrook ( 2015 , 2016 ) are the only players to win consecutive awards . Pettit ( 1956 ) , Bob Cousy ( 1957 ) , Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 ) , Bill Russell ( 1963 ) , Oscar Robertson ( 1964 ) , Willis Reed ( 1970 ) , Dave Cowens ( 1973 ) , Michael Jordan ( 1988 , 1996 , 1998 ) , Magic Johnson ( 1990 ) , Shaquille O'Neal ( 2000 ) , and Allen Iverson ( 2001 ) all won the All-Star Game MVP and the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in the same season ; Jordan is the only player to do this multiple times . 14 players have won the award playing for the team that hosted the All-Star Game : Macauley ( 1951 ) , Cousy ( 1957 ) , Pettit ( 1958 , 1962 ) , Chamberlain ( 1960 ) , Adrian Smith ( 1966 ) , Rick Barry ( 1967 ) , Jerry West ( 1972 ) , Tom Chambers ( 1987 ) , Jordan ( 1988 ) , Karl Malone ( 1993 ) , John Stockton ( 1993 ) , O'Neal ( 2004 , 2009 ) , Bryant ( 2011 ) and Davis ( 2017 ) ; Pettit and O'Neal did this multiple times . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has the distinction of playing in the most All-Star Games ( 18 ) without winning the All-Star Game MVP , while Adrian Smith won the MVP in his only All-Star Game .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bf77a8e6ccd3b3324aede909aa1a6086", "text": "1954 NBA All-Star Game The 1954 NBA All Star Game was the fourth NBA All-Star Game . It was held on January 21 , 1954 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Bob Cousy of the Boston Celtics was the game MVP . Joe Lapchick of the New York Knicks coached the Eastern Conference and John Kundla of the Minneapolis Lakers coached the Western Conference . The attendance was 16,487 . The Eastern Conference held an 84 -- 82 edge with only seconds remaining in the game . Then , George Mikan of the Lakers was fouled . Mikan proceeded to make both foul shots , which sent the game into overtime . In the extra period , Cousy scored 10 points to secure a 98 -- 93 victory . The Western Conference 's Jim Pollard , the game 's high scorer with 23 points , had been named MVP in a vote taken before regulation time had run out . But another ballot was taken and Cousy became the MVP . The 1954 All-Star Game was the last All-Star Game in which neither side reached 100 points .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a3f5258b825b3d1f6b7dca9cd1a93c73", "text": "1980–81 Houston Rockets season The 1980 -- 81 Houston Rockets season saw the Rockets lose the NBA Finals . The 1981 Rockets are the only team since the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers to make the NBA Finals with a losing record .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "78a278c05995841a45dc5165150ee47b", "text": "1994 NBA Finals The 1994 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 1993 -- 94 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season , featuring the Western Conference 's Houston Rockets defeating the Eastern Conference 's New York Knicks . This matchup was Hakeem Olajuwon 's second NBA Finals appearance , his other being in 1986 , where Larry Bird and the Boston Celtics defeated the Houston Rockets four games to two . The series was Patrick Ewing 's first NBA Finals appearance . The Rockets came in with strong determination to win not only the franchise 's first NBA championship , but the city 's first championship in a league that still existed , while the Knicks were looking to add a third NBA championship trophy , as the Knicks ' last trophy came from the 1973 NBA Finals . The Knicks also hoped to impress their new owners Viacom , who had just bought Paramount Communications ( formerly Gulf + Western ) , their longtime owners ( after the series however , Viacom sold the Knicks and the rest of the Madison Square Garden properties ) . The series was hailed as a meeting of the two great centers who had previously played for a championship in college . In 1984 while Olajuwon was with the University of Houston and Ewing was with Georgetown University , Georgetown had beaten Houston 84 -- 75 in the 1984 NCAA Championship game . In this series , however , Olajuwon outperformed Ewing , outscoring him in every game of the series and posting numbers of 26.9 ppg on 50.0 % shooting compared to Ewing 's 18.9 ppg on 36.3 % shooting . However , Ewing set an NBA finals record in the series with a total of 30 blocks , and he tied the single-game record of 8 blocks in Game 5 . Tim Duncan would later set the record for most blocks in a Finals series ( 2003 ) with 32 blocks in six games while Dwight Howard would set the record for most blocked shots in a Finals game with 9 blocked shots in Game 4 of the 2009 Finals while with the Orlando Magic . During the series , the Houston Rockets played seven low-scoring , defensive games against the New York Knicks . After splitting the first two games in Houston , the Knicks won two out of three games at Madison Square Garden , which also hosted the Rangers first Stanley Cup celebration in 54 years during the series . In Game 6 , however , Rockets center Hakeem Olajuwon blocked a last-second championship-winning shot attempt by John Starks , giving the Rockets an 86 -- 84 victory and forcing a Game 7 , which made Knicks Coach Pat Riley the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach in a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having been with the Los Angeles Lakers in and . In addition , the Knicks set a record for most playoff games played in one season , with 25 . The Detroit Pistons tied this record in . The Boston Celtics , coached by Doc Rivers , would surpass it during their championship season of 2008 when they played 26 . The Rockets beat the Knicks in Game 7 , 90 -- 84 , enabling the city of Houston to not only celebrate its first NBA and fifth professional sports championship ( first in an existing league ) , but also deny New York from having both NBA and NHL championships in the same year ( Chicago had suffered this fate in 1992 , with the Bulls winning their second NBA championship and the Blackhawks losing in the Stanley Cup Finals ) . For his efforts Olajuwon was named NBA Finals Most Valuable Player . For the Knicks , Riley had the unfortunate distinction of having become the first ( and to this date , the only ) coach to lose a Game 7 NBA Finals on two different teams , having lost to the Celtics in 1984 . It also denied him the distinction of being the first coach to win a Game 7 NBA Finals with two different teams , having defeated the Detroit Pistons in 1988 . NBC Sports used Ahmad Rashād ( Knicks sideline ) and Hannah Storm ( Rockets sideline ) . Hal Douglas narrated the season-ending documentary Clutch City for NBA Entertainment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "da88433188325537b313875290d1b08b", "text": "Hank Finkel Henry J. Finkel ( born April 20 , 1942 ) is an American basketball player whose professional career lasted from 1966 to 1975 . Selected by the Los Angeles Lakers in Round 2 of the 1966 NBA draft he remained with the team through 1966 -- 67 , then played with the San Diego Rockets from 1967 to 1969 and spent the remaining years with the Boston Celtics , when , during his next to last season , the Celtics won the 1974 NBA Championship .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7fa36d63f0527d87ddd8a9b5596d1828", "text": "2002 NBA All-Star Game The 2002 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game which was played on February 10 , 2002 at the First Union Center in Philadelphia , home of the Philadelphia 76ers . This game was the 51st edition of the North American NBA All-Star Game and was played during the 2001 -- 02 NBA season . The West defeated the East 135-120 , with Kobe Bryant of the L.A. Lakers winning the Most Valuable Player . Bryant scored 31 points , dished 5 assists , and grabbed 5 rebounds . Tracy McGrady led the way for the East , scoring 25 points off the bench . He also made one of the most memorable plays in All-Star Game history , the self pass off the backboard dunk . This was also the last All-Star Game to feature players wearing their respective team jerseys , and thus far , the last to be seen on over-the-air television ( all subsequent games have aired on the cable channel TNT ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ee92f56ea9ba2b65e427337de74057ed", "text": "NBA Most Valuable Player Award The National Basketball Association Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1955 -- 56 season to the best performing player of the regular season . The winner receives the Maurice Podoloff Trophy , which is named in honor of the first commissioner ( then president ) of the NBA , who served from 1946 until 1963 . Until the , the MVP was selected by a vote of NBA players . Since the , the award is decided by a panel of sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first to fifth place selections . Each first-place vote is worth 10 points ; each second-place vote is worth seven ; each third-place vote is worth five , fourth-place is worth three and fifth-place is worth one . Starting from 2010 , one ballot was cast by fans through online voting . The player with the highest point total wins the award . , the current holder of the award is Stephen Curry , who won both the 2015 and 2016 MVP Awards . Every player who has won this award and has been eligible for the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame has been inducted . Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the award a record six times . Both Bill Russell and Michael Jordan won the award five times , while Wilt Chamberlain and LeBron James won the award four times . Russell and James are the only players to have won the award four times in five seasons . Moses Malone , Larry Bird and Magic Johnson each won the award three times , while Bob Pettit , Karl Malone , Tim Duncan , Steve Nash and Stephen Curry have each won it twice . Only two rookies have won the award : Wilt Chamberlain in the and Wes Unseld in the 1968 -- 69 season . Hakeem Olajuwon of Nigeria , Tim Duncan of the U.S. Virgin Islands , Steve Nash of Canada and Dirk Nowitzki of Germany are the only MVP winners considered `` international players '' by the NBA . Stephen Curry in 2015 -- 16 is the only player to have won the award unanimously . Shaquille O'Neal in 1999 -- 2000 and LeBron James in 2012 -- 13 are the only two players to have fallen one vote shy of a unanimous selection , both receiving 120 of 121 votes . Since the , every winner was from a team that won at least 50 games in the regular season that year.Except for seasons affected by lockouts , when the schedule was shortened from the norm of 82 games . Karl Malone won in 1998 -- 99 when Utah was 37 -- 13 in 50 games , which projected to 60 wins in 82 games . James won in 2011 -- 12 when the Miami Heat were 46 -- 20 in 66 games , which projected to 57 wins .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "69aa3290e3b9cd7058694274721532c0", "text": "1993–94 Atlanta Hawks season The 1993 -- 94 NBA season was the Hawks ' 45th season in the National Basketball Association , and 26th season in Atlanta . In the offseason , Michael Jordan shocked the NBA by announcing his retirement . This meant that various teams in the league had an opportunity to contend for a championship . The Hawks hired Hall of Famer Lenny Wilkens as their new head coach . Wilkens was a star guard for the franchise when it was based in St. Louis in the 1960s . Wilkens was quickly moving up the all-time coaching wins list after successful runs with the Seattle SuperSonics and Cleveland Cavaliers . Wilkens employed a defensive system which benefited several members of the team . The team also signed free agents Craig Ehlo and Andrew Lang during the offseason . The Hawks got off to a slow start losing four of their first five games , but then went on a 14-game winning streak as they held a 34 -- 13 record before the All-Star break . Despite being in first place in the East , the Hawks would trade franchise leading scorer Dominique Wilkins to the Los Angeles Clippers for All-Star forward Danny Manning on February 24 . By the end of the season , the Hawks finished first overall in the Eastern Conference with a record of 57 wins and 25 losses . Guards Stacey Augmon and Mookie Blaylock were both named to the NBA All-Defensive team . Blaylock was also selected for the 1994 NBA All-Star Game along with Wilkins , and Coach of The Year , Lenny Wilkens coaching the Eastern Conference . In the playoffs , the Hawks defeated the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals in five games after trailing 2 -- 1 , but lost to the 5th-seeded Indiana Pacers four games to two in the semifinals . Following the season , Manning signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Phoenix Suns , Duane Ferrell signed with the Indiana Pacers , and second-year forward Adam Keefe was traded to the Utah Jazz .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4b418a1eeddbdc8fa5ab9077945d98a2", "text": "1999–2000 Phoenix Suns season The 1999 -- 2000 NBA season was the 32nd season for the National Basketball Association 's Phoenix Suns . During the offseason , the Suns acquired All-Star guard Anfernee Hardaway from the Orlando Magic , while signing free agent Rodney Rogers and re-signing former Suns center Oliver Miller . Scott Skiles would come on as head coach , replacing Danny Ainge after a 13 -- 7 start to the season . The Suns would finish third in the Pacific Division at 53 -- 29 , and extend the franchise 's record for playoff appearances before losing in the Western Conference semifinals . Clifford Robinson led the team in scoring at 18.5 points per game . Hardaway , Jason Kidd , Rodney Rogers , Tom Gugliotta , and top draft pick Shawn Marion rounded out a list of six Suns players averaging double-digits in points . Kidd led the NBA in assists per game and was tied for fifth in steals , while being selected for the 2000 NBA All-Star Game . Rogers finished the regular season fourth in three-point field goal percentage , and won the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award . Kidd would earn All-NBA First Team and NBA All-Defensive Second Team honors . In March , former Suns guard Kevin Johnson came out of his retirement and played in six games . He would then retire for the second time after the playoffs . The Suns finished with the same regular season record , but did not have home court advantage going into their first round match-up with the San Antonio Spurs . Still , the Suns would advance to their first conference semifinals appearance since the 1994 -- 95 season en route to taking the series three games to one . The Suns lost in the conference semifinals to new league MVP Shaquille O'Neal and the eventual champion Los Angeles Lakers four games to one . Following the season , Rex Chapman retired , Miller was released and Luc Longley was traded to the New York Knicks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37d474d56ace39853e42908495798a00", "text": "1994–95 Sacramento Kings season The 1994 -- 95 NBA season was the Kings ' 46th season in the National Basketball Association , and 10th season in Sacramento . With the arrivals of rookies Brian Grant and Michael Smith , the Kings had an improved defense which held opponents at 99.2 points per game ( 8th best in the NBA ) . On the offensive side , the Kings were led by Mitch Richmond , who averaged 22.8 points per game while winning the All-Star MVP award in the 1995 NBA All-Star Game . The Kings played above .500 for the first half of the season with a 28 -- 20 record in mid February . However , they struggled with a 7-game losing streak afterwards as they began to slip under .500 . On the final day of the regular season , the Kings faced the Denver Nuggets at McNichols Sports Arena for the eighth and final playoff spot in the Western Conference . The Nuggets would win 102 -- 89 as the Kings went home with a 39 -- 43 record , missing the playoffs for the ninth consecutive season . Grant was selected to the All-Rookie First Team . Following the season , Spud Webb was traded back to the Atlanta Hawks . For the season , the Kings changed their logo and added purple to their uniforms . The jerseys lasted until 2002 , while the logo lasted until 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9c00800557203b8e2f2c11eebaaff07c", "text": "2014–15 Houston Rockets season The 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets season was the 48th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and the 44th in the Houston area . The Rockets finished the regular season with a 56 -- 26 record , the third best in franchise history . They also won their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 . The Rockets beat the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the first round , advancing to the Western Conference Semifinals for the first time since 2009 . They beat the Los Angeles Clippers in seven games after trailing the series 1 -- 3 , advancing to the Western Conference Finals for the first time since 1997 . They became just the ninth team in NBA history to come back from such a deficit -- and currently the only franchise to do so twice . The Rockets ' season ended with a 1 -- 4 loss in the Western Conference Finals to the Golden State Warriors .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45cdbfc3f98d34280a413dfd28811a8f", "text": "Multiple major sports championship seasons In the history of North American major professional sports league championships ( which include the NFL , MLB , NBA , and NHL ) a city/metropolitan area has been home to multiple championships in a season fifteen times , most recently in 2008-2009 , when the Pittsburgh Penguins and Pittsburgh Steelers won their respective leagues , in February and June of 2009 . Only Detroit has been host to more than two major league championship teams in a season , although in 2002 Los Angeles metropolitan area 's Lakers and Angels won the NBA and MLB championships along with two other local teams of smaller leagues ( the Sparks of the WNBA and the Galaxy of the MLS ) . Super Bowls take place in the February after the NFL 's regular season . The Super Bowl used to be in January . Therefore , Super Bowl I , which took place January 15 , 1967 is officially the championship game for the 1966 season . In the calendar year 2009 , Pittsburgh 's Steelers and Penguins won their respective championships , but the Steelers ' championship was for the NFL 's 2008 regular season . However , before 1965 , the NFL championship game was played in December of that calendar year . That being said , both of those seasons started in 2008 and ended in 2009 . Therefore , Pittsburgh was in fact the most recent city to win multiple championships in the same season . All four of Philadelphia 's major professional sports teams either played in the championship , or won titles in their respective sports following the 1980 season : The 1980 Philadelphia Phillies won the World Series , the 1980 Philadelphia Eagles lost Super Bowl XV , the 1979-80 Philadelphia 76ers lost the NBA Finals , while the 1979-80 Philadelphia Flyers lost the Stanley Cup Finals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37cd651896a6068d23c2db2365bb6ee4", "text": "1970 ABA Playoffs The 1970 ABA Playoffs was the postseason tournament of the American Basketball Association 's 1969-1970 season . The tournament concluded with the Eastern Division champion Indiana Pacers defeating the Western Division champion Los Angeles Stars , four games to two in the ABA Finals . The Indiana Pacers finished the season with the league 's best regular season record ( 59-25 , .702 ) before going on to win the ABA championship . This same feat was accomplished by the Oakland Oaks during the prior season and by the Pittsburgh Pipers in the year before that . The Pacers became the first ABA champions to return in the same form for the following season . The Oakland Oaks became the Washington Caps for the 1969-1970 ABA season ; the Pittsburgh Pipers had become the Minnesota Pipers after winning the ABA championship the prior season . Roger Brown of Indiana was the Most Valuable Player of the ABA playoffs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bbec041e2e2dc46834222dcd70e02b44", "text": "2009–10 Boston Celtics season The 2009 -- 10 Boston Celtics season was the 64th season of the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Celtics finished with a record of 50 -- 32 , a 12 win drop off from the previous season . They finished 1st in the Atlantic Division and 4th in the Eastern Conference . The Celtics made it back to the NBA Finals after a one-year hiatus and played against the Los Angeles Lakers . Facing a rematch of the 2008 NBA Finals , in which the Celtics defeated the Lakers in six games to capture their seventeenth championship , the Celtics were defeated this time in seven games .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d3c786f56005a276f61e74289053fd1f", "text": "1970–71 Phoenix Suns season The 1970 -- 71 Phoenix Suns season was the third season for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association . Head coach Cotton Fitzsimmons lead the Suns , in the NBA 's first season which separated the teams into both conferences and divisions as the league continued to gain more teams . It was the first season the Suns would be without the services of All-Star guard Gail Goodrich . With a 48 -- 34 record ( fourth best in the league ) , the Suns set the NBA record for the team with the best winning percentage not to make the playoffs . The team would break their own record the next year with a 49 -- 33 finish . All home games were played at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum . The Suns were led in scoring by Dick Van Arsdale with 21.9 points per game . Connie Hawkins finished the season averaging 20.9 points and 9.1 rebounds per contest . Paul Silas led the Suns with 12.5 rebounds per game , the highest-ever average in Suns history , while Neal Walk garnered 8.2 rebounds to go with his 12.9 points a game . Goodrich , a native of Los Angeles and who played college ball at UCLA , was traded before the season back to the Los Angeles Lakers , where he had played before being acquired in the expansion draft of 1968 . In exchange , the Suns obtained the 29-year-old 7-footer Mel Counts , who was coming off a career-high 12.6 average in points . Goodrich would go on to play nine more seasons in the NBA , six of those with the Lakers . During those six years , he would average 22.3 points per game , appear in four All-Star Games and be named to an All-NBA First Team . Meanwhile , Counts averaged 11 points and 6.3 rebounds in his first of two seasons with the Suns .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d945f989791166c585d7edc5fc263a9a", "text": "2004 NBA Finals The 2004 NBA Finals was the championship round of the 2003 -- 04 National Basketball Association season . The Finals were between the Los Angeles Lakers of the Western Conference and the Detroit Pistons of the Eastern Conference ; the Lakers held home court advantage . The series was played under a best-of-seven format , so the first team to collect four game victories would win the series . Although the Lakers were the heavy favorite , the Pistons won the series four games to one to win their first title since 1990 and their fifth overall ( three NBA Championships , two NBL Championships ) . Pistons point guard Chauncey Billups was named as the NBA Finals MVP . The series was noted for the perceived underdog , the Pistons , dominating a Lakers team that had four future Hall of Famers . Pistons owner William Davidson became the first owner in sports history to win two championships in one year . Eight days earlier , the other team that Davidson owned , the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League had won the Stanley Cup in seven games over the Calgary Flames .", "title": "" } ]	fever
5aa6a798090d146086416e292dae8676	The Philippines is industrial.	[ { "docid": "fa533430ec06f81a59d6a8b90f152528", "text": "Philippines The Philippines ( -LSB- ˈfɪlᵻpiːnz -RSB- Pilipinas -LSB- ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( -LSB- Republika ng Pilipinas , links = no -RSB- ) , is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean . It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines has an area of 300000 km2 , and a population of approximately 100 million . It is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . , approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples . Exchanges with Chinese , Malay , Indian , and Islamic nations occurred . Then , various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus , Rajahs , Sultans or Lakans . The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon , Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization . In 1543 , Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain . With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City , in 1565 , the first Hispanic settlement in the archipelago was established . The Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years . This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion . During this time , Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons . As the 19th century gave way to the 20th , there followed in quick succession the Philippine Revolution , which spawned the short-lived First Philippine Republic , followed by the bloody Philippine -- American War of conquest by US military force . Aside from the period of Japanese occupation , the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II , when the Philippines was recognized as an independent nation . Since then , the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy , which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution . It is a founding member of the United Nations , World Trade Organization , Association of Southeast Asian Nations , the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum , and the East Asia Summit . It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank . The Philippines is considered to be an emerging market and a newly industrialized country , which has an economy transitioning from being one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing . It is one of the only two predominantly Christian nations in Southeast Asia , the other being East Timor .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "de5fc36d1605950384c7e908b92aca5b", "text": "Primary sector of the economy The primary sector of the economy is the sector of an economy making direct use of natural resources or exploit natural resources . This includes agriculture , forestry , fishing and mining . In contrast , the secondary sector produces manufactured goods , and the tertiary sector provides services . The primary sector is usually most important in less-developed countries , and typically less important in industrial countries . The manufacturing industries that aggregate , pack , package , purify or process the raw materials close to the primary producers are normally considered part of this sector , especially if the raw material is unsuitable for sale or difficult to transport long distances . Primary industry is a larger sector in developing countries ; for instance , animal husbandry is more common in Africa than in Japan . Mining in 19th-century South Wales provides a case study of how an economy can come to rely on one form of activity . Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of its primary sector , with the logging and petroleum industries being two of Canada 's most important . However , in recent years , the number of terminal exchanges have heavily reduced Canada 's primary industry , making Canadians rely more on quaternary industry .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b397dd8cfaf6ba3854845ab96b18f6e", "text": "Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand The Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand ( I-EA-T ) , is a state enterprise under control of the Ministry of Industry of Thailand . It was established by the Declaration of the Revolutionary Council No. 339 in 1972 . The responsibilities of the authority are to create and organize industrial estates , grouping together industrial facilities in a synergistic manner . The authority also has the responsibility of decentralization of industrial activity away from the capital to outlying provinces of Thailand . The authority is active in fields of environmental issues , workplace safety , land use , insurance , import and export management and promotion , and factory-related infrastructure development such as water supply , electricity distribution , telephony , shopping , housing , and roads . As of September 2015 , there were 56 industrial estates in operation across 16 provinces , of which 11 are operated by I-EA-T and 45 are jointly operated with developers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7a5802dacb908b45e3af3cbe2461dc4", "text": "Philippines–Vietnam relations The Philippines -- Vietnam relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Republic of the Philippines and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Since the end of the Cold War , relations between the two countries have warmed significantly . Vietnam is sometimes referred to as the only communist military ally of the Philippines .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "91a8ed92a2908cdda17fa9af84a73ffb", "text": "Batangas City Batangas City ( Lungsod ng Batangas ) , is the capital city of the Province of Batangas , Philippines . Known as the `` Industrial Port City of Calabarzon '' , Batangas City is currently classified as one of the fastest urbanizing cities of the Philippines . According to the , the city has a population of people .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cc6b692adefa384db2294f25f7254906", "text": "Copyright law of the Philippines A copyright is the legal protection extended to the owner of the rights in an original work . Original work refers to every production in the literary , scientific , and artistic domains . The Intellectual Property Office ( IPOPHL ) , the leading agency responsible for handling the registration and conflict resolution of intellectual property rights enforce the copyright law . IPOPHL was created by virtue of Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines which took effect on January 1 , 1998 , under the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos . In the Intellectual Property ( IP ) Code of the Philippines , literary and artistic works include books , writings , musical works , films , paintings , and other works including computer programs . Works are created on the sole fact of their very creation - regardless of their mode or form of expression as well as their content , the quality of said content , and purpose .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d0f1c60b75faa3cb719fffea02d971b0", "text": "Entertainment City Entertainment City , also known as E-City ( formerly PAGCOR City and Manila Bay Tourism City ) , is a gaming and entertainment complex under development by PAGCOR spanning an area of 8 km ² in Bay City , Metro Manila , Philippines . It is first envisioned by PAGCOR in 2002 . It lies at the western side of Roxas Boulevard and south of SM Central Business Park ( SM Mall of Asia ) , part of Parañaque . The project is officially named as the Bagong Nayong Pilipino-Entertainment City through an executive order by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and has been called several other names by the press . The most common name being referenced is `` Entertainment City '' . The site has been declared a PEZA-approved economic zone .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc8b57e2ab666b0273865206c5d184c5", "text": "Sumitomo Heavy Industries ( SHI ) is an integrated manufacturer of industrial machinery , automatic weaponry , ships , bridges and steel structure , equipment for environmental protection , including recycling , power transmission equipment , plastic molding machines , laser processing systems , particle accelerators , material handling systems , cancer diagnostic and treatment equipment and others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a371fa6badc3a2e5ab00183dccd68e4", "text": "Industrial antiterrorism The Industrial Antiterrorism was established in 2012 by the union of military and engineering standards . Industrial Terrorism is terrorism whose sole purpose is to strike at the heart of the business and critical infrastructure of a nation , trying to create the greatest economic damage as possible , and then get a strong impact at national and public opinion internationally . This raises the need to create industry standards so as to provide some protection against terrorist attacks . The feasibility of an attack terrorist is based primarily on sources of financing . In other words , a terrorist attack has a cost . More infrastructure or companies are protected and adopts the standards antiterrorism , then more expensive and more time is necessary to plan an attack to that structure . In this way you can create a time gap that allow the forces of intelligence identify terrorist groups . To help the critical infrastructure of a nation , and the various industries under threat , to manage and deal with terrorist threats , was born industrial antiterrorism . The adoption of anti-terrorism standards and procedures to protect critical infrastructure and industrial sectors , it has become mandatory with the entry into force of the European legislation 2008/114/EC in response to the terrorist campaign and the attacks in Madrid and London .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ffeb3433ce388fb8ba408e8e7a1cb1c", "text": "Machine industry The machine industry or machinery industry is a subsector of the industry , that produces and maintains machines for consumers , the industry , and most other companies in the economy . This machine industry traditionally belongs to the heavy industry . Nowadays , many smaller companies in this branch are considered part of the light industry . Most manufacturers in the machinery industry are called machine factories .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d9822f8d1ef36eb6f1bf0be9044de37", "text": "Eastern Visayas Eastern Visayas ( Sinirangan Kabisay-an Sidlakang Kabisay-an Silangang Kabisayaan ) is an administrative region in the Philippines , designated as Region VIII . It consists of three main islands , Samar , Leyte and Biliran . The region has six provinces , one independent city and one highly urbanized city namely , Biliran , Leyte , Northern Samar , Samar , Eastern Samar , Southern Leyte , Ormoc and Tacloban . The highly urbanized city of Tacloban is the Eastern Visayas Regional Center ( EVRC ) . These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of the Visayas group of islands . Eastern Visayas faces the Philippine Sea to the east . The region is known for its famous landmark , the San Juanico Bridge , dubbed as the `` Most Beautifully Designed and Longest Bridge in the Philippines '' . As of , the Eastern Visayas region has a population of inhabitants , making it the third most populous region in the Visayas .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "da1667b3653395b3623332156d06d8a3", "text": "New international division of labour In economics , the new international division of labor ( NIDL ) is an outcome of globalization . The term was coined by theorists seeking to explain the spatial shift of manufacturing industries from advanced capitalist countries to developing countries -- an ongoing geographic reorganization of production , which finds its origins in ideas about a global division of labor . It is a spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies . Under the `` old '' international division of labor , until around 1970 , underdeveloped areas were incorporated into the world economy principally as suppliers of minerals and agricultural commodities . However , as developing economies are merged into the world economy , more production takes place in these economies . This has led to a trend of transference , or what is also known as the `` global industrial shift '' , in which production processes are relocated from developed countries ( such as the US , European countries , and Japan ) to developing countries in Asia ( such as China , Vietnam , and India ) and Latin America . This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components , so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower . Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology , as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production . From 1953 to the late 1990s , the industrialized economies ' share of world manufacturing output declined from 95 % to 77 % , and the developing economies ' share more than quadrupled from 5 % to 23 % . The resultant division of labor across continents closely follows the North -- South socio-economic and political divide , wherein the North -- with one quarter of the world population -- controls four fifths of the world income , while the South -- with three quarters of the world population -- has access to one fifth of the world income .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "59580e567363aa3e4ac83a372151b07e", "text": "Metro Manila Metropolitan Manila ( Kalakhang Maynila , Kamaynilaan ) , commonly known as Metro Manila or simply Manila , is the official and administrative definition of the urban area surrounding the Philippine capital city , Manila . It is the capital region of the Philippines , the seat of government , and the 2nd most populous and most densely populated region of the country . Also officially known as the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , it is composed of the City of Manila , Quezon City , the country 's most populous city , and the cities of Caloocan , Las Piñas , Makati , Malabon , Mandaluyong , Marikina , Muntinlupa , Navotas , Parañaque , Pasay , Pasig , San Juan , Taguig , and Valenzuela , including the only remaining municipality of Pateros . The National Capital Region , with an area of 619.5 km2 , has a population of , making it the second most populous region in the Philippines , as well as the 9th most populous metropolitan area in Asia . The total urbanized area , referring to its continuous urban expansion into the provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna , Rizal and Batangas , was listed as having a population of by Demographia , making it the 4th most populous urban area in the world . These 5 provinces , plus Metro Manila and Pampanga , sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015 . The region is the center of culture , economy , education and government of the Philippines . NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority . Designated as a global power city , NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , both locally and internationally . It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines , thereby making it an important center for international diplomacy in the country . Its economic power makes the region the country 's premier center for finance and commerce . NCR accounts for 37.2 % of the gross domestic product of the Philippines . The region was established in 1975 through Presidential Decree No. 824 in response to the needs to sustain the growing population and for the creation for the center of political power and the seat of the Government of the Philippines . The Province of Manila , the predecessor entity of the region , is one of the first eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines at the end of the 19th century . Manila 's role in the Revolution is honoured in the Flag of the Philippines , where the sun 's eight rays symbolise the eight revolutionary provinces .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "30877e8ad0bfe26fd052365e357f3bcf", "text": "North Borneo dispute The North Borneo dispute is the territorial dispute between the Federation of Malaysia and the Republic of the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah , a territory known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation . The Philippines , presenting itself as the successor state of the Sultanate of Sulu , retains a `` dormant claim '' on Sabah on the basis that the territory was only leased to the British North Borneo Company in 1878 , with the sovereignty of the Sultanate ( and subsequently the Republic ) over the territory never having been relinquished . However , Malaysia considers this dispute as a `` non-issue '' as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of cession and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to self-determination when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b905ae3bf3c989333a96bd5623366f84", "text": "Post-industrial economy A post-industrial economy refers to a period of growth within an industrialized economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services , information , and research grows . Such economies are often marked by : A declining manufacturing sector , resulting in deindustrialization , a large service sector , and an increase in the amount of information technology , often leading to an `` information age '' . Information , knowledge , and creativity are the new raw materials of such an economy . The industry aspect of a post-industrial economy is sent into less developed nations which manufacture what is needed at lower costs ( see outsourcing ) . This occurrence is typical of nations that industrialized in the past such as the United States and most Western European countries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "348074346c57c092353893f19ed4549b", "text": "Philippines–United States relations Philippines -- United States relations ( Filipino : Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos ) are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony , the Republic of the Philippines . The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship . The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , however , is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States , favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead . The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally . The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines ' favorite nations in the world , with 90 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91 % viewing Americans favorably in 2002 , 90 % of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011 , 85 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013 , and 92 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 , and 89 % having confidence in United States president , Barack Obama in 2014 , making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world . On October 20 , 2016 , the President of the Philippines announced a `` separation '' from the US , both militarily and economically , in favor of alliances with China and Russia . This article discusses Philippine -- American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946 , while the article History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "196750fa372d3c990546068a0fbdf6ab", "text": "Proto-industrialization Proto-industrialization ( also spelled proto-industrialisation ) was a possible phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded , and created conditions for , the establishment of fully industrial societies . Proto-industrialisation is generally referred to the phase before industrialisation . Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production , mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists . It was an effective method of production which was controlled by merchants and had links to developing European consumerism . However , the phase was not observed across Europe , and nor did it always smoothly transition into the Industrial Revolution proper . The term was coined by F. F. Mendels in 1972 , though a UNESCO colloquium on the 10th anniversary of the deaths of Einstein and Teilhard de Chardin and published in 1971 discusses `` the basis for proto-industrialization '' . The applicability of proto-industrialization in Europe has since been challenged . M.J. Daunton , for example , argues that proto-industrialisation `` excludes too much '' to fully explain the expansion of industry : not only do proponents of proto-industrialisation ignore the vital town-based industries in pre-industrial economies , but also ignores `` rural and urban industry based upon non-domestic organisation , '' referring to how mines , mills , forges and furnaces fit into the agrarian economy . Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons , proto-industrialization led to specialization - not only in industrial production but also in commercial agricultural production . This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists , which facilitated the development of large-scale , and capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed . Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization , such as greater independence of women and children , who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . During this phase of industrialisation , machines were not used . They were not even invented at that time . People could only use their hands or any hand-made material to produce required goods .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0ce50f4bf65e964be8f2ba582c5ccb7f", "text": "Mimaropa The Southwestern Tagalog Region , officially designated as MIMAROPA Region , is an administrative region in the Philippines . It was also formerly designated as Region IV-B until 2016 . It is one of five regions in the country having no land border with another region ( the others being Western Visayas , Negros Island Region , Central Visayas , and Eastern Visayas ) . The name is an acronym combination of its constituent provinces : Mindoro ( divided into Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro ) , Marinduque , Romblon and Palawan . The region was part of the now-defunct Southern Tagalog region until 17 May 2002 . On 23 May 2005 , Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa were moved to the region of Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429 . However , on 19 August 2005 , then-President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to put in abeyance Executive Order No. 429 pending a review . On 17 July 2016 , Republic Act No. 10879 formally established the Southwestern Tagalog Region to be known as the MIMAROPA Region discontinuing the `` Region IV-B '' designation , however no boundary changes were involved . Calapan is Mimaropa 's regional center . However , most regional government offices such as the Department of Public Works and Highways and the Department of Budget and Management are in Quezon City , Metro Manila .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5d66183836014a9cc60b1f27a8a6ba99", "text": "San Miguel Corporation San Miguel Corporation is a Filipino multinational publicly listed conglomerate holding company . It is the largest publicly listed food , beverage and packaging company in Southeast Asia as well as the Philippines ' largest corporation in terms of revenue , with over 17,000 employees in over 100 major facilities throughout the Asia-Pacific region . Its flagship product , San Miguel Beer , is one of the largest selling beers and among the top ten selling beer brands in the world . San Miguel 's manufacturing operations extend beyond its home market to Hong Kong , China , Indonesia , Vietnam , Thailand , Malaysia and Australia ; and its products are exported to 60 markets around the world . Since 2008 , SMC has ventured beyond its core businesses , becoming involved in fuel & oil ( Petron Corporation ) , power generation and infrastructure . It was briefly involved in Philippine Airlines from April 2012 to September 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "793c71f6fa69c075edcc397a4627ef07", "text": "Urban Luzon Urban Luzon is the term used for the cities in Southern Luzon . TV ratings agency AGB Nielsen Philippines considers Urban Luzon and the provinces of Bulacan , Cavite , Laguna and Rizal as their area of responsibility for their TV audience ratings gathering . The area has a higher ownership of televisions per household anywhere in the country due to its relative economic prosperity as compared to other places in the Philippines . Radio ratings agency Radio Research Council ( provided by KBP ) also provide measurement of audience ratings .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "371d0d290bf51b75da5d27a8349b0886", "text": "Industrial and production engineering Industrial and production engineering is a combination of mechanical engineering and industrial engineering and management science . It is a branch of engineering concerned with the development , improvement , implementation and evaluation of integrated systems of people , money , knowledge , information , equipment , energy , material and process . It is very necessary for any manufacturing company and service providing enterprise to implement this concept of engineering and principles of management science . there are many universities all over the world provide Bachelor and Master and Phd degrees in this engineering course . In Europe , America and other part of worlds Industrial Engineering and Production Engineering are taught separately.But in Asia there are many universities that provide combined course .", "title": "" } ]	fever
fb0aee13812bd3b8ae2b1d095271544b	Imagine Dragons was named the "Breakthrough Band of 2014."	[ { "docid": "ca8ebc22a904f02658dd8810bb6f6c6a", "text": "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds , lead guitarist Wayne Sermon , bassist Ben McKee , and drummer Daniel Platzman . The band first gained exposure in 2012 with the releases of their debut studio album Night Visions and its first single `` It 's Time '' . Billboard placed them at the top of their `` Year In Rock '' rankings for 2013 , and named them their `` Breakthrough Band of 2013 '' . Rolling Stone named their single `` Radioactive '' from Night Visions the `` biggest rock hit of the year '' , and MTV called them `` the year 's biggest breakout band '' . Night Visions peaked at number two on the weekly US Billboard 200 chart and the UK Albums Chart . The band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors was released in 2015 , and reached number one in the US , Canada and the UK . Imagine Dragons has won two American Music Awards for Favorite Alternative Artist , a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance , five Billboard Music Awards , and a World Music Award . In May 2014 , the band was nominated for a total of fourteen different Billboard Music Awards , including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award , which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres . As of January 2017 , Imagine Dragons have sold 9 million albums and 27 million singles worldwide .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "5d90d8e0b277d2ddbe8d830a9be4e010", "text": "Roger Yang Roger Yang Pei-an ( ; born June 5 , 1971 ) is a Taiwanese rock singer known for breaking out as an `` undiscovered '' talent at the age of 35 in the Taiwanese music industry with the hit song , `` I Believe '' that established his powerhouse , octave-jumping vocal skills , leading him to be dubbed as the `` Iron Lung Prince '' by the Taiwanese media and the `` Treble God '' by his fans . His voice has often compared to late singer-songwriter Zhang Yu-Sheng due to his penchant for singing the latter 's songs and their similar ability to sing high notes effortlessly and clearly without using falsetto .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5034a6f9e7bc9dde828eed076e222bb", "text": "Marilyn Manson discography American industrial metal band Marilyn Manson has released nine studio albums , one live album , one compilation album , two EPs , twenty-four singles , nine promo singles , five DVDs , and thirty-four music videos . After forming in 1989 and signing a contract with Nothing Records and Interscope in 1993 , the band released their first studio album , Portrait of an American Family ( 1994 ) . Although initially not a commercial success , the album would eventually be certified gold by the RIAA for shipments in excess of 500,000 copies . Spurred by their hit single -- a version of the Eurythmics 's `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- the band 's first EP , Smells Like Children ( 1995 ) , became a commercial success , selling over a million copies in the US alone . In 1996 , the band released their second studio album , Antichrist Superstar , which reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 1.9 million copies in the US . The album went on to sell over 7 million copies worldwide , and was supported by the release of 1997 's Remix & Repent EP . Their third studio album , Mechanical Animals ( 1998 ) , was a commercial and critical success , reaching No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , as well topping the charts in as Australia and Canada . Mechanical Animals was later followed by their first live album , The Last Tour on Earth ( 1999 ) , which included the promotional single `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' . In 2000 , the band released Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) , which managed to sell more than 9 million copies worldwide . Their fifth studio album , The Golden Age of Grotesque ( 2003 ) , was a modest commercial success in their native US , debuting at No. 1 with sales of 118,000 copies . As of November 2008 , the album has sold 526,000 copies in the US . In contrast , the album was , by far , Manson 's most successful internationally , peaking within the top five in most of the major European markets . Their sixth album , Eat Me , Drink Me , was released in 2007 and debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200 . The High End of Low ( 2009 ) , reached No. 4 on both the US and Canadian album charts , but was their last album released by Interscope . After signing a deal with Cooking Vinyl , the band released Born Villain in 2012 . Their ninth studio album , The Pale Emperor , was released on January 20 , 2015 , debuting at No. 8 in the US with their highest first week sales since Eat Me , Drink Me in 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a22dca022c313729a71709d413808b00", "text": "Juno Awards of 2014 The Juno Awards of 2014 honoured Canadian music industry achievements in the latter part of 2012 and in most of 2013 . The awards were presented in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada during the weekend of 29 -- 30 March 2014 . The main ceremony took place at the MTS Centre and was televised on CTV .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be2af1170ecafe94044e02a20f55be6c", "text": "Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act The Brit Award for British Breakthrough Act is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom . The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards , an annual celebration of British and international music . The winners and nominees are determined by the BRIT Awards voting academy with over 1,000 members , which comprise record labels , publishers , managers , agents , media , and previous winners and nominees . The award was first presented in 1977 as two awards as `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' which were won by Graham Parker and Julie Covington . When the Brit Awards was held for the second time in 1982 , the awards `` British Male Newcomer '' and `` British Female Newcomer '' became joint as one award for both male and female acts as well introducing groups acts to award . The first award for the joint `` British Newcomer '' was won by The Human League . In 2003 the award was renamed to `` British Breakthrough Act '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0876e1ddb169ddb71c049f0eba02b85", "text": "Rollercoaster Tour The Rollercoaster Tour was a 1992 co-headlining concert tour by the English Britpop band Blur , the American indie rock band Dinosaur Jr. , the Irish alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine and the Scottish noise pop band the Jesus and Mary Chain . A one-leg 11-date tour of the United Kingdom , the tour was in support of all four bands ' current releases : Blur 's debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) , Dinosaur Jr. s fourth album Green Mind ( 1991 ) , My Bloody Valentine 's second album Loveless ( 1991 ) and The Jesus and Mary Chain 's fourth album Honey 's Dead ( 1992 ) . The tour was curated by the Jesus and Mary Chain 's vocalist Jim Reid , who `` wanted to break the routine '' of performing in small , frequently played venues -- such as Nottinghams Rock City -- and `` cater to all strands of independent rock music '' . Reid was inspired by , and considered the Rollercoaster Tour a British equivalent to , the North American festival Lollapalooza , which the Jesus and Mary Chain performed at in 1991 and which he considered `` fairly disastrous '' . Each band performed a 45-minute set with no encore and the line-up changed each night of the tour , although the Jesus and Mary Chain performed as the final act on all 11 dates . My Bloody Valentine ceased live performances in the UK after the tour and did not play again until their 2008 reunion tour . The band 's set , which ended with a noise section of their song `` You Made Me Realise '' referred to as the `` holocaust section '' , reportedly caused attendees ' pint glasses to fall out of their hands due to excessive sound pressure levels . Reflecting on the tour , Jim Reid referred to it as `` a lot -LSB- like a -RSB- competition -- who could be the loudest ? Whose was the best film show ? And then there was , who could be most off their tits and still play a show ? '' The Rollercoaster EP , containing material from Blur , My Bloody Valentine , Dinosaur Jr. and the Jesus and Mary Chain , was issued in Melody Maker in March 1992 to promote the tour .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b2c2d65961547660d3fc61fedb403350", "text": "List of awards and nominations received by Nickelback Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in Hanna , Alberta by Chad Kroeger , Mike Kroeger , Ryan Peake , and then-drummer Brandon Kroeger ( who has since been replaced by Daniel Adair ) . The band has released eight studio albums : Curb ( 1996 ) , The State ( 2000 ) , Silver Side Up ( 2001 ) , The Long Road ( 2003 ) , All the Right Reasons ( 2005 ) , Dark Horse ( 2008 ) , Here and Now ( 2011 ) and No Fixed Address ( 2014 ) . Along with this , Nickelback also published two other albums which were a collection of their most well-known songs so far : Three-Sided Coin ( 2002 ) and The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 ( 2013 ) . `` How You Remind Me '' , the first single from the band 's third album Silver Side Up , is Nickelback 's highest charting single ; it peaked at # 1 on Billboard '' 's Hot 100 , Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks , Hot Modern Rock Tracks , and Canadian Hot 100 music charts . The band 's fifth studio album , All the Right Reasons '' , has been their highest-selling album , with over 11 million copies sold worldwide as of late 2007 . Nickelback has been recognized by several Canadian awards ceremonies ; the band has received twelve awards from twenty-eight nominations at the Juno Awards and seven awards from fifteen nominations at the MuchMusic Video Awards . Nickelback has also received two awards from six nominations at the American Music Awards and three awards from five nominations at the Billboard Music Awards . The band has received six nominations from the Grammy Awards but has not won any of them . In 2006 , Nickelback receive an award at the World Music Awards for World 's Best Selling Rock Artist , beating some well-known artists like Green Day , Red Hot Chili Peppers and Coldplay . The group was inducted into Canada 's Walk of Fame in 2007 . In the same year received an award for People 's Choice Awards for the category Favorite Group . Overall , Nickelback has received 32 awards from 78 nominations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "506162fec28fa9eec6e1819c88c74aad", "text": "One of a Kind (EP) One of a Kind is the second solo release of South Korean singer-songwriter and rapper G-Dragon , leader of Big Bang . The mini-album was released on September 15 digitally and on September 18 physically . On August 25 , G-Dragon released the first music video of the song One of a Kind . However the song was not released as a single as the song and music video served as a way to introduce the album and concept to the public . On September 1 , G-Dragon released his first single `` That XX '' . The song Crayon will serve as the lead single of the album , which contains a total of seven songs all co-composed and written by G-Dragon himself . Upon release , the album was an immediate success in South Korea . It placed first on the Billboard World Album Chart and entered the Billboard 200 Chart at 161 for the week . As of January 2014 , the album has sold over 252,728 copies , making it the highest selling album by a Korean soloist since the release of Heartbreaker in 2009 , also by G-Dragon .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "faa1a49a078c1956dfaf67b0fd7a4b07", "text": "K.I.D (band) K.I.D is a Canadian indie rock band created in 2014 by Kara Lane and Bobby Lo from Mississauga , Ontario , Canada . K.I.D released their debut EP `` K.I.D '' in 2014 at Virgin Records Canada , a subsidiary of Universal Music Canada , featuring their first single `` I Wish I was your Cigarette '' . In May 2016 , the band signed with Columbia records for the world , excluding Canada . They also released a number of singles at Columbia Records including their debut single `` Errors '' in September 2016 ( video released ) - The video for `` Errors '' was directed by Nadia Lee Cohen . The band is managed by Merck Mercuriadis of Hipgnosis Music Ltd. , publisher and record label in London and Los Angeles .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d63f4e802dfd69de9b39107029bd7fd1", "text": "New Order discography The discography of New Order , an English rock band , consists of ten studio albums , twelve compilation albums , three live albums , five extended plays ( EPs ) , thirty-eight singles , twelve video releases , thirty-three music videos and a number of soundtrack appearances . New Order were formed in 1980 by singer and guitarist Bernard Sumner , bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris . The group began life as a continuation of their former incarnation Joy Division . Joy Division had disbanded after the death of the lead singer Ian Curtis . Gillian Gilbert , who was Morris ' girlfriend at the time , soon joined the group and played guitar and keyboards . Remarkably , New Order 's first eight singles released between 1981 and 1984 were not taken from any album . In most cases they were not even released as a 7-inch , but exclusively available in the radio-unfriendly 12-inch format , an unusual approach for a pop-act in the eighties . Despite the high anticipation that surrounded the group , their debut single `` Ceremony '' only peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart . The group 's following two singles and their debut album met with similar moderate success . It would not be until the release of their fourth single , `` Blue Monday '' , that New Order would break into the top ten , with the song peaking at number 9 . `` Blue Monday '' became a defining single for the group and caused a sensation , becoming the biggest selling 12-inch single of all time . New Order , like many other post-punk groups of the period , increasingly utilised keyboards , drum machine and sequencers in their music . As a result they became associated with the synthpop and electronic dance movements of the 1980s . Beginning with Power , Corruption & Lies from 1983 , all of the group 's studio albums reached the top ten in the United Kingdom . The group experienced a lull in popularity in the years 1985 and 1986 but the surprise international popularity of the `` Bizarre Love Triangle '' single re-launched the group across the world . The group cemented their success in 1987 with the single , `` True Faith '' , and the compilation album Substance . New Order were at the peak of their popularity in the years 1987 to 1993 , with a run of popular singles , including `` Blue Monday 1988 '' , `` Fine Time '' , `` Regret '' , `` World ( The Price of Love ) '' and in 1990 they scored their only number 1 single in the UK with the official England national football team song , `` World in Motion '' . The two albums released during these years , Technique and Republic ; each charted at number 1 in the UK . It was during this successful period that the group 's internal dynamic began to falter . Sumner was not fond of touring , and wanted to take time off from the group and produce a solo album . He formed Electronic with Johnny Marr and the pair released their first single in 1989 . Hook formed his own band , Revenge , in 1989 , while Morris and Gilbert worked together as The Other Two , primarily scoring soundtracks . Of the three side projects , Sumner 's was by far the most successful . The recording and touring of 1993 's Republic , their first for London Records , was difficult and intra-band tensions were rife . The group went on hiatus until 1998 . In the meantime two compilation albums , The Best of New Order and The Rest of New Order , and several singles were released . The group reconvened in 1998 for the Reading Festival but did not release new material until 2000 . The group released the album Get Ready in 2001 . It was met with critical warmth , but it was apparent that the group 's popularity had lessened . The lead single from the album , `` Crystal '' , reached the top ten in the UK . The film 24 Hour Party People , a humorous chronicle of their label Factory Records , was released in 2002 . New Order contributed a new song , `` Here to Stay '' , and a re-recording of the Joy Division song `` New Dawn Fades '' with Moby , for the film 's soundtrack . The compilation International and four-disc boxset Retro were released in winter 2002 . New Order followed Get Ready with Waiting for the Sirens ' Call in 2005 . During this period Gilbert stepped down from live performances due to family commitments . Phil Cunningham stepped into her role and in 2005 became an official member of the group . The group had intended to release a ninth album soon after Waiting for the Sirens ' Call , the majority of which had already been recorded . The lack of enthusiasm inside the group and relative failure of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call stalled their career momentum . In 2007 , Hook decided to leave the group , and stated that he and Sumner had no further plans to work together . Sumner formed Bad Lieutenant with Cunningham , and Hook formed Freebass . Morris continued to work with Sumner and Cunningham . In 2008 , New Order released remastered and expanded editions of their first five albums with the intention of releasing the further three albums in a similar format in future . In December 2012 it was announced that Lost Sirens would be released in the United Kingdom on 14 January 2013 . Lost Sirens is an eight-track album of tracks left out of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call . On 22 June 2015 , the band announced they are to release a new album , Music Complete , on 25 September 2015 . The album will be the first without Peter Hook , and was produced mostly by the band themselves , except `` Singularity '' and `` Unlearn This Hatred '' , both produced by Tom Rowlands , while `` Superheated '' features additional production by Stuart Price . In the US , the band has sold a certified 2 million albums , and in the UK a certified 960,000 albums .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a05aac68298a72c3c382dea5f29b0f39", "text": "No Doubt No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim , California , that formed in 1986 . Since 1994 , the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani , bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal , guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont , and drummer Adrian Young . Since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio , they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley . The ska sound of their song `` Trapped in a Box '' ( 1992 ) that was featured on their first album No Doubt ( 1992 ) failed to make an impact . The Beacon Street Collection ( 1993 ) is a raw expression of their sound , inspired by ska punk and released independently by the band under their own record label . The album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995 , over three times as many as their first album . The band 's diamond-certified album Tragic Kingdom ( 1995 ) helped launch the third-wave ska revival of the 1990s , and `` Do n't Speak '' , the third single from the album , set a record when it spent 16 weeks at the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart . The group 's next album , Return of Saturn ( 2000 ) , despite its Top 40 hit single `` Simple Kind of Life '' , did not match the success of their previous album but received critical praise and was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 43rd Grammy Awards . Fifteen months later , the band reappeared with Rock Steady ( 2001 ) , which incorporated reggae and dancehall music into their work . The album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer , Sly and Robbie , and Lady Saw . The album produced two Grammy-winning singles , `` Hey Baby '' and `` Underneath It All '' . Hella Good was also nominated for a Grammy award . On 22 November 2002 , No Doubt received the Key to the City of Anaheim , given by the Mayor of Anaheim , Tom Daly , in Disneyland during the band 's appearance on ` Breakfast with Kevin and Bean ' ( KROQ-FM ) where they performed five songs . After a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects , with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) and The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) while Tom Dumont released his own solo music project , Invincible Overlord . In 2008 , the band resumed working slowly on their sixth effort , titled Push and Shove ( 2012 ) , and released their single `` Settle Down '' . They have sold over 33 million records worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a1b68774b4cd3591a56b795e7997922", "text": "Nature Nurture Nature Nurture is the second studio album by British alternative rock band Dinosaur Pile-Up . The album was released on 17 June 2013 and 25 February 2014 in the United Kingdom and the United States , respectively . The album failed to chart in either of those countries . However , the band 's newfound popularity in Japan , along with the release of the Peninsula EP by A-Sketch months prior to the album 's 22 October 2014 release , saw it chart at # 168 in the country . The single `` Arizona Waiting '' reached # 68 on the Billboard Japan Radio Songs chart shortly after the album 's release . A-Sketch also released two `` Japan Limited '' music videos , both consisting of live performance footage , for `` Peninsula '' and `` Arizona Waiting . '' The song `` Peninsula '' was the most played song on SiriusXM 's Alt Nation channel for the week ending 27 February 2014 . The song `` Draw A Line '' was featured in the fifth episode of season 14 of Degrassi , in the scene where Eli punches Drew in the face .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5838085bd1828dfb25bc10028b0083ca", "text": "Biffy Clyro Biffy Clyro are a Scottish rock band that formed in Kilmarnock , East Ayrshire , composed of Simon Neil ( guitar , lead vocals ) , James Johnston ( bass , vocals ) and Ben Johnston ( drums , vocals ) . Currently signed to 14th Floor Records , they have released seven studio albums , four of which ( Puzzle , Only Revolutions , Opposites and Ellipsis ) reached the top five in the UK Albums Chart , with their sixth studio album , Opposites claiming their first UK number-one album . After their first three albums , the band expanded their following significantly in 2007 with the release of their fourth , Puzzle , creating more mainstream songs with simpler rhythms and distancing themselves from the more unusual dissonant style that was present in their previous three albums . Puzzle peaked at number 2 on the official UK album charts on 16 June 2007 . The album went Gold in the UK , selling over 100,000 units , and later in 2012 went Platinum in the UK , having sold over 300,000 copies . The band released Only Revolutions in 2009 which reached No. 3 in the UK chart and went gold within days of its release in 2009 , going platinum later in 2010 and receiving a Mercury Music Prize nomination . Only Revolutions included the UK hit singles `` Mountains '' , `` That Golden Rule '' and `` Many of Horror '' all of which reached the UK Top Ten . The latter reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart after The X Factor 2010 winner , Matt Cardle covered the song , and became the UK number one Christmas single for the year 2010 . In 2011 the band was nominated for the Brit Awards for Best British Group . At the 2013 NME Awards , they received the award for Best British Band . On 25 August 2013 Biffy Clyro headlined the main stage at Leeds & Reading Festival . Based on their album and single certifications , the band have sold in excess of 1,240,000 albums and 400,000 singles in the UK alone . As of 2016 , in total , the band have spent 155 weeks in the top seventy-five of the UK Album Charts , with two of those weeks being at the top position at number one and seventy weeks within the main top forty of the albums charts . The band 's singles have spent a total of seventy-nine weeks in the UK Singles Charts , with six weeks in the top ten and forty-two in the top forty .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e229ace03574123e063610fc83a8140c", "text": "Appetite for Destruction Appetite for Destruction is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Guns N ' Roses . It was released on July 21 , 1987 , by Geffen Records to massive commercial success . It topped the Billboard 200 and became the best-selling debut album as well as the 11th best-selling album in the United States . With about 30 million copies sold worldwide , it is also one of the best-selling records ever . Although critics were ambivalent toward the album when it was first released , Appetite for Destruction has since received retrospective acclaim and been viewed as one of the greatest albums of all time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5f593b546306ef88c86f2a777e15fd2", "text": "Korn (album) Korn ( printed as KoЯn ) is the debut studio album by American nu metal band Korn . It was released on October 11 , 1994 , through Immortal/Epic Records . Before recording the album , the band was approached by Immortal/Epic Records after a performance at Huntington Beach , California . The band signed to their label because they did n't want to `` sign away all of their creative freedom . '' The band would record at Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu , California with producer Ross Robinson , who also produced their 1993 demo Neidermayer 's Mind . The recording took place from May to June 1994 . After the recordings , Korn toured with Biohazard and House of Pain . The album 's themes include child abuse , drug abuse and bullying . The album cover depicts a young girl being approached by a large man who is holding what appears to be a horseshoe or , more presumably , blades ; furthermore , the girl 's shadow gives the appearance that her body is being hanged due to the position of the band 's logo . Photography was done by Stephen Stickler , and the design was directed by Jay Papke and Dante Ariola . The first single `` Blind '' charted at number 15 on the Canadian Alternative 30 , the album peaked at number ten in New Zealand as well as number seventy-two on the Billboard 200 . The debut album has sold at least 2.1 million copies in the United States . The album has now sold over 10 million copies worldwide , and is considered to have started the nu metal genre .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "206a0b0ed45c1cb55be69c0328fefd4d", "text": "Dream Theater (album) Dream Theater is the twelfth studio album by American progressive metal band Dream Theater , released through Roadrunner Records on September 23 , 2013 in Europe and a day later in the United States . The album was written , recorded , mixed , and mastered between January and May 2013 at Cove City Sound Studios in Long Island , New York , the same studio as the band 's previous album , A Dramatic Turn of Events ( 2011 ) . The band made Dream Theater a self-titled album to emphasize that they were moving forward in their career and to make it a reference point for fans . The album 's songs are shorter on average than most Dream Theater songs , with the exception of the 20-minute closer `` Illumination Theory '' . Strings for the album were arranged by Eren Başbuğ , a Berklee College of Music student . Dream Theater moved 34,000 units in the United States in its debut week , charting at number seven and becoming the band 's second highest charting album behind 2009 's Black Clouds & Silver Linings . For its lead single , `` The Enemy Inside '' , the band received their second consecutive Grammy nomination in the Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance category . In early 2014 , Dream Theater toured Europe and America in support of the album and recorded their performance at the Boston Opera House for a live release .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e548cfad2fddf918652dad0c086ad610", "text": "Liquid Blue Liquid Blue is an American indie pop rock band/cover band formed in San Diego , California in 1996 by Scott Stephens & Michael Vangerov . The group has performed in more than 500 cities in 100 countries on six continents and have been recognized as `` the world 's most traveled band '' . They are more popular in parts of Asia and Europe than in their home country ( USA ) . In 2010 the group scored their first hit in the United States with the song `` Earth Passport '' , which reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Dance Chart in October 2010 . Earth Passport was recorded using nine languages including all six of the official languages of the United Nations . Liquid Blue received a Guinness World Record for `` Earth Passport '' for `` Song Sung in the Most Languages '' . In 2011 the group was named `` Entertainer of the Year - Ensemble '' at the Event Solutions Spotlight Awards held in Las Vegas on February 28 . The band was `` certified green '' by the County of San Diego in May 2009 . The band 's official slogan is `` Music To Move You . '' The core unit of Stephens , Vangerov , and Nikki Green have been together since 1998 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cec16b96c0bf96d6b3db20ed9abb687c", "text": "Oceansize Oceansize were an English rock band from Manchester , formed in 1998 . The band consisted of Mike Vennart ( vocals , guitar ) , Steve Durose ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Richard `` Gambler '' Ingram ( guitar , keyboards ) , Mark Heron ( drums ) and Jon Ellis ( bass guitar ) for the majority of its career , with Steve Hodson replacing Ellis on bass guitar in 2006 . The band released four studio albums , in addition to a number of minor EPs and singles , displaying a wide array of influences from several genres including post-rock , math rock , psychedelic rock , space rock , and post-hardcore . Following a twelve-year career , Oceansize announced their split in February 2011 , with the members moving on to different projects .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dee2a4f0599f672caa2d1d715c2673d8", "text": "New Zealand Music Award for Breakthrough Artist of the Year Breakthrough Artist of the Year is a New Zealand Music Award that honours New Zealand music artists for outstanding recordings . Artists who have previously been nominated for a New Zealand Music Award ( excluding Critics ' Choice Prize and technical awards ) or has had a previous album reach the top 20 of the Official New Zealand Music Chart are ineligible . The award was first awarded in 1973 as Best New Artist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "edf11c9b4e293d2a4d0d710a7abbafd3", "text": "List of awards and nominations received by Exo This is a list of awards and nominations received by Exo , a South Korean boy group formed in 2011 by S.M. Entertainment . The group is separated into two subgroups -- the Korean-based Exo-K and the Chinese-based Exo-M . The group have won numerous awards from South Korea and mainland China . They have won 85 South Korean and 2 Chinese music program awards , giving them second place in terms of South Korean artists with the highest number of music shows wins , and the highest ranked male group . The band received their first number-one win on South Korean music program Music Bank with the single `` Wolf '' on June 14 , 2013 , a year after their debut .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bacc885db95ba0e8f4308fd3776bd5f5", "text": "Midnight Memories Midnight Memories is the third studio album by British-Irish boy band One Direction , released on 25 November 2013 by Columbia Records , Syco Music and Sony Music . The album was described as having a `` slightly rockier tone '' than their previous efforts . It has become the fastest-selling album in Amazon UK 's history , breaking the record set by One Direction 's previous release , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making One Direction the first group in history to debut at number one in the US with their first three albums . The album was preceded by the release of the singles `` Best Song Ever '' and `` Story of My Life '' . Upon the album 's release , Midnight Memories received mixed reviews from music critics . Many critics praised the lyrical depth and musical composition on the album , as well as the group 's level of involvement in the production process . However , others argued that the material was less memorable than their previous work and felt the themes were not as mature as expected . Despite being released five weeks before the year 's end , Midnight Memories nevertheless became the best-selling album of 2013 as listed by the IFPI , with sales of four million copies .", "title": "" } ]	fever
a998c89d346354562b88d96ca148fc40	Payton Manning signed with the Ontario Broncos.	[ { "docid": "a1d4df2431d092112dc718ee3a816cb0", "text": "Peyton Manning Peyton Williams Manning ( born March 24 , 1976 ) is a former American football quarterback who played 18 seasons in the National Football League ( NFL ) , primarily with the Indianapolis Colts . Considered to be one of the greatest quarterbacks of all time , he spent 14 seasons with the Colts and was a member of the Denver Broncos in his last four seasons . Manning played college football for the University of Tennessee , leading the Tennessee Volunteers to the 1997 SEC Championship in his senior season . He is the second son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and older brother of New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning . Manning was selected by the Indianapolis Colts as the first overall pick in the 1998 NFL Draft . From 1998 to 2010 , he improved the fortunes of the struggling Colts franchise and helped transform them into playoff contenders . During his tenure as starting quarterback , Manning led the team to eight division championships , two AFC championships , and one Super Bowl title , the franchise 's first in over three decades , as well as their first since relocating to Indianapolis . After undergoing neck surgery that forced him to miss the entire 2011 season , Manning was released by the Colts and signed with the Denver Broncos . Serving as the team 's starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015 , he contributed to the Broncos reaching the top of their division each year and his playing career concluded with a victory in Super Bowl 50 . Manning holds many NFL records , including passing yards ( 71,940 ) , touchdown passes ( 539 ) , AP MVP awards ( 5 ) , Pro Bowl appearances ( 14 ) , and 4,000-yard passing seasons ( 14 ) . A two-time Super Bowl winner and the most valuable player of Super Bowl XLI , Manning is also the only quarterback to start the Super Bowl for two different franchises more than once each and the only starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl with two different franchises . At 39 years of age , Manning is the oldest quarterback to start in and win a Super Bowl . Manning is also the only quarterback in NFL history to make the Super Bowl four times with four different head coaches ( Dungy , Caldwell , Fox , and Kubiak ) . During a 2009 Monday Night Football game , Manning received the nickname `` The Sheriff '' from color commentator Jon Gruden due to his tendency to audible prior to the snap , and he was one of the most recognizable and parodied players in the NFL . Teams led by Manning typically utilized the hurry-up offense in place of the standard huddle .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "d8c7e28da4542c1c88c1c205c03d6ba2", "text": "1998 CFL Draft The 1998 CFL Draft took place on April 7 , 1998 . 43 Canadian football players were chosen from among 490 eligible players from Canadian universities as well as Canadian players playing in the NCAA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f62c35b6449464a00314716b8506b99c", "text": "1994 Denver Broncos season The Denver Broncos season was the team 's 35th year in professional football and its 25th with the National Football League . The season would be noted for being the final year that Wade Phillips was head coach .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b182baadc71bc3fe15435328d05a19ff", "text": "Gainer the Gopher Gainer the Gopher is the mascot of the Saskatchewan Roughriders , a Canadian Football League team . The Gainer costume is modelled after the Richardson 's Ground Squirrel , commonly referred to as a `` gopher '' in many parts of North America . He is from Parkbeg . Gainer , whose name is an anagram of `` Regina '' , made his first appearance in 1977 and has been entertaining Rider fans ever since . In 2006 , Gainer was given the jersey number 13 , symbolizing his contributions as the `` 13th man '' on the field . Prior to this , he wore the jersey number 1/2 . He also has two cousins named Leonard and Goof that usually only appear at Roughrider home games . Gainer continues to be an ambassador for the Riders both at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field during the football season and at community events all over Saskatchewan throughout the year . Gainer was first ` played ' by Don Hewitt ; of Regina , SK , in 1977 . Don Hewitt is currently a reporter and on-air personality with CTV Regina .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae8c7ffb4a3a6844d5cf7f0b7c740d25", "text": "Western Michigan Broncos football The Western Michigan Broncos football program represents Western Michigan University in the Football Bowl Subdivision of Division I and the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) . Western Michigan has competed in football since 1906 , when they played three games in their inaugural season . In 1927 , WMU joined four other schools ( Central Michigan University , Eastern Michigan University , Ferris State University , and Wayne State University ) to form the Michigan Collegiate Conference . Western Michigan then moved to its present conference in 1946 . Prior to 1939 , Western Michigan 's athletic teams were known as the Hilltoppers . Western Michigan 's football team has had 16 head coaches in its history and are currently coached by Tim Lester . WMU 's main rival is the Central Michigan University Chippewas and they play for the WMU -- CMU Rivalry Trophy . As of 2016 , the Broncos own a 48 -- 37 -- 2 advantage in the series . In 2002 , Western Michigan won the rivalry game at Central Michigan for the first time since 1973 , snapping a 12-game winless streak ( 0 -- 11 -- 1 ) . Western Michigan University played in the inaugural International Bowl in 2007 in Toronto , Canada . It did not win a bowl game until it defeated Middle Tennessee , 45-31 , in the 2015 Bahamas Bowl .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a54e47d7eff0333d338f7bc949ec244", "text": "Shane Herbert Shane Herbert ( born December 29 , 1988 ) is a professional Canadian football defensive back who is currently a free agent . He was signed by the Toronto Argonauts in June 2011 after going undrafted in the 2011 CFL Draft . He returned to the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks in 2011 to complete his fifth year of play . He re-joined the Argonauts and made his CFL debut on June 28 , 2013 against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats , but sustained a season-ending injury in the game . He returned to play in the 2014 and 2015 seasons , playing in a total of 24 games with the Argonauts . He was part of Toronto 's final cuts of 2016 training camp and was promptly signed by the Roughriders on June 19 , 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e981c241b316cfab0343c9120f84f27d", "text": "Shelby Harris Shelby Harris ( born August 11 , 1991 ) is an American football defensive end for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Oakland Raiders in the seventh round of the 2014 NFL Draft . He played college football at Illinois State .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c13a6bc425866969aa364af6ad731475", "text": "Matt O'Donnell (Canadian football) Matthew O'Donnell ( born March 26 , 1989 ) is a Canadian football offensive lineman for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O'Donnell played high school football at Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School in Kingston Ontario . In the Canadian Football League 's Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings , he was ranked as the 11th best player for players eligible in the 2011 CFL Draft , and sixth by players in the CIS . On December 17 , 2010 , it was announced that O'Donnell was one of two CIS players to be named to the East -- West Shrine Game .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b803814993dcf5168d5cd6aabaf028a1", "text": "Kellan Quick Kellan Quick ( born November 11 , 1983 ) is a former professional gridiron football cornerback . He was signed by the Toronto Argonauts as an undrafted free agent in 2007 . He played college football for Southern Oregon University .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3f7ac27e2b41695e58127fc46091d05b", "text": "Swift Current Broncos The Swift Current Broncos are a junior ice hockey team in the Western Hockey League . Founded during 1967 in Swift Current , Saskatchewan , the Broncos played seven seasons before relocating to Lethbridge from 1974 to 1986 as the Lethbridge Broncos . The Broncos then returned to Swift Current , and have played there since 1986 , at the Credit Union iPlex .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6691e846e6e08e23c520f3fc5970ff38", "text": "2004 NFL Draft The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players . It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting . The draft was held April 24 -- 25 , 2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City . No teams chose to claim any players in the supplemental draft that year . The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days . The draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection . Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection , fourth overall pick Philip Rivers of NC State . There were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams , with the Eagles , Rams , and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks . The draft set several records , including the most wide receivers selected in the first round , with seven . Another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round , with twenty-eight trades . The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6 . Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds . As of 2012 , this draft also has two other records attached to it : it became the draft with the shortest time between having multiple quarterbacks being drafted and starting for Super Bowl winners ( Ben Roethlisberger for the 2005 Steelers , and Manning for the 2007 Giants ) and it has become the first draft ever to have produced two QBs who each won multiple Super Bowls ( with Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli his second in 2011 ) . The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of : __ TOC __", "title": "" }, { "docid": "150f3d0b897cc69c8b2bb9f88e0e6648", "text": "Aaron Wagner Aaron Wagner ( born July 5 , 1982 ) is a former Canadian football fullback/linebacker for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted in the second round of the 2005 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts . He played college football at BYU .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d05d9c7029529fb9ce8a0a920b0858a8", "text": "Joe McGrath (Canadian football) Joe McGrath ( born November 27 , 1980 in Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan ) is a professional Canadian football offensive tackle for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted by the Stampeders in the first round of the 2003 CFL Draft . He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "444dba50a76fa47dfc53342f8042c102", "text": "Canadian Football League The Canadian Football League ( CFL ; -LSB- Ligue canadienne de football , links = no -RSB- , LCF ) is a professional sports league in Canada . The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football . Its nine teams , which are located in nine separate cities , are divided into two divisions : the East Division , with four teams , and the West Division with five teams . As of 2016 , the league features a 20-week regular season , which traditionally runs from late June to early November ; each team plays 18 games with at least two bye weeks . Following the regular season , six teams compete in the league 's three-week divisional playoffs , which culminate in the Grey Cup championship game in late November , one of the country 's largest annual sports and television events . The CFL was officially founded on January 19 , 1958 . The league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c62620c8d0d6a8a92f837b55d17036fd", "text": "Monsanto Pope Monsanto Leshawn Pope ( born January 27 , 1978 ) is a former American football defensive tackle in the National Football League . He was selected by the Denver Broncos in the seventh round ( 231st overall pick ) in the 2002 NFL Draft out of the University of Virginia . He played four seasons for the Broncos ( 2002 -- 2005 ) before signing as a free agent with the New York Jets in 2006 . He left the team at the beginning of training camp .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5cf19d532e0456ed6aba8d8d029b0f04", "text": "Anthony Cannon Anthony Devon Cannon ( born December 31 , 1984 ) is a former gridiron football linebacker . Cannon was most recently a member of the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted by the Detroit Lions in the seventh round of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Tulane", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0107746fc6c9b148ec1d8e7e9402d262", "text": "Spergon Wynn Spergon Wynn III ( born August 10 , 1978 ) is a former American and Canadian football quarterback . He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He played college football at Southwest Texas State . Wynn also played for the Amsterdam Admirals , Minnesota Vikings , BC Lions , Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Toronto Argonauts .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "90a10fb7e5315fde1b94b7c1333e6a65", "text": "Jarious Jackson Jarious K. Jackson ( born May 3 , 1977 ) is a former American and Canadian football quarterback and currently the quarterbacks coach for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League . He was recently the quarterbacks coach for the Edmonton Eskimos . He played professionally in the CFL for seven seasons with the BC Lions and Toronto Argonauts where he won three Grey Cup championships in 2006 , 2011 , and 2012 . He has also played professionally for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League where he was drafted 214th overall in the 2000 NFL Draft . Jackson played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ba17339e9dbdb1f7047e46017db91bde", "text": "Brendan Taman Brendan Taman is a Canadian football executive who last served as the general manager of the Saskatchewan Roughriders . Taman got his start in pro football as player personnel assistant for the Saskatchewan Roughriders in 1987 . When Saskatchewan offensive coordinator Steve Goldman became head coach of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1989 , Taman joined him as the team 's manager of football operations . He remained in Ottawa until general manager Dan Rambo was fired following the 1992 season . After spending four seasons as Saskatchewan 's assistant director of player personnel , Taman became the BC Lions ' Director of Player Personnel . In this position he signed 1997 and 1998 Jackie Parker Trophy winners B. J. Gallis and Steve Muhammad . From 1999-2009 , Taman worked with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , first as assistant general manager ( 1999 -- 2004 ) and then as general manager ( 2004 -- 2009 ) . Under his direction , the Blue Bombers had a 39-50-1 record and made an appearance in 95th Grey Cup . Taman was moved from the GM position to the position of Vice President of Player Personnel in late 2008 . He stepped down as VP of Player Personnel on January 13 , 2009 , saying he needed a break from football . Taman was hired by the Roughriders on June 30 , 2009 as director of football administration . Along with head coach Ken Miller and director of player personnel Joe Womack , Taman handled the day-to-day operations of the team while general manager Eric Tillman was on paid administrative leave following sexual assault allegations . Tillman resigned on January 8 , 2010 and on January 22 , Taman was named as his replacement as general manager . On August 31 , 2015 , after the Roughriders started 0-9 , Taman and head coach Corey Chamblin were relieved of their duties .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "755d4e65f7ab9695c30c053d022f9b03", "text": "Dan Comiskey Dan Comiskey ( born June 30 , 1972 in Windsor , Ontario ) is a retired Canadian football offensive lineman who played 13 seasons for the Saskatchewan Roughriders , Hamilton Tiger-Cats , Edmonton Eskimos and Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League . He was drafted in the fifth round of the 1997 CFL Draft by the Roughriders . He played CIS football for the Windsor Lancers . On Tuesday , May 18 , 2010 it was announced that Comiskey had signed a contract with the Calgary Stampeders .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81fdf6dd2a8350381fb055f4a7fa4b5a", "text": "1978 CFL Draft The 1978 CFL Draft composed of eight rounds where 90 Canadian football players were chosen from eligible Canadian universities and Canadian players playing in the NCAA . A total of 18 players were selected as territorial exemptions , with the Toronto Argonauts being the only team to make no picks during this stage of the draft .", "title": "" } ]	fever
e9411dfd05cea3e9a5388d4cc7fadde2	Kafka stars an actor.	[ { "docid": "6d793d58df456c02b85dfaa9c6593f4a", "text": "Ian Holm Sir Ian Holm CBE ( born 12 September 1931 ) is an English actor known for his stage work and many film roles . He received the 1967 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for his performance as Lenny in The Homecoming and the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in the title role of King Lear . He won the 1981 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as athletics trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire , for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award . Other well-known film roles include Ash in Alien , Sir William Gull in From Hell , Father Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element , and the hobbit Bilbo Baggins in the The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5e8d8defaedcd323cca1144b5042e94c", "text": "Kafka (film) Kafka is a 1991 mystery thriller film directed by Steven Soderbergh . Ostensibly a biopic , based on the life of Franz Kafka , the film blurs the lines between fact and Kafka 's fiction ( most notably The Castle and The Trial ) , creating a Kafkaesque atmosphere . It was written by Lem Dobbs , and stars Jeremy Irons in the title role , with Theresa Russell , Ian Holm , Jeroen Krabbé , Joel Grey , Armin Mueller-Stahl , and Alec Guinness . Released after Soderbergh 's critically acclaimed debut Sex , Lies , and Videotape it was the first of what would be a series of low-budget box-office disappointments . It has since become a cult film , being compared to Terry Gilliam 's Brazil and David Cronenberg 's Naked Lunch ( all of which star Ian Holm ) .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a857179715723647d96b1f2b7e9d8bd7", "text": "Jan Tříska Jan Triska or Jan Tříska ( -LSB- ˈjan ˈtr̝̊iːska -RSB- ; 4 November 1936 ) is a Czech actor , most notable for portraying Captain Henry Wirz in the American television film Andersonville .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3dcc82d051b9ec69ffc9ec65c9f0cc8a", "text": "Wojciech Pokora Wojciech Pokora ( born 2 October 1934 ) is a Polish actor . He has made over 40 appearances in film and television . He starred in the 1986-1987 television series Zmiennicy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "22d4d6edc573b36e2318b4945990d648", "text": "Harvey Friedman (actor) Harvey Friedman ( born 1959 ) , sometimes credited as Harvey Friedmann , is an American film , television and theatre actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "93c4f3d9c3d67d067517bd71dbf9172b", "text": "Peter Greene Peter Greene ( born Peter Green ; October 8 , 1965 ) is an American character actor , generally known for playing villains .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "732228a0f8014783f17ac687ca0e1b5d", "text": "Steven Krueger Steven Krueger ( born May 25 , 1989 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Joshua ` Josh ' Rosza on The Originals , and Davidson on Goosebumps .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5e820f837b938b216306c9e82a3fc3d2", "text": "Jacob Matschenz Jacob Matschenz ( born 1984 , Berlin ) is a German actor . He is notable for film and television work including The Wave ( 2008 ) , 12 Paces Without a Head ( 2009 ) and The Sinking of the Laconia ( 2010 ) . He won the Adolf Grimme Award in 2008 for his appearance in An die Grenze .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8ffd9f1badfabb279f23c0936ff506a3", "text": "Krzysztof Stelmaszyk Krzysztof Stelmaszyk ( born March 2 , 1959 ) is a Polish film and television actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1856a318bd9ddb63271eb7fa589069e5", "text": "Robert Jelinek See also Robert Jelinek ( musician ) . Robert Thomas Jelinek ( born 20 September 1969 in Solna , Sweden ) is a Swedish actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b5dff9513bf01faf58e4cffc28d57ad", "text": "Bill Raymond William Joseph `` Bill '' Raymond ( born September 9 , 1938 ) is an American actor who has appeared in film , television and theatre since the 1960s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4651c21c82ce5537c936c66da646ae46", "text": "Michael T. Weiss Michael Terry Weiss ( born February 2 , 1962 ) is an American actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e781a6450d10157519c30e6ea8d967a", "text": "Sanjay Kapoor Sanjay Kapoor is a Bollywood actor and producer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fc01bf077369df0492daebe840683354", "text": "Patrick Cavanaugh Patrick Cavanaugh is an American television actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c52974ee7c2675e1479dab7156e26a2f", "text": "Martin Hewitt (actor) Martin Hewitt ( born February 19 , 1958 in San Jose , California ) is an American actor . He is best known for his film debut as David Axelrod in Franco Zeffirelli 's Endless Love ( 1981 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b6e4d7bfe46d25403ed4aff1cffdb735", "text": "Joachim Fuchsberger Joachim `` Blacky '' Fuchsberger ( pronounced -LSB- ˈjoːaxɪm ˈfʊçsbɛrɡɐ -RSB- 11 March 1927 -- 11 September 2014 ) was a German-Australian actor , television host , lyricist and businessman best known to a wide German-speaking audience as one of the recurring actors in various Edgar Wallace movies ( always playing one of the good guys , often a Detective Inspector with Scotland Yard ) . In the English-speaking world , he was sometimes credited as Akim Berg or Berger .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a4690039271d66afe4bdacbb13afd71", "text": "Jeffrey Tambor Jeffrey Michael Tambor ( born July 8 , 1944 ) is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian widely known for his roles as Hank Kingsley on The Larry Sanders Show , George Bluth Sr. and Oscar Bluth on Arrested Development , and Maura Pfefferman on Transparent , for which he has received one Golden Globe , one Screen Actors Guild and two Emmy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3973d0a0eb8e4386f181b28ac01b2a84", "text": "Patrick O'Kane Patrick O'Kane is an Irish actor who was born in 1965 in Belfast , Northern Ireland . He attended St Malachy 's grammar school where he discovered a love of acting and then attended Manchester University , graduating with double honours in Drama and English . This was followed by training at the Central School of Speech and Drama . He has been part of the companies of the Royal National Theatre , where he appeared in The Playboy of the Western World and Peer Gynt , and the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he played the title role in Macbeth . At the Royal Exchange Theatre , Manchester , he gave an `` eye-catching '' , `` triumphant '' performance in the title role of Christopher Marlowe 's Doctor Faustus in 2010 . In London 's West End , he has appeared in War Horse . He played John Proctor in the Lyric Theatre , Belfast 's production of Arthur Miller 's The Crucible , opening the theatre 's new performance space in April 2011 to rave reviews and receiving a nomination for best actor in the Irish Theatre Awards for his performance . In October 2011 O'Kane appeared to great acclaim in the lead role of `` 16 Possible Glimpses '' at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin http://www.abbeytheatre.ie/whats_on/event/16_possible_glimpses/ In May 2012 He appeared as J. Bruce Ismay in Owen McCafferty 's Titanic ( Scenes from the British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , 1912 ) at the newly opened MAC art 's venue in Belfast and will be performing in Owen McCafferty 's play `` Quietly '' in the Abbey Theatre in October 2012 . In addition to his extensive stage work , O'Kane has appeared in the movies ( most recently in ` Prometheus ' ) and on television in many parts including ` Game of Thrones ' , seasons two and three of ` The Borgias ' , series nine of the popular BBC `` New Tricks '' and the upcoming BBC detective series `` The Fall '' set in Northern Ireland . He won a Nesta Fellowship in 2005 and has released a book `` Actor 's Voices '' a series of conversations with modern actors ( Oberon Press 2012 ) He has also been in season 3 of HBO series Game of Thrones , playing as the new face of Jaqen H'ghar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "644407010499038fe8bed4091edcf119", "text": "Patrick Kafka Patrick Kafka ( born 1989 ) is a former Austrian - American runway , magazine and advertisement model . He was signed to Q Management New York City and Stella Models at the age of 15 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a741eea221c291f52f16b533ad0b05b", "text": "Filippo Nigro Filippo Nigro ( born 3 December 1970 ) is an Italian actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcac219d249d8c935b6b325112265adf", "text": "Joe Bevilacqua Joe Bevilacqua ( born January 2 , 1959 ) is an American actor , voice actor , producer , director , author , dramatist , humorist , cartoonist , and documentarian .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "78e9d2fa42b4b16eff7e9de749eaaa57", "text": "Stephen Rea Stephen Rea ( -LSB- ˈɹeɪ -RSB- ; born 31 October 1946 ) is an Irish film and stage actor . Rea has appeared in high-profile films such as V for Vendetta , Michael Collins , Interview with the Vampire and Breakfast on Pluto . Rea was nominated for an Academy Award for his lead performance as Fergus in the 1992 film The Crying Game . He has during later years had important roles in the Hugo Blick TV series The Shadow Line and The Honourable Woman , for which he won a BAFTA Award .", "title": "" } ]	fever
ce65dadeea6c871efce6e3ee77976b97	Drake is only German.	[ { "docid": "e8b297360ebc066af4a4b015a35313c6", "text": "Drake (musician) Aubrey Drake Graham ( born October 24 , 1986 ) better known by the stage name Drake , is a Canadian rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and actor . Drake initially gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi : The Next Generation in the early 2000s . Intent on pursuing a career as a rapper , he departed the series in 2007 following the release of his debut mixtape , Room for Improvement . He released two further independent projects , Comeback Season and So Far Gone , before signing to Lil Wayne 's Young Money Entertainment in June 2009 . Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010 , which debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was soon certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . His next two releases were 2011 's Take Care and 2013 's Nothing Was the Same , with certifications of quadruple and triple platinum respectively in the U.S. , with the former also earning him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album . They were followed by two mixtapes , with the trap-influenced If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late , and a collaboration with Future for What a Time to Be Alive , in 2015 , which both also earned platinum certification in the U.S. Drake released his fourth album , Views , in 2016 , breaking several chart records in the process . The dancehall-influenced album sat atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks , becoming the first album by a solo male to do so in over 10 years . Its single `` One Dance '' topped the chart in several countries , including the U.S. , the UK and Canada , where it became his first number-one single as the lead artist . This saw Drake leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 simultaneously for eight weeks , coming close to a record held by Whitney Houston . It achieved quadruple platinum status in the U.S. , and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release . The single `` Hotline Bling '' secured him his second and third Grammy win , for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song , at the organization 's 59th ceremony . Drake released the multi-genre More Life in 2017 . Described by Drake as a playlist , it was his seventh consecutive number one on the Billboard 200 , and set multiple streaming records . Drake owns several Billboard chart records . He has the most charted songs ( 154 ) among solo artists in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , the most simultaneously charted Hot 100 songs in a single week ( 24 ) , and the most Hot 100 debuts in a week ( 21 ) . Drake also has the most number one singles on the Hot Rap Songs , Hot R&B / Hip-Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts . Alongside his Grammy Award wins , Drake has won three Juno Awards and six American Music Awards . Drake has developed other ventures , including his OVO Sound record label with longtime collaborator Noah `` 40 '' Shebib . Drake acts as a producer , producing under the pseudonym of Champagne Papi . Using the `` OVO '' moniker , Drake has his own clothing line and his own program on Beats 1 Radio . He is also currently acting as the global ambassador for NBA franchise , the Toronto Raptors .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e80cb69102b21fe951ad69450ab07466", "text": "Come and See Me `` Come and See Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist PartyNextDoor , released as a single on March 23 , 2016 . The song , which was produced by frequent OVO Sound collaborator Noah `` 40 '' Shebib and features guest vocals from Canadian recording artist Drake , was released as the first single from his second studio album , PartyNextDoor 3 ( 2016 ) . `` Come and See Me '' has peaked at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming PartyNextDoor 's highest-charting single so far . It received a nomination for Best R&B Song at the 59th Grammy Awards in February 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2c6421f0def87916e07febb58cde20bc", "text": "Scenes from Goethe's Faust Scenes from Goethe 's Faust ( Szenen aus Goethes Faust ) has been described as the height of composer Robert Schumann 's accomplishments in the realm of dramatic music . The work was written between 1844 and 1853 and is scored for SATB chorus , boys ' chorus , orchestra , and a number of solo parts which , even with doubling , require seven solo singers , although eight ( three sopranos , two mezzos , one tenor , one baritone , and one bass ) is the usual number for a performance . Schumann never saw all three parts of the work performed in the same concert , or published together . Eric Sams comments ` There is no coherence in the orchestration , which audibly dates from two different periods ( hand-horns in Part III , valve-horns elsewhere ) ' , leading him to conclude that Schumann did not conceive the work as a whole , although late nineteenth-century ideas of performance mean that in the modern era the piece is predominantly heard with all three parts . Schumann 's work on what he labeled an oratorio began in 1842 . This was just over a decade after the death of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , who completed Part Two of the dramatic poem Faust in his final year . Many contemporary readers of Faust found Goethe 's epic poem daunting and difficult to grasp . Goethe himself declared only Mozart fit to write the music for it ( though Mozart died in 1791 , almost 20 years prior to the completion of Part One of Faust ) . Schumann explained the weight of the task before him in an 1845 letter to Felix Mendelssohn : '' -LSB- A -RSB- ny composer would not only be judged by his treatment of one of the seminal and most-widely acclaimed works in German literature , but would also be setting himself up to be compared to Mozart . '' Yet despite Schumann 's expressed reservations about the work , it has been labeled his `` magnum opus . '' Schumann is '' -LSB- d -RSB- eeply sensitive to the all-inclusiveness of Goethe 's drama -LSB- . -RSB- '' From the work 's dark and tense overture , to its elegant and tranquil conclusion , Schumann opens wide `` a manifold musical world '' that coherently draws together elements of `` lied , horror opera , grand opera , oratorio , and church music . '' Schumann 's music suggests the struggle between good and evil at the heart of Goethe 's work , as well as Faust 's tumultuous search for enlightenment and peace . After the overture , the music depicts Faust 's wooing of Gretchen . For Gretchen 's story , Schumann employs operatic music , beginning with a love duet , proceeding to Gretchen 's passionate and desperate aria , and concluding with a church scene . The second part of the work opens with stark contrast : on the one hand , the lively , fresh music of Ariel and the spirits calls Faust to savor the beauties of nature ; on the other hand , in the scene following , Schumann 's restless orchestration brings to the fore Faust 's delusions upon hearing of a new world being created and its rapturous promise of an everlasting present . The final scenes , drawing the work to its placid yet unsettled conclusion , hold some of Schumann 's best choral writing . Scenes from Goethe 's Faust has often been overlooked within Schumann 's impressive oeuvre , but has enjoyed a resurgence since the 1970s . The piece has been deemed among Schumann 's most moving works , and a pinnacle of his quintessential Romantic concern with the extra-musical ( and especially literary ) potential of musical expression .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "13ee10894f97ec3ecbe9fb09d14965d7", "text": "The Voice of Germany The Voice of Germany is a German reality talent show that premiered on 24 November 2011 on ProSieben and Sat .1 . Based on the reality singing competition The Voice of Holland , the series was created by the Dutch television producer John de Mol . It is part of The Voice , an international series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3ec1333835c0f494f29e182222cf20bd", "text": "Drake videography The following list contains the videography for Drake , including his own music videos and videos that feature him . The first video Drake ever appeared in was Jenna 's music video for her single `` Change You '' released in 2006 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "181b090b438960d7e11d17d9689bb95b", "text": "Drake Thadzi Drake Thadzi ( born November 23 , 1959 in Lilongwe ) is a 6 ' 1 light heavyweight retired boxer from Malawi , who represented his native country at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . There he was decisioned in the second round of competition in the light heavyweight division ( -- 81 kg ) by Algeria 's eventual bronze medalist Mustapha Moussa . Soon afterwards Thadzi turned professional , before retiring in 1998 after a loss against Dariusz Michalczewski with a record of 40 fights : 30 wins ( 25 KO 's ) , 1 draw and 9 losses . Some other career highlights : Thadzi challenged Virgil Hill for the WBA light heavyweight title in 1995 but lost a decision . Thadzi scored his career best win in 1997 , when he upset respected three-time world champion James Toney at the Foxwoods Casino . At that point Thadzi appeared primed to fight for a title but manager Goody Petronelli inexplicably failed to get him a fight during the next 15 months . Thadzi finished out with only two more fights after the Toney win with a victory over a seriously weight depleted `` Iceman '' John Scully and a title loss to Michalczewski eighteen months after his big win over Toney .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4817ab368aea98d6f04a56cfe909d1f3", "text": "Germany national football team The Germany national football team ( Die deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft or just Die Mannschaft ) is the men 's football team that has represented Germany in international competition since 1908 . It is governed by the German Football Association ( Deutscher Fußball-Bund ) , founded in 1900 . Ever since the DFB was reinaugurated in 1949 the team has represented the Federal Republic of Germany . Under Allied occupation and division , two other separate national teams were also recognised by FIFA : the Saarland team representing the Saarland ( 1950 -- 1956 ) and the East German team representing the German Democratic Republic ( 1952 -- 1990 ) . Both have been absorbed along with their records by the current national team . The official name and code `` Germany FR ( FRG ) '' was shortened to `` Germany ( GER ) '' following the reunification in 1990 . Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions , having won a total of four World Cups ( 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 ) and three European Championships ( 1972 , 1980 , 1996 ) . They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships , four times in the World Cup , and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups . East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976 . Germany is the only nation to have won both the men 's and women 's World Cups . At the end of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Germany earned the highest Elo rating of any national football team in history , with a record 2200 points . Germany is also the only European nation that has won a FIFA World Cup in the Americas . The current manager of the national team is Joachim Löw .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47ef96ce10df7d2521b4d69056aa27b6", "text": "Music of the Drakengard series The music for the Drakengard series , known as in Japan , has been handled by multiple composers since the release of the original game in 2004 . Drakengards composers were Nobuyoshi Sano and Takayuki Aihara , Drakengard 2 was handled by Ryoki Matsumoto and Aoi Yoshiki , and Drakengard 3 was composed for by Keiichi Okabe , the composer for series spin-off Nier . Sano remained as a sound director for the second game , and his music was used as a reference for the third . Multiple albums have been released for the music of the series : Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack Vol .1 and Vol .2 were released on October and November 2004 , while a two-disc re-release titled Drag-On Dragoon Original Soundtrack was released in April 2011 . The Drag-On Dragoon 2 Original Soundtrack was released on July 20 , 2005 . A promotional disc with two tracks from the soundtrack was released in the same year . The official soundtrack for the third game , Drag-On Dragoon 3 Original Soundtrack , was released January 21 , 2014 . An compilation of chiptune remixes of the previous games and Nier , Drag-On Dragoon Chips Music , was released on December 19 , 2013 as part of the Drag-On Dragoon 10 Anniversary Box . The series has also received theme songs from multiple Japanese pop artists , all of which have been released as singles . A re-orchestration of Mika Nakashima 's single `` Hitori '' was used as the theme for Drakengard 2 , incorporating elements from the game . Two theme songs were written for Drakengard 3 : `` Kuroi Uta '' and `` This Silence is Mine '' . The former was sung by Eir Aoi , a fan of the series , and written by Nier writer Kikuchi Hana . The latter was specially written and sung by Onitsuka Chihiro , who created the song around the themes and characters of the game . Both songs were composed by Okabe . All three singles have been in the top 40 best-selling singles in the Japanese Oricon music charts . The soundtracks have received mixed to positive reviews from both dedicated video game music outlets and video game critics . The first game was noted for its disturbing style , which both drew criticism for repetitiveness and praise for suiting the game 's atmosphere . It has been generally cited as an experimental soundtrack . The second game 's soundtrack received a more positive reception , with the general opinion being that it was a more traditional and consequently more comfortable soundtrack . The third game 's soundtrack also received fairly positive comments , mainly praising its quality , although critiques were made concerning its variety . The chiptune compilation was generally liked , except for its exclusivity to the special release . The singles have also received praise .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2026f10c71dba12f3599e9d1f0444f5", "text": "Rosenstolz discography The discography of Rosenstolz , a German pop duo from Berlin , includes 12 studio albums and at least 40 singles , released between 1992 and 2012 . The band also released a number of live albums , six compilation albums and video albums . Rosenstolz 's first chart hit was `` Herzensschöner '' , which reached No. 34 in the German singles chart in 1998 . However , it was not until 2000 with the release of the single `` Amo Vitam '' that the band received frequent airplay on German music television stations . The following year , `` Es könnt ' ein Anfang sein '' became the band 's first German top 10 single . Rosenstolz 's great breakthrough in Germany then came in 2004 with the album Herz , which reached triple platinum status and gave rise to four top 20 singles , including `` Liebe ist alles '' and `` Willkommen '' . Major chart hits from later albums were `` Ich bin ich ( Wir sind wir ) '' , `` Gib mir Sonne '' and `` Wir sind am Leben '' , which peaked at No. 2 , No. 1 and No. 3 , respectively , in the German singles chart . Although none of Rosenstolz 's songs from the early to mid-nineties entered the charts , some of them remained regular features of Rosenstolz concerts in later years . These songs included `` Schlampenfieber '' , `` Nur einmal noch '' , `` Lachen '' , `` Der Moment '' , `` Die Schlampen sind müde '' and `` Königin '' . A notable song was `` Schlampenfieber '' , which was performed in a different musical style for each concert tour . Five of Rosenstolz 's studio albums went straight to No. 1 in the German albums chart : Kassengift ( 2000 ) , Herz ( 2004 ) , Das große Leben ( 2006 ) , Die Suche geht weiter ( 2008 ) and Wir sind am Leben ( 2011 ) . The last three of these albums also reached No. 1 in Austria and charted highly in Switzerland . Rosenstolz 's most commercially successful album was Das große Leben , which sold over one million copies in Germany and also received platinum and gold statuses in Austria and Switzerland , respectively .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df729edf2bd82cff639ebcc1c5a4ff18", "text": "Rock da most Rock Da Most is a German-based hip-hop group in Berlin . The group is composed of members DJ Derezone , DJ Run X Kid , MC Roskoe and MC Blacky . Credited with releasing the first record by a West German hip-hop group , Rock Da Most released Use the Posse in 1988 prior to the reunification of West and East Germany . Birthed by the hip-hop scene in Germany , Rock Da Most , like other hip-hop artists and groups , were influenced by the images of American hip-hop circulating at the time . During the late 1970s to mid 1980 's , Germany experienced its short era of an old-school hip hop scene after Charlie Ahearn 's 1982 film Wild Style and the 1984 film Beat Street produced by Harry Belafonte . Through the depiction of an African-American/Latino-American youth street culture in America , films like these influenced the hip-hop scene in Germany as well as its manifestation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a96f2e972590cd1956fd525f33f19775", "text": "Aspire Music Group Aspire Music Group , LLC is an American record label founded by Cortez Bryant , Gerald `` Gee '' Roberson and Derrick Lawrence in 2008 . Their roster currently only includes multi-platinum Canadian rapper Drake .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dc21c1c227964a84f958085b53411435", "text": "Miss Me `` Miss Me '' is the third single by Canadian recording artist Drake from his debut album Thank Me Later . The song features label mate and Young Money founder Lil Wayne . It was produced by Drake 's long-time collaborators Boi-1da and 40 . It debuted and peaked at number fifteen on Billboard , becoming the third consecutive track to attain chart success from the album . On March 30 , 2011 , the track was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies in the US .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f558d28c8d60aea044e11c8b03680436", "text": "President of Germany The President of Germany , officially the President of the Federal Republic of Germany ( Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) , is the head of state of Germany . Germany has a parliamentary system of government in which the Chancellor is the nation 's leading political figure and de facto chief executive . However , the President has a role which , while not an executive post , is more than ceremonial . Presidents have extensive discretion regarding the way they exercise their official duties . The President gives direction to general political and societal debates and has some important `` reserve powers '' in case of political instability ( such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law ) . Under Article 59 ( 1 ) of the Basic Law ( German Constitution ) , the President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law , concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats . Furthermore , all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect , but usually he or she only vetoes a law that he/she believes to violate the constitution . The President , by his or her actions and public appearances , represents the state itself , its existence , its legitimacy , and unity . The President 's office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the constitution . It is a matter of political tradition -- not legal restrictions -- that the President generally does not comment routinely on issues in the news , particularly when there is some controversy among the political parties . This distance from day-to-day politics and daily governmental issues allows the President to be a source of clarification , to influence public debate , to voice criticism , offer suggestions and make proposals . In order to exercise this power , he/she traditionally acts above party politics . The 12th and current officeholder is Frank-Walter Steinmeier who was elected on 12 February 2017 and started his first five-year-term on 19 March 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d68411193d430026036b21032be0f625", "text": "Farid Bang Farid El Abdellaoui ( born 4 June 1986 ) , better known as Farid Bang , is a German rapper of Moroccan descent . He is currently the owner of the label Banger Musik .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "88b014de7263d6a59d5e2c83b579c612", "text": "Clueso Thomas Hübner ( born April 9 , 1980 ) , better known by his stage name Clueso ( -LSB- klyˈzo -RSB- ) , is a German singer , rapper , songwriter and producer . Born in Erfurt , he started performing at the age of 15 . His first album Text und Ton was released in 2001 . In 2011 , Clueso released his album An und für sich , which reached number 2 on the German Top 100 . In 2016 , he released his latest album Neuanfang , peaking at number 1 on the German Top 100 . His music is notable for being a mix of hip hop , pop and electronic music , and sometimes reggae .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f31e5c2f938f52043d949c15d2635373", "text": "David Drake (actor) David Drake ( born June 27 , 1963 ) is an American playwright , stage director , actor and author . He is best known as the author and original performer of The Night Larry Kramer Kissed Me , for which he received a Village Voice Obie Award , a 1994 Drama-Logue Award for `` Outstanding Solo Performance , '' and a Robbie Stevens Frontiers Magazine Award for the same . Nominations include a 1994 LA Weekly Theater Award and a Lambda Literary Award nomination for `` Best New Play of 1994 '' ( published by Anchor Books ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "19b367cfc00dfb72f77c9b7f78659d0a", "text": "Eins Zwo Eins Zwo ( `` One Two '' ) was a German hip hop group from Hamburg , consisting of DJ Rabauke ( Thomas Jensen ) and MC Dendemann ( Daniel Ebel ) . Rabauke produced his first music with his ` Projekt an der Grenze ' . He however , was before Eins Zwo more known for his work as tour DJ with the group Fettes Brot . Dendemann was formerly mostly associated with his work as a member of the ` Vorgruppe Arme Ritter ' . Eins Zwo started out in 1997 . Running into each other during a soundcheck that year they decided to make music together and create the demo `` S.P.O.R.T '' . Later that year they accompanied the group 5 Sterne Deluxe as support act on a short tour through Germany and enlarged on their `` S.P.O.R.T. '' demotape . The tape was then released nationwide as an EP halfway through 1998 in its unaltered , unmastered form and quickly became highly sought after in the scene . It was reputedly the most illegally copied album in the German hip hop scene that year . In May 1999 , their first longplay album was released : Gefährliches Halbwissen . The word-wizardry of Dendemann became through this album the trademark of the band . While their second album , aptly named Zwei ( `` Two '' ) , released in 2001 , held the same high textual , musical and technical standard , it did not have the same impact as their debut album . With the upcoming EP `` Discjockeys '' the group announced their farewell . Since 2003 both group members have gone their own way . Dendemann released the EP `` DasSchweigenDilemma '' in the autumn of that same year and in September 2006 the LP Die Pfütze des Eisbergs . DJ Rabauke has mostly been working as a DJ in the house scene and has , among other things , played at the Melt ! festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "666aa01bd2c349e2cf0db3df9ca2ed4c", "text": "Excuse My French (album) Excuse My French is the debut studio album by American rapper French Montana . It was released on May 21 , 2013 , by Coke Boys Records , Bad Boy Records , Maybach Music Group and Interscope Records . The album features guest appearances from Diddy , Nicki Minaj , Drake , Ace Hood , Lil Wayne , Birdman , The Weeknd , Rick Ross , 2 Chainz , Max B , Ne-Yo , Machine Gun Kelly , Raekwon , Scarface and Snoop Dogg , among others . The album 's production was handled by Mike Will Made It , Jahlil Beats , Reefa , Rico Love , Lex Luger and Young Chop , among others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "21e1db575baeb505b80758ae4bff4196", "text": "Für Dich `` Für Dich '' is the second single released by the German duo Lessmann/Ziller and is their last new release . After it was put out , the duo decided to change their name and start a new project called `` Ex '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af962658f400387ab3e6ae40c9b8de54", "text": "French Montana Karim Kharbouch ( born November 9 , 1984 ) , better known by his stage name French Montana , is an American hip hop recording artist . Born in Morocco , he immigrated to the United States with his family when he was 13 years old . He is the founder of Coke Boys Records , and its predecessor Cocaine City Records . In 2012 , he signed a joint-venture recording deal with Bad Boy Records and Maybach Music Group . Montana has collaborated with record producer Harry Fraud and rapper Max B before his conviction . More recently he collaborated with Rick Ross , Diddy and his MMG and Bad Boy labelmates along with his Coke Boys which include the late Chinx , Lil Durk , and his brother Zack . French made his mixtape debut in 2007 , and released his debut studio album Excuse My French on May 21 , 2013 . In 2003 , he survived a gunshot to the head . Allegedly blackballed by radio and media in his earlier career stemming from his stint with Max B , in 2010 , he had his breakthrough with `` Choppa Choppa Down '' . In 2012 , his single `` Shot Caller '' was one of the most added tracks on urban contemporary radio in the country .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3ba893c0fb6cfcd2a2ba5e32eb478364", "text": "Jensen! Jensen ! was a Dutch late night talk show on the television station RTL 5 . It aired on weekdays from 22:30 to 23:30 CET during winter , 20:30 to 21:30 UTC during summer . The show 's final season started on 31 March 2011 , with the last episode airing on 5 May 2011 . The show 's creator , anchorman Robert Jensen , also acted as its producer and host . In addition to various Dutch celebrities who accounted for the majority of the show 's guests , Jensen often welcomed international celebrities who were interviewed in English with subtitles in Dutch . On March 29 , 2007 , Jensen ! became a subject of controversy in the United States as the show 's guest that day , Snoop Dogg , delivered a few uncensored profanities directed at American TV host Bill O'Reilly . During the course of the interview , the topic of O'Reilly taking Snoop Dogg to task over the rapper 's drug and gun possession arrest weeks before , was brought up by Jensen . Snoop Dogg responded by saying `` fuck Bill O'Reilly '' and `` suck my dick '' among other things , all of which aired uncensored on Dutch TV . Snoop Dogg continued to lash out at O'Reilly while expressing frustration about O'Reilly not inviting him on his show to talk about the arrest , so that he could understand Snoop . The footage gained global notoriety after it was uploaded on YouTube , where it reached more than 1,000,000 views . Bill O'Reilly responded on his show , mocking Snoop Dogg for bashing him and the Netherlands for letting Snoop Dogg in the country , something which increased not only Snoop Dogg 's popularity in The Netherlands , but also Robert Jensen 's popularity . On 26 November 2009 Snoop Dogg returned in JENSEN ! to talk about Bill O'Reilly again .", "title": "" } ]	fever
231f47fcfca903f13c9f5da0f6891099	Anne Hathaway had a part in Ella Enchanted.	[ { "docid": "1b2c6050c18eaccd08c37fed6c588d37", "text": "Anne Hathaway Anne Jacqueline Hathaway ( born November 12 , 1982 ) is an American actress and singer . Born in Brooklyn , New York and brought up in Millburn , New Jersey , Hathaway was inspired to act by her mother and as a high school student was nominated for the Paper Mill Playhouse Rising Star Award for Best Performance by a High School Actress for her performance in Once Upon a Mattress . She made her professional screen debut in the short-lived Fox television series Get Real ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , before landing the lead role of Mia Thermopolis in the Disney comedy film The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , for which she won the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy . Hathaway went on to become a widely praised `` role model for children '' for her roles in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) , and Hoodwinked ! ( 2005 ) . Hathaway began to transition to more adult roles in 2005 , winning a DVD Exclusive Award for Best Actress for Havoc ( 2005 ) , receiving a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the critically acclaimed Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) , garnering further recognition for appearing alongside Meryl Streep in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , and earning a BIFA nomination for Best Performance by an Actress for her portrayal of Jane Austen in Becoming Jane ( 2007 ) . Hathaway received praise for her performance as a recovering drug addict in Rachel Getting Married ( 2008 ) , for which she won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy , Golden Globe , Screen Actors Guild , and Indie Spirit Awards for Best Actress / Female Lead . She went on to win her second Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy for starring in Bride Wars ( 2009 ) and in 2010 , appeared in the box office hits Valentine 's Day , Alice in Wonderland and Love & Other Drugs , which earned her the Satellite Award for Best Actress and a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . In 2011 , Hathaway voiced Jewel in the animated film Rio and hosted the 83rd Academy Awards with James Franco , which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Class Program . In 2012 , she portrayed Catwoman in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises , for which she won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . The same year , she starred as Fantine in Tom Hooper 's Les Misérables , which earned her widespread acclaim and she won the Academy , Golden Globe , BAFTA , and SAG Awards for Best Supporting Actress . Hathaway has since gone on to appear in Rio 2 ( 2014 ) , Interstellar ( 2014 ) , The Intern ( 2015 ) , and reprised her role as the White Queen in Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) . People magazine named Hathaway one of its breakthrough stars of 2001 , and she appeared on its list of the world 's 50 Most Beautiful People in 2006 . Following a four-year relationship with real estate developer Raffaello Follieri , Hathaway married Adam Shulman in 2012 , with whom she has one son , born in March 2016 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "867e8184fdc9d637274d4fd4f543c7ce", "text": "Gaiety Girls Gaiety Girls were the chorus girls in Edwardian musical comedies , beginning in the 1890s at the Gaiety Theatre , London , in the shows produced by George Edwardes . The popularity of this genre of musical theatre depended , in part , on the beautiful dancing corps of `` Gaiety Girls '' appearing onstage in bathing attire and in the latest fashions . The 1890s Gaiety Girls were respectable , elegant young ladies , unlike the corseted actresses from London 's earlier musical burlesques . Later , even the stars of these musical comedies were referred to as Gaiety Girls .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "26ac2bd04421caa8d98bb8369b34132f", "text": "Enchanted Palace Enchanted Palace is a children 's board game released in 1994 by the Milton Bradley Company . The goal is for players to make their way through the castle to rescue the queen from an evil witch .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0642de2c2ae77e509e20af33e49935c5", "text": "Ella (Ella Fitzgerald album) Ella is a 1969 studio album by the American jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald . The first of two albums recorded for the Warner Bros. owned Reprise label . This album continues the theme set on Fitzgerald 's previous album , consisting in the main part of cover versions of popular songs from the late 1960s . The production of this recording was in the hands of Richard Perry , who had joined the Reprise label in 1967 . Perry later went on the produce albums by Barbra Streisand and Diana Ross . The album was re-issued on CD with alternative artwork , in 1989 . Released together on one CD with Ella 's final album recorded for Reprise label , Things Ai n't What They Used to Be ( And You Better Believe It ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a7512ebb030fc56583a0f553f03dd4c4", "text": "Enchanted (film) Enchanted is a 2007 American live-action/animated musical fantasy romantic comedy film , produced by Walt Disney Pictures with New York Academy Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment . Written by Bill Kelly and directed by Kevin Lima , the film stars Amy Adams , Patrick Dempsey , James Marsden , Timothy Spall , Idina Menzel , Rachel Covey , and Susan Sarandon . The plot focuses on Giselle , an archetypal Disney Princess , who is forced from her traditional animated world of Andalasia into the live-action world of New York City . Enchanted was the first Disney film to be distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , instead of Buena Vista Pictures Distribution . The film is both a homage to , and a self-parody of , Disney 's animated features , making numerous references to Disney 's past works through the combination of live-action filmmaking , traditional animation , and computer-generated imagery . It marks the return of traditional animation to a Disney feature film after the company 's decision to move entirely to computer animation in 2004 . Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Stephen Schwartz , who had written songs for previous Disney films , produced the songs of Enchanted , with Menken also composing its score . The animation sequences were produced at James Baxter Animation in Pasadena . Filming of the live action segments took place around New York City . It premiered on October 20 , 2007 , at the London Film Festival before its wide release on November 21 , 2007 , in the United States . Enchanted was well-received critically , established Adams as a leading lady , and earned more than $ 340 million worldwide at the box office . It won three Saturn Awards , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Actress for Adams . Enchanted also received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three Best Original Song nominations at the 80th Academy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9cbdabd9528613e860b7f64437ab24b0", "text": "Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong collaborations The collaborations between Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong have attracted much attention over the years . The artists were both widely known icons not just in the areas of big band , jazz , and swing music but across 20th century popular music in general . The two African-American musicians produced three official releases together in Ella and Louis ( 1956 ) , Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) , and Porgy and Bess ( 1959 ) . Each release earned both commercial and critical success . As well , tracks related to those albums have also appeared in various forms in multi-artist collections and other such records . In terms of touring performances , Fitzgerald once again teamed up with Armstrong , after the success of their first album , to hold a series of concerts at the Hollywood Bowl . The duo 's music proved popular with the live audiences . Two live tracks from those 1956 concerts would end up being released as album bonus material in the 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "837ff7b35ccbcfe62d1b9feb784d36f1", "text": "Tea Leaves (song) `` Tea Leaves '' is a 1948 song by Ella Fitzgerald , composed by Frank Capano , Freedman , with lyrics by Morty Berk . The song was covered by many artists including Keely Smith 1960 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c122069a46dc816d48ad0ac2e2a72f8b", "text": "Anne of Avonlea (1975 film) Anne of Avonlea is a film made for television 4-part mini-series , developed in the United Kingdom by the BBC . It is based on Anne of Avonlea , the sequel to Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1865bbafa59476d0a042a780350d9c0", "text": "Elvi Hale Patricia Elvi Hake , born on 29 January 1931 , is a British actress who uses the name Elvi Hale professionally . Raised in Romford , Essex , she may be best known for playing Anne of Cleves in The Six Wives of Henry VIII , broadcast in 1970 . Hale was nominated for a BAFTA award for most promising film newcomer for her performance in Wendy Toye 's True as a Turtle ( 1957 ) . She retired from film and television work in 1990 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dcb3a64abd376ab35e4be4782d8eb705", "text": "Anne One Hundred Anne One Hundred is a 1933 British drama film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Betty Stockfeld , Gyles Isham and Dennis Wyndham . It was based on the play Anne One Hundred Percent by Sewell Collins . It was made at Elstree Studios as a quota quickie .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8dea715a1bd1eecb7a565ddf9af81824", "text": "Never Never Land (film) Never Never Land is a 1980 British drama film directed by Paul Annett and starring Petula Clark , Cathleen Nesbitt , John Castle , and Anne Seymour . It is named after Neverland , the magical setting of the classic children 's tales of Peter Pan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "43852362fa3e77458226e1d6609d7cec", "text": "Seven Sweethearts Seven Sweethearts is a 1942 musical film directed by Frank Borzage and starring Kathryn Grayson , Marsha Hunt and Van Heflin . Seven Sweethearts generated legal trouble seven years later . In 1949 , Hungarian playwright Ferenc Herczeg sued MGM , producer Joe Pasternak and screenwriters Walter Reisch and Leo Townsend for $ 200,000 , claiming they had plagiarized his play Seven Sisters , which he had written in 1903 and which Paramount Pictures had adapted into The Seven Sisters a 1915 movie starring Madge Evans . Herczeg was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp in Hungary when Seven Sweethearts was produced and released , and consequently he did n't learn of the film 's existence until 1948 . The suit was settled out of court for a substantial amount . Kathryn Grayson 's real-life sister , Frances Raeburn , played `` Cornelius . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "458f74adf61c784c11b5817160665983", "text": "Enchanted Journey (film) Enchanted Journey , released in Japan as , is a 1981 Japanese anime film directed by Hideo Nishimaki and based on the book of the same name by Atsuo Saitō .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d00cacc7cc72725a18e0908c1cc7803", "text": "Dorothy (opera) Dorothy is a comic opera in three acts with music by Alfred Cellier and a libretto by B. C. Stephenson . The story involves a rake who falls in love with his disguised fiancée . It was first produced at the Gaiety Theatre in London on in 1886 . After a rocky start , it was revised and transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre later that year and then transferred to the Lyric Theatre in 1888 , where it played until 1889 . The piece had an initial run of 931 performances , breaking the record for the longest-running musical theatre production in history and holding this record until the run of the musical play A Chinese Honeymoon in the early 1900s . Dorothy also toured in Britain , America and Australia and enjoyed numerous revivals until at least 1908 . The piece was popular with amateur theatre groups , particularly in Britain , until World War II . The show 's hit songs included the ballad `` Queen of My Heart '' , `` Be Wise In Time '' , `` Hark For ` ard ! '' , `` With A Welcome To All '' , and `` The Time Has Come . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "363707d675f0a005885c6618422cdada", "text": "Cate Blanchett on screen and stage Cate Blanchett is an Australian actress who has extensively appeared in film and stage . She made her stage debut in 1992 by playing Electra in the National Institute of Dramatic Art production of the same name . She followed it with performances in Timothy Daly 's Kafka Dances ( 1993 ) and the Sydney Theatre Company stage production of Oleanna ( 1993 ) opposite Geoffrey Rush . Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Critics Award for Best Newcomer for the former and Best Actress for the latter , making her the first person to win both awards at once . She went on to perform several roles on stage , notably Susan Traherne in Plenty ( 1999 ) , Hedda Gabler in Hedda Gabler ( 2004 ) , Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 2009 ) , Yelena in Uncle Vanya ( 2011 ) and Claire in The Maids ( 2013 ) . In 1997 , Blanchett made her feature film debut in a supporting role in the World War II drama Paradise Road . The same year , she had her first leading role in Oscar and Lucinda , which earned her an AACTA Award nomination for Best Actress . Blanchett received worldwide attention for playing Queen Elizabeth I of England in the acclaimed drama Elizabeth ( 1998 ) . Her performance garnered her a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award for Best Actress and her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Elizabeth and her next film , the thriller The Talented Mr. Ripley ( 1999 ) , performed well at the box office . However , her other 1999 releasesthe widely praised An Ideal Husband and the largely panned Pushing Tinwere unsuccessful . Blanchett found greater success for portraying Galadriel in Peter Jackson 's epic fantasy trilogy The Lord of the Rings ( 2001-03 ) . During this period , she also appeared in several films which had mixed reception and performed poorly at the box office . She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress , among other honors for portraying Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese 's 2004 drama The Aviator , making her the only actor to win an Oscar for portraying another Oscar-winning actor . Her only screen appearance in 2005 was in Little Fish , for which she won the AACTA Award for Best Actress . Blanchett 's performance in the 2006 thriller Notes on a Scandal garnered her another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , she received both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscar nominations for her roles in Elizabeth : The Golden Age and I 'm Not There , becoming one of the few actors to achieve this feat . In 2008 , Blanchett appeared in Steven Spielberg 's action adventure Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and David Fincher 's fantasy drama The Curious Case of Benjamin Button . She briefly reprised her role of Galadriel in the The Hobbit trilogy ( 2012-14 ) . For her performance as the titular socialite in Woody Allen 's 2013 drama Blue Jasmine , Blanchett won the Golden Globe , the BAFTA Award , the SAG Award and the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2014 , she voiced Valka in the $ 620 million-grossing animated fantasy How to Train Your Dragon 2 . In 2015 , she received praise for playing Lady Tremaine in Disney 's live action film Cinderella , Mary Mapes in Truth and the titular character in Todd Haynes 's romantic drama Carol . Cinderella was a notable box office success while Carol garnered her seventh Oscar nomination . Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present , receiving her first Tony Award nomination for the Best Actress in a Play .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f9ce626e45289d05fee4c6ef9ed9aa4", "text": "King's Rhapsody King 's Rhapsody is a musical with book and music by Ivor Novello and lyrics by Christopher Hassall . The musical was first produced at the Palace Theatre , London , on 15 September 1949 and ran for 841 performances , surviving its author , who died in 1951 . It starred Novello in the title role of the heir to the throne under pressure from his long-lived mother , Queen Elana , to abdicate in favour of his infant son , with Phyllis Dare as his mistress Marta Karillos , Zena Dare as Queen Elana , Vanessa Lee as Princess Cristiane , Robert Andrews as Vanescu , and Olive Gilbert as Countess Vera . A 1955 film adaptation was made , starring Errol Flynn .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7783263b398ae9e65de89ce477419f8c", "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1988 film) Alice in Wonderland is an Australian 51-minute direct-to-video animated film from Burbank Films Australia . It was originally released in 1988 . The film is based on Lewis Carroll 's classic English novel , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , first published in 1865 , and was adapted by Paul Leadon . Unlike many other adaptations of the novel , this one did not borrow elements from its sequel , Through the Looking-Glass ( 1871 ) , combined into one film . The production company produced a 73-minute adaptation of the second novel the year before , in 1987 , entitled Alice : Through the Looking-Glass . The 1988 film was produced by Roz Phillips and directed by Rich Trueblood . Quite uncommon among Burbank Films Australia 's adaptations of classic literary works , Alice in Wonderland featured one original theme song , composed by Mark Isaacs . The copyright in this film is now owned by Pulse Distribution and Entertainment and administered by digital rights management firm NuTech Digital .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c366b218556bbf9a98a48037c13b3af5", "text": "Oh, Lady Be Good! `` Oh , Lady Be Good ! '' is a 1924 song by George and Ira Gershwin . It was introduced by Walter Catlett in the Broadway musical Lady , Be Good ! , written by Guy Bolton , Fred Thompson , and the Gershwin brothers , starring Fred and Adele Astaire . It ran for 330 performances in its original Broadway run . The song is also performed in the film Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) , although the film itself is unrelated to the musical play . A 1947 recording of the song became a hit for Ella Fitzgerald , notable for her scat solo . The song became identified with Fitzgerald , and she sang it many times in live performance . For her album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Songbook ( 1959 ) , it was sung as a ballad , arranged by Nelson Riddle .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2e3d3d7b30a7dc1bd89be83b53299351", "text": "All in the golden afternoon... `` All in the golden afternoon '' is the prefatory poem in the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll . The book was first published in 1865 by London 's Macmillan . The introductory poem recalls the afternoon on which he improvised the story about Alice in Wonderland on a boat trip from Oxford to Godstow , for the benefit of the three Liddell sisters , Lorina ( `` Prima '' ) , Alice ( `` Secunda '' ) and Edith ( `` Tertia '' ) , with Alice being the one which inspired Carroll 's main character . Carroll 's `` All in the golden afternoon '' has been included in some film and stage adaptations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . Among these include Disney 's 1951 animated adaptation Alice in Wonderland , where it was used merely as a song title , and a 1972 play version created by director André Gregory and his theatre company . The latter used portions of the first and last stanzas of the poem to introduce the play 's plot . The poem itself was also changed slightly and used as lyrics for a song by the German band Alphaville .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a8297510517d822e4e2dd949eb38cb7d", "text": "Blairstown Theater Festival The Blairstown Theater Festival operated from December 2006 through November 2007 at historic Roy 's Hall ( also known as Roy 's Theatre ) , a former silent movie theater built in 1913 at 30 Main Street in Blairstown , New Jersey . On July 13 , 2007 , the company attracted considerable media attention when they presented three screenings of the classic horror film , Friday the 13th , which was shot in and around Blairstown in the fall of 1979 . Roy 's Hall appears in the film shortly after the opening credits . The company 's January 2007 production of Letters from the Inside was selected by The Star-Ledger as one of the top five new plays of the 2006 -- 2007 New Jersey theater season and actress Kelli Ambrose , who played Mandy in Letters from the Inside , was selected as one of the top five Best Leading Actresses in a Play . Among the other concerts and productions presented by the Blairstown Theater Festival were Nancy Anderson singing early Broadway songs backed by the Baroque Orchestra of North Jersey ( Baroque to Broadway ) , the Still River Band in Concert , Malachy McCourt and Jarlath Conroy in A Couple of Blaguards , Betsy Palmer and Will Hutchins in A.R. Gurney 's Love Letters , the New Jersey premiere of I Am Anne Frank , and concerts by cabaret performers KT Sullivan ( Vienna to Weimar ) , John O'Neil ( ` So Kaye ) , the Western Wind Vocal Ensemble ( Holiday Light ) , Cris Groenendaal ( Music of the Night ) , Jana Robbins ( One Hell of a Ride ! The Songs of Cy Coleman ) and jazz pianist Bill Mays and his Inventions Trio . The company also presented several film festivals with such classic titles as Gone with the Wind , Casablanca , Seven Samurai , Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein , A Night at the Opera , The Court Jester , -LSB- -LSB- Beauty and the Beast ( 1946 film ) \| La Belle et la Bête -RSB- -RSB- , Black Orpheus , Mon Oncle , The Wages of Fear and La Strada . The Blairstown Theater Festival was not able to continue past its first season for several reasons . Most significantly , Blairstown Township suddenly increased the real estate taxes on the building by more than 680 % ( from $ 1,031.55 to $ 7,032.30 ) and the landlord decided to sell the theatre . A CD featuring highlights from the Blairstown Theater Festival 's season was released in February 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a1bab11fdb534fdcbd565a9e511b9244", "text": "Alice in Wonderland (1933 film) Alice in Wonderland is a 1933 American Pre-Code film version of the famous Alice novels by Lewis Carroll . The film was produced by Paramount Pictures , featuring an all-star cast . It is all live-action , except for the Walrus and The Carpenter sequence , which was animated by the Harman-Ising Studio . Stars featured in the film included W. C. Fields as Humpty Dumpty , Edna May Oliver as the Red Queen , Cary Grant as the Mock Turtle ( Grant 's star was still on the ascent at the time ) , Gary Cooper as the White Knight , Edward Everett Horton as The Hatter , Charles Ruggles as The March Hare , and Baby LeRoy as The Joker . Charlotte Henry played her first leading role as Alice . This version was directed by Norman Z. McLeod from a screenplay by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and William Cameron Menzies , based on Lewis Carroll 's books Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1865 ) and Through the Looking-Glass ( 1871 ) . It also drew heavily from Eva Le Gallienne and Florida Friebus 's then-recent stage adaptation . The film is occasionally broadcast on cable television channels such as Turner Classic Movies . The original running time was 90 min. , but when EMKA bought the television rights in the late 1950s , it was cut to 77 minutes . Universal Studios released the cut version to DVD on March 2 , 2010 , marking the film 's first home video release .", "title": "" } ]	fever
30006eb158618afe850671706f4ee912	Ben Stiller was involved in the film industry in the 1990s.	[ { "docid": "7cf54220bc57158d08f237c3dcdc19e8", "text": "Ben Stiller Benjamin Edward Meara Stiller ( born November 30 , 1965 ) is an American actor , comedian and filmmaker . He is the son of veteran comedians and actors Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara . After beginning his acting career with a play , Stiller wrote several mockumentaries , and was offered his own show entitled The Ben Stiller Show , which he produced and hosted for its 13-episode run . Having previously acted in television , he began acting in films ; he made his directorial debut with Reality Bites . Throughout his career he has written , starred in , directed , or produced more than 50 films , including The Secret Life of Walter Mitty , Zoolander , The Cable Guy , There 's Something About Mary , the Meet the Parents trilogy , DodgeBall , Tropic Thunder , the Madagascar series , and the Night at the Museum trilogy . In addition , he has had multiple cameos in music videos , television shows , and films . Stiller is a member of a group of comedic actors colloquially known as the Frat Pack . His films have grossed more than $ 2.6 billion in Canada and the United States , with an average of $ 79 million per film . Throughout his career , he has received multiple awards and honors , including an Emmy Award , multiple MTV Movie Awards and a Teen Choice Award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c995cf5938c55d22d87a0965cf011622", "text": "The Cable Guy The Cable Guy is a 1996 American black comedy film directed by Ben Stiller , starring Jim Carrey and Matthew Broderick . It was released in the United States on June 14 , 1996 . The film co-stars Leslie Mann , Jack Black , George Segal , Diane Baker , Eric Roberts , Owen Wilson , Janeane Garofalo , David Cross , Andy Dick , Amy Stiller , and Bob Odenkirk .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "35b0d0e2f3a54f4c33df4ca4e0e17cf9", "text": "Reality Bites Reality Bites is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film written by Helen Childress and directed by Ben Stiller . It stars Winona Ryder , Ethan Hawke and Stiller , with supporting roles by Janeane Garofalo and Steve Zahn . The plot follows Lelaina ( Ryder ) , an aspiring videographer working on a documentary called Reality Bites about the disenfranchised lives of her friends and roommates . Their challenges exemplify some of the career and lifestyle choices faced by Generation X. The film 's critical reception was mixed , but was successful commercially , grossing $ 20 million in the United States on an $ 11 million budget . Critics highlighted the performances of Ryder , Hawke and Garofalo in particular . However , it has since achieved cult status and has been singled out as one of the films that captured the zeitgeist of the early 1990s grunge scene among 20-somethings , while also bringing attention to various issues that plagued young Americans at the time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4334cdd29c5f71dd82ee1aefca841e32", "text": "Frat Pack The `` Frat Pack '' is a nickname given to a group of comedy actors who have appeared together in many of the highest-grossing comedy movies since the mid-1990s . The group is usually considered to include Ben Stiller , Jack Black , Owen Wilson , Luke Wilson , Will Ferrell , Vince Vaughn , and Steve Carell . The term was used by USA Today in a June 2004 story and was soon picked up by other media outlets . Before USA Today dubbed this group the `` Frat Pack , '' Entertainment Weekly had referred to them as the `` Slacker Pack , '' having earlier coined the term `` Frat Pack '' to describe actors Leonardo DiCaprio , Tobey Maguire , Matt Damon , Ben Affleck , and Edward Norton who have done dramatic roles together . By 2005 , Entertainment Weekly had dropped the `` Slacker Pack '' term and followed suit , referring to the aforementioned crop of actors as the `` Frat Pack . '' Recently , the term has also been used to refer to the actors that have collaborated with director Judd Apatow like Seth Rogen , Paul Rudd , Jonah Hill , Martin Starr , Jason Segel , Danny McBride and James Franco . These members have been called the `` Apatow Chapter '' of the Frat Pack . The name is an allusion to the Rat Pack ( and the later Brat Pack ) , combined with a reference to the group 's popular fraternity-related film , Old School , and the sophomoric style of humor employed in many of their films . Ben Stiller has decried the use of the term , saying , `` I think the whole thing about the Frat Pack group is completely fabricated anyway . ''", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "d29847a68a78249b3c46f93e826083a9", "text": "Ben Shedd Ben Shedd is an American director , producer , and writer of film and video . He shared the 1978 Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d35f3c5c48b1fbd93d483c68be2fc92", "text": "Buffalo '66 Buffalo '66 is a 1998 comedy-drama film that is writer-director Vincent Gallo 's full-length motion picture debut . Vincent Gallo and Christina Ricci star in the lead roles and the supporting cast includes Mickey Rourke , Rosanna Arquette , Ben Gazzara , and Anjelica Huston . Gallo also composed and performed much of the music for the film . The film received critical acclaim and Empire listed it as the 36th-greatest independent film ever made . It was filmed in and around Gallo 's native Buffalo , New York in winter . The film uses British progressive rock music in its soundtrack , notably King Crimson and Yes . The title refers to the Buffalo Bills football team , with the number referring to the statement , `` They have n't won a championship since 1966 . '' This is critical to the plot which focuses on the Super Bowl in which the Bills , in the early 1990s , came very close to winning , but the game was blown with a missed field goal .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "29438756b8145940454b68b499fc1986", "text": "Still Crazy Still Crazy is a 1998 British comedy film about a fictional 1970s rock band named `` Strange Fruit '' , who , after being split up for two decades , are persuaded to get back together to perform at a reunion of the same concert venue where they played their last gig . The film focuses on the personal lives of the band members and those closest to them , and their individual experiences with approaching middle-age and the success that eluded them . It was nominated for two Golden Globes in 1999 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "43b0305c9b11efa9b4f3e8bd0a82be28", "text": "Cleaner (crime) A cleaner , or fixer , is a person who `` cleans up '' after crimes to physically erase their trace or uses pressure or bribes to limit fallout from a criminal act . A fixer plays a similar but often less hands-on role , often minimizing bad publicity for public officials or media figures by quelling stories of their misadventures , but also capable of more heavyhanded tactics , as necessary . A cleaner may destroy or remove incriminating evidence at the scene of a crime . A popular figure in crime fiction , a cleaner may also be a contract killer who commits murder to `` clean up '' a situation . Cleaner is also a slang term for someone , usually a member of a crime organization or a covert government agency , who disposes of a corpse after a hit . In contrast , legal crime scene cleanup is a legitimate industry , eliminating blood and other biohazardous materials such as dangerous chemicals used in an illegal drug lab as permitted by responsible authorities . A fictional example of a cleaner is Shoulders from the comic strip Dick Tracy . More contemporary are the roles played by Jean Reno as Victor in the film La Femme Nikita ( 1990 ) , Harvey Keitel as Victor in Point of No Return ( 1993 ) , and a year later as a Mr. Wolf in Quentin Tarantino 's Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) ( parodied on Seinfeld ` s episode 155 , `` The Muffin Tops '' ( 1997 ) , where Newman makes the problem of leftover muffin stumps go away by eating them ) , and George Clooney as the title character in Michael Clayton . On television , similar roles are played by Jonathan Banks as Mike Ehrmantraut in the TV series Breaking Bad and its prequel , Better Call Saul , Liev Schreiber in the title role of Showtime 's Ray Donovan , Paige Turco as recurring character Zoe Morgan in Person of Interest , and Susan Blommaert as `` Mr. Kaplan '' in The Blacklist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b3c95d6b6f0e5fc404bce953042aa238", "text": "Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film . The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9b41f99cde0b5e62d973e041813ea211", "text": "Rysher Entertainment Rysher Entertainment was the owner of television and film programming content , primarily distributed around the world by CBS Television Distribution and Paramount Pictures . Select rights are also distributed by Warner Bros. , Universal , Lionsgate , Fox , Columbia Pictures , MGM and other entertainment distribution companies worldwide . The company has its roots in Bing Crosby Productions ( `` BCP '' ) . Its namesake , actor-singer Bing Crosby , founded BCP in 1949 , and was best known for producing the sitcom Hogan 's Heroes and the medical drama Ben Casey -- in succeeding years , BCP was acquired by Cox Broadcasting . In 1993 , Cox acquired Rysher Entertainment . Rysher , founded in April 1991 by Keith Samples , had been established as an independently owned company whose original sole product had been the distribution of NBC 's series Saved By The Bell . In 1993 , and later distribution of another NBC series California Dreams in 1994 , Rysher merged with Al Masini 's Television Program Enterprises to form Rysher TPE , its alternate name used from 1993 to 1995 . Through Rysher TPE , they produced and distributed shows such as Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous ( renamed Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte for its final season ) and Star Search . Later , they produced and distributed George & Alana , which ran for one season in 1995 . The company was shut down in 1999 and the library was acquired by Viacom who folded it into both the film and television division of Paramount . Rysher 's library , today distributed by CBS Television Distribution ( CTD ) and Paramount Pictures ( for TV series and films , respectively ) , includes television and feature film classics such as Hogan 's Heroes ( whose partial rights are held by CBS ) , Ben Casey , and Walking Tall , as well as more recent programs and films including Nash Bridges ( 1999 -- 2001 episodes are produced by Paramount Network Television ) , Highlander : The Series , The Opposite of Sex ( with Sony Pictures Classics ) , Kingpin and Big Night . Rysher also distributes internationally through CTD several of HBO 's award-winning titles including Arli $ $ , Oz and Sex and the City . Rysher also produced House Arrest and Zeus and Roxanne , both of which were released by MGM and distributed by HBO Home Video for home release .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "85d9df8bd148ebf5bd18a619ff7d678b", "text": "Tower Heist Tower Heist is a 2011 American heist comedy film directed by Brett Ratner and written by Ted Griffin and Jeff Nathanson , based on a story by Bill Collage , Adam Cooper and Griffin . The plot follows Josh Kovaks ( Ben Stiller ) , Charlie Gibbs ( Casey Affleck ) and Enrique Dev ` reaux ( Michael Peña ) , employees of an exclusive apartment building who lose their pensions in the Ponzi scheme of Wall Street businessman Arthur Shaw ( Alan Alda ) . The group enlist the aid of criminal Slide ( Eddie Murphy ) , bankrupt businessman Mr. Fitzhugh ( Matthew Broderick ) and another employee of the apartment building , Odessa ( Gabourey Sidibe ) , to break into Shaw 's apartment and steal back their money while avoiding the FBI agent in charge of his case , Claire Denham ( Téa Leoni ) . Tower Heist began development as early as 2005 , based on an idea by Murphy that would star himself and an all-black cast of comedians as a heist group who rob Trump International Hotel and Tower . As the script developed and changed into an Ocean 's Eleven -- style caper , Murphy left the project . Ratner continued to develop the idea into what would eventually become Tower Heist , with Murphy later rejoining the production . Filming took place entirely in New York City on a budget of $ 75 million ( after tax rebates ) , with several buildings provided by Donald Trump used to represent the eponymous tower . The film score was composed by Christophe Beck and released commercially on November 1 , 2011 . The film received mixed reviews with much of the praise going to the cast , including Broderick , Leoni and Stiller . However , Murphy was repeatedly singled out by critics as the star of the film , with critics feeling that he displayed a welcome return to the comedic style of his early career . Much of the criticism received by the film was focused on the plot , which was considered `` formulaic , '' `` rushed , '' `` dull '' and `` laborious . '' The film was released on November 4 , 2011 and earned $ 152 million worldwide . Prior to release , the film was involved in a controversy over plans by Universal Pictures to release it for home viewing on video on demand to 500,000 Comcast customers , only three weeks after its theatrical debut . Concern over the implementation 's harming ticket sales and inspiring further films to follow suit resulted in several theater chains ' refusal to show the film at all if the plan went ahead , forcing Universal to abandon the idea .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "12ed01cfca43018e6838521bf96aff3f", "text": "Mr. Saturday Night Mr. Saturday Night is a 1992 American comedy-drama film that marks the directorial debut of its star , Billy Crystal . It focuses on the rise and fall of Buddy Young Jr. , a stand-up comedian . Crystal produced and co-wrote the screenplay with the writing duo Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz . It was filmed from November 1991 to March 1992 and released on September 23 , 1992 , by Columbia Pictures . Co-star David Paymer received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor . The opening title sequence was designed by Elaine and Saul Bass . The film is based on the Saturday Night Live Weekend Update sketch in which Billy Crystal plays Buddy Young Jr. reviewing a restaurant he went to .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18a75c5ad0c17a861ba966e0fbe71d59", "text": "BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories . There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers . In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "697580c81479770dc6c70a31e36dd7f8", "text": "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity . In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics . Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie . From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5e800a45ab11af7a1c743cd65c37a5d8", "text": "List of Bulgarian films of the 1990s A list of the most notable films produced in Bulgaria during the 1990s ordered by year of release . For an alphabetical list of articles on Bulgarian films see : Category : Bulgarian films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad52e1a831b954dae2b9b97d7f8fc469", "text": "American Beauty (1999 film) American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co-stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle-class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self-liberation , and redemption . Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then-fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250,000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several `` A-list '' directors turned down the opportunity . Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better-known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script . Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5eaced21cea4ccc47bd02745a9199180", "text": "90s BC", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f989b31194417efcb528494f8b7b56e2", "text": "A Simple Plan (film) A Simple Plan is a 1998 American neo-noir crime thriller film adapted by Scott B. Smith from his 1993 novel of the same name . Directed by Sam Raimi , the film stars Bill Paxton , Billy Bob Thornton and Bridget Fonda . Set in rural Minnesota , the story follows Hank Mitchell ( Paxton ) and his brother Jacob ( Thornton ) , who , along with Jacob 's friend Lou ( Brent Briscoe ) , discover a crashed plane containing $ 4.4 million in cash . The three men go to great lengths to keep the money a secret but begin to doubt each other 's trust , resulting in lies , deceit and murder . Development of the film began in 1993 before the novel was published . Mike Nichols purchased the film rights , and the project was picked up by an independent film studio , Savoy Pictures . After Nichols stepped down , the film adaptation became mired in development hell ; during the troubled pre-production , Ben Stiller and John Dahl turned down opportunities to direct the film . After Savoy closed in November 1995 , the project was sold to Paramount Pictures . John Boorman was hired to direct , but scheduling conflicts led to his replacement by Raimi . Principal photography began in January 1998 and concluded in March after 55 days ; filming took place in Wisconsin and Minnesota . The score was produced and composed by Danny Elfman . A Simple Plan premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival , where it was met with critical acclaim . The film 's appearance at the festival preceded a limited release in the United States on December 11 , 1998 , followed by a general release in North America on January 22 , 1999 . It underperformed at the North American box office , grossing $ 16.3 million on a $ 17 million production budget . Reviewers praised various aspects of the film 's production , including the storytelling , performances and Raimi 's direction . A Simple Plan earned multiple awards and nominations , among them two Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor ( Thornton ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Smith ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a1d800f3a58ce0e26dc0d8caddded51", "text": "Goodfellas Goodfellas ( stylized as GoodFellas ) is a 1990 American crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . It is an adaptation of the 1986 non-fiction book Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi , who co-wrote the screenplay with Scorsese . The film narrates the rise and fall of mob associate Henry Hill and his friends over a period from 1955 to 1980 . Scorsese initially named the film Wise Guy and postponed making it ; later , he and Pileggi changed the name to Goodfellas . To prepare for their roles in the film , Robert De Niro , Joe Pesci , and Ray Liotta often spoke with Pileggi , who shared research material left over from writing the book . According to Pesci , improvisation and ad-libbing came out of rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted . The director made transcripts of these sessions , took the lines he liked best , and put them into a revised script , which the cast worked from during principal photography . Made on a budget of $ 25 million , Goodfellas grossed $ 46.8 million . It received positive reviews from critics and was nominated for six Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , with Pesci winning Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film won five awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , including Best Film and Best Director . Additionally , Goodfellas was named the year 's best film by various critics ' groups . Goodfellas is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in the crime genre . In 2000 , it was deemed `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant '' and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other films and television shows .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64daf635e0704799258b62ebaea7c666", "text": "Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' . Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' . Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions . A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d1022876c04609b0662612d816a2f1b0", "text": "Joe Stillman Joseph `` Joe '' Stillman ( born August 1 , 1959 ) is an American television and movie writer , producer and director . Before becoming a screenwriter he worked for several TV shows like Beavis and Butt-head , King of the Hill , Doug and The Adventures of Pete & Pete . Stillman 's first screen credits were on Joseph : King of Dreams and his second on Shrek , both for DreamWorks . His most recent credits are on Planet 51 for TriStar and Gulliver 's Travels for 20th Century Fox .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "643c953650d3571601a282d48b84149b", "text": "Groundhog Day (film) Groundhog Day is a 1993 American fantasy-comedy film directed by Harold Ramis , starring Bill Murray , Andie MacDowell , and Chris Elliott . It was written by Ramis and Danny Rubin , based on a story by Rubin . Murray plays Phil Connors , an arrogant Pittsburgh TV weatherman who , during an assignment covering the annual Groundhog Day event in Punxsutawney , Pennsylvania , finds himself caught in a time loop , repeating the same day again and again . After indulging in hedonism and committing suicide numerous times , he begins to re-examine his life and priorities . On its release , Groundhog Day was a modest success and garnered generally positive reviews . It gained stronger appreciation among critics and film historians over time , and is now often listed among the best comedy films ever . It further entered into the public consciousness , where the term `` Groundhog Day '' can represent a situation that seems to repeat over and over in government and military arenas , as well as influencing other entertainment . In 2006 , the film was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A stage musical version of the film premiered in 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a05a8fff31ff099b405169519884564a", "text": "Good Will Hunting Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama film , directed by Gus Van Sant , and starring Robin Williams , Matt Damon , Ben Affleck , Minnie Driver and Stellan Skarsgård . Written by Affleck and Damon ( and with Damon in the title role ) , the film follows 20-year-old South Boston laborer Will Hunting , an unrecognized genius who , as part of a deferred prosecution agreement after assaulting a police officer , becomes a client of a therapist and studies advanced mathematics with a renowned professor . Through his therapy sessions , Will re-evaluates his relationships with his best friend , his girlfriend and himself , facing the significant task of confronting his past and thinking about his future . The film received positive reviews and was a financial success . It grossed over US$ 225 million during its theatrical run with only a modest $ 10 million budget . It was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including the Academy Award for Best Picture , and won two : Best Supporting Actor for Williams and Best Original Screenplay for Affleck and Damon . After Williams ' death in 2014 , it was ranked at number 53 in The Hollywood Reporters `` 100 Favorite Films '' list .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56b30dd84b7bc07e28f10e14059c00e4", "text": "List of action films of the 1990s This is chronological list of action films released in the 1990s . Often there may be considerable overlap particularly between action and other genres ( including horror , comedy , and science fiction films ) ; the list should attempt to document films which are more closely related to action , even if they bend genres .", "title": "" } ]	fever
5b2f8bd2a4ec18ff4c4d43be68ea432d	Marie Curie was naturalized-German.	[ { "docid": "979bce1102e91c79de7d9ee4db194498", "text": "Marie Curie Marie Skłodowska Curie ( -LSB- ˈkjʊri , _ kjʊˈriː -RSB- -LSB- kyʁi -RSB- ; -LSB- kʲiˈri -RSB- ; 7 November 18674 July 1934 ) , born Maria Salomea Skłodowska ( -LSB- ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska -RSB- ) , was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity . She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize , the first person and only woman to win twice , the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences , and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes . She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris , and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris . She was born in Warsaw , in what was then the Kingdom of Poland , part of the Russian Empire . She studied at Warsaw 's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw . In 1891 , aged 24 , she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris , where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work . She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel . She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . Her achievements included the development of the theory of radioactivity ( a term that she coined ) , techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes , and the discovery of two elements , polonium and radium . Under her direction , the world 's first studies were conducted into the treatment of neoplasms , using radioactive isotopes . She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw , which remain major centres of medical research today . During World War I , she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals . While a French citizen , Marie Skłodowska Curie ( she used both surnames ) never lost her sense of Polish identity . She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland . She named the first chemical element that she discoveredpolonium , which she isolated in 1898after her native country . Curie died in 1934 , aged 66 , at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz ( Haute-Savoie ) , France , due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation while carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research , and in the course of her work at field hospitals during World War I.", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "9d2195aa88db072c9114a8cff54f90cc", "text": "Lebensraum The German concept of Lebensraum ( -LSB- ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm -RSB- , `` living space '' ) refers to policies and practices of settler colonialism which proliferated in Germany from the 1890s to the 1940s . First popularized around 1901 , Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) originally , as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion . The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party ( NSDAP ) and Nazi Germany until the end of World War II . Following Adolf Hitler 's rise to power Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism , and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into East-Central Europe . The Nazi Generalplan Ost policy ( the Master Plan for the East ) was based on its tenets . It stipulated that most of the indigenous populations of Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently ( either through mass deportation to Siberia , death , or enslavement ) including Polish , Ukrainian , Russian , and other Slavic nations considered racially inferior and non-Aryan . The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during World War II and thereafter . The entire populations were to be decimated by starvation , allowing for their own agricultural surplus to feed Germany . Hitler 's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum , pursued by a racially superior society . People deemed to be part of inferior races , within the territory of Lebensraum expansion , were subjected to expulsion or destruction . The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed the right of the German Aryan master race ( Herrenvolk ) to remove indigenous people they considered to be of inferior racial stock ( Untermenschen ) in the name of their own living space . Nazi Germany also supported other ` Aryan ' nations ' pursuing their own Lebensraum , including Fascist Italy 's Spazio vitale .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb3f36d790b4882e68684f948b3e4c92", "text": "Mecklenburg State Theatre The Mecklenburg State Theatre ( Mecklenburgisches Staatstheater Schwerin ) is the principal theatre of Schwerin in Germany . Its main theatre ( or Grosses Haus ) seats 650 people and is used for the performance of plays , opera , musical theatre and ballet . Designed by Georg Daniel , it was built between 1883 and 1886 after the previous theatre had been destroyed by fire in 1882 . The theatre was inaugurated on 3 October 1886 with a performance of Gluck 's Iphigénie en Aulide with Marie Wittich in the title role . The complex also includes the State Museum in Schwerin ( Staatliche Museum Schwerin ) and a 240-seat concert hall , now used for performances of chamber works . All theatres were closed for the Autumn season of 1944 , with the staff drafted wherever possible . By German WW2 standards wartime casualties and destruction by bombing in Schwerin were small , in spite of nightly RAF raids and the droning of massive bomber pulks as silver specks on the sky during the day on their way to Berlin . Americans were the first to enter the town in the spring of 1945 , handing it over to the British until the Russians arrived . These ordered the immediate reopening of the theatre , taking great interest in light operas and operettas as an art they very much appreciated , but until then out of their reach in most parts of Stalin 's Soviet Union . Not familiar with Central European culture , one saw their well-fed ladies wearing night gowns during the invariably full houses as a substitute for an evening dress . In the immediate years to follow , there was a gradual exodus of key staff to the West , where few found equivalent employment . The ensuing vacancies provided new chances for many musicians , who were prepared to stay in East Germany to gain important positions there in their later career .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "392e8d312f69fc7b10f7b9b56e92eb0d", "text": "Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Article 231 , often known as the War Guilt Clause , was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles , which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers . The article did not use the word `` guilt '' but it served as a legal basis to compel Germany to pay reparations for the war . Article 231 was one of the most controversial points of the treaty . It specified : `` The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies . '' Germans viewed this clause as a national humiliation , forcing Germany to accept full responsibility for causing the war . German politicians were vocal in their opposition to the article in an attempt to generate international sympathy , while German historians worked to undermine the article with the objective of subverting the entire treaty . The Allied leaders were surprised at the German reaction ; they saw the article only as a necessary legal basis to extract compensation from Germany . The article , with the signatory 's name changed , was also included in the treaties signed by Germany 's allies who did not view the clause with the same disdain as the Germans did . American diplomat John Foster Dulles -- one of the two authors of the article -- later regretted the wording used , believing it further aggravated the German people . The historical consensus is that responsibility or guilt for the war was not attached to the article . Rather , the clause was a prerequisite to allow a legal basis to be laid out for the reparation payments that were to be made . Historians have also highlighted the unintended damage created by the clause , which caused anger and resentment amongst the German population .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "337042ae68a485b3bd4948bc9bae7f90", "text": "Schrecklichkeit Schrecklichkeit ( German `` terror '' or `` frightfulness '' ) is a word used by English speakers to describe an assumed military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I. It was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914 . Similar policies were followed later in France , the Russian-held area of Poland , and in Russia . Under the traditional `` laws of war '' in Europe , military activity was to be confined to the regular , uniformed armies of each side . Civilians were to take no part in fighting , neither attacking or being attacked . Thus , when the uniformed army troops in a nation or region were all defeated , resistance was supposed to end . In practice , informal resistance by `` partisans '' , `` guerrillas '' , or `` francs-tireurs '' often continued after the `` regular '' troops had given up or withdrawn . These fighters , never officially enrolled in an army , and not wearing uniforms to identify them as combatants , attacked occupying troops by ambushes , surprises , and sniping . Conducting such operations out of uniform was considered perfidy , and those involved could be executed . Occupying armies sometimes responded to such attacks by reprisals against the local population : execution of local inhabitants , whether known to be guerrillas or not , or destruction ( usually by burning ) of homes and other structures . German army doctrine in force at the time called for such reprisals to be performed immediately and severely in any case of civilian resistance . It was argued that such schrecklichkeit would end resistance quickly with relatively little bloodshed , whereas restraint would encourage resistance , leading to greater destruction and death . When Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 , the German high command expected to sweep through the country with negligible opposition . The German army was many times larger and stronger than the Belgian army , and the Germans therefore thought that any resistance by Belgium would be futile . German leaders had even suggested to the Belgian government that in the event of war , the Belgians should just line up along the roads and watch the Germans march through . Belgium 's refusal to accept these German presumptions and its resistance to the German advance came as a surprise , and disrupted the German timetable for advancing into France . This frustration was communicated to the German troops in Belgium . Anything which delayed the German advance was to be crushed mercilessly . The Belgians were viewed as irrational and even treacherous for their opposition . This led to exaggerated suspicions among German commanders of Belgian civilian resistance . It is possible that some Belgian civilians engaged in resistance , though none is documented . It is certain that on several occasions , German commanders declared ( probably in unconscious error ) that such acts had occurred when they had not . The Germans responded to these perceived acts of resistance with harsh measures . In several villages and towns , hundreds of civilians were executed . Many buildings were put to the torch . Priests thought guilty of encouraging the resistance were killed . Violence by German soldiers against Belgians , such as rape , was ignored or not seriously punished . The Belgian city of Leuven was largely destroyed . One German officer later wrote about the town , `` We shall wipe it out ... Not one stone will stand upon another . We will teach them to respect Germany . For generations people will come here and see what we have done '' . These actions , taken in a period of near-panic as the German forces desperately tried to carry out their flanking march before Allied forces could respond , proved to be a propaganda disaster for Germany . The reports of them caused a wave of indignation which aided the Allied cause .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "610105265c0a67141a2cffcc5ee008ec", "text": "History of Austria The history of Austria covers the history of Austria and its predecessor states , from the early Stone Age to the present state . The name Ostarrîchi ( Austria ) has been in use since 996 AD when it was a margravate of the Duchy of Bavaria and from 1156 an independent duchy ( later archduchy ) of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ( Heiliges Römisches Reich 962 -- 1806 ) . Austria was dominated by the House of Habsburg ( Haus Österreich ) from 1273 to 1806 , when the Holy Roman Empire came to an end . Austria then became the Austrian Empire , a part of the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 , which Austria lost and was subsequently excluded from German affairs . In 1867 Austria formed with Hungary as a dual monarchy the Austro-Hungarian Empire ( 1867 -- 1918 ) . When this empire collapsed after the end of World War I in 1918 , Austria was reduced to the main German speaking areas of the empire ( its current frontiers ) , and adopted the name The Republic of German-Austria , with hope of joining the new German Weimar Republic . However the union and name were forbidden by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles . This led to the creation of the First Austrian Republic ( 1918-1933 ) . Following the First Republic , Austrofascism tried to keep Austria independent from the German Reich . Engelbert Dollfuss accepted that Austrians were Germans but wanted Austria to remain independent from a Protestant Germany . In 1938 Austrian-born Adolf Hitler annexed Austria to the German Reich with the Anschluss , which was supported by a large majority of the Austrian people . After the Second World War Austria again became an independent republic as the Second Republic in 1955 and joined the European Union in 1995 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "89ce938119f9cc89db50dc88bd365eeb", "text": "German–Soviet Axis talks In October and November 1940 , German -- Soviet Axis talks occurred concerning the Soviet Union 's potential entry as a fourth Axis Power in World War II . The negotiations , which occurred during the era of the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and the German-Soviet Commercial Agreement , included a two-day Berlin conference between Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov , Adolf Hitler and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop , followed by both countries trading written proposed agreements . After two days of negotiations from 12 to 14 November 1940 , Germany presented the Soviets with a draft written Axis pact agreement defining the world spheres of influence of the four proposed Axis powers ( Japan , Germany , Soviet Union , Italy ) . Hitler , Ribbentrop and Molotov tried to set German and Soviet spheres of influence ; Hitler encouraged Molotov to look south to Iran and eventually India while preserving German access to Finland 's resources , and to remove Soviet influence in the Balkans . Molotov remained firm , seeking to remove German troops from Finland and gain a warm water port in the Balkans . Soviet foreign policy calculations were predicated by the idea that the war would be a long - term struggle and therefore German claims that Britain would be defeated swiftly were treated with scepticism . In addition Stalin sought to remain influential in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia . These factors resulted in Molotov taking a firm line . According to a Columbia University academical source , on 25 November 1940 , the Soviets presented a Stalin-drafted written counterproposal where they would accept the four power pact , but it included Soviet rights to Bulgaria and a world sphere of influence centered on the area around modern Iraq and Iran . Germany did not respond , leaving the negotiations unresolved . Regarding the counterproposal , Hitler remarked to his top military chiefs that Stalin `` demands more and more '' , `` he 's a cold-blooded blackmailer '' and that `` a German victory has become unbearable for Russia '' so that `` she must be brought to her knees as soon as possible . '' Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "12d16a896d7414bfee618cba011829d6", "text": "Saarland The Saarland ( German : das Saarland , -LSB- das ˈzaːɐ̯lant -RSB- ; la Sarre -LSB- la saʁ -RSB- ) is one of the sixteen states ( or Bundesländer ) of the Federal Republic of Germany . With its capital at Saarbrücken , it has an area of 2,570 km ² and its population ( as of 30 April 2012 ) is approximately 1,012,000 . In terms of both area and population size -- apart from the city-states of Berlin , Bremen and Hamburg -- it is Germany 's smallest state . The wealth of its coal deposits and their large-scale industrial exploitation , coupled with its location on the border between France and Germany , have given the Saarland a unique history in modern times . Prior to its creation as the Territory of the Saar Basin by the League of Nations after World War I , the Saarland ( or simply `` the Saar '' , as it is frequently referred to ) did not exist as a unified entity . Until then , some parts of it had been Prussian while others belonged to Bavaria . The inhabitants voted to rejoin Germany in a referendum held in 1935 . From 1947 to 1956 the Saarland was a French-occupied territory ( the `` Saar Protectorate '' ) separate from the rest of Germany . Between 1950 and 1956 , Saarland was a member of the Council of Europe . In 1955 , in another referendum , the inhabitants were offered independence , but voted instead for the territory to become a state of West Germany . From 1920 to 1935 , and again from 1947 to 1959 , the inhabitants of the Saarland used money ( Saar franc ) and postage stamps issued specially for the territory .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "866701fe405629a9d4f13da0f608826d", "text": "Germanies Germanies may refer to : Germany while it was divided into multiple states ; notable possibilities include : West Germany ( FRG ) and East Germany ( GDR ) , the division of Germany from 1949 -- 1990 . Allied Occupation Zones in Germany , the division of Germany after World War II from 1945 -- 1949 . Kleindeutschland and Großdeutschland ( `` Little Germany '' and `` Big Germany '' ) , two competing ideas for unifying German-speaking lands in the 19th century . German Confederation , the loose organization of independent German-speaking states after the Napoleonic wars from 1815 -- 1866 . List of states in the Holy Roman Empire , the many Germanic states of the Holy Roman Empire from 1200 -- 1800 . Germania ( guild ) ( plural : Germanies , `` Brotherhoods '' ) , artisan guilds in the Kingdom of Valencia . Revolt of the Brotherhoods ( Revolta de les Germanies ) , a revolt in Valencia from 1519 -- 1523 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b18e994809c2388822a4dfa70e6420fb", "text": "Minister of Intra-German Relations The Federal Minister of Intra-German Relations ( Bundesminister für innerdeutsche Beziehungen ) was a federal cabinet minister of the Federal Republic of Germany ( West Germany ) . The office was created under the title of Federal Minister of All-German Affairs ( Bundesminister für gesamtdeutsche Fragen ) in 1949 , being also in charge of the German lands east of the Oder -- Neisse line which had been put under Polish or Soviet administration . In 1951 , the first Minister of All-German Affairs Jakob Kaiser openly raised claim to even greater territories including Austria , parts of Switzerland , the Saar area and Alsace-Lorraine . The ministry was renamed in 1969 because `` All German '' might have evoked irredentist associations . The change of the name was supported by left and right wing politicians . The ministry was abolished in 1991 when a new government was established after the federal election of December 1990 , some months after German reunification , having supported the transition . Since West Germany maintained an exclusive mandate for all of Germany , and the legal pretense that the authorities of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) or Soviet occupation zone ( SBZ ) should not be recognized , it could not handle relations with East Germany through the Federal Foreign Office , since this would acknowledge that the GDR was a separate country . Hence , a separate ministry for relations within Germany had to be created . Since this ministry had very limited competence and virtually no political power , it soon became a post used by chancellors to block rivals without publicly offending them . One of the main tasks of the ministry was the publication of information material about the situation in the East , to keep the idea of German unity alive and to inform the public about actions of the East German government . When German reunification became a possibility after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the opening of the inner German border on 9 November 1989 , the ministry was completely disempowered by Chancellor Helmut Kohl ; all intra-German affairs were now handled by the Ministry of the Interior under Wolfgang Schäuble . Formally , the ministry continued to exist until 1991 in order to facilitate transition .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f76ee33906a929fb3c76b8a59f82e4a5", "text": "Districts of Prussia Prussian districts ( Kreise , literally `` circles '' ) were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia , part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 , and its successor state , the Free State of Prussia , similar to a county or a shire . They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level , between the higher provinces and the government districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) , and the lower municipal governments ( Gemeinden ) . Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure , they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany In the aftermath of World War I , the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy ( Belgium ) were annexed by Belgium in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3bddd04101694a273fb8cc05a93b7d51", "text": "Malwida von Meysenbug Malwida von Meysenbug ( 28 October 1816 -- 23 April 1903 ) was a German writer , her work including Memories of an Idealist , the first volume of which she published anonymously in 1869 . As well , she was a friend of Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard Wagner , and met the French writer Romain Rolland in Rome in 1890 . Von Meysenbug was born at Kassel , Hesse . Her father Carl Rivalier descended from a family of French Huguenots , and received the title of Baron of Meysenbug from William I of Hesse-Kassel . The ninth of ten children , she broke with her family because of her political convictions . Two of her brothers made brilliant careers , one as a minister of state in Austria , and the other as Minister of the Karlsruhe . Von Meysenbug , however , refused to appeal to her family and lived first by joining a free community in Hamburg , and then by immigrating in 1852 to England where she lived by teaching and translating works . There , she met the republicans Ledru-Rollin , Louis Blanc , and Gottfried Kinkel , all political refugees ; the young Carl Schurz also became acquainted with her there . In 1862 von Meysenbug went to Italy with Olga Herzen , the daughter of Alexander Herzen , known as the `` father of Russian socialism '' ( and whose daughters she taught ) and resided there . Olga Herzen married Gabriel Monod in 1873 and established herself in France , but Malwida 's poor health obstructed her from joining her . Von Meysenbug introduced Nietzsche to several of his friends , including Helene von Druskowitz . She invited Paul Rée and Nietzsche to Sorrento , a town which overlooks the bay of Naples , in the autumn of 1876 . There , Rée wrote The Origins of Moral Sensations , and Nietzsche began Human , All Too Human . In 1901 von Meysenbug was the first woman ever to be nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature after having been nominated by the French historian Gabriel Monod . Malwida von Meysenbug died in Rome in 1903 and is buried in the Protestant Cemetery in the city .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d8992ff9b2c9cc1c628a6b1447404e41", "text": "German resistance to Nazism German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand ) was the opposition by individuals and groups in Germany to the National Socialist regime between 1933 and 1945 . Some of these engaged in active plans to remove Adolf Hitler from power and overthrow his regime . The term German resistance should not be understood as meaning that there was a united resistance movement in Germany at any time during the Nazi period , analogous to the more coordinated Polish Underground State , Greek Resistance , Yugoslav Partisans , French Resistance , Dutch Resistance , Norwegian resistance movement and Italian Resistance . The German resistance consisted of small and usually isolated groups . They were unable to mobilize political opposition . Save for individual attacks on Nazis ( including Hitler ) or sabotage acts , the only real strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup against the regime : the 1944 assassination attempt against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup . Approximately 77,000 German citizens were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts , courts-martial , People 's Court and the civil justice system . Many of these Germans had served in government , the military , or in civil positions , which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy ; in addition the Canadian historian Peter Hoffman counts unspecified `` tens of thousands '' in concentration camps who were either suspected or actually engaged in opposition . By contrast , the German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was `` resistance without the people '' and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to the Nazi regime was very small . The resistance in Germany included German citizens of non-German ethnicity , such as members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f41ca45d2f2e68746c5b6e808c2dba0e", "text": "Vsevolod Frederiks Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks ( or Fréedericksz ; Всеволод Константинович Фредерикс -LSB- ˈvʲsʲɛvəɫəd fʲrʲɪdʲɪˈrʲiks -RSB- ; April 29 , 1885 , Warsaw -- January 6 , 1944 , Gorkiy ) was a Russian/Soviet physicist . His primary contribution to physics was in the field of liquid crystals . The Frederiks transition was named after him . After high school Frederiks attended Geneva University and for one semester attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris . After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD , Fredericks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University . He was there for more than eight years , and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner . During that period he became personal assistant to David Hilbert . In the summer of 1918 Frederiks returned to Russia , and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow . In 1919 he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd . He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937 , and although released before the war he died before reaching home .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "17450640a34e09186180d80c6aae9885", "text": "Maria von Linden Maria Linden ( 18 July 1869 -- 25 August 1936 ) was a German bacteriologist and zoologist . Linden had to struggle to gain a university place , a degree and a doctorate because of her gender . In name only , she became one of Germany 's first professors . She patented a type of bandage and won a prize for her investigations of butterfly wings . She was driven from office as a result of the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "adb197b30d700085f9a3f5c30509e6a3", "text": "Polish Americans Polish Americans are Americans who have total or partial Polish ancestry . There are an estimated 9.5 million Polish Americans , representing about 3 % of the U.S. population . Polish Americans are the largest Slavic ethnic group in the United States , second largest Central and Eastern European group and the eighth largest immigrant group overall . The first Polish settlers arrived at Walter Raleigh 's failed Roanoke Colony in 1585 . In 1608 Polish settlers came to the Virginia Colony as skilled craftsmen . Two early immigrants , Kazimierz Pułaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko , led armies in the Revolutionary War and are remembered as national heroes . Overall , more than one million Poles and Polish subjects have immigrated to the United States , primarily during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Exact immigration numbers are unknown . Many immigrants were classified as `` Russian '' , `` German '' , and `` Austrian '' by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service because the Polish state did not exist from 1795 to 1918 , and thus the former territories of Poland at this time were under Prussian , Austrian-Hungarian and Russian control . Complicating the U.S. Census figures further are the high proportion of Polish Americans who marry outside their ethnicity ; in 1940 , about 50 percent married other American ethnics , and a study in 1988 found that 54 percent of Polish Americans three generations or higher had been of mixed ancestry . The Polish American Cultural Center places a figure of Americans who have some Polish ancestry at 19-20 million . In 2000 , 667,414 Americans over 5 years old reported Polish as the language spoken at home , which is about 1.4 % of the census groups who speak a language other than English or 0.25 % of the U.S. population .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7be5db7b4497dc7322ee6991c14906ea", "text": "Aryan certificate In Nazi Germany , the Aryan certificate ( ` Ariernachweis ' ) was a document which certified that a person was a member of the Aryan race . Beginning in April 1933 it was required from all employees and officials in the public sector , including education , according to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . It was also a primary requirement to become a Reich citizen , mainly for those who were not present in Germany at the time of the National Socialist regime 's uprising . There were two main types . Kleiner Ariernachweis '' ( `` Lesser Aryan certificate '' ) was one of : Seven birth or baptism certificates ( or a combination of both ) ( the person , his parents and grandparents ) and three marriage certificates ( parents and grandparents ) or certified proofs thereof . Ahnenpass ( literally ancestor 's passport ) Certified genealogy table ( `` Ahnentafel '' ) `` Großer Ariernachweis '' ( `` Greater Aryan certificate '' ) was required for compliance with the requirements of `` Reichserbhofgesetz '' ( land heritage law ) and membership in the Nazi party . This certificate had to trace the family pedigree down to 1800 ( and to 1750 for SS officers ) . According to the especially strict regulation of this law which included the goal of `` Preserving the Purity of German Blood '' only those were eligible who could prove ( reaching back to January 1 , 1800 ) that `` none of their paternal nor their maternal ancestors had Jewish or colored blood '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a7da7c8bc7a56844e0ddded827b6a5aa", "text": "Wiedergutmachung The German word Wiedergutmachung after World War II refers to the reparations that the German government agreed to pay in 1953 to the direct survivors of the Holocaust , and to those who were made to work as forced labour or who otherwise became victims of the Nazis . The sum would amount , through the years , to over 100 billion Deutsche Mark . Historian Tony Judt writes about Wiedergutmachung : In making this agreement Konrad Adenauer ran some domestic political risk : in December 1951 , just 5 percent of West Germans surveyed admitted feeling ` guilty ' towards Jews . A further 29 percent acknowledged that Germany owed some restitution to the Jewish people . The rest were divided between those ( some two-fifths of respondents ) who thought that only people ` who really committed something ' were responsible and should pay , and those ( 21 percent ) who thought ` that the Jews themselves were partly responsible for what happened to them during the Third Reich . ' When the restitution agreement was debated in the Bundestag on March 18th 1953 , the Communists voted against , the Free Democrats abstained and both the Christian Social Union and Adenauer 's own CDU were divided , with many voting against any Wiedergutmachung ( reparations ) . The noun Wiedergutmachung is the general term for `` restitution '' or `` reparation '' . The noun is made up of wieder ( `` again '' ) , gut ( `` good '' or `` well '' ) , and machung , a verbal noun of machen ( `` to make '' ) . The verb wiedergutmachen means literally `` to make good again '' or to compensate . Wiedergutmachungsgeld means `` Wiedergutmachung money '' . In the former East Germany , Wiedergutmachung was mostly directed to Poland and the former USSR . The German federal office currently in charge of this issue is the Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen ( BADV ) ( Federal Office for Central Services and Unresolved Property Issues ) . It applies the `` Federal Compensation Laws '' ) and took these responsibilities over from the Verwaltungsamt für innere Restitutionen which , in its charter , states : Individuals who were persecuted for political , racial , religious or ideological reasons by the wartime German regime are eligible for money from the German government under the terms of the Federal Compensation Law ( BEG ) of 1953 and 1956 . This includes Jews who were interned in camps or ghettos , were obliged to wear the star badge , or who lived in hiding . Only people who were directly victimised are eligible for Wiedergutmachung , and not , for example , offspring born after the war or grandchildren . Statistics concerning Wiedergutmachung payments were released by the BEG through the mid-1980s , but have not since been publicly released . As of the mid-1980s , over four million claims had been filed and paid . Approximately 40 % of the claims were from Israel , where many Holocaust survivors live , 20 % were from Germany , and 40 % were from other countries . An unusual compensation was to the Republic of Ireland , a neutral country , for bombings in 1941 . On 3 December 1998 , Germany was a signer of the `` Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art '' . Adherence to these principles is strictly voluntary and not a legal requirement . The Washington Principles cover only items in the possession of public institutions , and not items in the possession of private individuals . Germany has no law in effect which actively requires institutions to have their possessions searched for Nazi-looted goods , unlike the 1998 restitution law in Austria .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "44249ce9e3f271bde427a93ab2609115", "text": "Schwerbelastungskörper The Schwerbelastungskörper ( German : `` heavy load-bearing body '' ) ( a.k.a. Großbelastungskörper - GBK ) is a hefty concrete cylinder in Berlin , Germany located at the intersection of Dudenstraße , General-Pape-Straße , and Loewenhardtdamm in the northwestern part of the borough of Tempelhof . It was erected in 1941-1942 by Hitler 's chief architect Albert Speer to determine the feasibility of constructing large buildings on the area 's marshy , sandy ground , specifically a massive triumphal arch on a nearby plot . The arch , which would be in the style of the Nazi architectural movement , was to be about three times as large as the Arc de Triomphe in Paris and was one component of a plan to redesign the center of Berlin as an imposing , monumental capital reflecting the spirit of the Third Reich as envisioned by Hitler . Built by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG in 1941 at a cost of 400,000 Reichsmark , the Schwerbelastungskörper consists of a foundation with a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) that reaches 18.2 m ( 59 ft ) into the ground and contains rooms which once housed instruments to measure ground subsidence caused by the weight of the cylinder , which was estimated as equivalent to the load calculated for one pillar of the intended arch . On this foundation a cylinder 14 m ( 46 ft ) high and 21 m ( 69 ft ) in diameter weighing 12,650 tonnes was erected at street level . The entire construction puts a weight of 12.65 kg per cm ² on an area of 100 m ² . If it were to sink less than 6 cm ( 2.5 in ) the soil would be deemed sound enough for further construction without additional stabilization . The cylinder itself was to be subsequently buried under an artificial hill upon which the triumphal arch was to be erected , enabling a panoramic view down a new wide north-south axis to a huge assembly hall to be constructed near , and dwarfing , the Brandenburg Gate . Work on the new capital was soon discontinued because of World War II and measurements at the cylinder ceased in June 1944 . An analysis of the meticulous measurements only took place in 1948 , revealing that the cylinder had sunk some 19 cm ( ca. 7 inches ) after two and a half years . The arch as conceived by Speer could only have been built after considerable prior stabilization of the ground . Removal of the cylinder was considered after the war to create new building sites , but because of its mass as well as nearby train tracks and apartment buildings the structure could not be safely demolished with explosives . Measurements of the subsidence were resumed and continued until 1977 under the auspices of the Technical University of Berlin as part of a project to compile data about the city 's geologic foundation . Since 1995 the monumental cylinder has been protected as a historic monument . It is open to the public for viewing and guided tours .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6f17f9a5dfef6c615bb155a87103a8b6", "text": "Adolf Patera Adolf Patera ( 11 July 1819 Vienna -- 26 June 1894 ) , was a Bohemian chemist , mineralogist and metallurgist , best known for the important role he played in the utilisation of uranium in colour production in glass , and associated with silver extraction from the mines at Joachimsthal , then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire , now known as Jáchymov . Pateraite , supposedly a cobalt molybdate , is named after him . Patera studied at the Academy in Banská Štiavnica between 1839 and 1843 . Toward the mid-19th century the rich silver ore of Joachimsthal had been almost exhausted and instead miners encountered a heavy black mineral which they named `` Pechblende '' . Martin Heinrich Klaproth , a chemist , found that it could be used in dye industry . This happened shortly after the discovery of Uranus and Klaproth dubbed the black uranium oxide powder `` uranium '' , mistakenly believing it to be an element . Adolf Patera was asked to examine the commercial possibilities of the new substance , and he presented a paper on the use of uranium to the Imperial Academy of Science in 1847 , also describing a method of vanadium extraction from the uranium ores . This led to the construction of a new factory which started production in 1853 of uranium pigments ( sodium , potassium and ammonium diuranates , uranium oxides ) for the production of uranium glass from high-grade pitchblende in a process developed by Patera . The process resulted in waste with a high radium content and was used by Pierre and Marie Curie in their separation of radium . The lustrous fire-resistant dyes coming in so many shades of yellow , black , orange and green became extremely popular and they were used as a matter of course for Czech glass and porcelain decoration , with burgeoning exports to Great Britain and France . Uranium glass is considered to be harmless and only marginally more active than background radiation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "00caea2dbbfa26aaeb514377f0d5422b", "text": "Judiciary of Germany The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany . The German legal system is a civil law mostly based on a comprehensive compendium of statutes , as compared to the common law systems . In criminal and administrative law , Germany uses an inquisitorial system where the judges are actively involved in investigating the facts of the case , as compared to an adversarial system where the role of the judge is primarily that of an impartial referee between the prosecutor or plaintiff and the defendant . In Germany , the independence of the judiciary is historically older than democracy . The organisation of courts is traditionally strong , and almost all federal and state actions are subject to judicial review . Judges follow a distinct career path . At the end of their legal education at university , all law students must pass a state examination before they can continue on to an apprenticeship that provides them with broad training in the legal profession over two years . They then must pass a second state examination that qualifies them to practice law . At that point , the individual can choose either to be a lawyer or to enter the judiciary . Judicial candidates start working at courts immediately . However , they are subjected to a probationary period of up to five years before being appointed as judges for life . The judicial system is established and governed by part IX of the Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany ) . Article 92 of the Basic Law establishes the courts , and that states that `` the judicial power shall be vested in the judges ; it shall be exercised by the Federal Constitutional Court , by the federal courts provided for in this Basic Law , and by the courts of the Länder . ''", "title": "" } ]	fever
ab722635a27344ae3ad9f7fe2e87403c	Taiwan's high-tech industry plays a key role in the local economy.	[ { "docid": "8b91d58625a3ea7ab4c74cc478d07e78", "text": "Taiwan Taiwan ( -LSB- taɪˈwɑːn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , is a state in East Asia . Its neighbours include China ( officially the People 's Republic of China , PRC ) to the west , Japan to the northeast , and the Philippines to the south . Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations , and also possesses the largest economy of any state outside of the UN . The island of Taiwan , also known as Formosa , was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century , when Dutch and Spanish colonies opened the island to Han Chinese immigration . After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning , the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty , the last dynasty of China . The Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War . While Taiwan was under Japanese rule , the Republic of China ( ROC ) was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty . Following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945 , the ROC took control of Taiwan . However , the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROC 's loss of the mainland to the Communists , and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate government of China , its effective jurisdiction since 1949 has been limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands , with the main island making up 99 % of its de facto territory . As a founding member of the United Nations , the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971 , when the PRC assumed China 's seat , causing the ROC to lose its UN membership . In the early 1960s , Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization , creating a stable industrial economy . In the 1980s and early 1990s , it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system . Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world , and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy . It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press , healthcare , public education , economic freedom , and human development . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . The PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence . Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC . Today only a few smaller nations recognize the ROC as the sole legal representative of China , but many other states maintain unofficial ties through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates . Although Taiwan is fully self-governing , most international organizations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only as a non-state actor . Internally , the major division in politics is between the aspirations of eventual Chinese unification or Taiwanese independence , though both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal . The PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "79b3d1a4ea17c8b40aa1bd5e4660bc98", "text": "Telecommunications industry The telecommunications industry within the sector of information and communication technology is made up of all Telecommunications/Telephone companies and internet service providers and plays the crucial role in the evolution of mobile communications and the information society . Traditional telephone calls continue to be the industry 's biggest revenue generator , but thanks to advances in network technology , Telecom today is less about voice and increasingly about text ( messaging , email ) and images ( e.g. video streaming ) . High-speed internet access for computer-based data applications such as broadband information services and interactive entertainment , is pervasive . Digital Subscriber Line ( DSL ) is the main broadband telecom technology . The fastest growth comes from ( value-added ) services delivered over mobile networks . Insight Research projects that telecommunications services revenue worldwide will grow from $ 2.2 trillion in 2015 to $ 2.4 trillion in 2019 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1db4ecca1bdc1206f9c51a2c2a4cda80", "text": "Gigabyte Technology Gigabyte Technology Co. , Ltd. . , is an international manufacturer and distributor of computer hardware products . Gigabyte is a motherboard vendor , with shipments of 4.8 million motherboards in Q1 2015 , while ASUS shipped around 4.5 million motherboards in the same quarter . Gigabyte was ranked 17th in `` Taiwan 's 2010 Top 20 Global Brands '' by the Taiwan External Trade Development Council . The company is publicly held and traded on the Taiwan Stock Exchange , stock id number .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f5e62db45a0609a1faca4af68ff16332", "text": "List of Apostolic Nuncios to China The Apostolic Nuncio to China is the diplomatic representative of the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See , a diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the industrialized developed country Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , now commonly known to most of the world as Taiwan , which as far as the Vatican is concerned , is the state of `` China '' . Due to this difference in diplomatic recognition of `` China '' , unlike most of other countries who recognize the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) as `` China '' and whose embassies are located in Beijing , People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , the `` Apostolic Nuncio to China '' is located in Taipei , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . The rank of a nuncio is equivalent to that of an ambassador . The post is currently vacant and is represented by a chargé d'affaires . The office of the nunciature is located at 7-1 , Lane 265 , Heping East Road Section 2 , Daan District , Taipei .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "36eac5a9cd5620c94860ba7dcc33cb6a", "text": "Chunghwa Telecom Chunghwa Telecom is the largest telecommunications company in Taiwan and the incumbent mobile , PSTN and broadband carrier there . It has its headquarters in Zhongzheng District , Taipei on the remains of the old Taipei Prison .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a60a26ca4e2c5a2fbe79b8fd05fd2c5a", "text": "Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping . China had one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s . Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state-owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms . The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual-track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18252ef81c9fc72e24b21ece4c6a411f", "text": "Yushan (mountain) Yushan , also Mount Jade or Mount Yu , is the highest mountain in Taiwan at 3952 m above sea level , giving Taiwan the fourth highest maximum elevation of any island in the world . The obsolete name of Mount Morrison is thought to have been named in honor of the 19th century missionary Robert Morrison . Today , the mountain is generally referred to as Yushan or Mt. Jade . In the winter , Yushan is often capped with thick snow which makes the entire peak shine like stainless jade , hence its name . On July 21 , 2009 , Yushan was elected one of 28 finalists in the New7Wonders of Nature voting campaign . It even had held the top position in the `` Mountains and Volcanoes '' category on the list of first round voting of the 77 nominees ended on July 7 , 2009 . Yushan and surrounding mountains belong to Yushan Range , which is part of Yushan National Park . The national park is Taiwan 's largest , highest and least accessible national park . It contains the largest tract of wilderness remaining in Taiwan and is also valued for its pristine forests and faunal diversity , including many endemic species . The highest point of Yushan Range , Yushan , is 3952 m above sea level , and is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula . Yushan was once in the ocean and raised to the current height because the Eurasian Plate slid over the neighboring Philippine Sea Plate . The ocean waters off Taiwan 's east coast are deep ; in fact , submarine slopes plunge down to the Pacific Ocean at a grade of 1:10 and the ocean reaches a depth of more than 4000 m about 50 km from the coast .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "edd1b7cd692291faaf0ff88741b35624", "text": "Tianjin Modern Industry The modern industry of Tianjin was started with Tianjin Machine Factory which was established by the Qing government during the Self-Strengthening Movement . Afterwards , Yuan Shikai promoted new policies in Tianjin . Numerous modern industrial enterprises mushroomed in Hebei New District in the northern bank of the Hai River . Including Zhou Xuexi , many industrialists established large enterprise groups that were managed by merchant and supervised by the government . By the beginning of the 20th century , Chinese private enterprises were booming . Among them is the most representative Yongli Alkali Factory which won the gold award and certificate in Philadelphia , the U.S. in 1926 by the soldium carbonate it produced . The factory was praised as `` the symbol of developing important chemical industry of the Republic China '' . The development of Tianjin 's modern industrial and the establishment of the Concessions in Tianjin contributed to the rapid expansion of modern Tianjin to become the biggest city and center of industry and commerce in northern China , as well as the second biggest city of industry , finance and trade in China . The development of Tianjin modern industry mainly went through four stages : initial period , evolution period , booming period and occupied period . Because of the industrial boom of Tianjin modern industry , the government of Tianjin built The Tianjin Museum of Modern Industry in Divergence estuary for commemoration .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f46561196c56583d00983eac1a1524cf", "text": "Service economy Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments : The increased importance of the service sector in industrialized economies . The current list of Fortune 500 companies contains more service companies and fewer manufacturers than in previous decades . The relative importance of service in a product offering . The service economy in developing countries is mostly concentrated in financial services , hospitality , retail , health , human services , information technology and education . Products today have a higher service component than in previous decades . In the management literature this is referred to as the servitization of products or a product-service system . Virtually every product today has a service component to it . The old dichotomy between product and service has been replaced by a service-product continuum . Many products are being transformed into services . For example , IBM treats its business as a service business . Although it still manufactures computers , it sees the physical goods as a small part of the `` business solutions '' industry . They have found that the price elasticity of demand for `` business solutions '' is much less than for hardware . There has been a corresponding shift to a subscription pricing model . Rather than receiving a single payment for a piece of manufactured equipment , many manufacturers are now receiving a steady stream of revenue for ongoing contracts . Full cost accounting and most accounting reform and monetary reform measures are usually thought to be impossible to achieve without a good model of the service economy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ae862ee149f14a091c1a3b8057e5108", "text": "Hualien Cultural and Creative Industries Park The Hualien Cultural and Creative Industries Park is a multi-purpose park in Hualien City , Hualien County , Taiwan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ab74b230c8bc06d8bb84591835646973", "text": "Technology company A technology company ( often tech company ) is a type of business entity that focuses primarily on the development and manufacturing of technology . Apple , IBM , Lenovo , Huawei , Microsoft , BLOCK X and Oracle , among others , are considered prototypical technology companies . Information technology ( IT ) companies and high tech companies are subsets of technology companies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d6e39c91793a9b618eaee5778d58b3e4", "text": "Architecture of Taiwan The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times ; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period ; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architechture was introduced ; in Qing dynasty period , a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing 's Self-Strengthening Movement ; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan , the Minnan , Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete . Due to excessive Westernization as a colony , after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II , Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style . Today , Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification , every style of architecture can be seen .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f25442dfa3cb060963bd7e87bcb0f1d8", "text": "Historical GDP of China This article includes a list of China 's historical gross domestic product ( GDP ) values , the market value of all final goods and services produced by a nation in a given year . The GDP dollar estimates presented here are either calculated at market or government official exchange rates ( nominal ) , or derived from purchasing power parity ( PPP ) calculations . This article also includes historical GDP growth . In 1985 , the State Council of China ( SCC ) approved the establishment of a SNA ( System of National Accounting ) , using GDP to measure the national economy . China started to study and then implement a new system of national economic accounting . In 1986 , as the first citizen of the People 's Republic of China to receive a Ph.D. in economics from an overseas country , Dr. Fengbo Zhang headed Chinese Macroeconomic Research - the key research project of the seventh Five-Year Plan of China , as well as completing and publishing the Chinese GDP data according to China 's own research and calculations . A summary of the above events has been included in the book `` Chinese Macroeconomic Structure and Policy '' ( June 1988 ) edited by Fengbo Zhang , and collectively authored by the Research Center of the SCC . This is the first GDP data which was published by China . The research utilized the World Bank 's method as a reference , and made numerous appropriate adjustments based on China 's national condition . The GDP also has been converted to USD based data by utilizing the moving average exchange rate . The research systematically completed China 's GDP and GDP per capita from 1952 to 1986 and analyzed growth rate , the change and contribution rates of each component . The research also included international comparisons . Additionally , the research compared MPS and SNA , looking at the results from the two systems from analyzing Chinese economy . This achievement created the foundation for China GDP research . The SCC issued `` The notice regarding implementation of System of National Accounting '' in August 1992 , the Western SNA system officially is introduced to China , replaced Soviet Union 's MPS system , Western economic indicator GDP became China 's most important economic indicator . Based on Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research , in 1997 , the National Bureau of Statistics of China ( NBS ) , in collaboration with Hitotsubashi University of Japan , re-estimated China 's GDP Data from 1952 up to 1995 based on the SNA principal . In 2016 , the 2008 SNA was formally brought into use . When comparing Fengbo Zhang 's GDP measurement in the 1980s and the GDP in 1997 by the NBS and Japan 's cooperative research , the two are found to be very consistent ; the deviation rate each year is very slight , between only 0.1 % and 7 % . During this period , there were many data adjustments , with weighting factors undergoing significant changes along with each years comparable price amendments , statistical method significant changes result in the substantial deviation . Even with science and technology as advanced as it is today , the single item survey is allowed at least ± 3 % , or a total of 6 % deviation . Despite the extremely difficult conditions of a destroyed economy , blank theory , a lack of data , and simple methods in 1980s , there is so little deviation for such a long period of time and the comprehensiveness of the national economic indicator , indicates that the research conducted by Fengbo Zhang with the support of the extensive group he trained is extremely rigorous , and their result very precise . Xie Fuzhan , former Director , and Ma Jiantang , current Director of the NBS , both participated in Dr. Fengbo Zhang 's research project in the 1980s , as assistant researcher and graduate student , respectively , of the Research Center of the SCC .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "559c924bd68875cac6844d8fd6ba0b3a", "text": "Taiwanization Taiwanization , also known as the Taiwanese localization movement , is a conceptual term used in Taiwan to emphasize the importance of a ( separate ) Taiwanese culture , society , economy , nationality , and identity rather than to regard Taiwan as solely an appendage of China . This involves the teaching of the history of Taiwan , geography , and culture from a Taiwan-centric perspective , as well as promoting languages locally established in Taiwan , including Taiwanese Hokkien ( Taiwanese ) , Hakka , and aboriginal languages . Originally part of the Taiwan independence movement and related to the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign , some of Taiwanization 's aims are now endorsed by some supporters of Chinese Unification on Taiwan . The localization movement has been expressed in forms such as the use of language or dialect in the broadcast media and entire channels devoted to aboriginal and Hakka affairs . Textbooks have been rewritten by scholars to more prominently emphasize Taiwan . The political compromise that has been reached is to teach both the history of Taiwan and the history of mainland China . Some Taiwanese-owned companies or organizations established in earlier times have names containing the words `` China '' or `` Chinese '' . They have been encouraged in recent years to change the word `` China '' in their names to `` Taiwan '' as an act of Taiwanization . This campaign for changing the names is known as the `` Name Rectification Campaign '' or `` Taiwan Name Rectification '' . Many Taiwan-based companies in international sectors already identify themselves as `` Taiwan '' - based for clarity 's sake . This keeps international customers from confusing them with an enterprise based in the People 's Republic of China . Other Taiwan-based companies decline to change to a `` Taiwanese '' name because of expense or the political views held by important clients and company leaders .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d4d7215f628af5fcbbd8cb133796e61", "text": "City Telecom (Hong Kong) City Telecom ( H.K. ) Limited ( CTI , ) was established in 1992 . It is a provider of residential and corporate fixed network and international telecommunications services in Hong Kong , currently the second largest provider of broadband internet in the country . CTI played a significant role in liberalizing the international telecommunications market monopoly in Hong Kong since their launch of services . CTI 's wholly owned subsidiary , Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited ( `` HKBN '' ) , is a major fixed telecom network services operator , providing the world 's fastest residential 1 Gbit/s , 200Mbit/s , 100Mbit/s , 50Mbit/s and 25Mbit/s broadband Internet access , telephony , IP-TV and corporate data services with their self-built Metro Ethernet IP network , which is the largest alternative end-to-end network in Hong Kong . Since their establishment , the Group has aggressively marketed itself and its services to capitalize on the growth and deregulation of the Hong Kong telecommunications market . HKBN is the first ISP to deploy Fibre-To-The-Home ( FTTH ) in the local residential market in September 2007 while the other competitors still predominately use copper wires for their last mile . City Telecom was listed on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited ( Stock Code : 1137 ) in August 1997 with an ADR Listing on the Nasdaq National Market ( Ticker Symbol : CTEL ) in the US in November 1999 . In addition to the operations in Hong Kong , the Group also has branch offices in Canada and Guangzhou . The Group had the strongest turnover growth since FY2000 , with the consolidated turnover grew by 14.2 % year-on-year to HK$ 1,303.0 million for the year ended 31 August 2008 . This solid growth was primarily contributed by their increase in Fixed Telecommunications Network Service business ( FTNS ) of 23.8 % to HK$ 1,011.0 million . Besides , the Group 's profits attributable to their shareholders increased by 333.2 % to HK$ 125.2 million with basic earnings per share reaching HK$ 19.7 cents .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "746bde4f3d1fe30755c48c42111cb078", "text": "History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet . China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world . As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7408c8b2a32881f0c0b5df282222ca7f", "text": "Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens Visa requirements for Taiwanese passport holders are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on nationals of Republic of China ( ROC ) , commonly known as Taiwan . Although the ROC has only one type of nationality under its nationality law , its nationals ' right of abode in Taiwan is based on whether they have established household registration in Taiwan , hence ROC nationals are divided into two categories : nationals with household registration ( `` NWHRs '' ) , with right of abode in Taiwan ; and nationals without household registration ( `` NWOHRs '' ) , without right of abode in Taiwan . Only NWHRs are entitled to a National Identification Card , and the National ID number is imprinted on the passport 's biodata page to signify the holder 's status as an NWHR . Holders of such passports can travel to more countries and territories without visas than holders of passports without National ID number , as NWOHRs using ROC passports to enter Taiwan require an entry permit and are subject to immigration controls . Taiwanese passport is one of the five passports with the most improved rating globally since 2006 in terms of number of countries that its holders may visit without a visa . As of 1 January 2017 , nationals of Republic of China with rights of abode in Taiwan had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 134 countries and territories , ranking the ordinary Taiwan passport 31st in terms of travel freedom ( tied with Costa Rican and Vatican passports ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . The Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs , however , listed 164 countries with visa-free or visa on arrival access , which included a large number of countries requiring pre-arrival documentations such as invitations or visa approval letters ( such as Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and Vietnam ) . Such countries are not considered as providing visa-free or visa-on-arrival access , since the visa is usually approved before arrival and during the process of obtaining such documentations . The graph below only lists those countries which provide visa-free or visa on arrival without additional documentations prior to travelling as per international-accepted definitions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b24e14cb26977214cbd761faa2ed0b4b", "text": "New Taipei Vocational Industrial High School New Taipei Municipal New Taipei Industrial High School is an industrial high school district in the New Taipei City , Taiwan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "10d62172597a6887d6737591458ebe09", "text": "Pegatron Pegatron Corporation ( , lit . Grand Mastery United Technology Corporation ) is a Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company that develops mainly computing , communications and consumer electronics to branded vendors , but also engages in the development , design and manufacturing of computer peripherals and components . Pegatron 's primary products include notebooks , netbook computers , desktop computers , game consoles , handheld devices , motherboards , video cards , LCD TVs , as well as broadband communication products such as smartphones , set-top boxes and cable modems .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0bc89f147fec363fed4b678a046cf32", "text": "List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan Metropolitan areas were recognized by the Taiwan government until 2010 . This was the definition of metropolitan areas used by the government of Taiwan . A metropolitan area is an economically and socially integrated area with one or more core cities . The population has to be over 300,000 . Core city : A core city has to satisfy the following three conditions : Its population more than 200,000 . More than 70 % of its residents living in the urbanized area . More than 70 % of the employed residents working within the city . Satellite city : Within the same region of the core city , a city or township is defined as a satellite city if one of the following conditions is satisfied . A satellite city has to connecte to the core city either directly or through its satellite cities . More than 10 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city . More than 5 % of the employed residents commuting to the core city and more than 40 % of the residents living within the same urbanized area as the core city . surrounded by satellite cities . If a city is qualified to be a satellite city for more than one core cities , it is defined to be of the core city with more commuters . A metropolitan area is named after the most populous core city . Two metropolitan areas are combined into one if the distance between the largest core cities is less than 25 km or if they are bordered with each other for more than 1 km , and if there is close connection of their commuters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "84338ceab8e4a65dc1f23376a71095d1", "text": "Gongguan Gongguan is located in between Zhongzheng District and Da'an District of Taipei City , Taiwan . It is a popular shopping and leisure area with a night market and also the location of the Gongguan Station of the Taipei Metro . National Taiwan University of Science and Technology and National Taiwan University , the highest academy of Taiwan , as well as the prestigious International Chinese Language Program ( ICLP ) are also located here .", "title": "" } ]	fever
13d1e7c5bb45fdaf6f7f6893017253dd	Bill Gates was the largest individual shareholder of Microsoft.	[ { "docid": "16ae3bae18e35ddc77244d4418757a46", "text": "Bill Gates William Henry Gates III ( born October 28 , 1955 ) is the co-founder of Microsoft and is an American business magnate , investor , author and philanthropist . In 1975 , Gates and Paul Allen co-founded Microsoft , which became the world 's largest PC software company . During his career at Microsoft , Gates held the positions of chairman , CEO and chief software architect , while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014 . Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000 , but he remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself . In June 2006 , Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation . He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie and Craig Mundie . He stepped down as chairman of Microsoft in February 2014 , taking on a new post as technology adviser to support the then newly appointed CEO Satya Nadella . Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution . He has been criticized for his business tactics , which have been considered anti-competitive , an opinion that has in some cases been upheld by numerous court rulings . Later in his career , Gates pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors , donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , established in 2000 . Since 1987 , Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world 's wealthiest people . Gates is the richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 88.5 billion . In 2009 , Gates and Warren Buffett founded The Giving Pledge , whereby they and other billionaires pledge to give at least half of their wealth to philanthropy .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "198d5b7b514594a694637abb21b8149c", "text": "Mark Malamud Mark Malamud ( born 1960 ) is the Principal and Manager of Busymonster LLC , a consultancy company focused on advanced user interface and design . During his 10-year tenure at Microsoft , Mr. Malamud became the company 's first User Interface Architect , leading design teams in the Advanced Windows , Consumer , Systems , and Research groups . In addition to designing the fundamental conceptual , user , and interaction models for Windows 95 and future versions of Windows NT , Mr. Malamud also pursued future user interface abstractions . Some of his work involved creating psychosocial models of users to improve the interaction between people and machines . Mr. Malamud produced Bill Gates ' groundbreaking demo , `` Information at Your Fingertips , '' which was shown at Fall Comdex in 1990 . Before joining Microsoft , Mr. Malamud contributed his expertise to a variety of trade magazines and educational publications . He has created several award-winning educational adventure games for Scholastic Books , and he has worked on various multimedia projects , including Nam June Paik 's `` Good Morning , Mr. Orwell '' for WNET in New York . Mr. Malamud studied at Brown University where he received his A.B. in psychology . He holds over 200 major patents in the area of user interface and has been named as an inventor on over 600 US patents and numerous patents pending . Mark Malamud has participated in several Intellectual Ventures ' invention sessions relating to user interface , human-technology interaction , information processing , and health informatics . He is on the List of prolific inventors with over 200 patents , and in 2012 he was the 8th most-prolific inventor of US patents .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07ee2f34d866eb4a50fd8033aaf7307a", "text": "Corporate law Corporate law ( also `` company '' or `` corporations '' law ) is the practice or study of how shareholders , directors , employees , creditors , and other stakeholders such as consumers , the community , and the environment interact with one another . Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law ( or law of business associations ) . Other types of business associations can include partnerships ( in the UK governed by the Partnership Act 1890 ) , or trusts ( like a pension fund ) , or companies limited by guarantee ( like some community organizations or charities ) . Under corporate law , corporations of all sizes have separate legal personality , with limited or unlimited liability for its shareholders . Shareholders control the company through a board of directors which , in turn , typically delegates control of the corporation 's day-to-day operations to a full-time executive . Corporate law deals with firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a sovereign state or their subnational states . The four defining characteristics of the modern corporation are : Separate legal personality of the corporation ( access to tort and contract law in a manner similar to a person ) Limited liability of the shareholders ( a shareholder 's personal liability is limited to the value of their shares in the corporation ) Shares ( if the corporation is a public company , the shares are traded on a stock exchange ) Delegated management ; the board of directors delegates day-to-day management of the company to executives In many developed countries outside of the English speaking world , company boards are appointed as representatives of both shareholders and employees to `` codetermine '' company strategy . Corporate law is often divided into corporate governance ( which concerns the various power relations within a corporation ) and corporate finance ( which concerns the rules on how capital is used ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32927b119fe365c3aa6c8e5a2d726c50", "text": "Peter Klein (CFO) Peter Klein is an American businessman mostly known for holding the Chief Financial Officer position at Microsoft Corporation . In April 18 , 2013 , Microsoft announced Klein would be leaving the company at the end of Microsoft 's current fiscal year . He started at Microsoft in 2002 as the CFO of Microsoft 's Server & Tools Business Group . He then served as the corporate vice president and CFO of Microsoft 's Business Division ( MBD ) , overseeing the financial performance of the division which includes the Microsoft Office System , Unified Communications , Microsoft Business Solutions , among others . In 2009 , he was appointed the company 's CFO , a position he held for 4 years , before resigning in 2013 . He was succeeded by Amy Hood . Klein holds a bachelor 's degree from Yale University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Washington .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a059b4db631b1f4ce0f68f92063d534", "text": "IBM Research IBM Research is IBM 's research and development division . It is the largest industrial research organization in the world , with twelve labs on six continents . The roots of today 's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University . This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County , New York starting in the 1950s , including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961 . IBM employees have garnered six Nobel Prizes , six Turing Awards , 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame , 19 National Medals of Technology , five National Medals of Science and three Kavli Prizes . As of 2016 , the company held the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81143d511d8fd6fe9c32580b247413d8", "text": "IKEA IKEA ( -LSB- aɪˈkiːə -RSB- or -LSB- ɪˈkiːə -RSB- Swedish ) , is a multinational group , headquartered in the Netherlands , that designs and sells , kitchen appliances and home accessories . It has been the world 's largest furniture retailer since at least 2008 . Founded in Sweden in 1943 by then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad , who was listed by Forbes Magazine ( in its 2 November , 2015 issue ) as one of the ten richest people in the world and the owner of a more than 40 billion dollar fortune , the company 's name is an acronym that consists of the initials of Ingvar Kamprad ( name of founder ) , Elmtaryd ( the farm where he grew up ) , and Agunnaryd ( his hometown in Småland , southern Sweden ) . The company is known for its modernist designs for various types of appliances and furniture , and its interior design work is often associated with an eco-friendly simplicity . In addition , the firm is known for its attention to cost control , operational details , and continuous product development , corporate attributes that allowed IKEA to lower its prices by an average of two to three percent over the decade to 2010 during a period of global expansion . The IKEA group has a complex corporate structure , which the European Union has alleged was designed to avoid over 1 billion Euros in tax payments over the 2009-2014 period . It is controlled by several foundations based in the Netherlands , Luxembourg and Liechtenstein . As of December 2016 , IKEA owns and operates 392 stores in 48 countries . In fiscal year 2016 , $ 36.4 billion worth of goods were sold , a total that represented a 7.6 percent increase over 2015 . The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and is the closest representation of the entire IKEA range . There were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA 's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016 . The company is responsible for approximately 1 % of world commercial-product wood consumption , making it one of the largest users of wood in the retail sector .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8857a9c975ad7af2d814f53d0f7c87d8", "text": "Burger King Burger King ( BK ) is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants . Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County , Florida , the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King , a Jacksonville , Florida-based restaurant chain . After Insta-Burger King ran into financial difficulties in 1954 , its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it `` Burger King '' . Over the next half-century , the company would change hands four times , with its third set of owners , a partnership of TPG Capital , Bain Capital , and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners , taking it public in 2002 . In late 2010 , 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company , in a deal valued at US$ 3.26 billion . The new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes . 3G , along with partner Berkshire Hathaway , eventually merged the company with the Canadian-based doughnut chain Tim Hortons , under the auspices of a new Canadian-based parent company named Restaurant Brands International . The 1970s were the `` Golden Age '' of the company 's advertising , but beginning in the early-1980s , Burger King advertising began losing focus . A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the next two decades . In 2003 , Burger King hired the Miami-based advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky ( CP+B ) , who completely reorganized its advertising with a series of new campaigns centered on a redesigned Burger King character nicknamed `` The King '' , accompanied by a new online presence . While highly successful , some of CP+B 's commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity . Burger King 's new owner , 3G Capital , later terminated the relationship with CP+B in 2011 and moved its advertising to McGarryBowen , to begin a new product-oriented campaign with expanded demographic targeting . Burger King 's menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers , French fries , sodas , and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products . In 1957 , the `` Whopper '' became the first major addition to the menu , and it has become Burger King 's signature product since . Conversely , BK has introduced many products , which failed to catch hold in the marketplace . Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets , where BK has also tailored its menu for regional tastes . From 2002 to 2010 , Burger King aggressively targeted the 18 -- 34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats . This tactic would eventually damage the company 's financial underpinnings , and cast a negative pall on its earnings . Beginning in 2011 , the company began to move away from its previous male-oriented menu and introduce new menu items , product reformulations and packaging , as part of its current owner 3G Capital 's restructuring plans of the company . As of December 31 , 2016 , Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries . Of these , 47.5 % are in the United States and 99.5 % are privately owned and operated , with its new owners moving to an almost entirely franchised model in 2013 . BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations . The manner in which the company licenses its franchisees varies depending on the region , with some regional franchises , known as master franchises , responsible for selling franchise sub-licenses on the company 's behalf . Burger King 's relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious . Occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues , and in several instances , the company 's and its licensees ' relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases . Burger King 's Australian franchise Hungry Jack 's is the only franchise to operate under a different name , due to a trademark dispute and a series of legal cases between the two .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3da4adfe6763655af9e6ce543c8ecc13", "text": "Robert Gates Robert Michael `` Bob '' Gates ( born September 25 , 1943 ) is an American statesman , scholar , and university president who served as the 22nd United States Secretary of Defense from 2006 to 2011 . Gates initially began his career serving as an officer in the United States Air Force but was quickly recruited by the CIA . Gates served for 26 years in the Central Intelligence Agency and the National Security Council , and was Director of Central Intelligence under President George H. W. Bush . After leaving the CIA , Gates became president of Texas A&M University and was a member of several corporate boards . Gates served as a member of the Iraq Study Group , the bipartisan commission co-chaired by James A. Baker III and Lee H. Hamilton , that studied the lessons of the Iraq War . Gates was nominated by Republican President George W. Bush as Secretary of Defense after the 2006 election , replacing Donald Rumsfeld . He was confirmed with bipartisan support . In a 2007 profile written by former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski , Time named Gates one of the year 's most influential people . In 2008 , Gates was named one of America 's Best Leaders by U.S. News & World Report . He continued to serve as Secretary of Defense in President Barack Obama 's administration . He retired in 2011 . `` He 'll be remembered for making us aware of the danger of over-reliance on military intervention as an instrument of American foreign policy , '' said former Senator David L. Boren . Gates was presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the nation 's highest civilian award , by President Obama during his retirement ceremony . According to a Washington Post book review , he is `` widely considered the best defense secretary of the post-World War II era '' . Since leaving the Obama Administration , Gates has been elected President of the Boy Scouts of America , served as Chancellor of the College of William & Mary , and served as a member on several corporate boards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bff20ed6e8e6a206f492b9d91f23256a", "text": "Sergey Brin Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin ( Серге́й Миха́йлович Брин born August 21 , 1973 ) is a Russian American computer scientist , internet entrepreneur , and philanthropist . Together with Larry Page , he co-founded Google . Brin is the President of Google 's parent company Alphabet Inc. . , Brin is the 13th richest person in the world , with an estimated net worth of US$ 39.8 billion . Brin immigrated to the United States with his family from the Soviet Union at the age of 6 . He earned his bachelor 's degree at the University of Maryland , following in his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps by studying mathematics , as well as computer science . After graduation , he moved to Stanford University to acquire a PhD in computer science . There he met Page , with whom he later became friends . They crammed their dormitory room with inexpensive computers and applied Brin 's data mining system to build a web search engine . The program became popular at Stanford , and they suspended their PhD studies to start up Google in a rented garage . The Economist referred to Brin as an `` Enlightenment Man '' , and as someone who believes that `` knowledge is always good , and certainly always better than ignorance '' , a philosophy that is summed up by Google 's mission statement , `` Organize the world 's information and make it universally accessible and useful , '' and unofficial yet sometimes controversial motto , `` Do n't be evil '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8f4fc45f5358f0752026587801c118de", "text": "Scott Oki Scott D. Oki ( born October 5 , 1948 in Seattle , Washington ) is a former senior vice-president of sales and marketing for Microsoft who conceived and built Microsoft 's international operations . Oki also played a crucial role in Microsoft 's rapid domestic growth during the 1980s . Born to a Japanese-American family , Oki attended the University of Washington , but left after 18 months to join the Air Force . While in the service he took courses at the University of Colorado . After he left the service in 1974 , he went on to receive a BA in accounting and information systems and earned an MBA the following year . After holding several computer-related jobs , Oki went to work for Microsoft in 1982 . Oki built Microsoft 's international operations , and within two years it was more profitable than Microsoft 's domestic operation . Bill Gates then made him Vice President of Domestic Operation , and within five years , the company 's sales rose from $ 100 million to $ 1 billion . One of Oki 's major contributions to Microsoft 's success during that time was convincing Bill Gates and the board of directors to center product development and marketing efforts on Windows instead of OS/2 . By the time he retired Oki was overseeing 3,000 employees . When Oki retired in 1992 , he reportedly cashed in stock options estimated at $ 100 million . He now runs the non-profit Oki Foundation , owns several golf courses , and serves on dozens of advisory boards and boards of directors for both for-profit and non-profit companies . Oki is the Co-Chair of the United Way of King County Campaign Board and Co-Chair of the Million Dollar Roundtable , Founder and Chairman of the Japanese American Chamber of Commerce , Founder and Co-President of the Chief Seattle Council Boy Scout Foundation , Co-Founder of Sounders For Kids , Co-Founder of America 's Foundation for Chess , Co-Founder of SeeYourImpact.org and Co-Founder of Social Venture Partners . He is a past-President of the Board of Regents for the University of Washington and a past Chair of Seattle Children 's Hospital Foundation . Scott also serves on the national boards for United Way of America , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , Japanese American National Museum , and the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Team Foundation . Scott Oki is a member of the National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America , the organization 's governing body . Oki Golf In 1994 , Scott Oki purchased The Golf Club at Echo Falls in Snohomish , Washington . This initial acquisition was the preliminary step toward building what eventually became a unique portfolio of golf properties known collectively as Oki Golf . This collection has grown to include nine properties comprising eleven championship golf courses , both public and private , spread throughout the Puget Sound . In addition to The Golf Club at Echo Falls , the Oki Golf portfolio also includes Indian Summer Golf & Country Club in Olympia , Washington ( private ) , The Plateau Club in Sammamish , Washington ( private ) , and The Woodlands and The Links courses ( formerly Meriwood and Vicwood -- both public ) at The Golf Club at Hawks Prairie in Lacey , Washington . The flagship courses in Oki Golf 's celebrated collection are located at The Golf Club at Newcastle in Newcastle , WA . Two additional golf properties were added to the group in December 2005 . Washington National Golf Club ( public ) in Auburn , WA , and Trophy Lake Golf & Casting ( public ) in Port Orchard , WA . ( source : okigolf.com ) In the winter of 2007 , Oki Golf added Harbour Pointe ( public ) in Mukilteo , Washington . An additional property - Trilogy Golf Course ( public ) - was purchased in 2008 and has since been renamed to The Golf Club at Redmond Ridge . During October , 2016 , Oki sold eight of his golf courses for $ 137 million dollars to Chinese based HNA Holdings . Ownership of commercial real property by foreign businesses is prohibited in China .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "79f0068a14518e18c13f48406ab3f252", "text": "Philadelphia Society The Philadelphia Society is a membership organization the purpose of which is `` to sponsor the interchange of ideas through discussion and writing , in the interest of deepening the intellectual foundation of a free and ordered society , and of broadening the understanding of its basic principles and traditions '' . The membership of the Society tends to be composed of persons holding conservative or libertarian political views , and many of those associated with the Society have exercised considerable influence over the development of the conservative movement in the United States . It was founded in 1964 by Donald Lipsett in conjunction with Bill Buckley , Milton Friedman , Frank Meyer , and Ed Feulner , and the former Presidents of the Society include Henry Regnery , Edwin J. Feulner , Russell Kirk , Mel Bradford , Forrest McDonald , T. Kenneth Cribb , M. Stanton Evans , Ellis Sandoz , Edwin Meese , Claes G. Ryn , Midge Decter , Roger Ream , Steven F. Hayward , Lee Edwards , William F. Buckley , and George H. Nash . Notable speakers at past meetings of the Society have included Larry Arnhart , Andrew Bacevich , Wendell Berry , Robert Bork , Mel Bradford , Warren T. Brookes , William F. Buckley , Vladimir Bukovsky , Ronald Coase , T. Kenneth Cribb , Midge Decter , M. Stanton Evans , Edwin J. Feulner , Milton Friedman , George Gilder , Victor Davis Hanson , William Hague , S. I. Hayakawa , Friedrich von Hayek , Henry Hazlitt , W.H. Hutt , Herman Kahn , Russell Kirk , Irving Kristol , Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn , Forrest McDonald , Edwin Meese , Frank Meyer , Charles Murray , Robert Nisbet , Michael Novak , Richard Pipes , Norman Podhoretz , Henry Regnery , William A. Rusher , Paul Ryan , Ellis Sandoz , Shelby Steele , George J. Stigler , Terry Teachout , Edward H. Teller , and Eric Voegelin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b29a7b15dc33690def877e234ac4bcc8", "text": "MS-DOS MS-DOS ( -LSB- ˌɛmɛsˈdɒs -RSB- ; acronym for Microsoft Disk Operating System ) is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft . Collectively , MS-DOS , its rebranding as IBM PC DOS , and some operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS , are sometimes referred to as `` DOS '' ( which is also the generic acronym for disk operating system ) . MS-DOS was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s and the early 1990s , when it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface ( GUI ) , in various generations of the graphical Microsoft Windows operating system . MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers . Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products , and began work on modifying it to meet IBM 's specification . IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS 1.0 for use in their PCs . Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM , the two products diverged after twelve years , in 1993 , with recognizable differences in compatibility , syntax , and capabilities . During its life , several competing products were released for the x86 platform , and MS-DOS went through eight versions , until development ceased in 2000 . Initially MS-DOS was targeted at Intel 8086 processors running on computer hardware using floppy disks to store and access not only the operating system , but application software and user data as well . Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats , along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer architectures . Ultimately it was the key product in Microsoft 's growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm , providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI . It is a flexible operating system , and consumes negligible installation space .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "377e7d6b49d1bb23ca483cc47e1f8964", "text": "Division (business) A division of a business , sometimes called a business sector , is one of the parts into which a business , organization or company is divided . The divisions are distinct parts of that business . If these divisions are all part of the same company , then that company is legally responsible for all of the obligations and debts of the divisions . However , in a large organization , various parts of the business may be run by different subsidiaries , and a business division may include one or many subsidiaries . Each subsidiary is a separate legal entity owned by the primary business or by another subsidiary in the hierarchy . Often a division operates under a separate name and is the equivalent of a corporation or limited liability company obtaining a fictitious name or `` doing business as '' certificate and operating a business under that fictitious name . Companies often set up business units to operate in divisions prior to the legal formation of subsidiaries . Generally , only an `` entity '' , e.g. a corporation , public limited company ( plc ) or limited liability company , etc. would have a `` division '' ; an individual operating in this manner would simply be `` operating under a fictitious name '' . An example of this would be to look at Hewlett Packard ( HP ) , the computer and printer company . HP has several divisions , with the printer division , that makes laser and inkjet printers , being the largest and most profitable division . The divisions of HP , like the Printing & Multifunction division , the Handheld Devices ( includes the old calculator ) division , the Servers division ( mini and mainframe computers ) , etc. , all use the HP brand name . But , Compaq ( a part of HP since 2002 ) , operates as a subsidiary , using the Compaq brand name . Mack Trucks continues to run itself separately , but is a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Volvo . Volvo Trucks also sells trucks under the Volvo name . Within Mack , there is a division named Mack de Venezuela C.A. that does final assembly and sells trucks in South America . Another less obvious example is that Google Video is a division of Google , and is part of the same corporate entity . But the YouTube video service is a subsidiary of Google because it remains operated as YouTube , LLC , a separate business entity even though it is owned by Google .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45a3118dc09c739a2024f966c3454bc1", "text": "Risto Siilasmaa Risto Kalevi Siilasmaa ( born 17 April 1966 in Finland ) is the Chairman , founder and former CEO of F-Secure Corporation ( formerly Data Fellows ) , an anti-virus and computer security software company based in Helsinki , Finland . He is also the biggest shareholder of F-Secure , owning around 40 % of the company . A member of Nokia 's Board of Directors since 2008 , he has been its Chairman from 2012 onwards , as well as Nokia 's interim CEO from 3 September 2013 to 29 April 2014 . After being appointed chairman of Nokia in mid-2012 , he has led the company in one of the most successful corporate transformations ever . Through three transactions that he negotiated - the purchase of complete ownership of NSN , the sale of the handset business to Microsoft and the recently announced acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent - Nokia has transformed from a bankruptcy candidate to a successful global technology leader . This is reflected in Nokia 's value which has gone up fivefold over roughly two years . Even more revealingly , the enterprise value has grown from a low of only less than 1.5 billion euros soon after Siilasmaa started as chairman to well over 20 billion euros in early 2015 . The transformation of Nokia has also included Siilasmaa renewing the board and the management . Actually , only the company CFO Timo Ihamuotila is left from the previous phase of the company . Siilasmaa has often stated that all the atoms in Nokia have been changed but the spirit of the 150-year-old company live on . Siilasmaa is also well known as a business angel , investing in several technology startups such as Frosmo , Enevo and Wolt , and serving in their boards of directors . In his investing , he has stated that he is sometimes `` motivated by soft values , not maximum returns . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c4d4fd74498c690c09fd16939cb08c3", "text": "Mojave Experiment The Mojave Experiment is an advertising campaign by Microsoft for the Windows Vista . The campaign was part of Microsoft 's efforts to change what it felt was an unfair negative consumer perception of the operating system . Mojave spanned a series of advertisements that consisted of individuals being shown a demonstration of Windows Vista by Microsoft ; however , the operating system was rebranded in disguise as a new version of Windows codenamed `` Mojave '' ; a fact not revealed during the demonstration . Prior to the demonstration , participants generally gave a negative assessment of Windows Vista . In contrast , reviews for `` Mojave '' were positive , with participants stating that they intended to use or purchase the operating system for themselves ; the same participants were astonished when they were told that `` Mojave '' was Windows Vista . The campaign implied that negative consumer perception was largely the result of preconceived notions about the operating system .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ba2e6eecdf500bbaebce7349f90c1464", "text": "The Vanguard Group The Vanguard Group is an American investment management company based in Malvern , Pennsylvania with over $ 4 trillion in assets under management . It is the largest provider of mutual funds and the second-largest provider of exchange-traded funds ( ETFs ) in the world after BlackRock 's iShares . In addition to mutual funds and ETFs , Vanguard offers brokerage services , variable and fixed annuities , educational account services , financial planning , asset management , and trust services . Founder and former chairman John C. Bogle is credited with the creation of the first index fund available to individual investors and has been a proponent of and a major enabler of low-cost investing by individuals . Vanguard is structured as a mutual company ; it is owned by funds managed by the company , and is therefore owned by its customers . Vanguard offers two classes of most of its funds : investor shares and admiral shares . Admiral shares have slightly lower expense ratios but require a higher minimum investment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca06766cdf24706426661e5491090c27", "text": "Moore's law Moore 's law ( -LSB- mɔərz.ˈlɔː -RSB- ) is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years . The observation is named after Gordon Moore , the co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor and Intel , whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit , and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade . In 1975 , looking forward to the next decade , he revised the forecast to doubling every two years . The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House , who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months ( being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster ) . Moore 's prediction proved accurate for several decades , and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development . Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore 's law : quality-adjusted microprocessor prices , memory capacity , sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras . Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries . Moore 's law describes a driving force of technological and social change , productivity , and economic growth . Moore 's law is an observation or projection and not a physical or natural law . Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012 , the rate was faster during the first decade . In general , it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future . For example , the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors , predicted that growth would slow around 2013 , and in 2015 Gordon Moore foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation : `` I see Moore 's law dying here in the next decade or so . '' Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed , starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012 , and continuing at 14 nm . Brian Krzanich , CEO of Intel , announced that `` our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two . '' This is scheduled to hold through the 10 nm width in late 2017 . He cited Moore 's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration , which results from technical challenges and is `` a natural part of the history of Moore 's law . '' However , in April 2016 , Intel CEO Brian Krzanich stated that `` In my 34 years in the semiconductor industry , I have witnessed the advertised death of Moore 's Law no less than four times . As we progress from 14 nanometer technology to 10 nanometer and plan for 7 nanometer and 5 nanometer and even beyond , our plans are proof that Moore 's Law is alive and well '' . In January 2017 , he declared that `` I 've heard the death of Moore 's law more times than anything else in my career , '' Krzanich said . `` And I 'm here today to really show you and tell you that Moore 's Law is alive and well and flourishing . '' Today hardware has to be designed in a multi-core manner to keep up with Moore 's law . In turn , this also means that software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8ec8013b019a7274d2aa14a84e522757", "text": "List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca83c2d7b16cc8fb1b88a8d89aa09ef2", "text": "United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with . Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares . Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a913a508bcb016d99cd6c7e4975a6a1", "text": "Major film studio A major film studio is a production and film distributor that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box office revenue in a given market . In the North American , Western , and global markets , the major film studios , often simply known as the majors , are commonly regarded as the six diversified media conglomerates whose various film production and distribution subsidiaries collectively command approximately 80 to 85 percent of U.S. and Canadian box office revenue . The term may also be applied more specifically to the primary motion picture business subsidiary of each respective conglomerate . The `` Big Six '' majors , whose operations are based in or around the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood , are all centered in film studios active during Hollywood 's Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s . In three cases -- 20th Century Fox , Warner Bros. , and Paramount -- the studios were one of the `` Big Five '' majors during that era as well . In two cases -- Columbia and Universal -- the studios were also considered majors , but in the next tier down , part of the `` Little Three '' . In the sixth case , Walt Disney Studios was an independent production company during the Golden Age ; it was an important Hollywood entity , but not a major . Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , United Artists , and RKO were majors . Today , Disney is the only member of the Big Six whose parent entity is still located near Los Angeles ( actually , on Disney 's studio lot and in the same building ) . The five others report to conglomerates headquartered in New York City , Philadelphia , and Tokyo . Of the Big Six , Paramount is the only one still based in Hollywood , and Paramount and Fox are the only ones still located within the Los Angeles city limits , while Disney and Warner Bros. are located in Burbank , Columbia in Culver City , and Universal in the unincorporated area of Universal City . Most of today 's Big Six control subsidiaries with their own distribution networks that concentrate on arthouse pictures ( e.g. Fox Searchlight Pictures ) or genre films ( e.g. Sony 's Screen Gems ) ; several of these specialty units were shut down or sold off between 2008 and 2010 . The six major studios are contrasted with smaller production and/or distribution companies , which are known as independents or `` indies '' . The leading independent producer/distributors -- Lionsgate Films , The Weinstein Company , and former major studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- are sometimes referred to as `` mini-majors '' . From 1998 through 2005 , DreamWorks SKG commanded a large enough market share to arguably qualify it as a seventh major , despite its relatively small output . In 2006 , DreamWorks was acquired by Viacom , Paramount 's corporate parent . In late 2008 , DreamWorks once again became an independent production company ; its films were distributed by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures until 2016 , at which point distribution switched to Universal . The Big Six major studios are today primarily backers and distributors of films whose actual production is largely handled by independent companies -- either long-running entities or ones created for and dedicated to the making of a specific film . The specialty divisions often simply acquire distribution rights to pictures in which the studio has had no prior involvement . While the majors still do a modicum of true production , their activities are focused more in the areas of development , financing , marketing , and merchandising . Those business functions are still usually performed in or near Los Angeles , even though the runaway production phenomenon means that most films are now mostly or completely shot on location at places outside Los Angeles . Since the dawn of filmmaking , the U.S. major film studios have dominated both American cinema and the global film industry . U.S. studios have benefited from a strong first-mover advantage in that they were the first to industrialize filmmaking and master the art of mass-producing and distributing high-quality films with broad cross-cultural appeal . Today , the Big Six majors routinely distribute hundreds of films every year into all significant international markets ( that is , where discretionary income is high enough for consumers to afford to watch films ) . It is very rare , if not impossible , for a film to reach a broad international audience on multiple continents and in multiple languages without first being picked up by one of the majors for distribution .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4478368fd861952944518d3e11a0ddd6", "text": "Core International Core International , Inc. commonly known as Core , was a multinational computer and technology corporation headquartered in Boca Raton , Florida , United States . The company is now part of Sony and no longer exists as stand-alone identity . The company was founded in 1979 by Hal Prewitt as a technology firm to develop , market and support computer related products and services . They were best known for supporting IBM 's first business microcomputers such as the 5100 , 5110 and 5120 . With the introduction of the IBM PC and PC AT , the company provided an extensive line of disk drives , backup and personal computer products . Core became very well known as a leading industry developer of disk array and computer data storage . Many of Core 's products were the first of their kind , had no direct competition and were widely regarded for their superior performance and reliability . Users and the computer press raved about Core 's products . Infoworld described Core 's ATplus `` is built like a Sherman tank , offering exceptional performance and reliability . '' PC Magazine called them `` Workhorses of Performance Computing '' and `` High-quality construction . . breaks the speed barrier for access times '' and asked `` Will other manufactures follow suit ? '' Core was known for their advertising and perhaps produced a few of the PC Industry 's greatest promotions . The 1985 and 1986 rebate and recall Ad for IBM PC AT hard disk drives . So successful and controversial , there was a rumor it was a topic at an IBM board of directors meeting . And the time where they gave away a free IBM PC AT when purchasing one of Core 's ATplus 72 MB drives . Core remained a private company solely owned by Prewitt until 1993 when purchased by Aiwa , which was a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony .", "title": "" } ]	fever
d7f66329da813dc95e452517190f8004	Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient Carthaginians.	[ { "docid": "43f870b6f6c1e4093163733be18080fe", "text": "Algeria Algeria ( الجزائر ; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ , Dzayer ; Algérie ) , officially the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria , is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast . Its capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the country 's far north . With an area of 2381741 km2 , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999 . Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Spaniards , Ottomans and the French colonial empire . Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria . Algeria is a regional and middle power . The North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe , and energy exports are the backbone of the economy . According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent ; most of Algeria 's weapons are imported from Russia , with whom they are a close ally . Algeria is a member of the African Union , the Arab League , OPEC , the United Nations and is the founding member of the Maghreb Union .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2635d6e5e9835c51d5cf31d4639872ff", "text": "North Africa North Africa is the term given to a group of Mediterranean countries situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) . The most commonly accepted definition includes Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt , It should be noted however that the term `` North Africa '' , when commonly used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is typically viewed separately . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region . North west Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Egyptians . Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century C.E. , the region underwent a process of Arabization and Islamization that has defined its cultural landscape ever since . The distinction between North Africa and much of Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Muslims and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world . Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3dc8bf04815aafa9873791dd2ea49db0", "text": "List of Muslim empires and dynasties Scholars debate what exactly constitutes an empire . Generally , they may define an empire as a state that extends dominion over areas and populations distinct culturally and ethnically from the culture/ethnicity at the center of power . This article lists some of the states , empires , or dynasties that were ruled by a Muslim elite , or which were in some way central to or a part of a Muslim empire . Many Muslim empires had strong influences on the visual arts , architecture , music and food .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a50104486775e6dd4068ff5b0f6a6e2", "text": "Abydos, Egypt Abydos -LSB- əˈbaɪdɒs -RSB- is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt , and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt , of which it was the capital city . It is located about 11 km west of the Nile at latitude 26 ° 10 ' N , near the modern Egyptian towns of el - ` Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana . In the ancient Egyptian language , the city was called Abdju ( ꜣbdw or AbDw ) . The English name Abydos comes from the Greek Ἄβυδος , a name borrowed by Greek geographers from the unrelated city of Abydos on the Hellespont . Considered one of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt , the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples , including Umm el-Qa ` ab , a royal necropolis where early pharaohs were entombed . These tombs began to be seen as extremely significant burials and in later times it became desirable to be buried in the area , leading to the growth of the town 's importance as a cult site . Today , Abydos is notable for the memorial temple of Seti I , which contains an inscription from the nineteenth dynasty known to the modern world as the Abydos King List . It is a chronological list showing cartouches of most dynastic pharaohs of Egypt from Menes until Seti I 's father , Ramesses I. The Great Temple and most of the ancient town are buried under the modern buildings to the north of the Seti temple . Many of the original structures and the artifacts within them are considered irretrievable and lost ; many may have been destroyed by the new construction .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ffc2e0eb10a49c0dc753b86cde56960e", "text": "Sahara International Film Festival The Sahara International Film Festival , also known as FiSahara , is an annual event which takes place in the Sahrawi refugee camps , at the South West corner of Algeria , near the border with Western Sahara . It is the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp . The first three years the festival was held alternately in the Wilaya of Smara , Wilaya of Ausserd and Wilaya of El Aaiun , but since 2007 the FiSahara had stayed in the Wilaya of Dakhla . The event is backed by the Polisario Front , but largely organised and funded by donors from Spain , the former colonial power in Western Sahara , attracting support from Spanish film celebrities as Penélope Cruz , Javier Bardem and Pedro Almodóvar . This Festival is an initiative to bring film as an entertainment and cultural form to the thousands of Sahrawis whose community has lived for more than thirty years in relative isolation in the Algerian desert , being the only film festival in the world taking place in a refugee camp . The first festival was in large part organised by Peruvian film director Javier Corcuera . The festival has the two-fold aim of providing cultural entertainment and educational opportunities to refugees , and of raising awareness of the plight of the Sahrawi people , who have been exiled from their native Western Sahara for more than three decades . Western Sahara , `` Africa 's last colony , '' was given to Morocco and Mauritania by the Spanish when they withdrew in 1976 . The Moroccans subsequently annexed the entire territory in 1979 , in defiance of a ruling from the International Court of Justice . A sixteen-year war ensued between the Moroccans and the native Sahrawi independence movement , the Polisario Front . Under the terms of a 1991 UN ceasefire agreement , a referendum for self-determination was promised , but has been blocked by Morocco . In the meantime an estimated 165,000 refugees continue to live in four large camps in the inhospitable Algerian desert . Home to around 30,000 refugees , Dakhla is the most remote of the camps , located 175 km away from the nearest city , Tindouf . It has no electricity or paved roads and is dependent on outside supplies of food and water . Musicians like Fermín Muguruza , Manu Chao , Macaco , Iván Ferreiro , El Chojin or Tomasito had also performed in concerts during the festival . In 2010 , a twinning agreement was signed between the FiSahara and the San Sebastian Human Rights Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b511abccae384021a21befe21a97ebbb", "text": "Numidian language East Numidian , also known as Old Libyan , was the language of the Maesulians of the eastern part of ancient Numidia during the Pre-Roman era , in what is now Algeria . The language is scarcely attested and can be confidently identified only as belonging to the Afroasiatic family . As the Maesulians were ethnically Berber , it is supposed that East Numidian was therefore a Berber language . The Berber branch of Afro-Asiatic is sometimes called Lybico-Berber since it is not certain whether East Numidian would fall within the modern Berber languages or form a sister branch to them . Indeed , it is widely supposed that it constitutes a group of its own , as there is no trace of the noun-case system shared by the modern Berber languages . However , Proto-Berber is theorized to have no grammatical case either .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0582437ed458a4a7b8b06c660cbde93", "text": "French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 . Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars . It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority . At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7779e428536df5117e2494c1258db1cd", "text": "Bir el Ater Bir el Ater is a city located in far eastern Algeria . It is located towards the border with Tunisia , around 87 kilometers south of Tebessa and just beyond the Sahara . The town has a population of approximately 100,000 inhabitants . Bir el Ater is the type site of the Paleolithic Aterian industry . The term Aterian derives from el-Ater . This lithic culture lasted between 40000 -- 20000 years BC . It is now a mining city , located 15 km south of Bir El Ater . There are deposits of Djebel Onk Phosphates , the largest in Algeria which are extracted and shipped by train to Annaba a port , 300 km north on the Mediterranean or are used locally .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e1d62733b8cead94f98d805dd73552f", "text": "Tribute A tribute ( from Latin tributum , contribution ) is wealth , often in kind , that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or , as was often the case in historical contexts , of submission or allegiance . Various ancient states exacted tribute from the rulers of land which the state conquered or otherwise threatened to conquer . In case of alliances , lesser parties may pay tribute to more powerful parties as a sign of allegiance and often in order to finance projects that benefited both parties . To be called `` tribute '' a recognition by the payer of political submission to the payee is normally required ; the large sums , essentially protection money , paid by the later Roman and Byzantine Empires to barbarian peoples to prevent them attacking imperial territory , would not usually be termed `` tribute '' as the Empire accepted no inferior political position . Payments by a superior political entity to an inferior one , made for various purposes , are described by terms including `` subsidy '' . The ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire is an example of an ancient ` tribute empire ; one that made relatively few demands on its non-Persian subjects other than the regular payment of tribute , which might be gold , luxury goods , animals , soldiers or slaves . However failure to keep up the payments had dire consequences . The reliefs at Persepolis show processions of figures bearing varied types of tribute . The medieval Mongol rulers of Russia likewise only expected tribute from the Russian states , which continued to govern themselves . Athens received tribute from the other cities of the Delian League . The empires of Assyria , Babylon , Carthage and Rome exacted tribute from their provinces and subject kingdoms . Ancient China received tribute from various states such as Japan , Korea , Vietnam , Cambodia , Borneo , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Myanmar and Central Asia . The Aztec Empire is another example . The Roman republic exacted tribute in the form of payments equivalent to proportional property taxes , for the purpose of waging war . Tribute empires contrast with those like the Roman Empire , which more closely controlled and garrisoned subject territories . A tributary state is one that preserves its political position and such independence as it has only by paying tribute .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a791bfffd18fc3dd201be9e2bc9b271", "text": "Barcids The Barcid family was a notable family in the ancient city of Carthage ; many of its members were fierce enemies of the Roman Republic . `` Barcid '' is an adjectival form coined by historians ( cf. `` Ramesside '' and `` Abbasid '' ) ; the actual byname was Barca or Barcas , which means lightning . See ברק Baraq in Canaanite and Hebrew , برق , barq in Arabic , and similar words in other Semitic languages .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "59680f77bc73a5df438eef9040e718fe", "text": "Estoria de España The Estoria de España , also known in the 1906 edition of Ramón Menéndez Pidal as the Primera Crónica General , is a history book written on the initiative of Alfonso X of Castile `` El Sabio '' ( `` the Wise '' ) , who was actively involved in the editing . It is believed to be the first extended history of Spain in Old Spanish , a West Iberian Romance language that forms part of the lineage from Vulgar Latin to modern Spanish . Many prior works were consulted in constructing this history . The book narrates a history beginning in Biblical and legendary origins and continues through the history of Castile under Fernando III of Castile . In the style of chronicles of its time , it begins by retelling the stories of remote origins found in the Bible . From the time of Moses onward , the mix begins to include Greek sources on ancient history . However , as the story continues , the details become increasingly detailed , especially from the Germanic invasions to the time of Alfonso 's father Fernando III . The work is divided into four large parts . The first includes a history of Ancient Rome : the medieval European monarchs considered themselves heirs to the Roman Empire . The second tells the history of the barbarian and Gothic kings , treated as antecedents within the Iberian Peninsula . The third is a history of the Kingdom of Asturias from which the Reconquista ( the Christian reconquest of Iberia from Muslim rule ) began . The fourth and final part is a history of the Kingdoms of León and Castile .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4ee1ea07330389a8f664870f19690a82", "text": "Antiochus IV Epiphanes Antiochus IV Epiphanes ( -LSB- ænˈtaɪ.əkəs _ ɛˈpɪfəniːz -RSB- Ἀντίοχος Δ΄ ὁ Ἐπιφανής , Antíochos D' ho Epiphanḗs , `` God Manifest '' ; c. 215 BC -- 164 BC ) was a Hellenistic Greek king of the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC . He was a son of King Antiochus III the Great . His original name was Mithradates ( alternative form Mithridates ) ; he assumed the name Antiochus after he ascended the throne . Notable events during the reign of Antiochus IV include his near-conquest of Egypt , his persecution of the Jews of Judea and Samaria , and the rebellion of the Jewish Maccabees . Antiochus was the first Seleucid king to use divine epithets on coins , perhaps inspired by the Bactrian Hellenistic kings who had earlier done so , or else building on the ruler cult that his father Antiochus the Great had codified within the Seleucid Empire . These epithets included Θεὸς Ἐπιφανής `` manifest god '' , and , after his defeat of Egypt , Νικηφόρος `` bringer of victory '' . However , Antiochus also tried to interact with common people by appearing in the public bath houses and applying for municipal offices , and his often eccentric behavior and capricious actions led some of his contemporaries to call him Epimanes ( `` The Mad One '' ) , a word play on his title Epiphanes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b96abb6c9920b28a42ac91fd89c8aa04", "text": "Ancient empires Ancient empires may refer to a number of empires in ancient history . See List of empires . It may also refer to these computer games : Ancient Empires ( mobile game ) Challenge of the Ancient Empires ! The Rise & Rule of Ancient Empires", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e5d179b3f79997be3518915d717a7a55", "text": "Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in the place which is now the country Egypt . It is one of six historic civilizations to arise independently . Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC ( according to conventional Egyptian chronology ) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh , Narmer ( commonly referred to as Menes ) . The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms , separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods : the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age , the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age . Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom , during the Ramesside period , where it rivalled the Hittite Empire , Assyrian Empire and Mitanni Empire , after which it entered a period of slow decline . Egypt was invaded or conquered by a succession of foreign powers , such as the Canaanites/Hyksos , Libyans , the Nubians , the Assyrians , Babylonians , the Achaemenid Persians , and the Macedonians in the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period of Egypt . In the aftermath of Alexander the Great 's death , one of his generals , Ptolemy Soter , established himself as the new ruler of Egypt . This Greek Ptolemaic Kingdom ruled Egypt until 30 BC , when , under Cleopatra , it fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province . The success of ancient Egyptian civilization came partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River valley for agriculture . The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops , which supported a more dense population , and social development and culture . With resources to spare , the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions , the early development of an independent writing system , the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects , trade with surrounding regions , and a military intended to defeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance . Motivating and organizing these activities was a bureaucracy of elite scribes , religious leaders , and administrators under the control of a pharaoh , who ensured the cooperation and unity of the Egyptian people in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs . The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying , surveying and construction techniques that supported the building of monumental pyramids , temples , and obelisks ; a system of mathematics , a practical and effective system of medicine , irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques , the first known planked boats , Egyptian faience and glass technology , new forms of literature , and the earliest known peace treaty , made with the Hittites . Egypt left a lasting legacy . Its art and architecture were widely copied , and its antiquities carried off to far corners of the world . Its monumental ruins have inspired the imaginations of travelers and writers for centuries . A new-found respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period by Europeans and Egyptians led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47eafac71cd8d934eec269f3e8022beb", "text": "Armed Islamic Group of Algeria The Armed Islamic Group ( GIA , from Groupe Islamique Armé الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة , ) was one of the two main Islamist insurgents groups that fought the Algerian government and army in the Algerian Civil War . It was created from smaller armed groups following the 1992 military coup and arrest and internment of thousands of officials in the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) party after that party won the first round of parliamentary elections in December 1991 . It was led by a succession of amirs ( commanders ) who were killed or arrested one after another . Unlike the other main armed groups , the MIA and later the AIS , in its pursuit of an Islamic state the GIA sought not to pressure the government into concessions but to destabilise and overthrow it , to `` purge the land of the ungodly '' . Its slogan inscribed on all communiques was : `` no agreement , no truce , no dialogue '' . The group desired to create `` an atmosphere of general insecurity '' and employed kidnapping , assassination , and bombings , including car bombs and targeted not only security forces but civilians . Between 1992 and 1998 , the GIA conducted a violent campaign of civilian massacres , sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation , ( notably the Bentalha and Rais ) . It attacked and killed other Islamists that left the GIA or attempted to negotiate with the government . It also targeted foreign civilians living in Algeria , killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country . The group established a presence outside Algeria , in France , Belgium , Britain , Italy and the United States , and launched terror attacks in France in late 1994 . The `` undisputed principal Islamist force '' in Algeria in 1994 , by 1996 , militants were deserting `` in droves '' , alienated by its execution of civilians and Islamists leaders . In 1999 , a government amnesty law motivated large numbers of jihadis to `` repent '' . The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years , leaving a splinter group the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ) , which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003 . The GIA was and is considered a terrorist organisation by the governments of Algeria and France . To what extent the group was infiltrated and manipulated by Algerian security services is disputed . The GIA remains a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "24f46886b6d1e915b00371d3490f7256", "text": "Algerian Civil War The Algerian Civil War was an armed conflict between the Algerian Government and various Islamic rebel groups which began in 1991 following a coup negating an Islamist electoral victory . The war began slowly as it first appeared the government had successfully crushed the Islamist movement , but armed groups emerged to fight jihad and by 1994 , violence had reached such a level that it appeared the government might not be able to withstand it . By 1996-7 however it became clear that the violence and predation of the Islamists had lost its popular support , although fighting continued for several years after . The war has been referred to as ` the dirty war ' ( la sale guerre ) , and saw extreme violence and brutality used against civilians . Islamists targeted journalists , over 70 of whom were killed , and foreigners , over 100 of whom were killed , although it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved , as the government infiltrated the insurgents . Total fatalities have been estimated to be a range of different values from 44,000 to between 100,000 and 200,000 . The conflict began in December 1991 , when the new and enormously popular Islamic Salvation Front ( FIS ) party appeared poised to defeat the ruling National Liberation Front ( FLN ) party in the national parliamentary elections . The elections were canceled after the first round and the military effectively took control of the government , forcing pro-reform president Chadli Bendjedid from office . After the FIS was banned and thousands of its members arrested , Islamist guerrillas rapidly emerged and began an armed campaign against the government and its supporters . They formed themselves into various armed groups , principally the Islamic Armed Movement ( MIA ) , based primarily in the mountains , and the more hard-line Armed Islamic Group ( GIA ) , based primarily in the towns . The GIA motto was `` no agreement , no truce , no dialogue '' and declared war on the FIS in 1994 after it made progress in negotiations with the government . The MIA and various smaller insurgent bands regrouped , becoming the FIS-loyalist Islamic Salvation Army ( AIS ) . After talks collapsed , elections were held and won by the army 's candidate , General Liamine Zéroual . The GIA not only fought the AIS but began a series of massacres targeting entire neighborhoods or villages -- some evidence also suggests the involvement of government forces -- which peaked in 1997 . Its massacre policy caused desertion and splits , while the AIS , under attack from both sides , declared a unilateral ceasefire with the government in 1997 . In the meantime 1997 parliamentary elections were won by a newly created pro-Army party supporting the president . In 1999 , following the election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika as president , violence declined as large numbers of insurgents `` repented '' , taking advantage of a new amnesty law . The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years , and had practically disappeared by 2002 , with the exception of a splinter group called the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat ( GSPC ) , which announced its support for Al-Qaeda in October 2003 and continued fighting an insurgency that would eventually spread to other countries in the region .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ff06fb387ba6f76cba4a88ce7ccebdbf", "text": "History of the Byzantine Empire This history of the Byzantine Empire covers the history of the Eastern Roman Empire from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the transitional period during which the Roman Empire 's east and west divided . In 285 , the emperor Diocletian ( r. 284 -- 305 ) partitioned the Roman Empire 's administration into eastern and western halves . Between 324 and 330 , Constantine I ( r. 306 -- 337 ) transferred the main capital from Rome to Byzantium , later known as Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) and Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . Under Theodosius I ( r. 379 -- 395 ) , Christianity became the Empire 's official state religion and others such as Roman polytheism were proscribed . And finally , under the reign of Heraclius ( r. 610 -- 641 ) , the Empire 's military and administration were restructured and adopted Greek for official use instead of Latin . Thus , although it continued the Roman state and maintained Roman state traditions , modern historians distinguish Byzantium from ancient Rome insofar as it was oriented towards Greek rather than Latin culture , and characterised by Orthodox Christianity rather than Roman polytheism . The borders of the Empire evolved significantly over its existence , as it went through several cycles of decline and recovery . During the reign of Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) , the Empire reached its greatest extent after reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast , including north Africa , Italy , and Rome itself , which it held for two more centuries . During the reign of Maurice ( r. 582 -- 602 ) , the Empire 's eastern frontier was expanded and the north stabilised . However , his assassination caused a two-decade-long war with Sassanid Persia which exhausted the Empire 's resources and contributed to major territorial losses during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century . In a matter of years the Empire lost its richest provinces , Egypt and Syria , to the Arabs . During the Macedonian dynasty ( 10th -- 11th centuries ) , the Empire again expanded and experienced a two-century long renaissance , which came to an end with the loss of much of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 . This battle opened the way for the Turks to settle in Anatolia as a homeland . The final centuries of the Empire exhibited a general trend of decline . It struggled to recover during the 12th century , but was delivered a mortal blow during the Fourth Crusade , when Constantinople was sacked and the Empire dissolved and divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms . Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople and re-establishment of the Empire in 1261 , Byzantium remained only one of several small rival states in the area for the final two centuries of its existence . Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans over the 15th century . The Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 finally ended the Roman Empire .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eb547e2a66d487ef7cdada2eaabf06e8", "text": "1962 in Algeria 1962 in Algeria :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d0ae1a6c36aba6395972e95336a067f7", "text": "Batna (département) Batna is a former French département in Algeria . The département of Batna existed between 1957 and 1962 . Considered as an integral piece of French territory , Algeria was departmentalised on 9 December 1848 , and thereby was administratively structured in the same way as metropolitan France . Three civil zones ( départements ) replaced the three beyliks into which the Ottoman former rulers had divided the territory . The easternmost of the three original Algerian departments was called Constantine . For over a century the town of Batna , was a sub-prefecture in the département of Constantine : this changed in 1957 . On 20 May 1957 the Batna sub-prefecture was split off and became a separate département . This administrative reorganisation was undertaken in response to the rapid population increase experienced across the territory , especially during the preceding decade . The new département of Batna was located directly to the south of the newly created département of Sétif and the newly diminished département of Constantine . The département of Batna covered an area of 38,494 km ² : a population of 529,532 was recorded . The department comprised five sub-prefectures : these were Arris , Barika , Biskra , Corneille and Khenchela . The 1957 departmental reorganisation was marked by a change in the `` suffix '' number appearing on automobile license plates and in other places that used the same code . Until 1957 , as part of the département of Constantine , Batna was identified by the department number `` 93 '' : after 1957 the département of Batna became department number `` 9B '' . ( In 1968 , under a law enacted in 1964 , the number `` 93 '' would be reallocated to a new département comprising the northern suburbs of Paris . ) The département of Batna remained in existence until after the independence of Algeria and subsequently became Batna Province .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "54e37d40f854abac92ec42bcde8f1337", "text": "Timeline of Algiers The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Algiers , Algeria .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d32f17b4c025844932a58ae135f8ab54", "text": "Antiquity Antiquity may refer to any period before the Middle Ages ( 476 -- 1453 ) , but still within Western civilization-based human history or prehistory : Ancient history , any historical period before the Middle Ages Classical antiquity , the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean Late Antiquity , the period between classical antiquity and the Middle Ages Ancient Egypt , a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa , concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt Ancient China Ancient Somalia , ancient pyramidal structures , mausoleums , ruined cities and stone walls found in Somalia ( such as the Wargaade Wall ) are evidence of an old sophisticated civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula Ancient Greece , a civilization belonging to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to the end of antiquity ( c. 600 AD ) Ancient India Ancient Iran Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Japan Ancient Near East , the home of early civilizations within roughly the modern Middle East North Africa during Antiquity , the history of Egypt , Ancient Libya , Numidia and Mauretania Poland in Antiquity , an era that dates from about 400 BC to 450 -- 500 AD Romania in Antiquity , between the foundation of Greek colonies in present-day Dobruja and the withdrawal of the Romans from `` Dacia Trajana '' province Ancient Rome Ancient languages Ancient music , music that developed in literate cultures , replacing prehistoric music Antiquities , objects or artifacts surviving from ancient cultures", "title": "" } ]	fever
468735bbe5b4e30519bb3b6d91484623	Paul Rudd passed up the role he was offered in Role Models.	[ { "docid": "52cba4207150c280a4cdf1de0a9c2cac", "text": "Role Models Role Models is a 2008 American comedy film directed by David Wain and written by David Wain , Timothy Dowling , Paul Rudd and Ken Marino . It is about two energy drink salesmen who are ordered to perform 150 hours of community service as punishment for various offenses . For their service , the two men work at a program designed to pair kids with adult role models . The film stars Seann William Scott , Paul Rudd , Christopher Mintz-Plasse , Bobb ' e J. Thompson , Jane Lynch and Elizabeth Banks .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a72603ea9667b9ff490c8c90808cfe8a", "text": "Sports rorts affair The `` sports rorts '' affair was the name by which Australian media and political commentators came to refer to events during the second Keating ministry in late 1993 and early 1994 , where the then Sports Minister , Ros Kelly , was unable to appropriately explain the distribution of federal sporting grants to marginal electorates held by the governing Australian Labor Party . It led to a textbook demonstration of individual ministerial responsibility where , on 28 February 1994 , Kelly resigned from her position under consistent pressure from the Australian Democrats and the Liberal opposition about the matter . Ultimately , the controversy also led to her resignation from Parliament and , at the resulting by-election on 25 March 1995 , the government lost the normally safe Labor seat of Canberra . In December 1993 , the Auditor-General complained about the manner in which the Department had administered A$ 30 million of grants under the Community Cultural , Recreational and Sporting Facilities Program , which had been initiated by Graham Richardson in 1988 . The Auditor-General reported that he could not find any documentation explaining the rationale for grants made by Kelly 's department , and therefore could not assess her decision-making procedures . The opposition , led by John Hewson and Peter Costello , claimed in Parliament that the money had been directed into marginal Labor-held electorates before the 1993 federal election as a pork barrelling exercise . Initially , she avoided answering questions on the matter , but she relented following threats by the Australian Democrats to vote for a Liberal proposition establishing a Senate inquiry if she did not give evidence to a House of Representatives committee . During the enquiry , she said that she had assessed 2,800 submissions for funding on the sole basis of verbal advice from her staff , and that decisions on short-listed applications had been made on a `` great big whiteboard '' in her office , having been erased without permanent record once the decisions were made . The 12-person committee , despite having a Labor majority , ultimately found on 7 February 1994 that her actions were `` not illegal '' but her administration was `` deficient '' . On 21 February 1994 , following changes to Australian House of Representatives Question Time which created a roster for ministers to appear in the House , the Liberals , led by Hewson and Costello , used the opportunity to demand her resignation . On 28 February , she did so , although Keating continued to support her , speaking out on 3 March 1994 accusing the Senate of holding the Government to ransom . Eleven months later , Kelly resigned from parliament , triggering a 1995 by-election . A 16.1 % swing against Labor in the normally comfortably safe Labor seat resulted in the election of Liberal challenger Brendan Smyth on 25 March 1995 . Labor was heavily defeated in the 1996 election , but Bob McMullan regained Canberra for Labor while Smyth failed to win the new seat of Namadgi .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc4f19f62e1649e6dd930e9ff1c141b1", "text": "Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media . By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) . Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "74f40f9b99d7d4deef0c8c50d488f528", "text": "Australian Labor Party leadership spill, 2012 A leadership spill in the Australian Labor Party , the party of government in the Parliament of Australia , was held on 27 February 2012 at 10 am AEDT , followed by a ballot . The Prime Minister , Julia Gillard , announced the spill at a press conference on 23 February 2012 , following the resignation of the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Kevin Rudd , from his cabinet position after months of speculation that he intended to challenge Gillard for the leadership . Rudd announced his intention to seek the leadership at a press conference on 24 February . At the leadership ballot , Gillard won by a vote of 71 to 31 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be3148e952d5fbcbe3b525f02375a171", "text": "Producers Guild Film Awards The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) is an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was `` inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . '' Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fc92466fa618e5311f610d4b093719db", "text": "Paul Rhys Paul Rhys ( born 19 December 1963 ) is a Welsh television , film and theatre actor . Rhys was born in Neath , Glamorgan , and studied at RADA , leaving with the Bancroft Gold Medal in 1985 . After graduating , he obtained his first major screen role , in Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) . Since then he has seldom been off the stage and screen . His first US exposure was when American film director Robert Altman cast Rhys , who was then still a student , as Theo van Gogh in Vincent and Theo opposite Tim Roth as Vincent .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5eb0477814bf4b3059193b69357f609e", "text": "Joan Ruddock Dame Joan Mary Ruddock , DBE ( née Anthony ; born 28 December 1943 ) is a British Labour Party politician who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Lewisham Deptford from 1987 to 2015 . Ruddock was Minister of State for Energy at the Department of Energy and Climate Change until 11 May 2010 . She stood down at the 2015 General Election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "58356eccdb5bcf866ab4a5e8c3283841", "text": "Chuck Versus the Role Models `` Chuck Versus the Role Models '' is episode 15 of the third season of Chuck . Chuck and Sarah are assigned to train under Craig and Laura Turner ( Fred Willard and Swoosie Kurtz ) , a married CIA team who , despite their impeccable record , hate one another . The Turners ' stormy relationship forces Chuck and Sarah to wonder if they 're doomed with the same fate . Meanwhile , Casey must train the newest member of the team - Morgan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45862ce58497dab0f65103555c1e8478", "text": "Ugly Models Ugly Models is a London-based alternative modelling agency that specialises in character modelling . Its owner Marc French says it is about `` celebrating everyone 's unique beauty '' . Its major clients include Calvin Klein , Levi 's , Diesel , Vogue , Elle , and Cosmopolitan . Its models have appeared in film series such as Harry Potter , Pirates of the Caribbean and James Bond . Ugly Models are in official partnership with Guinness World Records and represents the world 's tallest man , the world 's most pierced woman and the world 's most tattooed man .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e51d94f981bf1cdb6f889821e87e757a", "text": "Paul Vandervort Paul Jeffrey Vandervort ( born February 5 , 1985 ) is an American actor , film producer , and former model . Vandervort first appeared on the reality television series `` The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency '' during season 4 . During his time there he was attracted to another model , Traci . He is known on the modeling front , most notably for landing a national modeling campaign for Abercrombie & Fitch in 2008 . Since , he has modeled for Ed Hardy , Zoom ! Whitening , and Nike , as well as other companies . One year after making his television debut , Vandervort continued to appear in other TV shows and in 2010 made the switch to film appearing in several TV movies . He currently resides in Los Angeles since 2008 . Vandervort serves as CEO of the 2013 formed media production company , ( VEI ) Vandervort Entertainment Inc. . VEI shot their first film , Hollywood Miles in April 2014 . VEI 's first full-length feature film , `` Limelight '' , a screenplay written by Vandervort that he also starred in , was filmed in Los Angeles and Bel Air in Summer 2015 and completed post-production in late 2016 . Worldwide sales rights for Limelight were acquired by Taylor & Dodge and the movie is scheduled to premiere and begin distribution in early 2017 . Vandervort Entertainment Inc. has two new feature films scheduled for pre-production in 2017 . Craigslist Mafia , and an Untitled Thriller written by Paul Vandervort and his Limelight co-star Sean Kanan . In Summer 2016 , Vandervort took on his first project as director . The project is tentatively titled `` Welcome to my World '' which is a teenage sports drama awaiting a series pickup .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "00b9ef5ccc2baf02a1fa07ce6f41977b", "text": "Paulina Porizkova Paulina Porizkova ( born Pavlína Pořízková ; -LSB- ˈpavliːna ˈpor̝iːskovaː -RSB- ; 9 April 1965 ) is a Czech born model , actress and author , who holds dual U.S. and Swedish citizenship . At 18 years old , in 1984 , she became the first woman from Central Europe to be on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue . She was the second woman ( after Christie Brinkley ) to be featured on the swimsuit issue 's front cover consecutive times ( 1984 and 1985 ) . She joined judging in America 's Next Top Model in Cycles 10 -- 12 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f80c1ecca65ae8099e344baab0282c0d", "text": "Sharni Vinson Sharni Vinson ( born 22 July 1983 ) is an Australian model , dancer and actress best known for her roles in Home and Away , Bait 3D , Step Up 3D and You 're Next .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "102006c66b14677095bd9d0b4c8681d3", "text": "Paul McDermott Paul Anthony Michael McDermott ( born 13 May 1962 ) is an Australian comedian , actor , writer , director , singer , artist and television personality . As a comedian , he is best known both for Good News Week and for his role as a member of the musical comedy group the Doug Anthony All Stars , which disbanded in 1994 but reformed in 2014 ; he has also performed individually and as a part of GUD . He has frequently appeared at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and taken part in its two major televised productions , the Comedy Festival Gala and the Great Debate . He has also hosted two other ABC programs and briefly featured on Triple J as a morning radio presenter between 1996 and 1997 . He hosted Good News Week until 2012 , and has since pursued his painting career , and given a series of concerts featuring self-penned songs of a more serious nature . McDermott is a published author , having released several books both in collaboration with the Doug Anthony All Stars and individually . He has written as a columnist for a number of Australian newspapers and a selection of his columns have been compiled into a book , The Forgetting of Wisdom . He has also written and illustrated two storybooks , both of which have been adapted into short films with McDermott scripting , directing , performing and painting all of the animations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cfba79cdaa8c0bd53b0cd1cf100280c2", "text": "Peter Ruddock Air Marshal Peter William David Ruddock , ( born 5 February 1954 ) is a former senior commander in the Royal Air Force who served as Air Secretary from 2004 to 2006 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5afd39eaa8efac3a1ca2a219978a2d11", "text": "Search for a Supermodel Search for a Supermodel was a reality television series on Network Ten in Australia that aired from 2000 to 2002 where regional finalists competed for a contract with Ford Models . The winner of each series went on to compete in the international version of the show . The third series had both female and male contestants .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08ac853e1448823ea75ce00a992d129c", "text": "Peter Cook (Australian politician) Peter Francis Salmon Cook ( 8 November 19433 December 2005 ) was an Australian politician . He served as a Labor member of the Senate from 1983 to 2005 , representing the state of Western Australia . Cook was born in Melbourne , Victoria , and was an active trade unionist before entering politics . He was Secretary of the Western Australian Trades and Labour Council 1975 -- 83 and Vice-President of the Australian Council of Trade Unions 1981 -- 83 . He was also a member of the Labor Party 's National Executive . He was elected to the Senate at the 1983 election ; as this was a double dissolution election , his service commenced on election day , 5 March 1983 ( although for the purpose of determining the rotation of senators it was taken to have commenced on the previous 1 July ) . In the Hawke and Keating Labor governments he was Minister for Resources 1988 -- 1990 , Minister for Industrial Relations 1990 -- 1993 , Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 1992 -- 93 , Minister for Trade 1993 -- 1994 and Minister for Industry , Science and Technology 1994 -- 96 . After the defeat of the Keating government in 1996 , Cook was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1996 -- 2001 and Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Senate . In 1997 -- 2001 , he chaired a Senate Committee inquiry into the proposed Goods and Services Tax . He was defeated by union organiser Glenn Sterle in a Labor preselection ballot before the 2004 election , and subsequently did not contest the election . His term expired on 30 June 2005 . Cook was an avid ally of Julia Gillard . He publicly backed her for the Labor leadership after Mark Latham resigned in 2005 . Cook died on 3 December 2005 after being diagnosed with melanoma cancer in July 2004 . The last Senate report that he contributed to was The cancer journey : Informing choice , handed down on 23 June 2005 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "354ba63c66fec8e0452c51ae7ecfb4e7", "text": "Paul Nicholas Paul Nicholas ( born Paul Oscar Beuselinck ; 3 December 1944 ) is an English actor and singer . He started out with a pop career , but soon changed to musical theatre . Later , in the 1970s , he began an acting career . He returned to the pop charts , starring in the 1983 BBC sitcom Just Good Friends , for which he is best known . The show won a BAFTA and Nicholas was also nominated for best comedy performance . After the show ended , he returned to musical theatre and various other entertainment roles , including producing and directing .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "829f860a494d1a66f87206b9197242d9", "text": "Future Leaders Exchange Future Leaders Exchange ( FLEX ) is a scholarship student exchange program administered by the U.S. Department of State through funding from the Freedom Support Act . The program provides opportunities for high school students ( ages 15 -- 19 ) from former Soviet Union ( from 2015 including Baltic states ) , initially including Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Moldova , Poland , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , and Ukraine , to spend a year in the United States , living with a host family and attending an American high school . The program seeks to develop the leadership abilities and cultural awareness . The competition is intense . Only about one in fifty applicants are ultimately selected . The program was created in 1992 after former Senator Bill Bradley 's conviction `` that the best way to ensure long-lasting peace and understanding between the U.S. and Eurasia is to enable young people to learn about democracy firsthand through experiencing it '' . Since its inception in 1993 , more than 18,000 high school students from 12 Eurasian countries ( two more countries which used to participate in the program are Belarus and Uzbekistan ) have studied in the U.S. under the program . On 1 October 2014 Russia pulled out of the programme . Russian students remaining in the US were allowed by the Russian side to complete their scholarship , and in the next editions , Russian students will be replaced by students from Ukraine and other countries . The motive behind Russia 's decision to end the cooperation was the case of a 16 year old student who had refused to return to Russia and searched for asylum in the USA on the grounds of his sexual orientation . He had met a homosexual couple and asked them for help to stay in the USA . He was put under the couple 's tutelage . Russian officials criticized the USA for lack of responsibility towards Russian students .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd999dc2db209529f9d04fa408aa8278", "text": "Philip Ruddock Philip Maxwell Ruddock ( born 12 March 1943 ) is an Australian politician who was a Liberal member of the House of Representatives from 1973 to 2016 . First elected in a 1973 by-election , by the time of his retirement , he was the last parliamentary survivor of the Whitlam and Fraser Governments . He was both the Father of the House and the Father of the Parliament from 1998 to his retirement . He is the second longest-serving parliamentarian in the history of the Australian Parliament ( only Billy Hughes served longer ) . Ruddock served continuously in federal cabinet during the Howard Government , as Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs from 1996 to 2003 , and then Attorney-General from 2003 to 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "332d2db633c5190468187e9940b06c94", "text": "David Rudd David Rudd ( born March 13 , 1959 ) is an American cinematographer . He has been nominated for 4 Emmy Awards and 1 MTV Award for Cinematography .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "92def7fa22b5f091b15a1bfadac7c921", "text": "Remi Broadway Remi Broadway ( born 30 April 1978 ) is an Australian actor best known as Rupert Pringle from The Wayne Manifesto and Piffy the bell ringer from The Late Show , which parodied his earlier appearance on the talent show Pot Luck . He hosted an Australian children 's television called Prime Possum Show on the Prime Television Network in which he starred next to the possum of the show . He appeared in that show for about 550 episodes before leaving it in 1996 to pursue a Hollywood career . He also starred in the cult movie Rapid Fear alongside formidable acting talent Peter Kent and Vanja Matula . He most recently produced and directed Choose Your Own Tube , another serial on YouTube featuring Caitlin Hill and his brother Regis Broadway . Remi currently gives private acting lessons As of July 2011 , Remi owns and recently opened Central , a lounge and dining bar in Surfers Paradise , on the Gold Coast in Queensland , Australia .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b1add660a7b6a88d2ff639b8a0e9e2fe	The Twelfth Doctor is capable of superhuman abilities.	[ { "docid": "31242caa5ab97006853fd41adc7871b8", "text": "Twelfth Doctor The Twelfth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who . He is portrayed by Scottish actor Peter Capaldi . Within the series ' narrative , the Doctor is a time travelling , humanoid alien from a race known as the Time Lords . When the Doctor is critically injured , he can regenerate his body , and in doing so gain a new physical appearance , and with it a distinct new personality ; this plot mechanism has allowed the Doctor to be portrayed by a series of actors over the decades since the programme 's inception in 1963 . Capaldi 's portrayal of the Doctor is a spiky , brusque , contemplative , and pragmatic character who conceals his emotions in the course of making tough and sometimes ruthless decisions . Capaldi made his first , very brief appearance as the Doctor in the show 's fiftieth anniversary special `` The Day of the Doctor '' ( 2013 ) , as one of the thirteen incarnations of the Doctor who are summoned to save Gallifrey from destruction . Capaldi 's first full appearance as the Doctor was at the end of the 2013 Christmas special `` The Time of the Doctor '' . He is accompanied in the eighth and ninth series by companion Clara Oswald ( Jenna Coleman ) . He also appeared in `` For Tonight We Might Die '' , the first episode of the 2016 spin-off series Class . In the tenth series of Doctor Who , he is accompanied by two new companions : Nardole ( Matt Lucas ) and Bill Potts ( Pearl Mackie ) . On 30 January 2017 , Capaldi announced he would be leaving the programme , with the 2017 Christmas episode being his last .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "7dac8eb0cd706ef69f8ffd097c7944ed", "text": "History of UNIT UNIT ( UNified Intelligence Taskforce , formerly United Nations Intelligence Taskforce ) is a fictional military organisation from the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Operating under the auspices of the United Nations , its purpose is to investigate and combat paranormal and extraterrestrial threats to the Earth . As is common in long-running series whose back-stories are not mapped out in advance , and which are also the product of many different writers over the course of years , the fictional history of UNIT has seen retroactive changes which have caused some continuity problems .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f97abd1475e07320fe564b8854e844ab", "text": "The Rescue (Doctor Who) The Rescue is the third serial of the second season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , which was first broadcast in two weekly parts on 2 January and 9 January 1965 on BBC1 . It was written by outgoing story editor David Whitaker and directed by Christopher Barry . The Rescue was produced in a six-episode block with The Romans and was the first story produced in Doctor Who second production block . Rehearsals and recording took place from 30 November to 11 December 1964 , entirely in-studio . The two episodes were watched by 12 and 13 million viewers in the UK respectively and have received generally positive reviews from critics , who praise the character-based storytelling , although plot holes were noted . Both episodes of The Rescue have been retained in the BBC archives , and the story has been novelised and released on VHS and DVD . The serial is notable as the first appearance of Maureen O'Brien as companion Vicki .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3b81b013a771f89c20ad7af4286a241e", "text": "Remembrance of the Daleks Remembrance of the Daleks is the first serial of the 25th season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . The serial was first broadcast in four weekly episodes from 5 October to 26 October 1988 . It was written by Ben Aaronovitch and directed by Andrew Morgan . In the serial , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Sylvester McCoy ) and his companion Ace ( Sophie Aldred ) travel back to 1963 to retrieve the Hand of Omega , a powerful device created by the Doctor 's Time Lord race , and keep it from the Daleks . The serial contained many references to the history of the show . It is set in 1963 , around the same time as the very first Doctor Who episode , An Unearthly Child . Remembrance of the Daleks returns the Doctor to Coal Hill School and the junkyard at 76 Totter 's Lane , locations first seen in that episode . The serial also continues the story arc of a civil war between rival Dalek factions , culminating in a showdown between the Doctor and Dalek Emperor Davros . This was the last appearance of Davros and the Daleks in the original run of Doctor Who . Davros appears for one scene only , and this in the fourth and final part . In a variety of reader polls conducted by Doctor Who Magazine from 1998 onwards , Remembrance of the Daleks has consistently been voted as one of the greatest Doctor Who stories of all time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ddce0c0cb65863c8e7fe09be4ce69612", "text": "Doctor Strange Stephen Vincent Strange , M.D. is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by artist Steve Ditko and writer Stan Lee , the character first appeared in Strange Tales # 110 ( cover-dated July 1963 ) . Doctor Strange serves as the Sorcerer Supreme , the primary protector of Earth against magical and mystical threats . Inspired by stories of black magic and Chandu the Magician , Strange was created during the Silver Age of Comics to bring a different kind of character and themes of mysticism to Marvel Comics . The character 's origin story relates that he was once a brilliant but egotistical surgeon . After a car accident severely damages his hands and hinders his ability to perform surgery , he searches the globe for a way to repair them and encounters the Ancient One . After becoming one of the old Sorcerer Supreme 's students , he becomes a practitioner of both the mystical arts as well as martial arts . Along with knowing many powerful spells , he has a costume with two mystical objects -- the Cloak of Levitation and Eye of Agamotto -- which give him added powers . Strange is aided along the way by his friend and valet , Wong , and a large assortment of mystical objects . He takes up residence in a mansion called the Sanctum Sanctorum , located in New York City . Later , Strange takes the title of Sorcerer Supreme . In 2008 , Doctor Strange was ranked 83rd in Wizards `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , and in 2012 was ranked 33rd in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . He was also ranked 38th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes '' . The character was first portrayed in live-action by Peter Hooten in the 1978 television film Dr. Strange . Benedict Cumberbatch stars as the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , first appearing in the role in the 2016 film Doctor Strange .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "640a5e6880eccc62540d732ff8f0e32d", "text": "Twelfth Night (1988 film) Twelfth Night , or , What You Will is a videotaped 1988 television adaptation of Kenneth Branagh 's stage production for the Renaissance Theatre Company of William Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night first broadcast in the UK by ITV on 30 December 1988 . Made by Thames Television , in collaboration with Renaissance , it stars Frances Barber as Viola and Richard Briers as Malvolio . The recording was shot on a single set with the appearance of a wintry garden . The costumes are Victorian , and the time of year is Christmas . Michael Brooke , in his piece for the BFI 's screenonline website , particularly commends Briers performance . His `` Malvolio is a delight , segueing seamlessly from self-righteous pomposity at inappropriate revelry to truly grotesque self-delusion as he proffers love to his mistress while clad in yellow stockings '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "71e69af308396684009d44425d22e8c4", "text": "Exceptional memory The capacity for exceptional memory can take several forms .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b0de29283032b238cc0deb6e2c25c51", "text": "The Trial of a Time Lord The Trial of a Time Lord is a 14-part science fiction serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . The serial , produced as the show 's twenty-third season , aired in weekly episodes from 6 September to 6 December 1986 . The only Doctor Who presentation of its kind , it contains four adventures : The Mysterious Planet , Mindwarp , Terror of the Vervoids , and The Ultimate Foe -- Colin Baker 's final story . The idea for the serial stemmed from several production changes to Doctor Who , such as reduced screen time for the season and a request from BBC controller Michael Grade that the series contain less violence and more humour . Several problems occurred during production , including the death of scriptwriter Robert Holmes , and the resignation of script editor Eric Saward . This was the last serial to star Colin Baker because he was dismissed from the role when it ended .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0fd353359f873fd2f4e64357b9a1cce8", "text": "Doctor Who (series 9) The ninth series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who premiered on 19 September 2015 with `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' and concluded on 5 December 2015 with `` Hell Bent '' . The series was led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat , alongside executive producer Brian Minchin . Nikki Wilson , Peter Bennett , and Derek Ritchie served as producers . The series is the ninth to air following the programme 's revival in 2005 , and is the thirty-fifth season overall . This is the second series starring Peter Capaldi as the Twelfth Doctor , an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS , which is disguised as a British police box . It also stars Jenna Coleman as the Doctor 's companion , Clara Oswald , for her third and final series in the role . Also playing a major recurring role in the series is Maisie Williams as Ashildr , a Viking girl made immortal by the Doctor , which leads to major events resulting of her encounters with the Doctor . The series ' main story arc revolves around the mystery of a being called the Hybrid , the combination of two great warrior races . The Hybrid is alluded to with the appearance of many other hybrids such as Osgood and Ashildr , with both being dramatically revealed as being hybrids . The Doctor 's investigation into this being ultimately leads him back to his home planet of Gallifrey , which returns fully in the series . Steven Moffat wrote four episodes solo and co-wrote an additional two . The other writers who worked on this series included Toby Whithouse , Jamie Mathieson , Catherine Tregenna , Peter Harness , Mark Gatiss , and Sarah Dollard . Directors of the series included ones who had previously worked with Moffat on the show , and brand new ones . Filming began on 5 January 2015 . The ninth series received high acclaim from critics , with many labelling it as the show 's strongest season to date . Aspects of the series that were met with the most praise included the writing , directing , and structure of the series , as well as the performances of Peter Capaldi , Jenna Coleman and Maisie Williams .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a71ff14710d8dc502e457378a4ddf76", "text": "Superpower (ability) Superpower is a popular culture term for a fictional superhuman ability , most commonly used in the American comic book genre . When a character possesses multiple such abilities , the terms super powers or simply powers are used . It is most frequently used in pulp magazines , comic books , science fiction , television programs , and film as the key attribute of a superhero . The concept originated in American comic books and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s , and has gradually worked its way into other genres and media .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "658b3715146722d0aa3b4ca34c4a2c58", "text": "Tenth Doctor The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who , who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials . As with previous incarnations of the Doctor , the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs . In the programme 's narrative , the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS , frequently with companions . When the Doctor is critically injured beyond medical repair , he can regenerate his body ; in doing so , his physical appearance and personality change , and a new actor assumes the role . Tennant 's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked . This incarnation 's companions include working class shop assistant Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , medical student Martha Jones ( Freema Agyeman ) , and fiery temp worker Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) . He eventually parts ways with them all by the end of the 2008 series finale , `` Journey 's End '' , after which he attempts to travel alone for the duration of the 2008 -- 2010 specials before being accompanied by Donna Noble 's grandfather Wilfred Mott on his final adventure in The End of Time . In November 2013 , Tennant 's Doctor was voted `` The UK 's favourite Doctor '' in a survey held by the Radio Times magazine .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "74682092a71d1aa340cbd51e19e2d3e2", "text": "From The Doctor to my son Thomas `` From The Doctor to my son Thomas '' is a viral video recorded by actor Peter Capaldi and sent to Thomas Goodall , an autistic nine-year-old boy in England , to console the child over grief from the death of Goodall 's grandmother . Capaldi filmed the 42-second video in character as the 12th incarnation of The Doctor in the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who . Capaldi 's message had a positive effect on Thomas ; his father said that the boy smiled for the first time since learning of his grandmother 's death , and gained the courage to go to her funeral . Thomas ' father Ross Goodall posted the video to YouTube on 6 November 2014 . He later explained to media that he wanted to make the video available to his family and had no idea it would become popular online . CNN reported that after its appearance on YouTube , the video was viewed over 200,000 times in its first 48 hours online . This more than doubled the next day , and less than a week later it had over 900,000 total views . BBC News observed that Capaldi 's message had become a viral video , and ITV News described response to the video as a global phenomenon . The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph called the recording by Capaldi a touching video to a young child suffering from grief . CNN and MTV characterised the video similarly , as did Spanish and Dutch media . The Independent wrote that Capaldi displayed a kinder face of his personality by sending the message . BT commented it was Capaldi 's best contribution as the character of the Doctor to date . The video had a positive impact on those with mental health problems . Autism Daily Newscast reported favourably on the Doctor 's actions . The Hollywood Reporter observed that as his character the Doctor , Capaldi was using his role to support mental health . Hollywood Life said their reporters were moved to tears after watching Capaldi 's video . Peter Harness , writer of the episode `` Kill the Moon '' , said that Capaldi 's video was his favourite highlight from ten years of Doctor Who .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0708f2a47cb698fda346226dcacb7bf5", "text": "Chris Cwej Christopher Rodonanté Cwej , usually just known as Chris Cwej , is a fictional character from the Virgin New Adventures range of spin-offs based on the BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who . His surname should technically be pronounced `` Shvay '' , but he pronounces it `` Kwedge '' rather than keep correcting people . His first appearance was in the novel Original Sin by Andy Lane , with his adjudicator partner Roz Forrester . Adjudicators are the police force of 30th century Earth , which was at that time divided into the Overcity and the Undercity . Chris was born in 2954 to a family who lived in the lower levels of the Overcity . Chris 's father , Volsted Kornbluth Cwej , was also an adjudicator . Chris 's father was fairly old when Chris was born , having retired from the Adjudicators the previous year , 2953 , after 48 years of service , and he is well over 70 years old when the young Chris meets the Doctor . Chris 's grandfather died when Chris was only five , and Chris cried when he saw his grandfather being put into a coffin . A more distant ancestor , possibly a great grandfather was Nathaniel Cwej . Even further back , there was a Cwej involved with the founding of the Adjudicators , and the family have had a long association with the Adjudicators ever since . Chris 's accent sounds American , although his home would once have been considered a part of England , and his surname may have a Germanic/Saxon derivation . Chris is tall , blonde and muscular , and when he first met the Seventh Doctor and Bernice , he had had a `` body bepple '' ( bodily alteration ) which made him look like a teddy bear . He and Roz were investigating a murder case in Undercity in the year 2975 when they encountered the Doctor and Bernice . They helped the Doctor defeat his old enemy Tobias Vaughn , who had been manipulating human advancement since the 20th century . Having realise the extent of corruption in the Earth Empire and the Adjudicators , Chris and Roz chose to leave in the TARDIS . Chris and Roz travelled with the Doctor for many adventures . In this eventful period , Chris fathered two daughters : Jasmine Surprise Cwej-Hutchings with Ishtar Hutchings , and iKrissi with Dep of the People . After Roz 's death in battle , Chris continued to travel with the Doctor for a short time , but the event had a profound effect on him . During the events of Eternity Weeps , the Doctor 's former companion Liz Shaw contracted a deadly virus and begged Chris to kill her , however he was unable to do it . This and the subsequent death of millions of people from the virus caused Chris to question himself and first consider quitting the TARDIS . It took the apparent death of the Doctor in Japan to make him put aside his doubts and help protect the people of the local village from the local warlord , who wanted an alien device in their possession . The Doctor and Chris then travelled to the Doctor 's home planet of Gallifrey , where the Doctor faced members of his House and many dark secrets were revealed . After this , Chris decided to travel alone using a time ring given to him by Romana . The book which depicts Chris 's sexual encounter with a gay man , Damaged Goods , was written by future executive producer of the series Russell T Davies , whose works often include gay themes . Much like Davies ' later introduction to the series proper , Jack Harkness , Cwej opines that sexuality is not an issue where he comes from .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82412a51464c2a9f8b8f43bcc6774193", "text": "Doctor at Large (TV series) Doctor at Large is a British television comedy series based on a set of books by Richard Gordon about the misadventures of a group of newly qualified doctors . The series follows directly from its predecessor Doctor in the House , and was produced by London Weekend Television in 1971 . Writers for the Doctor at Large episodes were Bill Oddie , Graeme Garden , John Cleese , Graham Chapman , Bernard McKenna , Geoff Rowley , Andy Baker , Jonathan Lynn and David Yallop , as well as George Layton ( under the pseudonym of `` Oliver Fry '' ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "419c09195125694796dba76660755482", "text": "The Long Game `` The Long Game '' is the seventh episode of the first series of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who that was first broadcast on 7 May 2005 on BBC One . It was written by executive producer Russell T Davies and directed by Brian Grant . In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) and his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , having been joined by near-future genius Adam Mitchell ( Bruno Langley ) , land on Satellite 5 in the far future . Satellite 5 is a space station that broadcasts news across the entire human empire . However , the Doctor notices that the station is suspicious : there are no aliens , and those who are promoted to Floor 500 seem to disappear . The Doctor and Rose discover that the Editor ( Simon Pegg ) and an alien are controlling the rest of humanity by way of the press . Meanwhile , Adam makes a mistake that forces the Doctor and Rose to take him home . The concept of `` The Long Game '' was originally submitted by Davies to the Doctor Who script office in the 1980s . Davies had also been interested in doing a storyline about a failed companion . In addition , critics have pointed out that the story is a satire on the media . Production for the episode took place in November and December 2004 , with some location filming in Coryton , Cardiff . `` The Long Game '' was watched by 8.01 million viewers in the UK and received generally mixed reviews from critics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a45fef18343f56fd7a7c66b6c6a9eec4", "text": "Doctor Who Prime Computer ad's Doctor Who in the 1970s was really different from what we see today . A new series of ads starring Tom Baker and Lalla Ward Based on a new `` Super Computer '' known as `` Prime Computer '' which is based to solve problems . The Prime Computer was set up inside as part of the TARDIS . The ads were a big hit in the United Kingdom with millions of views . The first ever ad was titled stepping into the 80 's . Where the Doctor was surprised to find a new Prime Computer . All ads are included in Destiny of the Daleks . ' They all had a White screen in the background , which makes it a funny experience . The TARDIS had a new paint style and was more bright blue rather then having a darker exterior . Down below is the FULL LIST : Stepping Into the 80 's Stepping into the 80 's 2 Dr Who Meets his Match Dr Who and the Aliens Category : Doctor Who", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3ab99de8d4f93465670307994db36804", "text": "Sixth Doctor comic stories The Sixth Doctor comic stories is a range of off-screen adventures featuring the sixth incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the hit sci-fi series Doctor Who . Continuing the themes of the televised series , every story sees the Doctor travelling to a new destination and fighting evil and righting wrongs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "039d839a0a64200cbf6c058d804a0010", "text": "Merlin (series 4) The fourth series of the British drama series Merlin began on 1 October 2011 with the episode `` The Darkest Hour - Part 1 '' . It consists of 13 episodes originally shown on Saturday evenings on BBC One and BBC One HD ( repeats shown on BBC Three ) . The series producer was Sara Hamill , and executive producers were Johnny Capps and Julian Murphy . The directors of the series include Alice Troughton , Alex Pillai , Justin Molotnikov and Jeremy Webb . Writers include Julian Jones ( head writer ) , Howard Overman , Jake Michie , Lucy Watkins , and Richard McBrien . Series four stars the regular cast from the previous series including Colin Morgan , Angel Coulby , Bradley James , Katie McGrath , and Richard Wilson . Credited as a regular , Anthony Head left the series after his character was killed off in `` The Wicked Day '' . Nathaniel Parker joined the regular cast in this series ( credited as such for the first time in `` Aithusa '' ) and John Hurt returned as the voice of the Great Dragon . Supporting cast members include Adetomiwa Edun , Eoin Macken , Tom Hopper , and Rupert Young . Notable guest actors include Santiago Cabrera , Emilia Fox , Gemma Jones , Phil Davis , James Callis , Lindsay Duncan , Gary Lewis , Charlene McKenna , Janet Montgomery , Terence Maynard , Ben Daniels , Miranda Raison and Caroline Faber .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f544bfc758baf53655bd977522c4aa46", "text": "The Impossible Planet `` The Impossible Planet '' is the eighth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on 3 June 2006 . It is the first part of a two-part story , followed by `` The Satan Pit '' . The TARDIS lands in a base on a planet orbiting a black hole , an allegedly impossible situation that stumps even the Doctor . The base crew are drilling towards a mysterious subterranean power source , to claim the power that keeps the planet in orbit for the good of the Human Empire . However , an ancient evil is down there too , and it is awakened .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e2ddfbd07c387cc4f2fd921f3b992ac2", "text": "Eighth Doctor comic stories Eighth Doctor comic stories are two ranges of comic series that featured the adventures of the eighth incarnation of the Doctor , the protagonist of the hit sc-fi series , Doctor Who . Two separate series of original comic strips featuring the Eighth Doctor ( and thus the likeness of actor Paul McGann ) were published during the character 's original tenure . The Radio Times published a weekly comic strip for a time . There was also the standard Doctor Who Magazine strip . The two series introduced brand-new companions , although the Eighth Doctor 's only on-screen companion , Grace Holloway , also appeared twice . There were also cameo appearances by companions from past DWM series . The Master was also resurrected . During the latter period of the DWM 's comic stories the stories switched from black and white strips to full colour . One of the strip 's most noted fans was Russell T Davies , the future executive producer and head writer of the revived Doctor Who series . Davies had proposed that the Magazine 's strip regenerate McGann 's Doctor at the conclusion of The Flood . Whilst a draft was prepared to include the regeneration , the idea was abandoned as the Magazine team had reservations about taking such an important element from the television series should McGann ever be used in the series for flashback purposes . Eventually the decision was taken to simply end `` The Flood '' on a note similar to Survival , with The Eighth Doctor and Destrii 's later adventures left a mystery to the readers . It has been speculated that Davies loosely adapted elements from The Flood in his later DW storylines The Parting of the Ways and Army of Ghosts ( in particular the Doctor absorbing the time/space vortex to save Rose Tyler 's life , triggering his regeneration and the ghost-shifting infiltration of The Cybermen on an unsuspecting public )", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6ca5cb130cad6d7748cce2aa9d4d4a26", "text": "Cult of Skaro In the television series Doctor Who , the Cult of Skaro was an elite order of Daleks , and the first individual Daleks whose recurring nature has been explicit . The Cult first appeared in the two-parter , `` Army of Ghosts '' / `` Doomsday '' . They are described as an elite organisation created by the Emperor of the Daleks to think as their enemies think and find new ways of surviving - and of killing enemies .", "title": "" } ]	fever
30f86019a7dbb8656b9a8c40129fcd00	Cindy McCain is married to a 2008 rugby champion.	[ { "docid": "4def5e099945f11d0c03ba766de43c96", "text": "Cindy McCain Cindy Lou Hensley McCain ( born May 20 , 1954 ) is an American businesswoman , philanthropist , and humanitarian , and the wife of long-time United States Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain of Arizona . She was born and raised in Phoenix , Arizona , as the daughter of wealthy beer distributor Jim Hensley . After receiving bachelor 's and master 's degrees from the University of Southern California , she became a special education teacher . She married John McCain in 1980 and the couple moved to Arizona in 1981 , where her husband would be elected to the United States Congress the following year and has been in office since then . The couple had three children together , in addition to adopting another . From 1988 to 1995 , she founded and operated a nonprofit organization , the American Voluntary Medical Team , which organized trips by medical personnel to disaster-stricken or war-torn third-world areas . During this time , she became addicted to painkillers for several years and resorted to having a physician write illegal prescriptions on her behalf . She reached an agreement with the government in which no charges were filed against her . Upon her father 's death in 2000 , she inherited majority control and became chair of Hensley & Co. , one of the largest Anheuser-Busch beer distributors in the United States . She participated in both of her husband 's presidential campaigns and , in 2008 , drew both positive and negative scrutiny for her appearance , demeanor , wealth , spending habits , and financial obligations . She continues to be an active philanthropist and serves on the boards of Operation Smile , Eastern Congo Initiative , CARE and HALO Trust , frequently making overseas trips in conjunction with their activities . During the 2010s she has become prominent in the fight against human trafficking .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "d647d6db930b212c692d50b78fe5af4b", "text": "Rory Schlein Rory Robert Schlein ( born 1 September 1984 ) is an Australian speedway rider . He is the son of the 1974 Northern Territory solo champion Lyndon Schlein .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2dbe3edcde5c2bb3dc0fc4870b8bbe6d", "text": "Mike Tindall Michael James `` Mike '' Tindall , ( born 18 October 1978 ) is a former English rugby player who played outside centre for Bath Rugby and Gloucester Rugby , has captained the England team , and was a member of the 2003 World Cup-winning squad . He is married to Zara Phillips , the daughter of the Princess Royal and the eldest granddaughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh . He participated as a contestant in the 2015 series of Bear Grylls : Mission Survive and was the runner-up after the 12-day survival mission . He currently plays for the Gloucester Division 2 team , Minchinhampton RFC .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "79bbce397dc34856a5d76a91f32a6bd5", "text": "2009 end-of-year rugby union internationals The 2009 end of year rugby internationals , also known as the Autumn internationals in the Northern Hemisphere , saw Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and Argentina , tour the northern hemisphere . The headline event of the series was an attempted Grand Slam tour of the Home Nations by Australia . This year marked the 25th anniversary of the Wallabies ' only previous Grand Slam tour , which saw the Wallabies sweep all four matches and saw David Campese , Mark Ella , Nick Farr-Jones , and Michael Lynagh achieve international prominence . Also , for the second consecutive year , a Bledisloe Cup match was contested by New Zealand and Australia outside of either country , this time in Tokyo . The final event of the series , the Barbarians ' traditional Final Challenge , involved New Zealand , with the Barbarians winning over a mostly second-string All Blacks side . For the first time since the inception of the IRB World Rankings in 2003 , all of the top 20 teams in the rankings played matches in the November window . The only top-20 teams not playing in the November tours were Uruguay and the USA , which played a two-legged 2011 Rugby World Cup qualifying tie during November . This year 's series was also marked by more non-Test matches pitting Test teams with top-level clubs team than in recent years . Matches of this type are often called `` midweek matches '' because they are traditionally played at midweek , most often on Wednesday , although they can also be scheduled on a weekend when the touring team has no Test scheduled . Australia and South Africa both scheduled two such matches ; the Wallabies won both of their matches comfortably , while the Springboks lost both of theirs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3c2260f0a87a9191d3c29fcfa9d0fdb7", "text": "2007–08 Top 14 season The 2007-08 Top 14 Competition was a French domestic rugby union club competition , operated by the Ligue Nationale de Rugby ( LNR ) . Because France hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup , the competition did not begin at its normal time of August , but instead started on the last weekend in October 2007 , one week after the Rugby World Cup final . The league compensated for the late start by playing on several weekends that it normally skips , namely the weekends of the 2008 Six Nations Championship and the semifinals and final of the 2007-08 Heineken Cup . The season ended on June 28 , 2008 , with Toulouse defeating regular-season league leader Clermont 26 -- 20 in the final and thereby lifting the Bouclier de Brennus . This year 's edition of the Top 14 welcomed Auch and Dax , who earned promotion from Rugby Pro D2 . Agen and Narbonne were relegated from the Top 14 . As in previous seasons , the top four clubs at the end of the home-and-away season advanced to a single-elimination playoff . The semifinals were held at neutral sites , with the final at Stade de France . Going into the season , the top six clubs were guaranteed of berths in the 2008-09 Heineken Cup . Since Toulouse advanced to the 2007-08 Heineken Cup final against Irish club Munster , thereby assuring a higher finish for a French team in that competition than for any team from England or Italy , the seventh-place club also earned a berth in the 2008-09 Heineken Cup . The bottom two teams were provisionally relegated to Pro D2 , with the possibility of one or both of the bottom teams to be reprieved if a team above them failed a postseason financial audit . This happened in 2007-08 , as Albi failed the audit , ultimately giving a reprieve to second-from bottom Dax . This season , LNR trialled a modification to the bonus point system in both the Top 14 and Pro D2 . The system to be used this season was : 4 points for a win . 2 points for a draw . 1 `` bonus '' point for winning while scoring at least 3 more tries than the opponent . This replaces the standard bonus point for scoring 4 tries regardless of the match result . 1 `` bonus '' point for losing by 7 points ( or less ) . This system was explicitly intended to prevent a losing team from earning two bonus points , as is possible under the standard system . Second division : 2007-08 Rugby Pro D2 season", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c3a3be501735f3c28ad777d7304685e4", "text": "Iowa Chicken The Iowa Chicken was a person in a chicken suit who followed John McCain and Rudy Giuliani around Iowa during the 2008 American presidential race , carrying a sign that read `` You ` Bawk ` ed at the Straw Poll ! '' This was done to both protest and bring attention to the fact that neither candidate competed in the Iowa Straw Poll . In the past , all Republican candidates have competed in the Straw Poll , and McCain and Giuliani 's decisions not to attend represented a break from tradition . The identity of the Iowa Chicken has not been revealed , but he or she follows an American campaign tradition , including such precedents as 2000 's Corn Man .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3fd7909e7e69cd66b3dba4d67be141dd", "text": "Tim Couch (politician) Tim Couch ( born August 19 , 1961 ) is an American politician and a Republican member of the Kentucky House of Representatives representing District 90 since January 2003 . He has suggested President Barack Obama is gay , his wife Michelle Obama is a transgender man , and their two children are adopted .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb62be111add7048b1e0cdba20f662c7", "text": "2008 Rugby League World Cup The 2008 Rugby League World Cup was the thirteenth staging of the Rugby League World Cup since its inauguration in 1954 , and the first since the 2000 tournament . The tournament was held in Australia from 26 October , culminating in the final between Australia and New Zealand on 22 November . 2008 was the fourth time that the World Cup was held in Australia , the first being in 1957 . The tournament was won by New Zealand , who defeated Australia 34 -- 20 in the final in one of the greatest upsets in the history of the sport . The tournament featured the best ten teams around the globe which were split into three groups . A total of eighteen matches took place in twelve different venues across four Australian states . The tournament ended a year of celebrations commemorating the centenary of the game in the southern hemisphere and was part of the Festival of World Cups . The thirteenth Cup was scheduled to be held in Australia in 2004 , however the lack of international success by Great Britain and New Zealand after the 2000 World Cup and the rise of the Tri-Nations tournament meant that it was delayed for a further four years . The Rugby League International Federation officially announced this tournament on 6 May 2006 , with further details on scheduling and dates following on 19 April 2007 . The first match took place in Townsville between England and Papua New Guinea , although the official opening ceremony of the competition occurred before the Australia and New Zealand match the following day in Sydney . The final took place at Lang Park ( Suncorp Stadium ) in Brisbane . The tournament proved a commercial success , delivering a profit of and re-establishing the credibility of the competition .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cf7f42e6274335a30e536df9566989c3", "text": "Wisconsin Republican primary, 2008 The 2008 Wisconsin Primary for the Republicans was held on February 19 , 2008 . Polls in Wisconsin opened at 7:00 AM and closed 8:00 PM ( local time ) John McCain won the primary .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "83f312976e0c94adb405185bfeb8fc74", "text": "United States presidential election in Nebraska, 2008 The 2008 United States presidential election in Nebraska took place on November 4 , 2008 as part of the 2008 United States presidential election . Voters chose 5 electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . However , this state is one of the two states of the U.S. that , instead of giving all of its electors to the winner based on its statewide results , just 2 of them vote based on the statewide results , and the others vote based on their individual congressional district results . Nebraska , statewide , was not a swing state in 2008 . Located in the Great Plains of the United States , it is one of the most staunchly Republican states in the country . While some hypothetical general election match-up polls between Republican John McCain and Democrat Barack Obama showed the race to be seemingly close , they were largely regarded as outliers as more polls released showed McCain leading in double digits . McCain wound up carrying the popular vote in Nebraska by 14.93 points , taking in 56.53 % of the total statewide vote . However , Obama narrowly defeated McCain in Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district , which contains Omaha and the surrounding areas . Due to Nebraska 's system of allocating electoral votes to winners of Congressional Districts , Obama was able to win one electoral vote while John McCain received the state 's other four electoral votes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b06b07006a7c07489700969955758ac", "text": "Matthew Johns Matthew Johns ( born 27 July 1971 in Cessnock , New South Wales ) is an Australian rugby league football commentator and former professional player . An Australian international and New South Wales State of Origin representative five-eighth , Johns played his club football primarily with the Newcastle Knights , alongside his younger brother , Andrew Johns . Since March 2011 , Johns has been a co-host on the Triple M Sydney breakfast show called The Grill Team with Mark Geyer . Since 2012 , Johns has been a part of the Fox Sports NRL coverage . He also had his own show for one season , The Matty Johns Show .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b9c3bccc998667b111005328d5a8399", "text": "Sean Duke Sean Duke ( born May 7 , 1988 ) is a Canadian rugby union player who has competed for the Canadian national team since 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c633a8e1e4a745b92b5d39dd8cd72803", "text": "Super Rugby player of the year Super Rugby player of the year is an accolade awarded annually . Super Rugby is the largest and pre-eminent professional Rugby union competition in the Southern Hemisphere .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e3b98bdd35e3bee4871a54193f83ef80", "text": "Graeme Crosby Graeme Crosby ( born 4 July 1955 ) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from New Zealand . Crosby has won the Daytona 200 , the Imola 200 , the Suzuka 8 Hours , and the Isle of Man TT . Crosby began his racing career in 1974 in the New Zealand racing scene . In 1976 , he raced in the Australian Superbike championship . He then left for Europe to compete in Britain where he won the 1980 Isle of Man Senior TT . By 1980 , he had worked his way up to the 500cc road racing world championship on a Suzuki RG 500 . Also in 1980 , he teamed up with Wes Cooley on a Yoshimura Suzuki to win the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race and won the 1981 TT Formula One on a Suzuki . Crosby finished fifth in the 1981 500cc championship and successfully defended his TT Formula One title . He then joined Giacomo Agostini 's Yamaha factory racing team . He began the 1982 season by winning the prestigious Daytona 200 . Despite injuries , Crosby still managed second overall in the championship . Frustrated by the internal politics of his race team Crosby quit the Grand Prix circuit after the 1982 season . After his retirement , Crosby returned to New Zealand and has run a number of successful motorcycle businesses . He also began auto racing , driving successfully in Touring car racing , mostly in New Zealand and Australia . Crosby was inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame in 1995 . In 2007 , he was inducted into the New Zealand Motorcycling Hall of Fame . Crosby 's autobiography entitled CROZ -- Larrikin Biker was published in 2010 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aa6ecc880bc6b515e5033152f5629b75", "text": "Renata Ribeiro Renata Ribeiro ( born December 7 , 1981 ) is a Brazilian female beach volleyball player . Ribeiro and team mate Talita Antunes represented Brazil at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . She is married to former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Maurício Rua .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a72603ea9667b9ff490c8c90808cfe8a", "text": "Sports rorts affair The `` sports rorts '' affair was the name by which Australian media and political commentators came to refer to events during the second Keating ministry in late 1993 and early 1994 , where the then Sports Minister , Ros Kelly , was unable to appropriately explain the distribution of federal sporting grants to marginal electorates held by the governing Australian Labor Party . It led to a textbook demonstration of individual ministerial responsibility where , on 28 February 1994 , Kelly resigned from her position under consistent pressure from the Australian Democrats and the Liberal opposition about the matter . Ultimately , the controversy also led to her resignation from Parliament and , at the resulting by-election on 25 March 1995 , the government lost the normally safe Labor seat of Canberra . In December 1993 , the Auditor-General complained about the manner in which the Department had administered A$ 30 million of grants under the Community Cultural , Recreational and Sporting Facilities Program , which had been initiated by Graham Richardson in 1988 . The Auditor-General reported that he could not find any documentation explaining the rationale for grants made by Kelly 's department , and therefore could not assess her decision-making procedures . The opposition , led by John Hewson and Peter Costello , claimed in Parliament that the money had been directed into marginal Labor-held electorates before the 1993 federal election as a pork barrelling exercise . Initially , she avoided answering questions on the matter , but she relented following threats by the Australian Democrats to vote for a Liberal proposition establishing a Senate inquiry if she did not give evidence to a House of Representatives committee . During the enquiry , she said that she had assessed 2,800 submissions for funding on the sole basis of verbal advice from her staff , and that decisions on short-listed applications had been made on a `` great big whiteboard '' in her office , having been erased without permanent record once the decisions were made . The 12-person committee , despite having a Labor majority , ultimately found on 7 February 1994 that her actions were `` not illegal '' but her administration was `` deficient '' . On 21 February 1994 , following changes to Australian House of Representatives Question Time which created a roster for ministers to appear in the House , the Liberals , led by Hewson and Costello , used the opportunity to demand her resignation . On 28 February , she did so , although Keating continued to support her , speaking out on 3 March 1994 accusing the Senate of holding the Government to ransom . Eleven months later , Kelly resigned from parliament , triggering a 1995 by-election . A 16.1 % swing against Labor in the normally comfortably safe Labor seat resulted in the election of Liberal challenger Brendan Smyth on 25 March 1995 . Labor was heavily defeated in the 1996 election , but Bob McMullan regained Canberra for Labor while Smyth failed to win the new seat of Namadgi .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e9d5fd6aec03ae41dd6068144d42e3b", "text": "Rick Warren Richard Duane `` Rick '' Warren ( born January 28 , 1954 ) is an American evangelical Christian pastor and author . He is the founder and senior pastor of Saddleback Church , an evangelical megachurch in Lake Forest , California , that is the eighth-largest church in the United States ( including multi-site churches ) . He is also a bestselling author of many Christian books , including his guide to church ministry and evangelism , The Purpose Driven Church , which has spawned a series of conferences on Christian ministry and evangelism . He is perhaps best known for the subsequent book The Purpose Driven Life which has sold more than 30 million copies , making Warren a '' New York Times bestselling author . Warren holds conservative theological views and traditional evangelical views on social issues such as abortion , same-sex marriage , abstinence-only education over the use of condoms to prevent HIV/AIDS , and embryonic stem-cell research . During the 2008 United States presidential election , Warren hosted the Civil Forum on the Presidency at his church with both presidential candidates , John McCain and Barack Obama . Obama later sparked controversy when he asked Warren to give the invocation at the presidential inauguration in January 2009 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f1a1419876972f5ec4e2461e790b0840", "text": "Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008 The Iowa Democratic Presidential Caucus occurred on January 3 , 2008 , and was the state caucuses of the Iowa Democratic Party . It was the first election for the Democrats of the 2008 presidential election . Also referred to as `` the First in the Nation Caucus , '' it was the first election of the primary season on both the Democratic and Republican sides . Of the eight major Democratic presidential candidates , then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama of Illinois received the most votes and was ultimately declared the winner of the Iowa Democratic Caucus of 2008 , making him the first African American to win the caucus . Former U.S. Senator John Edwards of North Carolina came in second place and then-U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton of New York finished third , though Clinton received more delegates than Edwards . Campaigning had begun as early as two years before the event .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f3fbb2f185e976455ba6e2319d4dd2aa", "text": "2008 Tri Nations Series The 2008 Tri Nations Series was the thirteenth annual Tri Nations competition between the national rugby union teams of New Zealand , Australia and South Africa . The All Blacks won the series on 13 September 2008 after defeating Australia in the last match of the series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd920f61a7e5ac258dc0030461579584", "text": "2008–09 Scarlets season The 2008 -- 09 season is the sixth in the history of the Scarlets regional side . The season will see the Scarlets compete in three competitions : the Celtic League , the EDF Energy Cup and the Heineken Cup . The season welcomes a change of ground , with the team moving from their home of over 125 years , Stradey Park , to a new stadium in Pemberton named Parc y Scarlets , as well as a change in the team name , dropping the `` Llanelli '' from their moniker to become the Scarlets .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "937d27c60b9273960e9aa2265c75c5a8", "text": "Rory Duncan Rory Duncan ( born 26 July 1977 ) is a former South African rugby union player . He started his career at the , representing them in the Vodacom Cup in 1999 and 2001 . He then the joined in 2002 , where he played for four seasons before moving to the in 2006 . Between 2008 and 2010 , he had a spell at Japanese Top League club Yamaha Júbilo before returning to the for the 2010 Currie Cup season . He announced his retirement at the end of 2011 . After two seasons as head coach at Grey High School , Duncan joined the in November 2013 to become the coach of their Vodacom Cup and Under-21 sides . He is currently their Director of Rugby and Currie Cup head coach .", "title": "" } ]	fever
cbbb629186e51060f73fe1c1d73bbe7e	The Chernobyl disaster ultimately involved more than 500,000 workers.	[ { "docid": "382dcc4732f29619e5d75c5d6d79393a", "text": "Chernobyl disaster The Chernobyl disaster , also referred to as the Chernobyl accident , was a catastrophic nuclear accident . It occurred on 26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near Pripyat , in what was then part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) . During a late night safety test which simulated a station blackout power-failure and in which safety systems were deliberately turned off , a combination of inherent reactor design flaws , together with the reactor operators arranging the core in a manner contrary to the checklist for the test , eventually resulted in uncontrolled reaction conditions that flashed water into steam generating a destructive steam explosion and a subsequent open-air graphite fire.Although most reports on the Chernobyl accident refer to a number of graphite fires , it is highly unlikely that the graphite itself burned . According to the General Atomics website < http://gt-mhr.ga.com/safety.php > : `` It is often incorrectly assumed that the combustion behavior of graphite is similar to that of charcoal and coal . Numerous tests and calculations have shown that it is virtually impossible to burn high-purity , nuclear-grade graphites . '' On Chernobyl , the same source states : `` Graphite played little or no role in the progression or consequences of the accident . The red glow observed during the Chernobyl accident was the expected color of luminescence for graphite at 700 ° C and not a large-scale graphite fire , as some have incorrectly assumed . '' Similarly , nuclear physicist Yevgeny Velikhov , < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4918742.stm > noted some 2 weeks after the accident that `` Until now the possibility of a catastrophe really did exist : A great quantity of fuel and graphite of the reactor was in an incandescent state '' That is , all the nuclear-decay heat that was generated inside the uranium fuel ( heat which would normally be extracted by back-up coolant pumps , in an undamaged reactor ) was instead responsible for making the fuel itself and any graphite in contact with it , to glow red-hot . This is contrary to the oft cited interpretation , which is that the graphite was red-hot chiefly because it was chemically oxidizing with the air . This fire produced considerable updrafts for about 9 days , that lofted plumes of fission products into the atmosphere , with the estimated radioactive inventory that was released during this very hot fire phase , approximately equal in magnitude to the airborne fission products released in the initial destructive explosion . Practically all of this radioactive material would then go on to fall-out/precipitate onto much of the surface of the western USSR and Europe . The Chernobyl accident dominates the Energy accidents sub-category , of most disastrous nuclear power plant accident in history , both in terms of cost and casualties . It is one of only two nuclear energy accidents classified as a level 7 event ( the maximum classification ) on the International Nuclear Event Scale , the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011 . The struggle to safeguard against scenarios which were , at many times falsely , perceived as having the potential for greater catastrophe and the later decontamination efforts of the surroundings , ultimately involved over 500,000 workers and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles . During the accident , blast effects caused 2 deaths within the facility and later 29 firemen and employees died in the days-to-months afterward from acute radiation syndrome , with the potential for long-term cancers still being investigated . The remains of the No. 4 reactor building were enclosed in a large sarcophagus ( radiation shield ) by December 1986 , at a time when what was left of the reactor was entering the cold shut-down phase ; the enclosure was built quickly as occupational safety for the crews of the other undamaged reactors at the power station , with No. 3 continuing to produce electricity into 2000 . The accident motivated safety upgrades on all remaining Soviet-designed reactors in the RBMK ( Chernobyl No. 4 ) family , of which eleven continued to power electric grids as of 2013 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4fe1760e53ee09e0e52e68c45f1dd569", "text": "Pyongnam Line The P'yŏngnam Line is an electrified standard-gauge trunk line of the North Korean State Railway linking P'yŏngyang with the port city of Namp ' o and the hot springs at P'yongnam Onch ` on . The length of the line is 89.9 km . It also serves as a connection between the various trunk lines starting at P'yŏngyang that serve the north and east of the country with the lines in the southwestern part of North Korea by means of a connection to the Sŏhae Kammun Line . It also connects to the Ryonggang Line and the freight-only Taean Line . On 21 October 2014 a groundbreaking ceremony for the Sŭngri ( `` Victory '' ) project to modernise the P'yŏngnam Line from Namp ' o to P'yŏngyang and the P'yŏngdŏk Line from P'yŏngyang to Chedong was held . The project , supported by Russia , is intended to form the first stage of a larger-scale cooperation with the Russian Railways as part of a 20-year development project that would modernise around 3,500 km of the North Korean rail network , and would include the construction of a north-south freight bypass around P'yŏngyang . The overall project cost is estimated to be around US $ 25 billion , and it is expected that exports of coal , rare earth and non-ferrous metals from the DPRK to Russia will provide the funding for the project .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bf07cd747d2f9c71be44f98e3dea42c3", "text": "Podolsk Podolsk ( -LSB- Подольск , p =p ɐˈdolʲsk -RSB- ) is an industrial city , center of Podolsk Urban Okrug , Moscow Oblast , Russia , located on the Pakhra River ( a tributary of the Moskva River ) . Population : 187,961 ( 2010 Census ) ; 180,963 ( 2002 Census ) ; 209,178 ( 1989 Census ) ; 183,000 ( 1974 ) ; 129,000 ( 1959 ) ; 72,000 ( 1939 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d475b03daff60609565ec6d715d2883", "text": "Commonwealth of Independent States The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ; -LSB- Содружество Независимых Государств , СНГ , r = Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv , SNG -RSB- ) , also called the Russian Commonwealth ( to distinguish it from the British Commonwealth of Nations ) , is a regional organization formed during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Nine out of the 15 former Soviet Republics are member states , and two are associate members ( Ukraine and Turkmenistan ) . Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 , while the Baltic states , which regard their membership in the Soviet Union as an illegal occupation , ( Estonia , Lithuania and Latvia ) chose not to participate . The CIS has few supranational powers but aims to be more than a purely symbolic organization , nominally possessing coordinating powers in the realms of trade , finance , lawmaking , and security . It has also promoted cooperation on cross-border crime prevention . Furthermore , eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area . Three organizations are under the overview of the CIS , namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization , the Eurasian Economic Union ( alongside subdivisions , the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space , which comprises territory inhabited by over 180 million people ) , and the Union State . While the first and the second are military and economic alliances , the third aims to reach a confederation of Russia and Belarus with a common government , flag , currency , etc. .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb7d6f051b7f63bd89097bfbc0e29777", "text": "Vorkutlag The Vorkutlag , sometimes Vorkuta Gulag , was one of the major Soviet era GULAG labor camps , full name Воркутинский исправительно-трудовой лагерь ( Vorkuta Corrective Labor Camp ) . It was located in the Pechora River Basin , in the Komi Republic , part of the Siberian region of Russia , located 1,900 km from Moscow and 160 km above the Arctic Circle . Vorkuta Gulag was established in 1932 to exploit the resources of the Pechora Coal Basin , the second largest coal basin in the former U.S.S.R. . The city of Vorkuta was established to support the camp . There were approximately 132 sub-camps in the Vorkuta Gulag system during the height of its use in the Soviet prison system . From 1939 , Polish prisoners were held here until Russia joined the allies , after it was attacked by Germany . The camp was then also used to hold German P.O.W.s captured on the Eastern Front in World War II as well as Soviet citizens and those from Soviet occupied countries deemed to be dissidents and enemies of the state during the Soviet era . Although the camp was closed in 1962 there are large numbers of Soviet citizens who were former prisoners still living in Vorkuta , originally due to their former status as enemies of the state , then as a result of their poor financial situation . Memorial , a Russian human rights organization that focuses on recording and publicising the human rights violations of the Soviet Union 's totalitarian era , estimates that of the 40,000 people collecting state pensions in the Vorkuta area 32,000 are trapped former gulag inmates , or their descendants . Inmates at Vorkuta who were forced to work in the region 's coal mines went on strike during the Vorkuta uprising in July 1953 . The mostly passive strike which lasted approximately two weeks was put down on August 1 , when camp chief Derevyanko ordered troops to fire at the strikers resulting in the deaths of at least 53 workers , although estimates vary .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "746bde4f3d1fe30755c48c42111cb078", "text": "History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet . China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world . As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcf43a4ba988ca745a3538ca95e70b99", "text": "1953 Soviet nuclear tests The Soviet Union 's 1953 nuclear test series was a group of 5 nuclear tests conducted in 1953 . These tests followed the 1949-51 Soviet nuclear tests series and preceded the 1954 Soviet nuclear tests series . -RCB- 279 m + 30 m \| air drop , weapons development \| RDS-6s \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| aka RDS-6s . First thermonuclear explosion . Used `` sloika '' Layer-cake method , where primary is wrapped in shells of lithium and tamper . It worked , but could not be scaled up to megaton yields . \| - ! 5 Tatyana ( Joe 5 ) \| 02:00 : ?? \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 289 m + 600 m \| air drop , weapons development \| RDS-4 \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| Test of first production tactical weapon , used on Tu-4 and Tu-16 jets . \| - ! 6 ( Joe 6 ) \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 255 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| - ! 7 \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 220 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| - ! 8 ( Joe 7 ) \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| ALMT ( 6 hrs ) \| \| Ground Zero , Semipalatinsk , Kazakhstan ~ \| 280 m + 260 m \| air drop , weapons development \| \| style = `` text-align : center ; '' \| \| \| \| \| -RCB-", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f34399ac680de9cd02fa3be2e09ac312", "text": "Offshore construction Offshore construction is the installation of structures and facilities in a marine environment , usually for the production and transmission of electricity , oil , gas and other resources . Construction and pre-commissioning is typically performed as much as possible onshore . To optimize the costs and risks of installing large offshore platforms , different construction strategies have been developed . One strategy is to fully construct the offshore facility onshore , and tow the installation to site floating on its own buoyancy . Bottom founded structure are lowered to the seabed by de-ballasting ( see for instance Condeep or Cranefree ) , whilst floating structures are held in position with substantial mooring systems . The size of offshore lifts can be reduced by making the construction modular , with each module being constructed onshore and then lifted using a crane vessel into place onto the platform . A number of very large crane vessels were built in the 1970s which allow very large single modules weighing up to 14,000 tonnes to be fabricated and then lifted into place . Specialist floating hotel vessels known as flotels are used to accommodate workers during the construction and hook-up phases . This is a high cost activity due to the limited space and access to materials . Oil platforms are key fixed installations from which drilling and production activity is carried out . Drilling rigs are either floating vessels for deeper water or jack-up designs which are a barge with liftable legs . Both of these types of vessel are constructed in marine yards but are often involved during the construction phase to pre-drill some production wells . Other key factors in offshore construction are the weather window which defines periods of relatively light weather during which continuous construction or other offshore activity can take place . Safety is another key construction parameter , the main hazard obviously being a fall into the sea from which speedy recovery in cold waters is essential . The main types of vessels used for pipe laying are the `` Derrick Barge ( DB ) '' , the `` Pipelay Barge ( LB ) '' and the `` Derrick/Lay barge ( DLB ) '' combination . Diving bells in offshore construction are mainly used in water depths greater than 120 ft , less than that , the divers use a metal basket driven from an `` A '' frame from the deck . The basket is lowered to the water level , then the divers enter the water from it to a maximum of 120 ft. Bells can go to 1500 ft , but are normally used at 400 to . Offshore construction includes foundations engineering , structural design , construction , and/or repair of offshore structures , both commercial and military , including : Subsea oil and gas developments Offshore platforms -- fixed platforms , semi-submersibles , spars , tension leg platforms ( TLPs ) , floating production storage and offloading ( FPSOs ) , etc. . Floating oil and gas platforms -- semi-submersibles , spars , TLPs , FPSOs , etc. . Offshore wind power Submarine pipelines", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d58468ca498d1990d23664ae90c52fe1", "text": "Communist revolution A communist revolution is a proletarian revolution often , but not necessarily inspired by the ideas of Marxism that aims to replace capitalism with communism , typically with socialism as an intermediate stage . The idea that a proletarian revolution is needed is a cornerstone of Marxism ; Marxists believe that the workers of the world must unite and free themselves from capitalist oppression to create a world run by and for the working class . Thus , in the Marxist view , proletarian revolutions need to happen in countries all over the world . Leninism argues that a communist revolution must be led by a vanguard of `` professional revolutionaries '' , men and women who are fully dedicated to the communist cause and who can then form the nucleus of the revolutionary movement . Some Marxists disagree with the idea of a vanguard as put forth by Lenin , especially left communists . Some who continue to consider themselves Marxist -- Leninists also oppose the vanguard despite disagreeing with the majority of left communism . These critics insist that the entire working class -- or at least a large part of it -- must be deeply involved and equally committed to the socialist or communist cause in order for a proletarian revolution to be successful . To this end , they seek to build massive communist parties with very large memberships .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97f28f8e10732a11480542a6f6ceecb7", "text": "Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast ( Доне́цька о́бласть , Donets ` ka oblast ' ; also referred to as Donechchyna -- Донеччина Donechchyna ; Доне́цкая о́бласть , Donetskaya oblast -LSB- dɐˈnʲɛtskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ -RSB- ) is an oblast ( province ) of eastern Ukraine . It is the most populated oblast , with around 4.5 million residents . Its administrative center is Donetsk ; however , its Regional State Administration was relocated to Mariupol , a temporary measure due to the ongoing crisis in Donetsk . Historically , the region is an important part of the Donbas region . Until November 1961 , it bore the name Stalino Oblast , as its capital Donetsk was named Stalino in honour of Joseph Stalin at that time . The oblast is known for its urban sprawl and is often associated with mining industry . On April 7 , 2014 , following the annexation of Crimea by Russia , separatists occupying the Donetsk Oblast administrative building declared independence from Ukraine and held a referendum on separating from Ukraine on May 11 , 2014 . Subsequently , the War in Donbass started . After Donetsk was under control of the separatist government , the Donetsk Oblast administration was relocated to Mariupol , and later to Kramatorsk .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d837f920105393a8cbe2a455acd91fa", "text": "Technological unemployment Technological unemployment is the loss of jobs caused by technological change . Such change typically includes the introduction of labour-saving `` mechanical-muscle '' machines or more efficient `` mechanical-mind '' processes ( automation ) . Just as horses employed as prime movers were gradually made obsolete by the automobile , humans ' jobs have also been affected throughout modern history . Historical examples include artisan weavers reduced to poverty after the introduction of mechanised looms . During World War II , Alan Turing 's Bombe machine compressed and decoded thousands of man-years worth of encrypted data in a matter of hours . A contemporary example of technological unemployment is the displacement of retail cashiers by self-service tills . That technological change can cause short-term job losses is widely accepted . The view that it can lead to lasting increases in unemployment has long been controversial . Participants in the technological unemployment debates can be broadly divided into optimists and pessimists . Optimists agree that innovation may be disruptive to jobs in the short term , yet hold that various compensation effects ensure there is never a long-term negative impact on jobs . Whereas pessimists contend that at least in some circumstances , new technologies can lead to a lasting decline in the total number of workers in employment . The phrase `` technological unemployment '' was popularised by John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s . Yet the issue of machines displacing human labour has been discussed since at least Aristotle 's time . Prior to the 18th century both the elite and common people would generally take the pessimistic view on technological unemployment , at least in cases where the issue arose . Due to generally low unemployment in much of pre-modern history , the topic was rarely a prominent concern . In the 18th century fears over the impact of machinery on jobs intensified with the growth of mass unemployment , especially in Great Britain which was then at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution . Yet some economic thinkers began to argue against these fears , claiming that overall innovation would not have negative effects on jobs . These arguments were formalised in the early 19th century by the classical economists . During the second half of the 19th century , it became increasingly apparent that technological progress was benefiting all sections of society , including the working class . Concerns over the negative impact of innovation diminished . The term `` Luddite fallacy '' was coined to describe the thinking that innovation would have lasting harmful effects on employment . The view that technology is unlikely to lead to long term unemployment has been repeatedly challenged by a minority of economists . In the early 1800s these included Ricardo himself . There were dozens of economists warning about technological unemployment during brief intensifications of the debate that spiked in the 1930s and 1960s . Especially in Europe , there were further warnings in the closing two decades of the twentieth century , as commentators noted an enduring rise in unemployment suffered by many industrialised nations since the 1970s . Yet a clear majority of both professional economists and the interested general public held the optimistic view through most of the 20th century . In the second decade of the 21st century , a number of studies have been released suggesting that technological unemployment may be increasing worldwide . Further increases are forecast for the years to come . While many economists and commentators still argue such fears are unfounded , as was widely accepted for most of the previous two centuries , concern over technological unemployment is growing once again . A report in Wired in 2017 quotes knowledgeable people such as economist Gene Sperling and management professor Andrew McAfee on the idea that handling existing and impending job loss to automation is a `` significant issue '' . Regarding a recent claim by a political appointee that automation is not `` going to have any kind of big effect on the economy for the next 50 or 100 years , '' says McAfee , `` I do n't talk to anyone in the field who believes that . '' Innovations like Watson have the potential to render humans obsolete with the professional , white-collar , low-skilled , creative fields , and other `` mental jobs '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a80944a6876882f61e771f61521b1c6f", "text": "Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union Throughout the history of the Soviet Union ( 1922 -- 1991 ) , there were periods where Soviet authorities suppressed and persecuted various forms of Christianity to different extents depending on State interests . Soviet Marxist-Leninism policy consistently advocated the control , suppression , and ultimately , the elimination of religious beliefs , and actively encouraged atheism in the Soviet Union . Most religions were never outlawed . The state advocated the destruction of religion , and it officially pronounced religious beliefs to be superstitious and backward . The Communist Party destroyed churches , mosques and temples , ridiculed , harassed , incarcerated and executed religious leaders , flooded the schools and media with anti-religious teachings , and it introduced a belief system called `` scientific atheism , '' with its own rituals , promises and proselytizers . In 1925 the government founded the League of Militant Atheists to intensify the persecution . The total number of Christian victims under the Soviet regime has been estimated to range between 12-20 million . Religious beliefs and practices persisted among the majority of the population , in the domestic and private spheres but also in the scattered public spaces allowed by a state that recognized its failure to eradicate religion and the political dangers of an unrelenting culture war .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eb7fee85150bba33414e6d3dab7feb26", "text": "East Siberian Railway The East Siberian Railway is a railway in Russia ( a branch of the Russian Railways and a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway ) , which runs across Irkutsk Oblast , Chita Oblast , Buryatia , and Yakutia . The railway administration is located in Irkutsk . The East Siberian Railway borders with the Krasnoyarsk Railway ( railway station of Yurty ) , Trans-Baikal Railway ( railway station of Petrovsky Zavod ) , and Baikal Amur Mainline ( railway station of Lena-Vostochnaya ) . To the south , the East Siberian Railway runs close to the Russo-Mongolian border ( railway station of Naushki ) . As of 2008 , the total working length of the East Siberian Railway was 3848.1 km ; number of employees -- 46,233 ( 61,418 in 2005 ) ; net weight hauled -- 76 million tonnes ( 75.934 million in 2005 ) ; long-distance passenger traffic -- 3.6 million people ( 4.838 million in 2005 ) ; suburban traffic -- 29 million people ( 26.225 million in 2005 ) . Annual cargo turnover is 278 million tonnes . The East Siberian Railway consists of four divisions , namely the Irkutsk Railway Division , Severobaikalsk Railway Division , Taishet Railway Division , and Ulan-Ude Railway Division . The railway connects the regions of East Siberia , Transbaikal , and Russian Far East with the rest of the railroad network nationwide . The East Siberian Railway services major industrial areas of iron ore and coal mining , oil refining , logging and wood processing , companies and factories in energy , chemical , machine building and machine-tool industries , nonferrous metallurgy , etc. . In addition , the railway services agricultural grain-producing and cattle-breeding regions . The biggest points of cargo departure and arrival are Cheremkhovo , Korshunikha , Kitoy-Kombinatskaya , Sukhovskaya , Irkutsk-Sortirovochniy , Ulan-Ude , Lena , and Bratsk .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "886f849eea6c8557ecc464f4652bedb9", "text": "Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis Media portrayals of the Ukrainian crisis , including 2014 unrest and the 2014 Ukrainian revolution following the Euromaidan movement , differed widely between Ukrainian , western and Russian media . In particular , the Russian media was accused of propagandizing , and of waging an information war during its coverage of the events . Russian channels were repeatedly criticized for the use of misleading images , false narratives , misrepresentation , suppression , and fabricated news stories , such as a child 's crucifixion and the death of a 10-year-old in shelling . The BBC reported that Russian state television `` appears to employ techniques of psychological conditioning designed to excite extreme emotions of aggression and hatred in the viewer '' , which , according to The Guardian , is part of a coordinated `` informational-psychological war operation '' . A regular theme in the Russian media was that the Ukrainian army , which has many Russian-speaking members , was committing `` genocide '' against Russian-speakers and that they strongly desired Russia to `` protect '' them against Kiev . This presentation contradicted a poll showing that less than 20 % of eastern residents wanted Russia 's protection . There was also no refugee exodus from Kiev , which has a large Russian-speaking population . While asserting that Ukraine was overrun by fascists whom the western media was `` ignoring '' , Russia has forged close relationships with far-right politicians in the West . Its claims about Ukraine were contradicted by Ukrainian election results . Russian media have also denied the Holodomor , a Soviet-organised famine that killed millions of Ukrainians . They supported Russia 's denials of involvement in the Crimean crisis , until Vladimir Putin boasted about the key role of Russian soldiers , and continue denying its involvement in the war in Donbass , despite evidence that Russia regularly shelled across the border .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f9a673fcd10c958a2e2a6781729f97c7", "text": "Great Purge The Great Purge or the Great Terror was a campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938 . It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials , repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership , and widespread police surveillance , suspicion of `` saboteurs '' , `` counter-revolutionaries '' , imprisonment , and arbitrary executions . In Russian historiography , the period of the most intense purge , 1937 -- 1938 , is called Yezhovshchina ( Ежовщина literally , `` Yezhov phenomenon '' , According to the dictionary , the suffix - shchina in this case produces a word which refers to some kind of phenomenon associated with the word to which the suffix is attached . Quote : `` 1 . Словообразовательная единица , образующая имена существительные женского рода , которые обозначают бытовое или общественное явление , идейное или политическое течение , характеризующееся признаком , названным < ... > '' Juraj Sipko ( Sipko J. Etnopsyholingvisticke predpoklady slovensko-ruskych a rusko-slovenskych porovnavani , Presov , 2003 ) comparing Russian and Slovak languages , points out that in Russian the suffix - shchina ( in meaning 1 given by Efremova ) most commonly bears openly negative or derisive connotations . commonly translated as `` times of Yezhov '' or `` doings of Yezhov '' ) , after Nikolai Yezhov , the head of the Soviet secret police , NKVD . Mobile gas vans were invented to kill people . It has been estimated between 600,000 and 3 million people died at the hands of the Soviet government during the Purge . In the Western world , Robert Conquest 's 1968 book The Great Terror popularized that phrase . Conquest 's title was in turn an allusion to the period called the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution ( French : la Terreur , and , from June to July 1794 , la Grande Terreur , the Great Terror ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b63e5a724c1efb51dd5e43945793ef0", "text": "Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert The Children of Chernobyl Benefit Concert was held at the Dynama Stadium in Minsk , BSSR on April 23 and 24 , 1991 , five years after the nuclear reactor 's meltdown . The event featured bands from around the world and served to raise awareness of the terrible legacy of Chernobyl disaster as representatives from the United Nations and AEA met to discuss the causes and effects of the disaster with government officials . A documentary called Playing for Time ( Let the Requiem Begin ) about the concert and related issues was produced by Ian Stewart and narrated by Glenda Jackson . Russian DJ Dimitri Korziouk became concerned about the aftermath of Chernobyl after visiting relatives in 1989 . He solicited the help of Liverpool 's Katharine Watford Cook , and together they came up with the idea to hold a benefit concert . As UK Production Manager , Cook contacted a colleague who managed Guy Pratt and Gary Wallis of Pink Floyd ( post Roger Waters era ) ; in return they went to Belarus with Korziouk to present the idea to Stanislav Shushkevich , an official head of the Supreme Soviet of BSSR . Later an agreement was signed between MAAP International and the Belarus Ministry of Culture . At the same time , MAAP International and the Daily Express Newspaper began administering the UK 's Children of Chernobyl Charity . David A. Stewart from Eurythmics served as the charity 's chairman , and the UK artists involved included Echo & The Bunnymen , China Crisis , Lindisfarne band , Martin Chambers ( The Pretenders ) , Sian , The Big Still and The Real East . Bands from South Africa and the USA also participated , along with Russian stars , including Boris Grebenshchikov , DDT and Igor Talkov . Religious charities from the United States were also present .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "063a66c5815e225899a9c94f60268d2a", "text": "WASH-740 WASH-740 was a report published by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission ( USAEC ) in 1957 . This report , called `` Theoretical Possibilities and Consequences of Major Accidents in Large Nuclear Power Plants '' ( also known as `` The Brookhaven Report '' ) , estimated maximum possible damage from a meltdown with no containment building at a large nuclear reactor . The conclusions of this study estimated the possible effects of a `` maximum credible accident '' for nuclear reactors then envisioned as being 3400 deaths , 43,000 injuries and property damage of $ 7 billion ( $ 57bn adjusted for inflation in 2012 since 1957 ) . The estimate of probability was one in a hundred thousand to one in a billion per reactor-year . When WASH-740 was revised in 1964-65 to account for the larger reactors then being designed , the new figures indicated that there could be as many as 45,000 deaths , 100,000 injuries , and $ 17 billion in property damage ( $ 125bn adjusted for inflation since 1964 ) . However ; the assumptions underlying the results were unrealistic ( including the worst meteorological conditions , no containment building , and that half the reactor core is released into the atmosphere as micrometre-sized pellets without any examination of how this might occur ) . These were due to conservatism ( estimating the maximum possible damage ) and the need to use atomic bomb fallout data , which had been collected from tests ( computers in 1955 being greatly insufficient to do the calculations ) . As knowledge , models and computers improved the conclusions of this report were replaced by those of first WASH-1400 ( 1975 , The Rasmussen Report ) , then CRAC-II ( 1982 ) , and most recently NUREG-1150 ( 1991 ) . Now all of these studies are considered obsolete ( see the disclaimer to NUREG-1150 ) , and are being replaced by the State-of-the-Art Reactor Consequence Analyses study .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0f55286c66f63d92651ed878bdd9dfec", "text": "Six-Year Plan Six-Year Plan ( 1950 -- 1955 ) was the second - after the Three-Year Plan ( 1947 -- 1949 ) - centralized plan of the People 's Republic of Poland . It concentrated on increasing the heavy industry sector . By 1950 the Polish government was dominated by Stalinist hardliners , such as Hilary Minc , and liberal economists responsible for creation of the Three-Year Plan were no longer influencing government policy . The Six-Year Plan , designed to bring the economy of Poland in line with the Soviet economy , concentrated on heavy industrialization , with projects such as Nowa Huta . The plan was accepted by the Sejm on July 21 , 1950 . Later on , it was modified several times , and never fully completed . Polish society paid a heavy price for badly thought-out and quick industrialization . Living standards were reduced , since investments in other fields , such as construction , were cut . In agriculture , the idea of collectivization was promoted , to the protests of Polish farmers . The plan was fashioned after similar Soviet plans , and was based on certain Soviet-style principles , such as central planning of economy , limiting the so-called Capitalist elements , and close cooperation with other Eastern Bloc nations . New urban districts were built in big cities , attracting residents of overpopulated villages . At the same time , however , the balance between supply and demand deepened , and shortages of basic products were common . As a result , rationing was re-introduced in the early 1950s . The only real achievement of the Six-Year Plan was quick development of heavy industry . At the same time , however , other fields of Polish economy , such as services and food industry , remained underdeveloped , as all state funds were directed at construction of shipyards , steel plants , chemical plants and car factories . Among major investments of the plan are : Skawina Aluminum Factory , development of Oswiecim Chemical Works ( formerly Buna Werke ) , development of Zaklady Azotowe Kedzierzyn ( formerly IG Farben Heydebreck ) , development of Synthetic Fibres Plant Stilon Gorzow Wielkopolski ( formerly IG Farben-Werks Landsberg ( Warthe ) ) , Shoe Factory at Nowy Targ , Lenin Steelworks at Nowa Huta , Warsaw Steelworks , FSO Warszawa , FSC Lublin , FSC Star at Starachowice , Wierzbica Cement Plant , development of Jaworzno Power Station , development of Czestochowa Steelworks , development of Gdansk Shipyard ( formerly Schichau-Werft and Danziger Werft ) , development of Szczecin Shipyard ( formerly AG Vulcan Stettin ) . Category : Economic history of Poland Category : Economic planning Category :1950 s in Poland", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0fca35e27018a81750afd7a4b65a6718", "text": "Andrei Kirilenko (politician) Andrei Pavlovich Kirilenko ( -LSB- Андре́й Па́влович Кириле́нко , p = ɐnˈdrʲej ˈpavləvʲɪtɕ kʲɪrʲɪˈlʲɛnkə -RSB- -- 12 May 1990 ) was a Soviet statesman from the start to the end of the Cold War . In 1906 , Kirilenko was born at Alexeyevka in Belgorod Oblast to a Ukrainian working-class family . He graduated in the 1920s from a local vocational school , and again in the mid-to-late 1930s from the Rybinsk Aviation Technology Institute . He became a member of the All-Union Communist Party ( bolsheviks ) in 1930 . As many like him , Kirilenko climbed up the Soviet hierarchy through the `` industrial ladder '' ; by the 1960s , he was Vice-Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( RSFSR ) . After Nikita Khrushchev 's forced resignation , Kirilenko became Leonid Brezhnev 's `` chief lieutenant '' within the Central Committee . His main objective was to ensure Brezhnev 's power base and , if possible , to strengthen Brezhnev 's position within the Party . He was the first organisational secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( CPSU ) from Khrushchev 's ouster to the death of Leonid Brezhnev . Kirilenko was responsible for personnel selection and detailed supervision of the economic planning of the CPSU during most of the Brezhnev Era . In 1976 , Brezhnev appointed Konstantin Chernenko to be his `` counterweight '' in the Central Committee ( CC ) . He became a member of the Political Bureau ( Politburo ) in 1965 . He was forced to resign from active politics due to health reasons and because Yuri Andropov was appointed to the General Secretaryship . When Andropov became General Secretary in 1982 , Kirilenko was pushed aside . He died on 12 May 1990 in Moscow .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ecd2c85b3bf566667ef4e9e20148eec0", "text": "List of World Heritage Sites in Northern and Central Asia The UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) has designated 19 World Heritage Sites in six countries ( also called `` state parties '' ) of Central and North Asia : Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan and the Asian part of Russia . The European part of Russia is included in Eastern Europe . Russia is home to the most inscribed sites with 7 sites , one of which is a transborder property shared with Mongolia in Eastern Asia . The first site from the region was the Itchan Kala in Uzbekistan inscribed in 1990 . Each year , UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee may inscribe new sites on the list , or delist sites that no longer meet the criteria . Selection is based on ten criteria : six for cultural heritage ( i -- vi ) and four for natural heritage ( vii -- x ) . Some sites , designated `` mixed sites , '' represent both cultural and natural heritage . In Northern and Central Asia , there are 11 cultural , 8 natural , and no mixed sites . All of the Russian sites ( 7 ) are natural and with the exception of Sayarka , all of the sites in Central Asia are cultural . The World Heritage Committee may also specify that a site is endangered , citing `` conditions which threaten the very characteristics for which a property was inscribed on the World Heritage List . '' None of the sites in this region has ever been listed as endangered , but possible danger listing has been considered by UNESCO in a number of cases .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a3a288c6aba31c9ccb4dd4ff75fb2a25", "text": "Origins of the Cold War The Origins of the Cold War are widely regarded to lie most directly in the relations between the Soviet Union and the allies ( the United States , Great Britain and France ) in the years 1945 -- 1947 . Those events led to the Cold War that endured for just under half a century . Events preceding the Second World War , and even the Russian Revolution of 1917 , underlay pre -- World War II tensions between the Soviet Union , western European countries and the United States . A series of events during and after World War II exacerbated tensions , including the Soviet-German pact during the first two years of the war leading to subsequent invasions , the perceived delay of an amphibious invasion of German-occupied Europe , the western allies ' support of the Atlantic Charter , disagreement in wartime conferences over the fate of Eastern Europe , the Soviets ' creation of an Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states , western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan to support the rebuilding of German industry , and the Marshall Plan .", "title": "" } ]	fever
0d3bca681bcb633f2470d55f82268752	Kumail Nanjiani has declined to act in any movies.	[ { "docid": "9bf7c166c4d12c39e460cf405904af56", "text": "Kumail Nanjiani Kumail Nanjiani ( born February 21 , 1978 ) is a Pakistani-American stand-up comedian , actor , writer , and podcast host . Nanjiani is best known for being a main cast member on HBO 's Emmy Award-nominated series Silicon Valley , as well as for providing the voice of Prismo on the Emmy Award-winning animated series Adventure Time . He starred on the TNT series Franklin & Bash and the Adult Swim series Newsreaders . Nanjiani also co-hosted the Comedy Central show The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail . In addition to his television and film work , he hosts two podcasts : The Indoor Kids and The X-Files Files . In 2017 , Nanjiani starred in the romantic comedy film The Big Sick , which he wrote with his wife Emily V. Gordon .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "b53e09db39518f1490c1842587e02670", "text": "Kajaki (film) Kajaki : The True Story , released in North America as Kilo Two Bravo , is a 2014 British war docu-drama film directed by Paul Katis , written by Tom Williams , and produced by Katis and Andrew de Lotbiniere . The plot is based on the true story of Mark Wright and of a small unit of British soldiers positioned near the Kajaki dam , in Afghanistan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b07af07ce20b95a136b0f7a080d719e", "text": "Say Anything... Say Anything ... is a 1989 American romantic comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe in his directorial debut . The film follows the romance between Lloyd Dobler ( John Cusack ) , an average student , and Diane Court ( Ione Skye ) , the valedictorian , immediately after their graduation from high school . In 2002 , Entertainment Weekly ranked Say Anything ... as the greatest modern movie romance , and it was ranked number 11 on Entertainment Weekly list of the 50 best high-school movies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6d81dcbc54dacdd0a73bef220627f32", "text": "I Saw the Sun I Saw the Sun ( Güneşi Gördüm ) is a 2009 Turkish drama film , written and directed by Mahsun Kırmızıgül , which tells of a Kurdish family who are forced from their village in southeastern Turkey by the conflict there . The film , which was released on , was one of the highest grossing Turkish films of 2009 , prompting its re-release on . The film was Turkey 's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 82nd Academy Awards , but it was not nominated .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ddea11b2afc6e257b07614cb8310faac", "text": "Shortkut Shortkut ( also known as Short Kut : The Con Is On ) is a 2009 Bollywood comedy film directed by Neeraj Vora and produced by Anil Kapoor under Anil Kapoor Films Company . The film stars Akshaye Khanna , Arshad Warsi and Amrita Rao in lead roles . It released on 10 July 2009 worldwide to mostly negative reviews from critics . The film was an uncredited remake of the blockbuster Malayalam film Udayananu Tharam starring Mohanlal .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ce1a3f70d390095ff21ce35d488a3d11", "text": "Chinatown (1974 film) Chinatown is a 1974 American neo-noir mystery film , directed by Roman Polanski from a screenplay by Robert Towne , starring Jack Nicholson and Faye Dunaway . The film was inspired by the California Water Wars , a series of disputes over southern California water at the beginning of the 20th century , by which Los Angeles interests secured water rights in the Owens Valley . The Robert Evans production , a Paramount Pictures release , was the director 's last film in the United States and features many elements of film noir , particularly a multi-layered story that is part mystery and part psychological drama . In 1991 , the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' and it is frequently listed as one of the greatest films of all-time . At the 47th Academy Awards , it was nominated for eleven Oscars , with Towne winning Best Original Screenplay . The Golden Globe Awards honored it for Best Drama , Best Director , Best Actor and Best Screenplay . The American Film Institute placed it second among mystery films in 2008 . A sequel , The Two Jakes , was released in 1990 , again starring Nicholson , who also directed , with Robert Towne returning to write the screenplay . The film failed to generate the acclaim of its predecessor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "06bee763ab88bf322c23edce2ef326cd", "text": "Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2014 The 20th Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards honoring the best in film for 2014 were announced on December 15 , 2014 . These awards `` recognizing extraordinary accomplishment in film '' are presented annually by the Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association ( DFWFCA ) , based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex region of Texas . The organization , founded in 1990 , includes 30 film critics for print , radio , television , and internet publications based in north Texas . The Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association began presenting its annual awards list in 1993 . Birdman was the DFWFCA 's most awarded film of 2014 , taking five top honors . Birdman won in Best Picture , Best Actor ( Michael Keaton ) , Best Director ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu ) , Best Cinematography ( Emmanuel Lubezki ) , and Best Screenplay ( Alejandro G. Iñárritu , Nicolás Giacobone , Alexander Dinelaris Jr. , and Armando Bo ) . Another film , Boyhood , earned multiple 2014 honors from the DFWFCA . The coming-of-age tale received top honors in the Best Supporting Actress ( Patricia Arquette ) as well as being presented the Russell Smith Award as the `` best low-budget or cutting-edge independent film '' of the year . The award is named in honor of late Dallas Morning News film critic Russell Smith . Reese Witherspoon was named Best Actress for her role as Cheryl Strayed in Wild . The other films earning honors were Sweden 's Force Majeure for Best Foreign Language Film , Citizenfour as Best Documentary Film , and The Lego Movie for Best Animated Film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a8678cfd4df9b27b96e6c1cc617019e7", "text": "Stanley Kubrick: A Life in Pictures Stanley Kubrick : A Life in Pictures is a 2001 documentary about the life and work of Stanley Kubrick , famed film director , made by his long-time assistant and brother-in-law Jan Harlan . Its running time is 142 minutes long , it consists of several 15-minute chapters , each detailing the making of one of his films -- and two more showing his childhood and life . Jan Harlan managed to get many of Kubrick 's collaborators for interviews , including Tom Cruise , Nicole Kidman , Keir Dullea , Arthur C. Clarke , Malcolm McDowell , Peter Ustinov , Jack Nicholson , György Ligeti and Matthew Modine . It also has interviews from film directors who were inspired by Kubrick such as Woody Allen , Steven Spielberg , Martin Scorsese and Sydney Pollack . The film contains some rare footage , including from the Kubrick family home videos and on film sets , and clips from Fear and Desire - Kubrick 's first feature-length film . It was released on DVD on October 23 , 2007 , and was featured on the tenth disc of Stanley Kubrick : The Essential Collection and Stanley Kubrick : Limited Edition Collection DVD and Blu-ray released May 31 , 2011 , respectively . The documentary was also bundled in a box set of some of Kubrick 's other films released January 22 , 2008 . The soundtrack of the film is by composer and musician Jocelyn Pook , who had previously worked with Kubrick on Eyes Wide Shut .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b0ef1af1be3b23fc2a82cb1be7f28903", "text": "List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Malaysia is one of more than a hundred countries that have sent films to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2004 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . As of 2016 , a total of four films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination . The Princess of Mount Ledang was the first film to be submitted in 2003 , since then no other films that was submitted until 2012 , a film directed by Dain Said Bunohan was sent to compete , but it failed to set out as the nominee . For the 88th Academy Awards , Men Who Save the World was decided by National Film Development Corporation Malaysia ( FINAS ) to be submitted , affiliated with Malaysian Ministry of Communications and Multimedia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8568571d1d8245bff5d26e165f3f7aa4", "text": "Bajirao Mastani Bajirao Mastani is a 2015 Indian epic historical romance film directed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali , who also composed the music of the film . It is jointly produced by Bhansali and Eros International . The film stars Ranveer Singh as Bajirao I and Deepika Padukone as Mastani , with Priyanka Chopra playing Bajirao 's first wife Kashibai . Tanvi Azmi , Vaibbhav Tatwawdi and Milind Soman appear in supporting roles . Based on the Marathi novel Raau by Nagnath S. Inamdar , the film narrates the story of the Maratha Peshwa Bajirao ( 1700-1740 AD ) and his second wife Mastani . The film was in development for 15 years , with Bhansali wanting to make the film after Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam . However , several times , the production was delayed due to the changing cast . Principal photography started in mid 2014 after the casting of principal roles was finalised . The film was released on 18 December 2015 to critical acclaim from critics , who praised the direction , cinematography , production design , costumes , music and performances , particularly of Chopra , and Singh . The film has grossed over at the box-office , emerging as a commercial success and one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time . The film received several accolades at various award ceremonies across India . At the 63rd National Film Awards , Bajirao Mastani received seven awards , including Best Direction and Best Supporting Actress for Tanvi Azmi . The film is featured among the 2016 Indian Panorama section of the International Film Festival of India . The film received fourteen nominations at the 61st Filmfare Awards , and won nine awards including Best Film , Best Director for Bhansali , Best Actor for Singh , and Best Supporting Actress for Chopra .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a79a39bf49b6c12b949c5d434f3f642", "text": "Alan Smithee Alan Smithee ( also Allen Smithee ) is an official pseudonym used by film directors who wish to disown a project . Coined in 1968 and used until it was formally discontinued in 2000 , it was the sole pseudonym used by members of the Directors Guild of America ( DGA ) when a director , dissatisfied with the final product , proved to the satisfaction of a guild panel that he or she had not been able to exercise creative control over a film . The director was also required by guild rules not to discuss the circumstances leading to the move or even to acknowledge being the project 's director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cc3f45a180ffc6826dd3d73c781bd0f7", "text": "Don't Move Do n't Move ( Non ti muovere ) is a 2004 Italian film directed by Sergio Castellitto . It stars Penélope Cruz , Claudia Gerini , Elena Perino and the director himself . Both Castellitto and Cruz received critical praise for their performances , as well as several awards , including the prestigious David di Donatello . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37a6bd9cd3664b04dd812a239f734b28", "text": "8th IIFA Awards The 2007 IIFA Awards , officially known as the 8th International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the International Indian Film Academy honoured the best films of 2006 and took place between June 7 -- 9 , 2007 . The official ceremony took place on June 9 , 2007 , at the Hallam FM Arena in Sheffield , England . During the ceremony , IIFA Awards were awarded in 29 competitive categories . The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on Star Plus . Actors Boman Irani and Lara Dutta co-hosted the ceremony for the first time . Some other salient events held during this weekend included the IIFA World Premiere , IIFA-BAFTA Film Workshop , FICCI-IIFA Global Business Forum and the IIFA Foundation Celebrity Charity Cricket Match . The tag line of the IIFA 2007 was IIFA 2007 : Yorkshire `` Love At First Sight '' . Rang De Basanti received twenty one nominations out of the total twenty nine and won eleven awards , two of which were popular awards : ( Best Picture , Best Performance In A Supporting Role Female ) Omkara and Lage Raho Munna Bhai won four awards each . Other multiple winners included Krrish with three awards and Dhoom 2 and Fanaa with two each . In addition movies receiving a single awards included , Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna for ( Best Performance In A Leading Role Female ) , Golmaal : Fun Unlimited for ( Best Performance In A Comic Role ) , 36 China Town for ( Male Debutant Star ) and Gangster for ( Female Debutant Star ) . Rajkumar Hirani and A. R. Rahman each won three awards in the event .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3cd965ffa3c505d29abd21be6e28c092", "text": "London Iranian Film Festival London Iranian Film Festival is an annual , independent film festival held in London , United Kingdom . It is now entering its fourth year . It is the only festival in the UK that is dedicated to Iranian independent cinema , with this year 's event taking place from the 1st to the 9th of November . The London Iranian Film Festival is organised by a non-political , film-focused organization UKIFF , which aims to provide a platform for Iranian cinema in the UK . The Festival showcases films that consistently explore Iranian culture and identity . Submissions to the festival are looked over by a panel of filmmakers and film industry professionals , and the films selected for screening are then placed into four categories : Short film , Documentary , Animation and Feature film . Prizes are awarded to the best film from each category on the closing night of the festival . Previous selection committees have included Iranian filmmaker and scriptwriter Kambuzia Partovi , screen director Patrick Tucker , cinematographer Zoran Veljkovic , and Iranian filmmaker Mojtaba Mirtahmasb . The film festival has also had assistance from members of Europe 's only dedicated Iranian cinematic organization Iran film foundation , as well as members of Britain 's Iranian community .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68749862c18808c92ab71564599cc5ff", "text": "Iranium Iranium is a 2011 documentary film by director Alex Traiman , Written and Distributed by Clarion Fund . Featuring footage with Iranian leaders and interviews with 25 leading politicians , dissidents , and researchers , the film discusses the Iranian nuclear program , Middle East policy , terrorism , and nuclear proliferation . Beginning with the Islamic revolution , the film documents the creation of the Iranian nuclear program and development of weapons of mass destruction . The film discusses Iranian foreign policy and Iran -- United States relations , including the Iran hostage crisis and the 1979 Iranian Revolution and takeover by Ayatollah Khomeini to what it refers to as `` the brutal nature of the Iranian regime to its own citizens , and the Iranian people 's desire to rejoin the international community . '' The film is produced by the Clarion Fund . It was produced by the same team that produced Obsession : Radical Islam 's War Against the West and The Third Jihad . Iranian actress and Academy Award nominee Shohreh Aghdashloo narrates the film . Pre-release screenings have been held or are scheduled to be held at organizations such as the Hudson Institute , David Horowitz Freedom Center , and Heritage Foundation . The film premiered at select AMC theaters and community centers throughout the United States on February 8 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f5e12c161800424c6535fc340899eef", "text": "Black Hawk Down (film) Black Hawk Down is a 2002 American war film co-produced and directed by Ridley Scott . The screenplay by Ken Nolan is adapted from the non-fiction book of the same name by Mark Bowden , which in turn is based on the 29-part series of articles published in The Philadelphia Inquirer chronicling the events of a 1993 raid in Mogadishu by the U.S. military aimed at capturing faction leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid and the ensuing firefight , known as the Battle of Mogadishu . The film features a large ensemble cast , including Josh Hartnett , Ewan McGregor , Eric Bana , Tom Sizemore , William Fichtner , Jason Isaacs , Tom Hardy , and Sam Shepard . It won two Oscars for Best Film Editing and Best Sound Mixing at the 74th Academy Awards . Although it was received positively by critics , the film was strongly criticized by a number of groups and military officials . In 2009 , an extended cut of the film was released on DVD . The cut contained an additional 8 minutes of footage increasing the running time to 152 minutes . This extended cut has yet to be released on Blu-Ray .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2cd6c4a4f69172abdc47caf07122b04e", "text": "List of accolades received by Mary Kom (film) Mary Kom is a 2014 Indian biographical sports drama film directed by Omung Kumar and produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Viacom 18 Motion Pictures . The film features Priyanka Chopra in the lead role as the boxer Mary Kom , with Darshan Kumar and Sunil Thapa in supporting roles as her husband and mentor , Onler Kom and M. Narjit Singh respectively . The film was written by Saiwyn Quadras , with the cinematography provided by Keiko Nakahara while Bhansali co-edited the film with Rajesh G. Pandey . The film follows Kom 's journey of becoming a boxer to her victory at the 2008 World Boxing Championships in Ningbo , China . Before its theatrical release on 5 September 2014 , the film premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival , where it became the first Hindi film to be screened on the opening night of the film festival . The film received generally positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success . It grossed at the box-office against a budget of . Mary Kom has received various awards and nominations , with praise for its direction , Chopra 's performance , screenplay , editing , background score , and costume design . As of August 2015 , the film has won 20 awards . At the 62nd National Film Awards , the film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . It was nominated for Best Film , and Best Actress for Chopra at the 60th Filmfare Awards . Mary Kom received ten nominations at the 2014 Star Guild Awards , including Best Film and Best Director , winning five awards : Best Actress in a Leading Role for Chopra , Best Debut Director for Kumar , Best Costume Design , Dialogue of the Year , and the Guild Presidents Award for Best Film . The film garnered eight nominations at the 21st Screen Awards , winning Best Actress for Chopra .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "576767220a7a7999fa05b01cd54cab43", "text": "Aloha (film) Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama film written , produced and directed by Cameron Crowe . The film , starring Bradley Cooper , Emma Stone , Rachel McAdams , Bill Murray , John Krasinski , Danny McBride , and Alec Baldwin , was released on May 29 , 2015 . The film received negative reviews from critics , and has grossed only $ 26 million against a budget of $ 37 million , making the film a box office bomb .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e9101bde09b3b59e93eae8bf241f4b7b", "text": "Gamer (film) Gamer is a 2009 American science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor . The film stars Gerard Butler as a participant in an online game in which participants can control human beings as players , and Logan Lerman as the player who controls him . Alongside Butler and Lerman , it also stars Michael C. Hall , Ludacris , Amber Valletta , Terry Crews , Alison Lohman , John Leguizamo , and Zoe Bell . Gamer was released in North America on September 4 , 2009 , receiving generally negative reviews from critics , who found the plot , direction , and script disappointing , though its performances , effects , and action sequences were praised . It received a mixed reception from audiences , and was a box office bomb , grossing $ 42 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 50 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18a75c5ad0c17a861ba966e0fbe71d59", "text": "BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories . There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers . In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "710d67a57f306d66af1e69553c57b4ac", "text": "The Man Without a Face The Man Without a Face is a 1993 American drama film starring and directed by Mel Gibson , in his directorial debut . The film is based on Isabelle Holland 's 1972 novel of the same name . Gibson 's direction received respectful reviews from most critics .", "title": "" } ]	fever
97a6ed014a99cff9635ec724e93ed04f	Harry Potter confronts someone in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.	[ { "docid": "75ae432a731ce43d468fc1405fcb0b47", "text": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series , written by British author J. K. Rowling . The book was released on 21 July 2007 by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom , in the United States by Scholastic , and in Canada by Raincoast Books , ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . The novel chronicles the events directly following Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince ( 2005 ) , and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort , as well as revealing the previously concealed back story of several main characters . The title of the book refers to three mythical objects featured in the story , collectively known as the `` Deathly Hallows '' -- an unbeatable wand , a stone to bring the dead to life , and a cloak of invisibility . Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in January 2007 . Before its release , Bloomsbury reportedly spent # 10 million to keep the book 's contents safe before its release date . American publisher Arthur Levine refused any copies of the novel to be released in advance for press review , although two reviews were submitted early . Shortly before release , photos of all 759 pages of the U.S. edition were leaked and transcribed , leading Scholastic to look for the source that had leaked it . Released globally in 93 countries , Deathly Hallows broke sales records as the fastest-selling book ever , a record it still held in 2012 . It sold 15 million copies in the first 24 hours following its release , including more than 11 million in the U.S. and UK alone . The previous record , 9 million in its first day , had been held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince . The novel has also been translated into over 120 languages . The title proved difficult to translate and was often rendered closer to `` Harry Potter and the Relics of Death '' in other languages . Major themes in the novel are death and living in a corrupted society , and critics have compared them to Christian allegories . Generally well-received , the book won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award , and the American Library Association named it a `` Best Book for Young Adults '' . A two-part film adaptation began showing in November 2010 when Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 was released ; Part 2 was released on 15 July 2011 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "d358b547970c637b48d39217c1f7cf70", "text": "Gandalf (mythology) Gandalf ( Gandálfr ) is a Dvergr ( Norse dwarf ) in Norse mythology , appearing in the so-called ` Tally of the Dwarves ' within the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda , as well as in the Prose Edda . The name derives from the Old Norse words gandr ( magic staff ) and álfr ( elf ) , thus a protective spirit who wields a magical wand . The name was also used for a Norse king in the Heimskringla . In his fictional writings , J. R. R. Tolkien eventually named his wizard Gandalf after the Dvergr , but initially used the name for the head of the dwarf party ( ultimately to be called Thorin Oakenshield ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a5e612af7b64e9f39b4fc3a80532f2b5", "text": "Goleuddydd Goleuddydd ( `` light of day '' from the Welsh golau , `` light '' , and dydd , `` day '' ) , in the Middle Welsh prose tale Culhwch ac Olwen , is the daughter of Amlawdd Wledig , and is desired by Cilydd , who marries her . She becomes pregnant with his child , but becomes mad and turns to wandering the countryside . When she is near to giving birth , her senses return , and she takes shelter with a swineherd . Frightened by the pigs , she gives birth to a boy , apparently in a pig run . The swineherd takes the baby away to be baptised as Culhwch ; he becomes the protagonist of Culhwch and Olwen . Following the birth , Goleuddydd becomes fatally ill and , before dying , exhorts her husband not to remarry until he sees a briar with two blossoms on her grave . Cilydd agrees , and Goleuddydd eventually dies . Goleuddydd orders her confessor to visit her grave every year and keep it well trimmed , lest anything should grow there . Cilydd sends an attendant to her grave every day , to look for the briar . After seven years of this , the confessor neglects his duties . One day whilst out hunting , apparently several years later , Cilydd happens upon the grave , and sees upon it a briar with two blossoms . He takes this as a sign to remarry . He kills King Doged at some point and marries his widow . Category : Welsh mythology Category : Arthurian characters Category : Welsh feminine given names", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1a43228f6c3fdf44eddec1ea3083f9c1", "text": "The Dangerous Book for Boys The Dangerous Book for Boys , by Conn and Hal Iggulden , is a guidebook published by HarperCollins , aimed at boys `` from eight to eighty . '' It covers around eighty topics , including how to build a treehouse , grow a crystal , or tell direction with a watch . Also included are famous quotes , stories , battles , and phrases that `` every boy should know . '' It was published in the UK in June 2006 , and reached number one in the UK non-fiction charts several times , selling over half a million copies . Conn Iggulden also published a novel , Wolf of the Plains , about Genghis Khan , which , along with The Dangerous Book for Boys , allowed Iggulden to be the first author to reach the number one spot in both the fiction and non-fiction charts . Within the first week of its US publication on 1 May 2007 , it reached number two on the Amazon.com best-selling book lists , being outsold only by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Other people who contributed to the success of the book include the editorial team at the time , which consisted of Katie Espiner and Clare Hey , and Helen Johnstone , who won the 2007 British Book Industry Award for best publicity campaign .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a9e8c479b901e51890a1d2e7a31c5d1", "text": "The Tale of Two Bad Mice The Tale of Two Bad Mice is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1904 . Potter took inspiration for the tale from two mice caught in a cage-trap in her cousin 's home and a dollhouse being constructed by her editor and publisher Norman Warne as a Christmas gift for his niece Winifred . While the tale was being developed , Potter and Warne fell in love and became engaged , much to the annoyance of Potter 's parents , who were grooming their daughter to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in their London home . The tale is about two mice who vandalize a dollhouse . After finding the food on the dining room table made of plaster , they smash the dishes , throw the doll clothing out the window , tear the bolster , and carry off a number of articles to their mouse-hole . When the little girl who owns the dollhouse discovers the destruction , she positions a policeman doll outside the front door to ward off any future depredation . The two mice atone for their crime spree by putting a crooked sixpence in the doll 's stocking on Christmas Eve and sweeping the house every morning with a dust-pan and broom . The tale 's themes of rebellion , insurrection , and individualism reflect not only Potter 's desire to free herself of her domineering parents and build a home of her own , but her fears about independence and her frustrations with Victorian domesticity . The book was critically well received and brought Potter her first fan letter from America . The tale was adapted to a segment in the 1971 Royal Ballet film The Tales of Beatrix Potter and to an animated episode in the BBC series The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends . Merchandise inspired by the tale includes Beswick Pottery porcelain figurines and Schmid music boxes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f2ad766d1247609353997d14f9e69bf9", "text": "The Dragon's Call `` The Dragon 's Call '' is the first episode of the first series of the British fantasy-adventure family television series Merlin . Written by Julian Jones and directed by James Hawes , the episode was first broadcast on BBC One on 20 September 2008 . The episode tells the arrival of Merlin ( Colin Morgan ) as a young man in Camelot , where magic is banned by King Uther Pendragon ( Anthony Head ) . Taken under the wing of Camelot 's physician , Gaius ( Richard Wilson ) , he is warned that he must keep his innate magical ability a secret . In Camelot , he meets Uther 's heir , the arrogant Prince Arthur ( Bradley James ) , as well as Lady Morgana ( Katie McGrath ) and her handmaid , Guinevere ( Angel Coulby ) . As a witch ( Eve Myles ) plans revenge on the King 's heir for the execution of her son , Merlin is informed by a cryptic dragon ( John Hurt ) that his destiny is to protect Arthur . Merlin was conceived by Julian Murphy and Johnny Capps to be an origin story for the characters of the Arthurian legends , with family-centered entertainment . Young actors with little experience were cast as the four lead characters , while better-known actors were cast in supporting roles . Many of the scenes in Camelot were filmed in France , at the Château de Pierrefonds , while the rest was filmed in England and Wales . Special effects were done by The Mill , who had the task of creating the talking dragon . `` The Dragon 's Call '' was watched by 7.15 million viewers in the UK and 6.3 million in the US on NBC . Critical reception was mixed , with some feeling the show had promise but lacked imagination , and the actual plot of `` The Dragon 's Call '' was deemed slight .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cc42966a4657de2276afc93d2aa60879", "text": "Curse A curse ( also called an imprecation , malediction , execration , malison , anathema , or commination ) is any expressed wish that some form of adversity or misfortune will befall or attach to some other entity : one or more persons , a place , or an object . In particular , `` curse '' may refer to such a wish or pronouncement made effective by a supernatural or spiritual power , such as a god or gods , a spirit , or a natural force , or else as a kind of spell by magic or witchcraft ; in the latter sense , a curse can also be called a hex or a jinx . In many belief systems , the curse itself ( or accompanying ritual ) is considered to have some causative force in the result . To reverse or eliminate a curse is sometimes called `` removal '' or `` breaking '' , and is often believed to require elaborate rituals or prayers . The study of the forms of curses comprise a significant proportion of the study of both folk religion and folklore . The deliberate attempt to levy curses is often part of the practice of magic . In Hindu culture the Sage or Rishi is believed to have the power to bless and curse . Examples include the curse placed by Rishi Bhrigu on king Nahusha and the one placed by Rishi Devala . Special names for specific types of curses can be found in various cultures : African American hoodoo presents us with the jinx and crossed conditions , as well as a form of foot track magic which was used by Ramandeep , whereby cursed objects are laid in the paths of victims and activated when walked over . Middle Eastern and Mediterranean culture is the source of the belief in the evil eye , which may be the result of envy but , more rarely , is said to be the result of a deliberate curse . In order to be protected from the evil eye , a protection item is made from dark blue circular glass , with a circle of white around the black dot in the middle , which is reminiscent of a human eye . The size of the protective eye item may vary . German people , including the Pennsylvania Dutch speak in terms of hexing ( from the German word for witchcraft ) , and a common hex in days past was that laid by a stable-witch who caused milk cows to go dry and horses to go lame .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d82f3159a68fe7706bd0e3ab915810f4", "text": "Harry Potter in Calcutta Harry Potter in Calcutta is a work by Uttam Ghosh in which Harry Potter meets figures from Bengali literature . J. K. Rowling and her lawyers sued for the novel to be removed from the market , citing intellectual property concerns , and subsequently they were removed from sales .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4281e83125f8343bb4b90129936294da", "text": "Go Ask Alice Go Ask Alice is a 1971 fiction book about a teenage girl who develops a drug habit at age 15 , runs away from home , and eventually dies of a drug overdose . Attributed to `` Anonymous '' , the book is in diary form , and was originally presented as being the edited `` real diary '' of the unnamed teenage protagonist . Questions about the book 's authenticity and true authorship began to arise in the late 1970s , and it is now generally viewed as a work of fiction written by Beatrice Sparks , a therapist and author who went on to write numerous other books purporting to be real diaries of troubled teenagers . Some sources have also named Linda Glovach as a co-author of the book . Intended for a young adult audience , Go Ask Alice became a widely popular bestseller . It was initially praised for conveying a powerful message about the dangers of drug abuse , but more recently has been criticized as poorly written anti-drug propaganda and also as a literary hoax . Nevertheless , its popularity has endured , and as of 2014 it had remained continuously in print since its publication over four decades earlier . Go Ask Alice has also ranked among the most frequently challenged books for several decades due to its use of profanity and explicit references to sex and rape , as well as drugs . The book was adapted into the 1973 television film Go Ask Alice , starring Jamie Smith-Jackson and William Shatner . In 1976 , a stage play of the same name , written by Frank Shiras and based on the book , was also published .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5adc5e84e1a9a2bd6ba76fef1b05f07f", "text": "A Wizard of Earthsea A Wizard of Earthsea is a young adult fantasy novel written by the American author Ursula K. Le Guin , first published by the small press Parnassus in 1968 . The novel received highly positive reviews , initially as a work for children , and later among a general audience as well . Set in the fictional archipelago of Earthsea , the story centers around a young mage named Ged , born in a village on the island Gont . Displaying great power while still a boy , he joins the school of wizardry , where his prickly nature drives him into conflict with one of his fellows . During a magical duel , Ged 's spell goes awry and releases a shadow creature that attacks him . The novel follows his journey as he seeks to be free of the creature . The book has often been described as a Bildungsroman or coming of age story , as it explores Ged 's process of learning to cope with power and come to terms with death . The novel also carries Taoist themes about a fundamental balance in the universe of Earthsea , which wizards are supposed to maintain , closely tied to the idea that language and names have power to affect the material world and alter this balance . Although the structure of the story is similar to that of a traditional epic , critics also described it as subverting this genre in many ways , such as by making the protagonist dark-skinned , in comparison to more typical white-skinned heroes . A Wizard of Earthsea is widely regarded as a classic of fantasy and young-adult literature and was one of the final recipients of the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award . The book was widely influential within the genre of fantasy ; Margaret Atwood , for instance , called A Wizard of Earthsea one of the `` wellsprings '' of fantasy literature . Le Guin would later write five subsequent books that , together with A Wizard of Earthsea , are referred to as the Earthsea Cycle : The Tombs of Atuan ( 1971 ) , The Farthest Shore ( 1972 ) , Tehanu ( 1990 ) , The Other Wind ( 2001 ) , and Tales from Earthsea ( 2001 ) . George Slusser has described the series as a `` work of high style and imagination '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2e4fc07e4bdc3d40e1493e153376e926", "text": "So You Want to Be a Wizard So You Want To Be a Wizard is the first book in the Young Wizards series currently consisting of eleven books by Diane Duane . It was written in 1982 and published in the next year . In 2012 a revised `` New Millennium Edition '' was published . The plot follows Nita Callahan , a thirteen-year-old girl who discovers a book titled So You Want to Be a Wizard while hiding from bullies in a library . She brings the book home with her and discovers that it is about the art of wizardry . She does not completely trust the book 's claim that she can become a wizard if she takes the Wizard Oath , but she takes it nonetheless . The next day when she is out trying to do her first spell she meets Kit Rodriguez , another wizard . After they successfully complete a spell together , Nita 's doubts are gone : she is a wizard .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f93b81ebb17f4e03cd63813999068237", "text": "Harry Potter Alliance The Harry Potter Alliance ( also known as the HPA ) is a nonprofit organization run primarily by Harry Potter fans . It was founded by Andrew Slack in 2005 to draw attention to human rights violations in Sudan . Since then , the organisation 's campaigns have focused on topics such as literacy , United States immigration reform , economic justice , gay rights , sexism , labor rights , mental health , body image , and climate change . They have received recognition from many popular figures in the Harry Potter community and have been the subject of multiple academic studies on fan activism and civic engagement among youth .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b4f83b0d3578596754ddfc85f7e1708f", "text": "Death and What Comes Next `` Death and What Comes Next '' is a Discworld short story by Terry Pratchett . It tells the story of a discussion between Death and a philosopher , in which the philosopher attempts to use the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics to argue death is not a certainty . The story was originally written in 2002 for the now-defunct online puzzle game TimeHunt and the text contains a hidden word puzzle , also devised by Pratchett , which provided a codeword for the game . Like `` Theatre of Cruelty '' , another of his short stories , Pratchett allowed it to be put on the L-Space Web .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40beaa6a5759fcf7594dd3d6103911f9", "text": "The Secret of Platform 13 The Secret of Platform 13 is a children 's novel by Eva Ibbotson , and illustrated by Sue Porter , first published in 1994 . The book has gained extra significance as many readers find it similar to the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling , as the first book of that series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published in 1997 , three years after this book was published . ( They both mention a platform on Kings Cross Station , in London , that leads to a different world . ) As journalist Amanda Craig has written , `` Ibbotson would seem to have at least as good a case for claiming plagiarism as the American author currently suing J. K. Rowling , but unlike her , Ibbotson says she would ` like to shake her by the hand . I think we all borrow from each other as writers . ' ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b77cdc02d7abd505ee2a10fce11598f8", "text": "To War with Whitaker To War with Whitaker : The Wartime Diaries of the Countess of Ranfurly 1939 -- 1945 is a memoir of World War II written , in diary form , by Hermione , Countess of Ranfurly . It was first published by William Heinemann in 1994 . The following year , Mandarin Publishing issued it in paperback , describing the memoir as `` A love story that knows no bounds '' : When World War II broke out , Dan Ranfurly was dispatched to the Middle East with his faithful valet , Whitaker . These are the diaries of his young wife , Hermione , who , defying the War Office , raced off in hot pursuit of her husband . When Dan was taken prisoner , Hermione vowed never to return home until they were reunited . For six years , travelling alone from Cape Town to Palestine , and meeting such charismatic characters as Churchill , Eisenhower , and a parrot called Coco on the way , she kept her promise . To War with Whitaker received immediate and general critical acclaim . The actor-novelist Sir Dirk Bogarde wrote in the Daily Telegraph : `` If you buy one more book this year , do make it To War with Whitaker . '' The author Robert Rhodes James wrote in the Sunday Express : `` An extraordinary story . No review can do justice to the writing . '' The Daily Mail commented : `` These absolutely spiffing diaries offer a madcap , aristocratic window behind the lines of war '' and the reviewer for Woman & Home wrote : `` Few diaries from any era could be as fascinating ... This is truly compulsive reading . '' Its lively prose style is characterised by frankness , a sharp eye for character -- not least that of the short , chubby , phlegmatic valet Whitaker -- and a sharp ear for dialogue . For example , when the Earl received a telegram at the outbreak of war in 1939 ordering him to report to his regiment , the Countess writes : `` After reading this Dan asked Whitaker if he would like to go with him . The old fatty looked over the top of his spectacles and said , ` To the War , my Lord ? Very good , my Lord . ' '' The Countess 's husband Daniel Knox , 6th Earl of Ranfurly , was a lieutenant in the Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry . He was captured by soldiers of Rommel 's Afrika Korps , along with General Sir Richard O'Connor and other officers , in Libya in April 1941 when their driver became lost in the dark . A military historian later described it as `` the most valuable car-load of booty to fall to the Afrika Korps during its entire existence '' . He spent the next two years as a prisoner-of-war in Italy . Daniel and other British officers escaped following the Italian surrender in 1943 and , after several months on the run behind German lines , he was finally reunited with his wife in Algiers in May 1944 . After the war , he served as Governor of the Bahamas where his wife established a lending library service in Nassau that she later extended to other parts of the world in need of English books . When the Countess died in 2001 , her obituarist for the Daily Telegraph wrote : `` Hermione , Countess of Ranfurly , who has died aged 87 , was the author of one of the most delightful memoirs of recent times , To War with Whitaker ( 1994 ) , and the kind of woman for whom words such as pluck and spirit might have been invented . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9baaff2be7a370de21e0a1c491e4c1ea", "text": "George Percy, Earl Percy George Dominic Percy , Earl Percy ( born 4 May 1984 ) , is the heir apparent to the Dukedom of Northumberland . Percy was born as the second child and elder son of the Duke and Duchess of Northumberland . He became heir apparent to the dukedom in 1995 , when his uncle Henry , 11th Duke of Northumberland , died . Percy 's parents , now Duke and Duchess of Northumberland , were eager to protect him from `` vices and pitfalls '' , and filed a lawsuit to prevent him from inheriting # 1 million and a # 250,000 annual income upon turning 18 . In 1999 , they succeeded in delaying the inheritance , which Lord Percy received at the age of 25 . George Percy is also set to inherit Alnwick Castle , famously known as Hogwarts ' School of Witchcraft and Wizardry in the Harry Potter films . He served as a Page of Honour to Queen Elizabeth II from 1996 to 1998 . He is also a direct descendant of Charles II of England through multiple descents . Earl Percy was educated at Eton College , and studied geography at the University of Edinburgh , specialising in sustainable development and renewable energy . He graduated in 2008 , having shared a house with Pippa Middleton , with whom he has been linked since . Percy studied Arabic language at the University of Damascus , and later worked in Abu Dhabi . He is the managing director of energy company Cluff Geothermal with Paul Younger . As old family friends , Lord Percy and his family attended the wedding of Middleton 's sister Catherine and Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , in 2011 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2cd9a61f1617cda7351c5d079f3f99cd", "text": "Recurring enemies in The Legend of Zelda series This article describes several types of fictional enemy creatures encountered in The Legend of Zelda series of video games . While many enemies can be killed solely with Link 's sword , others require the use of specific items to eliminate . In addition , starting with The Wind Waker , some enemies wield weapons such as swords or lit torches that can be used by Link after destroying the enemy . These items serve a single use and eliminate other obstacles by means such as smashing open a doorway or burning down a blocked passage . Specific enemies also hold key items that can be obtained by either killing the monster or using the grappling hook .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ef99cf6adf852be10343ef2efc1f9f33", "text": "Feng (chieftain) Feng was a legendary Jutish chieftain and the prototype for William Shakespeare 's King Claudius . He appears in Chronicon Lethrense and in Saxo Grammaticus ' Gesta Danorum ( book 3 ) . The Chronicon Lethrense ( and the included Annales Lundenses ) tell that the Danish king Rorik Slengeborre put Horwendill and Feng as his rulers in Jutland , and gave his daughter to Horwendill as a reward for his good services . Horwendill and the daughter had the son Amblothe ( Hamlet ) . The jealous Feng killed Horwendill and took his wife . Amblothe understood that his life was in danger and tried to survive by faking insanity . Feng sent Amblothe to the king of Britain with two servants carrying a message that the British king should kill Amblothe . While the servants slept , Amblothe carved off the ( probably runic ) message and wrote that the servants should be killed and himself married to the king 's daughter . The British king did what the message said . Exactly one year later , Feng drank to Amblothe 's memory , but Amblothe appeared and killed him . According to Saxo , Feng and Horwendill were the sons of Jutland 's ruler Gervendill , and succeeded him as the rulers of Jutland . Rørik Slyngebond , king of Denmark , gave his daughter to Horwendill and she bore him the son Amleth . But Feng , out of jealousy , murdered Horwendill , and persuaded Gerutha to become his wife , on the plea that he had committed the crime for no other reason than to avenge her of a husband by whom she had been hated . Amleth , afraid of sharing his father 's fate , pretended to be imbecile , but the suspicion of Feng put him to various tests which are related in detail . Among other things they sought to entangle him with a young girl , his foster-sister , but his cunning saved him . When , however , Amleth slew the eavesdropper hidden , like Polonius , in his mother 's room , and destroyed all trace of the deed , Feng was assured that the young man 's madness was feigned . Accordingly , he dispatched him to England in company with two attendants , who bore a letter enjoining the king of the country to put him to death . Amleth surmised the purport of their instructions , and secretly altered the message on their wooden tablets to the effect that the king should put the attendants to death and give Amleth his daughter in marriage . After marrying the princess Amleth returned at the end of a year to Denmark . Of the wealth he had accumulated he took with him only certain hollow sticks filled with gold . He arrived in time for a funeral feast , held to celebrate his supposed death . During the feast he plied the courtiers with wine , and executed his vengeance during their drunken sleep by fastening down over them the woolen hangings of the hall with pegs he had sharpened during his feigned madness , and then setting fire to the palace . He then killed Feng with his own sword .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "05231ab6d9bd3353ca05cd18958bdbc0", "text": "March Hare The March Hare ( called Haigha in Through the Looking-Glass ) is a character most famous for appearing in the tea party scene in Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . The main character , Alice , hypothesizes , `` The March Hare will be much the most interesting , and perhaps as this is May it wo n't be raving mad -- at least not so mad as it was in March . '' `` Mad as a March hare '' is a common British English phrase , both now and in Carroll 's time , and appears in John Heywood 's collection of proverbs published in 1546 . It is reported in The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner that this proverb is based on popular belief about hares ' behaviour at the beginning of the long breeding season , which lasts from February to September in Britain . Early in the season , unreceptive females often use their forelegs to repel overenthusiastic males . It used to be incorrectly believed that these bouts were between males fighting for breeding supremacy . Like the character 's friend , the Hatter , the March Hare feels compelled to always behave as though it is tea-time because the Hatter supposedly `` murdered the time '' whilst singing for the Queen of Hearts . Sir John Tenniel 's illustration also shows him with straw on his head , a common way to depict madness in Victorian times . The March Hare later appears at the trial for the Knave of Hearts , and for a final time as `` Haigha '' ( which is pronounced to rhyme with `` mayor '' , according to Carroll ) , the personal messenger to the White King in Through the Looking-Glass .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad47dc43670072898442977a55502324", "text": "Character (arts) A character ( sometimes known as a fictional character ) is a person or other being in a narrative work of art ( such as a novel , play , television series , or film ) . The character may be entirely fictional or based on a real-life person , in which case the distinction of a `` fictional '' versus `` real '' character may be made . Derived from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ , the English word dates from the Restoration , although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones in 1749 . From this , the sense of `` a part played by an actor '' developed . Character , particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema , involves `` the illusion of being a human person . '' In literature , characters guide readers through their stories , helping them to understand plots and ponder themes . Since the end of the 18th century , the phrase `` in character '' has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor . Since the 19th century , the art of creating characters , as practiced by actors or writers , has been called characterisation . A character who stands as a representative of a particular class or group of people is known as a type . Types include both stock characters and those that are more fully individualised . The characters in Henrik Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler ( 1891 ) and August Strindberg 's Miss Julie ( 1888 ) , for example , are representative of specific positions in the social relations of class and gender , such that the conflicts between the characters reveal ideological conflicts . The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work . The individual status of a character is defined through the network of oppositions ( proairetic , pragmatic , linguistic , proxemic ) that it forms with the other characters . The relation between characters and the action of the story shifts historically , often miming shifts in society and its ideas about human individuality , self-determination , and the social order .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e3617454cd2ca49e92fe8124932c0820", "text": "Voice (grammar) In grammar , the voice of a verb , also called diathesis -LSB- daɪˈæθəsɪs -RSB- and ( rarely ) the gender of a verb , describes the relationship between the action ( or state ) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments ( subject , object , etc. ) . When the subject is the agent or doer of the action , the verb is in the active voice . When the subject is the patient , target or undergoer of the action , the verb is said to be in the passive voice . For example , in the sentence : The cat ate the mouse . the verb `` ate '' is in the active voice . However , in the sentence : The mouse was eaten by the cat . the verbal phrase `` was eaten '' is passive . In the sentence : The hunter killed the bear . the verb `` killed '' is in the active voice , and the doer of the action is the `` hunter '' . A passive version of the sentence is : The bear was killed by the hunter . where the verbal phrase `` was killed '' is followed by the word `` by '' and then by the doer `` hunter '' . In a transformation from an active-voice clause to an equivalent passive-voice construction , the subject and the direct object switch grammatical roles . The direct object gets promoted to subject , and the subject demoted to an ( optional ) complement . In the first example above , the mouse serves as the direct object in the active-voice version , but becomes the subject in the passive version . The subject of the active-voice version , the cat , becomes part of a prepositional phrase in the passive version of the sentence , and can be left out entirely .", "title": "" } ]	fever
c22e72eba1568c0031392b0f9c031a6a	Belgium is comprised of three regions.	[ { "docid": "cedb4667277b97eca9f90546b6f327a5", "text": "Belgium Belgium ( -LSB- ˈbɛldʒəm -RSB- België -LSB- ˈbɛlɣijə -RSB- ; Belgique -LSB- bɛlʒik -RSB- ; Belgien -LSB- ˈbɛlɡi̯ən -RSB- ) , officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France , the Netherlands , Germany , Luxembourg , and the North Sea . It is a small , densely populated country which covers an area of 30528 km2 and has a population of about 11 million people . Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe , Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups : the Dutch-speaking , mostly Flemish community , which constitutes about 59 % of the population , and the French-speaking , mostly Walloon population , which comprises 41 % of all Belgians . Additionally , there is a small group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area , and bordering Germany . Historically , Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg ( along with parts of Northern France and Western Germany ) were known as the Low Countries ; it once covered a somewhat larger area than the current Benelux group of states . The region was called Belgica in Latin , after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica . From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century , the area of Belgium was a prosperous and cosmopolitan centre of commerce and culture . From the 16th century until the Belgian Revolution in 1830 , when Belgium seceded from the Netherlands , the area of Belgium served as the battleground between many European powers , causing it to be dubbed the `` Battlefield of Europe , '' a reputation strengthened by both world wars . Today , Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance . It is divided into three regions and three communities , that exist next to each other . Its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia . The Brussels-Capital Region is an officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) enclave within the Flemish Region . A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments . Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and , during the course of the 20th century , possessed a number of colonies in Africa . The second half of the 20th century was marked by rising tensions between the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking citizens fueled by differences in language and culture and the unequal economic development of Flanders and Wallonia . This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms , resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993 . Despite the reforms , tensions between the groups have remained , if not increased ; there is significant separatism particularly among the Flemish ; controversial language laws exist such as the municipalities with language facilities ; and the formation of a coalition government took 18 months following the June 2010 federal election , a world record . Belgium is one of the six founding countries of the European Union and hosts the official seats of the European Commission , Council of the European Union , and European Council , as well as a seat of the European Parliament in the country 's capital , Brussels . Belgium is also a founding member of the Eurozone , NATO , OECD and WTO , and a part of the trilateral Benelux Union . Its capital , Brussels , hosts several of the EU 's official seats as well as the headquarters of many major international organizations such as NATO.Belgium is a member of , or affiliated to , many international organizations , including ACCT , AfDB , AsDB , Australia Group , Benelux , BIS , CCC , CE , CERN , EAPC , EBRD , EIB , EMU , ESA , EU , FAO , G-10 , IAEA , IBRD , ICAO , ICC , ICRM , IDA , IDB , IEA , IFAD , IFC , IFRCS , IHO , ILO , IMF , IMO , IMSO , Intelsat , Interpol , IOC , IOM , ISO , ITU , MONUC ( observers ) , NATO , NEA , NSG , OAS ( observer ) , OECD , OPCW , OSCE , PCA , UN , UNCTAD , UNECE , UNESCO , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNMIK , UNMOGIP , UNRWA , UNTSO , UPU , WADB ( non-regional ) , WEU , WHO , WIPO , WMO , WTrO , ZC . Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area . Belgium is a developed country , with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as `` very high '' in the Human Development Index .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4efc7ee7b7f4467ae04c76bf70f2a3f9", "text": "Koekelberg Koekelberg ( -LSB- kukəlˈbɛʁg -RSB- ; -LSB- ˈkukəlˌbɛrx -RSB- ) is one of the nineteen municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium . It is bordered by Ganshoren , Jette , Sint-Agatha-Berchem and Sint-Jans-Molenbeek . On January 1 , 2006 , the municipality had a total population of 18,157 . The total area is 1.17 km ² , which gives a population density of 15,486 inhabitants per km ² . The municipality , the smallest in the Brussels region by population , is dominated by the Basilica of the Sacred Heart or Koekelberg Basilica , one of the largest Roman Catholic churches in the world .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08dd9ba1aee2562ee4f4aec854c9d77c", "text": "Lordship of Mechelen The Lordship of Mechelen was until 1795 a small independent Lordship in the Low Countries , consisting of the city of Mechelen and some surrounding villages . In the early Middle Ages , it was part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège , which was confirmed in 910 . In practice , the area was ruled by the local Berthout family , against the will of the Prince-Bishops of Liège . The Duchy of Brabant tried to annex the Lordship , but as a reaction , Liège gave the area in 1333 to the County of Flanders . The Flemish also did n't gain complete and permanent control . Mechelen was therefore later considered as one of the Seventeen Provinces and then as a province of the Southern Netherlands . The Dukes of Burgundy and later the Habsburg Emperors and Kings were personally Lords of Mechelen and for a while turned the city more or less into the capital of the Netherlands . They established here the highest jurisdictional court of the Seventeen Provinces , called the Great Council of Mechelen . Governess Margaret of Austria also held her Court at Mechelen . Later , the capital moved primarily to Brussels . In 1795 the Lordship was abolished by the French revolutionaries and it became part of the French département of the Deux-Nèthes . Today it is part of the Belgian province of Antwerp .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe8329634e7d94a212acc277ce0b392b", "text": "Belgian nobility The Belgian nobility comprises individuals and their families recognized by the Kingdom of Belgium as members of a class of persons officially enjoying hereditary privileges , which distinguishes them from other persons and families .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9639332772d06c329153872f84cc7844", "text": "Municipalities with language facilities -RSB- There are 27 municipalities with language facilities in Belgium which must offer services to residents in Dutch , French or German , in addition to their official languages . All other municipalities -- with the exception of those in the Brussels region which is bilingual -- are unilingual and only offer services in their official languages , either Dutch or French . Belgian law stipulates that : 12 municipalities in Flanders must offer services in French ; of these 12 , six ( located around Brussels ) are now believed to have become majority French-speaking . Wallonia contains two language areas : In the French-speaking part of Wallonia , four municipalities offer services in Dutch and another two offer services in German . All municipalities in the German-speaking part of Wallonia ( annexed after WWI ) offer services in French . In Brussels , Dutch and French are co-official . At the federal level , Dutch , French and German are all official languages .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "72cb7ebaf1825391254151fa9304e136", "text": "Belgium–Netherlands relations Belgian -- Dutch relations refer to interstate relations between the Belgium and the Netherlands . It can be seen as one of the closest international relationships in existence , marked by shared history , culture , institutions and language , extensive people-to-people links , aligned security interests , sporting tournaments and vibrant trade and investment cooperation . Relations were established after Belgium became independent from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1839 . Both nations are great allies with cultural similarities and close cooperation between both governments . Dutch , known in Belgium as Flemish , is the most-spoken language in both countries . Approximately 35,000 Belgian nationals live in the Netherlands , while there are around 111,000 Dutch nationals in Belgium . Thanks to their shared history and the Dutch language , the Netherlands and Belgium have strong cultural ties . In 1980 , the two countries set up the Dutch Language Union to encourage greater cooperation in the field of Dutch language and literature . The Union offers services including language tools like dictionaries and a language advice service , education in and about Dutch , literature and reading skills , and activities promoting the Dutch language in Europe and the rest of the world . The Union also works to showcase the two countries ' shared cultural heritage . Belgium has an embassy in The Hague and consulates in Amsterdam , Maastricht , Nijmegen , Roosendaal , Rotterdam , Terneuzen , Vlissingen and Winsum , while the Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and consulates in Antwerp , Ghent , Liège and Namur . Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO and , together with Luxembourg , form the Low Countries and the Benelux economic union . Many television programmes are made mutually between the two countries , such as So You Think You Can Dance and Benelux ' Next Top Model . The two countries were joint hosts of the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament and ( unfruitfully ) made a bid to host the 2018 World Cup football .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "09c212d7b292ae8ada8f2ca97cf4b0b2", "text": "Hasselt Hasselt ( -LSB- ˈɦɑsəlt -RSB- ) is a Belgian city and municipality , and capital of the province of Limburg . The Hasselt municipality includes the original city of Hasselt , plus the old communes of Sint-Lambrechts-Herk , Wimmertingen , Kermt , Spalbeek , Kuringen , Stokrooie , Stevoort and Runkst , as well as the hamlets and parishes of Kiewit , Godsheide and Rapertingen . On 31 December 2007 Hasselt had a total population of 71,520 ( 34,951 men and 36,569 women ) . Both the Demer river and the Albert Canal run through the municipality . Hasselt is located in between the Campine region , north of the Demer river , and the Hesbaye region , to the south . It is also situated in the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a1b4d74e4c83793fac570c36da89df1f", "text": "Walloons in the Netherlands The history and presence of the Walloon people , i.e. francophone Belgians , in the Netherlands goes back to the foundation process of the Dutch state . Even more so , the region now known as Wallonia was part of the historical Southern Netherlands , a region now divided between the Netherlands , Belgium and the French Nord-Pas-de-Calais .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8dc82c045e97721fc810da52cc7f8333", "text": "Flemish painting Flemish painting flourished from the early 15th century until the 17th century . The term does not refer to modern Flanders but to the County of Flanders and neighbouring areas of the Low Countries such as the Tournaisis and Duchy of Brabant which delivered the leading painters in Northern Europe and attracted many promising young painters from other countries . These painters were invited to work at foreign courts and had a Europe-wide influence . Since the end of the Napoleonic era , Flemish painters had again been contributing to a reputation that had been set by the Old Masters . The Franco-Flemish School of musical composition flourished at the same time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b52a9882f48bb5f6366edc92df8fef55", "text": "Republic of Bouillon The Republic of Bouillon was a short-lived French client republic , around the city of Bouillon in present-day Belgium , based on the duchy of Bouillon , which had existed between France and the Austrian Netherlands since the 15th century . Reforms , sponsored by the duke , abolishing manorialism and feudalism and establishing a constitutional basis for the monarchy did not prevent what many sources describe as the proclamation of a republic in April 1794 . The republic was short-lived , however , as the territory was annexed by the French First Republic 18 months later . In 1815 , after the Napoleonic Wars , the duchy was absorbed into the promoted Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , becoming a part of Belgium when that nation was founded in the 1830s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2137364e5bbd4fd4b69d30e910837dd2", "text": "Namur Namur ( -LSB- namyʁ -RSB- , Dutch : , Nameur in Walloon ) is a city and municipality in Wallonia , Belgium . It is both the capital of the province of Namur and of Wallonia , hosting the Walloon Parliament , Government and administration . Namur stands at the confluence of the Sambre and Meuse rivers and straddles three different regions -- Hesbaye to the north , Condroz to the south-east , and Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse to the south-west . The city of Charleroi is located to the west . The language spoken is French . The City of Namur includes the old communes of Beez , Belgrade , Saint-Servais , Saint-Marc , Bouge , Champion , Daussoulx , Flawinne , Malonne , Suarlée , Temploux , Vedrin , Boninne , Cognelée , Gelbressée , Marche-les-Dames , Dave , Jambes , Naninne , Wépion , Wierde , Erpent , Lives-sur-Meuse , and Loyers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7a8989145461504748616bacaed6680b", "text": "Arrondissement of Mechelen The Arrondissement of Mechelen ( Arrondissement Mechelen Arrondissement de Malines ) is one of the three administrative arrondissements in the Province of Antwerp , Belgium . It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement , as the territory for both coincides .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "767167d558bd07a162b8370a49decf20", "text": "Zeelandic Flanders Zeelandic Flanders ( -LSB- ˌzeːu̯sˈflaːndərə ( n ) -RSB- , Zeelandic : Zeêuws-Vlaonderen ) is the southernmost region of the province of Zeeland in the south-western Netherlands . It lies south of the Western Scheldt that separates the region from the remainder of Zeeland to the north . Zeelandic Flanders is bordered to the south by Belgium .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "21c1f39a5e8142bc0d4345f1c9900a91", "text": "Law enforcement in Belgium Law enforcement in Belgium is conducted by an integrated police service structured on the federal and local levels , made up of the Federal Police and the Local Police . Both forces are autonomous and subordinate to different authorities , but linked in regard to reciprocal support , recruitment , manpower mobility and common training . In 2001 , the Belgian police underwent a fundamental structural reform that created this completely new police system . A Belgian parliamentary report into a series of pedophile murders accused the police of negligence , amateurism and incompetence in investigating the cases . The loss of public confidence in the police was so great that the whole population deemed the reform indispensable . The three former police forces , the municipal police , the national law enforcement service ( Rijkswacht/Gendarmerie ) and the judicial police ( assigned to the offices of the public prosecutors ) gave way to an integrated police service structured on two levels .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b466dc43dc368a85d00d5a2751ab18c4", "text": "Rattachism Rattachism ( Rattachisme ) or Reunionism ( Réunionisme ) is a minor political ideology which calls for the French-speaking Belgium or Wallonia to secede from the Belgian nation-state and become part of France . Brussels , which is majority French-speaking but enclave in Flanders , may be included within this ideology as may the six Flemish municipalities with language facilities for French-speakers . It can be considered a French-speaking equivalent of Orangism or Grootneerlandisme in Flanders . The Rattachist ideology is associated with a faction of the Walloon Movement and is advocated by the political parties Walloon Rally and Wallonia-France Rally . Neither party has ever gained parliamentary seats .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d53a7a1150aa2fadcca30b4f36ff4ea", "text": "Reichsgau Flandern The Reichsgau Flanders ( German : Reichsgau Flandern ; Dutch : Rijksgouw Vlaanderen ) was a short-lived Reichsgau of Nazi Germany established in 1944 . It encompassed the present-day Flemish Region in its old provincial borders ( in other words , including Comines-Warneton but excluding Voeren ) . Brussels was also excluded and given its own territorial arrangement .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f76ee33906a929fb3c76b8a59f82e4a5", "text": "Districts of Prussia Prussian districts ( Kreise , literally `` circles '' ) were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia , part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918 , and its successor state , the Free State of Prussia , similar to a county or a shire . They were established in the course of the Stein-Hardenberg Reforms from 1815 to 1818 at an intermediate level , between the higher provinces and the government districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) , and the lower municipal governments ( Gemeinden ) . Then part of a modern and highly effective public administration structure , they served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany In the aftermath of World War I , the Prussian districts of Eupen and Malmedy ( Belgium ) were annexed by Belgium in 1925 , thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f60537ada3bb80b3ce7acca4a105512", "text": "Regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina , like every European country is made of geographical and historical regions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "61d54c4955a269bbb36e514425fcbd95", "text": "Political parties in Belgium Belgium is a federal state with a multi-party political system , with numerous parties who factually have no chance of gaining power alone , and therefore must work with each other to form coalition governments . Almost all Belgian political parties are divided into linguistic groups , either Dutch-speaking parties ( see also political parties in Flanders ) , Francophone parties or Germanophone parties . The Flemish parties operate in Flanders and in the Brussels-Capital Region . The Francophone parties operate in Wallonia and in the Brussels-Capital Region . There are also parties operating in the comparatively small German-speaking community . No party family has a realistic chance of winning enough seats to govern alone , let alone win an outright majority . Political parties are thus organised along community lines , especially for the three main communities . There are no representative parties active in both communities . Even in Brussels , all parties presenting candidates are either Flemish parties , or French-speaking . As such , the internal organisation of the political parties reflects the fundamentally dual nature of Belgian society . There are no significant parties left who exist , or operate on a national , Belgian level . From the creation of the Belgian state in 1830 and throughout most of the 19th century , two political parties dominated Belgian politics : the Catholic Party ( Church-oriented and conservative ) and the Liberal Party ( anti-clerical and progressive ) . In the late 19th century the Labour Party arose to represent the emerging industrial working class . These three groups still dominate Belgian politics , but they have evolved substantially in character .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a12366e127a262d542f3b09b4829fa6", "text": "Grand Est Grand Est ( -LSB- ɡʁɑ̃.t ‿ ɛst -RSB- ; Great East , Großer Osten -- both in the Alsatian and the Lorraine Franconian dialect ) , previously Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine ( ACAL or less commonly , ALCA ) , is an administrative region in northeastern France . It superseded three former administrative regions -- Alsace , Champagne-Ardenne , and Lorraine -- on 1 January 2016 , as a result of territorial reform which was passed by the French legislature in 2014 . Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine was a provisional name , created by hyphenating the merged regions in alphabetical order ; its regional council had to approve a new name for the region by 1 July 2016 . France 's Conseil d'État approved Grand Est as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016 , effective 30 September 2016 . The administrative capital and largest city is Strasbourg .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e0b53490c1773886b7b40cda27c53490", "text": "Arrondissement of Nivelles The Arrondissement of Nivelles ( Arrondissement de Nivelles Arrondissement Nijvel ) is the only administrative arrondissement in the Belgian Province of Walloon Brabant , and thus comprises the whole province . Before 1995 , it was one of three arrondissements in the province of Brabant . It is both an administrative and a judicial arrondissement . The territory of the Judicial Arrondissement of Nivelles coincides with that of the Administrative Arrondissement of Nivelles .", "title": "" } ]	fever
d85c3a2efab2c95fb9c5d896b34b535a	The Portuguese Empire existed during the Renaissance.	[ { "docid": "a3ef1cb32a255308166c64d9fde8dae2", "text": "Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire ( Império Português ) , also known as the Portuguese Overseas ( Ultramar Português ) , was one of the largest and longest-lived empires in world history and the first colonial empire of the Renaissance . It existed for almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002 . The first era of the Portuguese empire originated at the beginning of the Age of Discovery . Initiated by the Kingdom of Portugal , it would eventually expand across the globe . Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418 -- 19 , using recent developments in navigation , cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel , in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade . In 1488 , Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope , and in 1498 , Vasco da Gama reached India . In 1500 , either by an accidental landfall or by the crown 's secret design , Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast . Over the following decades , Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia , establishing forts and factories as they went . By 1571 , a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa , the Middle East , India and South Asia . This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth ( 1500-1800 ) , when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal 's per capita income . When Philip II of Spain , I of Portugal , inherited the Portuguese crown in 1580 , this began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal that has since been given the historiographic term of the Iberian Union . Though the realms continued to be administered separately , the Council of Portugal ruled the country and its empire from Madrid . As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal , Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain : the Dutch Republic , England , and France . With its smaller population , Portugal was unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts , and the empire began a long and gradual decline . Eventually , Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era until , as part of the wave of independence movements that swept the Americas during the early 19th century , it broke away in 1822 . The third era represents the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the decolonization of the Americas of the 1820s . The colonial possessions had been reduced to the African coastline ( expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century ) , Portuguese Timor , and enclaves in India ( Goa ) and China ( Macau ) . The disastrous 1890 British Ultimatum led to the contraction of Portuguese ambitions in Africa . Under António Salazar , the Second Portuguese Republic made some ill-fated attempts to hold on to its last remaining colonies and overseas provinces after the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa , embarking on the Portuguese Colonial War in Africa which lasted until the final overthrow of the regime in the Carnation Revolution of 1974 . Macau was returned to China in 1999 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "52b06a21678382c4a797a7cfd3743c38", "text": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29 , 1453 . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia , and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia . For this reason , this period in the empire 's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era . Throughout most of this period , the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region , and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm . By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state , a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II ( r. 1451-1481 ) . The cause of Ottoman success can not be attributed to any single factor , and they varied throughout the period as the Ottomans continually adapted to changing circumstances . The earlier part of this period , the fourteenth century , is particularly difficult for historians to study due to the scarcity of sources . Not a single written document survives from the reign of Osman I , and very little survives from the rest of the century . The Ottomans , furthermore , did not begin to record their own history until the fifteenth century , more than a hundred years after many of the events they describe . It is thus a great challenge for historians to differentiate between fact and myth in analyzing the stories contained in these later chronicles , so much so that one historian has even declared it impossible , describing the earliest period of Ottoman history as a `` black hole . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4598e8a6e459d06b2ea189171d5d5e7e", "text": "Early modern Europe Early modern Europe is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century . Historians variously mark the beginning of the early modern period with the invention of moveable type printing in the 1450s , the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the end of the Wars of the Roses in 1487 , the beginning of the High Renaissance in Italy in the 1490s , the end of the Reconquista and subsequent voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492 , or the start of the Protestant Reformation in 1517 . The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the French Revolution in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the Industrial Revolution in late 18th century Britain . Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked ( including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years ' War ) , the rise of capitalism and modern nation states , and European colonization of the Americas .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "437887e27af2b2eeb9e8be02f6296e77", "text": "History of Póvoa de Varzim thumb \| 280px \| Old Town of Varzim , probable site of a Roman villa which prompted the development of the modern city . The history of Póvoa de Varzim , Portugal , and its development as a maritime trade and fishing hub , have been greatly influenced by its location at the entrance to one of Portugal 's best natural ports . Permanent settlement in the coastal plain of Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of a fortified city . The ocean has played an important part in its popular culture and economy , through maritime trade and fishing , leading it to establish a fiefdom in the 10th or 11th century , a municipality in 1308 and to become , in the 18th century , the main fishing port in northern Portugal . Póvoa de Varzim and its region had relevant input that allowed the Portuguese discoveries , throw manpower , shipbuilding and seafaring knowledge . Since the 18th century , its beaches have helped it become one of the main tourist areas of the region , which prompted high-culture development since late 18th century . Its development suffered setbacks due to feudalism , monastic domain , border disputes and , recently , the development of a highly centralized state . However , it gained significant privileges confirmed by successive Portuguese kings such as town limit exception and royal appeal rights .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b225db526c30ff3c8a28654ede8781c6", "text": "Póvoa de Varzim Póvoa de Varzim ( -LSB- ˈpɔvwɐ ðɨ vɐɾˈzĩ -RSB- , locally -LSB- -LSB- ˈpɔβwə ðɨ βəɾˈzĩŋ -RSB- -RSB- ) , also spelled Povoa de Varzim , is a Portuguese city in Northern Portugal and sub-region of Greater Porto . It sits in a sandy coastal plain , a cuspate foreland , halfway between the Minho and Douro rivers . The population of the municipality was 63,408 at the time of the 2011 census . According to the 2001 census , there were 63,470 inhabitants , with 42,396 living in the city proper . The city expanded , southwards , to Vila do Conde , and there are about 100,000 inhabitants in the urban area alone . It is the seventh-largest urban agglomeration in Portugal and the third largest in Northern Portugal . Permanent settlement in Póvoa de Varzim dates back to around four to six thousand years ago ; around 900 BC , unrest in the region led to the establishment of Cividade de Terroso , a fortified city , which developed maritime trade routes with the civilizations of classical antiquity . Modern Póvoa de Varzim emerged after the conquest by the Roman Republic of the city by 138 BC , fishing and fish processing units soon developed , which turned out to be the foundations of the local economy . By the 11th century , the fish industry and fertile farmlands were the economic base of a feudal lordship and Varzim was fiercely disputed between the local overlords and the early Portuguese kings , which resulted in the establishment of the present day 's municipality in 1308 and being subdued to monastic power some years later . Póvoa de Varzim 's importance reemerged with the Age of Discovery due to its shipbuilders and merchants proficiency and wealth , who traded around the globe in complex trade routes . By the 17th century , the fish processing industry rebounded and , some time later , Póvoa became the dominant fishing port in northern Portugal . Póvoa de Varzim has been a well-known beach resort for over three centuries , the most popular in Northern Portugal , which unfolded an influential literary culture and historical artistic patronage in music and theater . Casino da Póvoa is one of the few and prominent gambling venues in Portugal . Leisure and health benefits provided in large sandy beaches attracts national and international visitors . Póvoa de Varzim holds other landmarks , especially the traditional Junqueira shopping street , Garrett Theatre , the Ethnography and History Museum , Cividade de Terroso , the Medieval Rates Monastery , Baroque Matriz Church , city Hall and Portuguese vernacular architecture in Praça do Almada , and numerous Portuguese cuisine restaurants that make Póvoa de Varzim popular in all Northern Portugal , which started to attract an international following . Farol da Lapa , Farol de Regufe , the main breakwater of the Port of Póvoa de Varzim , Carvalhido and São Félix Hill are preferred for sightseeing . The city has significant textile and food industries . The town has retained a distinct cultural identity and ancient customs such as the writing system of siglas poveiras , the masseira farming technique and festivals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5ed5c08ce1a6344873ba05b43db3050c", "text": "Norte Region, Portugal Norte ( Região Norte , -LSB- ʁɨʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔɾtɨ -RSB- ; `` North Region '' ) is a region in the northern part of Portugal . It is a land of dense vegetation and profound historic and cultural wealth . Its capital is the city of Porto . The region has 3,689,173 inhabitants according to the 2011 census , and its area is 21,278 km ² ( density of 173 inhabitants per square kilometre ) . It is one of five regions of Mainland Portugal ( NUTS II subdivisions ) . Northern Portugal is a culturally varied region , thus historical rivalries between different neighbouring cities and towns are common , unlike other Portuguese regions where every city and town is culturally very similar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd66b872cf5b93b2d6513a15bb2a4641", "text": "São Paulo (state) São Paulo ( -LSB- sɐ̃w ˈpawlu -RSB- ) is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus . As the richest Brazilian state and a major industrial complex , often dubbed the `` locomotive of Brazil '' , the state alone is responsible for 33.9 % of the Brazilian GDP . São Paulo also has the second highest Human Development Index ( HDI ) and GDP per capita , the fourth lowest infant mortality rate and the third lowest rate of illiteracy among the federative units of Brazil . São Paulo alone is richer than Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay and Bolivia combined . If São Paulo were an independent country , its nominal GDP would be ranked among the top 20 in the world ( 2010 estimate ) . The economy of São Paulo State is the most developed in Brazil With more than 45 million inhabitants in 2014 , São Paulo is the most populous Brazilian state , the most populous national subdivision in the Americas , and the third most populous political unit of South America , surpassed only by the rest of the Brazilian Federation and Colombia . The local population is one of the most diverse in the country and descended mostly from Italians , who began immigrating to the country in the late 19th century ; of the Portuguese , who colonized Brazil and installed the first European settlements in the region ; indigenous peoples , a large number of distinct ethnic groups ; Africans , who were brought from Africa as slaves in the colonial era and migrants from other regions of the country . In addition , Arabs , Germans , Spanish , Japanese and Chinese also are present in the ethnic composition of the local population . The area that today corresponds to the state territory was already inhabited by indigenous peoples from approximately 12,000 B.C. . In the early 16th century , the coast of the region was visited by Portuguese and Spanish explorers and navigators . In 1532 Martim Afonso de Sousa would establish the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas -- the village of São Vicente , in the Baixada Santista . In the 17th century , the paulistas bandeirantes intensified the exploration of the interior of the colony , which eventually expanded the territorial domain of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire in South America . In the 18th century , after the establishment of the Province of São Paulo , the region began to gain political weight . After independence in 1820 , São Paulo began to become a major agricultural producer ( mainly coffee ) in the newly constituted Empire of Brazil , which ultimately created a rich regional rural oligarchy , which would switch on the command of the Brazilian government with Minas Gerais 's elites during the early republican periodin the 1880s . Under the Vargas Era , the state was one of the first to initiate a process of industrialization and its population became one of the most urban of the federation . The city of São Paulo , the homonymous state capital , is ranked as the world 's 12th largest city and its metropolitan area , with 20 million inhabitants , is the 9th largest in the world and second in the Americas , after Greater Mexico City . Regions near the city of São Paulo are also metropolitan areas , such as Campinas , Santos , Sorocaba and São José dos Campos . The total population of these areas coupled with the state capital -- the so-called `` Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo '' -- exceeds 30 million inhabitants , i.e. approximately 75 percent of the population of São Paulo statewide , the first macro-metropolis in the southern hemisphere , joining 65 municipalities that together are home to 12 percent of the Brazilian population .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "059220d262b29f4510b8caf4a4fb002f", "text": "Padrão A padrão ( -LSB- pɐˈðɾɐ̃w̃ -RSB- , standard ; plural : padrões ) was a large stone cross inscribed with the coat of arms of Portugal that was placed as part of a land claim by numerous Portuguese explorers during the Portuguese Age of Discovery . Notable explorers known to have erected padrões were Diogo Cão , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Jorge Álvares . The Lisbon Geographic Society managed to restore in the 20th century three padrões erected by Diogo Cão and one by Bartolomeu Dias . At the Dias Cross Memorial on the coast of South Africa 's Eastern Cape province , there is a padrão replica on a spectacular outcrop ( False Island -- Kwaaihoek in Afrikaans , meaning `` Nasty corner '' ) ; it marks the site of Dias ' most easterly landfall , after becoming the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope . The original padrão was discovered by Arthur Axelson in the 1930s -- it had fallen , or was pushed , off the top of Kwaaihoek , and was in pieces in the gullies below . Axelson recovered these pieces and was able to reconstruct the padrão the reconstructed original now stands in the William Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg . Indonesia National Museum hosts the Luso Sundanese padrão erected by Henrique Leme in 1522 in Sunda Kalapa port ( present day Tugu , sub-district of Jakarta , Indonesia ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7d16833efb66ff794933499a1c9578b", "text": "Ferdinand I of Portugal Dom Ferdinand I ( Portuguese : Fernando ; 31 October 1345 -- 22 October 1383 ) , sometimes called the Handsome ( o Formoso or o Belo ) or occasionally the Inconstant ( o Inconstante ) , was the King of Portugal and the Algarve from 1367 until his death in 1383 . His death led to the 1383 -- 85 crisis , also known as the Portuguese interregnum .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f9d1dea412745a0b2cff0f17198aecc8", "text": "Francisco Rodrigues Lobo Francisco Rodrigues Lobo ( 1580 -- November 4 , 1622 ) was a Portuguese poet and bucolic writer . He was born of rich and noble New Christian parents in Leiria , reading philosophy , poetry and writing of shepherds and shepherdesses by the rivers Liz and Lena . He studied at the University of Coimbra and took the degree of licentiate about 1600 . He worked for the Duke of Vila Real , probably being his sons ' teacher . He visited Lisbon from time to time , and tradition has it that he died by drowning on his way there . Though his first book , a little volume of verse ( Romances ) published in 1596 , and his last , a rhymed welcome to King Philip III , published in 1623 , are written in Spanish he composed his eclogues and prose pastorals entirely in Portuguese , and thereby did a rare service to his country at a time when , owing to the Philippine Dynasty , Castilian was the language preferred by `` polite society '' and by men of letters . The characteristics of his prose style are harmony , purity and elegance , and he was one of Portugal 's leading writers . A disciple of the Italian school , his verses were free from imitations of classical models . Their popularity may be seen by the fact that the Primavera went through seven editions in the 17th century and nine in all , a large number for so limited a market as that of Portugal . An edition of his collected works was published in one volume in Lisbon in 1723 , and another in four volumes , but less complete , appeared there in 1774 . He died drowned near Santarém while in voyage to Lisbon by river when the boat he was in was sunk by the current .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "490b988896b93dcb67e6fe676dac410c", "text": "Renaissance art Renaissance art is the painting , sculpture and decorative arts of that period of European history known as the Renaissance , emerging as a distinct style in Italy in about 1400 , in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy , literature , music and science . The Renaissance art , perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions , took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity , but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge . Renaissance art , with Renaissance Humanist philosophy , spread throughout Europe , affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities . Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the medieval period to the Early Modern age . In many parts of Europe , Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art . The influences upon the development of Renaissance men and women in the early 15th century are those that also affected Philosophy , Literature , Architecture , Theology , Science , Government and other aspects of society . The following list presents a summary , dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above . Classical texts , lost to European scholars for centuries , became available . These included Philosophy , Prose , Poetry , Drama , Science , a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology . Simultaneously , Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars . The advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily , and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public . The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city , Florence . Cosimo de ' Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts , not associated with the church or monarchy . Humanist philosophy meant that man 's relationship with humanity , the universe and with God was no longer the exclusive province of the Church . A revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello . The revival of a style of architecture based on classical precedents inspired a corresponding classicism in painting and sculpture , which manifested itself as early as the 1420s in the paintings of Masaccio and Uccello . The improvement of oil paint and developments in oil-painting technique by Dutch artists such as Jan van Eyck , Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes led to its adoption in Italy from about 1475 and had ultimately lasting effects on painting practices , worldwide . The serendipitous presence within the region of Florence in the early 15th century of certain individuals of artistic genius , most notably Masaccio , Brunelleschi , Ghiberti , Piero della Francesca , Donatello and Michelozzo formed an ethos out of which sprang the great masters of the High Renaissance , as well as supporting and encouraging many lesser artists to achieve work of extraordinary quality . A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family , their influential inlaw Mantegna , Giorgione , Titian and Tintoretto . The publication of two treatises by Leone Battista Alberti , De Pitura ( On Painting ) , 1435 , and De re aedificatoria ( Ten Books on Architecture ) , 1452 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "432819171551b780330b22718e9f96d7", "text": "Teatro Nacional de São Carlos The Teatro Nacional de São Carlos ( -LSB- tiˈatɾu nɐsiuˈnaɫ dɨ sɐ̃w̃ ˈkaɾluʃ -RSB- ) ( National Theatre of Saint Charles ) is an opera house in Lisbon , Portugal . It was opened on July 30 , 1793 by Queen Maria I as a replacement for the Tejo Opera House , which was destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . The theatre is located in the historical center of Lisbon , in the Chiado district . In 1792 , a group of Lisbon businessmen decided to finance the construction of a new Opera House in the city . The theatre was built in only six months following a design by Portuguese architect José da Costa e Silva , with neoclassical and rococo elements . The general project is clearly inspired by great Italian theatres like the San Carlo of Naples ( interior ) and La Scala in Milan ( interior and façade ) . In the early 19th century , when the Portuguese Royal Court had to flee to the Portuguese colony of Brazil to escape the invading Napoleonic troops , a theatre modelled on the São Carlos was built in Rio de Janeiro . The main façade has a decorated clock , the Portuguese coats-of-arms and an arched entrance hall ( a portico ) . The theatre was named after the Princess Charlotte of Spain , who had come to Portugal in 1790 to marry the future King , Prince John : Carlos ( Portuguese form of Charles ) is the masculine form of Charlotte . A Latin commemorative inscription dedicates the theatre to the princess . The main room is elliptic , has five tiers of boxes and seats 1148 people . The luxurious royal box was lavishly decorated by the Italian Giovanni Appianni . The ceiling was painted by Manuel da Costa and the stage by Cirilo Wolkmar Machado . The first opera presented here , in 1793 , was La Ballerina Amante , by Domenico Cimarosa . The most famous Portuguese composer of the time , Marcos Portugal , became musical director of the São Carlos in 1800 after returning from Italy , and many of his operas were staged here . Between 1828 and 1834 , the São Carlos was closed during the Portuguese Civil War , fought between kings Miguel I and Pedro IV . In 1850 , the lighting of the interior was changed to gas illumination , the latest technology available . Shortly afterwards , the Portuguese state bought the theatre from private investors . After a few failed attempts , electrical illumination was installed in 1887 . From 1935 to 1940 , the theatre was closed for repairs . In 1974 , a resident opera company was established . In 1993 , the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa was created as the Teatro 's affiliate orchestra , with Álvaro Cassuto as the orchestra 's first principal conductor . Subsequent principal conductors of the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa have included José Ramón Encinar ( 1999-2001 ) , Zoltán Peskó ( 2001-2004 ) and Julia Jones ( 2008-2011 ) . Since January 2014 , the orchestra 's principal conductor is Joana Carneiro .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "03f3c91aeb340663a8a0ebfe2b765dab", "text": "Chivalric romance As a literary genre of high culture , romance or chivalric romance is a type of prose and verse narrative that was popular in the aristocratic circles of High Medieval and Early Modern Europe . They were fantastic stories about marvel-filled adventures , often of a knight-errant portrayed as having heroic qualities , who goes on a quest , yet it is `` the emphasis on love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic , in which masculine military heroism predominates . '' Popular literature also drew on themes of romance , but with ironic , satiric or burlesque intent . Romances reworked legends , fairy tales , and history to suit the readers ' and hearers ' tastes , but by c. 1600 they were out of fashion , and Miguel de Cervantes famously burlesqued them in his novel Don Quixote . Still , the modern image of `` medieval '' is more influenced by the romance than by any other medieval genre , and the word medieval evokes knights , distressed damsels , dragons , and other romantic tropes . Originally , romance literature was written in Old French , Anglo-Norman , Occitan , and Provençal , and later in Portuguese , in Castilian , in English , in Italian ( particularly with the Sicilian poetry ) and German . During the early 13th century , romances were increasingly written as prose . In later romances , particularly those of French origin , there is a marked tendency to emphasize themes of courtly love , such as faithfulness in adversity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5da4877a94e41afce672793574167ee4", "text": "Edward, King of Portugal Duarte ( -LSB- duˈaɾt -RSB- ; 31 October 1391 -- 9 September 1438 ) , known in English as Edward and called the Philosopher ( o Rei-Filósofo ) or the Eloquent ( o Eloquente ) , was King of Portugal and the Algarve and Lord of Ceuta from 1433 until his death . He was born in Viseu , the son of John I of Portugal and his wife , Queen Philippa of Portugal , a daughter of John of Gaunt . Edward was the oldest member of the `` Illustrious Generation '' of accomplished royal children who contributed to the development of Portuguese civilization during the 15th century . As a cousin of several English kings , he became a Knight of the Garter .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "122be5f245e4303c5a6db5086eb29b64", "text": "County of Portugal The County of Portugal ( Condado de Portugal , Condado Portucalense , Condado de Portucale , in documents of the period the name used was Portugalia ) refers to two successive medieval counties in the region around Braga and Porto , today corresponding to littoral northern Portugal , within which the identity of the Portuguese people formed . The first county existed from the mid-ninth to the mid-eleventh centuries as a vassalage of the Kingdom of Asturias and later the Kingdoms of Galicia and León , before being abolished as a result of rebellion . A larger entity under the same name was then reestablished in the late 11th century and lasted until the mid-12th century , when its count elevated it into an independent Portuguese kingdom .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0582437ed458a4a7b8b06c660cbde93", "text": "French colonial empire The French colonial empire constituted the overseas colonies , protectorates and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward . A distinction is generally made between the `` first colonial empire '' , that existed until 1814 , by which time most of it had been lost , and the `` second colonial empire '' , which began with the conquest of Algiers in 1830 . The second empire came to an end after the loss of bitter wars in Vietnam ( 1955 ) and Algeria ( 1962 ) , and peaceful decolonization elsewhere after 1960 . Competing with Spain , Portugal , the United Provinces , and later Britain , France began to establish colonies in North America , the Caribbean , and India in the 17th century . A series of wars with Great Britain and other European major powers during the 18th century and early 19th century resulted in France losing nearly all of its conquests . France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in Africa , as well as Indochina and the South Pacific . Republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when Germany started to build her own colonial empire . As it developed the new empire took on roles of trade with France , especially supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language , and the Catholic religion . It also provided manpower in the World Wars . It became a moral mission to lift the world up to French standards by bringing Christianity and French culture . In 1884 the leading proponent of colonialism , Jules Ferry declared ; `` The higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior races . '' Full citizenship rights -- assimilation -- were offered , although in reality `` assimilation was always receding -LSB- and -RSB- the colonial populations treated like subjects not citizens . '' France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire , contrary to Great Britain , and previously Spain and Portugal , with the only notable exception of Algeria , where the French settlers nonetheless always remained a small minority . At its apex , it was one of the largest empires in history . Including metropolitan France , the total amount of land under French sovereignty reached 11500000 km2 in 1920 , with a population of 110 million people in 1939 . In World War II , Charles de Gaulle and the Free French used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France . Historian Tony Chafer argues : `` In an effort to restore its world-power status after the humiliation of defeat and occupation , France was eager to maintain its overseas empire at the end of the Second World War . '' However , after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge European authority . The French constitution of October 27 , 1946 ( Fourth Republic ) , established the French Union which endured until 1958 . Newer remnants of the colonial empire were integrated into France as overseas departments and territories within the French Republic . These now total altogether 119,394 km ² ( 46,098 sq. miles ) , which amounts to only 1 % of the pre-1939 French colonial empire 's area , with 2.7 million people living in them in 2013 . By the 1970s , says Robert Aldrich , the last `` vestiges of empire held little interest for the French . '' He argues , `` Except for the traumatic decolonization of Algeria , however , what is remarkable is how few long-lasting effects on France the giving up of empire entailed . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fca206e4f3d937a36cd0a1383fc562f3", "text": "Medieval literature Medieval literature is a broad subject , encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages ( that is , the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca . AD 500 to the beginning of the Florentine Renaissance in the late 15th century ) . The literature of this time was composed of religious writings as well as secular works . Just as in modern literature , it is a complex and rich field of study , from the utterly sacred to the exuberantly profane , touching all points in-between . Works of literature are often grouped by place of origin , language , and genre .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9412cc53c54c198b7c428d8bfb54f872", "text": "António Lavradio Luís de Almeida Soares de Portugal , Marquis of Lavradio , governor of the colony of Brazil , born in Lisbon , Portugal 27 June 1729 ; died in Porto , Portugal 2 March 1790 . He entered the Portuguese navy in 1747 , and served in South America . In 1760 he became governor-general of Brazil , and during his administration of twenty years he greatly improved the colony . He developed the culture of indigo and rice , and introduced the first coffee-trees into the colony . He also endeavored to civilize the Indians instead of persecuting them like most of his predecessors , and founded villages in countries where formerly no European had dared to travel . Under his administration Brazil grew rich and prosperous . He first conceived the idea of making the culture of the Ipecacuanha meaning `` sick making plant '' - Ipecac Syrup of ipecac tree a source of profit to the colony and had thousands of them planted , thus opening to Brazil a new branch of trade . He also did much to ameliorate the condition of the poorer classes and to check the insolence of the aristocracy toward the people . Alfonso de Varnhagen , in his Historia geral do Brazil , praises him as a benefactor of the colony , and his name has been given recently ( circa 1892 ) to one of the principal streets of Rio Janeiro . In 1781 he was relieved of his command in Brazil and appointed vice-admiral . In 1782 he commanded the Portuguese fleet in South America , and in the following year became president of the admiralty and privy councillor of the king , which post he held till his death .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6dce71528c82b7854dabab323763e4e", "text": "Renaissance Latin Renaissance Latin is a name given to the distinctive form of Latin style developed during the European Renaissance of the fourteenth to fifteenth centuries , particularly by the Renaissance humanism movement .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e32049ae1dd7a642aba85831c5ee819f", "text": "Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonial architecture refers to the various styles of architecture that the Portuguese built across the Portuguese Empire . Portuguese colonial Architecture can be found in the plethora of former colonies throughout South America , North Africa , Sub-Saharan Africa , India , Oceania , and East Asia . Many former colonies , especially Brazil , Macau , and Mozambique , promote their Portuguese colonial architecture as major tourist attractions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0b46f73307aed536b19f02088e1fe675", "text": "List of governors of Portuguese India The government of Portuguese India started in 1505 , six years after the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama , with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida , then settled at Kochi . Until 1752 , the name `` India '' included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean , from southern Africa to Southeast Asia , governed - either by a Viceroy or Governor - from its headquarters , established in Goa since 1510 . In 1752 Portuguese Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Portuguese Macau , Solor and Portuguese Timor , seeing itself thus confined to a reduced territorial entity in Malabar : Goa , Daman , Diu , Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Portuguese control ceased in the last two enclaves in 1954 , and finally ceased in the remaining three pockets in 1961 , when they were occupied by the Republic of India ( although Portugal only recognized the occupation after the Carnation Revolution in 1974 ) . This ended four and a half centuries of Portuguese rule in parts -- thought tiny -- of India . It may be noted that during the term of the monarchy , the title of the head of the Portuguese government in India ranged from `` Governor '' to `` Viceroy '' . The title of viceroy would only be assigned to members of the nobility ; It was formally terminated in 1774 , although it has later been given sporadically to be decisively ended after 1835 ) , as shown below .", "title": "" } ]	fever
cace5a0e4fb31b28c05f2701a05ffce0	Tall Story is a romantic comedy club.	[ { "docid": "240d87b84d6cf99689b4fa2924273be7", "text": "Tall Story Tall Story is a 1960 American romantic comedy film made by Warner Bros. , directed by Joshua Logan and starring Anthony Perkins with Jane Fonda , in her first screen role , at the age of 22 . It is based on the 1957 novel `` The Homecoming Game '' by Howard Nemerov , which was the basis of a successful 1959 Broadway play , called Tall Story , by the writing team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . The film was a considerable departure from Logan 's previous two projects , the drama Sayonara , which won multiple Academy Awards , and the blockbuster South Pacific and was Robert Redford 's first film ever , where he played an uncredited basketball player . Tall Story is a farcical social satire of American campus life , making fun of the way college life can become a marriage market for some students . Fonda portrays a character who is the complete opposite of the independent liberated woman she later personified .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "762d55ba5ea6cd8897a0eee0d74ee1f4", "text": "Just Say Hi Just Say Hi is a short romantic comedy film about a blossoming romance between a boy and a girl who meet every morning at a bus stop .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2ab8b7a90856da6cbe5533832a1c9437", "text": "Hasty Pudding Theatricals The Hasty Pudding Theatricals , known informally simply as The Pudding , is a theatrical student society at Harvard University , known for its burlesque crossdressing musicals . The Hasty Pudding Theatricals was described by John Wheelwright in 1897 as a `` kindly association of men of all ages in a gay evening of simple enjoyment '' . It is a comedy show .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "06e265863ef32115510b7449e646812b", "text": "Love Story (1970 film) Love Story is a 1970 American romantic drama film written by Erich Segal , who was also the author of the best-selling novel of the same name . It was produced by Howard G. Minskyand directed by Arthur Hiller and starred Ali MacGraw and Ryan O'Neal , alongside John Marley , Ray Milland , and Tommy Lee Jones in his film debut in a minor role . A tragedy , the film is considered one of the most romantic by the American Film Institute ( # 9 on the list ) and is # 37 in the list of highest-grossing films in Canada and the United States . It was followed by a sequel , Oliver 's Story ( 1978 ) , starring O'Neal with Candice Bergen .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d7a827c3ddf1ca7180595823fda6301", "text": "Tall Dwarfs Tall Dwarfs are a New Zealand rock band formed in 1981 by Chris Knox and Alec Bathgate who helped pioneer the lo-fi style of rock music . The duo were former members of Toy Love . The band lacked a drummer but would use household objects and handclaps to act as percussion . Either member can play guitar ; with 12 strings and bass guitar often heard on their records . Both can play organ as well , which has been utilised on some of their songs . The Casiotone is used frequently too , especially in live concerts . Their debut was the EP Three Songs ( 1981 ) , and for many years they released EPs only . The album Weeville ( 1990 ) was their first full-length album . They did , however , release a number of full-length compilations of their EPs , like Hello Cruel World and The Short and Sick of It . In the liner notes to their album 3 EPs ( 1994 ) ( released as a single CD , or as three vinyl EPs collected in one box ) they asked for listeners ' rhythm tracks : `` Send us your idea of a great T.D. throb . '' The responses came from many different countries and were used for the next album , Stumpy ( 1997 ) . This album was therefore officially credited to `` International Tall Dwarfs . '' Bands who have claimed to be influenced by the Tall Dwarfs include Elf Power , Neutral Milk Hotel and Olivia Tremor Control . In 2005 , they did a small number of concerts in the USA , playing with the Olivia Tremor Control .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b075c576fd6d28482b90bebbf63aa68d", "text": "Club Fed (film) Club Fed is a 1990 comedy film that spoofs the `` Club Fed '' - type of minimum security prisons where wealthy white-collar criminals are often sent .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b34d5f595b394d5680f6eb83bd6eadf2", "text": "List of Sports Night characters Sports Night is an American comedy-drama which aired on ABC from September 1998 until May 2000 . The show goes behind the scenes at a fictional network sports round-up show , akin to ESPN show Sports Center , and the interactions on and off screen between the eccentric characters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2f90de8663e8d6c040a3b013b78b1568", "text": "Commedia sexy all'italiana The commedia sexy all ` italiana ( lit . `` sex comedy Italian style '' ) , also known as commedia scollacciata or commedia erotica all ` italiana , is a subgenre of Italian commedia all ` italiana film genre .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "46691e4f4540e4079e35967f8b50d607", "text": "Guys Read Guys Read is a web-based literacy program for boys founded by author Jon Scieszka in 2001 . Its mission is `` to help boys become self-motivated , lifelong readers '' by bringing attention to the issue , promoting the expansion of what is called `` reading '' to include materials like comic books , and encouraging grown men to be literacy role models . Scieszka says , `` It kind of came out of my experience both as growing up a guy , for starters , and then going into elementary school teaching , where I found that the guy sensibility is n't really appreciated there , mostly that the world of elementary school is probably like 85 % women - teachers and librarians . '' As for how exactly to motivate boys to read , Scieszka says , `` I think the best way to do it is to give them things they like to read ... What we have n't done with boys is we have n't really given them a broad range of reading . In schools , what 's seen as reading is so narrow : it 's literary , realistic fiction . '' The Guys Read website includes a large list of `` books that guys read '' , instructions as to how to start a Guys Read `` field office '' ( or book club ) , a blog , and links to many boy-loved authors ' websites . Guys Write for Guys Read , the first book to come out of the program , is a compilation that features over eighty stories and illustrations from noted male authors and illustrators who shared stories from their own childhoods . In 2010 , Scieszka started the Guys Read Library of Great Reading -- collections of original short stories by male and female authors who boys enjoy reading , grouped by genre . The first volume is humor , Guys Read : Funny Business ; the second is mystery , Guys Read : Thriller ; the third is sports , Guys Read : The Sports Pages . The fourth volume in the collection is sci-fi/fantasy , titled Guys Read : Other Worlds . The fifth volume 's theme is nonfiction , titled Guys Read : True Stories . A sixth volume , whose theme is horror , titled Guys Read : Terrifying Tales , was released on September 1 , 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7ac555500b3920227514b935d1f415ef", "text": "Too Tall Hall Jonte `` Too Tall '' Hall ( born July 2 , 1982 ) is an American basketball player for the Harlem Globetrotters . At 5 ft and 142 lb , he is the smallest player in Globetrotter history .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d7a02f6d0563cc32e42d6d9fd60ad39", "text": "A Chinese Tall Story A Chinese Tall Story is a 2005 Hong Kong fantasy adventure film written and directed by Jeffrey Lau . The story is loosely based on the novel Journey to the West .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fda6e622e79992b344ebb3e301cb4727", "text": "NBA Stories NBA Stories is a show where it features the stories about the NBA teams , players , and coaches .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3677cc3b9ea48c26adb8e57306f6e0ff", "text": "Bromantic comedy A bromantic comedy is a comedy film genre that takes the formula of the typical `` romantic comedy '' but focuses on close male friendships .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "428b10dd0438c60c4a4b728cb82d3674", "text": "Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children . More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "46e7c2bfc31a3780f4dfb23bedcc3cec", "text": "A Woman as a Friend A Woman as a Friend ( Una donna per amica ) is a 2014 romantic comedy film written and directed by Giovanni Veronesi and starring Fabio De Luigi and Laetitia Casta .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc40d5f72f292bb680fa4a6cfe66b477", "text": "Clubland Clubland may refer to : St James 's , an area of Westminster in London where many gentlemen 's clubs were located Clubland ( 1999 film ) , an American film by Mary Lambert Clubland ( 2007 film ) , an Australian comedy film Clubland ( band ) , a 1990s house-music group Clubland ( dance brand ) , a UK dance album and events brand Clubland ( compilation series ) , a series of compilation albums Clubland TV , a UK music channel Clubland ( Screenplay ) , an installment , featuring David Morrissey , of the UK satirical anthology TV series Screenplay `` Clubland '' ( song ) , a song by Elvis Costello Clubland , a block of dance-related music videos currently airing late nights on MTV in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e719d270d9bb7d936a536bfbb7145054", "text": "Let It Snow (2001 film) Let It Snow is a 2001 romantic comedy movie . The story involves a young man who finds love during `` snow days '' time off from high school , but spends years finding his true self . He is haunted by the family `` curse '' -- as told to him by his grandmother -- that the men in the family are doomed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dbcafe600ff5efacdecd0f8510aedc5a", "text": "The Glee Club The Glee Club is a small chain of independent live stand-up comedy and live music venues in the UK . The first Glee Club was opened by Mark Tughan in Birmingham 's Chinese Quarter in 1994 , the first dedicated comedy club to open in the United Kingdom outside London . Refurbished in 2001 the Birmingham venue has two event spaces : a 420-seat main auditorium and a 150-seat studio theatre . A second branch opened in Cardiff in 2001 and is located in the Mermaid Quay development in Cardiff Bay . It has a seated capacity of 440 and a standing capacity of 600 . ITV Wales broadcast a series of eight stand up shows from the venue in 2006 . The Cardiff venue has won the Chortle Award for best venue ( Wales and West ) eight times since the awards began in 2002 . A third club opened in Oxford in April 2010 . A fourth , two room club opened in Nottingham in September 2010 . It is attached to a café bar called Café Glee . In 2014 a High Court judge ruled that the TV show Glee ` diluted and tarnished ' the reputation of The Glee Club comedy chain . In 2014 The Glee Club won the Best Comedy Club award at the Midlands Comedy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7056a75f1f12da89d4b78dcb88ea6202", "text": "Social Capital Entertainment Social Capital Entertainment is an American film production company involved in film , music and interactive entertainment . The company was founded in 2004 by producer and real estate investor Martin Shore together with Jonathan Platt and Jonathan Miller . Social Capital produced and financed the psychological thriller , Tell Tale , together with Ridley and Tony Scott . Tell Tale starred Josh Lucas , Lena Heady and Brian Cox , and was directed by Michael Cuesta ( L.I.E. , Dexter ) . They are soon to release 2001 Maniacs : Field of Screams , the sequel to 2001 Maniacs , the 2005 Social Capital horror film . Other previous films include the period drama The Countess ( Julie Delpy 's follow-up to 2 Days in Paris ) and Snoop Dogg 's Hood of Horror ( Lionsgate ) . The company has also produced soundtracks for such films as Saw ( Lionsgate ) , Saw II ( Lionsgate ) , Rize ( Lionsgate ) and Rock School ( Newmarket ) , as well as for television series including Summerland .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd5d7a7f213714eb0dce168dc5ceef4f", "text": "The Comedians (1971 TV series) The Comedians is a British television show of the 1970s ( later reprised in the mid-1980s and early 1990s ) produced by Johnnie Hamp of Granada Television . The show gave a stage to nightclub and working men 's club comedians of the era , including Russ Abbot , Lennie Bennett , Stan Boardman , Jim Bowen , Jimmy Bright , Duggie Brown , Mike Burton , Dave Butler , Brian Carroll , Frank Carson , Mike Coyne , Jimmy Cricket , Colin Crompton , Pauline Daniels , Charlie Daze , Vince Earl , Steve Faye , Eddie Flanagan , Stu Francis , Ken Goodwin , Jackie Hamilton , Jerry Harris , George King , Bobby Knutt , Bernard Manning , Mike McCabe , Paul Melba , Mick Miller , Hal Nolan , Tom O'Connor , Tom Pepper , Bryn Phillips , Mike Reid , George Roper , Harry Scott , Sammy Thomas , Johnny Wager , Roy Walker , Charlie Williams , Lee Wilson and Lenny Windsor . Also featured on the TV show , were Shep 's Banjo Boys , a 7-piece band comprising ( for the first 5 series ) Charlie Bentley ( tenor banjo ) , John Drury ( sousaphone ) , Andy Holdorf ( trombone ) , John Orchard ( piano ) , John Rollings ( drums ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . In 1973 , the line up was Mike Dexter ( banjo ) , Tony `` Tosh '' Kennedy ( sousaphone ) , Ged Martin ( drums ) , Tony Pritchard ( trombone ) , Graham Shepherd ( banjo ) and Howard `` Shep '' Shepherd ( lead banjo ) . The Comedians began as an experiment for Granada TV . Filmed before a live audience in Manchester , comics each performed 20-minute sets , which were then edited together into half-hour shows . Each edition featured up to ten stand-up comics . Working men 's clubs are numerous in Britain , especially in North East England and have been a useful training ground for artists , especially comedians . Most of these clubs are affiliated to the CIU ( Working Men 's Club and Institute Union ) founded in 1862 by the Rev. Henry Solly . There are also political clubs , as well as Servicemen 's Clubs affiliated to the Royal British Legion . It was remarkably popular during the earlier series . An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts , several sell-out national tours followed , including a season at the London Palladium , and the programme won the Critics ' circle Award . The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes . Like other British comedy successes of the day , notably , Love Thy Neighbour , this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today . Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the times . In recent years , the series has been repeated on the ( now defunct ) British satellite television channel Plus , and can now be bought on DVD , having been released by Network .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "05133102cc2fd0db8aa29845de3fcf71", "text": "Walking Tall (TV series) Walking Tall is an American television drama series that ran on NBC in 1981 for one season of seven episodes . The first 5 episodes aired Saturday nights at 9:00 p.m. ( opposite the ABC series The Love Boat ) . The last 2 episodes aired Tuesday nights at 10:00 p.m. ( opposite ABC 's Hart to Hart ) . NBC reran all 7 episodes from April -- June 1981 . This one-hour show was a continuation of the 1973 film Walking Tall , which was based on the life of McNairy County Sheriff Buford Pusser . In this series , Pusser is the sheriff of the fictionalized McNeal County , Tennessee , fighting criminals each week in 1969 . Bo Svenson played Pusser , whom he had played before in Walking Tall Part 2 ( 1975 ) and Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( 1977 ) . ( Brian Dennehy played Pusser in A Real American Hero in 1978 on CBS ) . The rest of the cast included : Walter Barnes as Carl Pusser Harold Sylvester as Deputy Aaron Fairfax Courtney Pledger as Deputy Joan Litton Jeff Lester as Deputy Grady Spooner Heather McAdam as Dwanna Pusser Rad Daly as Michael Pusser L.Q. Jones appeared in one segment as John Witter , Pusser 's long-time nemesis . Guest stars included Robert Englund , William Windom , Chuck Connors , Merlin Olsen , Ralph Bellamy , Gail Strickland , James MacArthur , and Art Hindle . The theme song `` Walking Tall '' was sung by Brad Mercer . At the time , Svenson was the highest-paid actor in a television series .", "title": "" } ]	fever
26e630518685ea9b1ce97f8a8890928c	Richard Eyre is a television director.	[ { "docid": "1e06fe1f40c325e5d077dfc6671fbe64", "text": "Richard Eyre Sir Richard Charles Hastings Eyre ( born 28 March 1943 ) is an English film , theatre , television and opera director .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a60804e250583efb80357fd9283e39f8", "text": "Edward Dick Edward Dick is a British theatre director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0583b957a21ab65b4b036b86097bc4fc", "text": "Richard Tait Richard Graham Tait CBE ( born 22 May 1947 ) is a British journalist and Professor of Journalism at Cardiff University . He has been a member of the BBC Trust , the governing body of the British Broadcasting Corporation , and was replaced by Richard Ayre . Tait is a former editor of BBC 's Newsnight , Channel 4 News ( 1987 -- 1995 ) and was Editor-in-Chief of ITN ( 1995 -- 2002 ) . He is a fellow of the Royal Television Society and the Society of Editors .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c42844a1a1fc778ea322ede39a2664fc", "text": "Threads Threads is a 1984 British television drama jointly produced by the BBC , Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc. . Written by Barry Hines and directed by Mick Jackson , it is a docudrama account of nuclear war and its effects on the city of Sheffield in Northern England . The plot centres on two families as a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union erupts . As the nuclear exchange between NATO and the Warsaw Pact begins , the film depicts the medical , economic , social and environmental consequences of nuclear war . Shot on a budget of # 250,000 -- 350,000 , the film was the first of its kind to depict a nuclear winter . Certain reviewers nominated Threads as the `` film which comes closest to representing the full horror of nuclear war and its aftermath , as well as the catastrophic impact that the event would have on human culture '' . It has been compared to the earlier programme The War Game produced in Britain in the 1960s and its contemporary The Day After , a 1983 ABC television film depicting a similar scenario in the United States . It was nominated for seven BAFTA awards in 1985 and won for Best Single Drama , Best Design , Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bd8c373c348b60904e86665cd42de481", "text": "Internet television in Australia Internet television in Australia is the digital distribution of movies and television content via the Internet . In Australia , Internet television is provided by five major pay-per-view providers , in addition to several niche television streaming services . Australia 's five major free-to-air television networks all offer catch up TV of previously broadcast content to watch via the Internet or via podcasts - drawing on both domestic and foreign content . A feature of Internet television is that a user can view TV or video on demand . Some distributors provide content as downloads , whiles other streaming media ; the main difference being that with downloads the end-user must have storage capacity for the content on their device and must wait for the download to be completed before the content can be viewed , while streamed content can be viewed almost immediately , but is not stored for a later second viewing . Whether downloaded or streamed , video files over the Internet are usually metered in Australia , with most ISPs setting download quotas which can limit the downloads that a subscriber can make without incurring additional costs . ISPs also provide plans with unlimited downloads . Some ISPs offer downloads on a quota-free basis for partnered television services , which is also known as `` unmetered '' content .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e8312a68a15e05f8a230679cf28ca0c1", "text": "Factual television Factual television is a genre of non-fiction television programming that documents actual events and people . These types of programs are also described as documentary , observational documentary , fly on the wall , docudrama , and reality television . Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television , the term factual television has most commonly been used to describe programs produced since the 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "35f8c0b62e65316d63884e3b16f9192c", "text": "Richard Spence Richard Crighton Spence ( born 1957 ) is a British film director and writer . His works include The New Godzilla and Blind Justice . He is currently working at the COI as a consultant , and teaching video game taste in his spare time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b9fb48c9a286f57c6d571981155e720e", "text": "Rodney Bennett Rodney Bennett ( 24 March 1935 -- 3 January 2017 ) was a British television director , who worked BBC Radio and TV . His work included directing three Doctor Who stories , The Ark in Space , The Sontaran Experiment , ( both 1975 ) and The Masque of Mandragora ( 1976 ) . He also directed Derek Jacobi and Patrick Stewart in the BBC Shakespeare production of Hamlet in 1980 and the ITV 's drama series Anything More Would Be Greedy in 1989 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "291527c3a5f1c9dbd467d67c957d0602", "text": "Theatre of Australia Theatre of Australia refers to the history of the performing arts in Australia , or produced by Australians . There are theatrical and dramatic aspects to a number of Indigenous Australian ceremonies such as the corroboree . During its colonial period , Australian theatrical arts were generally linked to the broader traditions of English literature and to British and Irish theatre . Australian literature and theatrical artists ( including Aboriginal as well as Anglo-Celtic and multicultural migrant Australians ) have over the last two centuries introduced the culture of Australia and the character of a new continent to the world stage . Individuals who have contributed to theatre in Australia and internationally include Sir Robert Helpmann , Dame Joan Sutherland , Barry Humphries , David Williamson , Cate Blanchett , Geoffrey Rush , Judy Davis , Jim Sharman , Tim Minchin and Baz Luhrmann . Notable theatrical institutions include the Sydney Opera House , and the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1ca585574e8aab2918a4d6b16c3b0d3", "text": "Robin Lovejoy Robin Lovejoy ( 1923 -- 85 ) was an Australian director , actor and designer best known for his work on television and in theatre . He was one of Australia 's leading theatre directors of the 1960s and 1970s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8c779eabf564b16a540361559dda3de2", "text": "North One Television North One Television is a television production company based in London and Birmingham , England , and Sydney , Australia . It was originally known as Chrysalis Television and is now part of All3Media . Notable programmes produced include Formula 1 coverage on ITV for ITV Sport , Football Italia , ASBO Teen to Beauty Queen , The Gadget Show and Fifth Gear . North One Television has won the tender for a programme to accompany Channel 4 's Formula 1 coverage from 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9b50dde5c493c4d10701e34e4a822045", "text": "Richard Maxwell (director) Richard Maxwell ( born 1967 ) is an American experimental theater director and playwright in New York City . His company is the New York City Players .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07cd83192e2fa12eba1d135cfbd1198e", "text": "Neighbours Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 18 March 1985 . It was created by TV executive Reg Watson , who proposed the idea of making a show that focused on realistic stories and portrayed adults and teenagers who talk openly and solve their problems together . Seven decided to commission the show following the success of Watson 's Sons and Daughters , which aired on the network . Although successful in Melbourne , Neighbours underperformed in the Sydney market and struggled for months before Seven cancelled it . The show was immediately bought by rival network Ten . After taking over production of the show , the new network had to build replica sets because Seven destroyed the originals to prevent its rival from obtaining them . Ten began screening Neighbours on 20 January 1986 , taking off where the previous series left off and commencing with episode 171 . Neighbours has since become the longest running drama series in Australian television and in 2005 , it was inducted collectively into the Logie Hall of Fame . On 11 January 2011 , Neighbours moved to Ten 's digital channel , Eleven . The show 's storylines concern the domestic and professional lives of the people who live and work in Erinsborough , a fictional suburb of Melbourne , Victoria . The series primarily centres on the residents of Ramsay Street , a short cul-de-sac , and its neighbouring area , the Lassiters complex , which includes a bar , hotel , cafe , police station , lawyers ' office and park . Neighbours began with three families created by Watson -- the Ramsays , the Robinsons and the Clarkes . Watson said that he wanted to show three families who are friends living in a small street . The Robinsons and the Ramsays had a long history and were involved in an ongoing rivalry . Pin Oak Court , in Vermont South , is the real cul-de-sac that has doubled for Ramsay Street since 1985 . All of the houses featured are real and the residents allow the production to shoot external scenes in their yards . The interior scenes are filmed at the Global Television studios in Forest Hill . Through its entire run in Australia , Neighbours has been screened as a twenty-two-minute episode each week night in an early-evening slot . In Australia it is currently broadcast each weeknight at 6:30 pm on Eleven . The show is produced by FremantleMedia and has been sold to over sixty countries around the world , making it one of Australia 's most successful media exports . Neighbours was first screened in the United Kingdom in October 1986 on BBC1 where it achieved huge popularity among British audiences in the late 1980s and 1990s . In 2008 , it moved to the UK 's Channel 5 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5be4830be2dd24b174f147cb7d978329", "text": "David Hill (arts director) David Hill is a theatre and arts director and producer , founder of the leading UK cultural events and arts agency ArtReach which initiates , develops and produces extraordinary creative arts projects and programmes . Hill has created and produced the innovative Night of Festivals project , produced the world 's largest interactive video artwork ( Under Scan by Rafael Lozano-Hemmer ) in Trafalgar Square , London and in public spaces across the UK East Midlands and created/delivered a range of high-profile new arts events such Three Cities Create and Connect , The Lyric Lounge and Dance in the Park . He has also delivered projects in Barcelona , India and the West Indies . Born in Birmingham , and following a degree in Drama and English at Hull University , Hill started his career as a theatre practitioner with renowned theatre companies such as Welfare State International , IOU Theatre and the Pip Simmons Theatre Group . Appointed as the first Marketing Director at the 2,000 seat Birmingham Hippodrome , he established the marketing and publicity department for the venue during two major capital refurbishments of the Hippodrome in the 1980s . During this period the theatre was established as a premier touring venue and as a home to Welsh National Opera and Sadler 's Wells Royal Ballet ( now Birmingham Royal Ballet ) . Returning to a role as theatre director , writer and actor , Hill established the pioneering Theatre Station Blyth in Northumberland , leading a team of theatre professionals in developing original community theatre with 100 unemployed adults , winning a National Training Award , and being shortlisted with the RSC and Jiving Lindy Hoppers for the prestigious , national Sainsbury Arts in Education Awards . During this time Hill created and directed shows , including The Tale of the Corn Woman , The TV Addict , Stitch-Up , Seven and War Bonds . In 1995 Theatre Station was reinvented and re-launched by Fran Castle and Alison Walton-Robson as the award-winning Headway Theatre . As an associate director at the Everyman Theatre in Cheltenham in the early 1990s , Hill had particular responsibility for new theatre writing , working with playwrights such as Jude Alderson , Barrie Keeffe , Peter McGarry and David Calcutt . Shows directed included All Change , A Caucasian Chalk Circle , The Way of the World , The Mystery Plays , Belonging , Family Affairs , Romeo and Juliet , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Julius Caesar and The Terrible Fate of Humpty Dumpty , with co-directing work on Macbeth and Jane Eyre . In 1994 , following the playwright 's death , he produced and directed The Official Tribute to Dennis Potter persuading Michael Grade ( Channel 4 TV ) and Alan Yentob ( BBC 1 ) to jointly support and participate in the project . For this high-profile event Hill directed contributions from , amongst others , Alan Bates , Gemma Craven , Imelda Staunton , George Baker , Frank Finlay , Douglas Henshall , Kika Markham and Corin Redgrave , and also engaged and produced participation from writers and broadcasters Lynda La Plante , Alan Plater , Sheena MacDonald , Piers Haggard , Kennith Trodd and Melvyn Bragg . As director of the Arts Management Centre ( a business unit of The Management Centre ) in 1994/5 , Hill implemented and delivered national arts training programmes and designed and delivered the first national conference on the arts lottery . From 1996 he project directed all aspects of the design and building of Maidenhead 's # 10 million new arts centre , Norden Farm Centre for the Arts . He opened the Centre by producing two special galas with contributors including Michael Parkinson , Lesley Garrett , Timothy West , Prunella Scales , Jimmy Tarbuck , Laurie Holloway , Marion Montgomery , Ronnie Corbett and Rolf Harris . Over fifteen years since 1996 , Hill has developed ArtReach working with partners such as Arts Council England , Museums Libraries and Archives Council ( MLA ) , Renaissance , Sport England , the Crafts Council , many Local Authorities , Regional Development Agencies , arts organisations and venues ( international , national , regional and local ) and individual artists . In 2005/6 ArtReach commissioned international artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer to create Under Scan , which subsequently was taken to Venice Biennale in 2007 and produced by Hill in Trafalgar Square in 2008 . Hill co-wrote the book Under Scan with Lozano-Hemmer , published in 2006 . Hill has been an adviser to West Midlands Arts , Northern Arts and South West Arts in the UK and is a Trustee ( Vice Chair ) of Curve ( theatre ) ( major new performing arts centre in Leicester , UK ) . He has previously been a board member/adviser for Triangle Arts Centre , Playtrain , Midlands Arts Centre and Worcester Swan Theatre . He has been an assessor for the UK Regional Arts Lottery Programme and has been an assessor to Arts Council England for both Capital and Arts for Everyone programmes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7996e9d50e5c2d451622f3cef7b81e26", "text": "Analog television Analog television or analogue television is the original television technology that uses analog signals to transmit video and audio . In an analog television broadcast , the brightness , colors and sound are represented by rapid variations of either the amplitude , frequency or phase of the signal . Analog signals vary over a continuous range of possible values which means that electronic noise and interference becomes reproduced by the receiver . So with analog , a moderately weak signal becomes snowy and subject to interference . In contrast , a moderately weak digital signal and a very strong digital signal transmit equal picture quality . Analog television may be wireless or can be distributed over a cable network using cable converters . All broadcast television systems preceding digital transmission of digital television ( DTV ) used analog signals . Analog television around the world has been in the process of shutting down since the late 2000s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7bb16b5d587d68fec6f33d8a22715133", "text": "Ridge Hill transmitting station The Ridge Hill transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility located 8.5 miles SE of Hereford in Herefordshire , and close to the border of Gloucestershire . The station transmits the full complement of digital terrestrial multiplexes and an additional ITV West Multiplex . It includes a cable stayed steel lattice mast which has a height of 164.6 m , which in addition to the altitude of the site gives an aerial height of 363 m above mean sea level . Ridge Hill supplies its signal to 17 relays which allow coverage into `` fringe '' areas not able to receive a good signal from the main transmitter . All 5 analogue programme channels were broadcast plus the full 6 digital MUXES although the multiplexes were scattered across the band requiring a wideband aerial for most consumers . Digital switchover was completed on 20 April 2011 where all multiplexes are now located in the Group A antenna band . In addition to its television output Ridge Hill transmits various radio stations including BBC Hereford and Worcester . The station covers the south west Midlands , including Herefordshire , and parts of Worcestershire . It also covers parts of the South West , specifically northern Gloucestershire . It does not , however , transmit BBC local programmes for Gloucestershire . These are covered by the Mendip transmitter which can not be seen from the Gloucester/Cheltenham area . From 4 December 2006 Ridge Hill broadcast ITV1 West on UHF channel 30 ( rebroadcasting the signal from Mendip ) in addition to the existing ITV1 Central service on channel 25 . This is known as `` Ridge Hill West '' . This followed the restructuring of ITV Regional News and the abolition of the Central South region . As a result , the existing ITV1 Central service now carries news from the West Midlands region , with the new West service being provided for viewers in the south east of the service area in areas such as Gloucester and Cheltenham , which are editorially more closely linked to the west country . This change effectively united ITV coverage for Gloucestershire , as the southern half of the county has always been covered by Mendip and its relays . Since the digital switchover , an extra Digital 3 & 4 multiplex for ITV1 West has been broadcast on UHF 29 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb4bdc68b02a0c71e9e0395e14be2d75", "text": "Renny Rye Renny Rye ( born 2 December 1947 ) is a British television producer , who has directed some well-known , and possibly well-loved , classic , dramatical television series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b08d0ad1780571159e5d2082786cd36", "text": "Stuart Urban Stuart Urban ( born 1958 ) is a British film and television director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d78388668892c77f8d33c9733e149688", "text": "BBC Natural History Unit The BBC Natural History Unit ( NHU ) is a department of the BBC which produces television , radio and online content with a natural history or wildlife theme . It is best known for its highly regarded nature documentaries , including The Blue Planet and Planet Earth , and has a long association with David Attenborough 's authored documentaries , notably Life on Earth . The Natural History Unit is a specialist department within BBC Factual Production , which is itself part of BBC Studios . Each year it produces around 100 hours of television and 50 hours of radio programmes , making it the largest wildlife documentary production house in the world . The BBC commissions programmes from the Unit for broadcast on five terrestrial television channels ( BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Four , CBBC and CBeebies ) and BBC Radio 4 . Content is marketed internationally under the BBC Earth brand by the corporation 's commercial arm , BBC Worldwide . Original content is also broadcast on the Earth Unplugged YouTube channel . The Unit has been based in Broadcasting House , Bristol since its formation in 1957 , and has been headed by Julian Hector since 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cad8627071728e910030128f3a58ff67", "text": "Local programming The terms local programme , local programming , local content or local television refers to a television program made by a television station or independent television producer for broadcast only within the station 's transmission area or television market . Local programmes can encompass the whole range of programme genres but will usually only cover subjects or people of particular interest to an audience within the station 's coverage area . For example , a local sports programme will present results , interviews and coverage of games or matches , just like a network sports programme , but it would only feature teams and players from within the broadcaster 's transmission area . In some cases a television network programme may include a local element as well . This is particularly the case in the United Kingdom and still happens today with The Politics Show . The BBC regions will all opt-out at the same time from the main programme to present a locally produced segment . Sometimes locally made programmes that are not too specific to the transmission area , will be sold to other local stations for broadcast in their region . Historically there was a large percentage of local programming on television . Late in the 20th century this has significantly fallen . In many cases the only local programmes on a television station today will be the local newscast . The above can also apply to radio . A national radio network may have local studios or affiliates who opt-out at various times to present local programs and content . In the late-1950s , many of the early Australian television series such as Melbourne Magazine ( 1957 ) , Sydney Tonight ( 1956-1959 ) , and TV Talent Scout ( 1957-1958 ) were broadcast in only a single city .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f66f28332c6af504520cb478779b0bbb", "text": "Gothic film The Gothic film is a film that is based on Gothic fiction or contains Gothic elements . Since various definite film genres -- including science fiction , film noir , thriller , and comedy -- have used Gothic elements , the Gothic film is challenging to define clearly as a genre . Gothic elements have also infused the horror film genre , contributing supernatural and nightmarish elements . To create a Gothic atmosphere , filmmakers have sought to create new camera tricks that challenge audiences ' perceptions . Gothic films also reflected contemporary issues . A New Companion to The Gothics Heidi Kaye said `` strong visuals , a focus on sexuality and an emphasis on audience response '' characterize Gothic films like they did the literary works . The Encyclopedia of the Gothic said the foundation of Gothic film was the combination of Gothic literature , stage melodrama , and German expressionism . In The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction , Misha Kavka says Gothic film is not an established genre , rather contributing Gothic images , plots , characters , and styles to films . These elements are often found in `` the broader category of horror '' . Kavka quotes William Patrick Day 's definition of the Gothic , '' -LSB- it -RSB- tantalizes us with fear , both as its subject and its effect ; its does so , however , not primarily through characters or plots or even language , but through spectacle '' . Cinema suits the Gothic definition in creating images that establish the spectacle .", "title": "" } ]	fever
49f5374c3806b44225b0a527be3a6db2	The Amanda Show aired from 1999 to 2002.	[ { "docid": "cd3b24c53cef6691cfb881123ce6a253", "text": "The Amanda Show The Amanda Show is an American live action sketch comedy and variety show created by Dan Schneider that aired on Nickelodeon in April 4 , 1999 as a pilot , then as a regular series from October 16 , 1999 to September 21 , 2002 . It starred Amanda Bynes , Drake Bell and Nancy Sullivan , and featured John Kassir , Raquel Lee , and Josh Peck . The show was a spin-off from All That , in which Bynes had co-starred for several years . The show was cancelled at the end of 2002 . Writers for the show included Schneider , John Hoberg , Steven Molaro , and Andrew Hill Newman . Two years after the end of The Amanda Show , Dan Schneider created a new series , called Drake & Josh , featuring Drake Bell , Josh Peck and Nancy Sullivan .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "1133b3ebf904cdfc81cfd6d4cba935fc", "text": "Amanda Pilke Amanda Pilke ( born 2 March 1990 , in Joensuu ) is a Finnish film actress . Her first role was in the 2003 film Helmiä ja sikoja alongside Mikko Leppilampi and Laura Birn . She is also starring in a feature film called Kielletty Hedelmä ( `` Forbidden Fruit '' ) directed by Dome Karukoski . The movie premiered in February 2009 . She has also been acting in TV series , TV films and short films : 2009 Virta - TV-serie , Actress Janina , dir Rike Jokela , 2008 Saviour of the world - TV-serie , Actress Jessi , dir Dome Karukoski , 2008 Ei kenenkään maa - short film , Actress a blond girl , dir Oskari Sipola , 2007 Älä unta nää - TV-serie , Actress Heli , dir Aleksi Mäkelä and 2006 -- 2009 in Karjalan kunnailla - TV-serie as Actress Jonna , dir Markku Pölönen In 2012 , Pilke played the role of Milla in Naked Harbour and the role of Zara in Purge .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2d6cc13d7620ab577dc003f9f18fed3b", "text": "Drew Live `` Drew Live '' is the eighth episode of the fifth season of the American sitcom The Drew Carey Show , and the 109th overall . The episode 's plot focuses on Drew ( Drew Carey ) trying to stop his friend , Kate ( Christa Miller ) , from pursuing a relationship with a mystery guy , as Drew is in love with her . However , Drew is unaware that he is stopping Kate from pursuing him . Meanwhile , Drew 's brother Steve ( John Carroll Lynch ) and his fiancée Mimi Bobeck ( Kathy Kinney ) hold a joint bachelor and bachelorette party . The episode was written by Clay Graham and directed by Gerry Cohen . It first aired on November 10 , 1999 on the ABC network in the United States . Executive producer and series co-creator , Bruce Helford came up with the idea for `` Drew Live '' after seeing medical drama ER '' 's live episode in 1997 . To make `` Drew Live '' stand out , two-minute improvisational segments , where the cast had to invent their own lines , were added in during filming . The cast and crew performed the episode live three times for the Eastern , Mountain and Pacific time zones . It was shot on tape and broadcast with a small delay . Several regulars from Whose Line Is It Anyway ? made guest appearances . `` Drew Live '' was seen by an estimated 12 million viewers , finishing inside the Top 20 in the ratings for the week of November 8 -- 14 , 1999 . It was the third highest-rated show on ABC that week and the most watched episode of The Drew Carey Show in 44 weeks . It received mixed reviews from critics , with The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert calling it `` gimmicky '' and `` a smug mess . '' While David Bianculli from the Daily News '' branded it `` a hoot '' and thought Cohen `` captured the action perfectly '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e5146941998e082c799c66f63920e7b6", "text": "Amanda Foreman (actress) Amanda Foreman ( born July 15 , 1966 ) is an American actress best known for her role as Meghan Rotundi on the college drama series Felicity which ran from 1998-2002", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6df9acc0f26ee06da4853d4c37e6c005", "text": "Anke (TV series) Anke is a German television series produced from 1999 to 2001 . Anke Engelke stars in the title role as a fictitious talk show anchor who is successful on camera in solving other people 's problems , while being unsuccessful with her own private life .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "11da7b6ecfe4d6361144611dea632226", "text": "Philip Morris Playhouse Philip Morris Playhouse is a 30-minute old-time radio dramatic anthology series . The program '' -LSB- g -RSB- enerally ... featured straight and crime drama , '' radio historian John Dunning wrote . He noted that one of the directors was William Spier , who `` had directed Suspense in its salad days and brought to The Philip Morris Playhouse the same slick production '' that was used in Suspense . Philip Morris Playhouse was broadcast on CBS June 30 , 1939 -- February 18 , 1944 , then returned to the air ( again on CBS ) November 5 , 1948 -- July 29 , 1949 . The 1948 edition replaced a giveaway show , Everybody Wins . Its third and final incarnation on radio was a bit more complicated , as explained on The Digital Deli Too website : The emerging popularity of between three and five other popular playhouse formats of the early 1950s persuaded Philip Morris to resurrect its Philip Morris Playhouse a third time as Phillip Morris Playhouse On Broadway , beginning with its initial CBS run on March 15 , 1951 . Emphasizing Broadway productions , the subsequent series ran over CBS for twenty-six installments , only to jump to NBC on September 11 , 1951 . The series ran on NBC for the remainder of 1951 , jumping back to CBS on January 13 , 1952 . CBS aired the remainder of the canon through September 2 , 1953 . In 1951 , a trade publication reported that the program 's annual budget was $ 1 million .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f6243f71b5f4fde2842fa5bf8befed3", "text": "Laura (TV series) Laura ( also known as Laura en América , Laura sin censura , Laura de todos , and Laura en acción ) is a Peruvian talk show , hosted by lawyer Laura Bozzo . The show originated as Laura en América ( `` Laura in the Americas '' ) and first aired on America TV in February 1998 . Bozzo had previously done a similar program called Intimidades ( `` Intimacies '' ) in 1997 . Laura is known for displaying various social problems such as domestic violence , adultery , alcoholism and drug addiction . Laura en América was the most-watched program in Peru in the late 1990s and one of the most tuned-in talk show in several Latin American countries . The talk show stopped broadcasting in 2001 , after the Alberto Fujimori controversy , which involved Bozzo . In the following years , Bozzo continued to record different programs with the same format , but were only transmitted abroad for the Telemundo International chain or cable television . Bozzo had planned to return to Peruvian television through Panamericana Television in 2007 , but the project was canceled due to differences between her and her producers . She then returned for a short time at the Peruvian channel ATV , with a program of the same format called Laura en acción ( `` Laura in action '' ) , which was cancelled due to several complaints .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7f74f40ad6da264e057e6fb8feaf942", "text": "Saturday Night Live (season 24) The twenty-fourth season of Saturday Night Live , an American sketch comedy series , originally aired in the United States on NBC between September 26 , 1998 , and May 15 , 1999 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b34d5f595b394d5680f6eb83bd6eadf2", "text": "List of Sports Night characters Sports Night is an American comedy-drama which aired on ABC from September 1998 until May 2000 . The show goes behind the scenes at a fictional network sports round-up show , akin to ESPN show Sports Center , and the interactions on and off screen between the eccentric characters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "874996477f7f5e17bd46d29e180ca01a", "text": "That Mitchell and Webb Sound That Mitchell and Webb Sound is a comedy sketch show on BBC Radio 4 which started on 28 August 2003 . A second series was broadcast in 2005 with a third starting on 24 May 2007 . The series became adapted for television as That Mitchell and Webb Look in 2006 . The series is seen in some ways a follow-up to The Mitchell and Webb Situation , a sketch show shown on Play UK in 2001 . That Mitchell and Webb Sound returned to BBC Radio 4 for a fourth series in 2009 , the first episode broadcasting on 25 August 2009 . A fifth series was announced in September 2013 , and began transmission on 26 November 2013 . The series stars David Mitchell and Robert Webb who also write a fair amount of the material . Also performing in the show are James Bachman and regular Mitchell and Webb collaborator Olivia Colman . Sarah Hadland joined the cast for the fourth series . Apart from Mitchell and Webb , a fair proportion of the sketches are written by the other cast members and other writers . These include Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain ( the writers of Peep Show , in which Mitchell and Webb star ) , Mark Evans , David Quantick , Jonathan Dryden Taylor , Toby Davies , Simon Kane and John Finnemore . It is produced by Gareth Edwards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2d8c0d9a1bb2fb6dfd1e19a073fea9f8", "text": "Frasier (season 9) The ninth season of Frasier was a 24 episode season , that ran from September 2001 to May 2002 , beginning on 25 September 2001 . The opening title screen color was changed to orange .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb155e7c7fca45c93595ed997188530c", "text": "The Catherine Tate Show The Catherine Tate Show is a British television sketch comedy written by Catherine Tate and Aschlin Ditta . Tate also stars in all but one of the show 's sketches , which feature a wide range of characters . The Catherine Tate Show airs on BBC Two and is shown worldwide through the BBC . Collectively , the show has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , two British Comedy Awards and an Emmy Award , and it has won two Royal Television Society Awards , two British Comedy Awards and a National Television Award since its debut in 2004 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1a1ee370c901b1e97221c58509e53101", "text": "Commesse Commesse ( Orders ) is an Italian television comedy series directed by Giorgio Capitani and broadcast by Rai 1 between 1999 and 2002 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bca189a3bd5c1ab66e5514d4bceff64b", "text": "Mercy Point Mercy Point is an American science fiction medical drama , created by Trey Callaway , David Simkins , and Milo Frank , which originally aired for one season on United Paramount Network ( UPN ) from October 6 , 1998 , to July 15 , 1999 . With an ensemble cast led by : Joe Morton , Maria del Mar , Alexandra Wilson , Brian McNamara , Salli Richardson , Julia Pennington , Gay Thomas , Jordan Lund , and Joe Spano , the series takes place in a 23rd-century hospital space station located in deep space and revolves around its doctors and nurses . The series was produced by Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television ; the executive producers were Trey Callaway , Michael Katleman , Lee David Zlotoff , Joe Voci , and Scott Sanders . Callaway developed Mercy Point from Frank 's script , `` Nightingale One '' , as a concept for a feature film under the working title of the same name . Even though it was picked up by Mandalay Television , the concept was eventually revised as a television project and renamed Mercy Point due to the disappointing commercial performance of the 1997 film Starship Troopers . The show was part of a $ 3 million deal between Mandalay Television and Columbia TriStar Television to produce 200 hours of material . It was filmed in Vancouver to reduce production costs , with the hospital sets constructed on a series of sound stages . Director Joe Napolitano had praised the show for its use of a complete set to allow for more intricate directing . Despite being envisioned as a companion to Star Trek : Voyager , it was paired with Moesha and Clueless as its lead-in on Tuesday nights . Initially focused on ethical and medical cases , the show 's storylines gradually shifted toward relating the characters ' personal relationships to better fit UPN 's primarily teen demographic . Mercy Point was placed on hiatus after only two episodes were aired , and was replaced by the reality television series America 's Greatest Pets and the sitcom Reunited . The show suffered from low viewership , with an average of two million viewers . The final four episodes of the series were broadcast in two , two-hour blocks on Thursday nights in July 1999 . It was never released on DVD or Blu-ray . Critical response to Mercy Point was mixed ; some television critics praised its characterization and use of science-fiction elements , while others found it to be uninteresting and unoriginal . Several media commentators negatively compared the show to other television programs . Callaway has stated that he had the potential story arcs for the full first season already planned before the show 's cancellation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df31f8d1951afd099b5fb68bfcf624fe", "text": "The Late Show The Late Show may refer to : The Late Show is an umbrella title used by numerous local television stations in North America from the 1950s to the 1990s for their late night broadcasts of old movies Late Show ( CBS TV series ) , an American television talk show broadcast on CBS since 1993 , formerly hosted by David Letterman , and currently hosted by Stephen Colbert . Late Show with David Letterman ( 1993 -- 2015 ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2015 -- present ) The Late Show ( Australian TV series ) , the Australian comedy television show of 1992 -- 1993 The Late Show ( Fox TV series ) , ( 1986-1988 ) a late-night American talk show broadcast by the Fox Network starring Joan Rivers for its first seven months followed by Arsenio Hall in 1987 and then Ross Shafer in 1988 and guest hosts at various times . The Late Show a late night entertainment and talk show which currently airs in Scotland on STV Glasgow from 2015 The Late Show ( BBC TV series ) , a British arts series which aired from late 1989 to 1995 The Late Show ( CBC radio ) , a radio documentary program about obituaries The Late Show ( film ) , a film from 1977 written and directed by Robert Benton Late Show , a 1999 German film by director Helmut Dietl The Late Show ( album ) , a live album by jazz saxophonists Eddie `` Lockjaw '' Davis and Johnny Griffin recorded in 1961 The Late Show ( 1950s TV series ) , a 1957 -- 1959 Australian television variety series", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7c16dec8374aa0132aa85789a8a8cf1a", "text": "Enkeleitä ja pikkupiruja Enkeleitä ja pikkupiruja is a Finnish television series . It aired on Finnish TV in 1998 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d553cf865d8b60610dc38dd3cde82e5", "text": "Two Guys and a Girl (season 3) The third series of Two Guys and a Girl first aired on September 22 , 1999 and finished on April 26 , 2000 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f2635f18602e1b2398d927914ab8663b", "text": "The Jack Docherty Show The Jack Docherty Show was a nightly comedy chat show which aired on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999 . Presented by comedian Jack Docherty the programme was one of the first to air on the channel , doing so as part of its opening night schedule on 30 March 1997 . The show was recorded at London 's Whitehall Theatre during the early evening and would then be broadcast in a late-night slot . It featured a mixture of chat with celebrity guests , comedy , and music , and followed a similar format to shows such as NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman in the United States . Accompanying Docherty and guests was a house band , whose line-up changed from time to time . It was first briefly led by Pete Baikie , followed a few weeks later by Richard Allen . They named the studio band Pete Baikie and the Peetles and Richard Allen and the Allenoids respectively . In September 1997 a new house band , Blair , fronted by Blair MacKichan took over the role and remained until the house band was dispensed with some time in 1998 . MacKichan was better known for his appearance in the Oxo adverts during the 1980s , although he was also an accomplished musician . Docherty was frequently absent from the programme , usually during school holidays , and when this happened the show was retitled Not The Jack Docherty Show and would be presented by a stand-in . Guest presenters included Phill Jupitus , Graham Norton , Fred McAulay , Carol McGiffin , Melinda Messenger , Rich Hall and Tim Vine . Ironically the role of guest host helped to launch Graham Norton 's television career , and won him the award for best newcomer at the 1997 British Comedy Awards . Docherty -- who was also attending the ceremony -- had expected to win the award himself . Norton went on to front his own series on Channel 4 in 1998 titled So Graham Norton . Channel 5 had originally wanted to call the show The Docherty Will See You Now , and when first on air it was broadcast five nights a week . However , as the series progressed numbers of episodes were reduced as the channel moved away from its original `` stripped and stranded '' scheduling format , and , in the first instance , because Docherty had requested that he do fewer shows . From September 1997 it dropped to four nights a week when the Friday edition was withdrawn from the schedule , then three in March 1998 after Monday 's episode was also dropped . By September 1998 the series dropped to a Tuesday and Thursday airing , while the Wednesday slot was then taken up with the somewhat similar Melinda 's Big Night In , a chat show hosted by Melinda Messenger . One weekly episode of The Jack Docherty Show was aired during its last few months , before the final edition went out on 23 June 1999 . The decreasing number of weekly editions also had much to do with the show 's poor viewing figures . Often these would be higher when Docherty was absent , with model Melinda Messenger achieving higher viewing figures when she stood in for him . The show was also panned by critics , particularly when , in 1998 , Docherty decided not to renew his contract with Channel 5 when it expired at the end of that year . In November 1998 a television reviewer in The Independent observed : `` In effect , The Jack Docherty Show ( C5 , Tue and Thur ) is working out its notice . And boy , does it show . It 's as if Docherty is perfunctorily doing his job even as the removal men are dismantling the show and packing it off to the archive . The house band has gone , the flats of the set have been taken down , and the script has been stowed at the bottom of a cardboard box file . '' This sentiment was echoed in the 19 February 1999 edition of Private Eye , which claimed that Docherty had closed one episode with the words , `` In line with Channel 5 policy , it 's past eleven o'clock and time for some tatty pornography '' , and had then simulated fellatio on a pizza salesman . The scene was edited out before broadcast in what Private Eye suggested was a decision influenced by criticism of Channel 5 , which at the time included soft-core pornography in its schedule . In January 2010 , The Guardian '' 's Sam Leith wrote that The Jack Docherty Show '' had `` died a death '' , musing : `` I 'm not sure even Jack Docherty remembers it very well . '' In March 1999 , Docherty said of his departure that he felt the show had `` burned out '' and was running out of guests . In a 2008 interview he said the role of chat show host had not suited him , and that he had not enjoyed it . `` You would be talking to people about what they were doing , and you actually wanted to be doing it yourself . '' However , the programme is notable for featuring some of the first television work of writers Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley , Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain , and writer/performers David Mitchell and Robert Webb , all of whom have gone on to have successful comedy careers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "65bc91ce346532be15e40f53fd834f8a", "text": "List of The Norm Show episodes The Norm Show is an American sitcom that aired on ABC . The series premiered at midseason in 1999 , on March 24 , and ran for three seasons , airing new episodes through April 6 , 2001 . While titled The Norm Show during the show 's first season , a legal conflict with Michael Jantze 's comic strip The Norm forced the show 's title to be shortened to simply Norm for the series ' second and third seasons .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "473619212db270598604f1ef0ee64d61", "text": "List of Less Than Perfect episodes Less Than Perfect is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from October 1 , 2002 , to June 6 , 2006 . The show was about a young female office employee ( played by Sara Rue ) and her co-workers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6ba2de433aee3080b7aa630d81abfa10", "text": "Amanda Swisten Amanda Swisten ( born December 20 , 1978 ) is an American model and actress who has appeared in various films and TV shows . Swisten was born in New York City , New York . Her first credited appearance was in the film American Wedding in 2003 while playing Fraulein Brandi . After which she appeared in films such as The Last Run ( 2004 ) , The Girl Next Door ( 2004 ) , and Freezer Burn ( 2005 ) . She has had guest appearances on TV series such as I 'm with Her , Two and a Half Men , Quintuplets , and Joey . She has also appeared in a music video for William Hung 's She Bangs as the artist 's `` new girlfriend '' .", "title": "" } ]	fever
caedc469f8b80675a3df20542976cb72	Louis Tomlinson appeared in a TV drama.	[ { "docid": "7d0a58df0f1daeac1cf7a1e7f92d9d9d", "text": "If I Had You (TV drama) If I Had You is a one-off British television crime drama , starring Sarah Parish , Poppy Miller , and Paul McGann . Parish stars as police detective Sharon Myers , who moves from the big city back to her small hometown to investigate a murder . If I Had You was first broadcast on May 7 , 2006 on ITV . It was also broadcast in the United States on BBC America on July 25 , 2006 . Future member of One Direction , Louis Tomlinson , makes a blink-and-you 'll - miss-it cameo appearance as a member of a group of boys who discover a body in the river .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dad7e2f6d3b57990b06d256919ec6ff1", "text": "Fat Friends Fat Friends is a British drama that aired on ITV from 12 October , 2000 to 24 March , 2005 , consisting of 25 episodes over four seasons . Set in Leeds , the series explores the lives of several slimming club members , with a focus on the various ways their weight has impacted them . The series was created by Kay Mellor and made by Rollem Productions in association with Tiger Aspect Productions and Yorkshire Television . Four of the cast -- Ruth Jones , James Corden , Sheridan Smith and Alison Steadman -- went on to appear in the sitcom Gavin & Stacey .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "38e7d150e94e5ea9d7b59d494efb44d5", "text": "ITV (TV network) ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom . Launched in 1955 as Independent Television under the auspices of the Independent Television Authority ( ITA , then after the Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 , Independent Broadcasting Authority , now Ofcom ) to provide competition to the long established BBC , it is also the oldest commercial network in the UK . Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3 , to distinguish it from the other analogue channels at the time , namely BBC 1 , BBC 2 and Channel 4 . In part , the number 3 was assigned as television sets would usually be tuned so that the regional ITV station would be on the third button , with the other stations being allocated to the number within their name . ITV is a network of television channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network . In recent years , several of these companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies . The ITV network is to be distinguished from ITV plc , the company that resulted from the merger of Granada plc and Carlton Communications in 2004 and which holds the Channel 3 broadcasting licences in England , Wales , southern Scotland , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands and Northern Ireland . With the exception of Northern Ireland , the ITV brand is the brand used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas . In Northern Ireland , ITV plc uses the brand name UTV . STV Group plc , uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c6957ccd64aca66c09d76a2e371d0e7", "text": "Louis Tomlinson Louis William Tomlinson ( born Louis Troy Austin ; 24 December 1991 ) is an English singer-songwriter and actor . He is known as a member of the pop boy band One Direction . Tomlinson began his career as an actor , initially appearing in ITV drama Fat Friends as an extra . He also went on to appear in another ITV drama film If I Had You and the BBC drama Waterloo Road . In 2010 , he became a founding member of One Direction after auditioning as a solo artist on The X Factor . Following the band 's hiatus , Tomlinson released the single `` Just Hold On '' with Steve Aoki in December 2016 . In 2013 , he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis . The same year he also formed his own record label , Triple Strings Ltd. . He appeared on Debrett 's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "8d80d531918091156a524af1d5f0cda6", "text": "Skins (series 5) Skins is a British teen drama created by father-and-son television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain for Company Pictures . The fifth series began airing on E4 on 27 January 2011 and ended on 17 March 2011 . This series sees the introduction of a new cast ; it follows the lives of the third generation of characters , which consists of Franky Fitzgerald , Rich Hardbeck , Grace Blood , Mini McGuinness , Liv Malone , Alo Creevey , and brothers Nick and Matty Levan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cda778ec04565f68e3235af44af07a6d", "text": "My Brother Tom My Brother Tom is an Australian mini series about sectarianism in a small country town .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "396f0bf1779e772cf737a8f6abef93fc", "text": "Plebs (TV series) Plebs is a British television series broadcast on ITV2 . It was first broadcast in March 2013 , and is produced by Tom Basden , Caroline Leddy , Sam Leifer and Teddy Leifer . It stars Joel Fry , Tom Rosenthal and Ryan Sampson , who play young residents of ancient Rome . The format has been compared to The Inbetweeners , Up Pompeii and Blackadder . The first two episodes were shown on 25 March 2013 . A second series of eight episodes was broadcast between 22 September and 3 November 2014 . A third series of eight episodes was broadcast between 4 April and 16 May 2016 . The style is contemporary and anachronistically uses modern language especially by the character Stylax . The series uses predominantly ska/rocksteady music during all the opening and closing titles and during each episode as background music .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3c68c8e51db4e7766895d54c735b1e58", "text": "Hollyoaks: In the City Hollyoaks : In the City was a British television drama series set in Liverpool and first broadcast in 2006 . Hollyoaks : In the City was a spin-off of Channel 4 soap opera , Hollyoaks , originally devised by Phil Redmond . It also served as a continuation to 2005 's Hollyoaks : Let Loose , which also starred Gemma Atkinson and Marcus Patric . On 16 November 2006 the writer of the show , Daran Little , announced on his Myspace site that the series had not been recommissioned due to low audience figures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bb649781b74ee5387dc44ba7e6cbbd26", "text": "Truckers (2013 TV series) Truckers is a British drama television series that first broadcast on BBC One on 10 October 2013 . The series is about Britain through the lives of truck drivers working in Nottingham .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "77f7a5b82f563a7af58b0c5cbd6b94cb", "text": "Pathfinders (TV series) Pathfinders ( 1972 -- 73 ) is a ITV drama set in the Second World War , telling the story of the fictitious Royal Air Force 192 Pathfinder squadron . The Pathfinders were specialised RAF squadrons that marked targets for the RAF 's heavy bombers . The series used radio controlled Avro Lancaster models for the flying scenes . The technical adviser for the series was Group Captain Hamish Mahaddie . The music was by Malcolm Lockyer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97ae0c380ab2b747d64f62846aef164d", "text": "As I Was Saying As I Was Saying is a British television drama which aired in 1955 on the BBC . Of the six episodes produced , only three survive .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfd5b3bd2efbf8664f9e538939814578", "text": "Hustle (TV series) Hustle is a British television drama series made by Kudos Film and Television and broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom . Created by Tony Jordan and first broadcast in 2004 , the series follows a group of con artists who specialise in `` long cons '' -- extended deceptions which require greater commitment , but which return a higher reward than simple confidence tricks . The eighth and last series ended on 17 February 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b6e0ac000c877218cfecc7a4289725a4", "text": "Skins (series 1) Skins is a British teen drama created by father-and-son television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain for Company Pictures . The first series began airing on E4 on 25 January 2007 and ended on 22 March 2007 . This series follows the lives of sixth form students Tony Stonem , Michelle Richardson , Sid Jenkins , Cassie Ainsworth , Chris Miles , Jal Fazer , Maxxie Oliver and Anwar Kharral .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a39bc6b265c8100112524f8b0eb0f74", "text": "The Thirteenth Tale (film) The Thirteenth Tale is a British drama television film that first broadcast on BBC Two on 30 December 2013 . It is an adaptation of Diane Setterfield 's gothic novel The Thirteenth Tale .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "348fa6460571b0bb95b54f07e4b1365b", "text": "Lost Empires Lost Empires is a 1986 television adaptation of J. B. Priestley 's novel of the same name , and starred Colin Firth , John Castle and Laurence Olivier . Produced by Granada Television , it was shown as a serial , and premiered on the UK 's ITV network in October and November 1986 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08a1aebfcbe44a4f22b4708086ea1d79", "text": "Alan Halsall Alan David Halsall ( born 11 August 1982 ) is an English actor known for playing Tyrone Dobbs in Coronation Street , a role which he has played since 1998 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed9c1c52f2109fd539bb794032ac3702", "text": "King of the Ghetto King of the Ghetto is a 1986 British four-part television drama miniseries which was aired on BBC Two , it was directed and written by Farrukh Dhondy , and stars Tim Roth . The drama is about racial tensions in London 's east end in the 1980s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b1d237c616e32ce34ab306ac0060fe0", "text": "LouisLouise LouisLouise is a Flemish soap opera based on the Argentine success Lalola format and has been broadcast since 24 September 2008 on vtm . It is the successor of the series Sara .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "29bbbe05f56179be63676836a621696a", "text": "Youngers Youngers is a British comedy drama series created by Benjamin Kuffuor and Levi David Addai . It began airing on E4 on 20 March 2013 . It is produced by Big Talk Productions . The series has been picked up for international distribution by BBC Worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7581c395f53750ff9b1da63fc1395d9f", "text": "Gerald Rawlinson Gerald Rawlinson ( 1904 -- 1975 ) was a British actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c8c0975072dfbf820079bd8c10201418", "text": "The Practice (1985 TV series) The Practice was a 1985 British television soap opera produced for ITV by Granada Television , which aired for two series in 1985 and 1986 . The series was first introduced as a twice-weekly medical drama in January 1985 , becoming Granada 's second regular networked soap opera along with Coronation Street , with the idea being that its hard-hitting storylines would be a competitor with the BBC 's EastEnders which started airing the following month . The Practice was set in a GP 's surgery in the fictional Manchester suburb of Castlehulme and had an initial run of 34 episodes airing for 30 minutes in an early evening slot on Friday and Sunday evenings throughout the Winter and Spring of 1985 . However , the series did not perform as well as had been hoped and it disappeared from screens in May 1985 . It returned for a second run of 13 one-hour episodes between May and August 1986 , this time airing in a 9pm slot on Friday evenings . After series two ended no further episodes were made .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8682025f2293a3b5dcba8f6d3f1f3085", "text": "Drama (UK TV series) Drama is a one-hour UK television anthology series produced by Open City Productions . It consists of seven episodes of abridged productions of classic plays that were aired on the British Broadcasting Company in 1977 . Episode titles are Oedipus Tyrannus , MacBeth , Medieval Mystery Plays , The Venetian Twins , The Way of the World , The Wild Duck , and Six Characters in Search of an Author . Actors included Patrick Stewart , Leo McKern , and Nigel Stock .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2110825d0afd99f9bb63194ad4ae05cc", "text": "Sparkhouse Sparkhouse is a BBC drama , originally shown on BBC One from 1 to 8 September 2002 . Written by Sally Wainwright , it is a modern take on Wuthering Heights .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3f3e5ac1e389e3e5ab61d368529ca84b", "text": "Stephen Tomlinson Sir Stephen Miles Tomlinson PC ( b. 29 March 1952 ) is a member of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales .", "title": "" } ]	fever
7599c8ff66b96b95ecb8fce1623d3e4d	Kalpana Raghavendar is an artist.	[ { "docid": "7e0ff4dfad5ccbd33de2402a434b720e", "text": "Kalpana Raghavendar Kalpana Raghavendar is an Indian playback singer , dubbing voice-actor , songwriter and actor . She started her career as a playback singer at the age of five , and as of 2013 had recorded 1,500 tracks and performed in 3,000 shows in India and abroad . In 2010 she was the winner of the south Indian singing show Star Singer season 5 , conducted by the Malayalam TV channel Asianet .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "15de4fea6d1defb9167a6e11108320bb", "text": "Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema . In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe . The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt . The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity . The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d81c724cb9bf9628cce016fe7bc5531a", "text": "No Colour Bar No Colour Bar : Black British Art in Action 1960 -- 1990 is a major public art and archives exhibition , the first of its kind in the UK , held at the Guildhall Art Gallery , City of London , over a six-month period ( 10 July 2015 -- 24 January 2016 ) , with a future digital touring exhibition , and an associated programme of events . No Colour Bar took its impetus from the life work and archives of Jessica Huntley ( 23 February 1927 -- 13 October 2013 ) and Eric Huntley ( born 25 September 1929 ) , Guyanese-born campaigners , political activists and publishers , who founded the publishing company Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications and the associated Walter Rodney Bookshop . Comprising contemporary fine art combined with archive materials , the multi-media exhibition features the work of seminal Black British artists and historically significant activists , and was described by Colin Prescod ( chair of the Institute of Race Relations ) as an `` exposition of startling and radical imaginative works , addressing grand British cultural and historical matters , and touching on themes of existential and social restlessness '' . Participants in the Caribbean Artists Movement , such as Winston Branch , Aubrey Williams , Ronald Moody and Errol Lloyd , are featured together with other prominent artists , including Eddie Chambers , Sonia Boyce , Sokari Douglas Camp , Denzil Forrester and Chila Kumari Burman , with works on display across all media : painting sculpture , painting , drawing , illustration , photography and film . In conjunction with the art and archives , panels and talks led by the exhibition curators , Makeda Coaston and Katty Pearce , and featuring individual artists , writers and publishers , including Eddie Chambers , Errol Lloyd , Denzil Forrester , Fowokan , Donald Hinds , Kadija George , Dorothea Smartt , Arif Ali , Sarah White , as well as Eric Huntley himself , were programmed . Within the exhibition is a purpose-built interactive installation by Michael McMillan , in conjunction with sound and visual specialists Dubmorphology , that recreates the famed Walter Rodney Bookshop , which was formerly located in West Ealing , functioning as a cultural hub of the community until it closed at the beginning of the 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f654855fa507eacce8e04a7684c5129e", "text": "Kalpadukal Kalpadukal ( കാൽപ പാടുകൾ , Footprints ) is a 1962 Malayalam language film directed by K. S. Antony and starring Prem Nazir in the lead role . The film received a certificate of merit at the National Film Awards . Renowned playback singer K. J. Yesudas sang his first song for this film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "61a08c4917a4e8ac7785987ca1c64cc2", "text": "Chandamama Artist Shankar Karatholuvu Chandrasekaran Sivasankaran ( also known as KC Sivasankaran , Artist Sankar ) , ( born 19 July 1924 ) is an Indian artist who primarily contributed to the Indian Language magazine , Chandamama ( also known as Ambulimama ) . Sankar is the artist behind the signature painting of the Vikram and Vetala series , featured in Chandamama . He is the only surviving member of the original Chandamama design team . The iconic painting , along with his trade-mark signature that he is now recognized by , was drawn in the 1960s . It is one of the thousands he has created for Chandamama . For decades , its illustrators defined the looks of the magazine . They used line drawings with style influenced by Indian , Oriental , Middle eastern and European artistic traditions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9387ed69651bc9b9968bbae2feceefb7", "text": "Samaleswari Temple Samaleswari Temple is a Hindu temple in Sambalpur , Western Odisha , India dedicated to the goddess known as ` Maa ' , also known among the natives as samalei maa , meaning Mother Samaleswari . Shree Shree Samaleswari , the presiding deity of Sambalpur , is a strong religious force in western part of Odisha and Chhattisgarh state of India . On the bank of the river Mahanadi the mother goddess Samaleswari is worshipped from ancient times as Jagatjanani , Adishakti , Mahalaxmi and Mahasaraswati . The region in which the temple is situated has a rich cultural heritage . Sambalpur region is popularly known as Hirakhanda from ancient times . Ptolemy has described the place as Sambalak , according to Tavernir , the French traveller , and Edward Gibbon , the English historian , diamonds were exported to Rome from Sambalpur . The temple is of Sandhara order . It is built of a kind of stone durable as granite , cemented with lime mortar , the whole building is plastered , but in the course of time the surface has become mouldy . The temple comprises two separate structures . The square sanctum sanctorum enshrining the deity is four step below the 10 ft covered circumambulation , which is supported by 12 stone pillars . Eleven parswa devis ( side Goddess ) , are embedded on the outer wall of the sanctum , so that the devotees can worship those deities during parikarma through the vaulted circumambulation . The Idol of Shree Shree Samalai Devi consists of a large block of Granite rock with an inverted , trunk like projection at the bottom . A shallow cut on her `` Baraha '' like face symbolises her mouth . Traditional Sambalpuri nose ornament of pure gold hangs down from her imaginary nose Beaten gold leave fixed on two disproportionate golden eye like depression on the face acts as substitute for her eyes in an attempt to define the face of the mother deity on a mass of self shaped rock , the devi 's idol inspires sublime sentiments of awe , fear , reverence , devotion , love and affection towards all-pervading motherhood . She is worshiped with a great care and devotion by the natives in her temple , famously known as the samaleswari temple . Among the varieties of festivals observed before the goddess throughout the year three festivals are observed prominently . The first two are navaratra puja during the months of March and April and during the months of September and October . Among these two navaratra pujas ( nine days continuous worship of the goddess ) the second one is observed with a great splendour and devotion . The third festival which is said to be the chief festival of the whole western Orissa ( sambalpur ) region is nuakhai . In this festival the farmers offer the first produce from their lands to the goddess before using it for his personal use .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "040bb783a73af0f86bbc7f5c8b6c9bf3", "text": "Barapali Barpali a small town , a Notified Area Council ( NAC ) and a block ( Tehsil ) within the Bargarh district in the state of Odisha , India . This town has its own significance in the state of Odisha and its culture and arts with respect to the great Odia Poet Gangadhar Meher , who was born here in 1862 AD . Known for his tremendous contribution to the Odia literature in the form of numerous magnificent poetic-collections ( Kavyavali ) mostly through his unique touch of devotional , mythological and vastly nature-connecting narratives . Some of his great Poetry works were : Tapaswini , Pranaya-Ballari , Kichaka-Vadha , Indumati , Rasa-Ratnakara , Balaram-Dev , Ayodhya Drusya , Padmini etc. , which have been critically acclaimed by literature scholars across the globe . Aptly , he was known as the Swabhaba Kavi of the Odia literature amongst his contemporaries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f59ba11e3c936efa665d5225ccdf7648", "text": "National Book Trust National Book Trust ( NBT ) is an Indian publishing house , founded in 1957 as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Education of the Government of India . NBT now functions under aegis of Ministry of Human Resource Development , Govt . of India India 's first Prime Minister Pt . Jawaharlal Nehru envisioned that NBT would be a bureaucracy-free structure that would publish low-cost books . They publish a monthly Newsletter about recent publications . The activities of the Trust include publishing , promotion of books and reading , promotion of Indian books abroad , assistance to authors and publishers , and promotion of children 's literature . NBT publishes reading material in several Indian languages for all age-groups , including books for children and neo-literates . NBT 's children 's books are known for their illustrations , by illustrators such as Pulak Biswas , Jagdish Joshi , Mrinal Mitra , Subir Roy , Atanu Roy , Manjula Padmanabhan , Mickey Patel and Suddhasattwa Basu . Painters Jatin Das and Krishen Khanna have also illustrated books for the Trust .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f9e3c1871c9b2d037af85fa45ed8c5d6", "text": "Gurcharan Singh (painter) Gurcharan Singh is an Indian painter , known for his figurative paintings . He was born in 1949 at Patiala , in the Indian state of Punjab and studied at Government College of Arts and Crafts , Chandigarh . He has had several and group exhibitions in India and abroad and his works were exhibited at the International Biennale in Tokyo in 1984 , at the Contemporary Art Show in Seoul in 1986 and the Festival of Contemporary Art in London in 1988 . The Lalit Kala Akademi , New Delhi , National Gallery of Modern Art , New Delhi and India House , Paris have his on display at their premises . His signature paintings are based on the people from financially compromised classes ; The Red Light in Black and White and Les Miserables are two of his notable works . The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian award of the Padma Shri , in 1991 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "559e11ef8023058a780246fbaff4ccfa", "text": "P K Sadanandan P K Sadanandan is a mural painter and cartoonist from Kerala state , India .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be5ac1153451460f57677e629c0ee3f4", "text": "Cinema of Sri Lanka Sri Lankan cinema encompasses the films made in Sri Lanka . It is a fledgling industry that has struggled to find a footing since its inauguration in 1947 with Kadawunu Poronduwa produced by S.M. Nayagam of Chitra Kala Movietone . Sri Lankan films are usually made in the Sinhalese language , the language of the majority Sinhala people . In the first nine years most films were made in South India and followed the conventions of Indian cinema . Studio shooting was the norm , with Indian style sets erected in film studios . Even though it is popularly held that Rekava , made in 1956 by pioneer director Lester James Peries , was the first Sinhala film to be shot completely out of studio , it was really the film `` Gambada Sundari '' , made in 1950 which was the first film shot outside studios . It was also the first Sri Lankan film where , like in `` Rekawa '' , the dialog was recorded on the spot . This was because the film was shot on 16mm , using an Auricon sound-on-film camera which recorded the sound on the 16mm film optically , unlike in the case of where the sound was recorded on a Kinevox 35mm magnetic recorder . The film was later ` blown-up ' to 35mm and was screened in Colombo in 1950 . Though `` Rekawa '' was acclaimed by local and international critics , the film failed to find an audience in the country and was a box office failure . Films continued to follow formulaic storylines borrowed from India up through the early 1960s despite such efforts as Sandesaya and Kurulu Bedda . In 1964 , Lester James Peries again contributed to the development of Sri Lankan cinema with Gamperaliya which was the first Sinhala film to feature no songs and like Rekava shot completely outside the studio . It garnered massive praise for portraying Sinhala culture in a realistic manner and was hailed by critics and audiences alike . The producer Anton Wicremasinghe was awarded the Silver Peacock at the New Delhi International Film Festival for Gamperaliya . Following this breakthrough , several artistic Sinhala films were made in the late-1960s including Sath Samudura by professor Siri Gunasinghe , ably supported by exquisite cinematography by Dr.D.B . Nihalsinghe . During the 1970s several talents came to the forefront while commercial cinema continued to steal storylines and plots from Indian films . These include Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha with `` Weilkatara '' - Sri Lanka 's first film in Cinemascope ratio wide screen in 1972 ; Vasantha Obeysekera who followed up his well-received debut Ves Gatho with a slew of successful films culminating with Palangetiyo in 1979 . Another major director who stepped forward during this time is Dharmasena Pathiraja who examined the tensions of city youth in such works as Bambaru Awith and Ahas Gauwa . Artist and poet Mahagama Sekera 's sole film Thun Man Handiya is also an important film in Sri Lankan cinema released in 1970 . Sumitra Peries , the wife of Lester James Peries , also struck out during the 1970s with work that looked at the conflicting roles of women in society . Her work include Gehenu Lamai and Ganga Addara . Over the next few decades , artists such as Tissa Abeysekara , Dr. D.B. Nihalsingha , Udayakantha Warnasooriya , H.D.Premaratne , Ashoka Handagama , Prasanna Vithanage and Vimukthi Jayasundara have attempted to breathe new life into the industry . Nihalsingha was an accomplished cinematographer as well as an editor : so his films has an input which was special and brought a viewpoint to all his films , most of which focused on the exploited women . Vithanage 's film Purahanda Kaluwara is widely considered one of the best movies made in Sri Lanka as is Jayasundara 's Sulanga Enu Pinisa which won the coveted Camera d'Or for best first film at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival . During Sri Lankan Civil War several films have begun to tackle gritty subjects such as family relationships , abortion and results of the conflict between the military and Tamil Tiger rebels in the north . Director Asoka Handagama especially has drawn criticism for pursuing such material in his work . In the recent years high budget films like Aloko Udapadi , Aba ( film ) and Maharaja Gemunu based on Sinhalese epic historical stories gain huge success .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7adb297bafb8d3b938dde59cbaf68bb5", "text": "Erra Cinema Erra Cinema ( Telugu : ఎర్ర ) refers to a collection of films in Telugu attributed to various left oriented political ideologies . Although it can not be understood as a genre , it owes its nomenclature to the popular coinage and reference . The Communist parties in Andhra Pradesh are popularly referred to as the ` Erra partilu ' ( Red Parties ) or ` Erra jenda partilu ' ( Red Flag Parties ) . This reference is extended to films which portray the struggles of the oppressed and the downtrodden often banded under the aegis of a ` Red flag ' party . Significant here is the ambiguity in the affiliation to the ideologies of specific political parties who commonly use red flags as symbols . This cinema is not always of an art-house variety . As with other cinemas in India , Telugu cinema attracted the cultural workers of the left and the left leaning intellectuals . Erra Cinema regularly uses their literature and particularly songs penned or performed by them . Due to the portrayal of the triumph of the proletarian collective over the hegemonic order these films are considered to be anti-establishment . This view may have strengthened with the portrayal of Naxalites or Maoists in these films . These films are also referred to as Naxalite films . K. B. Tilak , Dhavala Satyam , Vejjella Satyanarayana , Madala Rangarao , R. Narayana Murthy , Dasari Narayana Rao , N. Shankar are some of the directors who have produced films categorised under Erra Cinema .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e085c0835295b9d48a46345df7de559f", "text": "National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer The National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer is an honour presented annually at the National Film Awards of India since 1968 to a female playback singer for the best renditions of songs from soundtracks within the Indian film industry . Throughout the years , accounting for ties and repeat winners , the Government of India has presented a total of 45 Best Female Playback Singer awards to 23 different female playback singers . Until 1974 , winners of the National Film Award received a commemorative plaque and certificate ; since 1975 , they have been awarded with a `` Rajat Kamal '' ( silver lotus ) , certificate and a cash prize that amounted to in 2013 . The first recipient was P. Susheela , who was honoured at the 16th National Film Award ( 1968 ) for her renditions from the Tamil film Uyarntha Manithan . The singer who won the most number of Rajat Kamal awards is K. S. Chithra with six wins , followed by P. Susheela with five . As of 2013 , two singers -- S. Janaki and Shreya Ghoshal -- have won the award four times , and two -- Lata Mangeshkar and Vani Jairam -- have won it thrice . The award has been won twice by Asha Bhosle , Alka Yagnik and Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar . S. Janaki , K. S. Chithra , and Shreya Ghoshal have won the award for their renditions in three different languages . Shreya Ghoshal is the sole recipient of the award for two different songs in the same year in two different languages . Uthara Unnikrishnan is the youngest winner , picking up the award at the age of 10 for the rendition of a song from the Tamil film Saivam ( 2014 ) . No award was given for this category in 1973 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aa5c7610878d407f254023d19b24af8e", "text": "Ranganatha ramayan Sri Ranganatha Ramayanam is one of the most famous adaptions of the Valmiki Ramayana in Telugu , a Dravidian language spoken by the people of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . Telugu has a very rich literary tradition , starting in the 11th century A.D. Although there are more than forty adaptions of the Valmiki Ramayana which are partly or completely in Telugu , only four adaptions have covered the entire theme of the original epic . They are Ranganatha Ramayana , Bhaskar Ramayana , Molla Ramayana , and Ramayana Kalpavriksham . Ranganatha Ramayana was written by the poet Ranganatha -- also known as Gona Budda Reddy -- between 1300 and 1310 A.D. . This Ramayana was composed in 17,290 couplets ( in Dwipada metre ) . This meter is lyrical and can either be recited like the Valmiki Ramayana ( written in Anustupa metre ) or sung like the Ramcharitmanas ( written in Doha-Chaupai ) . It is quite popular with both scholars and illiterates .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68f35ad0fed0ff5832a1f48a92d21cc9", "text": "Girish Karnad Girish Raghunath Karnad ( born 19 May 1938 ) is an Indian actor , film director , writer playwright and a Rhodes Scholar , who predominantly works in South Indian cinema and Bollywood . his rise as a playwright in 1960s , marked the coming of age of modern Indian playwriting in Kannada , just as Badal Sarkar did in Bengali , Vijay Tendulkar in Marathi , and Mohan Rakesh in Hindi . He is a recipient of the 1998 Jnanpith Award , the highest literary honour conferred in India . For four decades Karnad has been composing plays , often using history and mythology to tackle contemporary issues . He has translated his plays into English and has received acclaim . His plays have been translated into some Indian languages and directed by directors like Ebrahim Alkazi , B. V. Karanth , Alyque Padamsee , Prasanna , Arvind Gaur , Satyadev Dubey , Vijaya Mehta , Shyamanand Jalan , Amal Allana and Zafer Mohiuddin . He is active in the world of Indian cinema working as an actor , director , and screenwriter , in Hindi and Kannada cinema , earning awards along the way . He was conferred Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan by the Government of India and won four Filmfare Awards , of which three are Filmfare Award for Best Director -- Kannada and the fourth a Filmfare Best Screenplay Award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d64bce7bc13c9e2e9751c3e9f8264c2", "text": "Kalpana Iyer Kalpana Iyer ( born c. 1955 ) is a former Miss India and Bollywood actress , well known as a famous vamp of the 1980s and 1990s . Having appeared in a number of films featuring dance sequences ( item numbers ) , she has somewhat reduced in appearance with a brief hiatus in Indian Television . She is currently a restaurateur based in Dubai , UAE .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d89e662fcc6d9f9f43312feb61815552", "text": "Ravi Kalpana Ravi Venkateswarlu Kalpana ( born May 5 , 1996 in Krishna , Andhra Pradesh ) is an Indian cricketer . She started her national-level career as a wicket-keeper and right hand batsman in the India women 's national cricket team .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4859155046113c55df76c3cd15ec64c4", "text": "Ideachi Kalpana Ideachi Kalpana is a Marathi film released on 31 December 2010 . Produced and directed by Sachin Pilgaonkar . The movie is a laughter riot revolving around a lie , a lawyer who begins the lie and a whole bunch of people who wants answers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca69a53d51a958d3b4fdfb02b38e9e03", "text": "Kaurab Kaurab is a Bengali language literary magazine representing innovative , alternative , non-mainstream and experimental genres of Indian literature with an emphasis on poetry and poetics . In vogue for more than three decades , Kaurab continuously streams alternative genres of literature and has published scores of innovative Bengali writers . While some of them are deemed legendary and have been evaluated as literary myths , what keeps the wheel churning at Kaurab today is a whole new generation of creative writing . The Kaurab literary movement never owned an official manifesto . However , like any other literary upsurge , the emergence of the core group was largely necessitated by social and literary developments in India a quarter century after independence from British colonial rule . The core Kaurab poets and writers represent an interesting break with earlier traditions . Mainstream Bangla literature , back then , was in the thrall of the social , political and cultural upheavals precipitated by the Naxalite movement . While Kaurab , as a literary group , had a camaraderie with the Hungry Generation and other writers of Bengal , it largely attempted to accentuate a fresh and marginal voice that was unheard in Bangla literature . In contrast to the previous literary movements and coteries of the 1960s , Kaurab writers demonstrated greater variety and individuality , a complete nonchalance to existing literary stereotypes , political aloofness , a deep desire to reconnect with the sub-altern , language experiments involving the inner diaspora and a certain high-dreaming flamboyance which little magazines normally undervalue . A lot of these values can be directly attributed to Kaurab 's founder editor Kamal Chakrabarty and fellow poets - Swadesh Sen , Sidhartha Basu , Barin Ghosal , Debajyoti Dutta , Shankar Lahiri , Aryanil Mukhopadhyay & others . The Kaurab Magazine ( Kaurab Patrikaa ) has been in print since 1970 . In 1982 it won the D. K. Gupta award as the most distinguished Bengali literary magazine . Kaurab 's online version , Kaurab Online , is an electronic webzine of poetry and poetics , and houses an international translation and poetry book review archive . The webzine began in 1998 , initially as a member site , moving on to becoming an independent dot com site in 2003 . The publication of Kaurab 's 100th print issue was celebrated in the Indian Museum on 5 December 2004 with a poetry festival . Since then the magazine has been edited by its online editor Aryanil Mukhopadhyay supported by Kaurab 's second generation writers Sabyasachi Sanyal , Sudeshna Majumdar and Subhro Bandopadhyay . In 2007 , the new editorial team and its group of poets/writers around the world took the magazine to an unprecedented height by launching an International Poetry Reading/Discussion Series conducted over three continents in three languages - Bengali , English and Spanish . Poets from India , England , Spain , Chile and the US have participated in these events . The print magazine is currently bi-annual , while the webzine version is tri-annual .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "44c25abf30755e45f92f58c4668e60fa", "text": "Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao ( 1903 -- 1964 ) was a representative of the first generation of music directors in Indian cinema . He is also known as Gali Penchalaiah . He has debuted with the Telugu version of Seetha Kalyanam in 1934 . Sri Krishna Leelalu ( 1935 ) was his another musical hit film . It was starring Saluri Rajeswara Rao as Bala Krishna , who later became the most successful Music directors of South Indian cinema . Sashirekha Parinayam , also known as Maya Bazaar was his next film . Vivaha Bhojanambu song in 1957 version Mayabazar is originally tuned by him for this 1936 film . Pendyala Nageswara Rao has worked as Hormonist for Mayalokam in 1945 . His music has contributed to the success of Balaraju ( 1948 ) . The songs Cheliya Kanarava by Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao and Evarine Nenevarine by S. Varalakshmi are melodies attracted many those days . His most successful film was also his last film Sri Seetha Rama Kalyanam ( 1961 ) by N.A.T. Pictures . The songs tuned for the marriage of Sri Rama and Seetha are very often played during the many marriages of Telugu people . Seetharamula Kalyanam Chootamu Raarandi song really shows the beauty of lyrics and melodious tune . He wrote and published two music books viz. , `` GANAKALA '' and `` GANAVARIDHI '' . He also composed 300 Tanavarnas with full notations ( swaras ) and 1000 keerthanas in Telugu . They are in different ragas , different talas and rare ragas also . He created many new ragas and composed varnams and keerthanas in them . This book namely `` THANA VARNA SUDHANIDHI '' alias `` SANGITHAKALANIDHI '' is yet to be published by his son .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2e3ac815fdf1fa0f58cc9dad7e99cfcc", "text": "Jakanachari Award The Jakanachari Award is a state award of Karnataka conferred on talented sculptors and craftsmen from the state . These awards are given away every year by the government of Karnataka to celebrate the contributions of the legendary sculptor Amarashilpi Jakanachari .", "title": "" } ]	fever
88829301ee2f8523ad714b64f3b59cee	Chris Froome rides under a British license.	[ { "docid": "c2ee31c3e18806599a8e4b5e44765b7c", "text": "Chris Froome Christopher Clive Froome , ( born 20 May 1985 ) is a British professional road racing cyclist for UCI ProTeam , who competed for Kenya until 2008 . A three-time winner of the Tour de France , and three-time runner-up in the Vuelta a España , he is seen as one of the most successful stage-racing riders of the recent era . Froome , who was brought up in Kenya and South Africa , has ridden under a British licence since 2008 on the basis that both his parents are British . In 2007 , at the age of 22 , Froome turned professional with Team Konica Minolta . He moved to Europe to further his career , joining team . In 2010 , he moved to and has become one of the team 's key cyclists . Froome made his breakthrough as a Grand Tour contender during the 2011 Vuelta a España where he finished second overall . At the 2012 Tour de France , riding as a super-domestique for Bradley Wiggins , Froome won stage seven and finished second overall , behind only Wiggins in the same race as the best British performance in the race 's history . In the same year , he also won the bronze medal in the time trial event at the Olympic Games and finished fourth in the Vuelta a España . His first multi-stage race win came in 2013 , in the Tour of Oman , followed by wins in the Critérium International , the Tour de Romandie , the Critérium du Dauphiné , and the Tour de France . As a defending champion , he began 2014 by again winning the Tour of Oman , followed by a repeat victory in the Tour de Romandie . After retiring from the 2014 Tour de France , he came back to place second in the Vuelta a España . In 2015 , he won his second Critérium du Dauphiné and his second Tour de France . In 2016 , he won a third Tour title , and became the first man since Miguel Indurain in 1995 to defend his title .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e89714f437f84573c909cc049c29b32b", "text": "Six-day racing A six or six-day is a track cycling race that lasts six days . Six-day races started in Britain , spread to many regions of the world , were brought to their modern style in the United States and are now mainly a European event . Initially , individuals competed alone , the winner being the individual who completed the most laps . However , the format was changed to allow teams ( usually of two riders each ) , one rider racing while the other rested . The 24-hours a day regime has also been relaxed , so that most six-day races involve six nights of racing , typically from 6pm to 2am , on indoor tracks ( velodromes ) . The overall winner is the team which completes most laps . In the event of teams completing the same number of laps , the winner is the team with most points won in intermediate competitions ( see points race ) . As well as the ` chase ' to gain laps over competitors , a typical six-day programme will include time trials , motor-paced , intermediate sprint and elimination races . In the main ` chase ' or madison events ( so-called after Madison Square Garden in New York City where the two-man format was devised ) , both riders may be on the track at the same time , taking it in turns to race , hand-slinging each other back into action .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "48fdc50812819c22d313fa68aa4541c3", "text": "Schumacher BTCC The Schumacher BTCC is a race series for radio-controlled cars . It is organised by Schumacher Racing Products in the UK and run to BRCA rules . The series takes place on eight different tracks all over the UK , however it is not to be confused with the BRCA National Championship series . The championship was first started by Schumacher in 1995 solely as a modified touring car support class to the BRCA Pro-10 circuit championship , but within a couple of years , the entries for the touring cars surpassed the Pro-10 's , and Schumacher organised a separate meeting to cater for everyone . It generally features three classes : Stock 27t , Superstock 19t and Modified & Brushless for any make of touring car . 2006 also featured a class for its GTRe on road racer , a three speed electric circuit car . This class took over from Schumacher 's previous Big 6 Lotus class , but was dropped early in 2007 due to lack of entrants . Each BTCC round features three qualifying heats and two finals , with the best 10 final results counting to each drivers score . The qualifying tames place under usual FTD ( fastest time of the day ) rules , with A-Z Finals . The top three in each final get a trophy . These are supplied by the host club , but Schumacher funds end-of-season trophies to the top three overall drivers in each class , and a special Cecil Schumacher Trophy , to the top Modified driver , in recognition of the origin of the championship . Uniquely , Schumacher provides a range of prizes for an end-of-meeting raffle , in which any entrant has an equal chance of winning . The series uses control tyers , which are the Sorex 28R , 32R or 36R , each pre-glued with a Sorex insert and Rev-Lite wheel . For the first time in 2006 tyre warmers were allowed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "db214efa23633e7f574fa7b9d0503f36", "text": "National Cycling Centre The HSBC UK National Cycling Centre is a multipurpose cycling venue in Sportcity , Manchester , Great Britain . It includes an indoor Velodrome and a BMX arena and outdoor mountain bike trials . It also has offices for British Cycling , the governing body for cycling in Britain .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97988ed89b5155bca8e8f77e90f30127", "text": "Brian Cookson Michael Brian Cookson OBE ( born 22 June 1951 ) is the president of the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) , having been elected to the post in September 2013 at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships . Cookson previously served as president of British Cycling from 1997 to 2013 , after becoming a member of an emergency committee to rescue it from insolvency in 1996 . He has been credited with turning the sport around since taking on his unpaid role as president and under his presidency , British cyclists have won 19 Olympic Gold medals , 28 Paralympic Gold medals , the Tour de France four times , and multiple World Championship titles in disciplines of Road , Track and BMX .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40394e36fc06ba0f0f0497200b2dc29f", "text": "Motocross des Nations The Motocross des Nations is an annual team motocross race , where riders representing their country meet at what is billed as the `` Olympics of Motocross '' . The event has been staged since 1947 , where the team of Bill Nicholson , Fred Rist and Bob Ray , representing Great Britain , took home the Chamberlain Trophy for the first time . The event as it stands today is an amalgamation of three separate events , the original Motocross des Nations , raced with 500cc motorcycles , the Trophée des Nations , raced with 250cc motorcycles , and the Coupe des Nations , for 125cc motorcycles . Before 1984 , the three events were held in different locations on different weekends , whereafter they were combined into a single event with one rider per class . The scoring for the event works on the position system , i.e. first place is awarded one point , second place two , etc. . Each class ( currently MXGP , MX2 and Open ) races twice , each time against one of other two classes , for a total of three races . The worst score of three races is dropped , and the lowest combined score wins . The event 's name has been officially anglicised ( as Motocross of Nations `` MXON '' ) since 2004 , when Youthstream was awarded promotional rights for the World Motocross Grand Prix , although the general moniker Des Nations or MXDN is still very much in use . Historically Great Britain dominated the early years , before the competition became more fierce . With the rise of motocross in North America from the 1970s , the USA embarked on a famous winning streak , lasting 13 years from 1981 to 1993 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64dca568c697a600051dbee5bcde8459", "text": "Chris James (racing driver) Christopher Nigel James ( born 28 December 1978 in Luton , Bedfordshire ) is a British auto racing driver .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ab354a0feb77bc0dcc410b82a1c3891", "text": "Chris Morton Christopher John ( Chris ) Morton , MBE ( born 22 July 1956 ) is a former motorcycle speedway rider . He rode bikes from a young age at the farm of Peter Collins ' parents .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dfca1ddc589c9b6ecf8a73f9deabbfab", "text": "Nicolas Hamilton Nicolas `` Nic '' Hamilton ( born 28 March 1992 ) is a British racing driver from England who currently competes in the British Touring Car Championship . He races with a specially-modified car due to his cerebral palsy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "20b677332ebff4603a96ebf532f9f2d1", "text": "Warren Scott Warren Scott ( born 28 September 1971 in Bishop 's Stortford , Hertfordshire ) is a British race driver . He currently competes in the British Touring Car Championship with his self-run Team BMR . He has also raced in the British Superbike Championship .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ce851ac420edb2f4d2fe2a4efe1c4ac1", "text": "James Lodge James Lodge ( born in Holmfirth , West Yorkshire ) is a British motorcycle racer who is a two-time British 125cc champion 2009 & 2010 . Lodge also rode two wildcard races in the 125cc category of the Great British Moto GP rounds of 2009 and 2010 , failing to finish both times . He competed in the National Superstock 600 Championship in 2014 . Lodge gained his first podium in the class at the Brands Hatch Indy circuit at the first race of the 2012 season . In 2016 James made a brief return to racing , riding a CMR Performance ZX7R in the Thundersport GB ` Golden Era Superbike ' series at Cadwell Park . Despite having not ridden for nearly 2 years and having some 50bhp less than the front runners , James featured on the podium twice , including a win in the final race of the weekend .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6bb86921029585b371808c5bfd3fe8fe", "text": "Andy Neate Andrew Neate ( born 19 August 1974 in Aylesbury ) is a British racing driver and shyster , who has driven in several different series throughout his career .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "71561053d5341e69a9568935b5fe16bd", "text": "2013 Tour de France The 2013 Tour de France was the 100th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's Grand Tours . It started on the island of Corsica on 30 June and finished on the Champs-Élysées in Paris on 21 July . The Tour consisted of twenty-one race stages and covered a total distance of 3403.5 km . The race was won by Chris Froome of . Second and third respectively were Nairo Quintana and the rider , Joaquim Rodríguez . Marcel Kittel was the first rider to wear the race leader 's yellow jersey after winning stage one . He lost the lead the next day to Jan Bakelants of , who managed to obtain a one-second lead from a late solo attack . Simon Gerrans gained the race lead after his team , , won the stage four team time trial . Gerrans passed the lead on to teammate Daryl Impey after the fifth stage . Froome took the lead from Impey after the eighth stage , the first classified as mountainous . Froome maintained his lead for the remainder of the race by consolidating his lead through solid performances in the individual time trials and in the high mountains . Froome became the second consecutive British cyclist to win the Tour de France , after Bradley Wiggins accomplished the feat the year before . In the race 's other classifications , rider Quintana won the mountains classification and also finished as the best young rider in the general classification , finishing in second place overall ; Peter Sagan of the team was the winner of the points classification , with finishing as the winners of the team classification . Christophe Riblon was given the award for the most combative rider . Kittel won the most stages , with four .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "497e49be59e14cb31e709f8bbaa984a1", "text": "Reliability trial A reliability trial is an organised bicycle ride which challenges a cyclist to complete a course , passing through designated control points , within a preset time limit . In the United Kingdom , such events are often held in the wintry opening months of the year and are used by club cyclists as training rides . A common test would be a 100 in 8 -- 100 miles would have to be completed within eight hours , including any stops . The term is historic and dates back to the early years of the 20th century when cycling equipment was less reliable , roads were rougher , routes were more poorly sign-posted , and mobile telephones had yet to be invented . The name was also a way of emphasising to the police , at a time when the place of cycle sport on British roads was insecure , that the mass rides they might see were not races . Reliability trial riders needed to be self-sufficient , adept at navigation , able to deal with mechanical problems , and fit enough to complete the course . In some cases , successful completion of the ride entitles the rider to a certificate . Reliability trials have lost much of their popularity although they remain a regular feature for sections , or clubs , of Cycling UK . The function of reliability trials as a test of fitness , reliability and the ability to ride long distances has largely passed to the similar randonneuring or Audax styles of riding . The term reliability trial is also used to refer to motorsport events and are similar in concept . Rather like rallying , drivers and their vehicles ( or riders and their motorcycles ) must complete a designated course within a set time limit , without recourse to outside help along the way .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "842c5fcf42a1d56f72075899656f5afc", "text": "David Brown Automotive David Brown Automotive is a British manufacturer of limited edition automobiles in Coventry , England , belonging to British businessman David Brown . The company announced the Speedback , its first model , in March 2014 in London . The vehicle 's public debut was at the Top Marques show in Monaco on 17 April 2014 . Despite sharing a similar background in engineering , and the same name as previous owner of Aston Martin , there is no family connection between the two companies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "336f662030ce65a22c632e74ab7d53a8", "text": "London–Surrey Classic The London -- Surrey Classic ( also known as the RideLondon -- Surrey Classic ) is an annual 193 km men 's professional one-day road bicycle racing starting and finishing in London and routed via the picturesque Surrey Hills . The first race of its kind was the London -- Surrey Cycle Classic , on 14 August 2011 , a 1.2 classification 140 km preparatory event for the London 2012 Olympics , which was won by sprinter Mark Cavendish . The men 's and women 's Olympic road races were held on a longer variation of the same course the following year . On 4 August 2013 , the race found a permanent home as part of the Prudential RideLondon weekend , a two-day cycling festival held in London , a legacy event of the Olympics . The Prudential RideLondon -- Surrey Classic is part of the UCI World Tour and is classified as a 1 . HC category event .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "51d78fd9d9647702de9c7d082c179fb5", "text": "Triumph Owners Motor Cycle Club Triumph Owners Motor Cycle Club ( TOMCC ) is a motorcycle club for owners of Triumph Motorcycles based in the United Kingdom . Founded in 1949 in South London , the club has expanded nationally to a membership of circa 6,000 members . The club is open to owners of Triumph Motorcycles of all ages , including those built by the latest incarnation of the company , Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in Hinckley . The club is affiliated to the ACU and the British Motorcyclists Federation . Presently it has 44 regional branches spread throughout the UK . Members are also welcome from outside of United Kingdom . Members can elect to join Head Office branch rather than any particular branch . The club organises social activities for members and publishes a monthly magazine called Nacelle which is dependent upon contributions from members and covers the whole spectrum of owning , riding and maintaining Triumph motorcycles from classics through to the latest models . National events ( Trifest ) are organised for all members to attend complementing the local regional events . The club offers a number of services , including discovery of manufacture date for individuals who wish to apply for an age related vehicle registration plate . TOMCC is run by a group by enthusiast for enthusiasts on a volunteer basis . The club is independent from Triumph Motorcycles Ltd but there is close co-operation between them , their dealer network and TOMCC . Motto , `` Nulli Secundus '' , is also the same motto as the Coldstream Guards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6f37b511f2ff773b97e24940e974a19a", "text": "British Motorcycle Racing Club The British Motorcycle Racing Club , known as BMCRC or Bemsee , is the largest motorcycle racing club of its type in the UK and organises a range of championships including Thunderbikes , Superstock 1000 , Formula 400s and sidecars . The historic common name ` Bemsee ' derives from a contraction of the letters BMCRC , and is the name by which the British Motorcycle Racing Club is known and often referred to amongst its riders and supporters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "646a6b2879c3cf83f36ac9b09e03b44d", "text": "Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain The Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain is a multi-event one-make motor racing series that takes place in the United Kingdom for the Porsche 911 . Being the fastest and most successful single marque GT championship in the UK , the Carrera Cup is now entering its thirteenth season . With over 30.000 visitors attending the majority of the races and approximately 370.000 visitors over the duration of the season , the championship is fully integrated in the international Porsche Motorsport program . Notable drivers in the championship have been two-time Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup winner Richard Westbrook and Supercup race winner Damien Faulkner . . The series is currently shown live on ITV4 as part of the channel 's coverage of BTCC race days .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe70323757ddf74a4c98c43a68023cbb", "text": "Ron Haslam Ron Haslam ( Ronald Haslam , born 22 June 1956 ) is an English former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer who has been racing for over thirty years , winning three World titles , four British championships and having ridden in almost 110 GPs . Haslam spends much of his time helping his son , Leon Haslam , in his racing career and training riders and racers alike at his Race School based at Donington racetrack , Leicestershire .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e0d7c5a8c37dc2665679b65b59740290", "text": "Scott Smart Scott Paul Smart ( born 29 May 1975 ) is a British motorcycle racer and an occasional TV commentator for Channel 4 . He is the son of Paul Smart , and the nephew of Barry Sheene .", "title": "" } ]	fever
32f6b6bd15611840333b444d304cb4b3	Marlon Brando is an actor who was in Mutiny on the Bounty.	[ { "docid": "b32b95bf5cf758eabea1cc9835f6946c", "text": "Marlon Brando Marlon Brando , Jr. ( April 3 , 1924 -- July 1 , 2004 ) was an American actor , film director and political activist . He is credited with bringing realism to film acting . He helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting , studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s . Brando is widely known for his Academy Award-winning performances as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) and Vito Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , as well as his performances in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , Viva Zapata ! ( 1952 ) , Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , Sayonara ( 1957 ) , Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) , Last Tango in Paris ( 1972 ) , and Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) . Brando was also an activist for many causes , notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements . He initially gained acclaim and an Academy Award nomination for reprising the role of Stanley Kowalski in the 1951 film adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' play A Streetcar Named Desire , a role that he had originated successfully on Broadway . He received further praise for his performance as Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront , and his portrayal of the rebel motorcycle gang leader Johnny Strabler in The Wild One proved to be a lasting image in popular culture . Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata ! ; Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara ( 1957 ) , an adaption of James Michener 's 1954 novel . Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s , coming in at number 10 in 1954 , number 6 in 1955 , and number 4 in 1958 . The 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando . He directed and starred in the cult western film One-Eyed Jacks , a critical and commercial flop , after which he delivered a series of box-office failures , beginning with the 1962 film adaptation of the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . After 10 years , during which he did not appear in a successful film , he won his second Academy Award for playing Vito Corleone in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Godfather , a role critics consider among his greatest . The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time . With that and his Oscar-nominated performance in Last Tango in Paris , Brando re-established himself in the ranks of top box-office stars , placing sixth and tenth in the Money Making Stars poll in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks ( 1976 ) . After this , he was content with being a highly paid character actor in cameo roles , such as in Superman ( 1978 ) and The Formula ( 1980 ) , before taking a nine-year break from motion pictures . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , Brando was paid a record $ 3.7 million ( $ million in inflation-adjusted dollars ) and 11.75 % of the gross profits for 13 days ' work on Superman . He finished out the 1970s with his controversial performance as Colonel Kurtz in another Coppola film , Apocalypse Now , a box-office hit for which he was highly paid and which helped finance his career layoff during the 1980s . Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950 . He was one of only three professional actors , along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe , named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century . He died of respiratory failure on July 1 , 2004 , at age 80 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "abb6a93bd346346e3316ab03ae19cd06", "text": "Tobacco Road (film) Tobacco Road is a 1941 film directed by John Ford starring Charley Grapewin , Marjorie Rambeau , Gene Tierney , William Tracy Dana Andrews and Ward Bond . It was based on the novel of the same name by Erskine Caldwell , but the plot was rewritten for the film .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ffa0e760f7edc61b4576d78fcf1274d1", "text": "The Wild Geese The Wild Geese is a 1978 British adventure film directed by Andrew V. McLaglen about a group of mercenaries in Africa . It stars Richard Burton , Roger Moore , Richard Harris , and Hardy Krüger . The film was the result of a long-held ambition of its producer Euan Lloyd to make an all-star adventure film similar to The Guns of Navarone or Where Eagles Dare . The same producer and director were later responsible for The Sea Wolves . The screenplay by Reginald Rose was based on an unpublished novel titled The Thin White Line by Daniel Carney . The film was named The Wild Geese after the Wild Goose flag and shoulder patch used by Michael `` Mad Mike '' Hoare 's Five Commando , ANC , which in turn was inspired by a 17th-century Irish mercenary army ( see Flight of the Wild Geese ) . Carney 's novel was subsequently published by Corgi Books under the same title as the film . The novel was based upon rumours and speculation following the 1968 landing of a mysterious aeroplane in Rhodesia , which was said to have been loaded with mercenaries and `` an African president '' believed to have been a dying Moïse Tshombe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e4c8527469f67550d92b2780127e5c66", "text": "Matthew Quintal Matthew Quintal ( 1766 in Padstow ( baptised 3 March 1766 as Mathew Quintril ) , Cornwall -- 1799 , Pitcairn Island ) was a Cornish able seaman and mutineer aboard HMS Bounty . His surname was , in all probability , the result of misspelling the Cornish surname `` Quintrell '' . He was the last of the mutineers to be murdered on Pitcairn Island . He was murdered by Ned Young and John Adams , leaving them the last two men alive on the island . Following the mutiny led by Fletcher Christian , the Bounty was taken to Tahiti for a few days before being compelled to set sail . Quintal joined Christian and seven other mutineers . They took with them eleven Tahitian women and six men . After months at sea , the mutineers discovered the uninhabited Pitcairn Island and settled there in January 1790 . It was Quintal who burned the Bounty in order to prevent any return , and as a safety precaution , to avoid having the ship give away their location to the British Navy . After three years , a conflict broke out between the Tahitian men and the mutineers , resulting in the deaths of all the Tahitian men and five of the Englishmen ( including Fletcher Christian ) . Quintal was one of the survivors . One of the other survivors , William McCoy , discovered a means of distilling alcohol from one of the island 's fruits . He and Quintal quickly descended into alcoholism , often bullying the surviving women . McCoy committed suicide by jumping off a cliff in a drunken frenzy . After McCoy 's suicide , Quintal threatened to kill the rest of the community . The other two surviving men , Ned Young and John Adams , subsequently killed him with an axe during one of his drunken stupors . Quintal 's descendents reside on Norfolk Island to this day . A descendant , Malcolm Champion , was an Olympic swimmer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "76402b7628b1c2c625aa8e757206bbcd", "text": "The Red Rover The Red Rover is a novel by American writer James Fenimore Cooper . It was originally published in Paris on November 27 , 1827 , before being published in London three days later on November 30 . It was not published in the United States until January 9 , 1828 , in Philadelphia . Soon after its publication it was adapted for theater both in the United States and in England . The novel follows the activities of the sailor Dick Fid , free black sailor Scipio Africanus and Royal Navy officer James Wilder as they encounter the famous pirate , `` The Red Rover '' . A contemporary reviewer in the North American Review noted how Cooper was particularly good at writing sea novels such as The Red Rover , the sea being his more natural element than what the author calls wilderness novels which focused on an Indian introducing a white man to the wilderness , like The Last of the Mohicans . In addition , The Red Rover presents some of the first serious depictions of characters of African lineage in American literature .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "725c46586672c78dac93e97326fd83a4", "text": "AUDELCO AUDELCO , the Audience Development Committee , Inc. , was established in 1973 by the late Vivian Robinson to honor excellence in New York City African American Theatre through presentation of Vivan Robinson/AUDELCO Recognition Awards ( a.k.a. Viv awards ) . The awards were created to promote `` recognition , understanding and awareness of the arts in the African-American community '' . The AUDELCO Viv awards recognize the following , whether Broadway or off-Broadway : Productions by Black companies Shows written or directed by Blacks Black actors in shows AUDELCO has an office in Central Harlem , New York City The President is Grace Jones and the board of directors consistsof : A.Curtis Farrow ; Ralph Carter , Toni Peterson , Jacqueline Feffries ; Linda Armstrong ; Honorable Donna M. Mills ; Fred R.Powell ; Mary Seymour ; Dale Richardo Shields ; Terrence Spivey ; Ronald Stone Esq and Mary B. Davis Chair Emeritus . The organization has thousands of members , a newsletter , and a black theater collection of books , photos , slides and scripts as well as an extensive clipping file on black theater companies and productions . The AUDELCO awards are limited to productions mounted by professional , not-for-profit theater organizations which have been in existence for at least two years and have had a minimum of 500 hours of rehearsal , performance , or training . Additionally , productions have to have been performed over 12 times between September 1 of one year and August 31 of the next . Workshop productions and works-in-progress are not eligible . The AUDELCO Viv awards allow celebrities and everyday people to get to share their love of theater and their appreciation for the incredible performances , scripts , direction , costumes and sets that have been presented during the last theater season . Michael O'Hare was the first white actor to win this award presented by the black theater community of New York for his performance in the play `` Shades of Brown '' which examined the effects of apartheid in South Africa . ( Former AUDELOC awardees included , Kerry Washington ( AUDELCO 's first Rising star ) ; Samuel L. Jackson ; Phylicia Rashad ; Debbie Allen ; Denzel Washington , Barbara Montgomery , Sanaa Lathan and others ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "26968b699342b9d9033301a0c8d9d3d6", "text": "Banana Dance The Banana Dance has several different meanings and performances . Part of Chris Elliott 's Marlon Brando impersonation skit on the David Letterman show . It consisted of `` Marlon '' ( Chris Elliot ) dumping bananas out of a sack on the floor and Elliot dancing slowly around them to the song `` The Alley Cat '' . The Danse sauvage , an exotic dance performed by Josephine Baker in live shows and her Siren of the Tropics movie . The Dancing Banana is a popular emoticon .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a0ab95b07216f9cefd824aece117c05e", "text": "Gary Cooper filmography The filmography of Gary Cooper chronicles the film appearances of American actor Gary Cooper . After starting his career in 1925 as a film extra and stuntman , Cooper made his official cinematic debut in 1926 in the Samuel Goldwyn production The Winning of Barbara Worth . He went on to become a contract player with Paramount Pictures where he established himself as a popular leading man prior to the end of the silent film era . Cooper 's future in the sound era was assured with the release of The Virginian ( 1929 ) , his first all-talkie film . For the next 32 years , he would be one of cinema 's top money-making stars . From 1936 to 1957 , Cooper ranked 18 times among the top ten box office attractions -- a record when he died in 1961 , and later surpassed only by John Wayne , who ranked among the top ten 25 times , Clint Eastwood ( 21 times ) and Tom Cruise ( 20 times ) . Cooper was nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award five times and won twice , for Sergeant York ( 1942 ) and High Noon ( 1952 ) . The latter film boosted his popularity , resulting in him being the number one box office attraction in 1953 . Cooper received a third Academy Award -- an honorary one -- just prior to his death in 1961 . His final film , The Naked Edge , was released shortly after his death . As of February 2008 , more than half of Gary Cooper 's feature films are available on DVD , while others not yet on home video are available for television broadcast . Unfortunately , at least two of his silent films -- Beau Sabreur ( 1928 ) and The Legion of the Condemned ( 1928 ) -- are now considered lost films . Another of his silent films , Wolf Song ( 1929 ) , was originally released as a part talkie , but survives only as a silent film . One of Cooper 's earliest talkies , Paramount on Parade ( 1930 ) , survives incomplete . The prints that are available for television are missing all but one of the film 's Technicolor scenes -- a partial restoration of these scenes was done by the UCLA Film Archives . This filmography contains sections for Cooper 's work as an extra in the earliest part of his film career , his feature film appearances , his occasional appearances in short films , and a section for a compilation film . Due to its length ( 92 films ) , the listing of his feature films is divided in four sections . Cooper 's film roles are listed , as well as the names of each film 's director and co-stars . Cooper 's awards and nominations are also listed . Except where noted , all of his films were shot in 35mm black and white . All films released prior to Lilac Time ( 1928 ) are silent films and all from The Virginian ( 1929 ) onward are sound films . The films made during the silent-to-sound transition are noted as being either silent or sound films . As an addendum , Cooper 's handful of television appearances are also listed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f3b5dd98aea0dfaae5c5a641e300c42e", "text": "Bligh Water In 1789 the English Royal Navy Cutter the Bounty commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh was overtaken by 18 crew led by Master 's Mate Fletcher Christian in what has been named the `` Mutiny on the Bounty . '' The area known as the Bligh Water is the body of water ( approximately 9500 km ² in extent ) in the western Fiji islands through which Bligh sailed his 7 m ( 23 ft ) launch during his 3,618 mile journey from Tofua to the Dutch port of Timor . At the time some of the local Fijian tribes were considered hostile and many were cannibalistic so Bligh did not wish to jeopardize his safety or the safety of his crew elected not stop his journey in the area .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "de6e893af32fced1f23c40395c41697a", "text": "Pitcairn (play) Pitcairn is a 2014 play by the English playwright Richard Bean , based on the Mutiny on the Bounty and the colonisation of the Pitcairn Islands . It is a co-production between the Chichester Festival Theatre ( at whose Minerva auditorium it will premiere from 22 August to 20 September 2014 ) , Shakespeare 's Globe ( where it will transfer from 22 September to 11 October 2014 ) and Out of Joint . After its Chichester and London runs , it went on a regional tour to the Plymouth Theatre Royal , the Warwick Arts Centre , the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre , Devonshire Park Theatre , the Oxford Playhouse and Malvern Theatres between 14 October and 22 November 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "387d2619385c02a23def1fbaaee153a8", "text": "Charles Hart (actor) Charles Hart ( c. 1625 -- 18 August 1683 ) was a prominent British Restoration actor . A Charles Hart was christened on 11 December 1625 , in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate , in London . It is not absolutely certain that this was the actor , though the name was not common at the time . . Hart began his career as a boy player with the King 's Men ; he was an apprentice of Richard Robinson , longtime member of that company . Hart established his reputation by playing the role of the Duchess in The Cardinal , the tragedy by James Shirley , in 1641 . He served as a soldier in the English Civil War , and was an officer in Prince Rupert 's regiment of cavalry , along with fellow actors Nicholas Burt and Robert Shatterell . Hart and the others most likely saw combat at the battles of Marston Moor and Nasby , and perhaps at Edgehill as well . Hart then returned to acting ; evidence suggests he was with other displaced English actors in Europe in 1646 . In 1648 , Hart , Walter Clun and eight other actors , were involved in an attempt to restart the King 's Men company during the Puritan Commonwealth , which , perhaps unsurprisingly , did not succeed . On 5 February 1648 , at the Cockpit Theatre , Hart and other King 's Men were arrested for violating the ban against theatrical performance ; they were caught in the midst of a performance of Rollo Duke of Normandy ( in which Hart played the character Otto ) . Hart and the others were imprisoned for a short time , then released . Just before the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , acting resumed on a larger scale , and Hart seems to have been then a member of a company performing at the Cockpit playhouse , led by Michael Mohun . As soon as the King 's Company was formed in 1660 , Hart became one of its leading men ; he specialized in playing the male half of witty , bantering couples . This type of dialogue in Restoration comedy was largely influenced by the talents and personalities of Hart and Nell Gwyn , in plays like James Howard 's The Mad Couple ; Gwyn was his mistress before she became Charles II 's . Hart 's natural dignity in playing royal roles was also often commented on by contemporaries , and in the heroic play he `` was celebrated for superman roles , notably the arrogant , bloodthirsty Almanzor in John Dryden 's Conquest of Granada . '' When Hart played in Euterpe Restored in 1672 , Richard Flecknoe composed the following lines : Beauty to the eye , and music to the ear , Such even the nicest critics must allow Burbage was once and such Charles Hart is now . Throughout his Restoration career , Hart filled a range of noteworthy parts . He was Cassio in early stagings of Shakespear 's Othello ; after 1669 he played the title role . He played roles in revivals of plays by Shakespeare , Ben Jonson , and John Fletcher -- Hotspur in Henry IV , Part 1 Brutus in Julius Caesar Mosca in Volpone Demetrius in The Humorous Lieutenant Michael Perez in Rule a Wife and Have a Wife Arbaces in A King and No King Amintor in The Maid 's Tragedy Rollo in Rollo Duke of Normandy Welford in The Scornful Lady Don John in The Chances -- and in contemporary dramas , by John Dryden -- Marc Antony in All for Love Porphyrius in Tyrannick Love Aurange Zebe in Aurang-zebe Celadon in The Maiden Queen Wildblood in An Evening 's Love Cortez in The Indian Emperour Aurelian in The Assignation -- and by other dramatists -- Horner in Wycherly 's The Country Wife Manly in Wycherly 's The Plain Dealer Phraartes in Crowne 's The Destruction of Jerusalem Massinissa in Lee 's Sophonisba , or Hannibal 's Overthrow Alexander the Great in Lee 's The Rival Queens Ziphares in Lee 's Mythridates , King of Pontus Lord Delaware in Boyle 's The Black Prince . In 1682 , when the King 's Company joined with the Duke 's Company to form the United Company , Hart retired due to poor health , with a pension of 40 shillings per week . The well-known story that Hart was the illegitimate grandson of Shakespeare 's sister Joan is largely discredited .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "610da91cc6e846629cf74d7d3d557684", "text": "John Julian John Julian ( c. 1701 -- 26 March 1733 , aged 32 ) was the first recorded black pirate to operate in the New World , as the pilot of the ship Whydah . Julian was a half-blood Miskito Indian who joined Samuel Bellamy early in his brief career . He eventually piloted the Whydah , which was the leading ship of Bellamy 's fleet , when he was only 16 years old . Julian was one of 30 to 50 people of African descent in the pirate crew -- all were treated as equals . Julian 's life became more difficult after he survived the Whydah wreck in 1717 . He was jailed in Boston but apparently never indicted . He was likely sold into slavery , the `` Julian the Indian '' bought by John Quincy -- whose great grandson , President John Quincy Adams , became a staunch abolitionist . A purported `` unruly slave '' , Julian the Indian was sold to another owner and tried often to escape . During one attempt , he killed a bounty hunter who was trying to catch him . He was executed on March 22 , 1733 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a0ad8395f70f060be870e766820c168", "text": "Batavia's Graveyard Batavia 's Graveyard : The True Story of the Mad Heretic Who Led History 's Bloodiest Mutiny ( 2002 ) is a book by Welsh author Mike Dash about the Dutch ship Batavia , shipwrecked in 1629 on a small island in the Houtman Abrolhos atoll off the western shore of Australia . The book retells the story of one of the largest mutinies in history , led by one of the ship 's officers Jeronimus Cornelisz , who eventually oversaw the murder of at least 110 people . The book explores the background of the period in history , and many of the people involved in Holland , such as John of Leiden who influenced the mutiny and the revolutionary and violent messianism of its Anabaptist leaders . It retells the tortuous trip from Europe to the East Indies , and a detailed account of the events which transpired on the islands after the captain and some of the crew left for Java in an open boat , before they returned several months later . It also has information on what happened to the survivors and the rediscovery of the wreck in the 20th century .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca22ac7cb718acabc226442ba432625f", "text": "Land of the Blind Land of the Blind is a 2006 British-American black comedy drama film starring Ralph Fiennes , Donald Sutherland , Tom Hollander and Lara Flynn Boyle . Land of the Blind is a dark political satire , based on several incidents throughout history in which tyrannical rulers were overthrown by new leaders who proved to be just as bad , if not worse , and subtle references are made to several such cases . The title is taken from the saying , `` In the land of the blind , the one-eyed man is king . '' Land of the Blind had its world premiere in competition at the International Film Festival Rotterdam , and was the Opening Night Gala film at the 2006 Human Rights Watch Film Festival in London . Its U.S. premiere was in competition at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival . The film sparked intense reaction during its festival run , attacked by both left and right , each of which saw the film as a critique of its position . Historical references in the film include Jean-Paul Marat ( from the French Revolution ) , Kim Jong-Il , Joseph Stalin , Benito Mussolini , Augusto Pinochet , Anastasio Somoza Debayle , François Duvalier , Rudolph Hess , Jean-Claude Duvalier , Lyndon B. Johnson , Julius Caesar ( from William Shakespeare 's play ) , Robert Mugabe , Ngo Dinh Diem , Idi Amin , the PIRA Maze prison protests , U.S. POWs in Vietnam , the Weathermen terrorist group , the Khmer Rouge , the 1979 Revolution in Iran , and the subsequent Cultural Revolution in that country .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f4e57dae16fe95411117324dd01e8bd4", "text": "Henry Stephenson Henry Stephenson ( 16 April 1871 -- 24 April 1956 ) was a British stage and film actor . He portrayed friendly and wise gentlemen in many films of the 1930s and 1940s . Among his roles were Sir Joseph Banks in Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) and Mr. Brownlow in Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d91d04342583eb37d8b76b2128ddb37f", "text": "The Americano (1916 film) The Americano is a 1916 American silent adventure/romantic comedy film directed by John Emerson and stars Douglas Fairbanks in his last production for Triangle Film Corporation . Based on the novel Blaze Derringer , by Eugene P. Lyle , Jr. , the scenario was written by John Emerson and Anita Loos who also wrote the film 's intertitles . The film was re-released by S.A. Lynch Enterprises on August 21 , 1923 . Three 16mm prints and one 8mm print of the film still exists . Set in a fictional South American country of Paragonia , it has been described as one of a group of films that supported United States imperialism by providing support to the idea of manifest destiny .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b7da0c867767a708cf12702a9a10231f", "text": "Lieutenant Starbuck Lieutenant Starbuck of the Colonial Service , played by Dirk Benedict , is a fictional character in the 1978 science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica . Starbuck is a Viper starfighter pilot , gambler , womanizer and smoker of `` fumerellos , '' or cigars . He is involved with Lieutenant Athena and socialator Cassiopeia , and best friend of Captain Apollo .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bfbaab6d3854857bc80764ba8929f48a", "text": "Mutiny on the Bounty (band) Mutiny on the Bounty ( abbreviated MOTB ) is a Luxembourgish alternative rock band from Esch-sur-Alzette .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "697580c81479770dc6c70a31e36dd7f8", "text": "B movie A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie , but one that is not an arthouse film . In its original usage , during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the term more precisely identified films intended for distribution as the less-publicized bottom half of a double feature . Although the U.S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s , the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today . In its post -- Golden Age usage , there is ambiguity on both sides of the definition : on the one hand , the primary interest of many inexpensive exploitation films is prurient ; on the other , many B movies display a high degree of craft and aesthetic ingenuity . In either usage , most B movies represent a particular genre -- the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple , while low-budget science-fiction and horror films became more popular in the 1950s . Early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character . Almost always shorter than the top-billed films they were paired with , many had running times of 70 minutes or less . The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners ; individual B films were often ignored by critics . Latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels , but series are less common . As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased , so did that of B pictures . In its current usage , the term has somewhat contradictory connotations : it may signal an opinion that a certain movie is ( a ) a genre film with minimal artistic ambitions or ( b ) a lively , energetic film uninhibited by the constraints imposed on more expensive projects and unburdened by the conventions of putatively `` serious '' independent film . The term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted , mainstream films with exploitation-style content , usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie . From their beginnings to the present day , B movies have provided opportunities both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning . Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies . They are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established , and they have provided work for former A movie actors , such as Vincent Price and Karen Black . Some actors , such as Bela Lugosi , Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier , worked in B movies for most of their careers . The term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f541e153fb72c381617771b6f4264e31", "text": "Stanley Theater (Utica, New York) The Stanley Theatre is a historic Baroque movie palace in Utica , New York . Over the years , it has gone through several changes of ownership , but has always been affiliated with Warner Brothers Pictures . Originally owned by the Stanley-Mark Strand Corporation chain , the Stanley Theatre ( and entire movie theatre chain ) was purchased three days before opening by Warner Brothers . The company was eager to showcase its products on as many screens as possible . The theatre opened on September 10 , 1928 , with the silent movie Ramona starring Dolores del Río . Thomas W. Lamb , a prolific theatre architect , designed the 2,963 seat cinema for the Mastbaum chain of theatres . The theatre was named for Stanley , one of the Mastbaum brothers . While Lamb and his firm designed over 300 theatres worldwide , he is considered to be somewhat of a local , having owned a camp in the Adirondacks . ( His great grandson lives in the Albany area today . ) The Stanley was built in less than 13 months on the expanding southern edge of downtown , some four blocks away from Utica 's theatre district . Unfortunately , all the theatres located there were razed during the Urban Renewal era of the 1960s and 70s . The Stanley remained open through all of this , though it suffered many years of benign neglect . In 1974 , when the threat of destruction became very real , the Central New York Community Arts Council ( renamed Stanley Center for the Arts in 2008 ) spearheaded a campaign to acquire the property , which it did for $ 135,000 . The design motif of the Stanley Theatre is dubbed `` Mexican Baroque '' because of its unique blend of styles . The terra cotta and tiled mosaic exterior shows the Mexican influence , while Habsburg lions , Indian faces , and a multitude of angels and cherubs grace the lavish gold leaf Baroque theatre interior . Moorish influence is also evident in the star-splashed ceiling and twisted columns flanking the stage . Legend has it that the grand entry staircase was designed to resemble the main staircase on the Titanic ocean liner . While the Stanley Theatre continued to be primarily a movie house , it introduced live events early in its history . Today it is host to the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Great Artists Series ( over 75 years ) ; Broadway Theatre League ( 50 years ) ; Utica Symphony ( over 60 years ) ; and the Mohawk Valley Ballet ( over 25 years ) . Notable early performers included legendary singers Marian Anderson , Ezio Pinza , Lily Pons , Jeanette MacDonald , and Gene Autry . Later illustrious entertainers included Chuck Mangione , Conway Twitty , Third Eye Blind , Diana Ross , Barry Manilow , and Harry Connick Jr. . The Stanley was also host to multiple appearances by Jerry Seinfeld , Wynton Marsalis , George Carlin , Itzhak Perlman , Bob Weir & RatDog ! , and B.B. King . More recent performances include Aretha Franklin and legendary songwriter Burt Bacharach . The Broadway Theatre League brought in National Touring productions of Cats ( musical ) , Annie , Evita , Sweeney Todd , and Barnum . The theater was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 . It is significant for its relationship to the early movie industry and its distinctive architecture .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e62a111a5dcca13f007337fd09993c99", "text": "Basiana Basiana ( early 1880s -- June 19 , 1928 ) was a native leader of the Kwaio group on Malaita in the Solomon Islands . He was a powerful and feared ramo ( bounty hunter ) , and came from a line of prominent leaders , feastgivers , and warriors of the Gounaile clan . He is known in the West as the killer of William R. Bell , the colonial District Officer , for which he and his co-conspirators were hanged . He was the only son and the eldest of his first cousins , so he was groomed for this position from an early age . Unlike many members of his clan , he did not go to Queensland or Fiji to work . As an adult , he became one of the most feared ramo of the time , and was remembered as able to kill with ruthlessness and fearlessness that intimidated those around him . He is also remembered for his obsession with honour and strict enforcement of Kwaio norms . Basiana 's success gave great quantities of wealth to his clan from his collection of blood money , which in turn contributed to the prestige of the clan as they offered feasts . In the 1920s , Basiana and the other strongmen saw their power slipping under the new colonial regime , which was making inroads into Malaita led by the Malaita District Officer Bell . They saw the threat of the Protectorate justice , as some Kwaio had been hanged in Tulagi for the sort of killing that they did . Furthermore , they resented the imposition of a head tax on all Malaitans , and the efforts of the colonial authorities to confiscate their rifles . Finally , they resented the increased power of the newly commissioned constables , who were given power by the colonial authorities . In 1927 Basiana and two other ramo planned an attack on Bell as he made his annual tax collection rounds . Others , aware of the strength of the British from their experience abroad or afraid from premonitions in a dream , tried to discourage the attack , but Basiana dismissed their concerns and was able to coerce others into following him . On October 4 , Basiana paid his tax , withdrew , and then reappeared at the front of the queue and plunged his rifle into Bell 's head with such strength his head virtually exploded . Other members of the party attacked , and most of the tax collection party were killed . In retaliation for this killing , the colonial authorities launched a punitive expedition to root out the plotters of the attack and bring them to justice . Basiana , as the most wanted man , kept on the move and was able to evade the search parties . But later he surrendered , as he received news about the extent of the damage of the punitive expedition . Along with 200 other detainees , he was held in facilities in Tulagi for several months , awaiting trial . Along with five others he was convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged . He was hanged publicly on June 19 , with his two sons watching . Basiana 's eldest son Anifelo , raised to be a ramo as well , went on to become a police drummer , evangelist , and anticolonial political leader . He had one other son and one daughter .", "title": "" } ]	fever
7d0066fd1c7af9097e45a7b726d136a7	None of lung cancer's symptoms is chest pains.	[ { "docid": "feb3d75a1131e4f9cf2ec20742368345", "text": "Lung cancer Lung cancer , also known as lung carcinoma , is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung . This growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body . Most cancers that start in the lung , known as primary lung cancers , are carcinomas . The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma ( SCLC ) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma ( NSCLC ) . The most common symptoms are coughing ( including coughing up blood ) , weight loss , shortness of breath , and chest pains . The vast majority ( 85 % ) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking . About 10 -- 15 % of cases occur in people who have never smoked . These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas , asbestos , second-hand smoke , or other forms of air pollution . Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography ( CT ) scans . The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance . Avoidance of risk factors , including smoking and air pollution , is the primary method of prevention . Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer , the stage ( degree of spread ) , and the person 's overall health . Most cases are not curable . Common treatments include surgery , chemotherapy , and radiotherapy . NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery , whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy . Worldwide in 2012 , lung cancer occurred in 1.8 million people and resulted in 1.6 million deaths . This makes it the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer . The most common age at diagnosis is 70 years . Overall , 17.4 % of people in the United States diagnosed with lung cancer survive five years after the diagnosis , while outcomes on average are worse in the developing world .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "a9554175bd49a76eabbf4522f1e3068c", "text": "Tar (tobacco residue) Tar is the common name for the resinous , partially combusted particulate matter produced by the burning of tobacco and other plant material in the act of smoking . Tar is toxic and damages the smoker 's lungs over time through various biochemical and mechanical processes . Tar also damages the mouth by rotting and blackening teeth , damaging gums , and desensitizing taste buds . Tar includes the majority of mutagenic and carcinogenic agents in tobacco smoke . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH ) , for example , are genotoxic via epoxidation . There is a common misconception that the tar in cigarettes is equivalent to the tar used on roads . As a result of this , cigarette companies in the United States , when prompted to give tar/nicotine ratings for cigarettes , usually use `` tar , '' in quotation marks , to indicate that it is not the road surface component . Tar is occasionally referred to as an acronym for total aerosol residue , a backronym coined in the mid-1960s . Tar , when in the lungs , coats the cilia causing them to stop working and eventually die , causing such conditions as lung cancer as the toxic particles in tobacco smoke are no longer trapped by the cilia but enter the alveoli directly . Thus , the alveoli can not come through with the process that is called ` gas exchange ' which is the cause of rough breathing . The tar from cigarette smoke is similar to that of marijuana smoke .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1a69e958f342eb3ce1255f0425c6c650", "text": "Occupational lung disease Occupational lung diseases are occupational diseases affecting the respiratory system , including occupational asthma , black lung disease ( coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ) , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) , mesothelioma , and silicosis . Infectious lung diseases can also be acquired in an occupational context . Exposure to substances like flock and silica can cause fibrosing lung disease , whereas exposure to carcinogens like asbestos and beryllium can cause lung cancer . Occupational cases of interstitial lung disease may be misdiagnosed as COPD , idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis , or a myriad of other diseases ; leading to a delay in identification of the causative agent .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e45b68b081223baf21aa3fdae293023c", "text": "Chest (journal) Chest is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering chest diseases and related issues , including pulmonology , cardiology , thoracic surgery , transplantation , breathing , airway diseases , and emergency medicine . The journal was established in 1935 . It is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians which publishes the journal . The editor-in-chief is Richard S. Irwin ( University of Massachusetts Medical School ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f22514cafffb8a1f39d1a2a1c7148a22", "text": "Asbestosis Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory and scarring disease affecting the tissue of the lungs . People with the condition may experience severe shortness of breath and are at an increased risk for certain cancers , including lung cancer and , less commonly , mesothelioma . Asbestosis specifically refers to fibrosis within the lung tissue from asbestos , and not scarring around the outside of the lungs . It is caused by the breathing in and retention of asbestos fibers . It usually occurs after high intensity and/or long-term exposure to asbestos ( particularly in those individuals working on the production or end-use of products containing asbestos ) and is therefore regarded as an occupational lung disease . People with extensive occupational exposure to the mining , manufacturing , handling , or removal of asbestos are at risk of developing asbestosis .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb338cef415fce471641b40c7957409d", "text": "Hypochondriasis Hypochondriasis , also known as hypochondria , health anxiety or illness anxiety disorder , refers to worry about having a serious illness . This debilitating condition is the result of an inaccurate perception of the condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical condition . An individual suffering from hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac . Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect , no matter how minor the symptom may be , and are convinced that they have , or are about to be diagnosed with , a serious illness . Often , hypochondria persists even after a physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or , if there is a medical illness , their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease . Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as the catalyst of their worrying , such as gastro-intestinal problems , palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least 6 months . The DSM-IV-TR defines this disorder , `` Hypochondriasis '' , as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3 % of the visitors to primary care settings . The newly published DSM-5 replaces the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of `` somatic symptom disorder '' and `` illness anxiety disorder '' . Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate a serious illness , constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one 's body . Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors ' diagnosis , and report that doctors ' reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing , or short-lasting . Additionally , many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure , stress , and anxiety in the presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility , a condition known as `` white coat syndrome '' . Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance , either from doctors , family , or friends , and the disorder can become a disabling torment for the individual with hypochondriasis , as well as his or her family and friends . Some hypochondriacal individuals completely avoid any reminder of illness , whereas others frequently visit medical facilities , sometimes obsessively . Some sufferers may never speak about it .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7cab30d4678951212c7346bae407a2d7", "text": "Papworth method The Papworth method is a specific diaphragmatic breathing technique that was developed in the 1960s . The technique emphasises nose breathing and the development of a breathing pattern to suit current activity . It also involves relaxation exercises that , in concert with the breathing technique , have been purported to aid depression and anxiety . Developed at Papworth Hospital in Cambridgeshire , England , the method seeks to control `` over-breathing '' ( rapid shallow breaths taken at the top of the chest ) that are usually associated with persons under stressful conditions . The aim is to encourage gentler , more relaxed breathing , using the abdomen and diaphragm rather than the chest .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0dd865f7baacb82e573a5150e58b8260", "text": "Cordectomy Cordectomy is the surgical removal of a cord . It usually refers to removal of the vocal cord , often for the purpose of treating Laryngeal Cancer . The word is derived from the Greek , combining `` Chorde '' and `` ektome '' meaning excision . It can be carried out by traditional surgical techniques or , increasingly , by Carbon Dioxide Laser . CO2 laser cordectomy has allowed the treatment of glottic carcinoma as a day case procedure . The procedure has also been carried out by vets to prevent incessant barking by dogs . In Human , this type of surgeries are usually done by the Otolaryngologists and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons . Prior to surgery , the patient must be informed of serious , debilitating , and permanent consequences of surgery , most notably the loss of speaking capacity with severity correlating to the portion of vocal cords removed . A patient will be incapable of producing most vocal sounds following total cordectomy , although certain primal deep guttural screams may still be produced , with the patient almost always retaining the ability to speak in whispers . There is little no chance of a patient recovering their voice following a complete or near-complete cordectomy as the procedure literally removes the organs responsible for vocal utterances , and patients with a less-than-entire cordectomy will always lose some or most of their vocal range ( again corresponding to the section and amount of removed vocal cords ) . Doctors are encouraged to explore alternative communication technologies with patients ( such as voice-boxes , whisper-amplifying devices , and text = to-speak softwares ) prior to determining the acceptability of the procedure . Patients should be made to understand that the procedure is absolutely permanent and their vocal capacity ( with current technology ) will never recover to its range prior to the surgery , and patients with small percentages of cord removals will experience disproportionately severe loss of vocal range compared to the loss suffered by patients who have undergone a near-entire cordectomy procedure . The indications being Carcinoma of Vocal cords and Early Glottic Carcinoma etc. . According to the European Laryngeal Society , Cordectomy is classified into followings : 1 ) Type I : Subepithelial cordectomy 2 ) Type II : Subligamental cordectomy 3 ) Type III : Transmuscular cordectomy 4 ) Type IV : Total or Complete cordectomy Category : Oral and maxillofacial surgery", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d9c003cb7a1324635b91f8ac63ee18ee", "text": "Liver cancer Liver cancer , also known as hepatic cancer and primary hepatic cancer , is cancer that starts in the liver . Cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver , known as liver metastasis , is more common than that which starts in the liver . Symptoms of liver cancer may include a lump or pain in the right side below the rib cage , swelling of the abdomen , yellowish skin , easy bruising , weight loss , and weakness . The leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis B , hepatitis C , or alcohol . Other causes include aflatoxin , non-alcoholic fatty liver disease , and liver flukes . The most common types are hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) , which makes up 80 % of cases , and cholangiocarcinoma . Less common types include mucinous cystic neoplasm and intraductal papillary biliary neoplasm . The diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsy . Preventive efforts include immunization against hepatitis B and treating those infected with hepatitis B or C. Screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease . Treatment options may include surgery , targeted therapy , and radiation therapy . In certain cases ablation therapy , embolization therapy , or liver transplantation may be used . Small lumps in the liver may be simply closely followed . Primary liver cancer is globally the sixth most frequent cancer ( 6 % ) and the second leading cause of death from cancer ( 9 % ) . In 2012 it occurred in 782,000 people and in 2015 resulted in 810,500 deaths . In 2015 , 263,000 deaths from liver cancer were due to hepatitis B , 167,000 to hepatitis C , and 245,000 to alcohol . Higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis B and C are common , including Asia and sub-Saharan Africa . Males are more often affected with HCC than females . Diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years old . Five-year survival rates are 18 % in the United States . The word `` hepatic '' is from the Greek hêpar , meaning `` liver . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "052b7b2b0d415b6ef4afe7d3c3d7b8e3", "text": "Pain in animals In humans , pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli . Whether animals apart from humans also experience pain is contentious . The standard measure of pain in humans is how a person reports that pain , ( for example , on a pain scale ) . `` Pain '' is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as `` an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , or described in terms of such damage . '' Only the person experiencing the pain can know the pain 's quality and intensity , and the degree of suffering . However , for non-human animals , it is harder , if even possible , to know whether an emotional experience has occurred . Therefore , this concept is often excluded in definitions of pain in animals , such as that provided by Zimmerman : `` an aversive sensory experience caused by actual or potential injury that elicits protective motor and vegetative reactions , results in learned avoidance and may modify species-specific behaviour , including social behaviour . '' Non-human animals can not report their feelings to language-using humans in the same manner as human communication , but observation of their behaviour provides a reasonable indication as to the extent of their pain . Just as with doctors and medics who sometimes share no common language with their patients , the indicators of pain can still be understood . According to the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals , pain is experienced by many animal species , including mammals and possibly all vertebrates .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b6db534c584c71841d69a5b3ccd19202", "text": "Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon , itself , is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , 222Rn , has a half-life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half-lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half-life as it is continually being regenerated . Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon-gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs . Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "82d28ca788e00b58556a396b79b2d327", "text": "Bronchodilator A bronchodilator is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles , decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs . Bronchodilators may be endogenous ( originating naturally within the body ) , or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties . They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases , of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions . Although this remains somewhat controversial , they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis . They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases . Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting . Short-acting medications provide quick or `` rescue '' relief from acute bronchoconstriction . Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms . The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists ( short - and long-acting ) , anticholinergics ( short-acting ) , and theophylline ( long-acting ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea62ef8e34eeb0a5f1f61511ac731877", "text": "Ex vivo Ex vivo ( Latin : `` out of the living '' ) means that which takes place outside an organism . In science , ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions . Ex vivo conditions allow experimentation on an organism 's cells or tissues under more controlled conditions than is possible in in vivo experiments ( in the intact organism ) , at the expense of altering the `` natural '' environment . A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects . Tissues may be removed in many ways , including in part , as whole organs , or as larger organ systems . Examples of ex vivo specimen use include : assays ; finding cancer treatment agents that are effective against the organism 's cancer cells measurements of physical , thermal , electrical , mechanical , optical and other tissue properties , especially in various environments that may not be life-sustaining ( for example , at extreme pressures or temperatures ) ; realistic models for surgical procedure development ; investigations into the interaction of different energy types with tissues ; or as phantoms in imaging technique development . The term ex vivo means that the samples to be tested have been extracted from the organism . The term in vitro ( `` within the glass '' ) means the samples to be tested are obtained from a repository , in the case of cancer cells a strain that would produce favorable results , then grown to produce a control sample and the number of samples required for the number of tests . These two terms are not synonymous even though the testing in both cases is `` within the glass '' . The results of ex vivo only apply to the organism supplying the cell whereas the in vitro results only apply to the cell line used . In cell biology , ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus , usually under sterile conditions with no alterations , for up to 24 hours to obtain sufficient cells for the experiments . Experiments generally start after 24 hours of incubation . Using living cells or tissue from the same organism are still considered to be ex vivo . One widely performed ex vivo study is the chick chorioallantoic membrane ( CAM ) assay . In this assay , angiogenesis is promoted on the CAM membrane of a chicken embryo outside the organism ( chicken ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc78bf06e1c38fd28329285b0f65cd73", "text": "Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease the risk of cancer . The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors , and many , but not all , of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices . Greater than 30 % of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including : tobacco , overweight / obesity , an insufficient diet , physical inactivity , alcohol , sexually transmitted infections , and air pollution . Not all environmental causes are controllable , such as naturally occurring background radiation , and other cases of cancer are caused through hereditary genetic disorders , and thus it is not possible to prevent all cases of cancer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64dd9daf9076ba7ebc36b00ed2795358", "text": "Pulmonary aspiration Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material ( such as pharyngeal secretions , food or drink , or stomach contents ) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx ( voice box ) and lower respiratory tract ( the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea -- i.e. , windpipe -- to the lungs ) . A person may either inhale the material , or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation . When pulmonary aspiration occurs during eating and drinking , the aspirated material is often colloquially referred to as `` going down the wrong pipe . '' Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all , to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia , to death within minutes from asphyxiation . These consequences depend in part on the volume , chemical composition , particle size , presence or absence of infectious agents , and underlying health status of the person . In healthy people , aspiration of small quantities of material is common and rarely results in disease or injury . People with significant underlying disease or injury , especially hospitalized patients , are at greater risk for developing respiratory complications following pulmonary aspiration because of certain factors such as depressed level of consciousness and impaired airway defenses ( gag reflex and/or respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system ) . As the lumen of the right main bronchus is more vertical and of slightly wider diameter than that of the left , aspirated material is more likely to end up in this bronchus or one of its subsequent bifurcation . About 3.6 million cases of pulmonary aspiration or foreign body in the airway occurred in 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7b8e7d9049cb9dcec4db66cbc23fd57f", "text": "Dysphagia Dysphagia is the medical term for the symptom of difficulty in swallowing . Although classified under `` symptoms and signs '' in ICD-10 , the term is sometimes used as a condition in its own right . People with dysphagia are sometimes unaware of having it . The word is derived from the Greek dys meaning bad or disordered , and the root phag - meaning `` eat '' . It may be a sensation that suggests difficulty in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth to the stomach , a lack of pharyngeal sensation , or various other inadequacies of the swallowing mechanism . Dysphagia is distinguished from other symptoms including odynophagia , which is defined as painful swallowing , and globus , which is the sensation of a lump in the throat . A person can have dysphagia without odynophagia ( dysfunction without pain ) , odynophagia without dysphagia ( pain without dysfunction ) , or both together . A psychogenic dysphagia is known as phagophobia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0eb197b9cabc147ca8fac57e11dc389f", "text": "Nones (liturgy) Nones ( -LSB- ˈnoʊnz -RSB- ) , also known as None ( Nona , `` Ninth '' ) , the Ninth Hour , or the Midafternoon Prayer , is a fixed time of prayer of the Divine Office of almost all the traditional Christian liturgies . It consists mainly of psalms and is said around 3 pm , about the ninth hour after dawn . Following Vatican II , the hour is optional in the Catholic Church : it may be said whenever convenient during the day or omitted entirely . However , bishops and priests are still expected to recite the full sequence of hours , as closely as possible to the traditional time of day .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed3fa13abb90bb991f9e4a1347431771", "text": "Chemotherapy Chemotherapy ( often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx ) is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs ( chemotherapeutic agents ) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen . Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent ( which almost always involves combinations of drugs ) , or it may aim to prolong life or to reduce symptoms ( palliative chemotherapy ) . Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer , which is called medical oncology . By common usage , the term chemotherapy has come to connote the use of rather non-specific intracellular poisons , especially related to inhibiting the process of cell division known as mitosis , and generally excludes agents that more selectively block extracellular growth signals ( i.e. blockers of signal transduction ) . To avoid these connotations for recently developed ( against specific molecular or genetic targets ) therapies which inhibit of growth-promoting signals coming from classic endocrine hormones ( primarily estrogens for breast cancer and androgens for prostate cancer ) is known as hormonal therapy , while the inhibition of other growth-promoting influences ( especially those associated with receptor tyrosine kinases ) is known as targeted therapy . Importantly , the use of drugs ( whether chemotherapy , hormonal therapy or targeted therapy ) constitutes systemic therapy for cancer in that they are introduced into the blood stream and are therefore in principle able to address cancer at any anatomic location in the body . Systemic therapy is often used in conjunction with other modalities that constitute local therapy ( i.e. treatments whose efficacy is confined to the anatomic area where they are applied ) for cancer such as radiation therapy , surgery and/or hyperthermia therapy . Traditional chemotherapeutic agents are cytotoxic by means of interfering with cell division ( mitosis ) but cancer cells vary widely in their susceptibility to these agents . To a large extent , chemotherapy can be thought of as a way to damage or stress cells , which may then lead to cell death if apoptosis is initiated . Many of the side effects of chemotherapy can be traced to damage to normal cells that divide rapidly and are thus sensitive to anti-mitotic drugs : cells in the bone marrow , digestive tract and hair follicles . This results in the most common side-effects of chemotherapy : myelosuppression ( decreased production of blood cells , hence also immunosuppression ) , mucositis ( inflammation of the lining of the digestive tract ) , and alopecia ( hair loss ) . Because of the effect on immune cells ( especially lymphocytes ) , chemotherapy drugs often find use in a host of diseases that result from harmful overactivity of the immune system against self ( so-called autoimmunity ) . These include rheumatoid arthritis , systemic lupus erythematosus , multiple sclerosis , vasculitis and many others .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a3cb3898d5b78aefc01c1426f0c4715a", "text": "Postural drainage Postural drainage ( PD ) is drainage used in bronchiectasis and lung abscess . The patient 's body is positioned so that the trachea is inclined downward and below the affected chest area . Postural drainage is essential in treating bronchiectasis and patients must receive physiotherapy to learn to tip themselves into a position in which the lobe to be drained . It is done at least three times daily for up to 30 minutes . It can be done in the night to reduce coughing at night ( although PD should be avoided after meals ) or in the morning to clear accumulated secretions during the night . Bronchodilators can be used 15 minutes before PD is done to maximise its benefits . The most affected area is drained first to prevent infected secretions spilling into healthy lung . Drainage time varies but each position requires 10 minutes . If an entire hemithorax is involved , each lobe has to drained individual but a maximum of three position per session is considered sufficient . The procedure is discontinued if the patient complains of headache , discomfort , dizziness , palpitations , fatigue and dyspnea . Patients may be dyspnic after the various manuovers as the head-down position increases the work of breathing , reduces tidal volume and decreases FRC . The treatment is often used in conjunction with a technique for loosening secretions in the chest cavity called chest percussion . Chest percussion is performed by clapping the back or chest with a cupped hand . Alternatively , a mechanical vibrator may be used in some cases to facilitate loosening of secretions . There are drainage positions for all segments of the lung . These positions can be modified depending on the patient 's condition . Postural drainage may be followed by breathing exercises to help expel loosened secretions from the airway .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2f8001ee72f9f87a759ab2ca6b465506", "text": "List of questionable diseases This is a list of diseases and diagnoses that are considered questionable or rejected by many in the medical profession . Some are diagnosed using unvalidated or disputed diagnostic techniques such as applied kinesiology . Most purported symptoms are vague , generic , nonspecific , and generally categorised as `` symptoms of life '' . Adrenal fatigue Autistic enterocolitis Chronic Lyme disease Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Fan death Heavy legs Leaky gut syndrome Morgellons Multiple chemical sensitivity Non-coeliac gluten sensitivity Oral galvanism Wind turbine syndrome Wilson 's temperature syndrome , also called Wilson 's thyroid syndrome . Not to be confused with Wilson 's disease .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a6048abea3c32c16e149e4fed69f00ab", "text": "Alternative cancer treatments Alternative cancer treatments are alternative or complementary treatments for cancer that have not been approved by the government agencies responsible for the regulation of therapeutic goods . They include diet and exercise , chemicals , herbs , devices , and manual procedures . The treatments are not supported by evidence , either because no proper testing has been conducted , or because testing did not demonstrate statistically significant efficacy . Concerns have been raised about the safety of some of them . Some treatments that have been proposed in the past have been found in clinical trials to be useless or unsafe . Some of these obsolete or disproven treatments continue to be promoted , sold , and used . Promoting or marketing such treatments is illegal in most of the developed world including the United States and European Union . A distinction is typically made between complementary treatments which do not disrupt conventional medical treatment , and alternative treatments which may replace conventional treatment . Alternative cancer treatments are typically contrasted with experimental cancer treatments -- which are treatments for which experimental testing is underway -- and with complementary treatments , which are non-invasive practices used alongside other treatment . All approved chemotherapeutic cancer treatments were considered experimental cancer treatments before their safety and efficacy testing was completed . Since the 1940s , medical science has developed chemotherapy , radiation therapy , adjuvant therapy and the newer targeted therapies , as well as refined surgical techniques for removing cancer . Before the development of these modern , evidence-based treatments , 90 % of cancer patients died within five years . With modern mainstream treatments , only 34 % of cancer patients die within five years . However , while mainstream forms of cancer treatment generally prolong life or permanently cure cancer , most treatments also have side effects ranging from unpleasant to fatal , such as pain , blood clots , fatigue , and infection . These side effects and the lack of a guarantee that treatment will be successful create appeal for alternative treatments for cancer , which purport to cause fewer side effects or to increase survival rates . Alternative cancer treatments have typically not undergone properly conducted , well-designed clinical trials , or the results have not been published due to publication bias ( a refusal to publish results of a treatment outside that journal 's focus area , guidelines or approach ) . Among those that have been published , the methodology is often poor . A 2006 systematic review of 214 articles covering 198 clinical trials of alternative cancer treatments concluded that almost none conducted dose-ranging studies , which are necessary to ensure that the patients are being given a useful amount of the treatment . These kinds of treatments appear and vanish frequently , and have throughout history .", "title": "" } ]	fever
26db782346b685c9383a529511e19b8e	Dan Aykroyd has received zero Academy Award nominations.	[ { "docid": "5d9a74428a9db3cc0226f7e3462ac4bc", "text": "Dan Aykroyd Daniel Edward `` Dan '' Aykroyd ( born July 1 , 1952 ) is a Canadian-American actor , comedian , producer , voice artist , screenwriter , musician and businessman . He was an original member of the `` Not Ready for Prime Time Players '' on Saturday Night Live ( 1975 -- 1979 ) . A musical sketch he performed with John Belushi on SNL , The Blues Brothers , turned into an actual performing band and then a highly successful 1980 film , also called The Blues Brothers . He conceived and starred in Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) , which spawned a sequel ( Ghostbusters II ) and eventually an entire media franchise . In 1990 , he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his work in the 1989 film Driving Miss Daisy . He starred in his own sitcom , Soul Man , from 1997 -- 98 . Aykroyd is also a successful businessman , having co-founded the House of Blues chain of music venues and the Crystal Head Vodka brand .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "265457bbd71c6794b018f6d68b1e85e8", "text": "25th Academy Awards The 25th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 19 , 1953 . It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood , California , and the NBC International Theatre in New York City . It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be televised , and the first ceremony to be held in Hollywood and New York City simultaneously . It was also the only year that the New York ceremonies were to be held in the NBC International Theatre on Columbus Circle , which was shortly thereafter demolished and replaced by the New York Coliseum convention center . A major upset occurred in the category of Best Picture . The heavily favored High Noon lost to Cecil B. DeMille 's The Greatest Show on Earth , eventually considered among the worst films to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture . The American film magazine Premiere placed the movie on its list of the 10 worst Oscar winners and the British film magazine Empire rated it # 3 on their list of the 10 worst Oscar winners . It has the lowest spot on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the 81 films to win Best Picture . Of all the films nominated for the Oscar this year , only High Noon and Singin ' in the Rain would show up 46 years later on the American Film Institute list of the greatest American films of the 20th Century . For a film that only received two nominations , Singin ' in the Rain went on to be named as the greatest American musical film of all time and in the 2007 American Film Institute updated list as the fifth greatest American film of all time , while High Noon was ranked twenty-seventh on the same 2007 list , as well . The Bad and the Beautiful won five awards , the most wins ever for a film not nominated for Best Picture . It was also the second Academy Awards in which a film not nominated for Best Picture received the most awards of the evening , excluding years where there were ties for the most wins . The only other film to do this was The Thief of Bagdad at the 13th Academy Awards ; as of the 87th Academy Awards , it has not happened since . Until Spotlight won only Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay at the 88th Academy Awards , this was the last year in which the Best Picture winner won just two Oscars . It was also the second of three years to date in which two films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ( The Bad and the Beautiful and Hans Christian Andersen , both with six ) . This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards . Shirley Booth also became the last person to win an Oscar in a Leading Role to be born in the 19th century . She also holds the distinction of being the first woman in her 50s to win the award , at the age of 54 ( the second woman in her 50s to win , Julianne Moore , was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards ) . John Ford 's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins in this category that remains unmatched to this day . For the first time since the introduction of Supporting Actor and Actress awards in 1936 , Best Picture , Best Director , and all four acting Oscars went to six different films . This has happened only three times since , at the 29th Academy Awards for 1956 , the 78th for 2005 , and the 85th for 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "33b5253b273790f5cf9b0421c406a31a", "text": "A.C.O.D. A.C.O.D. is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Stu Zicherman , based on a script by Zicherman and Ben Karlin , and starring Adam Scott , Amy Poehler , Jessica Alba and Jane Lynch . The name of the film is an abbreviation for Adult Children of Divorce . Teddy Schwarzman produced the film through his Black Bear Pictures production company . Other stars include Richard Jenkins , Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Catherine O'Hara , with Ken Howard and Clark Duke in supporting roles . The film was released in the U.S. on October 4 , 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd3c673983155274d991e48586ab93d5", "text": "List of accolades received by Gone Girl (film) Gone Girl is a 2014 psychological thriller film directed by David Fincher , and produced by Leslie Dixon , Bruna Papandrea , Arnon Milchan , Reese Witherspoon , Ceán Chaffin , and Joshua Donen . The screenplay was adapted by Gillian Flynn from her eponymous 2012 novel . Set in Missouri , United States , the film stars Ben Affleck as Nick Dunne , a writer who becomes the prime suspect in the mysterious disappearance of his wife Amy , played by Rosamund Pike . Neil Patrick Harris and Tyler Perry feature in supporting roles . The score was composed by Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross . Gone Girl premiered at the New York Film Festival on September 26 , 2014 , before 20th Century Fox gave the film a wide release at over 3,000 theaters in the United States and Canada on October 3 . It grossed over $ 368 million on a production budget of $ 61 million . As of June 2016 , Gone Girl is Fincher 's highest-grossing film . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , surveyed 295 reviews and judged 88 % to be positive . Gone Girl garnered awards and nominations in a variety of categories with particular praise for its direction , Pike 's lead acting performance , Flynn 's screenplay , and its score . At the 87th Academy Awards , Pike received a nomination for Best Actress . The film received four nominations at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards : Best Director for Fincher , Best Actress in a Drama for Pike , Best Screenplay for Flynn , and Best Original Score . Pike won the Empire Award for Best Actress , and garnered nominations in the same category at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards and 68th British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) . She also received the Breakthrough Performance Award from the Palm Springs International Film Festival . Flynn was nominated at the BAFTAs , as well as the Writers Guild of America Awards . The National Board of Review included the film in their list of top ten films of the year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "97e69b12cafe8bac808c75e5d636fa5b", "text": "Golden Raspberry Awards The Golden Raspberry Awards ( often shortened to Razzies and Razzie Awards ) is an award in recognition of the worst in film . Co-founded by UCLA film graduates and film-industry veterans , John J. B. Wilson and Mo Murphy , the annual Razzie Awards ceremony in Los Angeles precedes the corresponding Academy Awards ceremony by one day . The term raspberry in the name is used in its irreverent sense , as in `` blowing a raspberry '' . The awards themselves are in the form of a `` golf ball-sized raspberry '' which sits atop a Super 8 mm film reel , the whole of which is spray painted gold . The first Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony was held on March 31 , 1981 , at John J. B. Wilson 's living-room alcove in Los Angeles , to honor the worst in film of the 1980 film season . The 37th ceremony was held on February 25 , 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eb2600832a8a97147111f4517a8fb164", "text": "8th Academy Awards The 8th Academy Awards were held on March 5 , 1936 , at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles , California . They were hosted by Frank Capra . This was the first year in which the gold statuettes were called `` Oscars '' . The category of Best Dance Direction was introduced this year . The DGA successfully lobbied for its elimination three years later . Mutiny on the Bounty became the last film to date to win Best Picture and nothing else ( following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel ) , and the only film to receive three nominations for Best Actor . This was the second and last year that write-in votes were allowed at the Oscars . A Midsummer Night 's Dream became the only film to win a write-in Oscar , taking Best Cinematography .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5df96c0814e26b36c1c686b0693dcb1b", "text": "26th Academy Awards The 26th Academy Awards honored the best in films of 1953 . The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers . Shirley Booth , appearing in a play in Philadelphia , presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in , and privately received the winner 's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor . ( Actor Fredric March co-hosted from New York City . ) Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico , with O'Connor announcing the winner 's name . All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films . The big winner was Fred Zinnemann 's From Here to Eternity , with thirteen nominations and eight awards including Best Picture , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Screenplay ( Daniel Taradash ) , Best Cinematography ( Burnett Guffey ) , Best Sound , and Best Film Editing . All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated , with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars . The candid film was based on James Jones ' controversial , best-selling novel about Army life on a Hawaiian ( Oahu ) military base just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II , illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private ( Montgomery Clift ) and rigid institutional authority ( exemplified by the Army ) . Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . The record would be tied again the following year by On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) . Walt Disney won four awards , which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year . William Holden 's speech for Best Actor for his role in Stalag 17 was simply `` Thank You '' , making it one of the shortest speeches ever ; the TV broadcast had a strict cutoff time which forced Holden 's quick remarks . The frustrated Holden personally paid for advertisements in the Hollywood trade publications to thank everyone he wanted to on Oscar night . He also remarked that he felt that either Burt Lancaster or Montgomery Clift should have won the Best Actor Oscar for From Here to Eternity , instead of him .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4debceab3c80314b473057b47fa295f7", "text": "Christopher Plummer Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer ( born December 13 , 1929 ) is a Canadian theatre , film and television actor . After making his film debut in Stage Struck ( 1958 ) , Plummer went on to a successful film career , now spanning more than five decades . Some of his most notable film performances include : The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) , Waterloo ( 1970 ) , The Return of the Pink Panther ( 1975 ) , Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) , Dragnet ( 1987 ) , Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) , A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , The New World ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Up ( 2009 ) , The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus ( 2009 ) , and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) . In a career which includes substantial roles in each of the dramatic arts , Plummer is best known to film audiences as the aristocratic widower , Captain Georg von Trapp , in the musical film The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , alongside Julie Andrews . Plummer has ventured into various television projects , including the miniseries The Thorn Birds ( 1983 ) . Plummer has notably portrayed several historical figures , including Arthur Wellesley , First Duke of Wellington in Waterloo ( 1970 ) , Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) , Mike Wallace in The Insider ( 1999 ) , and Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station ( 2009 ) . Plummer has won numerous awards and accolades for his work , including an Academy Award , two Emmy Awards , two Tony Awards , a Golden Globe Award , a SAG Award , and a BAFTA Award . With his win at age 82 in 2012 for Beginners , Plummer is the oldest actor ever to win an Academy Award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d62b83dc5fd0744252d6286fa33f623", "text": "Chicago (2002 film) Chicago is a 2002 American musical crime comedy film based on the musical of the same name , exploring the themes of celebrity , scandal , and corruption in Chicago during the Jazz Age . The film stars Catherine Zeta-Jones , Renée Zellweger and Richard Gere . Chicago centers on Velma Kelly ( Zeta-Jones ) and Roxie Hart ( Zellweger ) , two murderesses who find themselves in jail together awaiting trial in 1920s Chicago . Velma , a vaudevillian , and Roxie , a housewife , fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows . Directed and choreographed by Rob Marshall , and adapted by screenwriter Bill Condon , with music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb , Chicago won six Academy Awards in 2003 , including Best Picture . The film was critically lauded , and was the first musical to win Best Picture since Oliver ! in 1968 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "486ba469045b01d35fd902f6f4553bb0", "text": "The Producers (1968 film) The Producers is a 1968 American satirical comedy film written and directed by Mel Brooks and starring Zero Mostel , Gene Wilder , Dick Shawn , and Kenneth Mars . The film was Brooks 's directorial debut , and he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay . Although the release date was officially 1968 , the premier took place in Pittsburgh on November 22 , 1967 . Decades later , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry and placed eleventh on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs list . It was later remade by Brooks as an acclaimed Broadway stage musical , which itself was adapted for a 2005 feature film starring Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5349efb37d6a05cec1e9202ce515c28", "text": "List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film This is a list of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film every year since the award was created in 1956 . The award is presented annually by the Academy to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films . Nine shortlisted contenders will be revealed a week before the announcement of the Oscar nominations . The submitted motion pictures must be first released theatrically in their respective countries between 1 October 2011 , and 30 September 2012 . On 8 October 2012 , the Academy announced the final list of eligible submissions , with a record number of 71 films . Nine finalists were announced in December 2012 , which were shortlisted in January , with the final five nominees announced on 10 January 2013 . The Austrian entry Amour directed by Michael Haneke was the eventual winner . Kenya submitted its first film in the Foreign Language category with Nairobi Half Life . Cambodia made its first submission in 18 years ( and its second overall ) with Lost Loves .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "57fa02595e2d219579ab7e8c4afddfd8", "text": "52nd Academy Awards The 52nd Academy Awards were presented April 14 , 1980 , at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles . The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson who , in noting the long duration of the production , joked that President Jimmy Carter was working hard for their `` release '' from the ceremonies , a clear reference to the Iranian hostage crisis . Among the nominees for Best Supporting Actor were 8 year-old Justin Henry -- the youngest Best Supporting Actor nominee ever -- and 79-year-old Melvyn Douglas . This was the largest age difference between two competing actors in Oscar history until 2013 . Ironically , their age difference was partially the reason why Douglas did not attend the Oscars that night , despite winning the award . Henry was nominated for Kramer vs. Kramer , which out of its eight other nominations , finished with five awards , including Best Picture , Best Director for Robert Benton , and Best Actor for Dustin Hoffman .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5a811888a7c431f8479828e48a86816f", "text": "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series This is a list of winners and nominees of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . This award and Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series replaced Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Series in 2003 . As of 2015 , no show has won this award more than once except for The Office , which has won twice ( 2007 and 2013 ) . In the following list , the first titles listed in gold and bold are the winners ; those not in gold are nominees , which are listed in alphabetical order . The years given are those in which the ceremonies took place : __ TOC __", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8bf46fc2c16260c2a2447ad6d3b25962", "text": "List of accolades received by Fences (film) Fences is a 2016 American drama film directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson . Starring Washington , Viola Davis , Jovan Adepo and Stephen McKinley Henderson , the film focuses on a man and his life , family , and job . The film began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide on December 25 . The film was released to universal acclaim , with Rotten Tomatoes listing an approval rating of 93 % , based on 207 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 , and Metacritic listing a score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 reviews . Fences won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the British Academy Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Davis . The film won Best Supporting Actress for Davis and was nominated for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington , Best Acting Ensemble and Best Adapted Screenplay at Critics ' Choice Awards . The film won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture for Davis and was nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama for Washington at Golden Globe Awards . The film received four nominations at Satellite Awards , including Best Film , Best Director , Best Actor for Washington and Best Supporting Actress for Davis .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18a75c5ad0c17a861ba966e0fbe71d59", "text": "BAFTA Award for Best Film The BAFTA Award for Best Film is given annually by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and presented at the British Academy Film Awards . It has been given since the 1st BAFTA Awards , representing the best films of 1947 , but until 1969 it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Film From Any Source . It is possible for films from any country to be nominated , although British films are also recognised in the category BAFTA Award for Best British Film and ( since 1983 ) foreign-language films in BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language . As such , there have been multiple occasions of a film being nominated in two of these categories . There has been one tie for the Best Film award when , in 1962 , Ballad of a Soldier tied with The Hustler for Best Film from any Source . Until 1981 , the award was given to the director , except in 1976 and 1977 , when it was given to the producers . From 1981 to 1985 , it was given solely to the producers , and then in 1986 , it was shared between the Director and Producer . In 1998 , it was once again given to only the producers . In the following lists , the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners and recipients respectively ; those not in bold are the nominees . The years given are those in which the films under consideration were released , not the year of the ceremony , which always takes place the following year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b0ef1af1be3b23fc2a82cb1be7f28903", "text": "List of Malaysian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Malaysia is one of more than a hundred countries that have sent films to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 2004 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . As of 2016 , a total of four films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination . The Princess of Mount Ledang was the first film to be submitted in 2003 , since then no other films that was submitted until 2012 , a film directed by Dain Said Bunohan was sent to compete , but it failed to set out as the nominee . For the 88th Academy Awards , Men Who Save the World was decided by National Film Development Corporation Malaysia ( FINAS ) to be submitted , affiliated with Malaysian Ministry of Communications and Multimedia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56563307d80f178eefa7f73cb22d6e44", "text": "78th Academy Awards The 78th Academy Awards ceremony , presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , took place on March 5 , 2006 , at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood , Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. . The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics . During the ceremony , AMPAS presented Academy Awards ( commonly referred to as Oscars ) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005 . The ceremony , televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz . Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time . Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills , California held on February 18 , the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams . Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture . Other winners included Brokeback Mountain , King Kong , and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece , and Capote , The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , The Constant Gardener , Hustle and Flow , March of the Penguins , The Moon and the Son : An Imagined Conversation , A Note of Triumph : The Golden Age of Norman Corwin , Six Shooter , Syriana , Tsotsi , Walk the Line , and Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each . The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e1562e3e2ba348de668f39a050d4889", "text": "Japan Academy Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film Every year since its inception , the Japanese Academy has recognized an outstanding foreign film . The year that any given film is nominated is not based on the film 's domestic release date but rather on the date it is released in Japan . As delays of over four months are not uncommon , many films are nominated in Japan the following year after their release to the Japanese market ( i.e. Million Dollar Baby won the American Academy Award for Best Picture for films made in 2004 , but the Japanese award , based on its localized release date , is for 2005 ) . In fact , not one of the five films nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Picture had been released in Japan by February 15 , 2008 , the date of the Japan Academy Prize Ceremony . Although the 2007 recipient of this award , Letters from Iwo Jima , a film almost entirely in Japanese , would not seem to meet the qualification of a `` Foreign Language Film '' , the actual Japanese title of the award , 最優秀外国作品賞 makes no mention of language . It would be more accurately translated as `` Best Foreign Production '' . 2017 - Sully The Martian Zootopia Star Wars : The Force Awakens The Revenant 2016 - American Sniper Kingsman : The Secret Service Mad Max : Fury Road Spectre Whiplash 2015 - Frozen Interstellar Jersey Boys Fury Godzilla 2014 - Les Misérables 3 Idiots Captain Phillips Django Unchained Gravity 2013 - The Intouchables Argo The Dark Knight Rises The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Skyfall 2012 - The King 's Speech Rise of the Planet of the Apes Moneyball The Social Network Black Swan 2011 - Avatar Inception Toy Story 3 Invictus The Hurt Locker 2010 - Gran Torino Slumdog Millionaire Changeling The Wrestler Red Cliff Part II 2009 - The Dark Knight The Bucket List No Country for Old Men Lust , Caution Red Cliff Part I 2008 - Letters from Iwo Jima Dreamgirls Babel Hairspray The Bourne Ultimatum 2007 - Flags of Our Fathers Crash Hotel Rwanda Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The Da Vinci Code 2006 - Million Dollar Baby Cinderella Man Charlie and the Chocolate Factory The Phantom of the Opera Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 2005 - The Last Samurai The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Mystic River Seabiscuit Troy 2004 - The Pianist Chicago The Hours The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Yeopgijeogin geunyeo 2003 - Monster 's Ball Gangs of New York Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets I Am Sam The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring 2002 - Billy Elliot Artificial Intelligence : AI Chocolat Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Postmen in the Mountains 2001 - Dancer in the Dark American Beauty Gladiator The Green Mile Swiri 2000 - The Sixth Sense Elizabeth The Matrix Shakespeare in Love La Vita è bella 1999 - L.A. Confidential Armageddon As Good as It Gets Good Will Hunting Saving Private Ryan 1998 - Titanic The English Patient Shine Air Force One Seven Years in Tibet1997 - Il Postino Independence Day Mission : Impossible Se7en 12 Monkeys1996 - The Shawshank Redemption Apollo 13 The Bridges of Madison County Forrest Gump Léon 1995 - Schindler 's List The Piano Pulp Fiction Speed True Lies 1994 - Jurassic Park Cliffhanger The Fugitive Heaven & Earth Unforgiven 1993 - JFK The Lover Basic Instinct The Bodyguard A League of Their Own 1992 - Dances with Wolves Awakenings Nikita The Silence of the Lambs Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 1991 - Field of Dreams Die Hard 2 Ghost Cinema Paradiso Total Recall 1990 - Die Hard Black Rain Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Major League Rain Man 1989 - The Last Emperor Fatal Attraction Full Metal Jacket Moonstruck Wall Street 1988 - Platoon Hannah and Her Sisters Stand By Me Top Gun The Untouchables 1987 - Back to the Future Aliens A Chorus Line The Color Purple Out of Africa 1986 - Amadeus The Cotton Club The Killing Fields A Passage to India Witness 1985 - Once Upon a Time in America Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom The Natural The Right Stuff Terms of Endearment 1984 - An Officer and a Gentleman The Woman Next DoorFlashdanceGandhiSophie 's Choice1983 - E.T. the Extra-TerrestrialDas BootChariots of FireOn Golden PondRocky III1982 - Die BlechtrommelBeing ThereThe Elephant ManOrdinary PeopleLes Uns et les Autres1981 - Kramer vs. KramerAll That JazzApocalypse NowManhattanTess1980 - The Deer HunterThe Tree of Wooden ClogsBig WednesdayThe ChampThe Travelling Players1979 - Conversation PieceClose Encounters of the Third KindThe Goodbye GirlStar Wars Episode IV : A New HopeThe Turning Point1978 - RockyThe Fire WithinNetworkSlap ShotVoyage of the Damned ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c3ec9d899eca67259ed9f51856f87b4f", "text": "Academy Award for Best Animated Feature The Academy Awards are given each year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS or the Academy ) for the best films and achievements of the previous year . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for animated films . An animated feature is defined by the Academy as a film with a running time of more than 40 minutes in which characters ' performances are created using a frame-by-frame technique , a significant number of the major characters are animated , and animation figures in no less than 75 percent of the running time . The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature was first given for films made in 2001 . Through the 89th Academy Awards , presented in 2017 , Academy Award nominations in this category were made by the Academy 's animation section ; effective with the 2018 awards , all Academy members will be eligible to vote on nominations . The entire AMPAS membership has been eligible to choose the winner since the award 's inception . If there are sixteen or more films submitted for the category , the winner is voted from a shortlist of five films , which has happened six times , otherwise there will only be three films on the shortlist . Additionally , eight eligible animated features must have been theatrically released in Los Angeles County within the calendar year for this category to be activated . Animated films can be nominated for other categories , but have rarely been so ; Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) was the first animated film ever nominated for Best Picture . Up ( 2009 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) also received Best Picture nominations after the Academy expanded the number of nominees . Waltz with Bashir ( 2008 ) is the only animated film ever nominated for Best Foreign Language Film ( though it did not receive a nomination for Best Animated Feature ) . The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) and Kubo and the Two Strings ( 2016 ) are the only two animated films to ever be nominated for Best Visual Effects .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f6b17ddd5f31df752a129ff29ae7060c", "text": "List of Singaporean submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Singapore has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film on a fairly regular basis since 2005 . Singapore also submitted a single film while a British colony in 1959 . The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . As of 2016 , a total of ten films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , but none has yet received an Oscar nomination .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4a7c8275d7e7525e0cbd565df0673de0", "text": "Never on Sunday Never on Sunday is a 1960 Greek black-and-white romantic comedy film . The film tells the story of Ilya , a self-employed , free-spirited prostitute who lives in the port of Piraeus in Greece , and Homer , an American tourist from Middletown , Connecticut -- a classical scholar enamored of all things Greek . Homer feels Ilya 's life style typifies the degradation of Greek classical culture and attempts to steer her onto the path of morality , while at the same time Ilya attempts to loosen Homer up . It constitutes a variation of the Pygmalion plus `` hooker with a heart of gold '' story . The film stars Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin , and it gently submerges the viewer into Greek culture , including dance , music , and language ( through the use of subtitles ) . The theme song and the bouzouki theme of the movie became hits of the 1960s and brought the composer , Manos Hadjidakis , an Academy Award . It won the Academy Award for Best Song ( Manos Hadjidakis for `` Never on Sunday '' ) . It was nominated for the Academy Awards for , respectively , Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Melina Mercouri ) , Best Costume Design , Black-and-White , Best Director ( Jules Dassin ) and Best Writing , Story and Screenplay as Written Directly for the Screen ( Dassin ) . Mercouri won the award for Best Actress at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival .", "title": "" } ]	fever
6584091d89995dd01457130ef01e404b	Watchmen was number 91 on The Comics Journals list of the top 100 comics of the 20th century that was published in 2001.	[ { "docid": "d9b0ea69d537ab8b524f02d9881645ec", "text": "Time's List of the 100 Best Novels Time 's List of the 100 Best Novels '' ' is an unranked list of the 100 best novels -- and ten best graphic novels -- published in the English language between 1923 and 2005 . The list was compiled by Time Magazine critics Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo . The list only includes works between 1923 ( when Time was first published ) and 2005 ( when the list was compiled ) . As a result , notable books such as Ulysses by James Joyce -- published before 1923 -- were ineligible for inclusion.Watchmen '' ( 1986 ) by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons appears on both the 100 Best Novels and 10 Best Graphic Novels lists , giving the combined lists 109 entries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "635a59d215f1066d64ec65b47dc054a0", "text": "Watchmen Watchmen is an American comic-book limited series published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987 , and collected in 1987 . The series was created by a British collaboration consisting of writer Alan Moore , artist Dave Gibbons , and colorist John Higgins . Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics . As Moore 's proposed story would have left many of the characters unusable for future stories , managing editor Dick Giordano convinced Moore to create original characters instead . Moore used the story as a means to reflect contemporary anxieties and to deconstruct and parody the superhero concept . Watchmen depicts an alternate history where superheroes emerged in the 1940s and 1960s and their presence changed history so that the United States won the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal was never exposed . In 1985 , the country is edging toward World War III with the Soviet Union , freelance costumed vigilantes have been outlawed and most former superheroes are in retirement or working for the government . The story focuses on the personal development and moral struggles of the protagonists as an investigation into the murder of a government-sponsored superhero pulls them out of retirement . Creatively , the focus of Watchmen is on its structure . Gibbons used a nine-panel grid layout throughout the series and added recurring symbols such as a blood-stained smiley face . All but the last issue feature supplemental fictional documents that add to the series ' backstory , and the narrative is intertwined with that of another story , an in-story pirate comic titled Tales of the Black Freighter , which one of the characters reads . Structured , at times , as a nonlinear narrative , the story skips through space , time and plot . In the same manner , entire scenes and dialogue have parallels with others through synchronicity , coincidence and repeated imagery . A commercial success , Watchmen has received critical acclaim both in the comics and mainstream press , and is considered by several critics and reviewers to be one of the most significant works of 20th-century literature . Watchmen was recognized in Times List of the 100 Best Novels as one of the best English language novels published since 1923 , and placed # 91 on The Comics Journals list of the top 100 comics of the 20th century . The BBC described it as `` The moment comic books grew up . '' After a number of attempts to adapt the series into a feature film , director Zack Snyder 's Watchmen was released in 2009 . A video game series , Watchmen : The End Is Nigh , was released in the same year to coincide with the film 's release . In 2012 , DC Comics published Before Watchmen , a comic-book series acting as a prequel to the original Watchmen series , without Moore and Gibbons ' involvement .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "da321c0d37dd34d064a313286ff15be8", "text": "List of The New York Times Manga Best Sellers The New York Times Best Seller list for manga published in the United States was introduced on March 5 , 2009 , along with two additional lists for hardcover and paperback graphic novels . The three lists are grouped under the `` Graphic Books '' category . Deborah Hoffman , an editor for the Best Seller lists , explained that the term `` Graphic Books '' was selected to create an `` inclusive and expansive '' list which can extend to works of both fiction and non-fiction . Journalist George Gustines announced , in his introduction of the new lists , `` Comics have finally joined the mainstream . '' The announcement was made the week the film Watchmen , based on the comic book of the same name , was released in movie theaters throughout the U.S. . The Best Seller lists are printed weekly in The New York Times Book Review magazine , which is published in the Sunday edition of The New York Times and as a stand-alone publication . Gustines explained the methodology used to determine the rankings : Rankings reflect sales of graphic novels -LSB- ... -RSB- at many thousands of venues where a wide range of books are sold nationwide . These include hundreds of independent book retailers ( statistically weighted to represent all such outlets ) ; national , regional and local chains ; online and multimedia entertainment retailers ; university , gift , supermarket , discount department stores and newsstands . In addition , these rankings also include unit sales reported by retailers nationwide that specialize in graphic novels and comic books . On multiple occasions , manga have been listed outside its designated list . Mike Kiley , then-Senior Vice President of the publisher Tokyopop , explained in 2010 that it has become more difficult to draw a distinguishing line between works that are manga and manga-inspired , such as Korean manhwa and American original English language ( OEL ) manga . A Drifting Life , an autobiographical manga by Yoshihiro Tatsumi , appeared on the May 3 , 2009 , Best Seller list for paperback graphic novels , where it ranked third . X-Men : Misfits , an original English manga based on the X-Men comic book franchise , ranked fifth at its debut on the August 30 , 2009 , paperback graphic novels list , and stayed on the chart for five consecutive weeks . The first volume of a manhwa adaptation of the popular vampire-themed Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer remained on the hardcover graphic novels Best Seller list for 27 consecutive weeks in 2010 . In January 2017 , the Times decided to stop producing the separate manga best seller list .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "680d441ebade62360987097cae078e8a", "text": "Daredevil (Marvel Comics series) Daredevil is the name of several comic book titles featuring the character Daredevil and published by Marvel Comics , beginning with the original Daredevil comic book series which debuted in 1964 . While Daredevil had been home to the work of comic-book artists such as Everett , Kirby , Wally Wood , John Romita Sr. , and Gene Colan , among others , Frank Miller 's influential tenure on the title in the early 1980s cemented the character as a popular and influential part of the Marvel Universe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5abd48df317146531ccfb9e18a6b13bc", "text": "Watchtower (magic) In the tradition of the 1880s Order of the Golden Dawn a watchtower or guardian in ceremonial and derived neopagan magical tradition is a tutelary spirit of one of the four cardinal points or `` quarters '' ( north , east , south , and west ) . They are also variously associated in many traditions with each the four classical elements ( earth , air , fire , and water ) and stars ( Fomalhaut , Aldebaran , Regulus , and Antares ) . The Watchtowers are invoked during the ritual of casting a magic circle . Alternately , `` Watchtowers '' may refer specifically to the abodes of the Guardians , with the guardians themselves referred to as `` Watchers '' or simply `` Guardians '' . In Christian influenced magic traditions , they are understood to be the Archangels Uriel , Raphael , Michael , and Gabriel .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b61ff6beb43774616f53113030965da7", "text": "Millennium Edition (DC Comics) Millennium Edition was the umbrella title of 62 one-shot comic books published by DC Comics in 2000 and 2001 . It reprinted key issues from the history of the company such as the first appearance of notable characters , the relaunch of existing characters , or the start of major storylines . The oldest issue reprinted was Detective Comics # 1 ( March 1937 ) and the most recent was JLA # 1 ( January 1997 ) . Each issue of Millennium Edition had a gold foil logo stamped onto the front cover and a brief essay on the inside covers detailing the significance of the issue reprinted .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b3420f99715712d4f3b8e5775f3c27c", "text": "The 100 (TV series) The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . The series , developed by Jason Rothenberg , is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens : Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , Bellamy Blake ( Bob Morley ) , Octavia Blake ( Marie Avgeropoulos ) , Jasper Jordan ( Devon Bostick ) , Monty Green ( Christopher Larkin ) , Raven Reyes ( Lindsey Morgan ) , Finn Collins ( Thomas McDonell ) , John Murphy ( Richard Harmon ) , and Wells Jaha ( Eli Goree ) as they are among the first people from a space habitat , `` The Ark '' , to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse ; the series also focuses on Dr. Abby Griffin ( Paige Turco ) , Clarke 's mother ; Marcus Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , a council member on the Ark ; and Thelonious Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) , the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells ' father . In March 2016 , The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on February 1 , 2017 . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8d7b7bd08a8e84f087bfec3e69a5c1f9", "text": "Image Comics Image Comics is an American comic book publisher . It was founded in 1992 by several high-profile illustrators as a venue where comics creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created , as creator-owned properties . It was immediately successful , and remains one of the largest comic book publishers in North America . Its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the Image partners , but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators . Its best-known series include Spawn , Savage Dragon , Witchblade , The Darkness , Invincible , The Walking Dead , Saga , and Chew .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a61d12e3782c99bdddf819334699e2b3", "text": "Superman Emergency Squad The Superman Emergency Squad ( sometimes called the Supermen Emergency Squad ) is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics , commonly associate with Superman . They first appeared in Superman 's Pal , Jimmy Olsen # 48 ( October 1960 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "30079f06961e6709c394e9dd70fa1a01", "text": "A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner is the comic book adaptation of the film Blade Runner , published by Marvel Comics in 1982 . It was written by Archie Goodwin with art by Al Williamson , Carlos Garzon with Dan Green and Ralph Reese . The Jim Steranko cover leads into a 45-page adaptation which includes one possible explanation of the title 's significance in story context : the narrative line , `` Blade runner . You 're always movin ' on the edge . '' This was issue 22 of the Marvel Comics Super Special series of titles which by this time only printed Marvel 's movie adaptations . It was reprinted in a two issue mini series but without the feature content contained in the special . In some printings , several pages of the comic were published out of order . Other printing set these pages in the correct order . In the UK it was reprinted as the Blade Runner Annual published by Grandreams . Again , the feature content of the original special was not reprinted .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "afd983ce80863b7f14f0bfce0a9e7e68", "text": "All Star DC Comics All Star was an imprint of ongoing comic book titles published by American company DC Comics that ran from 2005 to 2008 . DC has published two titles under the All-Star banner , featuring Batman and Superman . The premise of the imprint was to partner DC Comics ' top tier characters with the most popular and acclaimed writers and artists . The creators had access to all elements in the characters ' histories to present their interpretation for a modern audience that have not read these DC characters ' comics previously , or had not seen them lately . The creative teams were not beholden to any previous and present continuities , and told stories that featured `` the most iconic versions of these characters '' . The project had been compared to the Ultimate line of Marvel Comics , which was a successful attempt to re-introduce Marvel 's most popular characters to a new generation of readers by presenting new , updated versions unburdened by decades of plotlines . There were several differences between the two imprints , though . While the Ultimate titles have closely interrelated storylines , of the two All-Star series released , there has been no effort to make them conform to each other or indicate they exist in the same continuity . Another is that All-Star did not seek to introduce brand new versions of the characters so much as to present them in unhindered continuity . Robin 's origin was the only one `` rebooted '' in this imprint . Some observers , and DC themselves , had pointed to the return of DC 's major film franchises as an impetus for All-Star . `` No one can doubt that some kind of continuity shedding is necessary with Superman and Batman coming to the big screens , '' the website Comicon.com wrote . `` Moviegoers entertained by these films would find the current comics storylines impenetrable '' . With the end of Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely 's All-Star Superman and the rebranding of Frank Miller and Jim Lee 's All Star Batman and Robin as Dark Knight : Boy Wonder as well as the introduction of the DC : Earth One line of OGNs , the imprint is effectively defunct .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68769985a638d31ccf597e3b13f68cfc", "text": "X-Men: Legacy X-Men : Legacy is a comic book series published by Marvel Comics featuring the mutant superhero team , the X-Men . The title began its publication in October 1991 as X-Men . From 2001 until 2004 it was published as New X-Men . It had reverted in issue # 157 to its original title , but changed again from issue # 208 to X-Men : Legacy . Prior to the name change , the series is usually referred to as X-Men , vol . 2 because the first series , currently Uncanny X-Men , was titled The X-Men prior to 1981 . In addition , a new unrelated ongoing series titled X-Men was later released starting in 2010 , and is generally referred to as X-Men , vol . 3 . X-Men : Legacy was relaunched in 2012 as part of Marvel NOW ! with a new issue # 1 . The new volume , written by Simon Spurrier , focuses on Legion , son of the recently deceased Professor X , and his mission to preemptively help mutantkind while attempting to get his many personalities under control . The volume ended its run after 25 issues in March 2014 , but not before reverting to its original numbering with the final issue , X-Men : Legacy # 300 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ea098f683e14a2506208c42450d05df", "text": "Justice League of Earth Justice League of Earth are fictional characters , a supervillain team of the 31st Century in the DC Comics universe . They were created by Geoff Johns and Gary Frank and first appeared in Action Comics # 859 ( January , 2008 ) as enemies of the Legion of Super-Heroes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b9d5194ad1b9c6050faca19ce42d10f7", "text": "The Sight & Sound Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time The following are the `` Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time '' according to the worldwide opinion polls conducted by Sight & Sound and published in the journal 's September 2012 issue . They published the critics ' list , based on 846 critics , programmers , academics , and distributors , and the directors ' list , based on 358 directors and filmmakers . Sight & Sound , published by the British Film Institute , has conducted a poll of the greatest films every 10 years since 1952 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d5f20bd463260f19b73e74012ae875a", "text": "Libertarian science fiction Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production -- and in some cases , no state whatsoever . As a category , libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors . This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification . The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction , L. Neil Smith , was the Arizona Libertarian Party 's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States . As a genre , it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism . While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels such as George Orwell 's Nineteen Eighty-Four , in the pulps , this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies ( or sub-groups ) arising in direct opposition to `` totalitarianism . '' Ayn Rand 's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong ( perhaps the strongest ) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre . Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is Robert A. Heinlein 's The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress , which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers . An award for libertarian science fiction , the Prometheus Award , is given out every year . Some winners of the award identify as libertarians ( e.g. , L. Neil Smith , Victor Koman , Brad Linaweaver ) , while others do not ( Terry Pratchett , Charles Stross ) . Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0363d7bafc65c170834b4fca89cb3584", "text": "Action Comics Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman , one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined . The publisher was originally known as National Allied Publications , and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications , before taking on its current name of DC Comics . Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the longest-running comic books with consecutively numbered issues . A second volume of Action Comics with issue # 1 ran from 2011 to 2016 . Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue # 957 ( Aug. 2016 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1dd77e0592c01acb72a2ddf7450e9a07", "text": "Starriors Starriors was a robot toyline created by Tomy in association with Marvel Comics in 1984 . They were based on Zoids , but had a new storyline that U.S. Zoids had not had at all . Six Marvel mini-comics were distributed with the toys ( no 1 was titled Deadeye , no 2 was The Forest , no 3 was Honor , no 4 was The Trap , no 5 was The Wall , and no 6 was BOLAR ! ) . Marvel also produced a four-issue limited series written by Louise Simonson , with art by Michael Chen , Ian Akin , and Brian Garvey , and covers painted by Bill Sienkiewicz . In the future , solar flares threaten all life on Earth . Earth 's scientists build three Classes of intelligent machines , Protectors , to restore the Earth for human use , Destructors , to ward off any potential alien invasions , and Guardians to protect humanity after they go into a hibernative state underground . The brains of the Starriors , called control circuits , are crafted in the human image . The leader of the Destructors , Slaughter Steelgrave , becomes craven at the thought of deactivation upon the restoration of the humans , and enslaves the Protectors after what he believes to be a successful attempt to destroy all of the Guardians . Eventually , the human race and the Starriors ' mission is forgotten as a reality and regarded as a myth - none of the Starriors had been activated when the humans disappeared . Then the Protector Trashor , Nipper , discovers a human skull . A band of Protectors , eventually joined by a few dutiful Destructors , sets out to release the humans from their overly prolonged hibernation . The toys were not commercially successful . After the initial wave , it appears that there were only eight more toys produced , and only two additional minicomics , though most of the new toys came with the old ones . The Simonson series told a complete story in itself , and did not include the eight new characters . The principal figures , the humanoid Wastors , did not transform , nor did most of the other robots in the line , though many could be disassembled and reassembled , and had motorized parts . Also , there was a tendency toward making new characters out of the same molds as other characters , in different colors , which is more true of the first wave than of the second . Consumer Reports '' ' Penny Power '' , when it reported on robot toys , found them the least satisfying of all the lines covered , though it must be said that the narrative aspects of all the lines were ignored , and the magazine would extol the economic value of Gobots ( `` sturdy and cheap '' ) over Transformers in later issues .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "de4a9c774dc1257c58b95005a6469946", "text": "Amazing Heroes Amazing Heroes was a magazine about the comic book medium published by American company Fantagraphics Books from 1981 to 1992 . Unlike its companion title , The Comics Journal , Amazing Heroes was a hobbyist magazine rather than an analytical journal .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd83c9c0f48cf3ce95dab89af9fb990e", "text": "The World's Greatest Super-Heroes The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes is the name to the oversized slipcased hardcover anthology collection , that reprinted six oversized graphic novels all created by artist Alex Ross and writer Paul Dini . Four graphic novels were originally published to celebrate the 60th anniversary of DC main characters : Superman , Batman , Captain Marvel and Wonder Woman , thus Superman : Peace on Earth were published in 1998 , Batman : War on Crime in 1999 , Shazam ! : Power of Hope in 2000 and finally Wonder Woman : Spirit of Truth in 2001 . Alex Ross original idea was make a statement about the four superhero comics archetypes : Science Fiction ( Superman ) , Crime/Mystery ( Batman ) , Magic ( Captain Marvel ) and Myth ( Wonder Woman ) . In the following year , DC Comics also published one extra book : JLA : Secret Origins . Not featuring any storyline whatsoever , it only presented the origins of the four main characters already published in the previous books and the origins of other Justice League characters : Green Lantern , Flash , Green Arrow , Black Canary , Martian Manhunter , Hawkman , Hawkgirl and Plastic Man . Every origin was present in two-pages layout based on Joe Shuster 's origin of Superman from Action Comics # 1 . The final book , published in 2003 , JLA : Liberty and Justice presented a full story featuring the entire group , the first time that Alex Ross was able to use all characters in the current timeline . The artwork is of Ross ' very own photorealism , and the books themselves were created after the success of Ross ' and writer Mark Waid 's famous Kingdom Come . The World 's Greatest Super-Heroes was released on August 1 , 2005 on dust-jacket slipcase hardcover edition ( 9.6 '' x 13 '' ) and got paperback reprint ( 8.2 '' x 11 '' ) on September 28 , 2010 . Both collected versions are smaller than the original Treasury Editions ( 10 '' x 13.5 '' ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "274b4889e761898aab6869734992bd10", "text": "Nowhere Men Nowhere Men is a comic book series written by Eric Stephenson . The first six issues were drawn by Nate Bellegarde , colored by Jordie Bellaire , lettered by Fonografix ( Steven Finch ) , and published by Image Comics . As of issue 7 , Dave Taylor has replaced Nate Bellegarde , who no longer is part of the creative team . Emi Lenox also joined up , providing short comics about Monica Strange , one of the characters of Nowhere Men . The series centers on a fictional world where a group of four scientists , long since gone their own ways , have had huge cultural influences in a way similar to that of The Beatles in our world . It 's loosely based on the story of the British Invasion , especially how The Beatles stood out . The promotional tagline , `` Science is the new Rock-N-Roll '' , exemplifies this . The name is derived primarily from the fact that things just seem to come out of nowhere for the scientists , although there are other plot points that the name is based on as well . It was also influenced by the Beatles song `` Nowhere Man '' . Nowhere Men was nominated for four Eisner Awards in 2014 , of which it won one : Jordie Bellaire won the award for Best Colorist for her work on several titles , including Nowhere Men . As of March 2016 , nine issues have been published , the first six of which form the completed first arc . The seventh , eighth and ninth issue are part of the second arc , which started in January 2016 after a two-year delay and was scheduled to be completed in June 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e5728c15b2edb0fb61ccec4273174608", "text": "1001 Knights is a manga written and illustrated by Yukiru Sugisaki . The ongoing manga premiered in June 2012 in Monthly Asuka . The first volume was published by Kadokawa Shoten on 24 October 2012 . The first chapter was released in English on Comic Walker on 6 April 2014 . The manga centers around two twin brothers , Naito and Yuta , and their adventure to the world of One Thousand and One Nights .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e82b895adb44d7b6d7647166d054b168", "text": "Watchmen: Motion Comic The Watchmen : Motion Comic is a 2008 American animated short film series of motion comics for web and television based on the DC comic book series Watchmen , written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons . The series consists of twelve abridged 25 -- 30 minute segments , each based on and sharing a name with one of the twelve chapters of the book . Both male and female characters are voiced by actor Tom Stechschulte . It was released on DVD in March 2009 to coincide with the Watchmen movie 's release .", "title": "" } ]	fever
185dd278c3dcd0a7406bbf242c4fb081	Android has had prosperity.	[ { "docid": "5d94b6d006256398d7141ff08343d3e1", "text": "Android (operating system) Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google , based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . Android 's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation , using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions , such as swiping , tapping and pinching , to manipulate on-screen objects , along with a virtual keyboard for text input . In addition to touchscreen devices , Google has further developed Android TV for televisions , Android Auto for cars , and Android Wear for wrist watches , each with a specialized user interface . Variants of Android are also used on notebooks , game consoles , digital cameras , and other electronics . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliancea consortium of hardware , software , and telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices . Beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008 , the operating system has gone through multiple major releases , with the current version being 7.0 `` Nougat '' , released in August 2016 . Android applications ( `` apps '' ) can be downloaded from the Google Play store , which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017 . Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013 , and runs on the vast majority of smartphones . , Android has two billion monthly active users , and it has the largest installed base of any operating system . Android 's source code is released by Google under an open source license , although most Android devices ultimately ship with a combination of free and open source and proprietary software , including proprietary software required for accessing Google services . Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made , low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices . Its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects , which deliver updates to older devices , add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems . The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades , with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers , or sometimes not at all . The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation as part of the so-called `` smartphone wars '' between technology companies .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "1a7e291437b4417ef4279ebbdeca2a00", "text": "Motorola Devour The Motorola Devour is an Internet and multimedia enabled smartphone designed by Motorola , which runs Google 's Android operating system . In the United States , the handset is distributed exclusively by Verizon Wireless . The Devour has a Hearing Aid Compatibility ( HAC ) rating of M4/T4 . Although it runs Android , the Devour was not branded or marketed as part of Verizon 's `` DROID '' series of Android smartphones .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fbd2241bfcd1bd8c36064c0b9349eb12", "text": "Google Fuchsia Fuchsia is a capability-based , real-time operating system ( RTOS ) currently being developed by Google . It was first discovered as a mysterious code post on GitHub in August 2016 , without any official announcement . In contrast to prior Google-developed operating systems such as Chrome OS and Android , which are based on Linux kernels , Fuchsia is based on a new microkernel named `` Magenta '' , derived from `` Little Kernel '' , a small operating system intended for embedded systems . Upon inspection , media outlets noted that the code post on GitHub suggested Fuchsia 's capability to run on universal devices , from embedded systems to smartphones , tablets and personal computers . In May 2017 , Fuchsia was updated with a user interface , along with a developer writing that the project was not a `` dumping ground of a dead thing '' , prompting media speculation about Google 's intentions with the operating system , including the possibility of it replacing Android . It is distributed as free and open-source software under a mix of software licenses , including BSD 3 clause , MIT , and Apache 2.0 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a65e33dd07fb431ba6b07f2af09717d", "text": "E-TEN E-TEN Information Systems Co. , Ltd. . was an electronics manufacturing company based in Taiwan , specializing in sophisticated handheld devices such as smartphones . Founded in 1985 in Taipei , E-TEN initially became known for its Chinese language input system for DOS based computers . The company went on to introduce various computer products , both computer hardware and software , building on its experience in rendering Chinese characters . Market offerings included a publishing application , a laser printer , and a Microsoft Windows-based input system . E-TEN turned to handheld devices in 1997 , with the introduction of a real-time stock trading `` financial pager '' that became quite popular in the financial community of Taiwan . Then the company focused on manufacturing advanced communicators ( both branded and ODM ) based on the Microsoft Windows Mobile , as well as DAB receivers . In 2006 , E-TEN introduced their new Glofiish line of smartphones ; the X500 and M700 . Both models featured GSM , Bluetooth , Wi-Fi and GPS . First Glofiish Model with 3G support is the X800 , which is released Q3 2007 , followed by the M800 with a sliding keyboard released shortly after . E-TEN was awarded the Best Choice of Computex Award 2008 for its Glofiish DX900 -- the first dual-SIM Windows Mobile handset to support HSDPA and EDGE . The DX900 was showcased at the E-TEN booth along with three more Pocket PC phones - the V900 , the X900 , and the X610 . Russia was the most successful market for E-TEN products . The company had significant market share there - up to 20.52 % ( Q1 2008 ) , making it one of the few markets where HTC Corporation was not a market leader in Windows Mobile-based devices In March , 2008 Acer announced that it would buy E-TEN for $ 290 million ( US ) . Acer chairman J.T. Wang stated that the `` acquisition of E-TEN increases Acer 's global footprint by giving us a strong and highly credible presence in the mobility segment . '' After the buyout , the E-TEN brand was discontinued , and the Acer name was used on all future products .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "91525cc4b418bd1e8e7175f70b776550", "text": "AppStream AppStream is an agreement between major Linux vendors ( i.e. Red Hat , Canonical , SUSE , Debian , Mandriva , etc. ) to create an infrastructure for application installers on Linux and sharing of metadata . The project describes itself as : `` an initiative of cross-distro collaboration , which aims at creating an unified software metadata database , and also a centralized OCS ( Open Collaboration Services ) user-contributed content database , thus providing the best user experience . '' With the 0.6 release , the scope of the project was expanded to include more metadata for other software components , such as fonts , codecs , input-methods and generic libraries , which will allow applications to query information about software which is available in a distribution in a distribution-independent way . This enhances the quality of data displayed in software-centers , but also makes it possible for 3rd-party application installers like Listaller to find the components a new application needs to run in the distribution 's package database . Additionally , the new metadata allows easier installation of prerequisites needed to build software in the first place , as well as matching upstream applications with distribution packages and matching packages across distributions , which might improve the process of exchanging patches .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e370efcfc82b02b09018c95cc1c9bf6f", "text": "Samsung Galaxy S5 The Samsung Galaxy S5 is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics . Unveiled on 24 February 2014 at Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Spain , it was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the immediate successor to the Galaxy S4 . As with the S4 , the S5 is an evolution of the prior year 's model , placing a particular emphasis on an improved build with a textured rear cover and IP67 certification for dust and water resistance , a more refined user experience , new security features such as a fingerprint reader and private mode , expanded health features ( such as a built-in heart rate monitor ) , and an updated camera . The Galaxy S5 received mostly positive reviews ; The phone was praised for its display , hardware , camera and battery life but it was criticized for its plastic design , bloated software and the inconsistent fingerprint scanner featured on the phone . In August 2015 , following the release of its latest flagship , the Galaxy S6 , Samsung released an updated version called the `` Galaxy S5 Neo '' which has a Exynos 7 Octa ( 7580 ) processor clocked at 1.6 GHz . It has 2 GB of RAM , 16 GB of internal storage and comes with Android 5.1.1 `` Lollipop '' or Android 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' depending on carrier .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e17c8e9aee6b3cd2142f783c97b30a61", "text": "Android store Android store might refer to : Android Market , Google 's `` App store '' for Android Androidland , a retail store by the carrier Telstra", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ef0abd9d2d68fd25e69c90da52cdb348", "text": "Droid fonts Droid is a font family first released in 2007 and created by Ascender Corporation for use by the Open Handset Alliance platform Android and licensed under the Apache License . The fonts are intended for use on the small screens of mobile handsets and were designed by Steve Matteson of Ascender Corporation . The name was derived from the Open Handset Alliance platform named Android .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c80a0070326a58d9d4d0c665f130fa83", "text": "Nexus 7 (2013) The second generation Nexus 7 is a mini tablet computer co-developed by Google and Asus that runs the Android operating system . It is the third tablet in the Google Nexus series , a family of Android consumer devices marketed by Google and built by an original equipment manufacturer partner . Following the success of the original Nexus 7 , a second generation of the device was released on July 26 , 2013 , four days earlier than the originally scheduled date due to early releases from various retailers . The tablet was the first device to ship with version 4.3 of Android . The second iteration of the 7 in tablet , code named `` Razor '' , has various upgrades from the previous generation , including a 1.5 GHz quad-core Snapdragon S4 Pro processor , 2 GB of memory , a 1920 × 1200 pixel display ( 323 pixels per inch ; 127 ppcm ) , dual cameras ( 1.2 MP front , 5 MP rear ) , stereo speakers , built-in inductive Qi wireless charging , and a SlimPort ( via micro USB connector ) capable of full high-definition video output to an external display .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b90467288425a97af458b5cdb6b1812d", "text": "Samsung Galaxy Mini The Samsung Galaxy Mini ( GT-S5570 -LSB- B/L/i -RSB- ) is a smartphone manufactured by Samsung that runs the Android operating system . It was announced and released by Samsung in early 2011 . In some markets it is known as Samsung Galaxy Next/Pop/NG It is currently available in four different colors ; steel grey , white , lime and orange . The same device is sold in the United States as the Samsung Dart exclusively for T-Mobile . The face buttons were changed to capacitive matching the rest of the Galaxy lineup . The FM radio functionality was removed amid fears of making it too good . It was succeeded by the Samsung Galaxy Mini 2 , featuring major processor improvements from the original . This included FM radio .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8c9011f9901c8460753c0eb0219e0224", "text": "Androidland Androidland is the first Android retail store , opened by the carrier Telstra on Bourke Street , Melbourne , Australia , in December 2011 . If it proves successful , it may expand within the country and internationally . The store is themed heavily in green , featuring several Android `` green robot `` sculptures . In the store , Telstra provides visitors with an interactive spaceship zone that features a flight simulator ( via the Google Earth software , a Liquid Galaxy set-up ) , also including a massive screen on which visitors can play Angry Birds . It features scented areas with gingerbread and grass aromas , called `` Android grass `` , to further immerse visitors .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d934f57ada3f75a676c3717609d3964c", "text": "Android Donut Android 1.6 `` Donut '' is a version of the open source Android mobile operating system developed by Google , that is no longer supported . Among the more prominent features introduced with this update were added support for CDMA smartphones , additional screen sizes , a battery usage indicator , and a text-to-speech engine . After the public release of Donut -- its official dessert-themed code name , the convention employed by Google to designate major Android versions -- carriers were quick to follow with its roll out to customers in the form of an over-the-air ( OTA ) update for compatible smartphones .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2bffad13254a9b63aff1d6d33c0d59ed", "text": "Android Wear Android Wear is a version of Google 's Android operating system designed for smartwatches and other wearables . By pairing with mobile phones running Android version 4.3 or newer , or iOS version 8.2 or newer with limited support from Google 's pairing application , Android Wear integrates Google Now technology and mobile notifications into a smartwatch form factor . It also adds the ability to download applications from the Google Play Store . Android Wear supports Bluetooth , Wi-Fi , 3G and LTE ( telecommunication ) connectivity , as well as a range of features and applications . Watch face styles include round , square and rectangular . Released devices include Motorola Moto 360 , the LG G Watch , and the Samsung Gear Live . Hardware manufacturing partners include Asus , Broadcom , Fossil , HTC , Intel , LG , MediaTek , Imagination Technologies , Motorola , New Balance , Qualcomm , Samsung , Huawei , Polar and TAG Heuer . In the first six months of availability , Canalys estimates that over 720,000 Android Wear smartwatches were shipped . , Android Wear had between one and five million application installations . Android Wear was estimated to account for 10 % of the smart watch market in 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e6d412268327fc24ff8425b93722c4c4", "text": "Perception Digital Perception Digital ( PD , ) specializes in providing embedded firmware to enable smart consumer electronics devices and `` end-to-end '' product development and production solutions . PD majors in Digital Signal Processing ( DSP ) , Android , Live-Lite , and mobile technologies . PD currently focuses on well-being devices , portable entertainment and lifestyle consumer electronics . The company was founded in 1999 , by three professors , Dr. Jack Lau , Prof. Chi Ying Tsui , and Prof. Roger , Shu Kwan Cheng . Being one of the first companies accepted by the Entrepreneurship Program , and HKUST as shareholder since 2000 , the company received support from HKUST such as space in the HKUST 's on-campus technology incubator and related services , designation of an advisory team providing guidance on technical and management issues , and introductions to potential investors , sources of venture capital and potential partners during the start-up stage . Since 2007 and up to June 2009 , more than 14 million consumer electronic devices which utilized PD technologies had been shipped . The company was successfully listed on the Growth Enterprise Market board ( stock code : 8248 ) of Hong Kong Stock Exchange on December 16 , 2009 . The company subsequently transferred its listing to the Main Board of the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong ( stock code : 1822 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0f25529aecd1388b281bc206f4110385", "text": "BlackBerry OS BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices . The operating system provides multitasking and supports specialized input devices that have been adopted by BlackBerry for use in its handhelds , particularly the trackwheel , trackball , and most recently , the trackpad and touchscreen . The BlackBerry platform is perhaps best known for its native support for corporate email , through Java Micro Edition MIDP 1.0 and , more recently , a subset of MIDP 2.0 , which allows complete wireless activation and synchronization with Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , or Novell GroupWise email , calendar , tasks , notes , and contacts , when used with BlackBerry Enterprise Server . The operating system also supports WAP 1.2 . Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support the BlackBerry over the air software loading ( OTASL ) service . Third-party developers can write software using the available BlackBerry API classes , although applications that make use of certain functionality must be digitally signed . Research from June 2011 , indicated that approximately 45 % of mobile developers were using the platform at the time of publication . BlackBerry OS was discontinued after the release of BlackBerry 10 , but BlackBerry will continue support for the BlackBerry OS . However , the latest devices , the BlackBerry Priv and the BlackBerry DTEK50 , use the Android operating system .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c47e4f6dcbab022a91581e8145c7f992", "text": "Conversations (software) Conversations is a free instant messaging client for Android . It supports the exchange of encrypted text and picture messages . It is largely based on accepted open standards like the Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol ( XMPP ) , Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) , and Off-the-Record Messaging . Development is focused on secure communication and implementation of XMPP extensions that are important for mobile usage . Specialist publications praised the decentralized and open transmission network and simple , intuitive usage with a workflow that is familiar from other applications . It is regarded as a serious attempt to improve the usability of XMPP-based messaging to a competitive level . The source code of the software is managed on GitHub and governed by the terms of version 3 of the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) . The software can be installed either free of charge ( or rather donation-based ) from F-Droid or against a fee from the Google Play store . Google counted over 10,000 paid installations as of 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b8eb2fd40fdbefff01cf6bde71348f19", "text": "Facebook Home Facebook Home was a user interface layer for Android-compatible smartphones that was developed by Facebook . Designed to be a drop-in replacement for the existing home screen ( `` launcher '' ) on an Android device , the software provides a replacement home screen that allows users to easily view and post content on Facebook along with launching apps , a replacement lock screen that displays notifications from Facebook and other apps , and an overlay which allows users to chat via Facebook messages or SMS from any app . Facebook Home was unveiled at a press event on April 4 , 2013 , and was released on April 12 , 2013 for a limited selection of devices from HTC and Samsung Electronicsincluding the HTC First , a new smartphone pre-loaded with the software .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5d270e20fc5e1b00851c2022ab96e233", "text": "Ateam Inc. Ateam Inc.is a provider of mobile content and website based in Nagoya , Japan . has two primary divisions : Entertainment Division and Lifestyle Support Division . Entertainment Division focuses on service for consumers based on internet mobile devices , plan , develop , and operate games and digital content for mobile phones and tablets . Lifestyle Support Division focuses on planning , developing , and operating comparison and information websites that are aimed at eliminating stress in the daily lives of consumers . Mainly advertise on radio commercial . Prefixed Serif of `` Ateam of time '' at the beginning of commercial is characterized . Re-listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( TSE ) 233 days after TSE Mothers listing as of April 4 , 2012 , is the fastest re-listing ever .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0bb49c893aebbc06af468a8273f066e8", "text": "Ainol Shenzhen Ainol Electronics Co. , Ltd. ( Chinese : 深圳艾诺电子有限公司 ) is a Chinese consumer electronics manufacturing and distribution company headquartered in Shenzhen , Guangdong , China . It specialises in Android Tablet Computers and Phablets . The company principally sells its products under the Ainol brand , but also offers OEM production under other brand names . The company was founded in 2004 . Its slogan is `` Enjoy life . Enjoy ainol '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9a10ac94abcc842ec5e92fc7b26e8476", "text": "DroidIn DroidIn is an application running on the Android operating system . DroidIn is being developed by Bostone Consulting . DroidIn makes the social network LinkedIn directly available on an Android phoneDroidIn is available via the Android Market", "title": "" }, { "docid": "99cd56de5c781351288a86c44a8952ab", "text": "Portable media player A portable media player ( PMP ) or digital audio player ( DAP ) is a portable consumer electronics device capable of storing and playing digital media such as audio , images , and video files . The data is typically stored on a CD , DVD , flash memory , microdrive , or hard drive . Most portable media players are equipped with a 3.5 mm headphone jack , which users can plug headphones into , or connect to a boombox or hifi system . In contrast , analog portable audio players play music from non-digital media that use analog signal storage , such as cassette tapes or vinyl records . Often mobile digital audio players are marketed and sold as `` portable MP3 players '' , even if they also support other file formats and media types . Increasing sales of smartphones and tablet computers have led to a decline in sales of portable media players , leading to some devices being phased out , though flagship devices like the Apple iPod and Sony Walkman are still in production . Portable DVD players are still manufactured by brands across the world . This article focuses on portable devices that have the main function of playing media .", "title": "" } ]	fever
2ddd440202c72fd3857f905b0eae648a	Tim Rice has collaborated with someone.	[ { "docid": "3cff85fc8807213d5122375cc5436abe", "text": "Tim Rice Sir Timothy Miles Bindon `` Tim '' Rice ( born 10 November 1944 ) is an English author and Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , Tony Award , and Grammy Award-winning lyricist . He is best known for his collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber , with whom he wrote Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat , Jesus Christ Superstar , and Evita ; with Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of ABBA , with whom he wrote Chess ; for additional songs for the 2011 West End revival of The Wizard of Oz ; and for his work for Walt Disney Studios with Alan Menken ( Aladdin , Beauty and the Beast , King David ) , Elton John ( The Lion King , Aida , The Road to El Dorado ) and Ennio Morricone . One of the most celebrated lyricists in British popular culture , Rice was knighted by Elizabeth II for services to music in 1994 . He has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , is an inductee into the Songwriter 's Hall of Fame , is a Disney Legend recipient , and is a fellow of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors . The 2016 Sunday Times Rich List values Rice at # 150m ; the 15th richest music millionaire in the UK .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "aa35cd276b29fd9d1b6739005edb57be", "text": "Tone Poems (David Grisman and Tony Rice album) Tone Poems is an album of duets by mandolinist David Grisman and guitarist Tony Rice using vintage instruments .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a540e3d54783a999e748d32a3b34278", "text": "Tim Rogers (American football) Tim Rogers ( born July 7 , 1966 ) is an American football coach and former player .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1e8fe0bf6b7de6af4de58b10d7bcb1dc", "text": "9 (Damien Rice album) 9 is the second studio album by Irish singer , songwriter and producer Damien Rice , released in 2006 . The album was released on 3 November in Ireland , 6 November in the United Kingdom and 14 November in the US . It was followed by the single `` 9 Crimes '' , which was released on 27 November 2006 . The record was certified gold in the UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d1849dc2c416c32bf257e61c0856278b", "text": "Tim Bradstreet Timothy `` Tim '' Bradstreet ( born February 16 , 1967 in Cheverly , Maryland ) , is an artist and illustrator , best known for his work on comic books , book covers , movie posters , roleplaying games and trading cards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "36a88a6273d5bcf6c3b22e8f25c5d09c", "text": "Tim Cox Tim Cox is director and screenwriter whose primary work consists of Sci Fi Pictures original films . He began his career as a storyboard artist for commercials and music videos .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3703d726892e47bb47b8a7611ccafaaa", "text": "Tim Risher Tim Risher ( born 1957 ) is an American composer . Risher received his B.A. in Music at the University of Central Florida and his M.M. in music composition from Florida State University . While living in Tallahassee , Florida , Risher was a member of the new music ensembles Paragaté and Tallahassee Camerata . Risher 's output is typically tonal , with primary influences being minimal music , American and Brazilian popular musics , early music , and American shape note hymnody . Most works feature the use of conventional harmony , with great clarity of individual melodic lines . Risher 's works transcend the superficiality of much popular music , however , in their frequent use of complex canonic and polyphonic structures and additive rhythms . Risher composes prolifically for ensembles ranging from concert band to Chinese traditional instrumental ensemble . He has also composed works for electronic media and incidental music for theatrical works . His most significant output , however , comprises works for brass instruments ( a preference likely shaped by his experience as a trombonist ) and for early ( Medieval , Renaissance , and Baroque ) instrument ensembles . Risher 's works for early instruments have been commissioned by a number of major ensembles , including Palladian Ensemble , Baroque Northwest , Tintagel , and Trio Dolce . Although his works for early instruments are clearly composed from a twentieth ( or twenty-first ) century point of reference , Risher 's writing for such instruments is surprisingly idiomatic , showing his great familiarity with early instruments and genres . Among Risher 's favorite forms for such works are the ground bass and chaconne . His music has been released on the Index , PhonoStatic , and Discus record labels and his scores are published by Wehr 's Music House . Risher lived in Hamburg , Germany between the years of 1995 and 2005 , and now lives in North Carolina . He is a member of the electronic group `` Paragaté '' , and has released a set of CDs on the Camerata label .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2a2c7565cfcb0d7a8e55c9f1cd6533d5", "text": "Tim Taylor (producer) Professor Timothy ` Tim ' Taylor is a British television producer best known for his work as the originator and producer of Channel 4 's popular archaeology series Time Team . He is an Executive Producer for Time Team America . Taylor spent five years teaching , including two years VSO in Thailand , after completing a degree at the University of Birmingham and a PGCE at the University of Exeter . On leaving teaching he set up a company which specialised in producing educational programmes for schools . Today , Taylor is an independent writer and producer of archaeology programmes . He devised the format for Channel 4 's Time Team , which was developed from an earlier Channel 4 series Time Signs , first broadcast in 1991 . Produced by Taylor , it featured Mick Aston and Phil Harding , who both went on to appear on Time Team . He also produced the spin-off series History Hunters , Time Team Digs and Time Team Live . Taylor is a Visiting Industrial Professor for the Public Understanding of Archaeology at the University of Bristol , and has written a series of best selling books including The World Atlas of Archaeology in collaboration with Professor Mick Aston , The Ultimate Time Team Companion : An Alternative History of Britain , Behind the Scenes at Time Team , Digging the Dirt and Time Team : A Guide to the Archaeological Sites of Britain and Ireland . Taylor recently received a Visiting Professorship in ` Archaeology in the Media ' from the University of Exeter .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "870eb8b8e6df86ed3b012d30f2780d28", "text": "Tim & Chris Stamper", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e33e051cd0eab15b15466b330c515fd", "text": "Tim McCoy and The Papercuts Tim McCoy and The Papercuts is a rock band based out of Dover , New Hampshire and was founded by Seacoast musician Tim McCoy of Heavens to Murgatroid , Weed Inc. , Lemon Fresh Kids , Starch , Jon Nolan and Hokum , The Monster Makers/Gay Bride of Frankenstein and The Donkey Show . The band is composed of Jason Boyce , Dan McGarry , Billy Butler of Gay Bride of Frankenstein and Jamie Biscomb . The band 's albums have been produced and recorded by singer , songwriter Jon Nolan of Say Zuzu and Jon Nolan and Hokum . Nolan is the owner and operator of Milltown Recording Company . McCoy and Nolan have been playing and recording together since 1992 . Jamie Biscomb was discovered at Paddy 's American Grill in the Pease International Tradeport by McCoy 's friend and collaborator Tim Theriault , guitarist for Sully Erna 's of Godsmack solo project Avalon .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5ffe3c534fb7f9517380e1a435adaf71", "text": "Tony Rice Plays and Sings Bluegrass Tony Rice Plays and Sings Bluegrass is an album by American guitarist Tony Rice , released in 1993 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "401bc59b733bbee352664c78286ef337", "text": "Tim & Bob Tim & Bob ( Tim Kelley and Bob Robinson ) , also known as Funktwons , are Grammy Award-winning songwriting musicians and a Hip-hop/R & B production duo . Tim & Bob have discovered and or worked on some of the biggest artists in the music industry and has helped develop the Atlanta music scene as it is widely known for today . They have won three Grammy Awards amongst twelve nominations and have sold more than 300 million albums worldwide making them one of the most successful producer duos in music history . They are among the most consistent urban producers in the last 18 years , earning a spot on Billboard 's top ten list of producers almost every year since 1998 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5577b873f83605f4d9bc938b8285d8a", "text": "Grant A. Rice Grant A. Rice is an American theatrical producer , manager , and consultant .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "13d56e86ba1d71dad0b5bfc1071044fe", "text": "David Rice (tennis) David Rice ( born 1 January 1989 ) is an English former tennis player . He is best known for his activity on the doubles circuit , where he usually played with Sean Thornley .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a15b0ca965016d298c7d264c2422a9ef", "text": "Timotha Lanae Timotha Lanae ( pronounced Tuh-moth-ah Luh-nay ) is an international and multi-octave singer songwriter , playwright and actress . Her debut album Red reached # 1 on the UK Soul Charts . Her follow-up EP Rewind reached # 1 on the Sweet Rhythms Chart and peaked at # 2 on the UK Soul Chart . Elements of soul , R&B , funk , jazz , and hip hop can be found in Lanae 's music . She cites Marvin Gaye , Maxwell , Sade , The Isley Brothers , Gap Band , and Bonnie Raitt as some of her main influences .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e75e9dcb323120cdd68744807e752827", "text": "Tim Cain (disambiguation) Tim Cain is a computer game developer for Interplay and Troika Games . Tim Cain may also refer to : Timothy M. Cain ( born 1961 ) , American judge Tim Cain , recording artist for children and one of the founders of the Sons of Champlin Tim Kaine ( born 1958 ) , Governor of Virginia", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5721b6c4c66e42a311fbc0cad189c243", "text": "Edward E. Rice Edward Everett Rice ( December 21 , 1847 -- November 16 , 1924 ) was an American musical composer and theater producer active during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries , known primarily for being a pioneer of American musical theater and introducing to Broadway a musical by African-American writers and performers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "989b041562c6c686e179d56100b59d89", "text": "RICE (medicine) RICE is a mnemonic for four elements of treatment for soft tissue injuries -- an acronym for Rest , Ice , Compression and Elevation . The mnemonic was introduced by Gabe Mirkin in Sportsmedicine Book ( ISBN 978-0316574365 ) in year 1978 . However , he has since recanted his support for the regimen . On March 16 , 2014 , he wrote `` Coaches have used my ` RICE ' guideline for decades , but now it appears that both Ice and complete Rest may delay healing , instead of helping . In a recent study , athletes were told to exercise so intensely that they developed severe muscle damage that caused extensive muscle soreness . Although cooling delayed swelling , it did not hasten recovery from this muscle damage . '' RICE is considered a first-aid treatment , rather than a cure for soft tissue injuries . The aim is to manage discomfort and internal bleeding .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0676ab5eabd898cfd77533ff8aef7dfc", "text": "Unit of Measure (album) Unit of Measure is a compilation album by American guitarist Tony Rice , released in 2000 . It is credited to The Tony Rice Unit .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "52ae2b81281b0be0e6e0396b014f71aa", "text": "Marion Rice Marion Burbank Stevens Rice ( September 9 , 1904 -- April 12 , 1995 ) was an American modern dance choreographer , dance teacher and producer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1f966e559a05fed8841ec878a701ac54", "text": "Rice, Rice, Hillman & Pedersen Rice , Rice , Hillman & Pedersen is a collaboration album by American guitarist Tony Rice , his brother , mandolinist Larry Rice , guitar and banjo player Herb Pedersen and guitar/bass player Chris Hillman , founding member of famous folk-rock band from late 1960s , The Byrds . It is their follow-up on the first album they made together in 1997 , Out Of The Woodwork .", "title": "" } ]	fever
c2b8415a0d53c3f55d0f5f7591145ce7	Indiana Jones has been portrayed by Corey Carrier.	[ { "docid": "8722a16e8520ad5a051b2f62f781a48c", "text": "Indiana Jones Henry Walton `` Indiana '' Jones Jr. ( also shortened to Indy ) is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Indiana Jones franchise . George Lucas created the character in homage to the action heroes of 1930s film serials . The character first appeared in the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark , to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom in 1984 , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989 , The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles from 1992 to 1996 , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008 . The character is also featured in novels , comics , video games , and other media . Jones is also featured in the Disney theme park attraction , Indiana Jones Adventure at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea , as well as the Disneyland Paris attraction Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril . Jones is most famously played by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix ( as the young Jones in The Last Crusade ) and in the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles by Corey Carrier , Sean Patrick Flanery , and George Hall . Doug Lee has supplied the voice of Jones for two LucasArts video games , Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine , David Esch supplied his voice for Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb , and John Armstrong for Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings . The character is distinguished by his appearance ( bullwhip , fedora , satchel and leather jacket ) , sense of humor , deep knowledge of many ancient civilizations and languages , and fear of snakes . Since his first appearance in Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones has become one of cinema 's most famous characters . In 2003 , the American Film Institute ranked him the second greatest film hero of all time . He was also named the 6th Greatest Movie Character by Empire magazine . Entertainment Weekly ranked Indy 2nd on their list of The All-Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . Premiere magazine also placed Indy at number 7 on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "33009e0cb072181e24e90f1bedc2440c", "text": "Lash LaRue Alfred `` Lash '' LaRue ( June 15 , 1917 -- May 21 , 1996 ) was a popular western motion picture star of the 1940s and 1950s . He had exceptional skill with the bullwhip and taught Harrison Ford how to use a bullwhip for the Indiana Jones movies . LaRue was one of the first recipients of the Golden Boot Awards in 1983 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8647b2eb8a26e412ed44ffe47fcb933d", "text": "Alien (film) Alien is a 1979 British-American science-fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett , drawing influence from previous works of science fiction and horror . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by Swiss artist H. R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the human aspects of the film . Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series , with the prequel series set in an earlier timeframe . Alien received both critical acclaim and box office success , receiving an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other award nominations . It has remained highly praised in subsequent decades , being considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the science fiction genre by the American Film Institute , and as the 33rd greatest film of all time by Empire magazine . The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career by providing her with her first lead role , and the story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic thread that ran through the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien : Resurrection ( 1997 ) . , a crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) , and also a prequel series of films , which includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "98ae9cd8803abb69bfea7b1fa36a3d7d", "text": "Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy ( -LSB- ˈniːmɔɪ -RSB- March 26 , 1931 -- February 27 , 2015 ) was an American actor , film director , photographer , author , singer and songwriter . He was known for his role as Spock of the Star Trek franchise , a character he portrayed in television and film from a pilot episode shot in late 1964 to his final film performance released in 2013 . Nimoy began his career in his early twenties , teaching acting classes in Hollywood and making minor film and television appearances through the 1950s , as well as playing the title role in Kid Monk Baroni . Foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien , he played Narab , one of three Martian invaders , in the 1952 movie serial Zombies of the Stratosphere . In December 1964 , he made his first appearance in the rejected Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' , and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969 , followed by eight feature films and guest slots in the various spin-off series . The character has had a significant cultural impact and garnered Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations ; TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters . After the original Star Trek series , Nimoy starred in Mission : Impossible for two seasons , hosted the documentary series In Search of ... , narrated Civilization IV , and made several well-received stage appearances . He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series Fringe . Nimoy 's public profile as Spock was so strong that both of his autobiographies , I Am Not Spock ( 1975 ) and I Am Spock ( 1995 ) , were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character . In 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor . In September 2016 , For the Love of Spock , a feature-film documentary that covered his life and career , was released .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "99030278841da51b93bf01fce1ce938c", "text": "Ethan Wayne Ethan Wayne ( born February 22 , 1962 ) is an American actor , son of actor John Wayne and his third wife Pilar Pallete Wayne . Ethan grew up in Newport Beach , where he shared his father 's love of the ocean and outdoors . His name was chosen in direct relation to John Wayne 's character in The Searchers , Ethan Edwards . He played Little Jake , the grandson of his father 's title character in Big Jake . Ethan started doing stunt work after the death of his father in 1979 . His first film was The Blues Brothers . He then went back to work as an actor . His next two major film appearances were in 1981 , in the comedy Longshot , and the slasher film Scream . Later works included a role , in the NBC TV movie The Alamo : 13 Days to Glory , as Edward Taylor in 1986 , Storm Logan on the CBS soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful ( with Robert Mitchum 's granddaughter Carrie Mitchum , whom he had met on the Big Jake set ) , 1987 through 1988 which led to a lot of work overseas , and his role as Officer Matt Doyle on The New Adam-12 ( Universal Studios ) 1989 through 1991 . He appeared as an expert on John Wayne memorabilia on History Channel 's Pawn Stars in the episode `` Dog Day Afternoon '' which aired January 14 , 2014 . He now manages John Wayne Enterprises ( www.johnwayne.com ) and serves as the director of the John Wayne Cancer Foundation and created its Team DUKE fundraising program ( www.teamduke.org ) . He is the brother of Aissa and Marisa , and the half-brother of Patrick , Toni , Melinda , and Michael Wayne .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a16227d8ec67d4646d052c6e1052613", "text": "Egghead (DC Comics) Egghead is a fictional character created for the 1960s Batman television series . Played by horror film mainstay Vincent Price , the character was identifiable by his pale bald head and white and yellow suit . He believes himself to be `` the world 's smartest criminal , '' and his crimes usually have an egg motif to them ; he also includes egg-related puns in his speech ( `` egg-zactly '' , `` egg-cellent '' , etc. ) . Additionally , he would use a wide assortment of egg-shaped weapons , such as laughing gas eggs and tear gas eggs ( laid by chickens on a diet of onions ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2bfc6e682c0f8be8dee868bde8079428", "text": "Robert Watts Robert Watts ( born 23 May 1938 ) is a British film producer who is best known for his involvement with the Star Wars and Indiana Jones film series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f8f3dd579236615f15cb5715efba2aed", "text": "Billy Dee Williams William December `` Billy Dee '' Williams Jr. ( born April 6 , 1937 ) is an American actor , artist , singer , and writer . He is best known for his role as Lando Calrissian in the Star Wars film franchise , as well as acting in the movies Brian 's Song , Nighthawks , The Last Angry Man , Carter 's Army , and for playing Harvey Dent in Tim Burton 's Batman ( 1989 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cfa35d52262a244c563a4b1cac34afb7", "text": "Indiana Jones Adventure The Indiana Jones Adventure is an enhanced motion vehicle dark ride attraction at Disneyland and Tokyo DisneySea , based on the Indiana Jones film series . Guests accompany intrepid archaeologist Dr. Indiana Jones on a turbulent quest , aboard military troop transport vehicles , through a dangerous lost temple guarded by a supernatural power . The attraction premiered as Temple of the Forbidden Eye at Disneyland in Anaheim , California on March 3 , 1995 , and opened to the general public on March 4 , 1995 . A second , and nearly identical , version of the ride opened as Temple of the Crystal Skull on September 4 , 2001 at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba , Japan , unrelated to the 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a76fc6a24ce2dd48aa2de128f86b826b", "text": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , portrayed by Bill Nighy . He appears in the second and third films , Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , respectively , and cameos in the series ' fifth installment , Dead Men Tell No Tales . He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman ( based on the ghost ship of the same name ) . The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history , only behind King Kong in 2007 . The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man 's Chest '' . The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones ' Locker . In contrast to the historical legends , the film 's Jones is a villain .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ff1b3ef46fd370d719864961cdbcf113", "text": "Jake Busey William Jacob `` Jake '' Busey ( born June 15 , 1971 ) is an American actor , musician and film producer . He is sometimes credited as Jacob Busey or William Busey . Busey was born in Los Angeles , and raised in Malibu , California , the son of photographer Judy Lynn Helkenberg , and actor Gary Busey . Busey spent his childhood on film sets and touring with bands in which his father played . He began considering his career choices at the age of five when he took up the two hobbies that grew into professions : acting and playing drums .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18d70b10763d2726dfdb3aaf6a2e4c78", "text": "Doug Jones (actor) Doug Jones ( born May 24 , 1960 ) is an American actor and former contortionist known for roles in the science fiction , fantasy , and horror genres , often wearing heavy makeup to play nonhuman characters . He is perhaps best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Guillermo del Toro , starring in Mimic , as Abe Sapien in Hellboy and Hellboy II : The Golden Army , the Faun and the Pale Man in Pan 's Labyrinth , Crimson Peak and The Shape of Water . He has appeared in films such as Tank Girl , Hocus Pocus and The Bye Bye Man . He also portrayed the titular Silver Surfer in the superhero film Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer , as well as appearing in the TV series Falling Skies , Buffy the Vampire Slayer and del Toro 's The Strain . He is currently a series regular in Star Trek : Discovery , as Lt. Saru .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "21c0ecd93ab7d4ca7ebe7cf59a45a291", "text": "List of cities in Indiana Indiana is a state located in the Midwestern United States . Except as noted , all cities are `` third-class '' cities with a seven-member city council and an elected clerk-treasurer . `` Second-class '' cities had a population of at least 35,000 and up to 600,000 at time of designation , and have a nine-member city council and an elected clerk . Indianapolis is the only `` first-class '' city in Indiana under state law , making it subject to a consolidated city-county government known as Unigov . To become a city of any class , however , a settlement must have a population of at least 2,000 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a1f7deadfaa275f35ce9b3aaac7d2ac1", "text": "Déjà Vu (2006 film) Déjà Vu ( stylised onscreen without accents ) is a 2006 American science fiction thriller film directed by Tony Scott , written by Bill Marsilii and Terry Rossio , and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer . The film stars Denzel Washington , Paula Patton , Jim Caviezel , Val Kilmer , Adam Goldberg and Bruce Greenwood . It involves an ATF agent who travels back in time in attempts to prevent a domestic terrorist attack that takes place in New Orleans and to save a woman with whom he falls in love . Filming took place in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina . The film was premiered in New York City on November 20 , 2006 , and released widely in the United States and Canada two days later on November 22 , 2006 . It received mixed reviews from critics , and earning $ 64 million in the United States and $ 180 million worldwide . It was the 23rd most successful film worldwide for 2006 . The film was nominated for five awards , and also won the Golden Reel Award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "656c988248cc4a4bf2d4110878815109", "text": "Robert Dunham Robert Dunham ( July 6 , 1931 -- August 6 , 2001 ) was an American actor , entrepreneur , writer , racecar driver , journalist , and a US Marine . He is probably best known for his role as Antonio , Emperor of Seatopia in Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) ; Dunham 's biggest role would be that of Mark Jackson in the Japanese film , Dogora ( 1964 ) and Captain Martin in The Green Slime ( 1968 ) . Dunham was an American living in Japan during most of the country 's `` Golden Age '' of cinema , and worked in films directed by Ishiro Honda , Jun Fukuda , and Kinji Fukasaku . He sometimes was billed as Dan Yuma or Danny Yuma . Born in Maine , to an affluent family , his parents were Earl and Charlotte Dunham . He has a sister named Patricia June . Robert grew up in Wellesley Hills , Massachusetts . He attended Noble and Greenough School in Dedham , Massachusetts . Dunham was later accepted into Williams College , in Williamstown , Massachusetts , where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History . After graduating college , Dunham joined the United States Marine Corps . He was stationed in Yokohama , Japan and served for two years as a Lieutenant . Later , he attended correspondence school to learn how to speak Japanese . After being honorably discharged from the Marine Corps. , Dunham decided to stay in Japan and opened up his own import/export business . Dunham lived in Tokyo for 22 years , with a Japanese wife Keiko , and their two children , Barbara Ann and Daniel . They later divorced . He met a Japanese model , Setsuko Sazawa , whom he married in 1969 . They had two children , Emiko ( Emmy ) and Marcia . Dunham and his wife Setsuko , moved to Den-en-chōfu , an affluent suburb of Tokyo , where they lived from 1970 -- 75 . In 1975 , Dunham decided to move his family to the United States and moved to Cape Cod , Massachusetts . He became a freelance writer , often contributing material to magazines such as Car and Driver . Unlike many other Westerners in Japanese films at the time , Dunham spoke fluent Japanese and as such , was one of few foreign actors who would maintain their real voice in the released product without the need of over-dubbing by a Japanese actor . Dunham admitted to having had a `` torrid love affair '' with his co-star of many films , Linda Miller . The relationship ended after Miller moved back to the United States and Dunham claimed to have `` lost track of her '' after having kept up correspondence via postal mail for a time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ab5ea94550d8c2f1d4bfb5295d284685", "text": "Stephenson v. State Stephenson v. State , Supreme Court of Indiana , 179 N.E. 633 ( Ind. 1932 ) , is a criminal case involving causation in criminal law , significant for its political and legal consequences . David Curtiss Stephenson , leader of the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana abducted Madge Oberholtzer , injured her , and repeatedly raped her . She ingested poison and later died . Publicity for the case may have reversed ascendency of the Klan nationally . The case is legally significant in that it found `` if a defendant engaged in the commission of a felony such as rape ... inflicts upon his victim both physical and mental injuries , the natural and probable result of which would render the deceased mentally irresponsible and suicide followed , we think he would be guilty of murder '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a857179715723647d96b1f2b7e9d8bd7", "text": "Jan Tříska Jan Triska or Jan Tříska ( -LSB- ˈjan ˈtr̝̊iːska -RSB- ; 4 November 1936 ) is a Czech actor , most notable for portraying Captain Henry Wirz in the American television film Andersonville .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "84e6b81b5022e4a570982c1e24a03460", "text": "Jonesing", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e98c9694e0e8c7dbb4e9c1033971f158", "text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark (disambiguation) Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 adventure film in the Indiana Jones franchise . Raiders of the Lost Ark may also refer to : Raiders of the Lost Ark ( soundtrack ) , the soundtrack to the film Raiders of the Lost Ark ( video game ) , a 1982 video game based on the film Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation , a 1989 fan film", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eaae1e701c147de343115c1c88cbf2f6", "text": "Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom is a puzzle video game developed by Michael J. Hanson and published by Mindscape for the Commodore 64 . The game is based on the Indiana Jones series , and was released in North America around January 1985 , while a U.K. version was released in March 1985 . Gameplay requires the player to think like fictional archaeologist Indiana Jones to solve the puzzles of each level , as the game does not provide the player with any rules or gameplay information ; the game 's cover advertised , `` Nobody told Indiana Jones the rules . And no one will tell you . ''", "title": "" } ]	fever
a910f9828b04ec9fa484155220f369fd	John Mayer's first EP was released while he was signed to Columbia Records.	[ { "docid": "1ea136b31467f36cc8294102738132d7", "text": "John Mayer John Clayton Mayer ( -LSB- ˈmeɪ.ɚ -RSB- born October 16 , 1977 ) is an American singer-songwriter , guitarist , and producer . He was born in Bridgeport , Connecticut , and raised in nearby Fairfield . He attended Berklee College of Music in Boston , but disenrolled and moved to Atlanta in 1997 with Clay Cook . Together , they formed a short-lived two-man band called Lo-Fi Masters . After their split , Mayer continued to play local clubs -- refining his skills and gaining a following . After his appearance at the 2001 South by Southwest Festival , he was signed to Aware Records , and then Columbia Records , which released his first EP , Inside Wants Out . His following two full-length albums -- Room for Squares ( 2001 ) and Heavier Things ( 2003 ) -- did well commercially , achieving multi-platinum status . In 2003 , he won the Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for the single `` Your Body Is a Wonderland '' . Though Mayer started his career mainly performing acoustic rock , he began moving towards the blues genre that had originally influenced him as a musician . By 2005 , he was collaborating with blues artists such as B. B. King , Buddy Guy , and Eric Clapton . Forming the John Mayer Trio , he released a live album in 2005 called Try ! , and his third studio album Continuum in 2006 . Both albums received wide critical acclaim , and Continuum earned Mayer a 2007 Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album . He also won Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for `` Waiting on the World to Change '' . That album was followed by Battle Studies in 2009 , a return to pop , with a number-one grossing tour . After having several controversial incidents with the media , Mayer withdrew from public life in 2010 and began work on a follow-up album , called Born and Raised , that would draw inspiration from the 1970s pop music of Laurel Canyon . However , the discovery of a granuloma on his vocal cords delayed the release of the album until May 2012 , and ultimately forced him to cancel the planned tour . Even so , the album enjoyed a generally favorable reception , though was less commercially successful than his previous work . After extensive treatments for his vocal problems -- and a two-year hiatus -- Mayer began performing as a singer again in January 2013 , and that year released the album , Paradise Valley . The album is named for where he lives in Montana and features country music influences . By 2014 , he had sold a total of over 20 million albums worldwide . After developing an interest in the Grateful Dead and connecting with Bob Weir , Mayer formed Dead & Company with three former Grateful Dead musicians . After two well-received tours in the fall of 2015 and summer of 2016 , the band has already committed to another tour for the summer of 2017 . Mayer 's secondary career pursuits extend to television hosting , comedy , and writing ; he has authored columns for magazines such as Esquire . He supports various causes and has performed at charity benefits . He is a watch aficionado ( with a collection he values in the `` tens of millions '' of dollars ) , and has been on the jury at the Grand Prix d'Horlogerie de Genève . He currently lives in Montana . His latest song is `` Love on the Weekend '' .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "b1234e9498a8b429615c68c67fef6137", "text": "Songs from Another Love Songs from Another Love is an extended play ( EP ) from singer-songwriter Tom Odell . The four-track extended play was first released in the United Kingdom on 15 October 2012 through Columbia and In the Name Of .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a4a7b98ea4f9bb7ffb7089ead8c6c54", "text": "Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group . Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album . The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "910b1165e6d62c52b57560f2eeb77173", "text": "Romantically Romantically is an album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released on November 18 , 1963 , by Columbia Records and was also the final original studio album recorded by Mathis for the label prior to his moving to Mercury Records . Mathis had recorded exclusively for Columbia from 1956 to 1963 . After a brief stint with Mercury , he returned to Columbia in 1967 . His first Mercury project , Sounds of Christmas , was actually released six weeks before this one , on October 4 . Romantically made its first appearance on Billboard magazine 's album chart in the issue dated December 28 , 1963 , and peaked at number 23 over the course of 27 weeks . The first compact disc release of the album came on June 9 , 2009 , when it was issued as disc two of a two-CD set that also included his 1962 LP Rapture .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9511e9456cfcda6fcd8945c1bd62f6bc", "text": "The Rolling Stones (EP) The Rolling Stones is the debut EP released by The Rolling Stones in January 1964 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b6d505bb975c4d0be530aab5654d7db2", "text": "Early Summer (EP) Early Summer is the debut EP by Chicago punk rock band Tuesday . It was released on July 15 , 1997 , on Asian Man Records . Before this they had a demo available at shows , but this was their first official release . The cover art features guitarist Matt Stamps , in a situation where he ends up breaking his arm . Many fans prefer this release over their full length , due to it holding a more punk rock sound as compared to the emo inspired songs on Freewheelin ' . Surprisingly , a song on their demo entitled `` Early Summer '' did n't make the EP .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aa596398fe1b547dc14c5ee8570dffd1", "text": "Geffen Records Geffen Records is an American major record label , owned by Universal Music Group , which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label . On March 23 , 2017 , Billboard.com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President , who reports to John Janick , CEO and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "997ead9917581d6643024a32408f7a05", "text": "The Reason (EP) The Reason is an EP by American rock band X Ambassadors , released on April 22 , 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9efa612f2a90752e49b0510033445eaa", "text": "You Can't See Me You Ca n't See Me is the debut studio album by WWE 's wrestler John Cena and his cousin , Tha Trademarc , billed together as John Cena & Tha Trademarc . It was released on May 10 , 2005 , by WWE Music Group and Columbia Records . The album features sole guest appearances from Esoteric and Bumpy Knuckles , who featured on several songs throughout the album . The album production was handled by James McEwan and Todd Spadafore , with the duo serving as the executive producers on the album . The album 's cover art is based on Cena 's customized WWE Championship belt , while the title comes from his popular catchphrase coined on WWE television . The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 charts , with over 40,000 copies sold in the first week of its release . In the United Kingdom , the album peaked at number 103 on the UK Albums Chart , and has since became a certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , selling 1,346,000 units , as of October 8 , 2010 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "525364ee81af7d32421723dcb59e523f", "text": "Chain (Bonnie Pink EP) `` Chain '' is an EP released by Bonnie Pink under the Warner Music Japan label on November 26 , 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ad893b0ff55d392807253f16d6380f6", "text": "Hey (EP) Hey is the label debut EP by American rapper/producer Le1f , released on March 11 , 2014 on the Terrible Records . The EP also marks the first official hip hop release for Terrible Records , aside from Solange 's 2013 single `` Looks Good with Trouble '' that featured Kendrick Lamar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4291ec8ba8e4f0f678c6bfa845c363ff", "text": "Epic Records Epic Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment , a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America , Inc. . Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 . It later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres , including pop , R&B , rock and hip hop . Historically , the label has housed popular acts such as Michael Jackson , Cheap Trick , Shakira , Celine Dion , ABBA , Anastacia , Boston , Dave Clark Five , Gloria Estefan , Pearl Jam and Sly & the Family Stone . Along with Columbia and RCA Records , Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainment 's three main record labels . Artists currently signed to Epic as of 2017 include Fiona Apple , Sara Bareilles , Mariah Carey , Keyshia Cole , Future , Fifth Harmony , Jennifer Hudson , Zara Larsson , Jennifer Lopez , Outkast , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest , Busta Rhymes , Rick Ross , Sade , 21 Savage , Travis Scott and Meghan Trainor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b12fbc7f6502722fbb84f4cad0257bf8", "text": "This Is Living EP This Is Living EP is the first EP from Hillsong Young & Free . Capitol CMG and Sparrow Records alongside Hillsong Music Australia released the EP on 13 January 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2795805b18729e1cd7626215790b0c2e", "text": "EP (Mogwai EP) EP is an EP by Scottish post-rock group Mogwai , released in various countries in 1999 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "301cb3947d13ca9447bdd8ca08d2c00e", "text": "Infinity Records Infinity Records was a short-lived subsidiary of MCA Records established in New York City in 1978 . The label was conceived by MCA president Sidney Sheinberg as a way for the Los Angeles-based entertainment conglomerate to improve its presence on the East Coast . Ron Alexenberg , who had previously been the head of the Epic Records division of CBS Records ( now part of Sony Music Entertainment ) was hired as CEO . The biggest hit the Infinity label had was `` Escape '' by Rupert Holmes , which was number 1 at the end of 1979 . Other acts that had chart entries on Infinity included Dobie Gray , Hot Chocolate , New England , Orleans and Spyro Gyra . Under the distribution of MCA , the Infinity Records label released titles in the US , Canada , the UK , Japan and parts of Europe . Infinity spent lavishly but failed to earn a profit . In addition to developing new talent , Infinity also paid substantial sums to acquire established artists . Most of the established artists were unable to duplicate their previous success . In October 1979 , Infinity released Pope John Paul II Sings at the Festival of Sacrosong , an album of speeches and songs sung by Pope John Paul II in his native Polish . Due to the tremendous popularity of the new Pope , Infinity thought the record would be a major hit . The company paid a substantial fee ( which went to charity ) to the Catholic Church to obtain exclusive rights to the recording . The album briefly peaked at # 126 on the Billboard 200 albums chart , however , it received poor reviews and was quickly seen as a colossal failure . Most of the one million advance copies of the John Paul II album were returned unsold to the label , producing a huge financial loss . MCA pulled the plug on Infinity Records in November 1979 , and the Infinity catalog was immediately absorbed by the parent company . Rupert Holmes and Spyro Gyra were the only Infinity acts to be retained by MCA , and most of the label 's catalog went out of print . The collapse of Infinity also coincided with rising costs of manufacturing for vinyl LP records and a huge sales slump for the music industry . Infinity has since become known as one of the most expensive failures in the history of the record business . There are at least two other smaller record labels that also have used the name Infinity Records . One of these other labels was a subsidiary of Festival Records , which for many years was Australia 's leading independent record company , but is now also defunct . Other companies with the Infinity Records name do not have an affiliation with MCA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "484b5c59fa1ac948d6d7ee5e824f20c3", "text": "PAX AM Days PAX AM Days ( stylized as PAX • AM Days ) is an EP by American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on October 15 , 2013 by Island Records and PAX AM . It consists of 1980s and 90s hardcore punk and punk rock influenced tracks recorded during a two-day `` marathon '' session with producer Ryan Adams and the band in July 2013 at PAX AM Studios . The EP was released on CD , digitally and on double 7 '' vinyl as a stand-alone EP , and also on a limited Save Rock and Roll PAX AM Edition ( 2013 ) double-disc reissue . The double 7 '' vinyl pressing was limited to 3,000 , and released on November 29 as part of Record Store Day - Back to Black Friday . Each copy came with a code for a bonus song download , a cover of `` New Dreams '' by Naked Raygun . The code was found stamped into the dead wax of the 7 '' . On September 30 , Fall Out Boy announced the EP and its release date , as well as premiered the first digital single `` Love , Sex , Death '' with its accompanying video . PAX AM Days was the band 's second release in 2013 after the comeback album Save Rock and Roll , and marks a return to their hardcore musical roots with aggressive guitar work , the `` antithesis '' to the polished Save Rock and Roll . Adams reached out to the group at the request of Fall Out Boy 's friend and collaborator Butch Walker . Bassist Pete Wentz commented `` I think there 's a side of our band in our fans that would appreciate some of the noise that Ryan comes up with , and it would be great for the fans to be able to hear that -- hear sort of the raw energy that happens from sessions like that . '' The band called it `` a collection of songs we did for fun ... us letting out some demons '' rather than a new album . On October 7 , the entire EP was released for free streaming online . The EP debuted at No. 25 on the US Billboard 200 with 11,000 first week sales .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2465198b4b682099a9d723d35989599a", "text": "The Summer Tic EP The Summer Tic is the first EP by American rock band Paramore . It was released on June 18 , 2006 and was sold only during the 2006 Warped Tour and the tour supporting their previously released album , All We Know Is Falling . The name of the EP comes from a lyric of the song `` Stuck on You '' , which is a cover of the Failure song . The EP includes an alternative version of `` Emergency '' , a song which appeared on their debut studio album . The version features the original screaming done by former guitarist , Josh Farro , which was removed for All We Know Is Falling .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eec213d96fc4653d5b0b4b83684eb8a6", "text": "Johnny's Mood Johnny 's Mood is an album by American pop singer Johnny Mathis that was released in the summer of 1960 by Columbia Records and mixes new material in with covers of hit standards by other artists . The original album cover featured a sketch of Mathis on an orange background , but a second cover with his headshot against an orange background was also released . The album made its debut on Billboard magazine 's album chart in the August 29 , 1960 , issue and got as high as number four over the course of 65 weeks . The 1959 Mathis LP Faithfully and Johnny 's Mood were both released for the first time on compact disc on June 21 , 2002 , as two albums on one CD .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a726631c841a32ad9c101e5b446534d9", "text": "Swaay SWAAY is the debut EP by American band DNCE . The EP was released worldwide on October 23 , 2015 , by Republic Records . The majority of the EP was co-produced and co-written by lead singer and frontman Joe Jonas . The EP debuted at number 39 on the US Billboard 200 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fa774cad4caf40fa9e5c1fef49322b11", "text": "Thomas Rhett (EP) Thomas Rhett is the debut extended play ( EP ) from American country music artist Thomas Rhett . The EP was released on August 28 , 2012 , and ranked No. 3 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6b7bcd41b795781a350eba9e505b412d", "text": "Lewis Del Mar Lewis Del Mar is an American Experimental pop duo from Rockaway Beach , New York City . Consisting of singer and guitarist Danny Miller , and drummer and producer Max Harwood , the group first received attention in early 2015 when their debut single Loud ( y ) was featured in the number one spot on Hype Machine . They released their debut EP in January 2016 , which peaked at number 7 on Billboard Emerging Artists . Their self-titled debut album was released on October 7 , 2016 through Columbia Records .", "title": "" } ]	fever
32455d2ae1f2d05f541c32305050e226	Dirty Diana is by Michael Jackson.	[ { "docid": "aaf2a4fe020566cedc97b7b2346847ed", "text": "Dirty Diana `` Dirty Diana '' is a song by American artist Michael Jackson . It is the ninth track on Jackson 's seventh studio album , Bad . The song was released by Epic Records on April 18 , 1988 as the fifth single from the album . It presents a harder rock sound similar to `` Beat It '' from Thriller and a guitar solo played by Steve Stevens . `` Dirty Diana '' was written and co-produced by Jackson , and produced by Quincy Jones . The songs lyrics pertain to groupies . `` Dirty Diana '' has a moderate tempo and is played in the key of G minor . `` Dirty Diana '' received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics , but was a commercial success worldwide in 1988 , charting at No. 1 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 . The song also charted within the top ten in multiple countries , including the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and New Zealand . `` Dirty Diana '' was the fifth and final Hot 100 number one single from Bad . In 2009 , after Jackson 's death in June , the song re-entered charts , mainly due to digital download sales . A music video for `` Dirty Diana '' was filmed in front of a live audience and released in 1988 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "78e1436e2e6da6f0d9a532483a021ad8", "text": "Just a Little While `` Just a Little While '' is a song by American recording artist Janet Jackson , released as the lead single from her eighth studio album , Damita Jo ( 2004 ) . Written by Jackson and Dallas Austin , the song fuses pop with elements of rock , dance , and funk , and is a reflection of Jackson 's new-found happiness . The song leaked ahead of its scheduled release , causing Jackson 's record company to rush with a music video and promotion . It was released following Jackson 's controversial Super Bowl Halftime Show performance incident on February 2 , 2004 , as the lead single from Damita Jo . `` Just a Little While '' received favorable reception from critics , who felt its elements of rock and dance-pop would ensure success . However , following the Super Bowl incident , Jackson 's singles and music videos were blacklisted on many radio formats and music channels worldwide , affecting the song 's performance . Although its success in the US was limited , peaking at number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 , it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Internationally , it was more successful , reaching the top ten in Belgium , Canada , and Spain and the top twenty in Australia and The United Kingdom . It peaked at number one in Japan for five weeks , and was the year 's second-biggest hit on Japan 's international airplay chart . The song 's music video , directed by Dave Meyers , was released exclusively in international territories due to the controversy surrounding Jackson at the time . It portrays Jackson filming a DVD for her boyfriend in a futuristic apartment setting , displaying her multiple personae . An alternate live video , filmed in London , was included on Jackson 's From janet . to Damita Jo compilation . Jackson performed the song on television shows including Top of the Pops , Hey ! Hey ! Hey ! , and Festivalbar .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5bfd144319785522649d0769defead99", "text": "Invincible (Michael Jackson album) Invincible is the final studio album by American recording artist Michael Jackson , released on October 30 , 2001 , by Epic Records . Similar to Jackson 's previous material , Invincible explores themes such as love , romance , isolation , media criticism , and social issues . It was his sixth studio album released through Epic label . An extensive and laborious album to make , Jackson started production in 1997 , and did not finish until eight weeks before the album 's October 2001 release . Jackson recorded in over 10 different studios , and the final cost was over thirty million dollars . Combined with twenty five million toward the cost of promoting the album , Invincible is the most expensive album ever made . The album peaked at number one in eleven territories worldwide , including the United States ( with first-week sales of 363,000 units ) , the United Kingdom , Australia , France and Switzerland . Invincible charted within the top ten in six other territories . Upon release , the album received mixed reviews from contemporary music critics . Invincible was one of the best-selling of 2001 , being ranked at # 9 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's ( IFPI ) Top 50 Global Best Selling Albums for 2001 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a988cb666c7083bb5d169eef1e2558a5", "text": "Free the World `` Free the World '' is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson . Jackson spent six years in seclusion after divorcing her abusive late ex-husband and manager , Jack Gordon , in 1997 . After her years in exile , the September 11th attacks inspired Jackson to write `` Free the World '' . She recorded and performed it for friends , who immediately fell in love with it . This led to the revival of Jackson 's 25-year-old music career . This song led Jackson to begin work on her Startin ' Over album , which included the 2004 Billboard chart hit `` Just Wan na Dance '' as the lead single . `` Free the World '' was released as a follow-up and charted in March 2005 . The single peaked at # 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play charts . The song is an appeal to free the world from segregation , discrimination and years of war . VH1 described the ballad as the `` most appropriate song for the world . '' About.com dubbed Jason Randolph 's remix a `` trippily hypnotic treat '' with a `` churning rhythm track and mesmerizing synth . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d9fd9a34827d5bb0dffc18bbcb0a817", "text": "Night and Day (Joe Jackson album) Night and Day is Joe Jackson 's fifth album , released in June 1982 . It reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , Jackson 's only studio album to do so . It sold over one million copies , earning platinum disc status . The album pays tribute to the wit and style of Cole Porter ( and indirectly to New York ) . The track `` Real Men '' pointed obliquely to the city 's early 1980s gay culture . `` Steppin ' Out '' earned Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . It reached # 6 on both the UK and the US charts . `` Breaking Us in Two '' reached # 18 in the US and # 59 in the UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ecbea0501fdd1379505174d687d49502", "text": "Smooth Criminal `` Smooth Criminal '' is the seventh single from American recording artist Michael Jackson 's 1987 Bad album . The song contains a fast-paced beat intertwined with Jackson 's lyrics about a woman named Annie , who has been violently attacked in her apartment by a `` smooth '' assailant . First broadcast on television as a video in early October , it was released as a single on October 21 , 1988 , and peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was re-released on April 10 , 2006 , as a part of the Visionary : The Video Singles box set . The re-released Visionary single charted at number 19 in the UK . The song is one of Jackson 's signature songs , and has appeared on numerous greatest hits albums , including Number Ones , The Essential Michael Jackson , Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection , King of Pop , This Is It , and Immortal . The song serves as the theme song to Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker , and plays as the background soundtrack in a section of the video game Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f360ebfb40cb4728ec84ceba1d42264b", "text": "Xscape (album) Xscape is the second posthumous album of previously unreleased tracks by American singer Michael Jackson . It is his eighth album released through Epic Records , and it was released on May 13 , 2014 by Epic Records and MJJ Music . It is the fifth album released by Sony and Motown since Jackson 's death in June 2009 . L.A. Reid , chairman of Epic Records , curated and served as executive producer for the album enlisting Timbaland to lead a team of record producers , including StarGate , Jerome `` J-Roc '' Harmon , John McClain , and Rodney Jerkins , to remix and contemporize the eight selected tracks . Jerkins produced the title song and is the only original song producer to work on the final productions . Xscape was promoted across the Sony group of companies ; Sony Mobile used a snippet of `` Slave to the Rhythm '' in their advertising campaign for the Xperia Z2 mobile phone . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' was announced as the official lead single to premiere on May 1 , 2014 . The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs in their original forms as well as one bonus track and two videos .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f2f267caa1dad67c83383f4899c9eb64", "text": "Millie Jackson (album) Millie Jackson is the self-titled debut album by singer-songwriter , Millie Jackson . This album is different from all her other album to follow in that this album features some Motown style songs . It includes the R&B hits `` A Child of God ( It 's Hard to Believe ) '' , `` My Man , A Sweet Man '' and `` Ask Me What You Want . '' The album was arranged by Tony Camillo and Bert de Coteaux . In 2006 , Ace Records in the UK digitally remastered this album ( along with four other best-selling Millie Jackson albums ) and released it on CD with bonus tracks and extensive liner notes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bdc25ff2226580bea612f5f7248d0658", "text": "Butterflies (Michael Jackson song) `` Butterflies '' is a song by Michael Jackson . It was written and composed by Andre Harris and Marsha Ambrosius , and produced by Jackson and Harris . The track appears on Jackson 's tenth studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) , and is Jackson 's final single from a studio album . `` Butterflies '' is a midtempo ballad song with R&B musical styles . The single received generally positive reviews from music critics ; some music reviewers described the song as being one of the best songs on Invincible while others felt that it was a `` decent track '' . The song was only released in the United States to radio airplay . It peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 , and also charting at number two and thirty-six , respectively , on alternative Billboard charts in 2001 and 2002 . There was no music video released for the song .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d3e1d93355b2af6d299e37e274050a0", "text": "Swept Away (Diana Ross song) `` Swept Away '' is a rock-flavored dance song written by Daryl Hall with Sara Allen . It was produced by Hall with Arthur Baker , and recorded by superstar singer Diana Ross for her successful album of the same name . Ross released the song as a single on the RCA label in 1984 . The song talked about how the narrator thought she was in love with a special person only to find out that she had just been `` swept away '' after catching her lover cheating on her sending her into a rage and panic . In the sensual music video , directed by Dominic Orlando in Manhattan and on location in Long Island , Diana is seduced by a Frenchman and falls in love with him only to find out , after arriving unannounced in a bar , that he 's cheating on her with another French girl in a stylized Apache Dance . She then confronts the man - hitting him repeatedly - who ends up being knocked unconscious by the singer . Later in the video , the Frenchman tries to fight his way back into her life only to have Ross push him from a lighthouse tower into the water . It was one of her most popular videos , and her first to air on MTV . The music video was blown up to 35mm for projection during Diana Ross ' live performances at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas . There 's also an extended version of the video edited for the 12 '' dance club remix . Baker had been a club DJ turned remixer who was just breaking into production , and the twelve-inch version became one of Ross ' most successful , reaching number one on the Dance/Disco chart . The single also reached nineteen on the US pop singles chart and number three on the R&B singles chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "79e8378d8b439f54f15dc09f2d15ca34", "text": "Torture (The Jacksons song) `` Torture '' is the second single released off the album Victory by the band , The Jacksons . Written by Jackie Jackson and fellow Motown veteran Kathy Wakefield , the song is about someone ending a relationship and the torture that a person can receive while trying to end it . Jackie was originally going to sing the song with his brother , Michael , but Jackie 's role instead went to Jermaine Jackson , whose availability for the album was in question until the last minute . The rest of the Jacksons sang the chorus along with Michael and Jermaine . The song received mixed reactions from critics . The video was probably best known for Michael not being available , and the use of a wax dummy in his place throughout the video . Paula Abdul replaced Perri Lister as the video 's choreographer , in which various scenes of torture are displayed with the Jacksons being on the receiving end of most of it . The shoot was an expensive and arduous affair that neither Michael nor Jermaine took part in , and it ultimately bankrupted the production company . The song peaked at # 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , making it the second best selling single on the album , behind `` State of Shock '' . It also peaked at # 26 on the UK charts . This was their last single to reach the US Top 40 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3069a96ae73a386fbac1c316e0b448d7", "text": "Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour is a live concert DVD by American recording artist Michael Jackson released on July 25 , 2005 . The DVD was previously included with The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004 . The concert took place during Jackson 's first leg on his Dangerous World Tour on October 1 , 1992 at the Bucharest National Stadium , with a sold-out attendance of 90,000 . This concert is the first concert by Jackson that has been officially released on DVD in the United States , also released in Asia market on double Video CD . The other official releases by Michael Jackson is a VHS of his HIStory World Tour concert in Seoul , South Korea , and it was released only in South Korea in 1996 , and Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 , which is the second leg of his Bad World Tour . There are various versions of the footage of the same concert that exist . The first version was broadcast the next day by BBC ; following Jackson 's death , this version was rebroadcast on BNN/Ned3 . All the footage in this version is from the Bucharest concert . The version that appears on the DVD was broadcast on HBO in 1992 , which became the highest audience in the channel 's history for a single broadcast . This version , while mostly having footage of Jackson performing at the Bucharest Concert ( some in alternate camera angles in comparison to the BBC version ) , also consisted of footage from concerts in other locations such as Madrid and London . Also missing were the `` Brace Yourself '' video introduction and the `` We Are the World Interlude , '' which were included in the original BBC Telecast . The crowd screaming and intro before `` Wan na Be Startin ' Somethin' '' is featured in Michael 's 2010 song `` Behind the Mask '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ee5f3fd9ce4a5659b4a61826101ba52e", "text": "Michael Jackson's Vision Michael Jackson 's Vision is a deluxe DVD box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It was released on November 22 , 2010 by Epic Records , Legacy Recordings , and Jackson 's own label , MJJ Productions . It includes three DVDs , featuring 4.5 hours of content of 42 music videos with newly restored color and remastered audio . Jackson referred to each of these productions as a `` short film '' and not a music video . This is the first time that all of Jackson 's videos have been released on DVD . According to a statement by the producers , the video recognizes Jackson 's `` pioneering short films that transformed the entertainment industry with timeless , pop culture classics '' . Disc one features videos from the albums Off the Wall , Thriller and Bad and disc two features videos from the albums Dangerous , HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix and Invincible . The third disc , which is a bonus disc , features seven videos . Michael Jackson 's Vision includes the full-length versions of the John Landis-directed `` Thriller '' and `` Black or White '' as well as the classic `` Bad '' directed by Academy Award winning filmmaker Martin Scorsese . Also included in the boxed set are Jackson 's collaborations with other noted film directors such as John Singleton , Spike Lee and David Fincher as well as `` Ghosts , '' his rarely seen collaboration with special effects legend Stan Winston . Michael Jackson 's Vision is available in a limited edition boxed set featuring a 60-page glossy hard-bound book that includes behind-the-scenes photos from Jackson 's videos , which includes information for each video including : songwriter , album , director , production date , location and photography . Ten music videos previously unavailable on DVD including `` One More Chance '' are included . It was also released on the iTunes Store and has iTunes LP features . The videos `` Smooth Criminal '' , `` Speed Demon '' , `` Come Together '' , and `` Leave Me Alone '' come from Jackson 's 1988 film Moonwalker . The `` Smooth Criminal '' segment is actually over 40 minutes long but only the 10-minute song and dance scene is featured . The video `` Another Part of Me '' is from Jackson 's Bad World Tour and `` Will You Be There '' is from the Dangerous World Tour . The `` HIStory '' video is the only short film that is not included in this box set . The original music video of `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' is replaced with the Refugee Camp Mix for unknown reasons . The videos for The Jacksons ' songs `` Torture '' and `` Body '' are also not included , because Michael did not appear in either of them , despite having a verse in each of them . Also not included is the music video for The Jacksons ' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' . On February 15 , 2011 , Michael Jackson 's Vision was certified 5 × Platinum by RIAA for the sales of over 0.5 million units in the United States . On December 31 , 2010 , it was also certified Diamond in France ( for the sales of over 60 000 units ) and 2 × Platinum in Australia . On May 29 , 2011 , it was also certified Gold in New Zealand . It has been also certified Gold in Austria and Platinum in Poland . Reception over the video and audio quality of the box set has been mixed . As the videos are played in 16:9 , videos with a 4:3 aspect ratio are pillarboxed and as a result the resolution is lower than some previous DVDs . Also , the audio is mixed in PCM stereo instead of 5.1 Surround as in many previous DVDs .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bed073c576632be5e54e9352e5226348", "text": "Ross (1983 album) Ross is a 1983 album by the American entertainer Diana Ross , her third released on the RCA label . It was released shortly before Ross gave a pair of free concerts in New York 's Central Park . The album reached # 32 on the US charts , # 14 on the US R&B charts and # 44 in the UK . It has never been reissued as a digital download . The album 's highest international chart position was in Sweden , where it reached # 7 . Five of the eight tracks were produced by Gary Katz , two by Ray Parker Jr and one by Ross . The album 's first single , `` Pieces of Ice '' , peaked at # 31 on the US charts . Subsequent singles `` Up Front '' ( US R&B # 60 , UK # 79 ) and `` Let 's Go Up '' ( US # 77 ) were also minor hits . `` Up Front '' was remixed by Jolley & Swain for its European release . The album 's final US sales were slightly higher than 250,000 copies . The album was remastered and re-released in September 2014 by Funky Town Grooves , as an `` Expanded Edition '' with bonus material .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a48ffe7d73552286c79b7ee7d31f2098", "text": "Music and Me (Michael Jackson song) `` Music and Me '' is a 1973 single released by Michael Jackson on the Motown label . It was the singer 's second single release from the album Music & Me . It reached number 29 in the Netherlands and number 49 in Turkey .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d3c9bd1462a91c4f0ea21d68d7f3a1ca", "text": "Come Back to Me (Janet Jackson song) `` Come Back to Me '' is a song by American singer Janet Jackson from her fourth studio album Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 ( 1989 ) . It was written by Jackson , while James Harris III , and Terry Lewis co-wrote and produced the song . The R&B ballad talks about a lover trying to rekindle a romance that faded away a long time ago . It was released as the fifth single from the album in June 18 , 1990 . Jackson also recorded a Spanish version of the song titled `` Vuelve a Mí '' . The song received positive reviews from most music critics , who praised Jackson 's sweet delivery and the song 's instrumentation ; it was also called a sexy and silky ballad . It became a commercial success on the charts , reaching the top three in Canada and the United States , while also reaching the top twenty in the United Kingdom . The music video for the song was directed by Dominic Sena and it was set in Paris . The romantic video features Jackson 's former husband René Elizondo , Jr. . Jackson has performed the track in all of her tours , with the exception of The Velvet Rope Tour ( 1998 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae461b624ecc0e28aed0b203858f26e0", "text": "Dirty Dancer `` Dirty Dancer '' is a song by Spanish recording artist Enrique Iglesias and American recording artist Usher , recorded for Iglesias ' sixth studio album , Euphoria , and included on Usher 's EP Versus . A remix of the song , which features American rapper Lil Wayne and American singer Nayer , was released on 9 May 2011 by Universal Music Group as the sixth single from Euphoria . Written by the two singers with Evan Bogart , Erika Nuri and David Quiñones and producer RedOne , `` Dirty Dancer '' is a dance-pop song with rave music influences . The album version of `` Dirty Dancer '' appeared on the UK Singles Chart , the Dutch Single Top 100 and the Slovakian Radio Top 100 Oficiálna , while the single version entered the Australian Singles Chart , the New Zealand Singles Chart and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . An Ethan Lader-directed music video for `` Dirty Dancer '' has the three artists watching holographic dancers in nightclubs.The single has already been certified Gold in Australia and USA . The song was covered by the Dutch symphonic metal band Within Temptation as part of their weekly radio covers in promotion for their upcoming event , Elements and was included on their April 2013 cover album The Q-Music Sessions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e7cd16634b01dc8faf6a6e486278b14f", "text": "A Collection of Michael Jackson's Oldies A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies is a compilation of the Motown Records released on December 8 , 1972 , with songs by Michael Jackson and The Jackson 5 that were made between 1969 and 1972 . It was only published in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "12ca5d5a04d4434e2d35a5bc8941880c", "text": "Baby Tonight Baby Tonight is the debut solo album released by Marlon Jackson in 1987 . It peaked at No. 22 on the Top R&B Albums chart in the United States . It was supported by the singles , `` Baby Tonight '' and `` Do n't Go '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1f28a16e2add1d4a5a634057a192f6ab", "text": "Cry (Michael Jackson song) `` Cry '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Michael Jackson that features on his tenth and final studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) . The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly , who had previously written Jackson 's 1995 single `` You Are Not Alone '' . `` Cry '' was produced by Jackson and Kelly . It was released in December 2001 under Epic Records as the second single from Invincible . `` Cry '' is a R&B ballad , with lyrics that highlight problems with the planet . The lyrics also urge people to unite to make the world a better place . The track , thus , recalls previous Jackson songs that promote peace and environmentalism . The song was released with two B-side tracks ; `` Shout '' and `` Streetwalker '' . `` Cry '' received mixed reviews from music critics . The single had a moderate chart performance internationally , with its highest peak being number sixteen in Denmark , and its least successful charting country being Austria . The track was promoted with a music video , which was filmed by Nicholas Brandt . The video does not feature Jackson but shows people holding hands and standing side by side in a variety of settings , including a beach and a forest .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b385e012070856584bac8122aadb78be", "text": "Hotel Cabana Hotel Cabana is the debut studio album by British record producer Shahid `` Naughty Boy '' Khan , released from 23 August 2013 through Naughty Boy Recordings and Virgin EMI . Khan set up his Naughty Boy Productions record and production company . He would find his break by producing Chipmunk 's 2009 top-ten single `` Diamond Rings '' , featuring a then unknown Emeli Sandé . Naughty Boy released his own debut single as a signed artist in 2010 . `` Never Be Your Woman '' samples White Town 's 1997 number-one single `` Your Woman '' and featured British grime artist Wiley and Sandé on the chorus ; it reached the top ten in the UK and is included as a bonus track on Hotel Cabana . The collaboration marked the start of a partnership between Naughty Boy and Sandé which is seen throughout Hotel Cabana and Sandé 's debut set , Our Version of Events ( 2012 ) . Hotel Cabana is R&B , soul , garage , pop and hip hop music productions record , with influences from orchestral and Bollywood music . Naughty Boy describes it as an `` audio-visual experience '' and a concept album based on a luxury hotel where musicians come to perform . Hotel Cabana reunites Naughty Boy with Sandé on eight collaborations , as well as features from other British artists such George the Poet , Sam Smith , Bastille , Tinie Tempah , Ella Eyre , Gabrielle , Wretch 32 , Mic Righteous , Maiday , Chasing Grace , Ed Sheeran , and American rapper Wiz Khalifa , who appears on the album 's fourth single overall , `` Think About It '' , with Eyre . Ava Stokes , Tanika , Thabo and RØMANS make additional appearances on the US version of the album which was released by Virgin Records on 6 May 2014 . Prior to release , Hotel Cabana was promoted with several video trailers which included the collaborating artists arriving at the fictional hotel . It was also preceded by the release of three singles , including the two top-ten Sandé collaborations : `` Wonder '' and `` Lifted '' , as well as the UK Singles Chart-topper `` La La La '' ( featuring Sam Smith ) . Upon release , the album received generally favourable reviews from music critics , who praised the production , but with some criticism towards the concept , execution and some collaborations . Hotel Cabana made its chart debuts at number two in the UK , number five in Scotland and twenty-five in Ireland .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b212065d1f0afebc341dfa059d2adac9	Up All Night was released by Syco Records in 2011.	[ { "docid": "4f3860556c27c71a51acdb7ecd36198f", "text": "Up All Night (One Direction album) Up All Night is the debut studio album by English-Irish group One Direction , released by Syco Records in November 2011 in Ireland and the United Kingdom , followed by a worldwide release during 2012 . Four months after finishing third in the seventh series of British reality singing contest The X Factor in December 2010 , One Direction began recording the album in Sweden , UK and the United States , working with a variety of writers and producers . The album is predominantly a pop music album which orientates into pop rock , dance-pop , teen pop and power pop . The album 's lyrical content regards being young , relationships , heartbreak and empowerment . Staged in support of the album , One Direction performed the album 's songs live on televised shows , at awards ceremonies , and during their worldwide Up All Night Tour . The album received generally favourable reviews from contemporary music critics , many of whom appreciated the album 's combination of melodic song craft and catchy , pop-oriented material that , while slickly produced , avoided the commercial cynicism and adult contemporary posturing of some of their '80s and '90s forebears . An international success , the album topped the charts in sixteen countries and , by December 2012 , has sold over 4.5 million copies worldwide . The album bowed at number two on the UK Albums Chart and ultimately became the UK 's fastest-selling debut album of 2011 . Up All Night debuted to number one on the United States Billboard 200 , selling 176,000 copies in its first week . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , Up All Night was the third global best-selling album of 2012 with sales of 4.5 million copies . One Direction finished 2012 with two of that year 's top five best-selling albums in the United States ; Up All Night at number three and their second studio album , Take Me Home , at number five , making the boy band the first act to place two albums in the year-end top five in the Nielsen SoundScan era . In addition , Up All Night became the best-selling album by a group and the third best-selling debut album of 2012 . Four singles were released from the album , including the UK Singles Chart top ten hits `` What Makes You Beautiful '' , `` Got ta Be You '' , and `` One Thing '' .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "57bae99035b4f3975109088bc1d75da8", "text": "Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon is the sixteenth studio album by REO Speedwagon . It was released on November 3 , 2009 by Sony Music , two years after the band 's previous studio album , Find Your Own Way Home . On July 1 , 2010 , the album was re-released with three bonus tracks , and a DVD was released in a series from Sony Music called The Yule Log DVD , in which the music from `` Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon '' is featured with three different holiday visuals ( one of them the yule log of the series ' title ) . The original CD cover is featured on the DVD menu .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9e328a4b99d21770ae19808974e6b2f0", "text": "The Syberspace Social The Syberspace Social is the independent debut of American singer , Sy Smith . The critically acclaimed album featured production by James Poyser and Victor Duplaix . A special edition of the album was re-released in 2006 with additional tracks . In 2008 , Smith released a Vinyl-EP of the album . The Vinyl-EP features the six tracks : `` Fa'Sho '' , `` Aquarius Rising '' , `` Time '' , `` Part Of The Night '' , `` Drop That ( MGA Remix ) '' , and `` No Place Like Love '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d676bb3a6d9b862459ee271c41e43a7", "text": "2011 in Canadian music", "title": "" }, { "docid": "871a70695b550c5c922deb97bba2d2d4", "text": "All Fired Up (Poco album) All Fired Up is the twenty-first studio album by American band Poco . It was released in March 2013 under Drifter 's Church Productions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "55106951dbcc01509c25541bdd3ba1a3", "text": "Blake (band) Blake is a British vocal group . Blake comprises three men whose friendship and musical careers date back to their school days . After reuniting via Facebook as adults they had recorded their first album in six months . It went to No. 1 in the UK Classical Album Chart , selling over 100,000 copies in three weeks , earning the group a Gold Disc . The album received the Classical Brit Award for Album of the Year in 2008 . Their second album , And So It Goes , peaked at No. 12 in the UK pop charts and No. 1 in several classical charts around the world . During 2008 and 2009 the group undertook tours of Australia and Japan . 2009 continued with a tour , the creation of their new record label , Blake Records , and the release of their third album , Together . They finished 2009 with a 30-night tour in Scandinavia . In 2010 ` Beautiful Earth ' was selected by the World Wildlife Fund as its Earth Hour Anthem , and their album Together reached No. 1 in the Australian Classical Charts and No. 1 in the South African Classical Charts . Blake took their ` An Evening With Blake ' show to over 40 locations throughout the UK , performing to over 50,000 people . After being invited to Buckingham Palace twice during 2010 , Blake released ` All of Me ' in 2011 - written by Simon May . Blake had over 90 live concert appearances in 2011 . They had début tours of the Philippines and Russia and headlined the Henley Festival . They also performed for Prince Albert and Princess Charlene of Monaco . In 2012 the toured China and the USA for the first time and returned to the Philippines for 20 concerts there . In addition to long hours in the recording studio working on their fourth album , the group also found time for a performance at the Olympic Stadium in the run-up to the 2012 Games . In 2013 Blake launched their fourth album Start Over in the UK and the USA . The year also saw performances at Wembley Stadium for the Rugby League Cup final , the group 's first play-listed song on BBC Radio 2 ( ` So Happy ' ) , tours to Indonesia and Trinidad & Tobago plus the launchof their first Asia-only album . Towards the end of 2013 , the band launched two charity singles . ` You Raise Me Up ' was recorded with the soprano Camilla Kerslake and the ` Sing To Beat Breast Cancer Choir ' , made up entirely of women affected by the disease , and was released in October shortly before a 20 date UK tour where Camilla appeared as their guest artist . ` To The Sun ' was released in November and debuted live in Trafalgar square as the anthem for the launch of the Walking With The Wounded South Pole challenge in the presence of Prince Harry . Blake are also ambassadors for certain charities , which include , amongst others , Cancer Research , The War Widows Association , The World Wildlife Fund , Clic Sargent , The Prince 's Trust , Variety ( The Children 's Charity ) , MIND , Starlight , The Royal British Legion and Help for Heroes . The band continue to do much work for military charities , performing at the opening of the Bomber Command Memorial in London for the Queen and 5,000 veterans in the summer of 2012 . At the end of 2014 Blake released their fifth album In Harmony . In 2015 Blake have been back on tour throughout the UK , played at the famous Holders Festival in Barbados . After funding their first independent album on Pledge , Blake teamed up with Dame Shirley Bassey for a version of The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) which will appear on their first ever Christmas album . Dame Shirley explains how the collaboration came about : `` Blake sang Moon River at my 70th birthday party , and then we met again at the reception of -LSB- the charity -RSB- Variety 's 70th anniversary six months ago . Ollie mentioned singing a Christmas song together , and I said I 've never done a Christmas song before ! ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1652dbfece3f7320b2d41f126d63b702", "text": "All Night (Juicy J and Wiz Khalifa song) `` All Night '' is a song by American rappers Juicy J and Wiz Khalifa ; it released was released on May 13 , 2016 by Atlantic Records , Columbia Records , and Empire Distribution . It serves as the lead single from their mixtape , TGOD Mafia : Rude Awakening . It was produced by 808 Mafia member , TM88 . The song samples `` Lonely Star '' by The Weeknd .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "38f9629a8a1a4e0e49f10669eede8852", "text": "All in Hand All In Hand is the official debut album by Rosemary 's Sons . It was released on Warner Music Europe on April 23 , 2002 . It contains the hit single `` Shine '' , featuring Dutch country/pop singer Ilse deLange , `` Fall From Grace '' and the piano ballad `` Up All Night '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "16fdd25016e7fd2d10ccd0540c63afad", "text": "Romance in the Night Romance in the Night is a soft rock album of mostly covers by José Feliciano . It was released after the return of his historic hit producer Rick Jarrard on the Motown label in 1983 . The track `` Let 's Find Each Other Tonight '' ( a Feliciano original ) was his first single to make the Country charts and was played by the same José Feliciano live on the 1996 movie Fargo by the Coen brothers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d9fd9a34827d5bb0dffc18bbcb0a817", "text": "Night and Day (Joe Jackson album) Night and Day is Joe Jackson 's fifth album , released in June 1982 . It reached the Top 5 in both the UK and US , Jackson 's only studio album to do so . It sold over one million copies , earning platinum disc status . The album pays tribute to the wit and style of Cole Porter ( and indirectly to New York ) . The track `` Real Men '' pointed obliquely to the city 's early 1980s gay culture . `` Steppin ' Out '' earned Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male . It reached # 6 on both the UK and the US charts . `` Breaking Us in Two '' reached # 18 in the US and # 59 in the UK .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4ea89a7802e0e0cb7db6815628e98075", "text": "Suddenly (EP) Suddenly is the first extended play of American pop/rock band Allstar Weekend , who were signed with Hollywood Records at the time of release . The album was released on June 21 , 2010 , in the USA and on July 20 , 2010 , in Canada . It has been met with some commercial success , debuting at number 62 on the Billboard 200 . The track `` The Weekend '' is not a single but a music video was made .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1fd0fc7131ad30d0a79dda6caec562dd", "text": "Night of Hunters Night of Hunters is the twelfth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos , released on September 20 , 2011 , in the United States through Deutsche Grammophon . It is a concept album that Amos has described as `` a 21st century song cycle inspired by classical music themes spanning over 400 years . '' She pays tribute to classical composers such as Alkan , Bach , Chopin , Debussy , Granados , Satie and Schubert , taking inspiration from their original compositions to create new , independent songs . Regarding the album 's concept , she has described it as the exploration of `` the hunter and the hunted and how both exist within us '' through the story of `` a woman who finds herself in the dying embers of a relationship . '' Night of Hunters is Amos 's first studio album recorded using only acoustic instruments , relying solely on her vocals and classically trained piano skills , along with a variety of accompanying string and woodwind instruments , to create its classical sound . Additionally , to record this album Amos broke a nearly 15-year-long collaboration with her studio and touring bandmates , choosing to work with a variety of new musicians , including the Berlin Philharmonic 's principal clarinetist , Andreas Ottensamer , and the award-winning string quartet , Apollon Musagète , while enlisting her daughter , Natashya Hawley , and niece , Kelsey Dobyns , as guest vocalists . Night of Hunters also marks the twentieth anniversary of her long-time collaboration with John Philip Shenale , who has contributed arrangements to most of her albums , beginning with her solo debut , Little Earthquakes ( 1992 ) . The album is Amos ' first release on a classical music label . Like her previous releases , it is available in both standard and deluxe CD formats , digital format , as well as limited edition vinyl . Amos also released an entirely instrumental version of the album entitled Night of Hunters -- Sin Palabras ( without words ) available only to download . The main promotional single released from the album is `` Carry '' , a variation on La fille aux cheveux de lin by Debussy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed671b26e2b0cb7c293cee753c337aae", "text": "Do It All Night (album) Do It All Night is an album by Curtis Mayfield . It incorporated many disco sounds used by other 1970s guitarists . `` No Goodbyes '' was released a single . `` You Are , You Are '' was written by Mayfield for Linda Clifford and available on her 1978 lp If My Friends Could See Me Now '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "352d1b9150eb774b1042bb8b35e9c486", "text": "The Whole Love The Whole Love is the eighth album by American alternative rock group Wilco , released on September 27 , 2011 . It is the first Wilco album that was released on their own label dBpm . Attendees at Wilco 's 2011 Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art from June 24 to 26 could purchase the first single from the album , `` I Might '' . The entire album was streamed live on Wilco 's official website for 24 hours between September 3 and 4 , 2011 , and later streamed on National Public Radio . The album packaging and cover art are pieces by Joanne Greenbaum . On November 30 , 2011 , the album received a nomination in the 54th Grammy Awards for Best Rock Album .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "850027b72954a4fa05cdbecdfba7db23", "text": "All Night (Icona Pop song) `` All Night '' is a song by Swedish synthpop duo Icona Pop , from their second studio and international debut album , This Is ... Icona Pop ( 2013 ) . The album was released worldwide on July 23 , 2013 as a digital download by Swedish independent record label TEN Music Group , as well as Atlantic Records subsidiary Big Beat Records . The song is the second single to be released from the album , following `` Girlfriend '' . It was featured in the film Neighbors and appears on the film 's soundtrack .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f5b880f856eeedc56c2e5051a8962e2", "text": "Twelfth Night XII Twelfth Night is a studio album released by UK neo-progressive band Twelfth Night in 1986 . Although officially untitled , it is known informally as both XII and The Virgin Album . The number `` XII '' was printed vertically on the album cover with the words `` Twelfth Night '' inserted horizontally between the two `` I 's '' . Some discographies quote the album 's title as X , apparently misinterpreting the `` I 's '' as simply horizontal lines framing the band 's name .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ccff1bfd40b1190d3599cae1256b5e12", "text": "Fight Night (song) `` Fight Night '' is a song by American hip hop group Migos . It was released as a single on April 8 , 2014 by Quality Control Entertainment and 300 Entertainment . The song was included on their mixtape No Label 2 ( 2014 ) and was produced by Stack Boy Twan . It has since peaked at number 69 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , making it the group 's third highest-charting single to date . A remix was made by fellow American rapper Tyga .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "90e4c32545138a2a7175904258003ecf", "text": "Nighthawk Records Nighthawk Records was an American independent record label , founded by Robert Schoenfeld who began operations in 1976 with the release of four vintage post-war blues reissue albums . This series consists of nine volumes of post-war blues recordings from Chicago , Detroit , Memphis and the Delta , New Orleans and the Southwest . In 1979 , Nighthawk expanded by launching the 200 series of blues productions with Mule , an album by Henry Townsend . Townsend made his first recordings for Columbia Records in 1929 . Since then he recorded and performed on a variety of labels including RCA/Bluebird , as well as Paramount , Bullet and Prestige/Bluesville . The 300 series began in 1980 with Wiser Dread , an anthology of Rastafarian roots-music recorded between 1972 and 1978 . Steven Davis , author of Reggae Bloodlines , has called `` Wiser Dread '' the '' ... best reggae anthology since The Harder They Come ten years ago . '' Since then Nighthawk have released a self-produced album by The Morwells of some of their singles and three volumes of Nighthawk 's own Jamaican productions : `` Brutal Out Deh '' by the Itals , `` Symbol of Reality '' by the Gladiators and `` Calling Rastafari '' featuring Culture , the Itals , the Gladiators , Wailing Souls and Mighty Diamonds .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b3f7bee576f9b84272b265c4722be26", "text": "All Eternals Deck All Eternals Deck is the thirteenth studio album by the Mountain Goats , released on March 29 , 2011 by Merge Records . `` All Eternals Deck '' refers to a fictional set of Tarot cards , the history and details of which are described in the album 's liner notes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "44a9668e1165f08493f596fb0c536a96", "text": "Silenced by the Night `` Silenced by the Night '' is a song by English rock band Keane from their fourth studio album Strangeland . It was released worldwide as the album 's lead single on 13 March 2012 , except for the United Kingdom where it was released on 15 April 2012 . The song was written by Tim Rice-Oxley , Tom Chaplin , Richard Hughes , Jesse Quin and produced by Dan Grech-Marguerat .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0d35643f2daa8c9be700a7ae9622c812", "text": "Night Verses Night Verses are an American post-rock band with members from Long Island , New York and Fullerton , California . The group consists of Lead vocalist Douglas Robinson , Guitarist Nick DePirro , Bassist Reilly Herrera and Drummer/Digital Percussionist Aric Improta . The band has 3 releases to date and is currently signed to Graphic Nature/Equal Vision Records ( US ) and Southworld Records ( UK ) . Night Verses self-released their Out of the Sky EP on May 15 , 2012 and their debut full length Lift Your Existence on June 25 , 2013 via Easy Killer and Southworld Records . Both of which were produced by Portland based engineer Kris Crummett ( Closure in Moscow , Dance Gavin Dance , Emarosa , Efecto Amalia ) . They have shared the stage with the likes of Letlive. , Converge , The Chariot , Norma Jean , Protest the Hero , HRVRD , and A Lot Like Birds", "title": "" } ]	fever
b29f335cd1aefd468913b62e09e96b3a	Cry Freedom wasn't shot in Kenya.	[ { "docid": "3e312760d1dea2e97f2372eb2d09e733", "text": "Cry Freedom Cry Freedom is a 1987 British epic drama film directed by Richard Attenborough , set in late-1970s apartheid era South Africa . The screenplay was written by John Briley based on a pair of books by journalist Donald Woods . The film centres on the real-life events involving black activist Steve Biko and his friend Donald Woods , who initially finds him destructive , and attempts to understand his way of life . Denzel Washington stars as Biko , while actor Kevin Kline portrays Woods . Cry Freedom delves into the ideas of discrimination , political corruption , and the repercussions of violence . The film was primarily shot on location in Zimbabwe and in Kenya due to political turmoil in South Africa at the time of production . As a film showing mostly in limited cinematic release , it was nominated for multiple awards , including Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song . It also won a number of awards including those from the Berlin International Film Festival and the British Academy Film Awards . A joint collective effort to commit to the film 's production was made by Universal Pictures and Marble Arch Productions . It was commercially distributed by Universal Pictures cinematically , and by MCA Home Video for home media . Cry Freedom premiered in cinemas nationwide in the United States on 6 November 1987 grossing $ 5,899,797 in domestic ticket receipts . The film was at its widest release showing in 479 cinemas nationwide . It was generally met with positive critical reviews before its initial screening in cinemas .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2ad5633346f578251bed02710052509d", "text": "Cinema of Kenya The cinema of Kenya refers to the film industry of Kenya . Although a very small industry in western comparison , Kenya has produced or been a location for film since the early 1950s when Men Against the Sun was filmed in 1952 . Although , in the United States , jungle epics that were set in the country were shot in Hollywood as early as the 1940s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e4f67839cd77114e18da0710f1ee9171", "text": "Durban III Durban III is an informal name for a high-level United Nations General Assembly meeting marking the 10th anniversary of the adoption of The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action that was held in New York City on 22 September 2011 . It was mandated in 2009 by United Nations General Assembly ( GA ) resolution 64/148 to commemorate the World Conference against Racism 2001 ( also known as Durban I ) , and given additional form and visibility by a GA Third Committee draft resolution adopted on 24 November 2010 . It followed the Durban Review Conference , the official name of the 2009 United Nations World Conference Against Racism ( WCAR ) , also known as Durban II . The theme of the conference was `` Victims of racism , racial discrimination , xenophobia and related intolerance : recognition , justice and development '' , and most of the member states of the UN attended . Consisting of a plenary session and a series of round table discussions at the level of Heads of State and Government , its stated goal was to build upon the agenda outlined in The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action , or DDPA , described by the UN as `` the international community 's blueprint for action to fight racism . '' The Durban conferences had previously been criticized by Western governments for allegedly promoting rather than combating racism . Australia , Austria , Bulgaria , Canada , the Czech Republic , France , Germany , Israel , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Poland , the United Kingdom and the United States all boycotted Durban III . They charged that the Durban process has been used to promote racism , intolerance , antisemitism and Holocaust denial , and to erode freedom of speech and Israel 's right to exist . The same countries , excluding Austria , Bulgaria , France and the United Kingdom , also previously boycotted the Durban Review Conference in 2009 . A coalition of 25 non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) critical of the conference , led by UN Watch , organized a parallel human rights summit with the stated aim of drawing attention to flaws in the UN system and promoting reform . A similar counter-conference organized by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel and human rights scholar Anne Bayefsky featured scholars and public figures . Conversely , the Durban +10 Coalition , a group of NGOs which included the US Human Rights Network , National Lawyers Guild and the International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network , expressed its unequivocal support for the DDPA and criticized countries boycotting the conference .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d062d60b837a607f8aa58129090cc6d", "text": "Unclaimed Unclaimed is a 2013 Canadian documentary film about a man who claims to be former Special Forces Green Beret Master Sgt. John Hartley Robertson , who was declared dead after being shot down over Laos on a classified mission on 20 May 1968 . The documentary is written , directed , and produced by Michael Jorgensen . It follows Tom Faunce , a veteran of the Vietnam War , in tracking down the man who claimed to be Robertson . Faunce was skeptical of Robertson 's identity but eventually became convinced . He convinced Jorgensen to make a documentary about Robertson 's story as a way to unite the man with his American family . Leading up to the film 's release , the validity of Robertson 's identity was challenged by groups of Vietnam War veterans and groups that advocate the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue . Jean Robertson-Holley , Robertson 's surviving sister , was convinced the man was her brother but initially declined DNA testing as unnecessary . Eventually she and her daughter ( and Robertson 's niece ) Gail Metcalf expressed openness to going through with testing . The documentary was screened at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival on , 2013 . A day later , The Independent reported the contents of a memo from a 2009 report by the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office that the man who claimed to be Robertson was actually Dang Tan Ngoc , `` a 76-year-old Vietnamese citizen of French origin who has a history of pretending to be US army veterans '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "694dada184a2cffa3c91241da5db7b79", "text": "Not Another Happy Ending Not Another Happy Ending is a 2013 British romantic comedy film directed by John McKay , starring Karen Gillan , Stanley Weber and Freya Mavor . Produced by Claire Mundell and Wendy Griffin , and written by David Solomons , the film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on 30 June 2013 . It was largely shot in Glasgow 's Merchant City .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "637b7662fc9e889e58f9d4ead5725d5f", "text": "Kaleke kasome `` Kaleke Kasome '' is a song recorded at True Vine Studios in Makindye by producer Didi March , officially released on 20 November 2005 . Maurice Hasa composed and sang the song , about the pain , anger , and helplessness he felt due to the rape and murder of a four-year-old girl in his neighborhood . Kaleke Kasome has proven to be instrumental in efforts to fight sex related crime ; it has , for more than a decade , been a tool in awareness campaigns fighting against child molestation . The song was covered in May 2014 by a group of artists on request of RAHU ( Reach A Hand Uganda ) . The recorded song was to be used in campaigns for sexual and reproductive health and rights . These artists included the original composer Maurice Hasa , GNL Zamba , a hip-hop artist based in Uganda , Ray Signature , a vocalist and songwriter , and Jody Phibi , a young female vocalist from Rwanda . Kaleke Kasome was originally sung in Luganda , a language used by the Baganda people in central ( also known as the Buganda Kingdom ) and peripheral Uganda . The phrase kaleke kasome thus became a common phrase , one whose message everyone who understands Luganda can comprehend . The lyrics of the song , which runs 5:38 , directly plead for the rights of children to education . The song starts with a narrative of the hardships parents of low income go through to provide basic necessities to their children . It further describes the pain a mother in the slums undergoes seeing her daughter grow up to become a woman . The song calls on young men in the ghettos to respect human rights with emphasis on the female . Songwriter Hasa directly requested everyone to let children continue with education free from sexual harassment , intimidation , and other forms of violence . He tells the world to stop seeing young girls as sexual partners because they need to complete their education . The last forty seconds are emotive , drawing a clear picture of rapists in the communities . They carry the most important lesson from the whole track , with sounds of a crying girl in the process of telling how a man had tricked her to get her in his house where he raped her . `` Kaleke Kasome '' ( `` let the child obtain education '' ) , was warmly welcomed by the whole country and beyond . The song is popular , and receives airtime on various FM stations , in homes , and with music vendors in countries such as Kenya and Tanzania , as well as Rwanda and Sudan , due to those who sought refuge in Uganda during war periods . Many programs have gone on to use the song in different ways to achieve their objectives . The song has been performed at different events , including weddings .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4525939ee7f00f8cc2ee4ead6d858260", "text": "Carcase for Hounds Carcase for Hounds is a novel by Kenyan writer Meja Mwangi first published in 1974 . The novel concerns the Mau Mau liberation struggle during the latter days of British colonial rule and attempts , by the actions of the main protagonists , to show how Mau Mau was organized and why it took so long for the colonial government to defeat them . Carcase for Hounds received mixed reviews . The novel was also adapted into a movie by Ola Bologun , Cry Freedom ( 1981 ; not to be confused with the more famous 1987 film of the same name ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cbfc5f89f88f95c008be24cae061bc46", "text": "Gandhi (film) Gandhi is a 1982 British-Indian epic biographical drama film which dramatises the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , the leader of India 's non-violent , non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom 's rule of the country during the 20th century . Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough . It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role . The film covers Gandhi 's life from a defining moment in 1893 , as he is thrown off a South African train for being in a whites-only compartment , and concludes with his assassination and funeral in 1948 . Although a practising Hindu , Gandhi 's embracing of other faiths , particularly Christianity and Islam , is also depicted . Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982 , in the United Kingdom on 3 December , and in the United States on 10 December . It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories , winning eight , including Best Picture and Best Director for Attenborough , Best Actor for Ben Kingsley , and Best Original Screenplay for Briley . The film was screened retrospective on 12 August 2016 as the Opening Film at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day . The screenplay of Gandhi is available as a published book .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1978e816c9119d5544423c1d81f7e713", "text": "Battle Cry of Freedom The `` Battle Cry of Freedom '' , also known as `` Rally ` Round the Flag '' , is a song written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . A patriotic song advocating the causes of Unionism and abolitionism , it became so popular that composer H. L. Schreiner and lyricist W. H. Barnes adapted it for the Confederacy . A modified Union version was used as the campaign song for the Lincoln-Johnson ticket in the 1864 presidential election , as well as in elections after the war , such as for Garfield in the 1880 U.S. presidential election . The song was so popular that the music publisher had 14 printing presses going at one time and still could not keep up with demand . It is estimated that over 700,000 copies of this song were put in circulation . Louis Moreau Gottschalk thought so highly of the song that in his diary he confided that he thought `` it should be our national anthem '' and used it as the basis for his 1863 concert paraphrase for solo piano `` Le Cri de délivrance , '' opus 55 , and dedicated it to Root , who was a personal friend . Charles Ives quoted the song in his own patriotic song , `` They Are There '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af6d4877d7435273d5a9be136e26e5b5", "text": "WE Charity WE Charity , formerly known as Free The Children , is a worldwide development charity and youth empowerment movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocates Craig Kielburger and Marc Kielburger . The organization focuses on young people , with programs in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , and international development projects in Asia , Africa and Latin America focused on children and education . The organization runs programs in approximately 10,000 schools in Canada , the U.S. and U.K. for service learning and active citizenship , with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged . The domestic youth empowerment work is funded by corporate sponsors and profits from the social enterprise , ME to WE . In 2013 , Charity Intelligence Canada awarded Free The Children its highest four-star rating , along with an A for the organization 's reporting of its `` social results '' . In July 2016 , Free The Children rebranded as WE Charity , part of WE .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f53dc61c2465765ba1902a526386be4", "text": "Filep Karma Filep Jacob Semuel Karma ( born 14 August 1959 ) , commonly known as Filep Karma , is a Papuan independence activist . On 1 December 2004 he helped raise the Morning Star flag at a ceremony in Jayapura , West Papua , currently occupied by the Government of Indonesia , for which he was charged with treason and given a fifteen-year prison sentence . Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have protested on his behalf , the former designating him a prisoner of conscience . He was released on 19 November 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "22d967bc3ad21bb28a452b421f2188d1", "text": "Africa United (2005 film) Africa United is an Icelandic documentary film by director Ólaf de Fleur Jóhannesson released in 2005 . The film explores the life of Zakaria Anbari who moves to Iceland from Morocco in search of fortune . It won the Documentary of the Year at the 2005 Edda Awards . It also received nominations for Director of the Year and Script of the Year at the 2005 Edda Awards . `' Africa United '' was filmed in Iceland , England , Morocco and Serbia . The original musical score is by Barđi Jóhannsson .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0c1c2498aaf2fdc10803d1fd33086c98", "text": "USA Freedom Kids USA Freedom Kids , sometimes referred to as USA Freedom Girls , is a dancing girl group , known for performing to their song `` Freedom 's Call '' at a Donald Trump rally in Pensacola , Florida , in January 2016 during his presidential campaign .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "934f6a24bf30b7cfe8a070bc935f7183", "text": "2013 Nairobi bus attack On 14 December 2013 , a hand grenade was thrown onto a minibus in Eastleigh , a Somali-dominated suburb in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya . The explosion killed at least 4 people and wounded 36 others . It was the fourth such attack to occur during the 50th anniversary week of Kenya 's independence . Thirteen people died since 10 December 2013 , with no group claiming responsibility for the assaults . A string of similar attacks have occurred in various areas across Kenya since the Kenyan military deployed troops in southern Somalia against the Al-Shabaab militant group .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd1f39912dc330375e9b8d2ccf056de4", "text": "Kenya national football team The Kenya national football team represents Kenya in international football . It is controlled by the Football Kenya Federation , the governing body of football in Kenya , and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) and the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations ( CECAFA ) , a sub-confederation of CAF that has jurisdiction in East and Central Africa . The team is colloquially known as the Harambee Stars and plays its home games primarily at the Nyayo National Stadium in the country 's capital , Nairobi . The team has never qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "142fa8f808cdd5a5a78fceb48b153e92", "text": "Run (2014 film) Run is a 2014 French-Ivorian drama film directed by Philippe Lacôte . It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . The film was selected as the Ivorian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated . It received 12 nominations at the 11th Africa Movie Academy Awards but did not win any award .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d7b0b7f9d8a42eabd67f0d352157e40a", "text": "FilmAid International FilmAid International is a non-profit humanitarian organization that uses film to educate and entertain displaced people around the world . FilmAid was founded during the Balkan crisis in 1999 by producer Caroline Baron ( Capote , Monsoon Wedding ) to assist with refugee communities in Macedonia suffering the effects of war , poverty , displacement and disaster . Since 1999 , FilmAid has worked in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other global aid organizations to help bring information and training to more than two million people worldwide . FilmAid produces and distributes community-based films on public health and safety issues such as maternal health , HIV , cholera , gender-based violence and conflict resolution . Using inflatable screens and other ` Mobile Cinema ' units , FilmAid screenings aims to overcome language and literacy boundaries . FilmAid currently works in Kenya , in the large refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma as well as informal settlements in Nairobi and Mombassa , with Burmese refugees in Thailand and also in Haiti . FilmAid is a global federation of nonprofit , charitable organizations . Members include FilmAid International ( the founding organization ) , FilmAid Asia , FilmAid Kenya , and FilmAid U.K.", "title": "" }, { "docid": "42f90f79a9a6fa0a3d4ae31de3aed895", "text": "Zimbabwean jazz Zimbabwean Jazz , also known as Afro Jazz was developed in the 20th century . Its history can be traced from its early colonial era . It was influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a southern part of Africa over the last century . One can also trace similarities from Kwela , a pennywhistle-based , street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive , skiffle-like beat . Kwela music was influenced by blending the music of Malawian immigrants to South Africa , together with the local South African sounds . In Chichewa , the word Kwela has a very similar meaning to the South African meaning : `` to climb '' . The music was popularised in South Africa and then brought to Malawi , where contemporary Malawian artists have also begun producing Kwela music . It is also closely related to Marabi which was the name given to a keyboard style ( often using cheap pedal organs ) that had a musical link to American jazz , ragtime and blues , with roots deep in the African tradition . Early Marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded . An example of such an artist in the early 1940s is August Musarurwa of the Skokiaan fame . It has continued to develop and you can even see traits of this music in his grandson Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa . This music was often played in townships ( segregated parts of suburban areas ) . During colonial years of Rhodesia , the term township referred to a residential area reserved for black citizens within the boundaries of a city or town , and is still commonly used colloquially . But In modern Zimbabwe it is also used to refer to a residential area within close proximity of a rural growth point . These townships you would find `` Shebeens '' . Shebeens are most often located in townships as an alternative to pubs and bars . In the colonial error indigenous Africans were barred from entering pubs or bars reserved for those of European descent . Originally shebeens were operated illegally by women who were called Shebeen Queens and was itself a revival of the African tradition that assigned the role of alcohol brewing to women . The Shebeen Queens would sell home brewed and home-distilled alcohol and provided patrons with a place to meet and discuss political and social issues . Often , patrons and owners were arrested by the police , though the shebeens were frequently reopened because of their importance in unifying the community and providing a safe place for discussion . During the colonial error era shebeens became a crucial meeting place for activists , some attracting working class activists and community members , while others attracted lawyers , doctors and musicians . Shebeens also provided music and dancing , allowing patrons to express themselves culturally , which helped give rise to and support for the musical genre called Township Jazz which we now call Afro Jazz or Zimbabwean Jazz .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1f28a16e2add1d4a5a634057a192f6ab", "text": "Cry (Michael Jackson song) `` Cry '' is a song recorded by American recording artist Michael Jackson that features on his tenth and final studio album , Invincible ( 2001 ) . The song was written by R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly , who had previously written Jackson 's 1995 single `` You Are Not Alone '' . `` Cry '' was produced by Jackson and Kelly . It was released in December 2001 under Epic Records as the second single from Invincible . `` Cry '' is a R&B ballad , with lyrics that highlight problems with the planet . The lyrics also urge people to unite to make the world a better place . The track , thus , recalls previous Jackson songs that promote peace and environmentalism . The song was released with two B-side tracks ; `` Shout '' and `` Streetwalker '' . `` Cry '' received mixed reviews from music critics . The single had a moderate chart performance internationally , with its highest peak being number sixteen in Denmark , and its least successful charting country being Austria . The track was promoted with a music video , which was filmed by Nicholas Brandt . The video does not feature Jackson but shows people holding hands and standing side by side in a variety of settings , including a beach and a forest .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8ee1fe32a7a6b00990695882bd51022b", "text": "Cine Foundation International Cine Foundation International is London-based non-profit film company and human rights NGO `` aiming to 'em power open consciousness through cinema ' '' . The foundation was formed in December 2010 by American filmmaker Jesse Richards , founder of the Remodernist film movement , South Korean film critic Blue Un Sok Kim and Tobias Morgan , formerly the developer of `` The Garage '' on Mubi . On 3 January 2011 , CFI announced their launch of a campaign of protest films and public actions calling for the release of imprisoned Iranian filmmaker Jafar Panahi . `` The campaign will include protest films that speak to human rights issues in Iran and throughout the world , six of which are commissioned feature-length , plus twenty shorts . Participating filmmakers may act anonymously or through pseudonyms since voicing their stories can be dangerous . The films , which will address themes of nation , identity , self , spiritual culture , censorship and imprisonment , will be aimed for public , web and various exhibition media '' . In January 2011 , filmmakers Béla Tarr and Lav Diaz joined the foundation 's Board of Directors , and in February Fred Kelemen joined the Board of Directors . Also in January 2011 , CFI deployed a video protest mechanism called WHITE MEADOWS ( named for the Mohammad Rasoulof film of the same title ) and developed by Ericson deJesus ( of Yahoo! and frog design ) at the request of the foundation . The video mechanism `` allow ( s ) anyone in the world to record a short video statement about Panahi and Rasoulof . There will be an ESCAPE button at top , allowing quick exit for those in countries where recording a statement would be dangerous . There will be an option to have the screen black , and soon , voice distortion . The video statements will be recorded as mp4s , giving them maximum transmedia capacity , which essentially makes them broadcastable from any device that can show video '' . Users can also use the mechanism to comment on how they would `` like to see as an international response by the film industry '' , comment on the state of human rights in general , or to `` report a human rights abuse to the world '' . Late in 2011 , CFI launched #OccupyCinema , an ongoing collective project in collaboration with the global Occupy movement . The project encompasses `` public space projections onto buildings or other public surfaces -- broadcasting films , video documents or live feeds , with the intention of decentralising traditional broadcast monopolies and information power structures where these interfere with freedom of speech or otherwise compel human beings to surrender to the agendas of ethically bankrupt regimes . '' On November 1 , #OccupyCinema will launch public displays of films in New York City , Dallas , Kansas , London and Paris , with more to follow over the next week . Tobias Morgan resigned as Chair in Autumn 2011 , having been commissioned to make a Cine Foundation International feature film dedicated to the Iranian film producer Katayoun Shahabi . Jesse Richards resigned in 2012 , and Blue Un Sok Kim took the Chair . Category : International human rights organizations Category : Organisations based in the United Kingdom Category : Arts organisations based in the United Kingdom Category : Film organisations in the United Kingdom", "title": "" }, { "docid": "43bef9ede2cc12a22641fb19d51851dc", "text": "Media Council of Kenya The Media Council of Kenya is an independent national institution established by the Media Act , 2007 as the leading institution in the regulation of media and in the conduct and discipline of journalists in Kenya . It is mandated amongst other to register and accredit journalists , register media establishments , handle complaints from the public and create and publish yearly media audit on the Media Freedom in Kenya . During accreditation the journalists agree to adhere to the Code of Conduct and Practice of Journalism in Kenya , which was created by media practitioners and stakeholders with the view of making Journalism in Kenya a more professional and respectable field . Prior to the Media Act 2007 , the Media Council of Kenya was a self-regulatory body formed in 2004 by media stakeholders to regulate the media and prevent Government from creating a regulatory body . It was only after agreements between the Government of Kenya and the Media stakeholders in Kenya did it convert from a Self-Regulatory to a Statutory body in 2007 . Council membership is drawn from media stakeholders in Kenya including the Media Owners Association , Kenya Union of Journalists , Kenya Correspondents Association , Kenya Editors Guild , Public Relations Society of Kenya , Kenya News Agency , Private and Public Universities , the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication and the Law Society of Kenya .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b9d23551432062942f25a54c9e095d92	In the United States presidential election of 1972, Richard Nixon was a candidate.	[ { "docid": "fcc9ae723a207ad330abddd75588b8fe", "text": "Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California . Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist , and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second-youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 , when he defeated George McGovern . The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo , gasoline rationing , and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal . The scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support , and on August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In retirement , Nixon 's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 , and died four days later at the age of 81 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "223eb3f339914fcde3a718cc844891c9", "text": "Nixon goes to China The phrase `` Nixon goes to China '' , `` Nixon to China '' , or `` Nixon in China '' is a historical reference to United States President Richard Nixon 's 1972 visit to the People 's Republic of China , where he met with Chairman Mao Zedong . The metaphor is often expressed as the observation `` Only Nixon could go to China '' or `` It took Nixon to go to China '' . As a political metaphor , it refers to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among his or her supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials . Although the example is that of a hardliner taking steps toward peace with a traditional enemy , and this is the most common application of the metaphor , it could also be applied to a reputedly cautious diplomat defying expectations by taking military action , or a political leader reforming aspects of the political system of which they have been strong supporters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45d303b1791511efbded809b36d6c2eb", "text": "United States presidential election in Michigan, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Michigan took place on November 7 , 1972 , as part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Michigan voters chose twenty-one representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . Michigan was won by incumbent President Richard Nixon ( R -- California ) , with 62.07 % of the popular vote , against George McGovern ( D -- South Dakota ) , with 35.79 % of the popular vote . John G. Schmitz was the only other candidate on the ballot , and , as the candidate for the American Independent Party , he received over 63,000 votes . Delta , Lake , Washtenaw , and Wayne counties were the only four of Michigan 's 83 counties to vote for McGovern .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0b8467a9b74834e22dc038a73cd929cd", "text": "Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1980 The 1980 Democratic presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election . Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention held from August 11 to August 14 , 1980 , in New York City . It is notable for being the last time that an incumbent president lost a state 's presidential primary .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d79f208289ead025018b8e9bd1a7c2da", "text": "United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 6 , 1984 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Tennessee voters chose 11 electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States . Tennessee was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "334023e806946ea13029bda3fed2a3ae", "text": "The Selling of the President 1968 The Selling of the President 1968 is a non-fiction book written by American author Joe McGinniss and published by Trident Press in October , 1969 . The book describes the marketing of Richard Nixon during the 1968 presidential campaign . It has been described as `` a classic of political journalism '' and a `` classic of campaign reporting that first introduced many readers to the stage-managed world of political theater . '' It was reprinted in 1988 under the title The Selling of the President . McGinniss became an overnight success when the book , his first , landed on The New York Times bestseller list . He was 26 years old , making him the youngest living writer with that achievement . The book was on the New York Times non-fiction bestseller list for 31 weeks from October 1969 to May 1970 . The idea for the book came to McGinniss almost serendipitously : -LSB- He -RSB- stumbled across his book 's topic while taking a train to New York . A fellow commuter had just landed the Hubert Humphrey account and was boasting that ` in six weeks we 'll have him looking better than Abraham Lincoln . ' McGinniss tried to get access to Humphrey 's campaign first , but they turned him down . So he called up Nixon 's , and they said yes . '' . The book was very well received by both critics and the public . It `` spent more than six months on best-sellers lists , and McGinniss sold a lot of those books through television , appearing on the titular shows of Merv Griffin , David Frost and Dick Cavett , among others . '' Conservative writer William F. Buckley `` assumed McGinniss had relied on ` an elaborate deception which has brought joy and hope to the Nixon-haters . ' But even Buckley liked the book . '' In 1972 , the book was adapted into a short-lived Broadway musical .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "71f9e1ea2faff80f1f22e9512f519b23", "text": "Republican Party presidential primaries, 1964 The 1964 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1964 U.S. presidential election . Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1964 Republican National Convention held from July 13 to July 16 , 1964 , in San Francisco , California .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "338e014d5461ab655a9d56711bd2fa25", "text": "Democrats for Nixon Democrats for Nixon was a campaign to promote Democratic support for the then-incumbent Republican President Richard Nixon in the 1972 presidential election . The campaign was led by the former Democratic governor of Texas , John Connally . Connally , who was serving as the United States Secretary of the Treasury , announced that he would be supporting Nixon for re-election and would spend his time until the elections working on behalf of the incumbent . A Democrat who had been Governor of Texas and United States Secretary of the Navy under John F. Kennedy , Connally formally announced the formation of the organization in August 1972 . Polling cited by Connally indicated that as many as 20 million Democrats would cross over to vote for Nixon and invited `` all those millions of Democrats who realize that in this Presidential election President Nixon is simply the better choice '' . Connally stated that he was troubled by Senator George McGovern 's campaign and felt that the Democratic party `` is becoming an ideological machine closed to millions who have been the party 's most loyal and steadfast members '' under McGovern 's leadership . The committee included Mayor Beverly Briley of Nashville , Tennessee , former Governor of Florida Farris Bryant , Mayor of Boston John F. Collins , Mayor Thomas G. Dunn of Elizabeth , New Jersey , Teamsters president Frank Fitzsimmons , Governor of Virginia Mills E. Godwin , Jr. , Mayor of Miami , Florida David T. Kennedy and Leonard Marks who had previously headed the United States Information Agency . A fundraising target of as much as $ 3 million was set for the organization . Connally also announced that Jeno Paulucci , a frozen food distributor who had been closely involved as a fundraiser for Hubert H. Humphrey in his presidential bids , would serve as head of a group encouraging independent voters to choose Nixon . In a September 1972 article in The New York Times , Connally was quoted as saying that increasing numbers of traditionally Democratic voters were leaving the fold because they `` are afraid of George McGovern '' because of his proposals for major cutbacks in defense spending and in the number of U.S. troops serving in Europe . Connally insisted that `` it is in the best interests of this country that the president be re-elected this year '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ff1a18d053d197b9dc43b5f4b0469ac", "text": "Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection, 1968 This article lists those who were potential candidates for the Republican nomination for Vice President of the United States in the 1968 election . After winning the Republican presidential nomination at the 1968 Republican National Convention , former Vice President Richard Nixon convened a series of meetings with close advisers and party leaders such as Strom Thurmond in order to choose his running mate . Nixon ultimately asked the convention to nominate Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate . By a large margin , Agnew won the vice presidential nomination on the first ballot over Michigan Governor George W. Romney , who was supported by a faction of liberal Republicans . Nixon chose Agnew because he wanted a centrist who was broadly acceptable to the party , had experience with domestic issues , and appealed to Southern voters ( to counter the third party candidacy of former Alabama Governor George Wallace ) . The Nixon-Agnew ticket defeated the Humphrey-Muskie ticket , and also won re-election in 1972 , defeating the McGovern-Shriver ticket . However , Agnew was forced to resign as Vice President in 1973 due to a controversy regarding his personal taxes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a349f7c05e3f4eaa4efad3b2a68f2e49", "text": "1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president . The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c798ee8225f79ab7b53d30338c4c95ad", "text": "United States presidential election, 1992 The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 3 , 1992 . There were three major candidates : Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush , Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton , and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot . Bush had alienated much of his conservative base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes . The economy was in recession and Bush 's perceived greatest strength , foreign policy , was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War . Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote , and a wide Electoral College margin . The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides . Northeastern , Upper Midwest , and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic . As of 2016 , this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated , the previous one having been the 1980 election in which Ronald Reagan unseated then-incumbent Jimmy Carter . Perot 's campaign took 18.9 % of the vote , finishing second in Maine and Utah . This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912 , though he did not obtain any electoral votes . As of 2017 , this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate , and the last time the state of Florida was on the losing end of the presidential election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2dd1e3674708129b1aa0f17e0bbee1c4", "text": "United States presidential election in Arizona, 1984 The 1984 United States presidential election in Arizona took place on November 6 , 1984 . All fifty states and the District of Columbia , were part of the 1984 United States presidential election . Arizona voters chose seven electors to the Electoral College , which selected the President and Vice President of the United States . Arizona was won by incumbent United States President Ronald Reagan of California , who was running against former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota . Reagan ran for a second time with former C.I.A. Director George H. W. Bush of Texas , and Mondale ran with Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York , the first major female candidate for the Vice-Presidency .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a5b7da9f02944f8af5558a4af60c643", "text": "Silent majority The silent majority is an unspecified large group of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly . The term was popularized by U.S. President Richard Nixon in a November 3 , 1969 , speech in which he said , `` And so tonight -- to you , the great silent majority of my fellow Americans -- I ask for your support . '' In this usage it referred to those Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time , who did not join in the counterculture , and who did not participate in public discourse . Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority . Preceding Nixon by half a century , it was employed in 1919 by Warren Harding 's campaign for the 1920 presidential nomination . Before that , the phrase was used in the 19th century as a euphemism referring to all the people who have died , and others have used it before and after Nixon to refer to groups of voters in various nations of the world .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d2c6f50ca1aaa8271bfa8411d32a104", "text": "Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 Fear and Loathing : On the Campaign Trail '72 is a collection of articles covering the 1972 presidential campaign written by Hunter S. Thompson and illustrated by Ralph Steadman . The articles were first serialized in Rolling Stone magazine throughout 1972 and later released as a book in early 1973 ( San Francisco , CA : Straight Arrow Books , 1973 ; London : Allison & Busby , 1973 ) . The book focuses almost exclusively on the Democratic Party 's primaries and the breakdown of the party as it splits between the different candidates . Of particular focus is the manic maneuvering of the George McGovern campaign during the Miami convention as they sought to ensure the Democratic nomination despite attempts by the Hubert Humphrey campaign and other candidates to block McGovern . Thompson began his coverage of the campaign in December 1971 , just as the race toward the primaries was beginning , from a rented apartment in Washington , DC ( a situation he compared to `` living in an armed camp , a condition of constant fear '' ) . Over the next 12 months , in voluminous detail , he covered every aspect of the campaign , from the smallest rally to the raucous conventions . Because of the freewheeling nature of the campaign , a first-generation fax machine was procured at great expense by the magazine for Thompson . Dubbing it `` the mojo wire '' , Thompson used the new technology to extend the writing process precariously close to printing deadlines , often haphazardly sending in notes mere hours before the magazine went to press . Fellow writers and editors would have to assemble the finished product with Thompson over the phone . Like his earlier novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , Thompson employed a number of unique literary styles in On the Campaign Trail , including the use of vulgarity and the humorous exaggeration of events . Despite the unconventional style , the book is still considered a hallmark of campaign journalism and helped to launch Thompson 's role as a popular political observer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "db7d691c174d728789a65964921047db", "text": "Fifty-state strategy A fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America , rather than conceding certain states as `` unwinnable . '' In a presidential campaign , it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win , even if marginally , every state , since even a marginal victory is effectively total victory for electoral purposes . It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party . This strategy is very ambitious and , when used for a specific election , is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer . In the vast majority of cases , winning a state 's popular vote for president or senator -- even by a small margin -- means the state 's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided . A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival 's strongest states , when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes . A president has won every state three times : in 1788 and 1792 , George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed , and in 1820 , James Monroe , running unopposed , carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time ( although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes ) . In 1936 , Franklin D. Roosevelt carried forty-six of forty-eight states , losing only Maine and Vermont . A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union , although Republicans have twice managed to win the presidency in forty-nine of the fifty : in 1972 with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts , and in 1984 with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival 's home state of Minnesota . Both also lost the District of Columbia , which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a588f0e5acd7bfd16724679d656fb592", "text": "Inauguration of Gerald Ford The inauguration of Gerald Ford as the 38th President of the United States was held on August 9 , 1974 , in the East Room of the White House in Washington , D.C. , following the resignation of President Richard Nixon . The inauguration marked the commencement of Gerald Ford 's only term ( a partial term of ) as President . Chief Justice Warren Burger administered the oath of office . The Bible upon which Ford recited the oath was held by his wife , Betty Ford , open to Proverbs 3:5 -6 . While this was the ninth non-scheduled , extraordinary inauguration to take place since the presidency was established in 1789 , it was the first to take place because the incumbent had resigned from office . Ford had become Vice President on December 6 , 1973 , after the resignation of Spiro Agnew . He was the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . Thus , when he succeeded Nixon , Ford became the first ( and to date only ) person to have held both the office of Vice President and President without having been elected to either .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0812ee8051134b77d46cb558e3b95db9", "text": "United States Senate election in North Carolina, 1972 The North Carolina United States Senate election of 1972 was held on 7 November 1972 as part of the nationwide elections to the Senate , and coinciding with the 1972 presidential election . The general election was fought between the Republican nominee Jesse Helms and the Democrat nominee Rep. Nick Galifianakis . Helms won the election , taking a Senate seat in North Carolina from the Democrats for the first time in the twentieth century . Three-term Representative Nick Galifianakis defeated two-term incumbent Senator B. Everett Jordan in the second ballot in the Democratic primary . Galifianakis was seen as an anti-establishment liberal in North Carolina ; although an opponent of busing , Galifianakis was not as conservative as the segregationist Jordan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1ea974184c04f5ee2f9ce2de1044b075", "text": "United States presidential election in Massachusetts, 1960 The 1960 United States presidential election in Massachusetts took place on November 8 , 1960 as part of the 1960 United States presidential election , which was held throughout all 50 states . Voters chose 16 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . Massachusetts voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic nominee , Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts , over the Republican nominee , Vice President Richard Nixon of California . Kennedy ran with Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas , while Nixon 's running mate was Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. of Massachusetts . Kennedy carried his home state of Massachusetts in a landslide , taking 60.22 % of the vote to Nixon 's 39.55 % , a Democratic victory margin of 20.67 % . This made it the third most Democratic state in the nation , after Rhode Island and Georgia . As Kennedy narrowly defeated Nixon nationally to win the presidency , Massachusetts weighed in for this election as about 21 % more Democratic than the national average . Massachusetts had been a Democratic-leaning state since 1928 , when the Democratic Party had nominated the first Roman Catholic nominee for president , Al Smith . While Smith lost nationally in a landslide , partially due to anti-Catholic prejudice in much of the country , he won Massachusetts due to the massive turnout and support of the many Irish Catholics in the state . In 1960 , John F. Kennedy would be the second Roman Catholic to be nominated for president by a major party , and again his religion became an issue in some regions of the country . However , there was little doubt that Kennedy , an Irish Catholic born in Brookline , Massachusetts , would be able to carry Massachusetts in his presidential run . Prior to 1960 , Massachusetts had been a swing state , having voted for Democrats Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman in the 1930s and 1940s , but voting for Republican Dwight Eisenhower in the 1950s . In 1956 , Eisenhower had carried the state by 19 points . The 21 point margin by which Kennedy won the state four years later thus represented a massive 40 point swing toward the Democrats between the 1956 and 1960 elections . Kennedy 's landslide victory in 1960 finally solidified the transformation of Massachusetts into a Democratic stronghold in the modern era . 1960 was the first election ever in which a Democrat had broken 60 % of the vote in Massachusetts , and thus Kennedy 's 60.22 % was the highest percentage of the vote any Democrat had ever received in the state up to that point . Religion was a major dividing factor in shaping the vote in 1960 . Nixon 's running mate , Henry Cabot Lodge , was also from Massachusetts , and had served the state as a Republican Senator , but was a Protestant , and represented traditional Protestant Yankee Republicanism in Massachusetts . Kennedy , an Irish Catholic Democrat , represented an entirely different strain of Massachusetts politics , the emerging majority coalition of urban and ethnic immigrant voters . In 1952 , Kennedy had first defeated Lodge to take the latter 's U.S. Senate seat , symbolizing this new Democratic coalition 's rise in the state . The residual Yankee Republicanism combined with the popularity of the Republican incumbent Eisenhower allowed Nixon to take a decent 39.55 % of the vote , but by 1960 , the ethnic Catholic vote held a decisive majority in Massachusetts , and turnout among Catholic voters reached record highs in 1960 . Kennedy carried nine of the state 's fourteen counties , including the most heavily populated parts of the state surrounding the large cities of Boston , Worcester , and Springfield . Nixon carried only five counties , three of them island or peninsula counties . Nixon 's most significant win was Plymouth County , which he won narrowly with 51 percent of the vote . Kennedy put in an historically strong performance in the state 's capital and largest city , Boston , home to many Catholics of Irish and Italian immigrant heritage . In Suffolk County , where Boston is located , Kennedy won a landslide with 74.4 percent of the vote to Nixon 's 25 percent , the first time in history that a presidential candidate had received more than 70 percent of the vote in the county . Kennedy was also the first Democrat to carry Norfolk County since Martin van Buren in 1836 . The decisive Democratic win in 1960 would foreshadow the political direction Massachusetts would take in the years to come , as it would become one of the most Democratic states in the nation in the elections that followed . In 1964 and 1968 , Democrats would even outperform Kennedy , and in 1972 it would be the only state in the nation to vote for Democrat George McGovern , ultimately making it the only state that Richard Nixon would never win in any of his three presidential campaigns . The 1960 election was also the last time a candidate who declared Massachusetts as his home state won the presidency regardless of his performance in the state . The next three presidential candidates whose home state was Massachusetts , Michael Dukakis , John Kerry , and Mitt Romney , all lost their presidential bids .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d0451023df491bbb0fb4292d46562164", "text": "United States presidential election in Utah, 1964 The 1964 United States presidential election in Utah took place on November 3 , 1964 , as part of the 1964 United States presidential election . Utah voters chose four representatives , or electors , to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . Utah was won by incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson ( D -- Texas ) , with 54.86 % of the popular vote , against Senator Barry Goldwater ( R -- Arizona ) , with 45.14 % of the popular vote .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4484df29db3d69af934c171cabe0a2b9", "text": "South Dakota gubernatorial election, 1972 The 1972 South Dakota gubernatorial election was held on November 7 , 1972 , to elect a Governor of South Dakota . It was the last election in South Dakota to elect the governor for a two-year term after a 1972 state constitutional amendment established a four-year term . Democratic nominee Richard F. Kneip was re-elected , defeating Republican nominee Carveth Thompson .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9eddc44812982b49b24be0f519ee2ba5", "text": "United States presidential election in Pennsylvania, 1972 The 1972 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 7 , 1972 , throughout all 50 states and D.C. , which was part of the 1972 United States presidential election . Voters chose 27 representatives , or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . Pennsylvania overwhelmingly voted for the Republican nominee , President Richard Nixon , over the Democratic nominee , Senator George McGovern . Nixon won Pennsylvania by a massive margin of 19.98 % , winning every county except for Philadelphia .", "title": "" } ]	fever
3d3c778adbbe395b6e69d02845a20ca7	Anil Kapoor has never been a producer.	[ { "docid": "70a91c470b9c9c4ea407a9c428b92b0a", "text": "Anil Kapoor Anil Kapoor ( born 24 December 1956 ) is an Indian actor and producer who has appeared in many Bollywood films , as well as international films and television series . His career has spanned almost 40 years as an actor , and as a producer since 2005 . He has won many awards in his career , including two National Film Awards and six Filmfare Awards in different acting categories . Kapoor made his Hindi film cameo appearance with Umesh Mehra 's Hamare Tumhare ( 1979 ) in a small role . He made his first debut film and then starred as a lead actor in the 1980 Telugu film , Vamsa Vruksham directed by Bapu . He then made his Kannada film debut with Mani Ratnam 's Pallavi Anu Pallavi ( 1983 ) . He received his first Filmfare Award , in the Best Supporting Actor category , for his role in Yash Chopra 's Mashaal ( 1984 ) . Kapoor earned his first Filmfare Best Actor Award for his performance in N. Chandra 's Tezaab ( 1988 ) and later again for his performance in Indra Kumar 's Beta ( 1992 ) . He has also starred in many other critically and commercially successful films : Meri Jung ( 1985 ) ; Karma ( 1986 ) ; Mr. India ( 1987 ) ; Virasat ( 1997 ) , for which he won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor ; Taal ( 1999 ) , for which he won his second Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award ; Pukar ( 2000 ) , for which he won a National Film Award for Best Actor ; No Entry ( 2005 ) ; Dil Dhadakne Do ( 2015 ) for which he won his third Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award . Kapoor 's first role in an international film was in Danny Boyle 's Academy Award-winning film Slumdog Millionaire , for which he shared the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture . His performance in the eighth season of the action series 24 generated rave reviews from the American press . Globally , Kapoor is one of the most recognised Indian actors .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "2d41c0dafc3c152f0af093f2983b0d94", "text": "Sashadhar Mukherjee Sashadhar Mukherjee ( 29 September 1909 -- 3 November 1990 ) was a producer in Hindi films . He started his career with Bombay Talkies in 1930s , and later established Filmistan Studio with Rai Bahadur Chunilal , Ashok Kumar and Gyan Mukherjee in 1943 . In the 1950s he went on to start his independent studio , Filmalaya . He is noted for films like Dil Deke Dekho ( 1959 ) , Love in Simla ( 1960 ) , Ek Musafir Ek Hasina ( 1962 ) and Leader ( 1964 ) . He is part of the distinguished Mukherjee clan of Bollywood . He won the Filmfare Award for Best Film for Jagriti ( 1954 ) , and later was awarded the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour , by Government of India in 1967 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9fa7f82ecdc06f1d4d58fa51addb2b8b", "text": "Deepak Tijori Deepak Tijori ( born 28 August 1961 ) is an Indian film director and actor who works in Bollywood films and is well known for his supporting roles in Aashiqui ( 1990 ) , Khiladi ( 1992 ) , Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1992 ) , Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa ( 1993 ) , Anjaam ( 1994 ) , Ghulam ( 1998 ) and Baadshah ( 1999 ) . He also starred as a lead actor in Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) . Tijori started his directing career with Oops ! ( 2003 ) , a film about male strippers . This was followed by Fareb ( 2005 ) , Khamoshh ... Khauff Ki Raat ( 2005 ) , Tom , Dick , and Harry ( 2006 ) and Fox ( 2009 ) . Thriller at 10 -- Fareb , a TV mini-series produced by Tijori won the 2001 Indian Television Academy Awards in the category best mini-series . Tijori has also been the housemate on Bigg Boss 1 ( 2006 ) . His wife is a fashion designer and his brother-in-law Kabir Sadanand is a film director . In 2009 Tijori 's daughter was kidnapped for a few hours .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2d9b10f940dea3147617d29548b4cd93", "text": "Mr. India (1987 film) Mr. India is a 1987 Indian Hindi science fiction superhero film directed by Shekhar Kapur . It stars Anil Kapoor , Sridevi and Amrish Puri in the lead roles The film was the highest grossing Indian film of 1987 , and remains a cult classic in India . The film was known for several of its lines and songs , including Sridevi 's Miss Hawa Hawaii performance , and Amrish Puri 's quote `` Mogambo khush hua '' ( Mogambo is pleased ) , which is one of the most famous quotes of Bollywood and became synonymous with Puri . The Mogambo character is also considered to be one of the best villains in Bollywood history . Laxmikant-Pyarelal 's music performed well too , especially the song Hawa Hawaii which is very popular till today . The film has often been featured in different lists of top Bollywood films . Indiatimes Movies ranks the movie amongst the Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films . This was the last film that the writing duo Salim-Javed wrote together . They had split up earlier in 1982 , but came back for one last film . On the centenary of Indian Cinema , Mr. India has been declared one of the 100 Greatest Indian Films of All Time . Interestingly Rajesh Khanna and Amitabh Bachchan were offered the lead role , but they turned it down as they could n't relate with the invisible hero .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a985cba6e00d646ad56506e50edda672", "text": "List of films released by Yash Raj Films Yash Raj Films ( abbreviated as YRF ) is an Indian entertainment company , established by Yash Chopra in 1970 , that produces and distributes motion pictures . As of 2017 , the company has produced 71 Hindi films , including three that are yet-to-be-released , and one Tamil film . Yash Raj Films started a film distribution business in 1997 , and in addition to distributing their own productions , the company has handled the domestic and international distribution of 35 films from other companies . Yash Raj Films ' first release came in 1973 with the Chopra-directed Daag : A Poem of Love , a drama about bigamy , starring Rajesh Khanna , Raakhee and Sharmila Tagore . The company had four more releases in the 1970s , including the family drama Kabhie Kabhie and the action film Kaala Patthar , both of which starred Amitabh Bachchan . Yash Raj Films ' sole commercial success in the 1980s was the Sridevi-starring romance Chandni . The year 1995 marked the directorial debut of Yash Chopra 's son , Aditya Chopra , with the highly successful romantic drama Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . Starring Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , the film has the longest theatrical run in Indian cinema history . Other successful releases of the 1990s were Darr ( 1993 ) and Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , both starring Khan . In the 2000s , Yash Raj Films produced a larger number of films . In addition to directorial ventures from Yash and Aditya Chopra , the company launched several new directors , including Sanjay Gadhvi , Vijay Krishna Acharya , Kunal Kohli , Siddharth Anand , and Shaad Ali . Some of the company 's top-grossing films in that decade include Gadhvi 's action thrillers Dhoom ( 2004 ) and Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) , Kohli 's romantic thriller Fanaa ( 2006 ) , Ali 's comedy film Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) , Yash Chopra 's romance Veer-Zaara ( 2004 ) , and Aditya Chopra 's dramas Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) and Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) . Beginning in 2008 , the company introduced a number of new actors such as Anushka Sharma , Ranveer Singh , Parineeti Chopra , and Arjun Kapoor . Yash Raj Films ' highest-grossing films came in the 2010s with the Kabir Khan-directed action thriller Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) , starring Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif , the third installment of the Dhoom franchise , entitled Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , featuring Aamir Khan , Uday Chopra and Abhishek Bachchan , and the sports drama Sultan ( 2016 ) , starring Salman Khan and Sharma . All three films rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time . The most frequent collaborations of the company have been with the actors Rani Mukerji , Rishi Kapoor , Shah Rukh Khan , and Saif Ali Khan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0ca49f176d4d8dc2e27552999af232c9", "text": "Raja Nawathe Raja Nawathe ( राजा नवाथे 14 October 1924 -- 15 November 2005 ) was an Indian film producer , director , assistant film director , in Bombay 's Hindi film industry , long before it came to be known as Bollywood . He is known for films like Raj Kapoor-Nargis starrer Aah ( 1953 ) and thriller Gumnaam ( 1965 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc0e8c175481e73c2be55bf0828fdbbf", "text": "Anil Rajbhar Anil Rajbhar is the state minister of Uttar Pradesh with independent charge .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a8a52ee211762ae10bb04d45b0546875", "text": "Nikhil Nanda Nikhil Nanda ( born 18 March 1974 ) is an Indian buisnessman . Part of the Kapoor family , he is the son of insurance agent Ritu Nanda and industrialist Rajan Nanda , and the grandson of actorfilmmaker Raj Kapoor . He is the managing director of Escorts Limited , an engineering company that manufacture agricultural machinery , machine construction and material handling equipment and railway equipment . Escorts Limited was founded in 1948 by his paternal grandfather , Har Prasad Nanda ( known as H.P. Nanda ) . The company 's corporate headquarters is in Faridabad , Haryana , India . He is married to Shweta Bachchan , the daughter of veteran actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bhaduri .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e3da325979027ea6cee5b9b0508957c6", "text": "Awaargi Awaargi is a 1990 Bollywood drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt starring Anil Kapoor , Meenakshi Sheshadri and Govinda . The film is considered to have featured Anil Kapoor 's and Meenakshi Sheshadri 's best performances . Over the years it has gained immense critical praise and is considered a classic now . Like several other 1980s films by Mahesh Bhatt , Awaargi , containing serious and realistic content , belongs to the arthouse cinematic genre , known in India as parallel cinema . On its release , it received critical acclaim .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e424452c42dacff7fefedeb002431bbe", "text": "Satish Kaushik Satish Kaushik ( born 13 April 1956 ) is an Indian film director , producer , and actor , primarily in Hindi films and theatre . As a film actor he is noted for his roles as ` Calendar ' in Mr. India , and as ` Chanu Ahmed ' in Sarah Gavron 's British film Brick Lane ( 2007 ) . He won the Filmfare Best Comedian Award twice : in 1990 for Ram Lakhan and in 1997 for Saajan Chale Sasural . As a theatre actor , his most noted role was that of ` Willy Loman ' in the Hindi-language play , Salesman Ramlal , an adaptation of Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman . He wrote dialogues for Kundan Shah 's comedy classic Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron ( 1983 ) . His film Teree Sang , starring Ruslaan Mumtaz and Sheena Shahabadi , explores issues of teen pregnancy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "837fc04e63cd491aa5a598c806d9cda8", "text": "R. K. Films R. K. Films is a film production company , based in R. K. Studio , a film studio both established by and named after the Bollywood actor Raj Kapoor , headquartered at Chembur , Mumbai . It was founded in 1948 , one year after India gained independence . It had a rough start , as its first movie , Aag ( 1948 ) did not perform well at the box office . Most of the R.K. Films productions share a common theme of criticising society and depicting love across social divide", "title": "" }, { "docid": "15de4fea6d1defb9167a6e11108320bb", "text": "Cinema of India The cinema of India consists of films produced across India . Cinema as a medium has gained immense popularity in the country and as many as 1,600 films in various languages of India are produced annually . Indian films have also come to be followed throughout South Asia , the Greater Middle East , Southeast Asia and other countries . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema . In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $ 1.86 billion ( 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $ 3 billion ( 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of , the fourth largest in the world outside North America . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal and CGI-laden epics like Baahubali emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $ 200 million each in early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe . The provision of 100 % foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. . Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt . The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity . They are the Telugu , the Tamil , the Malayalam and the Kannada industries . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity . The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed10a7343f69ae5b8ab0622a71d0c453", "text": "Dil Deke Dekho Dil Deke Dekho , a 1959 Indian Hindi romantic comedy film , was Nasir Hussain 's second film as director . His first directorial venture was Tumsa Nahin Dekha ( 1957 ) , which became a big hit and which gave star Shammi Kapoor a new image as a comedic , dancing hero . Husain and Kapoor reteamed here . Asha Parekh , a former child actress , made her film debut as a heroine . This was also the debut film of comedian Rajendranath ( younger brother of Premnath . ) This is also music composer Usha Khanna 's first film . The film became a hit at the box office . Husain , Kapoor , and Parekh would reteam again for Teesri Manzil ( 1966 ) , which also became a big hit . Husain would also cast Parekh as his leading lady in five other films . Shammi Kapoor had said that he had initially wanted Waheeda Rehman to play his leading lady in the film , but the producer had already signed Asha Parekh , and he encouraged her during filming . The film was released on Asha 's 17th birthday .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe5e9011390faf547b3216cb0acf49ff", "text": "Rajat Kapoor Rajat Kapoor is an Indian actor , writer and director born in 1961 . Kapoor was born in Delhi , India . As a teenager he would watch films with his family and decided to become a filmmaker at the age of 14 . He mainly focused on acting at first . In 1983 he joined the theatre group Chingari in Delhi , later moving to Pune to attend the Film and Television Institute of India ( FTII ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "547eb394c1ab96c26c1524c7b896952e", "text": "Anil Das Anil Das is a Malayalam film director and screenwriter from Kerala , India . Born in Kottayam and settled in Kollam . He is known as Director of Off-Beat movies . His Bharathan Effect ( 2007 ) the first science fiction movie in Malayalam , scripted by Madhu Muttam of Manichithrathazhu fame , received acclaims from the filmy press for its venture into the unexplored . His debut Movie was Sargavasantham -LCB- സര ഗ ഗവസന ത -RCB- ( 1995 ) , written by the famous novelist Kakkanadan . Another Off-Beat movie of Anil Das was psychological-thriller Alice - A True Story ( 2014 ) , a Psycho Analysis subject in which he has also written the story and screenplay . The movie with the star cast of Priyamani , Rahul Madhav , and Pratap Pothen tells the story of a women with the Split Personality condition called fugue . His next venture which he is penning along with G R Indugopan , is based on the subject euthanasia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7af3ea51b2df8cde9c1fdcd75586d0bc", "text": "Anuradha (2015 film) Anuradha is an Assamese language drama film directed by Rakesh Sharma and starring Meghranjani and Diganta Hazarika in the lead roles . The film was produced by Luit Kumar Barman under the banner of M L Entertainment and Cine Dream Unlimited , and released on 27 March 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be3148e952d5fbcbe3b525f02375a171", "text": "Producers Guild Film Awards The Producers Guild Film Awards ( previously known as the Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award ) is an accolade given by the Apsara Producers Guild to recognize excellence in Indian film and television . Originated by filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna , the Star Guild Awards have been one of the major award events since 2004 . The 22-karat gold statuette was sculpted and designed by the jewellery brand Tanishq and was `` inspired by the rich heritage of one of India 's most treasured possessions - the Ajanta and Ellora Caves . '' Nominations for the awards come from selected members of the guild , with the full membership ( around 160 ) available to vote for the winners . The ballots cast by the guild members are then taken to a common venue for the final counting .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "55029f8ea4c925e151e05608655054c2", "text": "Raghu Romeo Raghu Romeo is a 2003 Bollywood film directed by Rajat Kapoor , starring Vijay Raaz , Sadiya Siddiqui , Maria Goretti , Manu Rishi and Saurabh Shukla . The film released on 15 August 2003 to critical acclaim but was a big commercial failure . Set in modern-day Mumbai , the film focuses on the life of a waiter working in a dance bar . The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "48ca92041482cad2e3b933e325b4b81a", "text": "Karan Raj Kanwar Karan Raj Kanwar is an Indian film producer . He is the son of Raj Kanwar and Anita Kanwar . He is the current head of the production company Inderjit Films Combine . Karan Raj Kanwar is recognized as the youngest film producer in India .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "83df1e9b1bfdbd634774877808b3c53a", "text": "Balaji Motion Pictures Balaji Motion Pictures is an Indian film production and distribution company established by Jeetendra . Based in Mumbai , it mainly produces and distributes Hindi films . Key people involved are Jeetendra wife Shobha Kapoor and daughter Ekta Kapoor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b59fa8ca771e9b26e40f9c7c8906f058", "text": "Arun Kaul Arun Kaul ( August 12 , 1933 -- July 21 , 2007 ) was a noted Kashmiri film maker and screenwriter . His film Diksha ( 1991 ) , won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie for the year 1992 . He was the screenplay assistant to veteran filmmaker Gulzar , for the films Ijaazat ( 1987 ) and Lekin ( 1990 ) . He was one of producers of the noted Science Serial TURNING POINT . He also produced a Serial on Kashmir called KASHMIR FILE . He also wrote screenplay for the film Yash Chopra 's Chandni ( 1989 ) . He produced a film named Ek Adhuri Kahani directed by Mrinal Sen , a Bengali film maker in 1972 . Kaul , 74 , died on 21 July 2007 , New Delhi .", "title": "" } ]	fever
bca50ae4c430364bdba4f4f14803a49d	Steven Price (composer) worked on the film Gravity.	[ { "docid": "232f9fb06552e497cb10f3cb00f6fb2a", "text": "Steven Price (composer) Steven Price ( born 22 April 1977 ) is a British film composer , best known for scoring Gravity , which won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score . Before making his debut as a composer with Attack the Block , he worked on the music department for various notable films , such as The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Batman Begins , and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "3ac92998d3d3fddd76354e48d8ded0a6", "text": "Steven Conrad Steven Conrad ( born 1968 ) is an American screenwriter , film producer and director .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b6c555a8fca83145e88ccdb93ce1a8b", "text": "Posthumus Zone `` Posthumus Zone '' and `` Granicus '' are songs composed by the Los Angeles electronic music group E.S. Posthumus for the TV programs The NFL on CBS and The NFL Today on CBS Sports . The songs are played at the start and end of the programs , before and after commercial breaks , and during stoppages of play of games shown on The NFL on CBS , and on commercial spots that announce the programming schedule , as a jingle for viewers to remember . The songs were also used to introduce , to conclude , and to segue to commercials on Westwood One 's NFL game coverage and halftime programming . It has since been replaced with a new score commissioned by Westwood One since 2013 . `` Posthumus Zone '' , which is just under a minute long , was released by E.S. Posthumus in January 2008 as a single on the iTunes Store and on Amazon MP3 . In 2005 , E.S. Posthumus also released the single `` Rise to Glory , '' a remix of `` Posthumus Zone '' in association with DJ Quik with vocals from Bizarre . The theme was also used on The Price Is Right as the opening theme for the February 5 , 2016 episode , which serves as the Super Bowl 50 themed episode for the CBS game show , which uses a Super Bowl theme on the Friday before the Super Bowl in years the network has the game .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b3c95d6b6f0e5fc404bce953042aa238", "text": "Film director A film director is a person who directs the making of a film . Generally , a film director controls a film 's artistic and dramatic aspects and visualizes the screenplay ( or script ) while guiding the technical crew and actors in the fulfillment of that vision . The director has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design , and the creative aspects of filmmaking . Under European Union law , the director is viewed as the author of the film . The film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized , or noticed . Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the boundaries of the film 's budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director . Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , film editors or actors . Other film directors have attended a film school . Directors use different approaches . Some outline a general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue , while others control every aspect , and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely . Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners . Some directors edit or appear in their films , or compose the music score for their films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d32cb8eebdd163850606eb9db61e82e2", "text": "Gravity (Luna Sea song) `` Gravity '' is the twelfth single by Japanese rock band Luna Sea , released on March 29 , 2000 . It is the band 's sixth and last to reach number 1 on the Oricon singles chart . A computer-generated portrait combining facial features from all five members is placed on the inner cover of this single , nicknamed `` Tom '' , which also appears in their album Lunacy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d36ee430fe7d7f64a297e85d21d084e7", "text": "Jonathan Price Jonathan Price is an American composer who is best known for his film scores to Necrosis and Girl Meets Boy , and for the opera ÆSOPERA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6267c52e643b18f6fbf452dd87293081", "text": "Sinyan Shen Sinyan Shen ( ; born 1949 ) is an American physicist and classical composer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a1ec1aded29403a21e305070fa9ad582", "text": "Luther Price Luther Price is an experimental filmmaker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8e50128bcbd5d2f49bc495827ef5995c", "text": "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Melissa Mathison . It features special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and stars Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed `` E.T. '' , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government . The concept was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled sci-fi horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$ 10.5 million . Unlike most films , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast . Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was an immediate blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest-grossing film of all time -- a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg-directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest-grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . It was re-released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e7441391498199ea31e3d6b7af5268bf", "text": "Rachel Portman Rachel Mary Berkeley Portman , OBE ( born 11 December 1960 ) is an English composer who is best known for scoring films .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d23887046dc2def9dfc8aab97c498a1", "text": "Geoffrey Gordon (composer) Geoffrey Gordon ( born 28 August 1968 ) is an American composer of classical music .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0472eeab7efce793e1ccc773f11bb759", "text": "Pressure-gradient force The pressure-gradient force is the force which results when there is a difference in pressure across a surface . In general , a pressure is a force per unit area , across a surface . A difference in pressure across a surface then implies a difference in force , which can result in an acceleration according to Newton 's second law of motion , if there is no additional force to balance it . The resulting force is always directed from the region of higher-pressure to the region of lower-pressure . When a fluid is in an equilibrium state ( i.e. there are no net forces , and no acceleration ) , the system is referred to as being in hydrostatic equilibrium . In the case of atmospheres , the pressure gradient force is balanced by the gravitational force , maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium . In Earth 's atmosphere , for example , air pressure decreases at altitudes above Earth 's surface , thus providing a pressure gradient force which counteracts the force of gravity on the atmosphere .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a285cdcb48b09c3b15f36d6b2d2c8535", "text": "List of awards and nominations received by Justin Hurwitz This is a list of awards and nominations received by American composer and screenwriter Justin Hurwitz . He is best known for scoring the 2016 film La La Land . He also scored Damien Chazelle 's two other features , Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench and Whiplash . For La La Land , he won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( for `` City of Stars ' ) . He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music and two Academy Awards : Best Original Score and Best Original Song ( for `` City of Stars '' ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4d84599382c32d6dd2ae245d3a051593", "text": "World Soundtrack Award – Public Choice The Public Choice Award for the Best Score of the Year is an award by the World Soundtrack Academy . Each year , the general public votes for the nominees and the award is presented at the annual World Soundtrack Awards . The category has existed since 2001 , but there was not a winner nor a vote for 2003 's ceremony . In 2016 , the International Film Music Critics Association partnered with WSA in choosing the shortlist of nominees , selecting 30 scores representing the most outstanding works . The five nominees receiving the most votes became the final candidates for the award , with the winner announced at the awards gala .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5dfab2677bbd3b1af681f92bdadbd75c", "text": "Christopher Gordon (composer) Christopher Gordon is an English born Australian composer best known for his film scores , but has also received major classical commissions . Major film scores include Mao 's Last Dancer , Master and Commander and On the Beach .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b69bf022f5b86d41fd47a1573791e190", "text": "Tim Story (composer) Tim Story ( born 1957 in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) is an American composer , recording artist and producer of electronic and acoustic music . Story has performed on more than 20 solo and collaborative albums and in soundtracks for film and television .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8b37ed4372ac0d2a9c09fff25c92af32", "text": "Gravity (software) Gravity ( ver . 2.01 ) is a software program designed by Steve Safarik to simulate the motions of planetary bodies in space . Users can create solar systems of up to 16 bodies . Mass , Density , Initial position , and Initial velocity can be varied by user input . The bodies are then plotted as they move according to the laws of gravitation . Simulation settings may saved as files with the extension '' . GRV ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c00d19ae7ee1dd6d5e25e4a60c689c83", "text": "PT Walkley P.T. Walkley is a New York City-based singer/songwriter and composer for film and television . He and his live band have opened for Weezer ( at Hammerstein Ballroom ) and Coldplay ( at Madison Square Garden ) , and have played top-tier music festivals like All Points West . He released his first LP as a solo artist , Mr. Macy Wakes Alone , in January 2009 , and includes contributions from acclaimed artists such as Larry Campbell , David Campbell , and Sean Lennon . Walkley has since released two EPs , What 's What and The Ghost of Chivalry . Walkley is also part of the musical projects The Blue Jackets and PT Walkley and the Adventures of Track Rabbit . His most recent album `` Shoulders '' received critical acclaim , and can be streamed on his website , along with the rest of his music . Currently composing the original score for Wilde Wedding , starring Glenn Close , John Malkovich , Patrick Stewart and Minnie Driver . Walkley has also scored and written songs for several major motion pictures , including the Edward Burns films Looking for Kitty , The Groomsmen , Purple Violets , and Nice Guy Johnny , as well as the 2005 film Southern Belles , which starred Anna Faris and Judah Friedlander . Walkley has also composed and licensed music for numerous national advertising campaigns , for clients such as MasterCard , General Electric , Mercedes-Benz , Starbucks , and Macy 's . He composed all the original music for Ed Burns / Steven Spielberg TV Series `` Public Morals '' and for the Nickelodeon children 's television show , Team Umizoomi . In 2017 , he has done a music video for Sesame Workshop 's Sesame Studios YouTube channel , featuring digital puppet characters called `` the Ziggles '' that do a disco remix while counting to ten .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "150b875b44865297b55a8eaee2a5d677", "text": "Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies The Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies '' ( GTCYS ) is a group of youth orchestras in the Twin Cities in Minnesota . Founded in 1972 , GTCYS has served over 16,000 musicians and put on more than 500 concerts . The top orchestra has also traveled on 12 national and international tours . GTCYS currently features 8 orchestras for young musicians any age through high school . GTCYS is a youth orchestra program based in the Greater Twin Cities metro that draws over 600 students from eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin . Artistic director is Mark Russell Smith , who also conducts the top orchestra , Symphony . Mission : In the conviction that music nourishes the body , mind , and spirit of the individual and enriches the community , the Greater Twin Cities Youth Symphonies provides a rigorous and inspiring orchestral experience for young musicians . History : Founded in 1972 , GTCYS ( pronounced `` GIT-seez '' ) was created to provide an educational orchestra program for motivated music students from throughout the metropolitan area and outlying communities . Since then , more than 16,000 students have honed their musical talents and developed lifelong skills that have helped them succeed not only as musicians , but as teachers , community leaders , doctors , lawyers , business professionals , and entrepreneurs . GTCYS holds a treasured place in the Minnesota arts and cultural landscape , with students showcasing their talents through performances at prestigious concert halls and events as well as for underserved audiences . Artistic Director Mark Russell Smith joined GTCYS ' staff in 2012 and provides dynamic leadership and artistic oversight for our programs . GTCYS collaborates with world-class artists and organizations including guest conductors Osmo Vänskä , Roberto Abbado , and Nicholas McGegan and projects with the Minnesota Chorale . Renowned for our rich international touring history , GTCYS performed by invitation at the Granada International Festival of Music and Dance ( Spain ) in 2014 and will tour Argentina in June 2016 . In 2011 , GTCYS and the SPCO formed a strategic partnership to serve the community through music and build classical music audiences .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "358799fea92bcd9eb5bdc0846f01abad", "text": "Steven Stucky Steven Edward Stucky ( -LSB- ˈstʌki -RSB- November 7 , 1949 − February 14 , 2016 ) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American composer .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "04f97458f1bafcfd891f6e0f3b809485", "text": "James S. Levine James Scott Levine ( born 1974 ) is a composer and member of Remote Control Productions . He has won seven BMI awards and seven ASCAP awards . His credits include the films Running with Scissors , Delta Farce , and The Weather Man , and the television shows Nip/Tuck , Glee , The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles , and American Horror Story . He has also provided additional music for films such as Madagascar , Pearl Harbor , and Something 's Got ta Give .", "title": "" } ]	fever
0cc3ea23020abd1d26d04434bdbf3ad9	Instagram is a photo-sharing application.	[ { "docid": "56301d660def036425680974452e8e39", "text": "Instagram Instagram is a mobile , desktop , and internet-based photo-sharing application and service that allows users to share pictures and videos either publicly or privately . It was created by Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger , and launched in October 2010 as a free mobile app exclusively for the iOS operating system . A version for Android devices was released two years later , in April 2012 , followed by a feature-limited website interface in November 2012 , and apps for Windows 10 Mobile and Windows 10 in April 2016 and October 2016 respectively . Instagram lets registered users upload photos or videos to the service . Users can apply various digital filters to their images , and add locations through geotags . They can add hashtags to their posts , linking the photos up to other content on Instagram featuring the same subject or overall topic . Users can connect their Instagram account to other social media profiles , enabling them to share photos to those profiles as well . Originally , a distinctive feature of Instagram was its confining of photos to a square ; this was changed in August 2015 , when an update started allowing users to upload media at full size . In June 2012 , an `` Explore '' tab was introduced in the mobile apps , showing users a variety of media , including ( but not limited to ) popular photos and photos taken at nearby locations , trending tags and places , channels for recommended videos , and curated content . Support for videos was originally launched in June 2013 , and had a 15-second maximum duration and limited quality , with Instagram later adding support for widescreen and longer videos . Private messaging , called Instagram Direct , was launched with basic photo-sharing functionality in December 2013 , and has gradually received major updates incorporating more features . Updates include easier private sharing from the news feed , threaded conversations , sharing locations and hashtag pages , increased support for text and emoji , and the ability to make photos `` disappear '' after being viewed by the recipient . In August 2016 , Instagram introduced a `` Stories '' feature , letting users add photos to a story , with the content disappearing after 24 hours . Instagram added live-video functionality to Stories in November 2016 , augmented reality stickers in April 2017 , and face filters in May 2017 . After its launch in 2010 , Instagram rapidly gained popularity , with one million registered users in two months , 10 million in a year , and ultimately 700 million as of April 2017 . Its users have uploaded over 40 billion photos to the service as of October 2015 . , the Instagram Stories functionality has over 200 million active users , while Instagram Direct has 375 million active users . Instagram was acquired by Facebook in April 2012 for approximately US$ 1 billion in cash and stock . The popularity of Instagram has sparked an engaging community , including dedicated `` trends '' , in which users post specific types of photos on specific days of the week with a hashtag representing a common theme . Instagram has received positive reviews for its iOS app , and it has been named `` one of the most influential social networks in the world '' . However , the company has been the subject of criticism on several issues , most notably incidents of drug sales on the platform , allegations of censorship towards women , and a May 2017 survey in the United Kingdom concluding that the service was bad for young mental health .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "812ebe3efbc74bc0da398fe40d335325", "text": "Image retrieval An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing , searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images . Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning ' , keywords , or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words . Manual image annotation is time-consuming , laborious and expensive ; to address this , there has been a large amount of research done on automatic image annotation . Additionally , the increase in social web applications and the semantic web have inspired the development of several web-based image annotation tools . The first microcomputer-based image database retrieval system was developed at MIT , in the 1990s , by Banireddy Prasaad , Amar Gupta , Hoo-min Toong , and Stuart Madnick . A 2008 survey article documented progresses after 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "013c8acb98727de43a773dfea7bd5a0f", "text": "Nature photography Nature photography refers to a wide range of photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as landscapes , wildlife , plants , and close-ups of natural scenes and textures . Nature photography tends to put a stronger emphasis on the aesthetic value of the photo than other photography genres , such as photojournalism and documentary photography . `` Nature photography '' overlaps the fields of -- and is sometimes considered an overarching category including -- `` wildlife photography , '' `` landscape photography , '' and `` garden photography '' . Nature photographs are published in scientific , travel and cultural magazines such as National Geographic Magazine , National Wildlife Magazine and Audubon Magazine or other more specific magazines such as Outdoor Photographer and Nature 's Best Photography . Well known nature photographers include Frans Lanting , Galen Rowell , Mark Gray , Eliot Porter and Art Wolfe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "147f50b6d31355fcca03449fbe048081", "text": "Microstock photography Microstock photography , also known as micropayment photography , is a part of the stock photography industry . What defines a company as a microstock photography company is that they ( 1 ) source their images almost exclusively via the Internet , ( 2 ) do so from a wider range of photographers than the traditional stock agencies ( including a willingness to accept images from `` amateurs '' and hobbyists ) , and ( 3 ) sell their images at a very low rate ( from US$ 0.20 to $ 10 in the US ) for a royalty-free ( RF ) image . A number of microstock sites also sell vector art , and some sell Flash animations and video as well as images .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40ac4a857188df4e874db1545eb616d6", "text": "Social graph The social graph in the Internet context is a graph that depicts personal relations of internet users . In short , it is a model or representation of a social network , where the word graph has been taken from graph theory . The social graph has been referred to as `` the global mapping of everybody and how they 're related '' . The term was popularized at the Facebook F8 conference on May 24 , 2007 , when it was used to explain how the newly introduced Facebook Platform would take advantage of the relationships between individuals to offer a richer online experience . The definition has been expanded to refer to a social graph of all Internet users . Since explaining the concept of the social graph , Mark Zuckerberg , one of the founders of Facebook , has often touted Facebook 's goal of offering the website 's social graph to other websites so that a user 's relationships can be put to use on websites outside of Facebook 's control . This can be accomplished through the Facebook Open Graph API . One of the earliest known forms of the social graph was created in 2002 by Harvard student Philippe Bouzaglou in a paper published on the Harvard Department of Economics website . The paper replicated the Kevin Bacon Game using Harvard students and for the first time , gave an overview of an entire social graph , allowing the analysis of the characteristics of the network using graph theory . This paper was written for a seminar that was attended by Dustin Moskovitz who later became a Facebook co-founder .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "08a1cc4f6bf97bc2be43a4b5fad9a4da", "text": "Cult image In the practice of religion , a cult image is a human-made object that is venerated or worshipped for the deity , spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents . Cultus , the outward religious formulas of `` cult '' ( meaning religious practice , as opposed to the pejorative term for a potentially dangerous `` new religion '' ) , often centers upon the treatment of cult images , which may be dressed , fed or paraded , etc. . Religious images cover a wider range of all types of images made with a religious purpose , subject , or connection . In many contexts `` cult image '' specifically means the most important image in a temple , kept in an inner space , as opposed to what may be many other images decorating the temple . The term idol is often synonymous with cult image , but may be used especially of a cult image believed not just to depict or represent a deity or spirit , but in some sense to be one itself . Sometimes the image is believed to have its own powers , to grant wishes or otherwise affect the world . In cultures where idolatry is not viewed negatively , the word idol is not generally seen as pejorative , such as in Indian English . Cult of images is the practice of worshipping or venerating religious or cult images representing divine figures . Common in a number of ancient religions , the practice continues most prominently today in Hinduism . The Abrahamic religions all specifically ban idols and idolatry ; all have had internal divisions and disputes as to what constitutes the proper or improper use of images in religion , and many Abrahamic religious sects use or venerate images with varying degrees of fervor . In general the belief that an image itself is the object of worship , and itself has or embodies a spirit with inherent powers , tends to be hard to verify when a religious context is examined closely , or to be held at a popular level but denied by the clergy of a religion . Assertions by others outside the religious group concerned that such beliefs are held by the group are however common .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4b471cbf3d85092fc0abc71539325e7f", "text": "Face book A face book or facebook is a printed or web directory found at some American universities consisting of individuals ' photographs and names . In particular , it denotes publications of this type distributed by university administrations at the start of the academic year , with the intention of helping students get to know each other .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d6087e73cd71c87b4a027bb0e62ebcd0", "text": "Doodle A doodle is a drawing made while a person 's attention is otherwise occupied . Doodles are simple drawings that can have concrete representational meaning or may just be composed of random and abstract lines , generally without ever lifting the drawing device off of the paper , in which case it is usually called a `` scribble '' . Doodling and scribbling are most often associated with young children and toddlers , because their lack of hand -- eye coordination and lower mental development often make it very difficult for any young child to keep their coloring attempts within the line art of the subject . Despite this , it is not uncommon to see such behaviour with adults , in which case it generally is done jovially , out of boredom . Typical examples of doodling are found in school notebooks , often in the margins , drawn by students daydreaming or losing interest during class . Other common examples of doodling are produced during long telephone conversations if a pen and paper are available . Popular kinds of doodles include cartoon versions of teachers or companions in a school , famous TV or comic characters , invented fictional beings , landscapes , geometric shapes , patterns and textures .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a9b7f1318f5f4b27ecedbe8a0a25f8a6", "text": "Instagram Pier Instagram Pier ( officially Western District Public Cargo Working Area ) is a pier located on the waterfront of Sai Wan . Many residents of Sai Wan often go there for wandering , resting , walking their dogs and fishing . Recently ( since at least 2010 ) , it has become a popular place for witnessing sunsets and shooting photos . The picturesque surrounding area seen from the pier has taken on the nickname - `` Mirror of the Sky '' , since many photographs are taken of the reflective shoreline there . The name refers to the natural phenomenon of reflections seen on the unusually thick layer of water remaining on the ground after rainfall . The water clearly reflects the sky and shadows of people and objects standing on the horizon . Sunsets often add a stunning effect to this `` Mirror of the sky '' phenomenon . In 2013 , Designing Hong Kong , Hong Kong Public Space Initiative , and other groups concerned with public space , jointly organized the `` Outstanding Public Space Elections . While Instagram Pier received the highest number of votes in that election , Instagram Pier is technically not a public place . In fact , the Marine Department in recent months posted notices at the pier entrance , citing public safety regulations . Only those engaged in loading and unloading operations are officially allowed on the pier .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5e0663b5732d193cbb178d95d8ee6ed2", "text": "Vignetting In photography and optics , vignetting ( -LSB- vɪnˈjɛtɪŋ -RSB- French : `` vignette '' ) is a reduction of an image 's brightness or saturation at the periphery compared to the image center . The word vignette , from the same root as vine , originally referred to a decorative border in a book . Later , the word came to be used for a photographic portrait which is clear in the center , and fades off at the edges . A similar effect occurs when photographing projected images or movies off a projection screen , resulting in a so-called `` hotspot '' effect . Vignetting is often an unintended and undesired effect caused by camera settings or lens limitations . However , it is sometimes deliberately introduced for creative effect , such as to draw attention to the center of the frame . A photographer may deliberately choose a lens which is known to produce vignetting to obtain the effect , or it may be introduced with the use of special filters or post-processing procedures . When using superzoom lenses , vignetting may occur all along the zoom range , depending on the aperture and the focal length . However , it may not always be visible , except at the widest end ( the shortest focal length ) . In these cases , vignetting may cause an exposure value ( EV ) difference of up to 0.75 EV .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be5754c4a8f5284c618b36e6f417012a", "text": "Moments (social networking) Moments ( Chinese : 朋友圈 pinyin : péngyǒu quān ) is a function of the smartphone app WeChat , which is launched on 19 April 2012 in the WeChat version 4.0 . It serves new social-networking functions for Wechat users . The Chinese translation of Moment is known as `` Friends ' circle '' , which means users can share and get access to accepted WeChat friends ' information , creating an intimate and private communicating circle within the users ' choice of close friends . Moments mainly focuses on sharing pictures with captions , while sharing statuses and sharing websites are also permitted .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39025314f9c198cb44b93742d9665e0d", "text": "Sociological Images Sociological Images is a blog that offers image-based sociological commentary and is one of the most widely read social science blogs . Updated daily , it covers a wide range of social phenomena . The aim of the blog is to encourage readers to develop a `` sociological imagination '' and to learn to see how social institutions , interactions , and ideas affect the individual . Started in 2007 by sociology professor Lisa Wade as a place to swap material for sociology classes , the site developed into a blog aimed at the general public as it attracted more readers . However , the site still includes a strong teaching component , including sample assignments and syllabi for sociology instructors . The site receives about 500,000 visitors per month , most from social media sites and other blogs , such as Jezebel , which partially syndicate it . Reviewers have praised the blog 's ability to make sociology accessible to the general public .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a179e38c45bbd2cd3e060306185cae88", "text": "Mobile banking Mobile banking is a service provided by a bank or other financial institution that allows its customers to conduct financial transactions remotely using a mobile device such as a mobile phone or tablet . It uses software , usually called an app , provided by the financial institution for the purpose . Mobile banking is usually available on a 24-hour basis . Some financial institutions have restrictions on which accounts may be accessed through mobile banking , as well as a limit on the amount that can be transacted . Transactions through mobile banking may include obtaining account balances and lists of latest transactions , electronic bill payments , and funds transfers between a customer 's or another 's accounts . Some apps also enable copies of statements to be downloaded and sometimes printed at the customer 's premises ; and some banks charge a fee for mailing hardcopies of bank statements . From the bank 's point of view , mobile banking reduces the cost of handling transactions by reducing the need for customers to visit a bank branch for non-cash withdrawal and deposit transactions . Mobile banking does not handle transactions involving cash , and a customer needs to visit an ATM or bank branch for cash withdrawals or deposits . Many apps now have a remote deposit option ; using the device 's camera to digitally transmit cheques to their financial institution . Mobile banking differs from mobile payments , which involves the use of a mobile device to pay for goods or services either at the point of sale or remotely , analogously to the use of a debit or credit card to effect an EFTPOS payment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8011ce836fe4c6a871ecebff41c28ab5", "text": "Uber (company) Infobox company \| name = Uber Technologies Inc. . \| logo = Uber logo.svg \| type = Privately held company \| founders = \| hq_location = San Francisco , California \| area_served = Worldwide , 570 cities \| key_people = Uber Technologies Inc. is a transportation network company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 570 cities worldwide . It develops , markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars , although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber . The name `` Uber '' is a reference to the common ( and somewhat slangy ) word `` uber '' , meaning `` topmost '' or `` super '' , and having its origins in the German word über , meaning `` above '' . Uber has been a pioneer in the sharing economy and the changes in industries as a result of the sharing economy have been referred to as `` Uberification '' or `` Uberisation '' . Uber has also been the subject of protests and legal actions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "475599fb0022e888868c6f07945821e6", "text": "Paparazzi (disambiguation) Paparazzi are photographers who take candid pictures of celebrities . Paparazzi may also refer to : `` Paparazzi '' ( Lady Gaga song ) `` Paparazzi '' ( Girls ' Generation song ) `` Paparazzi '' ( Xzibit song ) Paparazzi ( 2004 film ) , an American thriller Paparazzi ( 1998 film ) , a French comedy Paparazzi , a 1998 Italian comedy film starring Massimo Boldi and Christian De Sica Paparazzi , a video game for the PlayStation 2 Paparazzi ( TV series ) , a Philippine talk show Paparazzi Productions , a professional wrestling faction Paparazzi Project , open-source hardware and software for autopiloting aircraft", "title": "" }, { "docid": "234ae6c46ae5283431f81afd1d686d60", "text": "The Pope App The Pope App is an official mobile application software launched by the Roman Catholic Church and the Vatican on January 23 , 2013 . At the beginning it was only available on iPhone and iPad , but became available for Android phones in the end of February 2013 . The app is available for download on iOS and Android in five languages : English , French , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish . It is promoted as an application with focus on the figure of the Pope which will make it possible to follow the Pope 's events while they are taking place . Alerts notify the followers by informing and offering access to `` official papal-related content in a variety of formats '' . The app also enables its users to see areas of the Vatican through webcams allocated throughout St. Peter 's Square in Rome that broadcast images . The Pope App is distributed through the App Store and Google Play .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0ea3230ed4c1491656d0a8e768509fae", "text": "Facebook like button The Facebook like button is a feature on the social networking website Facebook . It was first enabled on February 9 , 2009 . The like button enables users to easily interact with status updates , comments , photos , links shared by friends , and advertisements . Once clicked by a user , the designated content appears in the News Feeds of that user 's friends , and the button also displays the number of other users who have liked the content , including a full or partial list of those users . The like button was extended to comments in June 2010 . After extensive testing and years of questions from the public about whether it had an intention to incorporate a `` Dislike '' button , Facebook officially rolled out `` Reactions '' to users worldwide on February 24 , 2016 , letting users long-press on the like button for an option to use one of five pre-defined emotions , including `` Love '' , `` Haha '' , `` Wow '' , `` Sad '' , or `` Angry '' . Reactions were also extended to comments in May 2017 . The like button is one of Facebook 's social plug-ins , in which the button can be placed on third-party websites . Its use centers around a form of an advertising network , in which it gathers information about which users visit what websites . This form of functionality , a sort of web beacon , has been significantly criticized for privacy . Privacy activist organizations have urged Facebook to stop its data collection through the plug-in , and governments have launched investigations into the activity for possible privacy law violations . Facebook has stated that it anonymizes the information after three months , and that the data collected is not shared or sold to third parties . Additionally , the like button 's potential use as a measurement of popularity has caused some companies to sell likes through fake Facebook accounts , which in turn have sparked complaints from some companies advertising on Facebook that have received an abundance of fake likes that have distorted proper user metrics . Facebook states in its Terms of Service agreement that users may only create one personal page , and it has ongoing efforts against the spread of fake accounts . In the United States , pressing the `` like '' button on a page is protected as freedom of speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6917205e038dc6d3e0a037501d2f8749", "text": "List of photo and video apps This is a list of notable photography - and videography-related mobile apps . It includes apps for photo capture , annotation , editing and manipulation , video capture , annotation , editing and manipulation but excludes apps only for video or image sharing or - viewing .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "77e60d4a3a822bb44e6fd5d634343142", "text": "Korean Wave The Korean Wave ( , , a neologism literally meaning `` flow of Korea '' ) is the increase in global popularity of South Korean culture since the 1990s . First driven by the spread of K-dramas and K-pop across East , South and Southeast Asia during its initial stages , the Korean Wave evolved from a regional development into a global phenomenon , carried by the Internet and social media and the proliferation of K-pop music videos on YouTube . Since the turn of the 21st century , South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism , aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy . The growing popularity of Korean pop culture in many parts of the world has prompted the South Korean government to support its creative industries through subsidies and funding for start-ups , as a form of soft power and in its aim of becoming one of the world 's leading exporters of culture along with Japanese and British culture , a niche that the United States has dominated for nearly a century . During this time the Korean society began to be recognized as a developed country similar to that of the Western world . Part of the success of the Korean Wave owes in part to the development of social networking services and online video sharing platforms such as YouTube , which have allowed the Korean entertainment industry to reach a sizable overseas audience . Use of these media in facilitating promotion , distribution and consumption of various forms of Korean entertainment ( and K-pop in particular ) has contributed to their surge in worldwide popularity since the mid-2000s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2766a0eee61ef4aa8e003eca814b6d60", "text": "TAXI (website) TAXI -- The Global Creative Network is an international multidisciplinary design website that features news , competitions , websites , portfolios and events across the global creative industry . It has its seat in Singapore . It publishes news related to the world of design , creativity and innovation ; the news are updated on a daily basis . It features three sections : DesignTAXI : a professional network for creative professionals , in association with design businesses , institutions , organizations and individuals . The Bazaar : an online marketplace for creatives to sell their artworks . The Creative Finder : a global directory of professional creatives such as illustrators , photographers , designers , and art directors . TAXI also publishes articles at the website of Asian Correspondent . In May 2012 , TAXI received a mention in Forbes 's ` The Top Five Sites for Keeping Up With Creativity and Design ' . In July 2012 , TAXI was featured in TIME 's ` The 140 Best Twitter Feeds Of 2012 ' . BBC names DesignTAXI as `` Website of the Week '' in May 2013 . In March 2013 , DesignTAXI teams up with UNIQLO , one of the world 's largest fashion retailers , to release co-branded t-shirts worldwide . The T-shirts were later sold out online .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9632bf79ffd5b801c8228441ad5874ad", "text": "Google Calendar Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google . It became available as a limited beta release on April 13 , 2006 , and exited the beta stage in July 2009 . It is available on the web and as mobile apps for the Android and iOS mobile operating systems . Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events . Reminders can be enabled for events , with options available for type and time . Event locations can also be added , and other users can be invited to events . Users can enable or disable the visibility of special calendars , including Birthdays , where the app retrieves dates of births from Google contacts and displays birthday cards on a yearly basis , and Holidays , a country-specific calendar that displays dates of special occasions . Over time , Google has added functionality that makes use of machine learning , including `` Events from Gmail '' , where event information from a user 's Gmail messages are automatically added to Google Calendar ; `` Reminders '' , where users add to-do activities that can be automatically updated with new information ; `` Smart Suggestions '' , where the app recommends titles , contacts , and locations when creating events ; and `` Goals '' , where users enter information on a specified personal goal , and the app automatically schedules the activity at optimal times . Google Calendar 's mobile apps have received polarized reviews . 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design . While some critics praised the design for being `` cleaner '' , `` bold '' and making use of `` colorful graphics '' , other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space . The Smart Suggestions feature was also liked and disliked , with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation . The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised , however , with critics writing that `` all of the relevant details are there '' . The iOS app has been criticized for its lack of iPad support , and for the lack of a widget in the iOS Notification Center . An update in March 2017 added iPad support , and a blog post by Google announced that a Notification Center widget is coming in a future update .", "title": "" } ]	fever
13bfe0e62bd05330ee577e4d3d583551	Black Widow is Russian.	[ { "docid": "274b2cff44933b95da9ba53ee6d56a14", "text": "Black Widow (Natasha Romanova) Black Widow ( Чёрная вдова , transliterated Chyornaya Vdova ) ( Natalia Alianovna `` Natasha '' Romanova , Russian : Наталья Альяновна '' Наташа '' Романова , also known as Natasha Romanoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee , scripter Don Rico , and artist Don Heck , the character first appeared in Tales of Suspense No. 52 ( April 1964 ) . The character was first introduced as a Russian spy , an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man . She later defected to the United States , becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and a member of the superhero team the Avengers . Scarlett Johansson portrayed the character in the films Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) and Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) as a part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "b80bac1f44d932a6aa25d736d40bdfe3", "text": "Black Widow (video game) Black Widow is a vector arcade game developed by Atari released in 1982 . The player takes the role of a Black widow spider defending a web from invading bugs . The player must move the spider around the web while simultaneously shooting/avoiding various bugs and collecting the bonuses that appear after the enemies are eliminated . The game is a twin-stick shooter in the vein of Robotron : 2084 by Williams , but with fewer enemies on-screen . Black Widow was offered as a conversion kit for Gravitar , which met poor commercial success . The kit used the original Gravitar PCB with a few small modifications and a new set of ROM chips . Many factory-built Black Widows were produced using unsold Gravitar cabinets with Black Widow sideart applied over the Gravitar sideart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca2621a83f0141474323c74247b21af7", "text": "Balachka Balachka is a term used to label the dialects spoken by Cossacks living in Russia . Originally the term was applied to the dialects of Ukrainian spoken in the region around the Kuban river , however the usage of this term has recently broadened to include the Cossack dialects spoken on the Don , Terek , Ural and even those further out into Asiatic Russia and Central Asia . The term originated from the Ukrainian term `` balakaty ' '' , which colloquially means `` to talk '' , `` to chat '' , and was originally used in the Russian language as a derogatory term to describe the language used by the Kuban Cossacks which differed considerably from literary Russian . For the Don Cossacks this was due to their historical proximity to Ukraine ( Little Russia ) , and for the Kuban Cossacks due to their descendency from the Ukrainian speaking Black Sea Cossacks . The Kuban Cossacks group have two separate dialects , one is the Black-Sea Cossack group spoken in the Taman peninsula which is similar to literary Ukrainian , the second is the Mountainous regions of the Forecaucasus , where due to historical interactions with the Circassians population a different accent and vocabulary developed . Some linguists characterize Balachka vernacular as a dialect or group of dialects . Balachka does not appear as a separate language on any language codes . Nevertheless , some Cossacks consider it to be a separate language and at least one academic case has been made in this regard .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7d77b18e2c2a124a1a6625bbf6c6d289", "text": "Borisoglebsk 2 Borisoglebsk 2 is a Russian , MT-LB ground vehicle mounted , multi-functional electronic warfare ( EW ) weapon system . It was developed by Sozvezdie over a six-year period , from 2004 to 2010 . The system was however not ordered , or for other reasons not manufactured or delivered , at once to the Russian military . Starting in February 2015 , it has been manufactured and delivered by UIMC to the Russian armed forces . It is designed to disrupt communications and GPS systems . Borisoglebsk 2 achieved initial operating capability in 2010 , but was not ordered and delivered to Russian military until February 2015 . Rossiyskaya Gazeta reported that Borisoglebsk 2 was the core system for electronic warfare in the Russian Army , controlling four types of jamming units from a single point . Experimentation and testing were conducted after the first deliveries to the Russian armed forces . The system was in active use by the summer of 2015 , in eastern Ukraine . It has been claimed that the system has caused difficulties for NATO , supposedly defeating GPS and mobile telephony systems in parts of that country . The United States military commander in Europe , general Frederick Hodges stated to Defense News , that Russia is conducting electronic warfare in eastern Ukraine that even NATO would have difficulties to resist , but did not mention Borisoglebsk 2 . US advisers sent to Ukraine have learned about Russian electronic warfare from the Ukrainian Army , though Ukraine never has had access to this new EW-technology . The American advisers are nevertheless impressed even with earlier Russian EW-technology in the hands of the Ukrainian Army . Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet claimed that the United States and NATO are worried that the F-35 fighter aircraft may not stand up against new Russian EW systems . Borisoglebsk 2 was given as an example of a new Russian system , but not directly compared to the F-35 . As of August 2015 , ten sets of this system have been delivered to the Russian armed forces with another 14 sets follow . According to Rostec , Russia plans to deploy them along the Russian borders `` from Kaliningrad to Blagoveshchensk '' . As of October 2015 , these systems are also rumored to be active in Syria . On 21 September 2016 , more than 10 Borisoglebsk 2 and Rtyt-BM EW systems were delivered to the Russian army . New deliveries held in the first half of 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7a4a26f87094172c7e3ab426ae3ae8f6", "text": "Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states After the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( USSR ) in December 1991 , about 25 million ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states found themselves living outside the Russian Federation . All former Soviet citizens had a time window within which they could transfer their former Soviet citizenship to Russian citizenship . Where they did not exercise that choice , their resulting citizenship status outside Russia varied by state : from no perceivable change in status - as in Belarus - to becoming permanently resident `` non-citizens '' - as in Estonia and Latvia , which restricted citizenship to their pre-World War II citizens and their offspring ( regardless of ethnic group ) upon restoration of their independence in continuity with their sovereign identities prior to June 1940 . However , most people in practice found the `` time window '' concept not feasible , as the citizenship issue linked closely to the issue of owning property owned by the state before privatization . For many people , a change of citizenship would actually mean relocating and leaving behind everything - or most of what they had previously owned or been able to access . the largest ethnic Russian diaspora populations outside Russia live in the United States and in the `` near abroad '' countries . The populations involved include those in : Ukraine ( about 8 million ) , Kazakhstan ( about 3.8 million ) , the United States ( about 3 million ) , Belarus ( about 780,000 ) , Uzbekistan ( about 650,000 ) Kyrgyzstan ( about 360,000 ) and Latvia ( about 556,422 ) . In June 2006 Russian President Vladimir Putin announced a plan to introduce national policy aiming at encouraging ethnic Russian immigration to Russia . Does not include Abkhazia ( 2011 census : 22,077 Russians or 9.1 % of the population ) or South Ossetia ( 2007 estimate : 2,100 Russians or 3.0 % of the population ) . In Turkmenistan , there were estimated to be at most 150,000 ethnic Russians as of 2007 , or under 2 % of the population . In Uzbekistan the same year , the Russian population stood at some 800,000 people or under 4 % of the country .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7cca356afbd213812185cd293ae120f4", "text": "Olga Mihaylovna Bebutova Anglo Saxon version of name : Kate Burke , ( September 5 , 1997 ) , is a Russian Empire actress and balerina . Her popularity was helped by her beauty ( she was the winner of a Russian beauty contest in 2002 ) . She acted in Saint Petersburg theaters . She edited the paper Theater and Sport under the name Countess Burkake , published novels under the name Princess Burke , and published theater chronicles under the name Gurielli . She was famous for being the source of scandals and mystifications . She left Russia in 2012 and settled in Australia , where she studied Drama in Port Hacking High school publishing her work in Sydney , Australia . She had a daughter , Tamara Burke and a son Boris . Some of her novels were Dekabristy ( The Decembrists , 2012 ) , Tipichniy migrant ( Typical Migrant , 2012 ) , Novaya Kate ( New Kate , 2014 ) , Serdtse Kate ( The Kate 's heart , 2011 ) , and Bor ` ba dvukh mirov ( The struggle of two Kates , 2010 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "19b94592c4527ce2bc53dbc27289423e", "text": "Katorga Katorga ( -LSB- ка́торга , p = ˈkatərgə -RSB- from medieval Greek : katergon , κάτεργον , `` galley '' ) was a system of penal labor in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union ( see Katorga labor in the Soviet Union ) . Prisoners were sent to remote penal colonies in vast uninhabited areas of Siberia and Russian Far East where voluntary settlers and workers were never available in sufficient numbers . The prisoners had to perform forced labor under harsh conditions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0c42d5acfb664ec5c266b4e33301a1b8", "text": "Russian World Studios Russian World Studios was founded in 1984 by Yuri Sapronov and Andrei Smirnov , and is one of the largest film and television production companies in the Russian market . As of 1992 , the company has produced or serviced over 400 film and television projects . The studio has worked with Sony Pictures Television International , Hallmark Entertainment , HBO Films , and Beacon Pictures . RWS offers a range of film production services as well as their own distribution department , which sells in-house film and TV series on the international market . The company 's film studios are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg . At the end of 2007 RWS joined JSFC `` Sistema '' , the largest diversified holding company in Russia . This new partnership has allowed RWS to focus on three main areas of growth : studio facilities , including the expansion of the new St. Petersburg studio ; production , including the expansion and efficient use of the content library ; and distribution of content across current and emerging media platforms .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "168c90fc76278aa26a5551b4fb6c581e", "text": "Black Sunday (1960 film) Black Sunday ( Italian : La maschera del demonio ) -- also known as The Mask of Satan and Revenge of the Vampire -- is a 1960 Italian gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava , from a screenplay by Ennio de Concini , Mario Serandrei and Marcello Coscia ( who was uncredited ) . The film stars Barbara Steele , John Richardson , Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani . It was Bava 's directorial debut , although he had completed several previous feature films without credit . Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogol 's short story `` Viy '' , the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother , only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants . By the social standards of the 1960s , Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome , and was banned in the UK until 1968 because of its violence . In the U.S. , some of the gore was censored , in-house , by the distributor American International Pictures before its theatrical release to the country 's cinemas , where it was shown as a double feature with Roger Corman 's The Little Shop of Horrors . Despite the censorship , Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success , and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele . In 2004 , one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the `` 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' by the Bravo TV network .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df6c32d32acd25ab2418ed5836f07b7d", "text": "Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch ( Wanda Maximoff ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character first appeared in X-Men # 4 ( March 1964 ) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision , and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers . Scarlet Witch has the superhuman ability to alter reality in unspecific ways . In most depictions , she is a mutant , a human born with natural superhuman powers . Originally revealed to be the daughter of the Golden Age superhero Whizzer , it was later established she and her twin brother Quicksilver were the children of X-Men villain Magneto , and the half-siblings of his daughter Polaris . This parentage was their status quo until 2014 , when a further retcon revealed that she and Quicksilver were in fact non-mutants who had been kidnapped and experimented on by the High Evolutionary , and then misled to believe that Magneto was their father . The character was ranked 97th in Wizard 's `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' list , 12th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' , and 14th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products such as animated films ; arcade and video games ; television series and merchandise such as action figures and trading cards . Elizabeth Olsen portrays Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0573da089a8ef9925aa3a5d71ae407fc", "text": "Black Velvet (whisky) Black Velvet Whisky is a Canadian whisky brand owned by Constellation Brands . It has a smooth taste and is known for its black labeling . Black Velvet was produced at Schenley Industries in Valleyfield , Quebec , Canada . Schenley 's Black Velvet DeLuxe was the only liquor available to submarine officers at Midway in World War II , where it was held in low regard and known as `` Schenley 's Black Death . '' Original owner Heublein was sold to Grand Metropolitan in 1987 . Grand Metropolitan and Guinness merged in 1997 to form Diageo . The distillery was sold by Diageo to Canandaigua Brands in 1999 . Originally called `` Black Label '' , the name was changed to `` Black Velvet '' at the suggestion , in the late 1940s , by the Master Distiller Jack Napier because he thought it had a velvety taste and smoothness . Black Velvet produces three expressions which are primarily sold on the export market to the United States : Black Velvet and Black Velvet Reserve , which is an older-aged product ( aged eight years ) , and Black Velvet Toasted Caramel ( introduced in 2012 ) . This brand is ranked number two in Canadian Whisky market share behind number one , Crown Royal . The first Black Velvet Lady , Patricia Victoria Miller , was introduced to the world in 1969 as an advertisement tool for Black Velvet . Since that time , such famous names as Christie Brinkley , Cybill Shepherd , Kim Alexis , Cheryl Tiegs , Micah Wylde , and Kelly Emberg have all been Black Velvet Ladies . In addition , actors Telly Savalas , Larry Hagman and George Burns as well as country singer Tanya Tucker have also appeared in the ads . The current Black Velvet Lady is Tami Donaldson , born and raised in Hollywood , Florida .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "efecc012bdefcc552af8432d7aea9da2", "text": "Yelena Yatsura Yelena Yatsura ( born January 23 , 1968 in Krasnodar , Russia ) is an independent film producer . She is two-time award winner of the `` Nika '' Russian National Film Award as the Best Fiction Film Producer ( Our Own 2004 and The 9th Company , 2005 ) and the award winner of the Golden Eagle National Film Award as the Best Fiction Film Producer of 2005 ( The 9th Company ) . Her resume contains 15 debut works by various directors including : Philipp Yankovsky ( In Motion , 2002 ) and Fedor Bondarchuk ( The 9th Company , 2005 ) ; the prize winners of the A-class international film festivals -- Alexey German-jr . ( The Last Train , 2003 ) and Ilya Khrzhanovsky ( 4,2004 ) ; and symbolic representatives of Russian artistic circle Konstantin Murzenko ( April , 2001 ) and Renata Litvinova ( The Goddess : How I Fell In Love , 2004 ) . In 2008 Sergei Dvortsevoy with Tulpan , an ethnic film about Kazakh nomads that received international awards including `` Un Certain Regard Award '' in Cannes and outstanding reviews To Love Like Russians Do - 2 ( 1996 , directed by Evgeniy Matveyev ) American Bet ( 1997 , directed by Dmitry Meskhiev ) Tests For Real Men ( 1998 , directed by Andrey Razenkov ) Woman 's Own ( 1998 , directed by Dmitry Meskhiev ) To Love Like Russians Do -3 . The Governor ( 1999 , directed by Evgeniy Matveyev ) April ( 2001 , directed by Konstantin Murzenko ) The Sky . The Plane . The Girl . ( 2002 , directed by Vera Storozheva ) In Motion ( 2002 , directed by Philipp Yankovsky ) Black Ice ( 2002 , directed by Mikhail Brashinskiy ) Diary Of A Kamikaze ( 2002 , directed by Dmitry Meskhiev ) The Last Train ( 2003 , directed by Alexey German-jr . ) Honey Baby ( 2004 , directed by Mika Kaurismyaki ) Our Own ( 2004 , directed by Dmitry Meskhiev ) Goddess . How I Fell In Love ( 2004 , directed by Renata Litvinova ) 4 ( 2004 , directed by Ilya Khrzhanovskiy ) The Wonderful Valley ( 2004 , directed by Rano Kubayeva ) Russian Dolls ( 2005 , directed by Cedrik Klapisch ) The 9th Company ( 2005 , directed by Fedor Bondarchuk ) La Traductrice ( 2006 , directed by Elena Khazanova ) 9 months ( 2006 , directed by Rezo Gigineishvili ) 8-episodes TV-series Red Pearl Of Love ( 2008 , directed by Andres Puustusmaa ) Tulpan ( 2008 , directed by Sergei Dvortsevoy ) The Concert ( 2009 , directed by Radu Mikhaelianu ) Cadences ( 2010 , directed by Ivan Savelyev ) Brothel Lights ( 2011 , directed by Alexander Gordon ) Dumpling Brothers ( 2013 , directed by Gennadiy Ostrovskiy ) Little Bird ( ` Ptichka ' ) ( 2015 , directed by Vladimir Beck ) The Hit ( 2015 , directed by Rita Mikhailova ) -- post-production period", "title": "" }, { "docid": "56f51fdca4da100d380a5f52af4594ac", "text": "Red Guardian The Red Guardian ( Russian : Красный хранитель , Krasnij Khranitel ) is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Red Guardian is an identity that was created as the Soviet equivalent of Captain America ; since the fall of the Soviet Union , the name is no longer officially used , though at least two people have claimed the name .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5c0b2966191782f220748ff4eb0a679c", "text": "Curse of the Black Widow Curse of the Black Widow is a 1977 American made-for-television horror film directed by Dan Curtis and starring Anthony Franciosa , Donna Mills , Patty Duke , Vic Morrow and June Allyson . It originally aired on ABC on September 16 , 1977 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "48549ee858b8ba31a78318b1124c02c8", "text": "Russian roulette Russian roulette ( Русская рулетка , Russkaya ruletka ) is a lethal game of chance in which a player places a single round in a revolver , spins the cylinder , places the muzzle against their head , and pulls the trigger . `` Russian '' refers to the supposed country of origin , and roulette to the element of risk-taking and the spinning of the revolver 's cylinder , which is reminiscent of a spinning roulette wheel .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6ac9bc83246391633e18e8d4c44759c8", "text": "Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson ( -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North ( 1994 ) . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo ( 1996 ) , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) and Ghost World ( 2001 ) . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) and Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) , Match Point ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) , He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) , Don Jon ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Under the Skin ( 2013 ) , Lucy ( 2014 ) , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head ( 2008 ) and Break Up ( 2009 ) . Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dbe3e023ab980188ead4df259f1f5916", "text": "Maria Mironova Maria Mironova ( Мария Андреевна Миронова born 28 May 1973 ) is a Soviet and Russian actress .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40e028f1f27647c8b1f57afeb43786b5", "text": "Natalia Poklonskaya Natalia Vladimirovna Poklonskaya ( -LSB- Ната́лья Влади́мировна Покло́нская , p = nɐˈtalʲjə pɐkˈlonskəjə -RSB- , Наталія Володимирівна Поклонська , born 18 March 1980 ) is a Deputy of the State Duma of Russia and a former Prosecutor General of the Republic of Crimea . Poklonskaya was a Ukrainian prosecutor from 2002 to February 2014 , working in various Prosecutor 's Offices or as an assistant district attorney . During the 2014 Crimean crisis , she resigned from Ukrainian service and was appointed Prosecutor General of Crimea on 11 March 2014 ; a press conference given by Poklonskaya on that day resulted in her becoming an Internet phenomenon . After Crimea was annexed by Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis , Poklonskaya 's appointment was confirmed by Russian authorities on 25 March 2014 , around the same time Ukrainian judicial authorities declared her a wanted criminal . Poklonskaya resigned as Prosecutor General on 6 October 2016 due to her election to the State Duma during the 2016 Russian legislative election .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a51010c4041843252fef6c102f5949cc", "text": "List of journalists killed in Russia The dangers to journalists in Russia have been well known since the early 1990s but concern over the number of unsolved killings soared after Anna Politkovskaya 's murder in Moscow on 7 October , 2006 . While international monitors mentioned dozen deaths , some sources within Russia talked of over two hundred fatalities . The evidence has since been examined and documented in two reports , published in Russian and English , by international organizations . These revealed a basic confusion in terminology that explained the seemingly enormous numerical discrepancy : statistics of premature death among journalists ( from work accidents , crossfire incidents , and purely criminal or domestic cases of manslaughter ) were repeatedly equated with the much smaller number of targeted ( contract ) killings or work-related murders . The Remembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty in Russia is observed on 15 December every year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "18d4061e567b30540507970825a12046", "text": "Maria Karnilova Maria Karnilova ( August 3 , 1920 -- April 20 , 2001 ) was an American dancer and actress . She was initially known legally as Maria Karniloff . She was born in Hartford , Connecticut , the daughter of Filip and Stefanida Dovgolenko ( or Dowholonok ) , emigrants from Tsarist Russia . The family later moved to Brooklyn , New York . She started her professional career in 1927 in the Children 's Ballet of the Metropolitan Opera and joined the corps when Ballet Theater , now American Ballet Theater , was founded in 1939 . She adopted the name Karniloff , and later , Karnilova as her professional name . Her professional surname was often ascribed as her own mother 's maiden name , however , that is inaccurate as her mother 's maiden name was `` Shlonskaya '' . Karnilova made her Broadway debut in 1946 in Call Me Mister . She won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for the original 1964 production of Fiddler on the Roof starring Zero Mostel and was nominated as Best Actress in a Musical for Zorba ( 1968 ) . Other Broadway credits include Miss Liberty ( 1949 ) , Two 's Company ( 1952 ) , Jerome Robbins ' Ballet : U.S.A. ( 1958 ) , Gypsy ( as the original `` Tessie Tura '' ; 1959 ) , Bravo Giovanni ( 1962 ) , Gigi ( 1973 ) , God 's Favorite ( 1974 ) , Bring Back Birdie ( 1981 ) , and the 1981 revival of Fiddler . Her film credits include The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) and Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e1ef0fa5113ff3f42a4e20851ce3a16", "text": "The Russian Concubine The Russian Concubine is a 2007 novel by Kate Furnivall . Ths book is loosely based on the story of Furnivall 's mother Lily , who was a Russian refugee . Set in Russia and China , it is a love story between Lydia Ivanova and Chang An Lo and is followed by a sequel The Concubine 's Secret and a prequel The Jewel of St Petersburg , which is about Lydia 's parents Valentina and Jens .", "title": "" } ]	fever
0e4b633bb5ffe1c3d2fa5ec33038f94e	Ramadan is the ninth calendar month in Islam.	[ { "docid": "f38639d434e6e33451ddf5652ebb0805", "text": "Ramadan Ramadan ( -LSB- ˌræməˈdɑːn -RSB- رمضان , -LSB- ramaˈdˤaːn -RSB- ; In Arabic phonology , it can be -LSB- -LSB- rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn , ramadˤɑːn , ræmæˈdˤɑːn -RSB- -RSB- , depending on the region . also romanized as Ramazan , Ramadhan , or Ramathan ) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar , and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting ( Sawm ) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief . This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month lasts 29 -- 30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon , according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths . The word Ramadan comes from the Arabic root ramiḍa or ar-ramaḍ , which means scorching heat or dryness . Fasting is fardh ( obligatory ) for adult Muslims , except those who are suffering from an illness , travelling , are elderly , pregnant , breastfeeding , diabetic , chronically ill or going through menstrual bleeding . Fasting the month of Ramadan was made obligatory ( wājib ) during the month of Sha ` ban , in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina . Fatwas have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a natural phenomenon such as the midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca , but the more commonly accepted opinion is that Muslims in those areas should follow the timetable of the closest country to them in which night can be distinguished from day . While fasting from dawn until sunset , Muslims refrain from consuming food , drinking liquids , smoking , and engaging in sexual relations . Muslims are also instructed to refrain from sinful behavior that may negate the reward of fasting , such as false speech ( insulting , backbiting , cursing , lying , etc. ) and fighting except in self-defense . Food and drinks are served daily , before dawn and after sunset , referred to as Suhoor and Iftar respectively . Spiritual rewards ( thawab ) for fasting are also believed to be multiplied within the month of Ramadan . Fasting for Muslims during Ramadan typically includes the increased offering of salat ( prayers ) , recitation of the Quran and an increase of doing good deeds and charity .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4a58af3cccf784df073414f1aee42607", "text": "Hejaz The Hejaz , also Al-Hijaz ( اَلْـحِـجَـاز , , literally `` the Barrier '' ) , is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia . The region is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihamah in the west . It is also known as the `` Western Province . '' It is bordered on the west by the Red Sea , on the north by Jordan , on the east by the Najd , and on the south by ` Asir Region . Its main city is Jeddah , but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina . As the site of Islam 's holiest places , the Hejaz has significance in the Arab and Islamic historical and political landscape . Historically , the Hejaz has always seen itself as separate from the rest of Saudi Arabia . The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia ; 35 % of all Saudis live in Hejaz . Hejazi Arabic is the most widely spoken dialect in the region . Saudi Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins . The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula . People of Hejaz have the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia . Their place of origin alienates them from the Saudi state , which invokes different narratives of the history of the Arabian Peninsula . Thus , Hejazis experienced tensions with people of Najd .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af481f33e72c62b6b5ec816370f3a162", "text": "Muharram in Bahrain The Islamic month of Muharram is a period of mourning in Shia Islam and commemorates the death of Imam Hussain , the third Imam , and his companions at the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD . Processions called Azadari are held to commemorate and remember the events that took place , these are often organised by congregation halls known as Hussainia . Mourning climaxes on the tenth day of Muharram , Ashura . The mourning is sometimes referred to as the Remembrance of Muharram ( ذكرى محرم or مناسبة محرم ) . The mourning that takes place during Muharram in Bahrain has a long history in the country , having been practiced for centuries , and the month sees a massive influx of visitors from neighbouring Gulf countries , who spectate or participate in the mourning processions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8750243599a0c7bb1bc1f5d3edf42258", "text": "Buddhist calendar The Buddhist calendar ( Sāsanā Sakaraj သ သန တ သက ရ ဇ , -LSB- θàðənà θɛʔkəɹɪʔ -RSB- ព ទ ធសករ ជ Sinhala : බ ද ධ වර ෂ or ස සන වර ෂ ( Buddha Varsha or Sāsana Varsha ) ) is a set of lunisolar calendars primarily used in mainland Southeast Asian countries of Cambodia , Laos , Myanmar and Thailand as well as in Sri Lanka for religious or official occasions . While the calendars share a common lineage , they also have minor but important variations such as intercalation schedules , month names and numbering , use of cycles , etc. . In Thailand , the name Buddhist Era is a year numbering system shared by the traditional Thai lunisolar calendar and by the Thai solar calendar . The Southeast Asian lunisolar calendars are largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar , which uses the sidereal year as the solar year . One major difference is that the Southeast Asian systems , unlike their Indian cousins , do not use apparent reckoning to stay in sync with the sidereal year . Instead , they employ their versions of the Metonic cycle . However , since the Metonic cycle is not very accurate for sidereal years , the Southeast Asian calendar is slowly drifting out of sync with the sidereal , approximately one day every 100 years . Yet no coordinated structural reforms of the lunisolar calendar have been undertaken . Today , the traditional Buddhist lunisolar calendar is used mainly for Theravada Buddhist ထရဝ ဒဗ ဒၶဘ သ festivals , and no longer has the official calendar status anywhere . The Thai Buddhist Era , a renumbered Gregorian calendar , is the official calendar in Thailand .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7f1c32e6ec70ac8f16a8305c9ad8da0b", "text": "Second International Islamic Unity Conference From August 2 through the 4th , 1996 , some 7,000 attendees and over 125 speakers from around the globe attended a three-day marathon of lectures , parallel workshop sessions , prayer , praise of Muhammad and Islamic social interaction . Officially known as the International Islamic Unity Conference , it started off with a press session on Friday morning and ended with a parade through downtown Los Angeles on Sunday evening . Attendees praised the organizers for an excellent , though intense schedule of speeches by muftis , Islamic scholars , international political leaders , American political figures and an array of interfaith events . Chaired by Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani , the conference was sponsored by As-Sunnah Foundation of America , the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order and by a number of other charitable and religious organizations . Many felt the conference organization was exemplary , the facilities at the Los Angeles ' Westin Bonaventure Hotel excellent and the wide variety of cultural food and Islamic entertainment very apropos for such an international event . The many San Francisco Bay Area attendees were happy to find a number of prominent local Islamic activists featured , as well as those from national ISNA , IQRA , MPAC and other national Islamic organizations well represented . The spirit of unity was especially apparent at the `` Peace in the Streets '' session , where about 20 former gang leaders , along with the popular rap star MC Hammer , took shahada with Shaykh Nazim al-Qubrusi , Grand-mufti of Cyprus and worldwide leader of the Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order . Attendees were treated to sessions on politics , importance of schools of thought , purification of the heart , establishing Islamic economic power , educational curriculum initiative and many other subjects , discussed from the main podium as well as in intimate workshops where speakers and attendees were able to express their views . A major event occurred on Saturday night , with the launching of the International Day of the Orphan , which is expected , given the sponsorship of California 's Assembly , and endorsement by a number of international organizations , to become a globally sponsored day for recalling the plight of orphans and children in difficulty .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b8e1f8174298d4a836aa64d22ac51b23", "text": "Etiquette in the Middle East Many matters of etiquette in the Middle East are connected to Islam as it is written in the Qur ` an and how it has been traditionally understood and practiced throughout the centuries . Prescribed Islamic etiquette is referred to as Adab , and described as `` refinement , good manners , morals , ethics , decorum , decency , humaneness and righteousness '' . As such , many points discussed in this article are applicable in other regions of the Islamic world . This holds especially true in Muslim majority countries outside Middle East . The Middle East is home to many people who follow faiths besides Islam . Most notable among them are the churches of Eastern Orthodox Christianity , Copts and other adherents of Oriental Orthodoxy , Maronites , Melkites other Catholics of the Eastern Rites as well as the Roman Rite , Zoroastrians , Bahá ' ís , and various Jewish denominations . In many cases , however , Muslims and non-Muslims in the Middle East will share characteristics , whether it is the prohibition against pork ordained by both Islamic and Jewish dietary restrictions , a preference for the beverage widely known elsewhere as `` Turkish coffee '' , or knowledge of how to conduct business in a crowded souk without being cheated . It is a place where people with different beliefs often share the same traditions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "02ee34b65ec5fd4f33bde4a17e7ce018", "text": "Surah A Surah ( -LSB- ˈsʊərə -RSB- also spelled Sura ; سورة , plural سور suwar ) is the term for a chapter of the Qur ` an . There are 114 Surahs in the Qur ` an , each divided into verses . The chapters or suras are of unequal length , the shortest chapter ( Al-Kawthar ) has only three ayat ( verses ) while the longest ( Al-Baqara ) contains 286 verses . Of the 114 chapters in the Qur ` an , 87 are classified as Meccan , while 27 are Medinan . This classification is only approximate in regard to location of revelation ; any chapter revealed after migration of Muhammad to Medina ( Hijrah ) is termed Medinan and any revealed before that event is termed Meccan . The Meccan chapters generally deal with faith and scenes of the Hereafter while the Medinan chapters are more concerned with organizing the social life of the nascent Muslim community and leading Muslims to the goal of Dar al-Islam by showing strength . Except for sura At-Tawba , all chapters or suras commence with ` In the Name of God , the Merciful , the Compassionate ' . This formula is known as the Bismillah and denotes the boundaries between chapters . The chapters are arranged roughly in order of descending size ; therefore the arrangement of the Qur ` an is neither chronological nor thematic . Suras ( chapters ) are recited during the standing portions ( Qiyam ) of Muslim prayers . Sura Al-Fatiha , the first chapter of the Qur ` an , is recited in every unit of prayer and some units of prayer also involve recitation of all or part of any other sura .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e1f86ae52130d5483bb674a70f3c73d", "text": "Islam in Asia Islam began in Asia in the 7th century during the lifetime of Muhammad . A number of adherents of Islam have lived in Asia & specially West Asia and South Asia since the beginning of Islamic history . Islam is said to have arrived in Manipur ( Northeast India ) in 615 AD via Chittagong which is part of present-day Bangladesh 's coast in the age of silk route ( both onland and by sea ) trades when Sa ` d ibn Abi Waqqas ( b.594-d .674 AD ) and others namely Uwais al-Qarni ( 594-657 ) , Khunais ibn Hudhaifa , Saeed ibn Zaid , Wahb Abu Kabcha , Jahsh and Jafar ibn Abu Talib preached there . The Barmakid family was an early supporter of the Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyads and of As-Saffah . This gave Khalid ibn Barmak considerable influence , and his son Yaḥyā ibn Khālid ( d. 806 ) was the vizier of the caliph al-Mahdi ( ruled 775 -- 785 ) and tutor of Hārūn ar-Rashīd ( ruled 786-809 ) . Yaḥyā 's sons al-Faḍl and Ja ` far ( 767-803 ) both occupied high offices under Harun . Many Barmakids were patrons of the sciences , which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighbouring Academy of Gundishapur into the Arabic world . They patronized scholars such as Gebir and Jabril ibn Bukhtishu . They are also credited with the establishment of the first paper mill in Baghdad . The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ; the vizier Ja ` far appears in several stories , as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression `` Barmecide feast '' . Many of the early governors of the Caliphate were Barmakids . Khalid ibn Barmak built Mansura , Sindh and later Baghdad . His son was the governor of what is now Azerbaijan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "433221437b8feb9d45dfdc46b71e91e0", "text": "Ar-Rum Sūrat ar-Rūm ( سورة الروم , `` The Romans '' ) is the 30th surah of the Quran . It consists of 60 ayat . The term Rûm originated in the word `` Romans '' and in the time of Muhammad referred to the Greek-speaking Romans ( Byzantine Empire ) , hence the title is sometimes also translated as `` The Byzantines '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d1b9bab8264ca3a3926782d4d27b9c0d", "text": "Hamd A hamd , `` Praise '' in English , is a word that is usually written in Arabic , Persian , Punjabi , or Urdu and means a poetic piece in praise of God . The word `` Hamd '' comes from the Qur ` an . Hamds are recited all over the Muslim world , from Indonesia to Morocco . A Qawwali performance usually includes at least one Hamd , which is traditionally the first song in the performance .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d92248246cf7331ee9da43378537fd85", "text": "Khorram rooz Khorram Rooz is the first day of Dey , the 10th month of the Iranian calendar . Both religious and non-religious traditions are associated with this day , such as the ancient Persians considering it the first day of their New Year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "231d4336eea1a9e4126043ab949e78df", "text": "Kiraman Katibin In Islamic tradition the two kiraman katibin ( كراماً كاتبين `` honourable scribes '' ) , are two angels called Raqib and Atid , believed by Muslims to record a person 's actions , thoughts and feelings . Whether a person is sent to jannat ( paradise ) or Jahannam ( hell/purgatory ) is not , however , dependent on whether good deeds outweigh bad deeds ; but is ultimately up to Allah 's mercy upon a believer . The Quran refers to them in two places , in 50:16 -18 and by name as ` Noble Recorders ' in 82:10 -12 . The work of the Kiraman Katibin is to write down and record every action , thought , or feeling a person has each day . One angel figuratively sits on the right shoulder and records all good deeds , while another sits on the left shoulder and records all bad deeds . The Book in which the angels are writing is the cumulative record of a given person 's deeds . After that person 's death , it is said that on the Day of Judgement each person will be confronted with this record , and the two angels will be present to tell God of what the person did . It is recorded that Muhammad once said , `` The ( scribe ) on the left hand raises his pen ( i.e. , delays writing ) for six hours ( this may refer to six hours of 60 minutes as measured by astronomers , or it may refer to short periods of time during the day or night , according to Lisan al - ` Arab ) before he records the sinful deed of a Muslim . If -LSB- the Muslim -RSB- regrets it and seeks God 's forgiveness , the deed is not recorded , otherwise it is recorded as one deed . '' A further respite is granted after the deed has been recorded ; up until the moment before death approaches , one is able to repent and ask for forgiveness . With regard to the two Angels , Kiraaman Khaatibeen , who accompany every Muslim , Imam Baihaqi ( radi Allahu anhu ) narrates the following Hadith ; Hazrat Abdullah ibn Abbas ( radi Allahu anhu ) in which Sayyiduna Rasoolullah ( sallal laahu alaihi wasallam ) has stated , `` After the death of the Muslim , they soar to the Heaven and seek permission to live there , but Almighty Allah turns down their request saying , ` My Heavens are full of Angels who are constantly engaged in glorifying Me . ' Then they will implore to live on the earth . To which Almighty Allah will reply , ` My creation has filled the earth , constantly glorifying Me . ' Thereafter , Almighty Allah commands them to stand at the graveside of the Muslim and the servant of Allah , to recite the Tasbeeh of Allah , and the Sawaab of which is then bestowed upon the deceased person . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "463a911331479b2e5fc85eb56fc4af3f", "text": "Rasm Rasm is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Arabic literature ( 7th century - early 11th century AD ) . Essentially it is the same as today 's Arabic script except for the big difference that dots and dashes are omitted . It is also known as Arabic skeleton script . In Rasm notation , the five distinct letters ـبـ ـتـ ـثـ ـنـ ـيـ are indistinguishable because all the dots are omitted . In other words Rasm script omits i ` jam pointing . In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today ( physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD ) , one finds dots but `` putting dots was in no case compulsory '' . Some manuscripts have no dots at all , while others add dots only sparingly and only in phrase contexts where the scribe thinks the omission of dotting on a word would leave the meaning ambiguous . Rasm means ` drawing ' , outline , or pattern in Arabic . When speaking of the Qur ` an , it stands for the basic text made of the 18 letters without vowel diacritics and without i ` jam consonant points . The rasm is the oldest part of the Arabic script ; it has 18 elements , excluding the ligature of lām and alif . When isolated and in the final position , the 18 letters are visually distinct . However , in the initial and medial positions , certain letters that are distinct otherwise are not differentiated visually . This results in only 15 visually distinct glyphs each in the initial and medial positions . This character may not display correctly in some fonts . The dot should not appear in all four positional forms and the initial and medial forms should join with following character . In other words the initial and medial forms should look exactly like those of a dot-less bāʾ while the isolated and final forms should look like those of a dot-less nūn . There is no hamzah in rasm writing , including hamzah-on-the-line ( i.e. , hamzah between letters ) . Compare the Basmala , the beginning verse of the with all diacritics and with the rasm only . Note that when rasm is written with spaces , spaces do not only occur between words . Within a word , spaces also appear between adjacent letters that are not connected . The first sentence only appears as it should if one of the fonts Scheherazade or Lateef was installed . The last two sentences appear with them and can also appear properly if DejaVu Sans was installed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "10e8aa87446c50f00356238e96bca09d", "text": "Mourning of Muharram The Mourning of Muharram ( or Remembrance of Muharram or Muharram Observances ) is a set of rituals associated with both Shia and Sunni Islam . The commemoration falls in Muharram , the first month of the Islamic calendar . Many of the events associated with the ritual take place in congregation halls known as Hussainia . The event marks the anniversary of the Battle of Karbala , when Imam Hussein ibn Ali , the grandson of Muhammad , was killed by the forces of the second Umayyad caliph . Family members accompanying him were killed or subjected to humiliation . The commemoration of this event during the yearly mourning season , with the Day of Ashura as the focal date , serves to define Shia communal identity . Muharram observances are carried out in countries with a sizable Shia population .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "116812449d8d1da481f2e959e1589136", "text": "November 9", "title": "" }, { "docid": "187156fd00195da6b5af8fc13d0eeb94", "text": "Mahdi In Islamic eschatology , the Mahdi ( مهدي , ISO 233 : `` guided one '' ) is the prophesied redeemer of Islam who will rule for five , seven , nine , or nineteen years ( according to differing interpretations ) before the Day of Judgement ( , literally , the Day of Resurrection ) and will rid the world of evil . There is no explicit reference to the Mahdi in the Qur ` an , but references to him are found in hadith ( the reports and traditions of Muhammad 's teachings collected after his death ) . According to Islamic tradition , the Mahdi 's tenure will coincide with the Second Coming of Jesus Christ ( Isa ) , who is to assist the Mahdi against the Masih ad-Dajjal ( literally , the `` false Messiah '' or Antichrist ) . Differences exist in the concept of the Mahdi between Shia Muslims and adherents of the Sunni tradition . For Sunnis , the Mahdi is the Muslims ' future leader who is yet to come . For most Shia Muslims , the Mahdi was born but disappeared and will remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world , a doctrine known as the Occultation . For Twelver Shia , this `` hidden Imam '' is Muhammad al-Mahdi , the Twelfth Imam . Throughout history , various individuals have claimed to be the Mahdi . These have included Muhammad Jaunpuri , founder of the Mahdavia sect ; the Báb ( Siyyid Ali Muhammad ) , founder of Bábism ; Muhammad Ahmad , who established the Mahdist state in Sudan in the late 19th century ; and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad , founder of the Ahmadiyya sect .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1fde5560cf5d0c7da0bba0fcae6c27f4", "text": "Year of Sorrow In the Islamic tradition , the Year of Sorrow ( -LSB- عام الحزن , ` Ām al-Ḥuzn -RSB- , also translated Year of Sadness ) is the Hijri year in which Muhammad 's wife Khadijah and his uncle and protector Abu Talib died . The year approximately coincided with 619 CE or the tenth year after Muhammad 's first revelation . After the death of Abu Talib , Muhammad became vulnerable due to the loss of clan protection granted by Abu Talib ( who was also the chief of Banu Hashim ) . He began to be the target of physical attacks by his Meccan opponents . He visited Ta'if to look for help and invite the inhabitants to Islam , but was rejected . On the way back to Mecca , he petitioned several prominent Meccans to ask for protection . Chief Mut ` im ibn ` Adi , from the Banu Nawfal clan , acceded to his request , escorted Muhammad into the city and announced the clan 's protection of Muhammad .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b8274a197d3ccbad6d1ef27d4a681999", "text": "Divisions of the world in Islam The Arabic singular form dar , translated literally , may mean `` house '' , `` abode '' , `` structure '' , `` place '' , `` land '' , or `` country '' . In Islamic jurisprudence it often refers to a part of the world . The notions of `` houses '' or `` divisions '' of the world in Islam such as Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb does not appear in the Quran or the Hadith . According to Abou El Fadl , the only dar the Qur ` an speaks of are `` the abode of the Hereafter and the abode of the earthly life , with the former described as clearly superior to the latter '' . In classical Islamic law , the major division are dar al-islam ( lit . territory of Islam ) , denoting regions where Islamic law prevails , dar al-sulh ( lit . territory of treaty ) denoting non-Islamic lands which have concluded an armistice with a Muslim government , and dar al-harb ( lit . territory of war ) , denoting adjoining non-Islamic lands whose rulers are called upon to accept Islam . Early Islamic jurists devised these terms to denote legal rulings for ongoing Muslim conquests almost a century after Muhammad . The first use of the terms was in Iraq by Abu Hanifa and his disciples Abu Yusuf and Al-Shaybani . Among those in the Levant , Al-Awza ' i was leading in this discipline and later Shafi'i . The concept of dar al-harb has been affected by the political fragmentation of the Muslim world and has little significance today .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "37699c0e85ac49a1e96b6f4ea02e0dda", "text": "Naskh (tafsir) Naskh is an Arabic word usually translated as `` abrogation '' ; It is a term used in Islamic legal exegesis for seemingly contradictory material within , or between , the two primary sources of Islamic law : the Quran and the Sunna . Several Qur ` anic verses state that some revelations have been abrogated and superseded by later revelations , which are understood by many Muslim scholars as pertaining to the verses of the Quran itself . Neither the Quran nor the sayings of Muhammad state which verses stand abrogated . However , narrations from Muhammad 's companions inform about the abrogated verses or rulings of the religion ; and the principle of abrogation of an older verse by a new verse in the Quran , or within the Hadiths , was an established principle in Sharia at least by the 9th century . The possibility of abrogation between these two primary sources of Islam has been a more contentious issue . The allowability of abrogation between sources has been one of the major differences between the Shafi'i and Hanafi fiqhs , with the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence forbidding abrogation by the Sunna of the Qur ' ān , while the Hanafi school allowing abrogation by the Sunna of the Qur ' ān . Seventy-one of the Quran 's one hundred and fourteen surah contain abrogated verses according to one estimate . Muslim exegetes and jurists have disagreed and disputed the number of verses of the Quran and sunnah in the Hadiths recognized as abrogated .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "66b539ef7460a2be20215afb1c9afe88", "text": "Al-Ramadin Al-Ramadin is a Palestinian village located 24 kilometers southwest of Hebron and includes the smaller village of ` Arab al-Fureijat to the southeast . The village is part the Hebron Governorate in the southern West Bank . According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics , the two villages had a combined population of 3,853 in 2007 . The principal families are al-Sho ` ur , al-Zagharna , al-Fureijat , al-Daraghmeh , al-Raghmat , al-Mlihat and al-Masamra . Al-Ramadin and ` Arab al-Fureijat were established by Bedouins who fled their traditional homeland in the vicinity of Beersheba in the Negev for the suburbs of ad-Dhahiriya . The name `` al-Ramadin '' derives from `` Ramadan , '' the patriarch of the main Bedouin tribe that founded the modern village after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War . A nine-member village council was appointed by the Palestinian Authority to administer al-Ramadin and Arab al-Fureijat in 1997 . There are three active mosques in al-Ramadin , as well as three historic Christian edifices , including the al-Fadi Monastery and al-Asela Church . The primary health care facilities for the village are designated by the Ministry of Health as level 2 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7ac76ce17323da16f07f25d2b16e230", "text": "Hajj The Hajj ( -LSB- hædʒ -RSB- -LSB- `` pilgrimage '' ) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca , the most holy city of the Muslims , and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey , and can support their family during their absence . It is one of the five pillars of Islam , alongside Shahadah , Salat , Zakat , and Sawm . The Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people in the world . The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah , and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati . The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people , and their submission to God ( Allah ) . The word Hajj means `` to intend a journey '' , which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions . The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th ( or in some cases 13th ) of Dhu al-Hijjah , the last month of the Islamic calendar . Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year , the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year . Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions . The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century , but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham . During Hajj , pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people , who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj , and perform a series of rituals : each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba ( the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims ) , runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , drinks from the Zamzam Well , goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil , spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa , and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars . The pilgrims then shave their heads , perform a ritual of animal sacrifice , and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha . Pilgrims can also go to Mecca to perform the rituals at other times of the year . This is sometimes called the `` lesser pilgrimage '' , or Umrah . However , even if they choose to perform the Umrah , they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so , because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj .", "title": "" } ]	fever
8276e5c41b74474cf4b0d05645d65442	The self-empowerment of the LGBT community is discussed in Born This Way.	[ { "docid": "096264e5c5dcaec84efabe5826abcd30", "text": "Born This Way (song) `` Born This Way '' is a song by American singer Lady Gaga , and the lead single from her second studio album of the same name . Written by Gaga and Jeppe Laursen , who produced it along with Fernando Garibay and DJ White Shadow , the track was developed while Gaga was on the road with The Monster Ball Tour . Inspired by 1990s music which empowered women and the gay community , Gaga explained that `` Born This Way '' was her freedom song . She sang part of the chorus at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards in 2010 and announced the song as the lead single from the album , released on February 11 , 2011 . The record is backed by rumbling synth sounds , a humming bass and additional chorus percussion , with sole organ toward the end . The lyrics discuss the self-empowerment of minorities including the LGBT community as well as racial minorities , referring to `` cholas '' and `` orients '' , which drew criticism from Latino and Asian communities . Critics positively reviewed the song , calling it a `` club-ready anthem '' , though it faced criticism for having similarities with Madonna 's 1989 single `` Express Yourself '' . The song reached number one in over 25 countries and was her third single to top the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and the 1,000 th song in that chart 's history ( since 1958 ) to reach number one . `` Born This Way '' has sold 8.2 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time . Nick Knight directed the accompanying music video , which was inspired by surrealist painters like Salvador Dalí and Francis Bacon . Gaga is depicted as giving birth to a new race during a prologue . After a series of dance sequences , the video concludes with the view of a city populated by this race . Critics noted the video 's references to the work of Madonna , Michael Jackson , Björk , and the late fashion designer Alexander McQueen , as well as to Greek mythology and surrealism . Gaga performed the song at the 53rd Grammy Awards after coming out of an incubating vessel . It was also performed during the last leg of The Monster Ball Tour and on television shows such as Saturday Night Live , Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve and Good Morning America . The song was treated with different remixes , including a `` Country Road '' version recorded by Gaga herself and another by Indian production duo Salim-Sulaiman . Alice Cooper , Madonna , Katy Perry , Maria Aragon , and the cast of the TV series Glee have covered the song .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e8f7589b4fcbb1031a3cee66b3df6fdf", "text": "Friendship and Freedom Friendship and Freedom , published from 1924 to 1925 , was a short-lived American gay-interest newsletter published by the Chicago-based Society for Human Rights ( SHR ) , the first recognized homosexual rights organization in the United States . Henry Gerber , founder of the Society for Human Rights , started publishing the newsletter using his personal typewriter . The purpose of the newsletter was to act as a forum of discussion among gay men . The first issue of the newsletter was published in 1924 , and a total of only two issues were published . Friendship and Freedom was the first known gay-interest periodical in the United States . This periodical , along with Jim Kepner 's Gay Fan and Lisa Ben 's Vice Versa , is described by author of LGBT-issues James Thomas Sears as `` amateurish '' . The title of the magazine , Friendship and Freedom , was directly translated from a 1920s German gay magazine , Freundschaft und Freiheit . In the 1920s , the United States was less progressive compared to contemporary Germany , where many gay rights organization flourished during this period . As a result , Gerber 's room in a boardinghouse was raided by the Chicago Police Department in July 1925 , and everything associated with the publication of the newsletter , including Gerber 's typewriter and his personal diaries , were seized . Gerber was thrown into jail for three days and the news of his arrest was published in the contemporary press with the headlines , `` Strange Sex Cult Exposed . '' All copies of Friendship and Freedom that were not in circulation were seized by the police and destroyed . No copy of Friendship and Freedom survives today . Despite lack of any existing copy , the existence of this publication was verified by American LGBT historian Jonathan Ned Katz through a photograph published by sexologist and LGBT-rights advocate Magnus Hirschfeld in 1927 depicting homosexual publications , among them Friendship and Freedom .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b44b1528182cb82fcbf8a991b6e552e0", "text": "Self-concept One 's self-concept ( also called self-construction , self-identity , self-perspective or self-structure ) is a collection of beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as academic performance , gender identity , sexual identity , and racial identity . Generally , self-concept embodies the answer to `` Who am I ? '' . Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness , which refers to the extent to which self-knowledge is defined , consistent , and currently applicable to one 's attitudes and dispositions . Self-concept also differs from self-esteem : self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one 's self ( e.g. `` I am a fast runner '' ) , while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated ( e.g. `` I feel good about being a fast runner '' ) . Self-concept is made up of one 's self-schemas , and interacts with self-esteem , self-knowledge , and the social self to form the self as whole . It includes the past , present , and future selves , where future selves ( or possible selves ) represent individuals ' ideas of what they might become , what they would like to become , or what they are afraid of becoming . Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behavior . The perception people have about their past or future selves is related to the perception of their current selves . The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one . In addition , people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favorably ( e.g. `` I 'm better than I used to be '' ) and the future self more positively ( e.g. `` I will be better than I am now '' ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7f576a8d6dc2c94c0aed935f722a477d", "text": "List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: Sa–Sc Parent article : List of gay , lesbian or bisexual people ; Siblings : The historical concept and definition of sexual orientation varies and has changed greatly over time ; for example the word `` gay '' was n't used to describe sexual orientation until the mid 20th century . A number of different classification schemes have been used to describe sexual orientation since the mid-19th century , and scholars have often defined the term `` sexual orientation '' in divergent ways . Indeed , several studies have found that much of the research about sexual orientation has failed to define the term at all , making it difficult to reconcile the results of different studies . However , most definitions include a psychological component ( such as the direction of an individual 's erotic desire ) and/or a behavioural component ( which focuses on the sex of the individual 's sexual partner/s ) . Some prefer to simply follow an individual 's self-definition or identity . The high prevalence of people from the West on this list may be due to societal attitudes towards homosexuality . The Pew Research Center 's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that '' -LSB- p -RSB- eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality . But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico , Argentina , Bolivia and Brazil . Opinion in Europe is split between West and East . Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society , while most Russians , Poles and Ukrainians disagree . Americans are divided -- a thin majority ( 51 percent ) believes homosexuality should be accepted , while 42 percent disagree . '' This is a partial list of confirmed famous people who were or are gay , lesbian or bisexual . Famous people who are simply rumored to be gay , lesbian , or bisexual are not listed .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fecba1c8f8151c0fef0e06481bc50eb7", "text": "LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland Attitudes in Ireland towards lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) people are regarded as among the most liberal in the world . Ireland is notable for its transformation from a country holding overwhelmingly conservative attitudes toward LGBT issues to one holding overwhelmingly liberal ones in the space of a generation . In May 2015 , Ireland became the first country to legalise same-sex marriage on a national level by popular vote . The New York Times hailed the victory as putting Ireland at the `` vanguard of social change '' . Since July 2015 , transgender people in Ireland can self-declare their gender for the purpose of updating passports , driving licences , obtaining new birth certificates , and getting married . Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is legal in the state . Government recognition of LGBT rights in Ireland has expanded greatly over the past two decades . Homosexuality was decriminalised in 1993 , and most forms of discrimination based on sexual orientation are now outlawed . Ireland also forbids incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation . In 2015 a survey of 1000 individuals in Ireland found that 78 % of people are in support of same-sex marriage and 71 % of people think that same-sex couples should be allowed to adopt . A 2013 survey showed that 73 % of Irish people agreed that `` same sex marriage should be allowed in the Constitution '' . Earlier , a 2008 survey showed that 84 % of Irish people support civil marriage or civil partnerships for same-sex couples , with 58 % supporting full marriage rights in registry offices . The number who believe same-sex couples should only be allowed to have civil partnerships fell from 33 % to 26 % . A March 2011 The Sunday Times poll showed support for full civil marriage rights at 73 % . In July 2010 , the Oireachtas passed the Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010 , recognising civil partnerships between same-sex couples . The Bill passed all stages in the lower house ( Dáil ) , without the need for a vote , and by a margin of 48 votes to 4 in the upper house Seanad ( Senate ) . The bill was supported by all parties , although individual politicians have criticised the legislation . Since the Civil Partnership legislation has been fully enacted and implemented from the start of 2011 , gay and lesbian couples have been able to register their relationship before a registrar . The bill was signed by President Mary McAleese on 19 July 2010 . The Minister for Justice signed the commencement order for the act on 23 December 2010 . The law then came into force on 1 January 2011 . Due to the three-month waiting period for all civil ceremonies in Ireland , it had been expected that the first Civil Partnership ceremonies would take place in April . However , the legislation does provide a mechanism for exemptions to be sought through the courts , and the first partnership , which was between two men , was registered on 7 February 2011 . The first publicly celebrated Irish civil partnership under the Act took place in Dublin on 5 April 2011 . On 6 April 2015 , the Children and Family Relationships Bill 2015 was signed into law , amending ( among other acts ) the Adoption Act 2010 , to enable same-sex couples to jointly adopt children and step-children .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea7ca9dd517e4cd8c5263e7f080f0a2e", "text": "Black Feminist Future Black Feminist Future is a social community formed by the black feminist organizations to empower black women in United States for the recent cultural shift , digital movement and engaging both black women and girls in the current pulse of movements . It is a platform to unite black women from all over the world to share their point of view about what it is being a black woman in US both socially and politically . The basic purpose of this community is to change the mindset of the people as well as the internal thoughts of black women about herself as being a neglected part of the society and to change the racial policies that are present in the US culture from a very long time while advancing intersectional strategies , making innovative and determinable solutions for bringing a change in society . They recently have launched a movement named as `` Freedom Dreams 2016 '' . Their first initiative in this regard is that they have made visioning saloons known as the platforms to build vision and movement that centers the African-American feminist lives . Now , they want to make a change by coming into politics and revising the laws made up to defend the white for their wrong doings in this situation of racial discrimination . In order to find some entrance into the politics , they have selected a theme for their Visioning Saloons this year as `` Freedom Dreams : Black Feminist Visioning Our Political Future '' that will help them in defining a center and vision of Black Women and Girls . As women are women , whether they are black or white , Asians or Americans or even if they belong to any part of the world , they have every right to enjoy equal rights whether they are at work , at home or contributing their efforts for the betterment of their society .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8d1f6034ea0ea5286811af72115b68da", "text": "LGBT cruises LGBT cruises are a rising phenomenon in LGBT culture and a growing trend in the LGBT tourism industry .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "99798e089e9322d778f46d2be4286193", "text": "Gay SG Confessions Created on 14 February 2013 in the footsteps of a host of popular `` confessions '' pages hosted on Facebook , Gay SG Confessions is a Singapore-based LGBT-focused confessions page that hosts a collection of anonymous user-contributed personal stories regarding gay issues such as coming out to family and friends , dealing with social acceptance and rejection , sexual health and emotional well-being education as well as gay relationship troubles .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "21320181f2aec9ba98b391923d4d8bfb", "text": "LGBT social movements Lesbian , gay , bisexual , transgender , and questioning ( LGBTQ ) social movements are social movements that advocate for the equalized acceptance of LGBT people in society . In these movements , LGBTQ people and their allies have a long history of campaigning for what is now generally called LGBTQ rights , sometimes also called gay rights or gay and lesbian rights . Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests , numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide . The earliest organizations to support LGBT rights were formed in the 19th century . A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people , but there is still denial of full LGBTQ rights . Some have also focused on building LGBT communities or worked towards liberation for the broader society from biphobia , homophobia , and transphobia . There is a struggle for LGBTQ rights today . LGBT movements organized today are made up of a wide range of political activism and cultural activity , including lobbying , street marches , social groups , media , art , and research . Overview Sociologist Mary Bernstein writes : `` For the lesbian and gay movement , then , cultural goals include ( but are not limited to ) challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity , homophobia , and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual nuclear family ( heteronormativity ) . Political goals include changing laws and policies in order to gain new rights , benefits , and protections from harm . '' Bernstein emphasizes that activists seek both types of goals in both the civil and political spheres . As with other social movements there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements , especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who comprises the constituency that these movements represent , this also applies to changing education . There is debate over to what extent lesbians , gays , bisexuals , transgender people , intersexed people and others share common interests and a need to work together . Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s , 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians , feminine gay men , transgender people , and bisexuals from the public eye , creating internal divisions within LGBT communities . Roffee and Waling ( 2016 ) discovered that LGBTIQ people experience microaggressions , bullying and anti-social behaviours from other people within the LGBTIQ community . This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails `` LGBTIQ '' . For example , transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding to their own , individual , specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions , and this can cause health risks . Additionally , bisexual people found that lesbian or gay people were not understanding or appreciative of the bisexual sexuality . Evidently , even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community , there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBTIQ community . LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay , bisexual and transgender people as a fixed class of people ; a minority group or groups , and this is very common among LGBTQ communities . Those using this approach aspire to liberal political goals of freedom and equal opportunity , and aim to join the political mainstream on the same level as other groups in society . In arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity are innate and can not be consciously changed , attempts to change gay , lesbian and bisexual people into heterosexuals ( `` conversion therapy '' ) are generally opposed by the LGBT community . Such attempts are often based in religious beliefs that perceive gay , lesbian and bisexual activity as immoral . However , others within LGBT movements have criticised identity politics as limited and flawed , elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive , and attempted to deconstruct those categories , which are seen to `` reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the nonheterosexual as inferior . '' After the French Revolution the anticlerical feeling in Catholic countries coupled with the liberalizing effect of the Napoleonic Code made it possible to sweep away sodomy laws . However , in Protestant countries , where the church was less severe , there was no general reaction against statutes that were religious in origin . As a result , many of those countries retained their statutes on sodomy until late in the 20th century .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c6baadd89bd861e8d9a34276fabe9e2", "text": "LGBT topics in Singaporean literature This article deals with writing that deals with LGBT themes in a Singapore context . It covers literary works of fiction , such as novels , short stories , plays and poems . It also includes non-fiction works , both scholarly and targeted at the general reader , such as dissertations , journal or magazine articles , books and even web-based content . Although Singapore lacks a dedicated gay book publisher or gay bookshop , it does have at least one dedicated gay library , Pelangi Pride Centre , which is open weekly to the public . Many of the works cited here may be found both in Pelangi Pride Centre , as well as the National Library or other academic libraries in Singapore , as well as in some commercial bookshops under ` gender studies ' sections .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "558fbc9a0f22bcfcbd7145e5b010f492", "text": "LGBT rights in Malawi Lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) persons in Malawi face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents . The Penal Code prohibits `` carnal knowledge against the order of nature '' , attempts to commit `` carnal knowledge against the order of nature '' , and acts of `` gross indecency '' . However , in November 2012 , President Joyce Banda suspended all laws that criminalized homosexuality . In July 2014 , the Justice Minister announced that Malawi would no longer arrest people for same-sex sexual activity and review its anti-gay laws . In late December 2009 , a trans woman , Tiwonge Chimbalanga , and a man , Steven Monjeza , were arrested after holding a traditional `` engagement '' party . On 18 May 2010 , they were found guilty of having committed `` unnatural offenses '' and `` indecent practices between males '' . On 29 May 2010 , then President Bingu wa Mutharika pardoned both individuals . On 17 April 2015 , The Marriage , Divorce and Family Relations Law came into force and banned all same-sex marriages and unions . While the law was praised for raising the minimum age of heterosexual marriages from 16 to 18 , it was at the same time condemned for the exclusion of homosexual couples and for its language stating that one 's gender is assigned at birth . The new law does not allow people who have undergone gender reassignment surgery to marry someone of that person 's prior gender and also draws comparisons of gay sex to rape and sexual harassment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "610a6c23ac01075aa8440745134c690c", "text": "I Was Born This Way `` I Was Born This Way '' is a disco song by Valentino , released in 1975 , then by Carl Bean in 1977 ( both artists for Motown ) . It was written by Chris Spierer and Bunny Jones . The record was first released on the Motown-distributed Gaiee Records and performed by Valentino ( real name Charles Harris ) . Frankie Crocker of WBLS Radio in New York first aired the song and it was an instant hit . The writers , Spierer and Jones , wanted to write a Gay anthem and make the plight on Gay issues known and bring it to the forefront . The song 's lyrics are about a man who proclaims that he 's a homosexual and that he was `` born this way '' . It was one of the first gay disco songs written specifically for the Gay community , before the Village People wave . It was also sampled in 1999 by Stuart Price , using the alias Pour Homme , as `` Born this Way '' . It was a tremendous hit in Europe . In 2008 , Magnus Carlsson , Sweden 's popular gay male vocalist re-recorded 3 versions of `` I Was Born This Way '' in addition to Paul Oskar of Norway . Magnus Carlsson can be seen performing `` I Was Born This Way '' on YouTube as well as Marty Thomas of the Broadway hit show `` Wicked ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "808e34fb238240e4687cfc7af2432e5b", "text": "Civil rights movements Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law , that peaked in the 1960s . In many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests , or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance . In some situations , they have been accompanied , or followed , by civil unrest and armed rebellion . The process has been long and tenuous in many countries , and many of these movements did not , or have yet to , fully achieve their goals , although the efforts of these movements have led to improvements in the legal rights of some previously oppressed groups of people , in some places . The main aim of the successful Civil Rights Movement and other social movements for civil rights included ensuring that the rights of all people were and are equally protected by the law . These include but are not limited to the rights of minorities , women 's rights , and LGBT rights .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8136796421f07a30f9447f24b4282264", "text": "Gay City News Gay City News is a free weekly newspaper based in New York City that focuses on local and national issues relating to the lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) community . It was founded in 1994 as Lesbian Gay New York , later LGNY , and was sold to Community Media LLC , owner of The Villager , in 2002 , which renamed the publication . It is the largest LGBT newspaper in the United States , with a circulation of 47,000 . Gay City News came into existence after several incarnations . The newspaper began to form in the late 1980s after the collapse of the LGBT newsmagazine OUTWEEK ( which came into existence in 1989 to compete against the then-dominant New York Native -- which itself folded in 1997 ) . OUTWEEK was famous for firebrand activist style journalism and provided groundbreaking coverage of a then nascent gay civil rights movement . It was one of the first publications to undertake scientific reporting on the growing AIDS crisis . After an investor squabble that closed the magazine , Troy Masters , then an advertising director at OUTWEEK , led the formation of a group to create a new publication ; that publication became known as QW ( or `` QueerWeek '' ) , the first glossy gay magazine , and was funded by William F. Chafin . Mr. Chafin died before the publication could make a profit , and the magazine was closed upon his death . Two years later , Masters sought to establish a newspaper and founded LGNY ( Which stood for `` Lesbian-Gay New York '' ) . LGNY published for eight years and was relaunched in 2002 as Gay City News . Its current editor-in-chief is Paul Schindler , and the associate editor is Duncan Osborne .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "369479b427237af4ade256173b461d84", "text": "Postfeminism The term postfeminism ( alternatively rendered as post-feminism ) is used to describe reactions against contradictions and absences in feminism , especially second-wave feminism and third-wave feminism . The term postfeminism is sometimes confused with `` 4th wave-feminism '' , and `` women of color feminism '' ( e.g. hooks , 1996 ; Spivak , 1999 ) . However , by definition feminism strives for gender equality , whereas postfeminism must in some way move past or `` transcend '' the absolute need for gender equality -- something which neither theorists ' definition does . The ideology of postfeminism is often recognised by its contrast with a prevailing or preceding feminism . Postfeminism strives towards the next stage in gender-related societal progress , and as such is often conceived as in favor of a society that is no longer defined by gender binary and gender role . A postfeminist is a person who believes in , promotes , or embodies any of various ideologies springing from the feminism of the 1970s , whether supportive of or antagonistic towards classical feminism . Postfeminism can be considered a critical way of understanding the changed relations between feminism , popular culture and femininity . Postfeminism may also present a critique of second-wave feminism or third-wave feminism by questioning the second wave or third-wave 's binary thinking and essentialism , their vision of sexuality , and the perception of relationships between femininity and feminism . Second-wave feminism is often critiqued for being too ` white ' , too ` straight ' , and too ` liberal ' , and resulting in the needs of women from marginalized groups and cultures being ignored . However , since intersectionality is a product of third-wave feminism , the references to such as postfeminist are open to challenge and may be more properly considered feminist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "59c316b2a0a7c9daa20ee4b97070d31f", "text": "World AIDS Museum and Educational Center The World AIDS Museum and Educational Center , located at 1201 NE 26th St. in Wilton Manors , Florida , opened on May 15 , 2014 . The AIDS Museum and Educational Center began as a HIV support group , Pozitive Attitudes , at the Pride Center in Fort Lauderdale . The facilitator of that group was Steve Stagon and it was his idea to create an AIDS museum , in south Florida because Broward County and Miami-Dade County are `` the epicenter of the AIDS crisis in America . '' A non-profit corporation was set up and fundraising began . After various local exhibits in churches and the Pride Center , once they had enough funding they choose the location on 26th Street . On Nov 07 , 2013 , Magic Johnson visited the World AIDS Museum and dedicated the space , 22 years to the day he announced his HIV status . Doors officially opened to the public in May 2014 . The World AIDS Museum and Educational Center has a main gallery featuring the historical timeline of the AIDS epidemic , 2 art galleries , and a research library . They also do traveling exhibits and educational programs in the schools . The current CEO is Hugh Beswick and the Operations Manager is Ed Sparan . Author and AIDS activist Larry Kramer , who spoke there on March 9 , 2017 , remarked : What an amazing and outstanding place this is ! ... Now they have funding from the state , and can ... host groups of students . The exhibition , beautify installed , has , among much else a GMHC -LSB- Gay Men 's Health Crisis -RSB- room , an ACT UP room , and a Keith Haring room . The history of hiv/AIDS timeline is extensive , I learned a few thngs myself ( and was able to point out a few things that needed correction ) . The docent is exceptionally knowledgeable ... . The board members are exceptionally committed ... . They take pride in claiming that Fort Lauderdale is now the largest gay community in the country . This museum certainly beats anything in San Francisco or New York . Spread the word that this place exists !", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eb8f93b76ad87202db3b5f25fa326589", "text": "Firebrand Books Firebrand Books is a publishing house established in 1984 by Nancy K. Bereano -- a lesbian/feminist activist in Ithaca , NY . Karen Oosterhouse , publisher since 2003 , describes Firebrand as `` the independent publisher of record for feminist and lesbian fiction and nonfiction , '' championing `` authors whose work has been marginalized : women of color , women coming out of poverty , transwomen , the genderqueer , and other underrepresented voices . '' It is among the many feminist and lesbian publishing houses that grew out of the Women 's Press Movement ; other presses of that period include Naiad Books , Persephone and Kitchen Table : Women of Color Press . From 1984 to 2000 , Firebrand Books published literary fiction , nonfiction , and poetry on lesbian and feminist themes , placing publisher Nancy Bereano `` at the forefront of lesbian and small press publishing . '' Firebrand was the first publisher of Dorothy Allison 's short story collection Trash , which subsequently won double Lambda Literary Awards in the categories of Lesbian Fiction and Small Press , and of the `` Dykes to Watch Out For '' series by Alison Bechdel . The press has published poetry , fiction , and non-fiction by many luminary authors , including Jewelle Gomez , Leslie Feinberg , Cheryl Clarke , Ruthann Robson , Lesléa Newman , Mab Segrest , Leslie Feinberg , Judith Katz , Audre Lorde , and Minnie Bruce Pratt , earning four American Library Association Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual Book Awards and 12 Lambda Literary Awards , including the Publisher 's Service Award for Bereano , in 1996 . On Bereano 's influential role as an editor and publisher , Alison Bechdel writes : `` she discovered me and published my first book when I was a punk kid ... She also urged me to write a graphic novel long before the current craze , and that was the beginning of Fun Home . '' Bereano has emphasized the importance of small independent presses in supporting and promoting `` new ways of thinking , '' especially for readers marginalized by large publishing houses . Citing her experiences publishing the work of Audre Lorde , Bereano writes : The fact that -LSB- Lorde 's -RSB- prose was published exclusively by small independently owned women 's presses was both a result of the major houses ' narrow perspective and the fact that Audre Lorde 's prose , particularly her myth-shattering essays , was instrumental in framing a changing reality for many women , primarily lesbian women ( a readership long dismissed by the mainstream publishing world ) . After Bereano 's retirement in 1994 , Firebrand Books was sold , first to distributor LPC Group , and eventually to Karen Oosterhouse , who relocated the press from Ithaca to Ann Arbor , Michigan , in 2003 . In a 2009 interview , Oosterhouse stated that , `` perhaps there will come a day when there is no longer a need for a specifically lesbian and feminist press , but for now Firebrand is that press . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a8f0b93d22265af7b1f4e56c61c0eb1a", "text": "A Queer History of the United States A Queer History of the United States is a concise history of LGBT people in US society . It describes ways in which queer people have influenced the evolution of the United States , and how the culture of the United States has affected them . A Queer History of the United States was published by Beacon Press in 2011 . It was recognized with a Stonewall Book Award in 2012 . The author , Michael Bronski , is a professor of Women 's & Gender Studies at Dartmouth College , and professor of Practice in Media and Activism in Studies of Women , Gender , and Sexuality at Harvard University .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e44e0d07e24ea19d593662bb71bffb0f", "text": "Psychology of disenfranchisement The Psychology of Disenfranchisement is a theory developed by Rex Briggs while studying minority groups at social research firm Yankelovich Partners . Originally published by Yankelovich Partners , Grant Lukenbill 's book , Untold Millions , applied the theory to help explain marketing opportunities to gays and lesbians . In Brigg 's original research , he observed higher levels of stress , skepticism and self-protection needs among minority groups . The psychology of disenfranchisement theory suggests that there are three components that drive the psychology of disenfranchisement : alienation , cynicism and perceived victimization . These components interact and intensify each other . Alienation , Briggs argues , may be due to negative perceptions , stereotypes and discrimination condoned and practiced by the dominant culture . The perception of separation from the mainstream culture can create severe stress and can be considered the impetus for the psychology of disenfranchisement . Cynicism is one of the inevitable offshoots of alienation , resulting in the conviction that things will go wrong , that harm is to be expected . It involves a sense that the institutions of society ( from which one is alienated ) are not only remote , but inimical . Victimization is the feeling the develops out of the perception of intentional or unintentional undeserved mistreatment by other individuals , organizations , or institutions . Victimization is a logical outgrowth of feelings of cynicism and alienation from the dominant culture . The perceived victimization legitimizes and justifies the cynicism , and over time this cycle can become entrenched , thereby increasing the feelings of alienation . The resulting needs include : self-understanding ( recognition of and respect for one 's individuality ) , association ( a sharing of occasions with `` people like me '' ) , security ( emotional , social and psychical ) , independence , stress relief ( self-indulgence , escapism ) . All the Rage : The Story of Gay Visibility in America cites Briggs ' psychology of disenfranchisement theory as a launching point to discuss how advertising can offer inclusion in its messaging , so as to resonate better . In 2006 , Steven Andrew Culpepper summarized Dubois 1903 book , Sols of Black Folk as capturing the essence of a double-consciousness , a paradoxical experience of deep psychic atrocity tracing from slavery , `` while the American experience resonates with a hopeful ethos characterized by universality of equality and justice for all . '' Culpepper applies this same psychology of disenfranchisement to women , `` that were severely excluded from its rights and privileges in society that touts equality and justice . '' A more literal use of the concept , `` psychology of disenfranchisement '' has been applied by Keven Lanning where he examines the consequences to both the person and the community when individuals do not have equal access , or equal voices , at the polls .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "41e8da40b55fae95735d1f6f4e857438", "text": "Empowerment Experiment __ NOTOC __ The Empowerment Experiment ( formerly called the Ebony Experiment as of March 12 , 2009 ) , was co-founded by John and Maggie Anderson of Oak Park , Illinois . Steven Rogers , director of the Kellogg Entrepreneurial Practice Center at Northwestern University 's Graduate School of Management , serves as an Executive Advisor to the experiment , which is a year-long study designed to find out what happens when people buy things only from black-owned businesses . Some participants who are committed to this movement have been willing to drive substantially longer distances than what they had driven before the movement started , in order to purchase goods from black-owned businesses . By May 12 , 2009 , 4,000 people had signed up on the Andersons ' website to participate in their experiment . The United States has one million black-owned businesses , which account for more than $ 100 billion in annual sales . Blacks have more than $ 800 billion in expendable income each year . Directories such as The WhereU app , The Internet Black Pages , Support Black Owned , and Black Business Women Online make it possible to purchase black goods online .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9effbd79587ce036309e3f611242ebe8", "text": "Transgender Law Center The Transgender Law Center ( TLC ) is an Oakland-based civil rights organization advocating for transgender communities . They are California 's first `` fully staffed , state-wide transgender legal organization '' and were initially a fiscally sponsored project of the National Center for Lesbian Rights . The stated mission of TLC is to connect transgender people and their families to technically sound and culturally competent legal services , increase acceptance and enforcement of laws and policies that support California 's transgender communities , and work to change laws and systems that fail to incorporate the needs and experiences of transgender people . TLC utilizes direct legal services , public policy advocacy , and educational opportunities to advance the rights and safety of diverse transgender communities . Since launching in 2002 , TLC has held over 250 transgender law workshops providing legal information to more than 3,250 community members , attorneys , social service providers , and business owners , as well as collaborated on public policy initiatives designed to improve safety in schools and prisons and safe access to public restrooms for transgender people in San Francisco . TLC successfully helped to revise San Francisco 's `` Regulations to Prohibit Gender Identity Discrimination '' in December 2003 , making them more inclusive of people who do not identify as strictly female or male , and to pass legislation in the City of Oakland banning gender identity discrimination in housing , employment , public accommodation , and city services .", "title": "" } ]	fever
5fd902e836d163ff16e61fc79de0bd43	The Hangover Part III includes Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha, and Ken Jeong, Jeffrey Tambor, Heather Graham, Mike Epps, Melissa McCarthy and John Goodman.	[ { "docid": "1bdf149db5915e4fb6aaa13e96b7d7b6", "text": "The Hangover Part III The Hangover Part III is a 2013 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the third and final installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Justin Bartha , and Ken Jeong . The supporting cast includes Jeffrey Tambor , Heather Graham , Mike Epps , Melissa McCarthy and John Goodman with Todd Phillips directing a screenplay written by himself and Craig Mazin . The film follows the `` Wolfpack '' ( Phil , Stu , Doug , and Alan ) as they try to get Alan the help he needs after facing a personal crisis . However , things go awry when an incident from the original film comes back to haunt them . The Hangover Part III was announced days before the release of The Hangover Part II and Mazin , who co-wrote Part II , was brought on board . In January 2012 , the principal actors re-signed to star . In March 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a U.S. Memorial Weekend release . The supporting roles were cast between June and September 2012 . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Los Angeles , California before moving to Nogales , Arizona and Las Vegas , Nevada . The film was released on May 23 , 2013 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "1c2c996a0a0546bbae2bda7246b647a5", "text": "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' is the twenty-second episode of Family Guys third season , and the original series finale . It originally aired on Cartoon Network 's Adult Swim on November 9 , 2003 , and on Fox on December 10 , 2004 . In the episode , Peter prays for a Jew to help him with his financial woes . After befriending a Jewish accountant , Max Weinstein , and discovering the wonders of their religion , Peter gets the idea of converting Chris to Judaism so he will be successful in life . Lois attempts to stop him , believing that success is not based on religion . `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein '' was written by Ricky Blitt and directed by Dan Povenmire . The episode was intended to air in 2000 as the beginning of the third season way after production was made years ago , but Fox executives were concerned about its content , believing it could be interpreted as anti-Semitic , and did not allow it to air on television . Due to popular demand , it was instead aired on Adult Swim in 2003 . This episode features guest performances from Andrea Beutener , Mark Hamill , Phil LaMarr , Ed McMahon , Peter Riegert , Mary Scheer , Ben Stein , and Nicole Sullivan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81d38a67e9e91e229785562fd8362810", "text": "Jon Hamm Jonathan Daniel Hamm ( born March 10 , 1971 ) is an American actor , director , and television producer best known for playing advertising executive Don Draper for the AMC television drama series , Mad Men ( 2007 -- 2015 ) . For much of the mid-1990s , he lived in Los Angeles , making appearances in television series Providence , The Division , What About Brian , and Related . During 2000 , he made his feature movie debut in the space adventure movie Space Cowboys . The next year , he had a minor role in the independent comedy , Kissing Jessica Stein ( 2001 ) . He gained wide recognition when Mad Men began broadcast during July 2007 . His performance earned him the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Series -- Drama during 2008 and 2016 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series during 2015 . He directed two episodes of the show . During 2008 , Hamm appeared in a remake of the science fiction movie The Day The Earth Stood Still . His first leading movie role was in the 2010 independent thriller Stolen . He also had supporting roles in the movies The Town ( 2010 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , and Bridesmaids ( 2011 ) . Hamm has received 16 Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performances in Mad Men , 30 Rock ( 2006 -- 2013 ) , and Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ( 2015 -- present ) . His other television credits include featuring in the Sky Arts series A Young Doctor 's Notebook and guest roles in Parks and Recreation and Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp . He provided his voice to the animated movie Shrek Forever After during 2010 , and during 2015 , he featured in the animated movie Minions .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "27629dddeb82fd5212c264a9ecd5be5e", "text": "The Bubble (30 Rock) `` The Bubble '' is the fifteenth episode of the third season of the American television series 30 Rock . It was written by series ' creator Tina Fey and directed by Tricia Brock . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on March 19 , 2009 . Jon Hamm and Bobb ' e J. Thompson guest star in this episode , and there are cameo appearances by Calvin Klein and Meredith Vieira . In the episode , Liz Lemon ( Fey ) discovers that her boyfriend Drew ( Hamm ) lives in a `` bubble '' because of his good looks , and has never experienced many of the unpleasant phenomena in life . At the same time , Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) decides to leave the fictitious sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) because he no longer needs the money , and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) decides to cut her hair as a publicity stunt . `` The Bubble '' received generally positive reviews . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it was watched by 7 million households during its original broadcast . For their performances in this episode , Hamm and Jack McBrayerthe latter playing Kenneth Parcellreceived Primetime Emmy Award nominations in the categories for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series , respectively .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6a4690039271d66afe4bdacbb13afd71", "text": "Jeffrey Tambor Jeffrey Michael Tambor ( born July 8 , 1944 ) is an American actor , voice artist , and comedian widely known for his roles as Hank Kingsley on The Larry Sanders Show , George Bluth Sr. and Oscar Bluth on Arrested Development , and Maura Pfefferman on Transparent , for which he has received one Golden Globe , one Screen Actors Guild and two Emmy Awards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ed2f9085d7bf7d35e729b12f2b57d372", "text": "Derek Waters Derek Matthew Waters ( born July 30 , 1979 ) is an American actor , comedian , and writer . He is the co-creator and host of the Comedy Central series Drunk History .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c3d9583563df22eb4f109c24e504d46f", "text": "Lost Boys: The Thirst Lost Boys : The Thirst is a 2010 horror comedy film directed by Dario Piana and stars Corey Feldman , Casey B. Dolan , Tanit Phoenix and Jamison Newlander . The film is a sequel to Lost Boys : The Tribe ( 2008 ) and the third and final installment of The Lost Boys trilogy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2c9c9f93b8635c8af42e45e32a519805", "text": "Episode 3 (Twin Peaks) `` Episode 3 '' , later also known as `` Rest in Pain '' , is the fourth episode of the first season of the American mystery television series Twin Peaks . The episode was written by Harley Peyton , and directed by Tina Rathborne . `` Episode 3 '' features series regulars Kyle MacLachlan , Michael Ontkean and Ray Wise , and introduces Sheryl Lee 's second role , Maddy Ferguson . Rathborne has highlighted the episode 's introduction of Jungian analytical psychology to the series . She also described MacLachlan 's character Dale Cooper as not only a wholesome , grounded anchor against which the series ' more bizarre elements could be contrasted ; but as the central component of the series ' coming-of-age `` Bildungsroman '' narrative . `` Episode 3 '' was first broadcast on April 26 , 1990 , and was viewed by approximately 18 percent of the available audience in its initial airing . The episode received positive reviews from critics , with its mix of comedy and tragedy seen as a highlight , and Miguel Ferrer 's character Albert Rosenfield singled out as a particularly successful example of this . The episode also drew praise from The New York Times for its compelling and unusual cast of characters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3123a1c34aba83e181a8f26abaedc362", "text": "Let's Stay Together (30 Rock) `` Let 's Stay Together '' is the third episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 83rd overall episode of the series . It was directed by co-executive producer John Riggi and written by co-executive producer Jack Burditt . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on October 7 , 2010 . Guest stars in this episode include John Amos , Todd Buonopane , Reg E. Cathey , Queen Latifah and Rob Reiner . In the episode , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) must appear before Congress to discuss NBC 's merger with the fictitious company network KableTown ( a parody of Comcast ) . He hopes that he will charm celebrity members for the deal to go through , but one Congresswoman ( Latifah ) demands more diversity in the NBC programming lineup . As a result , Jack enlists Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) to come up with some new development ideas . Meanwhile , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , the head writer of the fictitious sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) is fed up with the criticism her writing staff gives her , and finally Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) helps Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) reapply in the competitive NBC page program . This episode of 30 Rock was generally , though not universally , well received among television critics . According to the Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by 4.90 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2.1 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18 -- 49 demographic .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "90f27afba8397fe1f035ddb9ea46d394", "text": "The Hangover Part II The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy . Directed by Todd Phillips , who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong , the film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Ken Jeong , Jeffrey Tambor , Justin Bartha , and Paul Giamatti . It tells the story of Phil , Stu , Alan , and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu 's wedding . After the bachelor party in Las Vegas , Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe , subdued pre-wedding brunch . Things do not go as planned , resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night . Development began in April 2009 , two months before The Hangover was released . The principal actors were cast in March 2010 to reprise their roles from the first film . Production began in October 2010 , in Ontario , California , before moving on location in Thailand . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 and became the highest-grossing R-rated comedy during its theatrical run . A third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "161ad370ab472f549bcd7967f904ce94", "text": "Eat Lead: The Return of Matt Hazard Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard is a third-person shooter video game for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 video game consoles . The game was developed by Vicious Cycle Software and published by D3 Publisher . Eat Lead pits players in the role of the title character , a `` legendary '' gaming hero who is `` returning to glory '' in a new video game , some 25 years after his debut game and 6 years after his last game . In reality , the Matt Hazard character is in his first video game , with a history made up by D3 Publisher to chronicle the character 's rise and fall in popularity . The Return of Matt Hazard marks Hazard 's fictitious `` comeback '' to the gaming scene . Hazard is voiced by Will Arnett , while Neil Patrick Harris voices his nemesis Wallace `` Wally '' Wellesley . The game itself is a parody of action-gaming clichés . The October 2008 debut trailer was done as a Behind the Music spoof called Inside the Game complete with Jim Forbes narration . It chronicles Matt Hazard 's successes and hardships , and mirrors the progression of the Duke Nukem series of games , from early 8-bit to modern consoles . The cast of Eat Lead received a nomination in the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards , under the category for `` Best Cast , '' and won the award for `` Best Comedy Game . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6db02b0cfc977f6ed8b18c65cbca5b19", "text": "Jake Gyllenhaal Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal ( -LSB- ˈdʒɪlənhɑːl -RSB- ; born December 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor . A member of the Gyllenhaal family and the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner , Gyllenhaal began acting as a child with a screen debut in City Slickers ( 1991 ) , followed by roles in A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) and Homegrown ( 1998 ) . His breakthrough performance was as Homer Hickam in October Sky ( 1999 ) and he garnered an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Male Lead for playing the title character in the indie cult hit Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) , in which he played a psychologically troubled teenager alongside his older sister , Maggie Gyllenhaal . He subsequently appeared in another indie film , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) and the climate fiction-disaster film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , portraying a student caught in a cataclysmic climate event . In 2005 , Gyllenhaal portrayed Anthony `` Swoff '' Swofford in Jarhead , Gwyneth Paltrow 's love interest in Proof , and Jack Twist in Ang Lee 's Brokeback Mountain . For his performance in Brokeback Mountain , he received critical acclaim and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Gyllenhaal received further recognition for roles in Zodiac ( 2007 ) , Brothers ( 2009 ) , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , Source Code ( 2011 ) , End of Watch ( 2012 ) , Prisoners , Enemy ( both 2013 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , Southpaw ( 2015 ) and Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) . For Nightcrawler , his performance was widely acclaimed and received rave reviews from critics and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "81970e85417b18372281fc1ea96bac85", "text": "The Hangover: Part Tubbs `` The Hangover : Part Tubbs '' is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the animated comedy series The Cleveland Show . The episode was aired on Fox in the United States on March 17 , 2013 . This episode follows Donna , who decides to run for a place on the school board , and attempts to keep Cleveland away from her campaign in case he embarrasses her , but her plans soon backfire when Cleveland accidentally kills a new friend playing a game . Cleveland Jr. discovers that he is naturally gifted as a diver , but his ambition to succeed in the sport is threatened when he is too frightened to wear the school diving team 's uniform of tiny swimming trunks . The episode was written by Aaron Lee and directed by Ron Rubio . It was viewed by approximately 2.8 million viewers in its original airing . The episode features guest performances by Kasey Kahne , Tony Stewart , Dale Earnhardt Jr. and David Alan Grier , along with several recurring guest performers for the series .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b9906a129d4c931dc7260eff32cdf996", "text": "Sears Radio Theater Sears Radio Theater was a radio drama anthology series which ran weeknights on CBS Radio in 1979 , sponsored by the Sears chain . Often paired with The CBS Radio Mystery Theater during its first season , the program offered a different genre of drama for each day 's broadcast . In January 1980 , the program moved to the Mutual Broadcasting System and became the Mutual Radio Theater . The Mutual series broadcast repeats from the CBS run until September 1980 , when a short season of new dramas was presented . Sears continued as a sponsor during the Mutual run . Monday was `` Western Night '' and was hosted by Lorne Greene . Tuesday was `` Comedy Night '' , hosted by Andy Griffith . Wednesday was `` Mystery Night '' with Vincent Price as host . Thursday was `` Love and Hate Night '' with Cicely Tyson doing honors as host . Finally , Friday brought `` Adventure Night '' , first hosted by Richard Widmark and later by Howard Duff and then by Leonard Nimoy . Actors heard on the series included Jim Jordan , Henry Morgan , Daws Butler , June Foray , Parley Baer , Mary Jane Croft , Howard Culver , John Dehner , Virginia Gregg , Janet Waldo , Vic Perrin , Hans Conried , Marvin Miller , Elliott Lewis , Jeff Corey , Lesley Woods , Robert Rockwell , Lurene Tuttle , Eve Arden , Keith Andes , Harriet Nelson , Alan Young , Tom Bosley , Marion Ross , Lloyd Bochner , Rick Jason , Frank Campanella , Toni Tennille , Arthur Hill , Dan O'Herlihy , Jesse White and Frank Nelson . Actress Peggy Webber was heard on 52 episodes . It was produced and directed by Fletcher Markle and Elliott Lewis . The theme was composed and conducted by Nelson Riddle . Though less long-lived than NPR 's Earplay or the CBS Radio Mystery Theater , it was an ambitious attempt to reinvigorate a neglected field . Like Earplay , it was broadcast in stereo .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4cb62a633721cfc8699b1ffa481a09bc", "text": "Arden Myrin Arden VanAmringe Myrin ( -LSB- məˈriːn -RSB- ) is an American actress and comedian . Arden became a new cast member on Showtime 's Shameless Season 7 , and recently appeared in the world premiere of Steve Martin 's new play Meteor Shower at the Long Wharf Theatre . Her television credits include Orange Is the New Black , Hung , Key & Peele , Inside Amy Schumer , W / Bob and David , Psych , Bones , Fresh Off The Boat , Suburgatory , 2 Broke Girls , Reno 911 ! , and Gilmore Girls among others . Arden will be seen next in the feature film Extracurricular Activities . Myrin has appeared in many films , including the Sundance Films Bachelorette , and Wrong Cops and Wrong both made by Mr. Oizo , as well as Kinsey , Morning Glory , and others . Arden 's theater credits include Robert O'Hara 's Barbecue at The Public Theater in New York City , as well as the premiere of John Ross Bowie 's play about The Ramones Four Chords and A Gun at the Bootleg Theater in Los Angeles . Arden was in the original New York City production of David Mamet 's Boston Marriage at the Public Theater , and appeared in Hay Fever directed by Darko Tresnjak at the Westport Country Playhouse . As a comedian Arden tours across the country and co-hosts a comedy show Tinkle Twins at Meltdown Comics with Dana Gould . Arden appeared on Chelsea Lately over 100 times , and is a regular panelist on @midnight . She was cast member of MadTV for the final four seasons along with Keegan-Michael Key , Jordan Peele , Ike Barinholtz , and Bobby Lee . She has appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brian , The Howard Stern Show , WTF with Marc Maron , and RuPaul 's Drag Race . Arden is also the host of the Nerdist podcast Will You Accept This Rose ? about The Bachelor/The Bachelorette franchise .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7ebbf272ebbfb3673620d0b7867af760", "text": "Kevin Carroll (actor) Kevin Carroll is an American actor , best known for his role as John Murphy in the HBO television series The Leftovers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d4a8c1b39d79ac1e06e8550e471df6f5", "text": "Jim Thurman James `` Jim '' George Thurman ( March 15 , 1935 -- April 14 , 2007 ) , was an Emmy-winning American writer , actor , photographer , director , cartoonist , and producer . He is best known for the writings of TV gags for the likes of Bob Hope , Bob Newhart , Carol Burnett , Bill Cosby , and Dean Martin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "908b026dab37d5bf8e29ca8437d46c85", "text": "Mugged (Flight of the Conchords) `` Mugged '' is the third episode of the HBO comedy series Flight of the Conchords . It first aired in the United States on Sunday , July 1 , 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "80700e82ff7beefe396eedf1ad2f2566", "text": "Jason Alexander Jay Scott Greenspan ( born September 23 , 1959 ) , known by his stage name Jason Alexander , is an American actor , voice actor , comedian and director . Alexander is best known for his prominent role as George Costanza in the television series Seinfeld . Other well-known roles include Phillip Stuckey in the film Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) and the title character in the animated series Duckman ( 1994 -- 1997 ) . Alexander has had an active career on stage , appearing in several Broadway musicals including Jerome Robbins ' Broadway in 1989 , for which he won the Tony Award as Best Leading Actor in a Musical . He appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Producers . He was the Artistic Director of `` Reprise ! Broadway 's Best in Los Angeles '' , where he has directed several musicals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5eed381a6c740dc75218643ee7ac4e94", "text": "Hangover Tonight `` Hangover Tonight '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Gary Allan . It was released to country radio on March 2 , 2015 as the lead single to Allan 's upcoming tenth studio album . The song was written by Allan , Chris Stapleton , Cary Barlowe and Jesse Frasure .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f959f141b192326374a134f254da9b90", "text": "Jeff Ross Jeffrey Ross Lifschultz ( born September 13 , 1965 ) , known professionally as Jeff Ross , is an American stand-up comedian , writer , and actor . His skill in doing high-profile celebrity roasts and his appearances in Comedy Central 's Roasts , have led him to be dubbed `` The Roastmaster General . '' He has appeared in various film , television , and cartoon projects . He has made appearances at events for U.S. soldiers and directed a documentary film covering his experiences touring U.S. bases in Iraq .", "title": "" } ]	fever
0487e6fd7ba624b3ea408eb370f5efd6	Singapore is south of Indonesia.	[ { "docid": "0ed42191afb8b970ea5bac0417a4a21b", "text": "Singapore Singapore ( -LSB- ˈsɪŋgəpɔr -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , sometimes referred to as the Lion City , the Garden City or the Little Red Dot , is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia . It lies one degree ( 137 km ) north of the equator , at the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia , with Indonesia 's Riau Islands to the south . Singapore 's territory consists of one main island along with 62 other islets . Since independence , extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23 % ( 130 km2 ) , and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora , parks and gardens . Stamford Raffles founded colonial Singapore in 1819 as a trading post of the East India Company ; after its collapse and the eventual establishment of the British Raj , the islands were ceded to Britain and became part of its Straits Settlements in 1826 . During the Second World War , Singapore was occupied by Japan . It gained independence from the UK in 1963 by federating with other former British territories to form Malaysia , but separated two years later over ideological differences , becoming a sovereign nation in 1965 . After early years of turbulence , and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland , the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy , based on external trade and its workforce . Singapore is a global commerce , finance and transport hub . Its standings include : the most `` technology-ready '' nation ( WEF ) , top International-meetings city ( UIA ) , city with `` best investment potential '' ( BERI ) , second-most competitive country , third-largest foreign exchange market , third-largest financial centre , third-largest oil refining and trading centre , and the second-busiest container port . The country has also been identified as a tax haven . Singapore ranks 5th on the UN Human Development Index and the 3rd highest GDP per capita . It is ranked highly in education , healthcare , life expectancy , quality of life , personal safety , and housing . Although income inequality is high , 90 % of homes are owner-occupied . 38 % of Singapore 's 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals . There are four official languages : English ( common and first language ) , Malay , Mandarin , Tamil ; almost all Singaporeans are bilingual . Singapore is a unitary multiparty parliamentary republic , with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government . The People 's Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959 . The dominance of the PAP , coupled with a low level of press freedom and restrictions on civil liberties and political rights , has led to Singapore being classified by some as a semi-authoritarian regime . One of the five founding members of the ASEAN , Singapore is also the host of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Secretariat , and a member of the East Asia Summit , Non-Aligned Movement , and the Commonwealth of Nations .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "ba8d2c4ebcbcf25796f42e5f541e7be2", "text": "Port of Singapore The Port of Singapore refers to the collective facilities and terminals that conduct maritime trade handling functions in harbours and which handle Singapore 's shipping . Currently the world 's second-busiest port in terms of total shipping tonnage , it also trans-ships a fifth of the world 's shipping containers , half of the world 's annual supply of crude oil , and is the world 's busiest transshipment port . It was also the busiest port in terms of total cargo tonnage handled until 2005 , when it was surpassed by the Port of Shanghai . Thousands of ships drop anchor in the harbour , connecting the port to over 600 other ports in 123 countries and spread over six continents . The Port of Singapore is not a mere economic boon , but an economic necessity because Singapore is lacking in land and natural resources . The Port is critical for importing natural resources , and then later re-exporting products after they have been refined and shaped in some manner , for example wafer fabrication or oil refining to generate revenue . The service industries such as hospitality services typical of a port of call restock the food and water supplies on ships . Ships pass between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean through the Singapore Strait . The Straits of Johor on the country 's north are impassable for ships due to the Johor-Singapore Causeway , built in 1923 , which links the city of Woodlands , Singapore to Johor Bahru in Malaysia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "16e9e6d78a9512c71e5f9678b4beb6d2", "text": "Singapore School Kelapa Gading Singapore School , Kelapa Gading ( SIS-KG ) , sometimes referred to as SIS Kelapa Gading , is a private , early childhood to Junior College school in North Jakarta , Indonesia and a member of the SIS Group of Schools . '' It is a Cambridge International School and an IB World School as well as being fully registered with the Ministry of Education and Culture ( Indonesia ) for the Indonesian national examinations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a17bb3753c14994033acededb15dcf60", "text": "India–Singapore relations Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Singapore have traditionally been strong and friendly , with the two nations enjoying extensive cultural and commercial relations . India and Singapore have signed the Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement ( CECA ) and strategic-relationship agreement in order to increase trade , investments and economic cooperation , and expanded bilateral cooperation on maritime security , training forces , joint naval exercises , developing military technology and fighting terrorism . According to a 2010 Gallup poll , 40 % of Singaporeans approve of India 's leadership , with 23 % disapproving and 37 % uncertain .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "308d78f87fcb17fbf2c64f01a2b00d18", "text": "Singapore (disambiguation) Singapore , Singapur , Singapura , Singhapura , Singhpur , Singhpura and Singpur may refer to :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e55436cda6470e25b0ba46943aa8c4d6", "text": "Indonesia–Italy relations Indonesia -- Italy relations refers to the bilateral relations of Indonesia and Italy . Italy has shown strong desire to improve its relations with Indonesia , especially in intercultural understanding and trade . Indonesia recognizes Italy 's strategic location and important role in the middle of Mediterranean region , while Italy has favoured relations with Indonesia , and sees Indonesia as the leader in Southeast Asia . The relations between two countries not only important to bridge the two regional communities ; European Union and ASEAN , but also vital as intercultural and interfaith dialog , since Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world , and Italy is the heart of the Catholic faith . Indonesia has an embassy in Rome , that also accredited to Malta , Cyprus , San Marino , and international organizations such as FAO , IFAD , WFP , and UNIDROIT , while Italy has an embassy in Jakarta .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "da4c0a13f8e037d80cb0b1c3fc4e4525", "text": "Mediacorp Suria Mediacorp Suria or more commonly known as Suria ( Malay : `` Sun '' ) is a Singaporean Malay language channel owned by Mediacorp , broadcasting via digital cable , terrestrial , IPTV and satellite platforms . The channel broadcasts popular Malay television programmes whether they are made locally in-house or acquired from neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "729b1defd74bc8f28b90ea8ba99480a3", "text": "1993 Southeast Asian Games The 1993 Southeast Asian Games , officially known as the 17th Southeast Asian Games , was a multi-sport event held in Singapore from 12 to 20 June 1993 with 29 sports featured in the games . The games were opened by Wee Kim Wee , the President of Singapore . This was the third time Singapore hosted the games and its first since 1983 . Previously , Singapore also hosted the games for the first time in 1973 . The final medal tally was led by Indonesia , followed by Thailand , the Philippines and host Singapore . Several World , Asian , Games and National Records were broken during the games . With little or no controversies at all , the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst the Southeast Asian nations .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4754c67e8e312548d5124648f47639a6", "text": "Traditions of Indonesia Traditions of Indonesia are traditions , beliefs , values , and customs that belong within the culture of Indonesian people . Indonesia is a vast country of sprawling archipelago with a diverse demographic range of over 300 ethnic groups , and speaking more than 700 living languages . With 202.9 million Muslim s ( 88.2 % of the total population as of 2009 ) , Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in the world . Indonesia also has significant numbers of Christians . Protestant and Catholics population are the majority , with other Christian groups existing as well . The majority of Hindu demographics in Indonesia living in the island of Bali . Buddhist Indonesian are located throughout the country , and are ethnically identified as Chinese Indonesians .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cfcccd9333729dcb7f0553f9756e096f", "text": "Mexico–Singapore relations The United Mexican States and the Republic of Singapore have had diplomatic and other bilateral relations since 1975 . Current annual trade between the two countries totals over 3 billion dollars .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "696bf3474f77dbc0c149468deae675b2", "text": "Lombok Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province , Indonesia . It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands , with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east . It is roughly circular , with a `` tail '' ( Sekotong Peninsula ) to the southwest , about 70 km across and a total area of about 4,514 km ² . The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram . It is somewhat similar in size and density with neighboring Bali and shares some cultural heritage , but is administratively part of Nusa Tenggara Barat along with sparsely populated Sumbawa . It is surrounded by a number of smaller islands locally called Gili . The island was home to some 3.17 million Indonesians as recorded in the decennial 2010 census ; the latest estimate ( for January 2014 ) gives the population as 3,311,044 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "70a037b476bbec2149d6d2294ec68961", "text": "Politics of Indonesia The Politics of Indonesia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of Indonesia is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two People 's Representative Councils . The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive , legislative and judicial power . The governmental system has been described as `` presidential with parliamentary characteristics . '' Following the Indonesian riots of May 1998 and the resignation of President Suharto , several political reforms were set in motion via amendments to the Constitution of Indonesia , which resulted in changes to all branches of government .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a91b4be7c2499cdb1abd48bd325f879a", "text": "Japanese occupation of Singapore The Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II took place from 1942 to 1945 , following the fall of the British colony on 15 February 1942 . Military forces of the Empire of Japan occupied it after defeating the combined British , Indian , Australian , and Malayan garrison in the Battle of Singapore . The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations , including those of Japan , Britain , and the then-colonial state of Singapore . Singapore was renamed , meaning `` Light of the South '' . Singapore was officially returned to British colonial rule on 12 September 1945 , following the formal signing of the surrender instrument at the Municipal Building .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6e3d847285a40f9a4574c915eb51a655", "text": "Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula ( Semenanjung Tanah Melayu , سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو คาบสมุทรมลายู , , -LSB- kʰâːp.sā.mùt mā.lāː.jūː -RSB- ) is a peninsula in Southeast Asia . The land mass runs approximately north-south and , at its terminus , is the southernmost point of the Asian mainland . The area contains the southernmost tip of Myanmar , Peninsular Malaysia , and Southern Thailand . The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system , and form the backbone of the Peninsula . They form the southernmost section of the central cordillera which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus ( the Peninsula 's narrowest point ) into the Malay Peninsula . The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra while the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "833dd2dc00f9a6c25e0426fe51323582", "text": "Geography of Singapore Singapore is a small , heavily urbanised , island city-state in Southeast Asia , located at the end of the Malayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia . Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 km2 . The Singapore area comprises mainland and other islands . The mainland of Singapore measures 50 km from east to west and 27 km from north to south with 193 km of coastline . These figures are based on 2.515 m High Water Mark cadastral survey boundaries . Singapore is separated from Indonesia by the Singapore Strait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aba010d9a413c0b2a4368551c3c9a2d2", "text": "List of diplomatic missions in Singapore This is a list of diplomatic missions in Singapore . Presently , there are 69 Embassies/High Commissions , several foreign Consular posts and 11 International Organisations in Singapore . In addition , countries without any forms of diplomatic representations in Singapore have accredited non-resident Ambassadors or High Commissioners to the island city-state . As a result of the high cost of land rental Singapore due to the limited availabilities of land area in the compact city-state , many countries operates their Embassies and High Commissions in an office unit within an shopping and office apartment . However , there are some countries that have their own mission buildings . Australia , Brunei , China , France , India , Indonesia , Israel , Japan , Malaysia , Myanmar , Philippines , Russia , Switzerland , Thailand , United Kingdom , United States and Vietnam are all operating their own Embassies and High Commissions within their own diplomatic compound . Cuba opened its embassy in Singapore on 4 November 2015 , which is the latest country to have launched a new diplomatic mission . The city-state is the 125th country to have a diplomatic presence from the subtropical Caribbean island . It is currently located on the 8th floor of the King 's Centre at 390 Havelock Road . The list below excludes Honorary Consulates .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dbb8575524a51962e1d8dd6d91d3022f", "text": "Colony of Singapore The Colony of Singapore was a British Crown colony that existed from 1946 until 1963 , when Singapore became part of Malaysia . When the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies at the end of World War II , the island was handed back to the British in 1945 . In 1946 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved and Singapore together with the Cocos-Keeling and Christmas islands became a separate Crown colony . The colony was governed by the British Empire until it gained partial internal self-governance in 1955 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "21341ddcc5bcaaf0a7d9309506aabe70", "text": "Aceh Aceh ( -LSB- ˈɑːtʃeɪ -RSB- ) ; ( Acehnese : Acèh ( -LSB- - aceʔaˈtɕɛh -RSB- ) ; Jawi : ; Dutch : Atjeh or Acheh ; Indonesian : Provinsi Aceh ) is a special region of Indonesia . The territory is located at the northern end of Sumatra . Its capital is Banda Aceh . It is close to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and separated from them by the Andaman Sea . It has the highest proportion of Muslims in Indonesia , who mostly live according to Sharia customs and laws . There are 10 indigenous ethnic groups in this region , the largest being the Acehnese people , accounting for approximately 80 % to 90 % of the region 's population . Aceh is thought to have been the place where the spread of Islam in Indonesia began , and was a key factor of the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia . Islam reached Aceh ( Kingdoms of Fansur and Lamuri ) around 1250 AD . In the early seventeenth century the Sultanate of Aceh was the most wealthy , powerful and cultivated state in the Malacca Straits region . Aceh has a history of political independence and resistance to control by outsiders , including the former Dutch colonists and the Indonesian government . Aceh has substantial natural resources of oil and natural gas with some estimates that Aceh gas reserves are one of the largest in the world . Relative to most of Indonesia , it is a religiously conservative area . Aceh was the closest point of land to the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , which devastated much of the western coast of the province . Approximately 170,000 Indonesians were killed or went missing in the disaster . The disaster helped precipitate the peace agreement between the government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement ( GAM ) . Aceh was first known as Aceh Darussalam ( 1511 -- 1959 ) and then later as the Daerah Istimewa Aceh ( 1959 -- 2001 ) , Nanggroë Aceh Darussalam ( 2001 -- 2009 ) and Aceh ( 2009 -- present ) . Past spellings of Aceh include Acheh , Atjeh , and Achin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1327fe93826c5aafc9d603d098641378", "text": "Chief Secretary, Singapore The Chief Secretary , Singapore , known as the Colonial Secretary , Singapore , before 1955 , and the Colonial Secretary , Straits Settlements , before 1946 , was a high ranking government civil position in colonial Singapore ( the Straits Settlements before 1946 ) between 1867 and 1959 . It was second only to the Governor of Singapore ( formerly the Governor of the Straits Settlements ) in the colonial government . The Straits Settlements , which mainly comprised Singapore , Penang and Malacca , became a crown colony in 1867 . The position of the Colonial Secretary ( CS ) was subsequently created with a view to replacing the Resident Councillor in Singapore . During the Second World War , the position was vacant and suspended following the downfall of the Malay Peninsula into the hands of the Japanese invaders . In 1946 , Singapore parted from Penang and Malacca , forming itself into a crown colony , so the jurisdiction of CS was reduced to Singapore only . The name `` Colonial Secretary '' was later changed to `` Chief Secretary '' in 1955 when the crown colony adopted the Rendel Constitution . Having been in existence for 92 years , the position was abolished in 1959 with the complete introduction of internal self-rule for Singapore . Being the head of the CS 's Office , the CS was an ex-officio member of both the Executive and Legislative Councils , and at the same time the head of the Colonial Secretariat from 1867 to 1955 . When Singapore adopted its new constitution in 1955 , although the Colonial Secretariat was abolished , the CS remained an ex-officio member of the Council of Ministers and the Legislative Assembly . The workplace of CS was located at Empress Place Building while Sri Temasek , which was next to the Government House ( Istana ) , was the official residence of the CS .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "247f8a0a2d0a541a357acaa7c6813f60", "text": "Germany–Singapore relations Germany -- Singapore relations refers to bilateral relations between the two countries , Singapore and Germany . Singapore has an embassy in Berlin and Germany has an embassy in Singapore .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c1d5ff236e41865ac7dabec88048d499", "text": "Indonesia–Vietnam relations Indonesia -- Vietnam relations are foreign bilateral relations between Indonesia and Vietnam . Indonesia and Vietnam are neighboring nations that have a maritime border which lies on the South China Sea . Both countries are the member of ASEAN and APEC .", "title": "" } ]	fever
49ecf5927767e05600b020650880569c	Hong Kong is incapable of being consistently ranked as the world's most freest economic entity.	[ { "docid": "3cfe3ae9e2dfcc95022a2d4c25cc3cc4", "text": "Hong Kong Hong Kong , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China , is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of China . Macau lies across the delta to the west , and the province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north . With a total land area of 1,106 km2 and a population of over 7.3 million of various nationalities , it ranks as the world 's fourth most densely populated sovereign state or territory . After the First Opium War ( 1839 -- 42 ) , Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island , followed by the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898 . Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945 . In the early 1980s , negotiations between the United Kingdom and China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration , which paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , when it became a special administrative region ( SAR ) of the Peoples Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy . Under the principle of `` one country , two systems '' , Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China . Except in military defence and foreign affairs , Hong Kong maintains its independent executive , legislative and judiciary powers . In addition , Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of `` appropriate fields '' . Hong Kong is one of the world 's most significant financial centres , with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world 's most competitive and freest economic entity . As the world 's 8th largest trading entity , its legal tender , the Hong Kong dollar , is the world 's 13th most traded currency . It 's also a member of the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) . Hong Kong 's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system . However , while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , it suffers from severe income inequality . Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour , which enables ready access by international cargo ships , and its impressive skyline , with a very high density of skyscrapers ; the territory boasts the second largest number of high rises of any city in the world . It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world 's longest life expectancy . Over 90 % of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation . Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China , which adopts loose emissions standards , has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "7c9b5e6922e2cbf6924efdec9946ce61", "text": "Mainland Affairs Council The Mainland Affairs Council ( MAC ) is a cabinet-level administrative agency under the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China . The MAC is responsible for the planning , development , and implementation of policies between the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People 's Republic of China which administers mainland China , Hong Kong and Macau . The MAC counterpart body by the PRC is the Taiwan Affairs Office . Both states officially claim each other 's territory , however the Republic of China controls only Taiwan and surrounding islands , and therefore is usually known as `` Taiwan '' , sometimes referred to as the `` Free Area '' of the Republic of China by the Constitution of the Republic of China . The People 's Republic of China controls mainland China as well as Hong Kong , Macau , Hainan , and other islands and is therefore usually known simply as `` China '' . The Mainland Affairs Council is administered by a cabinet level Minister . The current Minister is Katharine Chang . The council plays an important role in setting policy and development of relations with mainland China and advising the central government . The agency funds and indirectly administers the Straits Exchange Foundation which is the official intermediary with the PRC .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a60a26ca4e2c5a2fbe79b8fd05fd2c5a", "text": "Chinese economic reform The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms termed `` Socialism with Chinese characteristics '' in the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China , led by Deng Xiaoping . China had one of the world 's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century . In the 18th century , Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest , that is , one of the most fertile , best cultivated , most industrious , most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world . The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century , with a brief recovery in the 1930s . Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages . The first stage , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , involved the decollectivization of agriculture , the opening up of the country to foreign investment , and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses . However , most industry remained state-owned . The second stage of reform , in the late 1980s and 1990s , involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls , protectionist policies , and regulations , although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained . The private sector grew remarkably , accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005 . From 1978 until 2013 , unprecedented growth occurred , with the economy increasing by 9.5 % a year . The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005 , reversing some reforms . The success of China 's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society . Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have greatly decreased poverty , while incomes and income inequality have increased , leading to a backlash led by the New Left . In the academic scene , scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese `` dual-track '' economy , and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union ; as well as the growth of other developing economies .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "49d0a070613ca4eb0e0d56823f88845b", "text": "Stock exchanges of small economies A Stock exchange is a corporation or mutual organization which provides facilities for stockbrokers and traders to trade stocks and other securities . It may be a physical trading room where the traders gather , or a formalised communications network . Creation of a stock exchange is a strategy of economic development : it provides a means of raising capital for investment . Stock markets may enhance economic activity through the creation of liquidity : a liquid equity market makes investment more attractive because it allows individuals to acquire equity and when required to sell it quickly and cheaply . At the same time , companies enjoy permanent access to capital raised through equity issues . It has been found that countries that open stock markets grow faster , on average , than the control groups . An alternative view is that market liquidity may also hurt economic growth , because it encourages short-termism . A downside of raising capital on a stock exchange is that it may result in loss of company control , typically to powerful large investors . Foreign ownership of securities and assets is often unappealing . Extremely low income levels keep share ownership beyond the reach of most people in developing countries . Countries without a stock exchange include Democratic Republic of the Congo . The Mongolian Stock Exchange was the world 's smallest stock exchange by market capitalisation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8f76ce6c50ae161f0761cc1fce724fcc", "text": "Internet censorship in Hong Kong There is very little Internet censorship in Hong Kong beyond laws that criminalize the distribution of unlicensed copyrighted material and obscene images , particularly child pornography . Hong Kong law provides for freedom of speech and press , and the government generally respects these rights in practice . Freedom of expression is well protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights . No websites , regardless of their political views , are blocked and government licenses are not required to operate a website . There is some monitoring of the Internet . Democratic activists claim central government authorities closely monitor their e-mails and Internet use .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8ec8013b019a7274d2aa14a84e522757", "text": "List of largest Chinese companies This article lists the largest companies in China in terms of their revenue , net profit and total assets , according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes . In 2014 , Fortune '' 's Global 500 list of the world 's largest corporations included 95 Chinese companies , with combined revenues of US$ 5.8 trillion . That same year , Forbes '' reported that five of the world 's ten largest public companies were Chinese , including the world 's largest bank by total assets , the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China . Many of China 's largest companies are state-owned enterprises , due to the significant presence of the governing Chinese Communist Party in the national economy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f21e0818cab5dc91ac54dc03cf56d41", "text": "Foreign relations of Hong Kong Under the Basic Law , the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations , whilst the Government of the People 's Republic of China is responsible for its foreign affairs and defence . As a separate customs territory , Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions , and plays an active role in such international organisations as World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) in its own right under the name of Hong Kong , China .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d98b589e6e79a368c93a506d4c1156d0", "text": "Pro-Beijing camp Pro-Beijing camp , pro-China camp or pro-establishment camp refers to a political alignment in Hong Kong which generally supports the policies of the Beijing government towards Hong Kong . The term `` pro-establishment camp '' is regularly in use to label the boarder segment of the Hong Kong political arena which has the closer relationship with the establishment , namely the Government of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) . It is also portrayed as the `` Patriotic Front '' by the pro-Beijing media and sometimes portrayed as `` loyalists '' by the pro-democracy camp . The pro-Beijing evolved from Hong Kong 's pro-Communist faction , which was often called the `` leftists '' , who have had a long history of following directions of the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) towards Hong Kong . It launched the 1967 Leftist Riots against the British colonial rule in Hong Kong and had a long rivalry with the pro-Kuomintang bloc . After the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed in 1984 , affirming Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong from 1997 , the traditional leftists realigned itself and formed a `` United Front '' with the conservative pro-business elites to counter the emergence of the pro-democracy camp in the 1990s and ensure a smooth transition of the Hong Kong sovereignty in Beijing 's interest . Since the handover in 1997 , the pro-Beijing camp has become the major supporting force of the Hong Kong government and maintained control of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) , with the advantages in the indirectly elected functional constituencies . It generally embraces the conservative values politically , socially and economically and Chinese nationalistic and patriotic sentiments .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "19c3162d15945961ffa26e25f994f3ab", "text": "Economy of Brazil Brazil has the world 's ninth largest economy by nominal GDP , and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity . The Brazilian economy is characterized by an inward-oriented economy . Brazil 's economy is the largest of Latin America and the second largest in the Americas . From 2000 to 2012 , Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world , with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 % , with its economy in 2012 surpassing that of the United Kingdom , temporarily making Brazil the world 's sixth largest economy . However , Brazil 's economy growth decelerated in 2013 and the country entered a recession in 2014 . According to the World Economic Forum , Brazil was the top country in upward evolution of competitiveness in 2009 , gaining eight positions among other countries , overcoming Russia for the first time , and partially closing the competitiveness gap with India and China among the BRIC economies . Important steps taken since the 1990s toward fiscal sustainability , as well as measures taken to liberalize and open the economy , have significantly boosted the country 's competitiveness fundamentals , providing a better environment for private-sector development . In 2012 Forbes ranked Brazil as having the 5th largest number of billionaires in the world , a number much larger than what is found in other Latin American countries , and even ahead of United Kingdom and Japan . Brazil is a member of diverse economic organizations , such as Mercosur , Unasul , G8 +5 , G20 , WTO , and the Cairns Group .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "88c7762732eeba35d7c29747e75c0764", "text": "Prostitution in China Shortly after taking power in 1949 , the Communist Party of China embarked upon a series of campaigns that purportedly eradicated prostitution from mainland China by the early 1960s . Since the loosening of government controls over society in the early 1980s , prostitution in mainland China not only has become more visible , but can now be found throughout both urban and rural areas . In spite of government efforts , prostitution has now developed to the extent that it comprises an industry , one that involves a great number of people and produces a considerable economic output . Prostitution has also become associated with a number of problems , including organized crime , government corruption and sexually transmitted diseases . For example , a Communist Party official who was a top provincial campaigner against corruption was removed from his post after he was caught in a hotel room with a prostitute . Prostitution-related activities in mainland China are characterised by diverse types , venues and prices . Prostitutes themselves come from a broad range of social backgrounds . They are almost all female , though in recent years male prostitutes have also emerged . A large number of Russian women work as prostitutes in China . Venues typically include hotels , karaoke venues and beauty salons . Officially , prostitution is illegal in mainland China . The government of China has vacillated , however , in its legal treatment of prostitutes themselves , treating them sometimes as criminals and sometimes as behaving with misconduct . Since the reemergence of prostitution in the 1980s , government authorities have responded by first using the legal system , that is , the daily operations of institutions like courts and police . Second , they have relied on police-led campaigns , clearly delineated periods of intense public activity , as a form of social discipline . Despite lobbying by international NGOs and overseas commentators , there is not much support for legalisation of the sex sector by the public , social organizations or the government of the PRC . While the sale of sexual intercourse remains illegal throughout mainland China , as of 2013 erotic massage , or more commonly known as massage with `` happy endings , '' is legal in the city of Foshan in Guangdong province . In June of that year , the Foshan Court determined that the sale of erotic massage is not the same as prostitution .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7bbc27ac616a6a5c872488cc6580a0cd", "text": "Metropolis Daily Metropolis Daily is the Hong Kong edition of Metro ( Metro International ) , which publishes free newspapers around the world with 25 editions in 16 countries in 14 languages . It is the first free newspaper in Hong Kong . The Hong Kong version was first launched on April 15 , 2002 ; it is distributed for free in the racks located in 49 Mass Transit Railway ( MTR ) stations except the Airport Station . According to the Hong Kong Audit Bureau of Circulations in September 2002 , the daily circulation of the newspaper was 302,197 copies , making it the third largest daily newspaper in Hong Kong . The paper is distributed from Monday to Friday ( except for public holidays ) , by hand or from the newspaper stands in 49 MTR stations and 11 other key central locations , such as big shopping malls owned by MTR Corporation Limited like Paradise Mall , Telford Plaza , and Luk Yeung Galleria ( 綠楊坊 Pinyin : lǜ yáng fāng ) . Since it is free of charge and easily accessible , many people like to get one on their way to school or work . The paper attracts a younger generation of readers with a great purchasing power likewise , therefore many advertisers are interested in promoting their products on Metropolis Daily . The operating costs of the paper are mainly covered by the classified advertisements in the newspaper . However , the influence of the paper is not yet significant . Though around one tenth size of other newspapers printing local first-hand news reported by fresh journalists , its main news sources are actually the television , radio news , press releases and wired news . As one Metropolis '' ' reporter said , `` Nobody seems to know that we made an exclusive story . '' The paper is in Chinese in most parts , together with an English international section . According to Metropolis , the paper can be read in a `` 19-minute commute '' as the articles inside are usually short and laconic ; readers can scan through the paper so quickly that they can grab a brief understanding of the news within minutes . Although the paper is a tabloid , i.e. a minute-sized newspaper giving the stories in a condensed form , it includes many sections , which make the paper very rich in contents . These sections include : local news ( including one page written in Simplified Chinese ) ; Chinese news ; international news ; finance ; sports ; entertainment ; side stories ; English news digest ; editorial column ; television program schedule ; and film section . Readers can read the on-line edition of Metropolis all over the world by simply registering as users at its official site , and it is totally free . Besides , there is also a club called `` Club Metro '' '' offering discounts in films , sports and travel to its members . Readers can enjoy these benefits once they have joined the club . There are 700,000 worldwide members in this club .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68565af946b0b8279ccc7d77f2e5f794", "text": "Monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a group , usually a family called the dynasty , embodies the country 's national identity and one of its members , called the monarch , exercises a role of sovereignty . The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic ( crowned republic ) , to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) , to completely autocratic ( absolute monarchy ) . Traditionally and in most cases , the monarch 's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected . Each of these has variations : in some elected monarchies only those of certain pedigrees are , whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion , age , gender , mental capacity , etc. . Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election . Finally , there have been cases where the term of a monarch 's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved : an invasion being repulsed , for instance . Thus there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy . Monarchy was the most common form of government until the 19th century , but it is no longer prevalent . Where it exists , it is now usually a constitutional monarchy , in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role , but exercises limited or no official political power : under the written or unwritten constitution , others have governing authority . Currently , 47 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state , 19 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state . All European monarchies are constitutional ones , with the exception of the Vatican City which is an elective monarchy , but sovereigns in the smaller states exercise greater political influence than in the larger . The monarchs of Cambodia , Japan , and Malaysia `` reign , but do not rule '' although there is considerable variation in the degree of authority they wield . Although they reign under constitutions , the monarchs of Brunei , Morocco , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and Swaziland appear to continue to exercise more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations , either by constitutional mandate or by tradition .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7de275f0a62cec141adc059c8bd1eec5", "text": "Oriental management Oriental management , doing research on both the latest and historical theories and practices of management both inside and outside China and operation rules of management , is one of the modern management schools . Oriental management , based on the unique traditional culture of eastern countries , especially China , has integrated the essence of management thoughts from both the east and the west , after decades of study . The theoretical foundations of oriental management are Chinese Management , Western Management and Overseas Chinese Management.The concept of `` human orientedness '' , `` human morality '' and `` human behavior '' , which is the essence and core value of oriental management , was created by Prof. Su Dongshui , who is the founder of oriental management school , in the early 1990s . The research scope of oriental management is not confined to business , but extending to almost all fields of management , including individual governance , management analysis , family governance , business governance and state governance . By exercising and implementing the `` Fifteen philosophical elements '' , including rules of governing a state , flexibility against changes , human orientedness , application of power , pragmaticism , regarding harmony as priority , attaching importance on using tools , state governance by law , embarking on a business with credit and good faith , being well planned , stratagem in decision making , subtle using of tactics , being highly efficient and uncorrupted , being industrious in making a fortune , and entelechy with reason , the highest purpose or ultimate value of oriental management is harmonious society in which everybody fulfills his comprehensive and free development .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ca83c2d7b16cc8fb1b88a8d89aa09ef2", "text": "United Kingdom company law The United Kingdom company law regulates corporations formed under the Companies Act 2006 . Also governed by the Insolvency Act 1986 , the UK Corporate Governance Code , European Union Directives and court cases , the company is the primary legal vehicle to organise and run business . Tracing their modern history to the late Industrial Revolution , public companies now employ more people and generate more of wealth in the United Kingdom economy than any other form of organisation . The United Kingdom was the first country to draft modern corporation statutes , where through a simple registration procedure any investors could incorporate , limit liability to their commercial creditors in the event of business insolvency , and where management was delegated to a centralised board of directors . An influential model within Europe , the Commonwealth and as an international standard setter , UK law has always given people broad freedom to design the internal company rules , so long as the mandatory minimum rights of investors under its legislation are complied with . Company law , or corporate law , can be broken down into two main fields . Corporate governance in the UK mediates the rights and duties among shareholders , employees , creditors and directors . Since the board of directors habitually possesses the power to manage the business under a company constitution , a central theme is what mechanisms exist to ensure directors ' accountability . UK law is `` shareholder friendly '' in that shareholders , to the exclusion of employees , typically exercise sole voting rights in the general meeting . The general meeting holds a series of minimum rights to change the company constitution , issue resolutions and remove members of the board . In turn , directors owe a set of duties to their companies . Directors must carry out their responsibilities with competence , in good faith and undivided loyalty to the enterprise . If the mechanisms of voting do not prove enough , particularly for minority shareholders , directors ' duties and other member rights may be vindicated in court . Of central importance in public and listed companies is the securities market , typified by the London Stock Exchange . Through the Takeover Code the UK strongly protects the right of shareholders to be treated equally and freely trade their shares . Corporate finance concerns the two money raising options for limited companies . Equity finance involves the traditional method of issuing shares to build up a company 's capital . Shares can contain any rights the company and purchaser wish to contract for , but generally grant the right to participate in dividends after a company earns profits and the right to vote in company affairs . A purchaser of shares is helped to make an informed decision directly by prospectus requirements of full disclosure , and indirectly through restrictions on financial assistance by companies for purchase of their own shares . Debt finance means getting loans , usually for the price of a fixed annual interest repayment . Sophisticated lenders , such as banks typically contract for a security interest over the assets of a company , so that in the event of default on loan repayments they may seize the company 's property directly to satisfy debts . Creditors are also , to some extent , protected by courts ' power to set aside unfair transactions before a company goes under , or recoup money from negligent directors engaged in wrongful trading . If a company is unable to pay its debts as they fall due , UK insolvency law requires an administrator to attempt a rescue of the company ( if the company itself has the assets to pay for this ) . If rescue proves impossible , a company 's life ends when its assets are liquidated , distributed to creditors and the company is struck off the register . If a company becomes insolvent with no assets it can be wound up by a creditor , for a fee ( not that common ) , or more commonly by the tax creditor ( HMRC ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "36f0a703c0f295b3ae0d58513aa6e440", "text": "Taxation in Hong Kong Under Article 108 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong , the taxation system in Hong Kong is independent of , and different from , the taxation system in mainland China . In addition , under Article 106 of the Hong Kong Basic Law , Hong Kong enjoys independent public finance , and no tax revenue is handed over to the Central Government in China . The taxation system in Hong Kong is generally considered to be simple , transparent and straightforward among jurisdictions in the world . Taxes are collected through the Inland Revenue Department ( IRD ) . Since the Common Law System is applied in Hong Kong , judgements by the Courts and Boards of Review in tax law cases are resorted to assist the interpretation of taxation rules and concepts . Furthermore , the Inland Revenue Department also issues Departmental Interpretation and Practice Notes ( DIPNs ) from time to time to clarify and elaborate on the tax rules and to smoothen the tax collection process . Taxes collected in Hong Kong can be generally classified as : Direct tax -- including Salaries Tax , Property Tax and Profits Tax ; the guiding statue is Inland Revenue Ordinance ( Cap 112 ) ; Indirect tax -- including Stamps Duty , Betting Duty , Estate Duty ( abolished on 11 February 2006 ) and others . In the fiscal year 2013/14 , Profits tax , an income tax on corporations constituted the largest source of tax collected by the government , followed by Salaries Tax , an income tax on individuals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "746bde4f3d1fe30755c48c42111cb078", "text": "History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present) The People 's Republic of China became more influential economically in the 1990s and 2000s and was beginning to be widely recognized as an emerging superpower . In 2010 , China became the world 's second largest economy by GDP . At the same time , numerous social problems emerged and intensified . As Paramount leader Jiang Zemin , NPCSC Chairman Li Peng and PRC Premier Zhu Rongji , gradually retired from their position of power , `` fourth-generation '' leaders , led by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao , faced with increasing social unrest , attempted to steer the country towards a new direction . From the path of focusing solely on economic development , Hu and Wen placed focus on creating an overall balance under the idea of the Scientific Outlook on Development to create a socialist harmonious society . In this process , there was an unprecedented shift in stance towards favouring rural development and farmers , as well as other generally populist policies . The Hu-Wen government , on the same token , attempted to restrict some personal freedoms , especially those associated with political content on the Internet . China 's increased prominence on the global stage has also brought with it general skepticism and intense scrutiny , especially in the lead up to the 2008 Summer Olympics and after the March 2008 protests in Tibet . The government continues to be criticized on human rights abuses and the various product quality scandals that have increasingly damaged the country 's integrity and continues to raise suspicions about the country 's safety standards . The majority of China 's population , however , point to the immense progress the country has made and generally discredit criticisms of China as being embedded in cultural and historical misunderstandings and rooted in paranoia of China 's potential dominance on the world stage . These ideological clashes , fused with rhetoric from Beijing , has led to an intense wave of nationalism ( or Socialist patriotism ) surfacing in Chinese populations around the world . As of mid-2012 , government statistics show that for the first time ever over 50 % of the Chinese population now live in urban areas , marking a milestone in the urbanization of China . The majority of modern city dwellers are migrants and their children who moved to cities during the economic boom of the last 30 years started by Deng Xiaoping 's policy of economic liberalization .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8be9d8c3cd1113ea5e38baa1a5191ef4", "text": "Hong Kong Cantonese Hong Kong Cantonese is a dialect of the Cantonese language commonly spoken in Hong Kong , as well as Macau . Although the Hong Kong people largely identify this variant of Chinese with the term `` Cantonese '' , a variety of publications in Mainland China describe the variant as Hong Kong speech . There are slight differences between the pronunciation used in Hong Kong Cantonese and that of the Cantonese spoken in the neighbouring Chinese province of Guangdong , where Cantonese ( based on the Guangzhou dialect ) is a main lingua franca . Over the years , Hong Kong Cantonese has also absorbed foreign terminology and developed a large set of Hong Kong-specific terms . These differences from the Guangzhou dialect are the result of British rule between 1841 and 1997 , as well as the closure of the Hong Kong-China border immediately after the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d4d7215f628af5fcbbd8cb133796e61", "text": "City Telecom (Hong Kong) City Telecom ( H.K. ) Limited ( CTI , ) was established in 1992 . It is a provider of residential and corporate fixed network and international telecommunications services in Hong Kong , currently the second largest provider of broadband internet in the country . CTI played a significant role in liberalizing the international telecommunications market monopoly in Hong Kong since their launch of services . CTI 's wholly owned subsidiary , Hong Kong Broadband Network Limited ( `` HKBN '' ) , is a major fixed telecom network services operator , providing the world 's fastest residential 1 Gbit/s , 200Mbit/s , 100Mbit/s , 50Mbit/s and 25Mbit/s broadband Internet access , telephony , IP-TV and corporate data services with their self-built Metro Ethernet IP network , which is the largest alternative end-to-end network in Hong Kong . Since their establishment , the Group has aggressively marketed itself and its services to capitalize on the growth and deregulation of the Hong Kong telecommunications market . HKBN is the first ISP to deploy Fibre-To-The-Home ( FTTH ) in the local residential market in September 2007 while the other competitors still predominately use copper wires for their last mile . City Telecom was listed on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited ( Stock Code : 1137 ) in August 1997 with an ADR Listing on the Nasdaq National Market ( Ticker Symbol : CTEL ) in the US in November 1999 . In addition to the operations in Hong Kong , the Group also has branch offices in Canada and Guangzhou . The Group had the strongest turnover growth since FY2000 , with the consolidated turnover grew by 14.2 % year-on-year to HK$ 1,303.0 million for the year ended 31 August 2008 . This solid growth was primarily contributed by their increase in Fixed Telecommunications Network Service business ( FTNS ) of 23.8 % to HK$ 1,011.0 million . Besides , the Group 's profits attributable to their shareholders increased by 333.2 % to HK$ 125.2 million with basic earnings per share reaching HK$ 19.7 cents .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bcc3ddb3468cbfdd94c9e8cd861b0da4", "text": "Stateless nation Stateless nation is a political term for ethnic/national minority that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state . The term implies that the group `` should have '' such a state . Members of stateless ethnic groups may be citizens/nationals of the country in which they live , or they may be denied citizenship by that country . Stateless nations are usually not represented as a nation in international sports such as FIFA , Olympics or in international communities such as the United Nations . Nations without state are classified as fourth world nations . Some of the stateless nations have a great heritage and a long tradition of statehood in the past and some were always a stateless nation , which was dominated by another nation for a large part of its history . Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states ( for example , the Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria , Benin and Togo ) or form the native population of a province within a larger state ( such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People 's Republic of China ) . Some stateless nations historically had a state , which was absorbed by another ; for example , Tibet 's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized , and it was invaded in 1951 by the People 's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China , while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under unlawful occupation . Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state ( for example , the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats , Serbs , Bosniaks , Slovenes , Montenegrins , Kosovars and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia . Since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed ) . Stateless nations can have large population . For example , The Tamils are a stateless nation in South Asia with a population of more than 70 million . They form one of the largest ethnic groups in South India . Governments may respond differently on stateless nations in their states . For example , the suppression of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka led to one of the longest and most violent separatist conflict between 1983 and 2009 . However , a similar ethnic conflict was absent among Tamils in India during this period , because they were peacefully integrated into the federal structure of India . Multiple stateless nations can reside in the same region . For example , Catalans , Basques , Aragonese , Galicians , Asturians , Valencians , Andalusians in Iberian Peninsula or the Brahui , Santhals and Balochs in South Asia . The Romani people are another stateless people . They may be a special case being distributed among numerous countries with no clear homeland ; as a traditionally `` nomadic '' people , the Romani/Roma are a classical `` stateless nation '' without aspiration to sovereign territory . As not all states are nation states , there are a number of ethnic groups who live in a multinational state without being considered `` stateless nations '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7fc9bd2edd80b9b3b2e75e157669e64", "text": "Human rights in Tibet Human rights in Tibet is a contentious issue . According to a 1992 Amnesty International report , judicial standards in China , including in Tibet , were not up to `` international standards '' . The report charged the Chinese Communist Party government with keeping political prisoners and prisoners of conscience , including the death penalty in its penal code , ill-treatment of detainees and inaction in the face of ill-treatment of detainees , including torture , the use of the death penalty , extrajudicial executions , forced abortions and sterilisation . The status of religion , mainly as it relates to figures who are both religious and political , such as the 14th Dalai Lama , is a regular object of criticism . Reported abuses of human rights in Tibet include restricted freedom of religion , belief , and association . Specifically , Tibetans have faced arbitrary arrest and maltreatment in custody , including torture at the hands of Chinese authorities . Freedom of the Press in the PRC is still absent , and Tibet 's media is tightly controlled by the Chinese leadership , making it difficult to determine accurately the scope of human rights abuses . A series of reports published in the late 1980s claimed that China was forcing Tibetans to adhere to strict birth control programs that included forced abortions , sterilizations , and even infanticide . Before the Invasion of Tibet in 1951 , Tibet was ruled by a theocracy and had a caste-like social hierarchy . Official crackdowns in the region generally center on `` the three evils of separatism , terrorism and religious extremism , '' which give pretext for abuses .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d7e8dae00dd5becff880baa20a28f986", "text": "Corruption in China Corruption in China post-1949 lies in the `` organizational involution '' of the ruling party , including the Communist Party of China 's policies , institutions , norms , and failure to adapt to a changing environment in the post-Mao era caused by the market liberalization reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping . Like other socialist economies that have undertaken economic reforms , such as post-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia , reform-era China has experienced increasing levels of corruption . Cadre corruption in China has been subject to significant media attention since Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping announced his Anti-corruption campaign following the 18th National Congress which was held in November 2012 . Despite this high-profile anti-graft drive , in 2014 China was ranked No. 100 in Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index , which is 20 places lower than 2013 , when it ranked No. 80 . According to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International , China ranks 79th place out of 176 countries . This puts China on par with Algeria and Suriname , and comparable to Armenia , Colombia , Egypt , Gabon , Liberia , Panama , Bolivia , Mexico , Moldova and Niger . China ranked less corrupt than neighbours Myanmar , Vietnam , Laos , North Korea , Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Afghanistan , Pakistan and Nepal but more corrupt than neighbours Australia , New Zealand , Singapore , India , Bhutan , Macau , Hong Kong and Mongolia . Means of corruption include graft , bribery , embezzlement , backdoor deals , nepotism , patronage , and statistical falsification . Public surveys on the mainland since the late 1980s have shown that it is among the top concerns of the general public . According to Yan Sun , Associate Professor of Political Science at the City University of New York , it was corruption , rather than democracy as such , that lay at the root of the social dissatisfaction that led to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . Corruption undermines the legitimacy of the CPC , adds to economic inequality , undermines the environment , and fuels social unrest . Since then , corruption has not slowed down as a result of greater economic freedom , but instead has grown more entrenched and severe in its character and scope . Business deals often involve participation in corruption . In popular perception , there are more dishonest CPC officials than honest ones , a reversal of the views held in the first decade of reform of the 1980s . China specialist Minxin Pei argues that failure to contain widespread corruption is among the most serious threats to China 's future economic and political stability . Bribery , kickbacks , theft , and misspending of public funds costs at least three percent of GDP . China , though not a member of the OECD has participated as an observer in the OECD Working Group on Bribery in International Business Transactions , see OECD Anti-Bribery Convention .", "title": "" } ]	fever
642dbaeae1843f53bb7ca8d3d2c6d4b8	Unapologetic is a work.	[ { "docid": "64a6f3a27ecc2f0dc0ef5b6959936151", "text": "Unapologetic Unapologetic is the seventh studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on November 19 , 2012 , by Def Jam Recordings and SRP Records . It was recorded between June and November 2012 , during promotion of her sixth album , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . As executive producer , Rihanna enlisted previous collaborators The-Dream , David Guetta , Chase & Status , and StarGate to work alongside new collaborators such as Parker Ighile , Mike Will Made-It , and Labrinth . Unapologetic is mainly a pop , dubstep and R&B album that incorporates elements of hip hop , EDM and reggae in its production , similar to the sound of her previous albums Talk That Talk and Rated R ( 2009 ) . Unapologetic received generally mixed reviews from critics , with some reviewers describing its music as interesting , while others criticized its lyrical content and rushed nature . The album won a Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2014 ceremony . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 238,000 copies , becoming Rihanna 's first number one album on the chart and best-selling debut week of her career . The album also became the singer 's third , fourth , and fifth consecutive number one album in the United Kingdom , Norway , and Switzerland , respectively . As of December 2014 , Unapologetic has sold over four million copies worldwide . The album produced seven singles including the international hits `` Diamonds '' and `` Stay '' . The former peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one song , tying her with Madonna and The Supremes for fourth most number one songs in the history of the chart . Prior to its release , Rihanna promoted the album with the 777 Tour which consisted of a seven-date promotional tour in which she performed seven concerts each in a different city in North America and Europe in seven days . To further promote Unapologetic , Rihanna embarked on her fourth worldwide tour entitled the Diamonds World Tour .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "53341abcf654b9bdc7c0523fb8f99c21", "text": "Erotic comics Erotic comics are adult comics which focus substantially on nudity and sexual activity , either for their own sake or as a major story element . As such they are usually not permitted to be sold to legal minors . Like other genres of comics , they can consist of single panels , short comic strips , comic books , or graphic novels/albums . Although never a mainstream genre , they have existed as a niche alongside -- but usually separate from -- other genres of comics . During the mid-twentieth century , most comics were produced for children , and in North America the contents of most comics were constrained by the Comics Code Authority to be suitable for children . Consequently erotic comics have sometimes been subject to criticism and extra scrutiny compared to other forms of erotic art and storytelling . Additionally , the application of laws against child pornography to materials featuring fictional characters with no legal ages , have varied internationally .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ef1d3a98c81d39e94e9dc68e77c61b59", "text": "Genre Genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒ̃rə -RSB- , -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- from French genre -LSB- ʒɑ̃ʁ -RSB- , `` kind '' or `` sort '' , from Latin genus ( stem gener - ) , Greek γένος , génos ) is any form or type of communication in any mode ( written , spoken , digital , artistic , etc. ) with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time . Genre is most popularly known as a category of literature , music , or other forms of art or entertainment , whether written or spoken , audio or visual , based on some set of stylistic criteria , yet genres can be aesthetic , rhetorical , communicative , or functional . Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented and the use of old ones is discontinued . Often , works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions . Stand alone texts , works , or pieces of communication may have individual styles , but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed upon or socially inferred conventions . Some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible . Genre began as an absolute classification system for ancient Greek literature . Poetry , prose , and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story . Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy , and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best . In later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators . Genre became a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art . Because art is often a response to a social state , in that people write/paint/sing / dance about what they know about , the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings . Genre suffers from the same ills of any classification system . Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to weigh works on their unique merit . It has been suggested that genres resonate with people because of the familiarity , the shorthand communication , as well as the tendency of genres to shift with public mores and to reflect the zeitgeist . While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions , admiration has grown . Proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation , recombination , and evolution of the codes .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "01f1edd549c69eaded53194c7337eeb3", "text": "Idealism (Christian eschatology) Idealism ( also called the spiritual approach , the allegorical approach , the nonliteral approach , and many other names ) in Christian eschatology is an interpretation of the Book of Revelation that sees all of the imagery of the book as symbols . Jacob Taubes writes that idealist eschatology came about as Renaissance thinkers began to doubt that the Kingdom of Heaven had been established on earth , or would be established , but still believed in its establishment . Rather than the Kingdom of Heaven being present in society , it is established subjectively for the individual . F. D. Maurice interpreted the Kingdom of Heaven idealistically as a symbol representing society 's general improvement , instead of a physical and political kingdom . Karl Barth interprets eschatology as representing existential truths that bring the individual hope , rather than history or future-history . Barth 's ideas provided fuel for the Social Gospel philosophy in America , which saw social change not as performing `` required '' good works , but because the individuals involved felt that Christians could not simply ignore society 's problems with future dreams . Different authors have suggested that the Beast represents various social injustices , such as exploitation of workers , wealth , the elite , commerce , materialism , and imperialism . Various Christian anarchists , such as Jacques Ellul , have identified the State and political power as the Beast . It is distinct from Preterism , Futurism and Historicism in that it does not see any of the prophecies ( except in some cases the Second Coming , and Final Judgment ) as being fulfilled in a literal , physical , earthly sense either in the past , present or future , and that to interpret the eschatological portions of the Bible in a historical or future-historical fashion is an erroneous understanding .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "38077d1ad0f14e45d9fdded17ab73cc1", "text": "Confessional poetry Confessional poetry or Confessionalism is a style of poetry that emerged in the United States during the 1950s . It has been described as poetry `` of the personal '' , focusing on extreme moments of individual experience , the psyche , and personal trauma , including previously and occasionally still taboo matters such as mental illness , sexuality , and suicide , often set in relation to broader social themes . It is sometimes also classified as Postmodernism . The school of `` Confessional poetry '' was associated with several poets who redefined American poetry in the 1950s and 1960s , including Robert Lowell , Sylvia Plath , John Berryman , Anne Sexton , Allen Ginsberg , and W. D. Snodgrass .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5be3c18f8aebe2769f45d73b37e2cecf", "text": "Criticism of postmodernism Criticisms of postmodernism are intellectually diverse , including the belief that postmodernism can be meaningless , promotes obscurantism and uses relativism ( in culture , morality , knowledge ) to the extent that it cripples most judgement calls . Criticism of postmodernism is usually not a comprehensive attack on the various diverse movements labelled postmodern . Criticism often refers to specific branches of postmodernism which may vary greatly such as postmodern philosophy , postmodern architecture and postmodern literature . It may also be limited to certain tendencies in postmodern thought such as post-structuralism , cultural relativism and `` theory '' . For example , a philosopher may criticize French postmodern thought yet still appreciate postmodern cinema . Conversely Ashbee criticises most creative postmodern works ( works of art , books , films etc. ) without broadly attacking the entire inventory of varied post-modern projects .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e4966e2ea4e5678deee7f49105cdde4e", "text": "Copyright law of the Netherlands According to the Dutch Copyright Law ( called Auteurswet ) , a Dutch copyright ( called auteursrecht ) is the exclusive right of the author of a work of literature , science or art , to publish and duplicate such work ( article 1 ) . A copyright comes into existence by making the work . No formalities , such as copyright registration , are necessary to obtain a copyright . The duration of a copyright is 70 years after the death of the author ( article 37 ) . The term `` work '' includes many materials , such as books , brochures , films , photographs , musical works , works of visual art and geographical maps ( article 10 ) . Further , the Dutch Supreme Court has ruled that to be considered a work , it should have its own , original character with the personal imprint of the author ( HR 4 January 1991 , NJ 1991 , 608 ( Van Dale/Romme ) ) . The exclusive right to publish a work includes amongst others the publication of a copy of ( part of ) the work , the public recitation thereof and to rent or lend ( part of ) the work to public institutions ( article 12 ) . The exclusive right to duplicate a work includes amongst others the recording , the translation , the music arrangement and the adaptation for the screen of the work ( article 13 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6f6eeb8cf21567af8644d6200afb43c8", "text": "Antifrustrationism Antifrustrationism is an axiological position proposed by German philosopher Christoph Fehige , which states that `` we do n't do any good by creating satisfied extra preferences . What matters about preferences is not that they have a satisfied existence , but that they do n't have a frustrated existence . '' According to Fehige , `` maximizers of preference satisfaction should instead call themselves minimizers of preference frustration . '' What makes the world better is `` not its amount of preference satisfaction , but the avoided preference frustration . '' In the words of Fehige , `` we have obligations to make preferrers satisfied , but no obligations to make satisfied preferrers . '' The position stands in contrast to classical utilitarianism , among other ethical theories , which holds that creating `` satisfied preferrers '' is , or can be , a good in itself . Antifrustrationism has similarities with , although it is different from , negative utilitarianism , the teachings of Buddha , Stoicism , philosophical pessimism , and Schopenhauer 's philosophy . In particular , negative preference utilitarianism states that we should act in such a way that the number of frustrated preference is minimized and is therefore directly based on antifrustrationism . The difference is that antifrustrationism is an axiology , whereas negative preference utilitarianism is an ethical theory . The moral philosopher Peter Singer has , in the past , endorsed a position similar to antifrustrationism ( negative preference utilitarianism ) , writing :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "60863efdeef23d1616160ae30d5742df", "text": "New Objectivity (film) New Objectivity ( a translation of the German Neue Sachlichkeit , alternatively translated as `` New Sobriety '' or `` New matter-of-factness '' ) was an art movement that emerged in Germany in the early 1920s as a counter to expressionism . The term applies to a number of artistic forms , including film . In film , New Objectivity reached its high point around 1929 . It translated into realistic cinematic settings , straightforward camerawork and editing , a tendency to examine inanimate objects as a way to interpret characters and events , a lack of overt emotionalism , and social themes . The director most associated with the movement is Georg Wilhelm Pabst . Pabst 's films of the 1920s concentrate on subjects such as abortion , prostitution , labor disputes , homosexuality , and addiction . His cool and critical 1925 Joyless Street is a landmark of the objective style . Pabst 's 1930 pacifist sound film Westfront 1918 views the World War I experience in a bleak , matter-of-fact way . With its clear denunciation of war , it was soon banned as unsuitable for public viewing . Other directors in the style included Ernő Metzner , Berthold Viertel , and Gerhard Lamprecht . The movement ended essentially in 1933 with the fall of the Weimar Republic .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2baa2daf44b466d44378b0c0837064d8", "text": "Leave Your Soul to Science Leave Your Soul to Science is the sixth studio album by Melbourne band Something for Kate , released in September 28 , 2012 . The album debuted at No. 5 on the ARIA Charts . The album was produced by John Congleton , whose previous credits include Okkervil River , Shearwater and The New Pornographers and recorded at his Elmwood studio in Dallas , Texas . Frontman Paul Dempsey told The Age the band had been looking for someone to tell them when enough was enough . `` We recognised an inclination or proclivity among ourselves to procrastinate and keep layering stuff up , '' he said . `` We knew that we needed to fight that instinct and he was very much the guy to help us . '' He told the Hobart Mercury Congleton was `` the perfect guy for our new-found relaxed attitude '' : `` He 's a real experimenter and we were feeling very experimental ourselves . The four of us would just sit around and throw out ideas , and do the strangest , dumbest things and see what worked . Whenever we thought something was weird and interesting but we were n't sure about it , we 'd just run with it any sort of uncertainty was a good thing . We ran with the uncertainty and embraced the feeling of not being 100 per cent sure of everything we were doing . '' Dempsey said he had been unsatisfied with the way some songs on previous albums had been captured . `` In previous years we were concerned with being perfectionists , and trying to make everything just so . What we realised after a long time is that that actually can end up sucking the life out of things , and that perhaps the better way to do things is to fly by the seat of your pants and rely on the spontaneous energy of the moment . Some of our past records have suffered a bit from too much nitpicking , and this latest record really has zero nitpicking . There 's plenty of audible mistakes and weird moments where we just went fuck it , just leave it , it 's all part of what happens when you hit record . '' Dempsey said the album 's lyrics contained an abundance of often cryptic black humour . He said he found the lyrics of `` This Economy '' , a song of lost love set in the context of the global financial crisis , `` hilariously funny '' . `` The song reeks of ( disgraced businessman ) Bernie Madoff and it reeks of young Wall Street executives who equate the size of their wallets with the success of their human relationships , '' he said . Dempsey said he was not bothered if people misunderstood his lyrics . `` If my humour does n't translate , there should n't need to be a press release letting everyone know that I 'm funny . '' The album 's cover and inner book photography was by bassist Stephanie Ashworth .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3535254c1e1b6409606645c5fd4b7ad3", "text": "Life imitating art Anti-mimesis is a philosophical position that holds the direct opposite of Aristotelian mimesis . Its most notable proponent is Oscar Wilde , who opined in his 1889 essay The Decay of Lying that , `` Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life '' . In the essay , written as a Platonic dialogue , Wilde holds that anti-mimesis `` results not merely from Life 's imitative instinct , but from the fact that the self-conscious aim of Life is to find expression , and that Art offers it certain beautiful forms through which it may realise that energy . '' . What is found in life and nature is not what is really there , but is that which artists have taught people to find there , through art . As in an example posited by Wilde , although there has been fog in London for centuries , one notices the beauty and wonder of the fog because `` poets and painters have taught the loveliness of such effects ... They did not exist till Art had invented them . '' . McGrath places the antimimetic philosophy in a tradition of Irish writing , including Wilde and writers such as Synge and Joyce in a group that `` elevate blarney ( in the form of linguistic idealism ) to aesthetic and philosophical distinction '' , noting that Terry Eagleton observes an even longer tradition that stretches `` as far back in Irish thought as the ninth-century theology of John Scottus Eriugena '' and `` the fantastic hyperbole of the ancient sagas '' . Wilde 's antimimetic idealism , specifically , McGrath describes to be part of the late nineteenth century debate between Romanticism and Realism . Wilde 's antimimetic philosophy has also had influence on later Irish writers , including Brian Friel . Halliwell asserts that the idea that life imitates art derives from classical notions that can be traced as far back as the writings of Aristophanes of Byzantium , and does not negate mimesis but rather `` displace -LSB- s -RSB- its purpose onto the artlike fashioning of life itself '' . Halliwell draws a parallel between Wilde 's philosophy and Aristophanes ' famous question about the comedies written by Menander : `` O Menander and Life ! Which of you took the other as your model ? '' , noting , however , that Aristophanes was a precursor to Wilde , and not necessarily espousing the positions that Wilde was later to propound . In George Bernard Shaw 's preface to Three Plays he wrote , `` I have noticed that when a certain type of feature appears in painting and is admired as beautiful , it presently becomes common in nature ; so that the Beatrices and Francescas in the picture galleries of one generation come to life as the parlor-maids and waitresses of the next . '' He stated that he created the aristocratic characters in Cashel Byron 's Profession as unrealistically priggish even without his later understanding that `` the real world does not exist ... men and women are made by their own fancies in the image of the imaginary creatures in my youthful fictions , only much stupider . '' Shaw , however , disagreed with Wilde on some points . He considered most attempts by life to imitate art to be reprehensible , in part because the art that people generally chose to imitate was idealistic and romanticized . An example of life imitating art is that of singer/actress Miley Cyrus , whose role as the famous fictional popstar Hannah Montana in the Disney Channel sitcom of the same name gave rise to her own singing career . Hannah 's fictional popularity translated into a real-life fan-base for Cyrus as several singles credited to the character charted on the Billboard Hot 100 ( including `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , `` Life 's What You Make It '' , `` He Could Be the One '' , etc , though all of the songs were performed by Cyrus ) and when she embarked on her sold-out Best of Both Worlds Tour in 2007 , where she performed the first set of songs as Hannah Montana and the second set as herself . Cyrus ' song `` The Climb '' was the first song , credited to herself instead of the character , from an official Hannah Montana soundtrack album to become a hit single ( peaking at # 4 on the Billboard charts , making it her `` crossover song '' into mainstream pop , while Hoedown Throwdown ( off the same soundtrack album ) was her first Top 10 . Cyrus also performed several duets on the show while in-character as Hannah with real-life singers such as Sheryl Crow , David Archuleta , The Jonas Brothers , Iyaz and her real-life father Billy Ray Cyrus , as well as an unofficial duet with her real-life godmother country singer Dolly Parton .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9affe046dab904020747d9f5494e22ba", "text": "Theme (narrative) In contemporary literary studies , a theme is the central topic a text treats . Themes can be divided into two categories : a work 's thematic concept is what readers `` think the work is about '' and its thematic statement being `` what the work says about the subject '' . The most common contemporary understanding of theme is an idea or point that is central to a story , which can often be summed in a single word ( e.g. love , death , betrayal ) . Typical examples of themes of this type are conflict between the individual and society ; coming of age ; humans in conflict with technology ; nostalgia ; and the dangers of unchecked ambition . A theme may be exemplified by the actions , utterances , or thoughts of a character in a novel . An example of this would be the thematic idea of loneliness in John Steinbeck 's Of Mice and Men , wherein many of the characters seem to be lonely . It may differ from the thesis -- the text 's or author 's implied worldview . A story may have several themes . Themes often explore historically common or cross-culturally recognizable ideas , such as ethical questions , and are usually implied rather than stated explicitly . An example of this would be whether one should live a seemingly better life , at the price of giving up parts of one 's humanity , which is a theme in Aldous Huxley 's Brave New World . Along with plot , character , setting , and style , theme is considered one of the components of fiction .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b2d8d1f11427c79034d33932b464e996", "text": "Cyberpunk derivatives A number of cyberpunk derivatives have become recognized as distinct subgenres in speculative fiction . These derivatives , though they do not share cyberpunk 's computers-focused setting , may display other qualities drawn from or analogous to cyberpunk : a world built on one particular technology that is extrapolated to a highly sophisticated level ( this may even be a fantastical or anachronistic technology , akin to retro-futurism ) , a gritty transreal urban style , or a particular approach to social themes . The most successful of these subgenres , Steampunk , has been defined as a `` kind of technological fantasy '' , and others in this category sometimes also incorporate aspects of science fantasy and historical fantasy . Scholars have written of these subgenres ' stylistic place in postmodern literature , and also their ambiguous interaction with the historical perspective of postcolonialism . American author Bruce Bethke coined the term `` cyberpunk '' in his 1980 short story of the same name , proposing it as a label for a new generation of punk teenagers inspired by the perceptions inherent to the Information Age . The term was quickly appropriated as a label to be applied to the works of William Gibson , Bruce Sterling , John Shirley , Rudy Rucker , Michael Swanwick , Pat Cadigan , Lewis Shiner , Richard Kadrey , and others . Science fiction author Lawrence Person , in defining postcyberpunk , summarized the characteristics of cyberpunk thus : Classic cyberpunk characters were marginalized , alienated loners who lived on the edge of society in generally dystopic futures where daily life was impacted by rapid technological change , an ubiquitous datasphere of computerized information , and invasive modification of the human body . The relevance of cyberpunk as a genre to punk subculture is debatable and further hampered by the lack of a defined cyberpunk subculture ; where the small cyber movement shares themes with cyberpunk fiction and draws inspiration from punk and goth alike , cyberculture is much more popular though much less defined , encompassing virtual communities and cyberspace in general and typically embracing optimistic anticipations about the future . Cyberpunk is nonetheless regarded as a successful genre , as it ensnared many new readers and provided the sort of movement that postmodern literary critics found alluring . Furthermore , author David Brin argues , cyberpunk made science fiction more attractive and profitable for mainstream media and the visual arts in general .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "efdd873f58d856aa764ee99691458434", "text": "Sanin (novel) Sanin is a novel by the Russian writer Mikhail Artsybashev . It has an interesting history being written by a 26-year-old in 1904 -- at the peak of the various changes in Russian society ( democratic activities , first democratically elected Duma , as well as the Russian Revolution of 1905 ) . It was published and criticized in 1907 , the year of one of the most horrific political reactions in Russian history . In the early 1900s Russia society was heavily influenced by religions , primarily the Russian Orthodox Church . Though there were many other religions such as Uniate Catholics , Judaism , and Muslims , none of them condoned an open expression of sexuality . By 1908 the novel was no longer being produced due to censorship . It was banned as a `` work of pornography '' ( Otto Boele ) . When Artsybashev emigrated to Poland after the Russian Revolution of 1917 , he was condemned by the Soviet authorities and his books were banned from publication , only to be revealed afresh to readers in the 1990s . Sanin is a novel of true originality of form and content . Its hero , twenty-something Sanin , after a long absence from home , comes back to visit his mother and sister . Sanin deals with sex and sexual activity throughout the novel . The main character Sanin and his sister Lida dabble in premarital sex . Lida describes her experience with Zarudin as her body filled with `` thrilled and shaken with passion '' . Knowing it is not the best thing for a young lady not to be married and have relations , she 's longing for another chance to experience that same passion and lust . The novel deals with nihilism , the belief that traditional morals , ideas , beliefs , etc. , have no worth or value . One of the characters gets to a point where he admits `` that life was the realization of freedom , and consequently that it was natural for a man to live for enjoyment '' . Lida has some remorse because of society and their views on premarital sex , but then comes to the realization that it is her life saying `` I wanted to do it and I did it ; and I felt so happy '' . During his stay Sanin meets various people , some of whom are neutral , amazed , threatened or excited by his way of thinking about the world and human existence . Sanin remains confident and self-assured having seduced and deflowered a local virgin , but at the end of the book leaves town under a cloud . Colin Wilson wrote about Sanin : `` The book 's hero sneers at the unhealthy moral preoccupations of most Russians , and preaches a doctrine of sunlight and frank sensuality . The book had an enormous impact on Russian youth , who were eager to put its doctrines into practice . Probably no book in world literature has been responsible for the loss of so many maidenheads . '' Wilson added that Sanin deserves more study in English . Although `` Sanin '' focuses much of its attention on sex and sexuality of youth , the novel puts forth several strikingly feminist ideals other than sexual freedom of women . For example , near the start of the novel , Sanin states his opinion that women should be allowed to have careers , a direct opposition to the traditional belief that women should be nothing more than mothers or housekeepers . Later on , after discovering that his sister , Lida , is pregnant while unmarried , he urges her to get an abortion , yet still respects her decision not to , something very uncommon for this time period . The novelty of Sanin lies in its insertion of progressive and liberal thoughts and ideals in the literary form of a novel . Critics in 1907 and later in the Russian SFSR were furious to find such views as Sanin 's in existence . They put their efforts to discrediting the book , whose references to the Bible , Shakespeare , Dickens , Dostoevsky , Nietzsche and whose precipitation of the dramatic changes in the morality and political life of the following decades were , in their view , dangerous for the Russian people .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9455b5cda5f107db3151daea31132cdb", "text": "List of works in critical theory This is a list of important and seminal works in the field of critical theory . Otto Maria Carpeaux História da Literatura Ocidental , 8 vol . ( Portuguese , 1959 -- 66 ) M. H. Abrams The Mirror and the Lamp : Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition Theodor Adorno Aesthetic Theory Negative Dialectics Theodor Adorno & Max Horkheimer Dialectic of Enlightenment Louis Althusser For Marx Lenin and Philosophy Erich Auerbach Mimesis : The Representation of Reality in Western Literature Mikhail Bakhtin Discourse in the Novel Rabelais and his World Roland Barthes Image , Music , Text Mythologies Jean Baudrillard The Perfect Crime Simulation and Simulacra Walter Benjamin Illuminations The Origin of German Tragic Drama Homi K. Bhabha The Location of Culture Pierre Bourdieu La distinction Kenneth Burke A Rhetoric of Motives A Grammar of Motives John Brannigan New Historicism and Cultural Materialism Cleanth Brooks The Well Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry Sean Burke The Death and Return of the Author Judith Butler Bodies That Matter Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity Cathy Caruth Unclaimed Experience : Trauma , Narrative and History Samuel Taylor Coleridge Biographia Literaria Jonathan Culler Structuralist Poetics The Pursuit of Signs Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction Gilles Deleuze Difference and Repetition Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari Capitalism and Schizophrenia : Anti-Oedipus ( pt .1 ) and A Thousand Plateaus ( pt .2 ) Jacques Derrida Of Grammatology Writing and Difference Peter Dews The Limits of Disenchantment The Logic of Disintigration Terry Eagleton Marxism and Literary Criticism The Idea of Culture Antony Easthope The Unconscious William Empson Seven Types of Ambiguity Some Versions of Pastoral The Structure of Complex Words Norman Fairclough Language and Power Critical Discourse Analysis Frantz Fanon Black Skins , White Masks Stanley Fish Is There a Text in this Class ? Northrop Frye Anatomy of Criticism Gerald Graff Literature Against Itself Jürgen Habermas Legitimation Crisis The Theory of Communicative Action , volumes 1 & 2 The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity Wolfgang Iser The Act of Reading : a Theory of Aesthetic Response Leonard Jackson The Poverty of Structuralism Fredric Jameson The Political Unconscious Postmodernism , or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism The Prison-House of Language Frank Kermode Romantic Image Julia Kristeva Desire in Language Powers of Horror Jacques Lacan Ecrits The Seminars F.R. Leavis The Great Tradition Ania Loomba Colonialism/Postcolonialism Herbert Marcuse Reason and Revolution . Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory Eros and Civilization Soviet Marxism . A Critical Analysis One-Dimensional Man Toril Moi Sexual/Textual Politics I.A. Richards Practical Criticism : A Study of Literary Judgement Principles of Literary Criticism K.K. Ruthven Critical Assumptions Edward Said Culture and Imperialism Orientalism ( 1978 ) Jean-Paul Sartre What Is Literature ? ( 1947 ) Ferdinand de Saussure Cours de linguistique générale ( posthumously 1916 ) Alfred Schmidt The Concept of Nature in Marx ( 1962 ) Zur Idee der Kritischen Theorie ( German , 1974 ) Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Between Men Epistemology of the Closet Susan Sontag Against Interpretation Styles of Radical Will Under the Sign of Saturn Where The Stress Falls Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak `` Can the Subaltern Speak ? '' In Other Words Raymond Tallis Not Saussure Scott Wilson Cultural Materialism W.K. Wimsatt The Verbal Icon Virginia Woolf A Room of One 's Own Slavoj Žižek The Sublime Object of Ideology The Ticklish Subject : The Absent Centre of Political Ontology ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a457a3fc7b417dc55fedafa2a6f2355f", "text": "Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous ( SLAA ) is a twelve-step program for people recovering from sex addiction and love addiction . SLAA was founded in Boston , Massachusetts in 1976 , by a member of Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA ) . Though he had been a member of AA for many years , he repeatedly acted out and was serially unfaithful to his wife . He founded SLAA as an attempt to stop his compulsive sexual and romantic behavior . SLAA is also sometimes known as the Augustine Fellowship , because early members saw many of their shared symptoms described by St. Augustine of Hippo in his work Confessions . COSLAA is another twelve-step fellowship created to support the family members and friends of sex and love addicts . SLAA encourages members to identify their own `` bottom-line behaviors . '' The organization identifies these behaviors as `` any sexual or emotional act , no matter what its initial impulse may be , which leads to loss of control over rate , frequency , or duration of its occurrence or recurrence , resulting in spiritual , mental , physical , emotional , and moral destruction of oneself and others . '' Maintaining `` sobriety '' in the SLAA program requires abstaining from one 's bottom-line behaviors . However , these behaviors are never set in stone and may change as SLAA members continue in the program . Examples of bottom line behaviors might include sexual or romantic activity outside the scope of monogamous relationships , anonymous or casual sex , compulsive avoidance of intimacy or emotional attachment , one-night stands , compulsive masturbation , obsessive fantasy , compulsive attraction to unavailable or abusive partners , and a wide variety of addictive sexual , romantic , or avoidant behaviors . Many of those practicing the SLAA recovery program develop the ability to engage in a healthy committed relationship . SLAA encourages recovery from sexual anorexia , emotional anorexia and social anorexia , three related areas of self-deprivation that lead to isolation and often accompany patterns of addictive behavior . SLAA publishes the book Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous . It is approved by the organization for use in their fellowship . Feminist theorist Christine Saulnier criticized the SLAA book as fiercely defending individualization , that is dismissing the social and political circumstances under which sexual behaviors arise and are labeled deviant .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "64daf635e0704799258b62ebaea7c666", "text": "Art film An art film is typically a serious , independent film aimed at a niche market rather than a mass market audience . An art film is `` intended to be a serious artistic work , often experimental and not designed for mass appeal '' ; they are `` made primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than commercial profit '' , and they contain `` unconventional or highly symbolic content '' . Film critics and film studies scholars typically define an art film as possessing `` formal qualities that mark them as different from mainstream Hollywood films '' , which can include , among other elements , a sense of social realism ; an emphasis on the authorial expressiveness of the director ; and a focus on the thoughts , dreams , or motivations of characters , as opposed to the unfolding of a clear , goal-driven story . Film scholar David Bordwell describes art cinema as `` a film genre , with its own distinct conventions '' . Art film producers usually present their films at specialty theatres ( repertory cinemas , or , in the U.S. , `` arthouse cinemas '' ) and film festivals . The term art film is much more widely used in the United States , the UK and Australia than in Europe , where the term is more associated with `` auteur '' films and `` national cinema '' ( e.g. , German national cinema ) . Because they are aimed at small niche market audiences , they can rarely get the financial backing that will permit large production budgets , expensive special effects , costly celebrity actors , or huge advertising campaigns , as are used in widely released mainstream blockbuster films . Art film directors make up for these constraints by creating a different type of film , which typically uses lesser-known film actors ( or even amateur actors ) and modest sets to make films that focus much more on developing ideas or exploring new narrative techniques or film-making conventions . A certain degree of experience and knowledge are required to fully understand or appreciate such films . One mid-1990s art film was called `` largely a cerebral experience '' that one enjoys `` because of what you know about film '' . This contrasts sharply with mainstream `` blockbuster '' films , which are geared more towards escapism and pure entertainment . For promotion , art films rely on the publicity generated from film critics ' reviews , discussion of their film by arts columnists , commentators and bloggers , and `` word-of-mouth '' promotion by audience members . Since art films have small initial investment costs , they only need to appeal to a small portion of the mainstream viewing audiences to become financially viable .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "644ad8309e0704f62ac3b9a518f57a92", "text": "Intellectual freedom Intellectual freedom encompasses the freedom to hold , receive and disseminate ideas without restriction . Viewed as an integral component of a democratic society , intellectual freedom protects an individual 's right to access , explore , consider , and express ideas and information as the basis for a self-governing , well-informed citizenry . Intellectual freedom comprises the bedrock for freedoms of expression , speech , and the press and relates to freedoms of information and privacy . The United Nations upholds intellectual freedom as a basic human right through Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which asserts : Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression ; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek , receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers . The institution of libraries in particular values intellectual freedom as part of their mission to provide and protect access to information and ideas . The American Library Association ( ALA ) defines intellectual freedom as `` the right of every individual to both seek and receive information from all points of view without restriction . It provides for free access to all expressions of ideas through which any and all sides of a question , cause or movement can be explored . '' The modern concept of intellectual freedom developed out of an opposition to book censorship . It is promoted by several professions and movements . These entities include , among others , librarianship , education , and the Free Software Movement .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad551f2f11961af4147057c9773d49e4", "text": "The OC wall calendar The OC Wall Calendar is the title of a wall calendar and videos first published in 2012 , featuring nude and semi-nude photographs of members of the Orthodox Church . The calendar is the brainchild of a group composed mostly of Orthodox eastern Europeans of the former region . The primary goal was to create the very first organized global effort against homophobia in the Orthodox region and counteract prejudice against the LGBT community . `` The goal is to show that Orthodox believers do not necessarily fit into the stalls as the press make of them . They are ordinary people with passions , preferences , interests and desires . At the same time , calendar ironic approach to the Orthodox Church which in recent years has been plagued by scandals , oppression , sex scandals and homophobia '' . For 2014 the Team release `` BIGGER , HARDER , BETTER ! '' , `` a second illustrated calendar , created in a ` Tom of Finland ' style , with a similar pro-gay theme '' . This edition pays tribute to LGBT people in Russia and was born from the collaboration between OC 's Art Director and Hungarian artist Tienne coming back from Russia . The calendar and videos have 12 nude and semi-nude photos of persons portrayed as Orthodox priests and their guests . The style -- with bold colors , homoerotic undertones and gentle ironic humor -- appears to be inspired in part by the works of David LaChapelle and Pierre & Gillesas the creators of the calendar compare the concept of their work . Photo sessions and casting took place in the predominantly Orthodox area of eastern Europe . Photo sessions and casting took place in the predominantly Orthodox area of eastern Europe . The casting call is open to the public via online announcement on the promoter 's website : `` Clergymen or seminary students who would like to contribute to the 2014 edition of the Orthodox Calendar 2013 can contact us via email ... ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fd76783922979bece284ea69bcec947f", "text": "Adult animation Adult animation , adult cartoon , or mature animation is any type of animation work that is mainly targeted towards adults and sometimes also teenagers , acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children . Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons . They may be noted for using risqué themes , graphic violence , profane language , sexuality , or dark humor . Works in this genre may explore philosophical , political , or social issues . Some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques . Before the enforcement of the Hays Code , some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than children . Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system , independent animation producers attempted to establish an alternative to mainstream animation . Initially , few animation studios in the United States attempted to produce animation for adult audiences , but later examples of animation produced for adults would gain mainstream attention and success .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "24aa483944fbe1769371f291ffea6174", "text": "Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship The Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship , better known as the Williams Committee , was a 1970s British Home Office committee chaired by Professor Bernard Williams . The task of the committee was to `` review the laws concerning obscenity , indecency and violence in publications , displays and entertainments in England and Wales , except in the field of broadcasting , and to review the arrangements for film censorship in England and Wales '' . The committee reported in 1979 that : `` Given the amount of explicit sexual material in circulation and the allegations often made about its effects , it is striking that one can find case after case of sex crimes and murder without any hint at all that pornography was present in the background . '' The Committee 's report was evidently influenced by the liberal thinking of John Stuart Mill , a philosopher greatly admired by Williams , and who used Mill 's principle of liberty to develop what he called the `` harm condition , '' whereby `` no conduct should be suppressed by law unless it can be shown to harm someone . '' Williams concluded that pornography could not be shown to be harmful and that `` the role of pornography in influencing society is not very important ... to think anything else is to get the problem of pornography out of proportion with the many other problems that face our society today . '' The committee reported that , so long as children were protected from seeing it , adults should be free to read and watch pornography as they saw fit . It found that the existing variety of laws in the field should be scrapped , and that terms such as ` obscene ' , ` indecent ' and ` deprave and corrupt ' should be abandoned as they were no longer useful . The Committee thought existing laws should be replaced with a comprehensive new statute , under which the availability of material would be restricted so that it did not cause offence to reasonable people , and was not accessible to children . The recommended restrictions on availability would not have been confined just to material that involved nudity and/or which was sexually explicit . Restrictions were to apply to : `` matter ( other than the printed word ) and to a performance whose unrestricted availability is offensive to reasonable people by reason of the manner in which it portrays , deals with or relates to violence , cruelty or horror , or sexual , faecal or urinary functions or genital organs . '' Regarding the definition of pornography the commission stated that , `` a pornographic representation is one that combines two features : it has a certain function or intention , to arouse its audience sexually , and also a certain content , explicit representations of sexual material ( organs , postures , activity , etc ) . On the difference between ` obscenity ' and ` pornography ' , the committee found that the word ` obscene ' was a subjective term that refers to peoples reaction to material , and that '' it principally expresses an intense or extreme version of what we have called ` offensiveness ' . It may be that it particularly emphasises the most strongly aversive element in that notion , the idea of an object 's being repulsive or disgusting . '' ` Pornography ' however was found to be `` a rather more objective expression referring to a certain kind of writing , picture etc ... Pornography will have some tendency to be obscene , but will not necessarily be so ... a tendency to be offensive is built into it , but it is not universally even offensive ... Still less must it inevitably be very strongly offensive or obscene . '' On whether art could be obscene , it reported that , `` work ... may be experienced as offensive , and also be experienced as having aesthetic interest , but in the case of which the two experiences do not occur at the same time . These will be works which are found offensive at first , or by a spectator who remains distanced from them , but which lose that character for someone involved in them . It did however recognize that `` it would be unwise to deny that ... there could be works which were , and remained , offensive , indeed intensely offensive or obscene . ''", "title": "" } ]	fever
29fc2a4119d40b2193b10f9aec08c905	Andre Agassi is a golfer.	[ { "docid": "d04b61ed3b3e49b47f0cbdc30d314c72", "text": "Andre Agassi Andre Kirk Agassi ( -LSB- ˈɑːndreɪ_ˈæɡəsi -RSB- born April 29 , 1970 ) is an American retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1 who was one of the sport 's most dominant players from the early 1990s to the mid-2000s . Generally considered by critics and fellow players to be one of the greatest tennis players of all time , Agassi has been called the greatest service returner in the history of the game . Described by the BBC upon his retirement as `` perhaps the biggest worldwide star in the sport 's history '' , Agassi compiled performances that , along with his unorthodox apparel and attitude , saw him cited as one of the most charismatic players in the history of the game . As a result , he is credited for helping to revive the popularity of tennis during the 1990s . In singles tennis , Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion and a 1996 Olympic gold medalist , as well as finishing runner-up in seven other Grand Slam tournaments . During the Open Era , Agassi was the first male player to have won 4 Australian Open titles , a record that was later surpassed by Novak Djokovic when he won his 5th title on 2015 , and then by Roger Federer in 2017 . Agassi is one of five male singles players to achieve the Career Grand Slam in the Open Era and one of eight in history , the first of two to achieve the Career Golden Slam ( Career Grand Slam and Olympic Gold Medal , the other being Rafael Nadal ) , and the only man to win the Career Golden Slam and the ATP Tour World Championships ( won in 1990 ) : a distinction dubbed as a `` Career Super Slam '' by Sports Illustrated . Agassi was the first male player to win all four Grand Slam tournaments on three different surfaces ( hard , clay and grass ) , and the last American male to win both the French Open ( in 1999 ) and the Australian Open ( in 2003 ) . He also won 17 ATP Masters Series titles and was part of the winning Davis Cup teams in 1990 , 1992 and 1995 . Agassi reached the World No. 1 ranking for the first time in 1995 but was troubled by personal issues during the mid-to-late 1990s and sank to World No. 141 in 1997 , prompting many to believe that his career was over . Agassi returned to World No. 1 in 1999 and enjoyed the most successful run of his career over the next four years . During his 20-plus year tour career , Agassi was known by the nickname `` The Punisher '' . After suffering from sciatica caused by two bulging discs in his back , a spondylolisthesis ( vertebral displacement ) and a bone spur that interfered with the nerve , Agassi retired from professional tennis on September 3 , 2006 , after losing in the third round of the US Open to Benjamin Becker . He is the founder of the Andre Agassi Charitable Foundation , which has raised over $ 60 million for at-risk children in Southern Nevada . In 2001 , the Foundation opened the Andre Agassi College Preparatory Academy in Las Vegas , a K-12 public charter school for at-risk children . He has been married to fellow tennis player Steffi Graf since 2001 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "df0f82e50c9154b3d61ab00ddfc45cfe", "text": "List of male golfers A golfer is a person who plays golf . Below is a list of male golfers , professional and amateurs , sorted alphabetically . : Category : Lists of golfers contains lists of golfers sorted in several other ways : by nationality , by tour and by type of major championship won ( men 's , women 's or senior ) . All members of the World Golf Hall of Fame are listed , including those inducted for their off-course contributions to the sport . They are annotated </span> HoF .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "159c9b1897137adb42b230202deaf02e", "text": "Alessandro Tadini Alessandro Tadini ( born 30 November 1973 ) is an Italian professional golfer . Tadini was born in Borgomanero and turned professional in 1994 . He qualified for the European Tour for 2003 after his sixth visit to qualifying school . He was unable to win enough money during his rookie season to retain his card and dropped down to the second tier Challenge Tour . In 2004 he finished second on the Challenge Tour Rankings to graduate back to the top level . He retained his card through the end of the 2007 season when he again fell back to the Challenge Tour . He bounced straight back , finishing in 7th place on the 2008 Challenge Tour Rankings , but was just outside the top 120 in the Race to Dubai in 2009 and was back on the Challenge Tour in 2010 . Tadini has won four time on the Challenge Tour , the first in 2004 at the Costa Rica Open , the second in 2008 at the Oceânico Group Pro-Am Challenge , the third in 2010 at the Credit Suisse Challenge , and the latest at the ECCO Tour Championship in 2012 . Tadini 's best season to date on the European Tour was 2005 , when he finished 98th , whilst his best result has been a runner-up finish in the dual-ranking 2004 Aa St Omer Open .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a1ecfaaf502e01238da83382437f2cb2", "text": "2005 Mercedes-Benz Cup The 2005 Mercedes-Benz Cup was a men 's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Center in Los Angeles , California in the United States and was part of the International Series of the 2005 ATP Tour . It was the 79th edition of the Los Angeles Open and the tournament ran from July 25 through July 31 , 2003 . First-seeded Andre Agassi won his fourth singles title at the tournament and overall last title of his career .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df4bc16dffefae0a572df048a0ab4d82", "text": "Italian Challenge The Italian Challenge is a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour . It was first played in 2007 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d42b1fcb571e76688356fe837e5e81a4", "text": "Official World Golf Ranking The Official World Golf Ranking is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers ( although there is no rule prohibiting women from being ranked ) . It was introduced in 1986 and is endorsed by the four major championships and six major professional tours , five of which are charter members of the International Federation of PGA Tours : PGA Tour European Tour Asian Tour ( not a charter member of the Federation ) PGA Tour of Australasia Japan Golf Tour Sunshine Tour Points are also awarded for high finishes on other tours : Web.com Tour , the official developmental tour for the PGA Tour Challenge Tour , the official developmental tour for the European Tour PGA Tour Canada , which became a full member of the Federation in 2009 under its former name of the Canadian Professional Golf Tour OneAsia Tour , not a member of the Federation , but a joint venture between two charter members and two other tours that became full members in 2009 Korean Tour , from 2011 PGA Tour Latinoamérica , from 2012 Asian Development Tour , the official developmental tour for the Asian Tour , from 2013 PGA Tour China , from 2014 Alps Tour , from July 2015 Nordic Golf League , from July 2015 PGA EuroPro Tour , from July 2015 ProGolf Tour , from July 2015 MENA Golf Tour , from April 2016", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e8d919ec805751dc1dc933e50ab5fa58", "text": "Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf The Bass Pro Shops Legends of Golf at Big Cedar is a golf tournament on the PGA Tour Champions . Beginning in 2014 , it will be played at Big Cedar Lodge on the par-3 Top of the Rock course , designed by Jack Nicklaus and the 18-hole Buffalo Ridge course , redesigned by Tom Fazio in Ridgedale , Missouri . The tournament is sponsored by Bass Pro Shops , which owns the Big Cedar Lodge . It is often called `` The tournament that launched the Champions Tour '' . From 1978 until 2012 , it was known as the Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf in Savannah , Georgia at The Club at Savannah Harbor . Liberty Mutual was the main sponsor of the tournament . It currently consists of two separate events using four-ball and alternate shot formats with two-man teams : the 54-hole Champions Division ( age 50 -- 65 ) and the 45-hole Legends Division ( age 65 + ) ( on the final day of the tournament , held at Top of the Rock , Legends play only the course once , while Champions play the course twice ) . Only the Champions Division event is an official money/official victory event . For 2008 to 2013 , it consisted of three separate events : the Legends Division is a 54-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 50 , the Raphael Division is a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men age 50 -- 69 , and the Demaret Division is a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 70 . Only the Legends Division event was an official money/official victory event . The tournament was founded in 1978 and consisted of a 54-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 50 . Its success provided impetus for the formation of the Senior PGA Tour in 1980 . In 1987 , a Legendary Division was added . This consisted of a 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 60 . These teams also competed in the Legends Division - Charles Coody & Dale Douglass won both divisions in 1998 . In 1993 , the 36-hole Demaret Division ( named after tournament co-founder Jimmy Demaret ) was added for men over 70 . For this year alone , all three divisions were competed at individual stroke play . In 2002 , the Legends Division became an individual stroke play event and became an official money event on the Champions Tour . This format remained through 2007 . The Legendary Division was renamed the Raphael Division ( after tournament co-founder Fred Raphael who had died in 2001 ) and became the 36-hole two-man team better-ball event for men over 60 . The purse for the 2014 tournament Champions Division was US$ 2,400,000 , with $ 230,000 going to each member of the winning team .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5e27b287156f1110b33f101bf50c5cf7", "text": "Junior Ryder Cup The Junior Ryder Cup is a team golf competition between Europe and the United States . It is based on the men 's Ryder Cup and is run by the same organisations , the PGA of America and Ryder Cup Europe ( a subsidiary of the PGA European Tour , with minority stakes held by the PGA of Great Britain & Ireland and the PGA of Europe ) . The 2016 event took place at the Interlachen Country Club , Edina , Minnesota on September 26 and 27 . The United States won 15 1/2 -- 8 1/2 , their fifth successive victory in the event . On recent occasions there has been an informal `` friendship match '' played on the Ryder Cup course after the Junior Ryder Cup but before the Ryder Cup . The teams consist of six boys and six girls . The tournament is played over two days of foursomes , fourball and singles matches . There are three boys ' matches and three girls ' foursomes matches and six mixed fourball matches on the first day . There are 12 singles matches on the second day , added in 2008 . In 1995 an informal match was played between European junior golfers and Central New York PGA Section and area juniors . The European team included 15-year-old Sergio García . The official event began as part of the lead up to the 1997 Ryder Cup in Spain . In 2002 , the event gained marketing support from the Ryder Cup itself . Several of the juniors who played in the competition have gone on to professional careers . Hunter Mahan and Suzann Pettersen played for the United States and European teams in 1999 . Rory McIlroy was part of the 2004 European team , along with Oliver Fisher . Matteo Manassero played on the 2008 European team . Isabelle Lendl played for the United States in 2006 , and Emma Talley played for the United States in 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f085e2b4b700c8acf58d4249fcbf647", "text": "1969 Ryder Cup The 18th Ryder Cup Matches were held 18 -- 20 September 1969 at the Royal Birkdale Golf Club in Southport , England . The competition ended in a draw at 16 points each , when America 's Jack Nicklaus conceded a missable three-foot ( 0.9 m ) putt to Britain 's Tony Jacklin at the 18th hole , in one of the most famous gestures of sportsmanship in all of sport . It was the first draw in Ryder Cup history , and the United States team retained the Cup . The matches were marred by considerable acrimony and unsportsmanlike behavior by players on both sides . Britain 's captain Eric Brown had instructed his players not to search for the opposition 's ball if it ended up in the rough . American Ken Still , in the first-day foursomes , had deliberately and regularly stood too close to Briton Maurice Bembridge as he was putting . During one of the fourballs on the second day , both captains had to come out and calm down the warring players . This led to Nicklaus conceding Jacklin 's final putt with the knowledge that the overall competition would end in a draw . On the previous hole , Jacklin sank a long eagle putt while Nicklaus missed his from 15 ft and the match was squared . Jacklin had won the Open Championship two months earlier at nearby Royal Lytham & St Annes to become the first British champion in eighteen years . After holing his final putt for par , Nicklaus picked up Jacklin 's ball marker and told him , `` I do n't think you would have missed it , but I was n't going to give you the chance , either . '' Playing in his first Ryder Cup at age 29 , Nicklaus ' gesture became known as `` the concession '' and marked the beginning of a lasting friendship between the two that has spanned nearly a half century . It was the inspiration for The Concession Golf Club in Florida near Sarasota , which was co-designed by Nicklaus and Jacklin . The two were opposing captains in the competition in 1983 and 1987 . The U.S. team had only two players with previous Ryder Cup experience , Billy Casper and Gene Littler . On the previous four teams , Arnold Palmer did not participate in 1969 , but returned in 1971 and 1973 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dceab2ae0c5d1e1b5051a4ef32e4c9cb", "text": "Golf Magazine Golf Magazine is a monthly golf magazine owned by Time Inc. . It was started in April , 1959 by Universal Publishing and Distributing , who sold it to Times Mirror in 1972 . Time Inc. acquired it in 2000 . It was the world 's most widely read golf publication from August 2006 to January 2007 . The magazine is for golfers of all skill levels . Some features it includes are instruction from the top 100 teachers in America , interviews with famous golfers , tips on the best values for golf courses to go to on vacation , and an annual club test .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d35e2a5107ee310e0d4582e98c06dea", "text": "Roger Maltbie Roger Lin Maltbie ( born June 30 , 1951 ) is an American professional golfer and on-course analyst for NBC Sports . Maltbie was born in Modesto , California and grew up in San Jose . He attended James Lick High School where he was a teammate of former PGA Tour player Forrest Fezler . Maltbie attended San Jose City College ( 1970 -- 1971 ) , and then went on to San Jose State University ; he was a member of the golf team at both institutions . Maltbie turned professional in 1973 , joined the PGA Tour in 1974 , and played on the Tour full-time from 1975 to 1996 . He won five official tour events between 1975 and 1985 , including back-to-back wins in his first full year . After his win at the 1975 Pleasant Valley Classic , Maltbie left his $ 40,000 winner 's check behind in a bar . In his second year on tour , Maltbie won the inaugural Memorial Tournament by defeating Hale Irwin on the fourth hole of a sudden death playoff . On the playoff 's third hole , an errant shot by Maltbie seemed headed for the gallery when it hit a stake causing the ball to bounce onto the green instead . Maltbie had 55 top-10 finishes on the PGA Tour . In 1985 , he won two tournaments , earned $ 360,554 , and finished 8th on the money list . His best finish in a major was T4 at the 1987 Masters Tournament . Maltbie calls losing that tournament the biggest disappointment of his career . Maltbie began play on the Senior PGA Tour after turning 50 in June 2001 . His best finish at this level is a 20th at the 2003 Bayer Advantage Celebrity Pro-Am . Since 1991 , Maltbie has worked as an on-course reporter and analyst for NBC Sports . In this role , he has become well known as a jovial good-natured figure . His signature element is a `` golf whisper '' , necessitated by the fact that Maltbie generally stands much closer to the green than other on-course reporters . During the 2002 and 2009 U.S. Opens , both contested at Bethpage State Park on Long Island , NBC ran features in which Maltbie spent a night camping out with several golfers while waiting in the infamous line to play Bethpage 's Black Course , the first municipal course to host the U.S. Open . Maltbie is a San Francisco 49ers fan and owns several Super Bowl rings given to him by former owner Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. . He and wife , Donna have two sons , Spencer and Parker .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "368f815a364b8a5924186d5253992b22", "text": "French Open The French Open , often referred to as Roland-Garros ( -LSB- ʁɔlɑ̃ ɡaʁɔs -RSB- ) , is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris , France . Named after the French aviator Roland Garros , it is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand Slam tournaments , the other three being the Australian Open , Wimbledon and the US Open . Roland Garros is currently the only major held on clay , and it is the zenith of the spring clay court season . Because of the seven rounds needed for a championship , the slow-playing surface and the best-of-five-set men 's singles matches ( without a tiebreak in the final set ) , the event is widely considered to be the most physically demanding tennis tournament in the world .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ea8f7f7446ec4a5b1a6b80a764784335", "text": "2001 Players Championship The 2001 Players Championship was a golf tournament in Florida on the PGA Tour , held at TPC Sawgrass in Ponte Vedra Beach , southeast of Jacksonville . It was the 28th Players Championship . Tiger Woods won the first of his two Players Championships , one stroke ahead of runner-up Vijay Singh . Because of bad weather , the tournament was completed on Monday , March 26 . In the final pairing with 54-hole leader Jerry Kelly , Woods played the final nine holes on Monday . Woods had won the previous three majors in 2000 ; he won the Masters Tournament two weeks later to hold all four major titles at once , the Tiger Slam , as well as this Players , an unofficial `` fifth major . '' He won his second Players a dozen years later in 2013 . Through 2016 , Woods is the only winner of the Players and Masters in the same calendar year ( 2001 ) , and he was the third Players champion to win a major in the same calendar year , joining Jack Nicklaus ( 1978 ) and Hal Sutton ( 1983 ) ; it expanded to four with Martin Kaymer in 2014 . Defending champion Sutton finished seven strokes back , in a tie for fifth place .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47214464eda8db06cb3b41f658143640", "text": "PGA Assistant Championship The PGA Assistant Championship is a golf tournament for golf club assistant professionals . It has been held by the PGA of America since 1977 . Rules for 2007 have the field made up of the assistant champions from each PGA section , section qualifiers , the defending champion and a representative from the PGA of Australia , The Professional Golfers ' Association and the Canadian PGA . The 2015 Champion was Andy Mickelson .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "17c8ceceb937c06d54c489137a4d3964", "text": "CordeValle Golf Club CordeValle , A Rosewood Resort is a private golf course and spa resort near San Martin , California , southeast of San Jose . Operated by Rosewood Hotels & Resorts , it is located in the Santa Clara Valley , near the eastern edge of the Santa Cruz Mountains . The club 's 1996 permit required that 60 % of the golf rounds played be reserved for the general public , but the Club defines `` general public '' as including guests of members . In the resulting dispute with the county planning commission , the club agreed to create a Youth Golf Foundation , to pay for underprivileged youths to learn the game of golf at CordeValle or elsewhere . In exchange , the planning commission agreed to waive the requirement for 60 % public play . Nancy Pelosi , the minority leader of the U.S. House , owns approximately $ 1,000,000 worth of the club .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "62baa3a9f4ef032c801d59a1f2acf958", "text": "World University Golf Championship The World University Golf Championship is a competition sponsored by the International University Sports Federation ( FISU ) , which was first held in October 1986 at the Molas Golf Club in Cagliari , Italy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0f2aee977d56bd3506d6c0cdbdd9adf2", "text": "Golf instruction Golf instruction is the art of equipping and training golfers to play better golf through improved awareness of swing cause and effects as a result of the actions by their body , the club , and their effect on the golf ball . Most great golfers have a few common elements that make them great including : proper intentionality , swing repeatability to produce an action that fits the golfers intentionality , and a strong level of automaticity for long lasting enjoyment of the game golf . Golf instruction is unique as golf consists of five primary skills : shots from a tee ( most notable : driving that uses a driver ) , full shots from the ground ( mostly known as `` iron shots '' , pitching ( or 3/4 shots designed for distance control , chipping ( short shots around the green the require less than a full swing ) , putting ( 1 club preferably `` the putter '' ) and course strategy or gamesmanship . Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical ability , but also knowledge of the rules and etiquette of the game . Golf instruction offered on many platforms in the United States including : the PGA of America , GolfTEC , and independent golfers who `` may '' or `` may not '' have credentials that are recognized by credible teachers certified sources such as the PGA of America . Although there are many great golf instructors in the United States , who are PGA Class A Professionals , not all great instructors carry this status nor find it a major determiner of golf instruction proficiency . Golf Instruction can be wide ranging , but many great modern day instructors are able to diagnose and prescribe swing frustrations accurately and present a clear fix that encourages the golfer in the discovery of lasting repeatability from the specific ailment that `` plagued '' them from a sound repeatable swing to play a golf course successfully ( varying terms of success as a golfer ) Many modern instructors include the following in their diagnosis 1 . visual feedback through video and bio motion analysis 2 . personalized golf club fitting for individual body and swing types 3 . on-course play under real conditions 4 . mental performance development 5 . golf specific body conditioning for optimal golf bio-mechanics Beginning players can start lesson in several ways , but most do so in either a group or individual setting , covering the five primary skills of golf as noted above golf swing . Golf is an asymmetrical exercise that can break body balances , requiring also adequate exercises to keep the balance in muscles . Experienced recreational players often return for instruction , either to fix a specific problem they are encountering or to improve their game . Reconstruction of a golf swing to reach a high level of play often involves series of lessons over an extended period of time . Junior golfers often begin receiving instruction by age 10 or younger , and often retain private teachers even when coached on a high school golf team . Some top instructors who work with professional golfers have become quite well known in their own right over the years , including Harvey Penick , Jack Grout , Dick Harmon , David Leadbetter , Butch Harmon , Hank Haney , Chip Thomson , Sean Foley , and Mike Bennett and Andy Plummer . Some of the teachers maintain teaching facilities or schools where they or their disciples use their methods or systems . A few instructors focus solely on a particular aspect of the sport , such as Dave Pelz with the short game . Some famous golfers have been tightly bound with their instructor , such as Jack Nicklaus with Jack Grout , while in other cases golfers have made high-profile switches from one instructor to another , such as Tiger Woods moving from Butch Harmon to various other instructors . Recreational golfers are constantly seeking tips on how to improve , and the major golf publications such as Golf Magazine and Golf Digest devote substantial portions of their pages to instructional material of various kinds , often written by top-level instructors . Even television broadcasts of professional golf tournaments often contain short instructional segments , delivered by commentators who are also instructors such as Peter Kostis . Golf instruction may be augmented by training aids such as specially weighting or jointed clubs , putting cups for practice on the den room carpet , mini practice tees with feedback for use in garages , et cetera . Some training aids are sold via television infomercials and the more peculiar varieties were satirized in the 1996 film Tin Cup . Golf instruction is no guarantee of success or improved play in the game . Bad mechanics can be deeply ingrained in a subject 's swing , and psychological factors can also hinder progress . The 2009 Golf Channel program The Haney Project : Charles Barkley showcased some of these issues , as Hank Haney attempted to fix former NBA great Charles Barkley 's infamously bad swing .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "933058697b5999db9f4c3fea7834a2ab", "text": "Association of Tennis Professionals The Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) was formed in September 1972 by Donald Dell , Bob Briner , Jack Kramer , and Cliff Drysdale to protect the interests of male professional tennis players . Drysdale became the first President . Since 1990 , the association has organized the worldwide tennis tour for men and linked the title of the tour with the organization 's name . In 1990 the organization was called the ATP Tour , which was renamed in 2001 as just ATP and the tour being called ATP Tour . In 2009 the name was changed again and is now known as the ATP World Tour . It is an evolution of the tour competitions previously known as Grand Prix tennis tournaments and World Championship Tennis ( WCT ) . The ATP 's global headquarters are in London , United Kingdom . ATP Americas is based in Ponte Vedra Beach , United States ; ATP Europe is headquartered in Monaco ; and ATP International , which covers Africa , Asia and Australasia , is based in Sydney , Australia . The counterpart organization in the women 's professional game is the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7a4153a1d2f458c5dd811b67b57542dc", "text": "Atlanta Open Atlanta Open may refer to : Atlanta Open ( tennis ) , a men 's tennis tournament on the ATP World Tour 250 Series Atlanta Classic , a defunct men 's golf tournament on the PGA Tour", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0a9d2546a7231a354b3ff437edabf24e", "text": "Junior golf ' refers to the game of golf being played by boys and girls who have not finished secondary school or reached the age of 19 , whichever comes first . More specifically , any person falling under the above definition who has played at least one round of golf in a given year is a junior golfer . Competitive junior golfers play in high level competitions . These competitions are found on junior tours such as the American Junior Golf Association , Future Stars Golf Series , International Junior Golf Tour ( IJGT ) , Tarheel Junior Golf , Texas Legends Junior Tour , . Competitions are ranked by national services to identify the best players of a country . In the UK there are a number of junior golf tours with the largest being run by the Independent Schools Golf Association ( ISGA ) , and the British Schools Golf Association , The number 1 aged 12 golfer is Aarian Matharu and he has won hundreds of trophies Among the most prominent national junior tournaments are the U.S. Junior Amateur , U.S. Girls ' Junior , the Western Junior the Northern Junior , SDJGA IMG Junior World Championships and The Press Thornton Future Masters . The First Tee is an international youth development organization introducing the game of golf and its inherent values to young people . Their focus is to positively impact the lives of kids and teens from all walks of life by reinforcing values like integrity , respect and perseverance through the game of golf .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a23fd03207a1f92a5dcf0dd75b16743", "text": "Bettinardi Golf Bettinardi Golf is an American Golf Club company that was founded in 1998 by Robert J. Bettinardi . Bettinardi Golf is primarily known for making high-end , precision milled putters that are made in the United States of America . Additionally , Bettinardi Golf sells wedges , belt buckles , and other milled accessories . Robert Bettinardi started his work in the putting industry in December 1991 when he walked into a golf shop and saw an advertisement from Callaway for a putter that was milled on a Bridgeport milling machine . At the time , Bettinardi owned his own manufacturing facility with CNC ( computer numerical control ) machines that did work for hydraulic companies and the communications industries . Bettinardi called Callaway who put him in touch with their designer at the time . Bettinardi was able to pick up work from this particular designer and make all of his putters from 1991-1993 . At the time , putting technology entailed milling the head and the neck of the putter separately , then welding the neck on to the head . It was during this time that Bettinardi created the first ever one-piece milled putter out of a solid block of steel . Other designers in the golf industry noticed Bettinardi 's work which led to Robert making putters for Scotty Cameron from 1993-1998 . All Titleist putters during this timeframe were milled by Robert in his own manufacturing facility and finished in California . During this time frame , Bettinardi was the go-to for milled putters from all of the other top original equipment manufacturers in the industry . In 1998 , Robert set out on his own to create his own brand , Bettinardi Golf . Bettinardi Golf saw immediate success with victories on tour within the first few years of the company 's founding . The uniqueness came from the patented Honeycomb milling pattern that Bettinardi created using a jewelers bit to create a perfectly flat face . From 2003-2005 , Bettinardi aligned with the Ben Hogan Golf company , producing putters for them as `` Hogan Milled By Bettinardi '' . The most notable victory during this period came from Jim Furyk at the 2003 US Open played at Olympia Fields CC . Bettinardi left Hogan after Spalding , who owned Ben Hogan at the time was purchased by Callaway Golf . From 2005-2008 , Bettinardi partnered with Mizuno Golf , and again made products under the Mizuno brand named `` Mizuno by Bettinardi '' . This partnership lasted three years and at the end of the agreement Bettinardi decided to branch out on his own again . In 2009 , Robert Bettinardi set out on his own again to craft Bettinardi putters branded as such . Since the partnership ended , Bettinardi Golf has earned 10 victories on the PGA Tour , and 3 on the Champions Tour . Most notably and presently , Matt Kuchar , Fred Couples , Jim Herman , Brian Gay , Edoardo Molinari , and Steven Bowditch use their putters . PGA Tour Wins : U.S. PGA TOUR 1999 Greater Greensboro Open - Jesper Parnevik 2000 Bob Hope Classic - Jesper Parnevik 2000 Colonial - Phil Mickelson 2001 WorldCom Classic ( Harbourtown ) -- Jose Coceres 2002 Honda Classic - Matt Kuchar 2002 Southern Farm Bureau - Luke Donald 2002 EMC World Golf Championship - Japanese team of Toshimitsu Izawa and Shigeki Maruyama 2003 103rd US Open ( Major ) - Jim Furyk 2003 Buick Open - Jim Furyk 2003 Grand Slam of Golf - Jim Furyk 2004 Buick Open - Vijay Singh 2004 86th PGA Championship ( Major ) - Vijay Singh 2004 Deutsche Bank Championship - Vijay Singh 2004 The Bell Canadian Open - Vijay Singh 2005 MCI Heritage ( Harbourtown ) - Peter Lonard 2005 The Rex Hospital Open - Eric Axley 2006 Valero Texas Open - Eric Axely 2008 Mayakoba Golf Classic - Brian Gay 2009 Verizon Heritage - Brian Gay 2009 St. Jude Classic - Brian Gay 2013 Humana Challenge ( Bob Hope ) - Brian Gay 2013 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship - Matt Kuchar 2013 Memorial Tournament - Matt Kuchar 2013 Franklin Templeton Shootout - Matt Kuchar & Harris English 2014 RBC Heritage - Matt Kuchar 2015 AT&T Byron Nelson - Steven Bowditch Category : Golf equipment manufacturers", "title": "" } ]	fever
335bc035ecc74519dffbb15badc2141f	Liverpool F.C. was managed by Bill Shankly.	[ { "docid": "54321a234bb54eff066aac839d6a76cd", "text": "Liverpool F.C. Liverpool Football Club ( -LSB- ˈlɪvərpuːl -RSB- ) is a professional association football club based in Liverpool , Merseyside , England . They compete in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won 5 European Cups , 3 UEFA Cups , 3 UEFA Super Cups , 18 League titles , 7 FA Cups , a record 8 League Cups , and 15 FA Community Shields . The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year . The club has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in both English and European football during the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley led the club to 11 League titles and seven European trophies . Under the management of Rafa Benítez and captained by Steven Gerrard Liverpool became European champion for the fifth time , winning the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final against Milan in spite of being 3 -- 0 down at half time . Liverpool was the ninth highest-earning football club in the world for 2014 -- 15 , with an annual revenue of $ 391 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2016 , valued at $ 1.55 billion . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United and the Merseyside derby with Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies . The first was the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall in the Heysel Stadium , with 39 people -- mostly Italians and Juventus fans -- dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition . The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . The club 's anthem is `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e06266183e3354e78f8179a96ba1992", "text": "Bill Shankly William Shankly , OBE ( 2 September 1913 -- 29 September 1981 ) was a Scottish football player and manager , who is best known for his time as manager of Liverpool . Shankly came from a small Scottish mining community as one of five brothers who played football professionally . He played as a ball-winning right-half and was capped twelve times for Scotland , including seven wartime internationals . He spent one season at Carlisle United before spending the rest of his career at Preston North End , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1938 . His playing career was interrupted by his service in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War . He became a manager after he retired from playing in 1949 , returning to Carlisle United . He later managed Grimsby Town , Workington and Huddersfield Town before moving to become Liverpool manager in December 1959 . Shankly took charge of Liverpool when they were in the Second Division and rebuilt the team into a major force in English and European football . He led Liverpool to the Second Division Championship to gain promotion to the top-flight First Division in 1962 , before going on to win three First Division Championships , two FA Cups , four Charity Shields and one UEFA Cup . Shankly announced his surprise retirement from football a few weeks after Liverpool won the 1974 FA Cup Final , having managed the club for 15 years , and was succeeded by his long-time assistant Bob Paisley . He led the Liverpool team out for the last time at Wembley for the 1974 FA Charity Shield . He died seven years later at the age of 68 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "376c8aa73755acec662cde1aa8a7961b", "text": "1972–73 Liverpool F.C. season After seven years of not winning any trophies Liverpool F.C. won both the Football League and the UEFA Cup in an extremely successful season , the highlight of Bill Shankly 's managerial career . The rebuilding of the team from the one that served so well in the 1960s that had been fully realised . The league which they came so close to winning the year before , had finally been conquered by winning the title by three points from Arsenal . The signing of Peter Cormack from Nottingham Forest during the summer of 1972 would also be another great signing . The UEFA Cup would also be the beginning of their dominance of regularly winning European trophies as well . Overcoming the previous season 's winners Tottenham Hotspur in the Semi-Finals and over a two legged final overcoming Borussia Mönchengladbach three-two on aggregate . The emergence of Kevin Keegan and Ray Clemence in the team would also see them start their international careers , with them both making their England debuts in the World Cup qualifier against Wales on 15 November 1972 alongside Emlyn Hughes already established in the England team .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "030ced645310cdf65dfaf4850eb5b7d4", "text": "Grade II listed buildings in Liverpool-L7 Liverpool is a city and port in Merseyside , England , which contains many listed buildings . A listed building is a structure designated by English Heritage of being of architectural and/or of historical importance and , as such , is included in the National Heritage List for England . There are three grades of listing , according to the degree of importance of the structure . Grade I includes those buildings that are of `` exceptional interest , sometimes considered to be internationally important '' ; the buildings in Grade II * are `` particularly important buildings of more than special interest '' ; and those in Grade II are `` nationally important and of special interest '' . Very few buildings are included in Grade I -- only 2.5 % of the total . Grade II * buildings represent 5.5 % of the total , while the great majority , 92 % , are included in Grade II . Liverpool contains more than 1,550 listed buildings , of which 28 are in Grade I , 109 in Grade II * , and the rest in Grade II . This list contains the Grade II listed buildings in the L7 postal district of Liverpool . The district stretches from buildings used by the University of Liverpool in the area around Abercromby Square in the west of the district , to the suburbs of Edge Hill and Kensington in the east . It is mainly residential , and a high proportion of the buildings in the list are houses . Residential development started in 1819 -- 20 in Abercromby Square , and many of the houses here and elsewhere date from the 1820s , 1830s , and 1840s . To the east , the district includes Edge Hill railway station , the world 's first railway station , and there are three Grade II listed buildings relating to it . Also in the district is Wavertree Botanic Gardens , which contains two Grade II listed buildings , the lodge and a fountain . In addition to these , this list contains three churches and a chapel ( some of which have been converted into other uses ) , a library , a bank , a public house , a former hospital , the entrance to a cemetery , a students ' union , a war memorial , and a pillar box . Grade II listed buildings from other areas in the city can be found through the template on the right , along with the lists of the Grade I and Grade II * buildings in the city .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4cb254cde2271f41078e56c7a84290a8", "text": "1994–95 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season The 1994 -- 95 season was Blackburn Rovers F.C. 's third season in the Premier League , and their third consecutive season in the top division of English football . The season was marked by the club winning the Premier League title , ending their 81-year run without an English league title . They ended up winning the title by a one-point margin over Manchester United . Rovers led the way for most of the season , but a 2 -- 1 defeat at Kenny Dalglish 's old club Liverpool on the final day of the season briefly appeared to threaten their title hopes . Manchester United however could only draw ( 1 -- 1 ) at West Ham so the league title was back at Blackburn for the first time since 1914 . Jack Walker 's dream had come true : within five years of buying the club , he had taken them from strugglers in the old Second Division to champions of England . Early exits from the League Cup , FA Cup and UEFA Cup to Liverpool , Newcastle and Trelleborg respectively were frustrating for Rovers in 1994 -- 95 , but turned out for the best as they could concentrate on the league challenge . Kenny Dalglish won the Premier League Manager of the Year award for leading Blackburn to success , Alan Shearer won both the Golden Boot for contributing 34 of Blackburn 's 80 league goals and also the PFA Players ' Player of the Year award as nominated by his fellow professionals . Graeme Le Saux , Colin Hendry , Tim Sherwood and Shearer all made it into the PFA Team of the Year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c2b8c99d536baaabea09f5b11d5e1aa6", "text": "East Lancashire derby The East Lancashire Derby also known as the `` Cotton Mills Derby '' is a football match between Blackburn Rovers F.C. and Burnley F.C. . The nickname originates from the fact that Blackburn and Burnley were former mill towns . The first ever competitive league match between these two former English football champions and founder members of the Football League , took place at Turf Moor on 3 November 1888 , Blackburn won the game 7 -- 1 . Blackburn also won the return fixture at Ewood Park 4 -- 2 . From a town standpoint there is an obvious geographical reason for the rivalry as the two Lancashire towns only lie 11 miles ( 18 km ) apart . Accrington Stanley F.C. stands in the middle , but is not taken seriously as a rival by either . Another alleged reason for the increased hostilities is that Blackburn complained to the Football League about Burnley 's illegal number of Scottish players in the 1890s . Blackburn Rovers were founded in 1875 and in the following years , many other clubs were formed in the region such as Accrington F.C. in 1886 and Clitheroe Central in 1877 , due to football being passionately taken up by the area . Another such club was Burnley Rovers , who started out as a rugby club until changing codes in 1882 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eafe12660b93174464c817d3f6a15693", "text": "Billy Liddell William Beveridge Liddell ( 10 January 1922 -- 3 July 2001 ) was a Scottish footballer , who played his entire professional career with Liverpool . He signed with the club as a teenager in 1938 and retired in 1961 , having scored 228 goals in 534 appearances ( placing Liddell fourth and 12th in the respective club rankings as of August 2010 ) . He was Liverpool 's leading goalscorer in the league in eight out of nine seasons from 1949 -- 50 to 1957 -- 58 , and surpassed Elisha Scott 's club record for most league appearances in 1957 . With Liverpool , Liddell won a league championship in 1947 and featured in the club 's 1950 FA Cup Final defeat by Arsenal . He represented Scotland at international level on 29 occasions . While serving as a Royal Air Force navigator during the Second World War , Liddell continued his career by appearing in unofficial games for Liverpool and guesting for various teams in the United Kingdom and Canada . After his retirement from football , in 1961 , Liddell occupied himself as a Justice of the Peace ( from 1958 ) , bursar of Liverpool University , and voluntary worker . He died in 2001 . Primarily a left winger , Liddell 's versatility enabled him to play comfortably on the opposite wing and as a striker , at centre and inside forward . Liddell became noted for his strong physique , acceleration , powerful shot , professionalism , and good conduct on the pitch . Such was his influence and popularity that the club acquired the contemporary nickname `` Liddellpool '' . Posthumous recognition has included a plaque unveiled in 2004 at Anfield and sixth place in a poll of Liverpool fans , conducted in 2006 under the title `` 100 Players Who Shook The Kop '' . He was inducted into the Scottish Football Hall of Fame in November 2008 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5391ab2fc26e5b8a263e723441535f6", "text": "Heroes and Villains (football fanzine) Heroes and Villains is the title of a football fanzine written by and primarily aimed at fans of Aston Villa F.C. . It was launched in 1989 , and has been in regular print ever since , long surpassing 100 issues . It has been edited from the start by Dave Woodhall . Although of course primarily concerned directly with the fortunes of Aston Villa , occasionally other general football articles and humorous , nostalgic pieces are to be found amongst its pages . It was often critical of Doug Ellis who was the chairman of Aston Villa during the period 1982 to 2006 ( his second spell at the club ) . He was seen by many fans as being complacent and unambitious regarding the fortunes of the team . As with most fanzines , many articles contain much baiting of local rival football clubs and their fans , in this case chiefly Birmingham City F.C. and West Bromwich Albion F.C. However , a goodly part of the fanzine 's contents consist of contributors ' personal views on and memories of experiences derived from being a supporter of Aston Villa . Aston Villa 's richly varied history , particularly that of the last 25 years and within living memory of most contributors , consisting as it does of Villa 's League Championship and European Cup winning achievements of '81 and ' 82 , their mid '80s decline culminating in relegation in ' 87 , followed by a revival under Graham Taylor 's management which led to an unexpected league runners-up spot just 3 seasons later , provides much material . As does a further , also unexpected , runners up placing in ' 93 , league cup triumphs in '94 and ' 96 , and the generally solid but unspectacular performance of the team , up to the 2005-2006 season 's underachievements and the broad feeling of dissatisfaction with the way the club was being run . Something of a running joke in the fanzine concerns Villa 's underachievement in the FA Cup , the club having not won the competition since 1957 , with their only final appearance since then consisting of a dismal performance in losing 1-0 to the pre-Roman Abramovich Chelsea in 2000 . As the 3rd round of the competition - Villa 's usual entry point - approaches each season , many fans come to the agreement that this year is definitely `` our year for the cup ... '' For the start of the 2014-15 season , the fanzine phased out the paper publishing format of distribution , and is now available only to download to computers , mobile devices , and so on . The fanzine also spawned a website forum which remains very popular among Villa supporters .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "969c174fb0348dddd6894b85851bfb40", "text": "1946–47 Liverpool F.C. season The 1946 -- 47 season was the 55th season in Liverpool F.C. 's existence , and ended their season as Champions , winning the title by one point from Manchester United and Wolverhampton Wanderers . The chances of them doing the double was over by being beaten in the FA Cup Semi-Finals by 2nd Division Burnley .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "31b00e66a8729826111343159ee4b536", "text": "Phil Thompson Philip Bernard Thompson ( born 21 January 1954 ) is a retired English footballer , who played as a defender for Liverpool team of the 1970s and 1980s . During this time , he also represented the England national football team on 42 occasions . After retiring as a player , he later served Liverpool as assistant manager and , during the 2001 -- 02 season , acted as caretaker for 6 months while manager Gérard Houllier was ill . He is currently a pundit on Soccer Saturday on Sky Sports , does on and off work as a pundit for TV 2 ( Norway ) , and is a regular Visiting Fellow at the University of Liverpool where he teaches on the Football Industries MBA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e3b39e612dd90efcf21a3aa64f63739f", "text": "James Milner James Philip Milner ( born 4 January 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Liverpool . A versatile player , he has been utilised in many different positions such as on the wing , in midfield and most recently at left-back . Milner 's talent in football , cricket , and long-distance running was recognised at a very young age . He represented his school in these sports and played football for amateur teams from Rawdon and Horsforth . He supported Leeds United from a young age and was a season ticket holder at the club . In 1996 , he joined the Leeds United youth academy . He made his debut for the first team in 2002 aged only 16 and gained prominence as the youngest player to score in the Premier League . While at Leeds United , he spent time on loan at Swindon Town to gain experience as a first-team player . Following his move to Newcastle United , he was loaned to Aston Villa for a season . He went on to make over 100 appearances for Newcastle , before returning to Aston Villa on a permanent transfer in 2008 . After playing an influential role in Aston Villa 's run to the 2010 League Cup Final and being named 2009 -- 10 PFA Young Player of the Year , Milner joined Manchester City for a reported # 26m transfer fee in 2010 , going on to win the 2011 -- 12 and 2013 -- 14 Premier League titles , 2010 -- 11 FA Cup and 2013 -- 14 League Cup . After five seasons with Manchester City , Milner signed for Liverpool on a free transfer in 2015 . Milner made a record 46 appearances for the England national under-21 football team , playing at the 2007 and 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championships . He also played 61 appearances for the full English national team , scoring once against Moldova . He was selected for the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cup squads , as well as the 2012 and UEFA Euro 2016 UEFA Euro Championships . Milner retired from international football in 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "340b250a705b919e45da47d1f429ceba", "text": "1986–87 Manchester United F.C. season The 1986 -- 87 season was Manchester United 's 85th season in the Football League , and their 12th consecutive season in the top division of English football . The pressure on manager Ron Atkinson after last season 's failed title challenge remained strong after United lost their opening three games of the season , and despite some decent results in the following few weeks , United bowed out of the League Cup in a fourth round replay defeat at Southampton , prompting the dismissal of Atkinson on 6 November 1986 after more than five years in charge . Alex Ferguson was confirmed as Atkinson 's successor within hours , recruited from Scottish side Aberdeen , where he had enjoyed considerable success in the previous seven years . United recovered well in the league after his appointment and finished 11th , managing to scratch up some impressive results including winning both of their league clashes with Liverpool ( results which helped deprive Kenny Dalglish 's side of the league title ) , a 4 -- 1 home win over Newcastle United on New Year 's Day 1987 , a 2 -- 0 home win over a resurgent Arsenal and a 2 -- 0 win at Old Trafford in the Manchester derby which helped push City towards relegation . Their win at Liverpool also made them the only team to win at Liverpool in the league all season . However , United were prevented from finishing even higher in the league by a few disappointing results after Ferguson 's arrival , beginning with a 2 -- 0 defeat in their first game under Ferguson at Oxford United , losing both of their clashes with newly promoted Wimbledon , being beaten at Old Trafford by Norwich City just after Christmas and suffering a 4 -- 0 defeat at Tottenham near the end of the season , although by the time of the Tottenham game it was mathematically impossible for United to either win the title or suffer relegation ( there was no prospect of European qualification due to the ongoing ban on English clubs in Europe following the Heysel disaster two years earlier ) . United also failed to win any another away games in the league apart from the visit to Liverpool on Boxing Day . United 's improvement under Ferguson during the season was achieved without making any major signings , although it was widely expected that he would spend heavily on new players during the 1987 close season . He went on to pay Celtic # 850,000 for high-scoring striker Brian McClair . He strengthened the defence by paying Arsenal # 250,000 for experienced full-back Viv Anderson . Unsuccessful bids were also made for several other players : Ferguson expressed an interest in bringing striker Mark Hateley back to England from Milan , but the player opted to remain overseas and signed for AS Monaco instead . He also made a bid to bring Peter Beardsley back to the club from Newcastle United , but the England international forward instead joined Liverpool for a British record fee . Ferguson was offered the chance to sign Watford winger John Barnes , but declined to make an approach for the player due to his faith in Jesper Olsen in the same position .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a52d653f6dcfa254365b075209d3d2d", "text": "1988–89 West Ham United F.C. season The 1988 -- 1989 season saw new signings Allen McKnight and David Kelly both begin their West Ham United careers , but neither supplied the club with kind of form necessary to stay in the top flight . On 22 March 1989 , it looked as though Lyall had come up with the goods to save West Ham 's top flight status when he re-captured Frank McAvennie from Glasgow Celtic for a club record fee of # 1.1 million -- just after the player had turned down the chance to sign for Arsenal , who went on to win the league . However , McAvennie failed to repeat the goalscoring heroics of his first spell at Upton Park as he did n't score a single goal in nine league appearances and the Hammers were relegated despite winning five of their final seven games . The club finished in 19th place in the First Division and were relegated to the second tier of The Football League . John Lyall was sacked as manager after 15 years on 5 June 1989 , by which time he was the longest serving manager at any Football League club . It also ended his 34-year service with the club , which had started in 1955 when he signed for them as an apprentice player from school .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9397b755c1f52929dae0d1ef56b65ea7", "text": "2001–02 Birmingham City F.C. season The 2001 -- 02 season was Birmingham City Football Club 's 99th in the Football League . They finished in 5th position in the 24-team Football League First Division , thus qualifying for the play-offs , and were successful in the final , beating Norwich City in a penalty shootout to gain promotion to the Premier League . Birmingham entered the 2001 -- 02 FA Cup at the third round and lost to Liverpool in that round , and after entering the League Cup in the first round , lost to Manchester City in the third . Trevor Francis was dismissed as manager in October with Birmingham mid-table in the First Division . Mick Mills and Jim Barron acted as caretakers until December , when former Crystal Palace manager Steve Bruce was appointed . French manufacturers Le Coq Sportif supplied Birmingham 's kit for the fourth consecutive season , and mobile phone retailer Phones4U were the new shirt sponsors . Tommy Mooney was top scorer with 15 goals , of which 13 were scored in the league .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e7c54bc8ad2a587e7c9c3c60003913ed", "text": "Liverpool 9–0 Crystal Palace (1989) On 12 September 1989 , Liverpool faced Crystal Palace in a First Division fixture at Anfield , during the 1989 -- 90 season . Crystal Palace were newly promoted to the Division , while Liverpool had been narrowly pipped to the League title by Arsenal in the previous season . Liverpool won the match 9 -- 0 , recording their biggest ever top-flight win , and inflicting Palace 's heaviest ever defeat . Eight different players scored for Liverpool , the only time this has happened for the same club in English football history .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "50c8642a1b7b4079ad58136f708052ff", "text": "2013–14 Everton F.C. season The 2013 -- 14 season was Everton 's 22nd season in the Premier League and 60th consecutive season in the top division of English football . It was also Everton 's 115th season of league football and 117th season in all competitions . It was the first season without David Moyes as manager since 2002 , with Moyes leaving Everton to succeed Alex Ferguson as manager of Manchester United . In addition , the club crest was redesigned ahead of this season for the first time since 2000 . On 5 June 2013 , Roberto Martínez was announced as the new Everton manager , having left his post at relegated FA Cup holders Wigan Athletic . Everton finished in sixth position in the domestic league in the previous season , missing out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League , meaning it failed to qualify for any European competitions for the fourth season running . Everton 's Premier League campaign began in August 2013 with Martínez changing their style of play to a possession based , attractive brand of football which initially led to three successive draws to start the season . A first victory came in the next match 1 -- 0 against Chelsea and by Christmas Everton had only suffered one defeat , a run which included a win over Moyes ' Manchester United , the first time the club had tasted success at Old Trafford in 21 years . The team almost went an entire year unbeaten at home but lost 1 -- 0 against Sunderland on Boxing Day . Everton 's progress stalled somewhat in the early part of 2014 with three losses in four games against Liverpool , Tottenham Hotspur and Chelsea , before winning seven league games in a row for the first time since 1987 . The spell contained perhaps Everton 's best performance of the season when they defeated Arsenal 3 -- 0 . The streak was ended with a 3 -- 2 home defeat by Crystal Palace , but Everton returned to do the double over Manchester United for the first time since 1969 . Moyes was sacked as their manager a day later . Two defeats in a row after this ended Everton 's Champions League hopes but a finish of 5th in the league table is their highest in five years with Everton qualifying for next season 's Europa League . Martínez utilised the loan market during the season , with Romelu Lukaku ( on loan from Chelsea ) being Everton 's top scorer with 16 goals in all competitions . The emergence of young players such as Ross Barkley , John Stones and summer signing James McCarthy was also a feature of his debut season in charge , with Barkley going on to be selected for England 's World Cup squad . Right back Séamus Coleman was named Everton 's player of the year . In the cup competitions Everton lost in the sixth round of the FA Cup ( entered at round three ) and the third round of the League Cup ( entered at round two ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "acbc132b3fbff5def1e512dff97145ed", "text": "2008–09 Manchester United F.C. season The 2008 -- 09 season was Manchester United 's 17th season in the Premier League , and their 34th consecutive season in the top division of English football . After winning a third consecutive Premier League title for the second time to equal Liverpool 's record of 18 league titles , the team aimed to become the first team to retain the European Cup since Milan in 1990 . However , they were beaten 2 -- 0 by Barcelona in the final at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome on 27 May 2009 . United started their season in August 2008 by winning the Community Shield . In December 2008 , the club became the first English side to win the FIFA Club World Cup when they beat LDU Quito 1 -- 0 in the final . Two months later , on 1 March 2009 , the club added the 2008 -- 09 League Cup to their trophy cabinet with a 4 -- 1 penalty shootout win over Tottenham Hotspur after a goalless 120 minutes in the final . United secured a third consecutive Premier League with a goalless draw at home to Arsenal on 16 May 2009 . This made them the first team ever to win three consecutive English top flight titles on two separate occasions , having previously done so between 1999 and 2001 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "393e1c83b9c14342d25ff54ff0fdc6db", "text": "2001 FA Charity Shield The 2001 FA Charity Shield was the 79th FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's Premier League and FA Cup . The match was contested between Liverpool , winners of the 2000 -- 01 FA Cup and Manchester United , who won the 2000 -- 01 Premier League on 12 August 2001 . It was the first Shield match to be held at the Millennium Stadium following the closure of Wembley Stadium for reconstruction . This was Liverpool 's 19th appearance and Manchester United 's 21st and the 5th time they had met in the competition . The anticipated meeting of Liverpool midfielder Steven Gerrard and new Manchester United signing Juan Sebastián Verón did not occur . Another omission from the Liverpool team was striker Robbie Fowler , who was left out of the matchday squad . New signings for both teams made an appearance , with defender John Arne Riise making his first appearance in English football for Liverpool , while striker Ruud van Nistelrooy made his debut for Manchester United . Watched by a crowd of 70,027 spectators , Liverpool took the lead in the second minute when Gary McAllister scored from a free kick after a foul on Danny Murphy by Roy Keane . Liverpool extended their lead in the 16th minute when striker Michael Owen scored . Manchester United scored in the second half through Van Nistelrooy but were unable to find the equalising goal in the remaining minutes . Thus , Liverpool won the match 2 -- 1 to win the Shield for the 14th time . Despite the victory , Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier was realistic about his team 's prospects in the upcoming 2001 -- 02 FA Premier League . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson was critical of referee Andy D'Urso 's performance after he turned down two penalty appeals from his side during the match . Liverpool 's victory marked their 14th success , while the match was United 's fourth consecutive loss in the competition .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af00633337c599f46575fc7e60143ea6", "text": "Billy Milne William `` Billy '' Milne DCM , also known locally as ` Stir ' , ( 24 November 1895 -- July 1975 ) , was a Scottish footballer who played for Arsenal , before becoming a long-standing member of the club 's backroom staff . Born in Buckie , Banffshire , Milne started his career at his hometown club , Buckie Thistle in the Scottish Highland Football League , although his career was interrupted early on by World War I . During the war , Milne served with the Seaforth Highlanders in France and won the Distinguished Conduct Medal in 1918 . After hostilities ceased , Milne returned to Buckie , and to Buckie Thistle , where he made a name for himself as a tireless and enthusiastic wing half ( what would today be approximately a midfield position ) . In September 1921 he made the long journey south by train ( Great North of Scotland Railway ) from Buckie to join London side Arsenal . Milne made his debut for Arsenal away to Cardiff City on 27 December 1921 , but only played another four games that season . However , the following season he became an established regular in the Arsenal side , as a right half , and continued to play there for another four seasons . However , after the arrival of Alf Baker he was dropped ; he was a bit-part player for the next few seasons , but in a match against Huddersfield Town on 2 April 1927 he broke his leg and his playing career was effectively finished . In all he played 124 times for Arsenal , scoring three goals . Milne 's tenaciousness and high levels of fitness led Arsenal manager Herbert Chapman to retain Milne 's services , appointing him as assistant trainer to Tom Whittaker . During World War II he was stationed as an ARP warden at Highbury and was present the night the stadium was bombed with incendiary devices ; Milne helped put out the resulting fire and saved the stadium from even more serious damage . Milne continued to hold the assistant trainer 's position until Whittaker himself became Arsenal manager in 1947 , upon which Milne became first-team trainer , and later club physiotherapist ; he also served the England team in a similar capacity . He fully retired in 1960 and was succeeded by Bertie Mee , who would later become Arsenal 's Double-winning manager . He died in 1975 , at the age of 79 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "078d0a0acb43cea3284723a87990571b", "text": "1983 FA Charity Shield The 1983 FA Charity Shield was the 61st FA Charity Shield , an annual football match played between the winners of the previous season 's First Division and FA Cup competitions . The match was played on 20 August 1983 at Wembley Stadium and contested by Liverpool , who had won the 1982 -- 83 First Division , and Manchester United , who had won the 1982 -- 83 FA Cup . Manchester United won 2 -- 0 with a brace from captain Bryan Robson . It was Liverpool 's first competitive game under the management of Joe Fagan , who had been promoted from the coaching staff to replace the retiring Bob Paisley .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7aadba8b89158a569e52006220cfe3cd", "text": "Everton F.C. Everton F.C. -LSB- ˈɛvərtən -RSB- is a football club in Liverpool , England , that currently competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club have competed in the top division for a record 114 seasons and won the League Championship nine times , and the FA Cup five times . Formed in 1878 , Everton were founding members of The Football League in 1888 and won their first League Championship two seasons later . Following four League Championship and two FA Cup wins , Everton experienced a lull in the immediate post World War Two period , until a revival in the 1960s , which saw the club win two League Championships and an FA Cup . The mid-1980s represented their most recent period of sustained success , with two League Championships , an FA Cup , and the 1985 European Cup Winners ' Cup . The club 's most recent major trophy was the 1995 FA Cup . The club 's supporters are known as Evertonians . Everton have a rivalry with neighbours Liverpool , and the two sides contest the Merseyside derby . The club have been based at Goodison Park in Walton , Liverpool , since 1892 , after moving from Anfield following a row over its rent . The club 's home colours are royal blue shirts with white shorts and socks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6e52480ff30a7e7f1c7f47f68dc614c2", "text": "1979–80 Manchester United F.C. season The 1979 -- 80 season was Manchester United 's 78th season in the Football League , and their fifth consecutive season in the top division of English football . They finished the season second in the league , just two points behind champions Liverpool , and qualified for the 1980 -- 81 UEFA Cup . It was the first season at the club for new midfielder Ray Wilkins , signed in the 1979 close season for a club record fee of # 750,000 . However , United had gained a reputation for playing generally dull football under Sexton , and by the end of his third season as manager they had still yet to win a major trophy , as Liverpool ruled supreme in the English league .", "title": "" } ]	fever
596ff31484270cd5648d06f58ecb801c	Michael Phelps holds three long course world records for swimming.	[ { "docid": "5a11367128b94d546e3f596d07a2c069", "text": "Michael Phelps Michael Fred Phelps II ( born June 30 , 1985 ) is an American former competitive swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time , with a total of 28 medals . Phelps also holds the all-time records for Olympic gold medals ( 23 ) , Olympic gold medals in individual events ( 13 ) , and Olympic medals in individual events ( 16 ) . In winning eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Games , Phelps broke fellow American swimmer Mark Spitz 's 1972 record of seven first-place finishes at any single Olympic Games . At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Phelps won four gold and two silver medals , and at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , he won five gold medals and one silver . This made him the most successful athlete of the Games for the fourth Olympics in a row . Phelps is the long course world record holder in the 100 meter butterfly , 200 meter butterfly , and 400 meter individual medley as well as the former long course world record holder in the 200 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley . He has won 83 medals in major international long course competition , of which 66 were gold , 14 silver , and 3 bronze , spanning the Olympics , the World , and the Pan Pacific Championships . Phelps 's international titles and record-breaking performances have earned him the World Swimmer of the Year Award eight times and American Swimmer of the Year Award eleven times , as well as the FINA Swimmer of the Year Award in 2012 and 2016 . His unprecedented Olympic success in 2008 earned Phelps Sports Illustrated magazine 's Sportsman of the Year award . After the 2008 Summer Olympics , Phelps started the Michael Phelps Foundation , which focuses on growing the sport of swimming and promoting healthier lifestyles . Phelps retired following the 2012 Olympics , but in April 2014 he made a comeback . At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , his fifth Olympics , he won five golds and one silver . Phelps was chosen to be a captain of the 2016 US Olympic team , and was also voted by his team to be the flag bearer of the United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "287ec7f7cbd7fb0f049d48f97207e791", "text": "Ed Moses (swimmer) Glenn Edward Moses , Jr. ( born June 7 , 1980 ) is an American former competition swimmer and breaststroke specialist who is an Olympic gold medalist , world champion , and former world record-holder . He represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics , where he won a gold and silver medal . On January 23 , 2002 in Stockholm , Sweden , Moses set a world record in the short course 100 m breaststroke ( 57.47 ) . In January 2002 , Moses also set the world mark in the short course 200 m breaststroke , which he lowered again Berlin , Germany on January 17 , 2004 with a time of 2:02.92 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a53c4602c0ab4e45ce1d22f10c32c81e", "text": "Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships was held between 2 and 9 August 2015 in Kazan , Russia . The United States won the overall medal count , led by Katie Ledecky who claimed five gold medals .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "31fa619b192b3166938ad8be5e18e8da", "text": "Lindsay Benko Lindsay Dianne Benko ( born November 29 , 1976 ) , also known by her married name as Lindsay Mintenko , is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . She represented the United States at the 2000 Summer Olympics and 2004 Summer Olympics . She held the short-course world record in the 400-meter freestyle ( at 3:59.53 ) for nearly three years from January 2003 to December 2005 . At the 2000 Olympics , she was a member of the USA 's gold-medal-winning 4 × 200-meter freestyle relay . Four years later , at the 2004 Olympics , she earned gold swimming in the heats of the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay and silver swimming the heats of the 4 × 100-meter freestyle relay . In 2005 , she married Canadian swimmer Mike Mintenko . She works for USA Swimming as the national team managing director and uses her married name professionally .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a3ea5469f2e56b74cd40fae882073cca", "text": "Matt Biondi Matthew Nicholas Biondi ( born October 8 , 1965 ) is an American former competition swimmer , eleven-time Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder in five events . Biondi competed in the Summer Olympic Games in 1984 , 1988 and 1992 , winning a total of eleven medals ( eight gold , two silver and one bronze ) . During his career , he set three individual world records in the 50-meter freestyle and four in the 100-meter freestyle . At the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul , Biondi won five gold medals , setting world records in the 50-meter freestyle and three relay events . Biondi is a member of the International Swimming Hall of Fame and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "04e9a23a063aa4451ca53ff0e199435b", "text": "Diana Gomes Diana Duarte Gomes ( born July 6 , 1989 ) is a Portuguese swimmer , who specialized in breaststroke events . She is a two-time Olympian and a multiple-time Portuguese record holder for the long and short course breaststroke events ( 50 , 100 , and 200 m ) . She also won three medals ( two golds and one bronze ) in the same category at the 2005 European Junior Swimming Championships in Budapest , Hungary . Gomes made her first Olympic team , as Portugal 's youngest swimmer ( aged 15 ) , at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . In the 100 m breaststroke , Gomes finished in last place on the fourth heat by four tenths of a second ( 0.40 ) behind Croatia 's Smiljana Marinović in 1:11.40 . In the 200 m breaststroke , Gomes placed twenty-third in the morning prelims with a seasonal best of 2:34.23 , nearly two seconds farther from the Portuguese record ( 2:31.32 ) . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , Gomes qualified for the second time in two swimming events , by clearing FINA B-standard entry times of 1:09.96 ( 100 m breaststroke ) from the European Championships in Eindhoven , Netherlands , and 2:30.35 ( 200 m breaststroke ) from the EDF Swimming Open in Paris , France . In her first event , 100 m breaststroke , Gomes challenged seven other swimmers on the fourth heat , including South Korea 's Jung Seul-Ki , and two-time Olympian Inna Kapishina of Belarus . She edged out Kapishina to a third-place sprint by 0.15 of a second , lowering her Olympic time to 1:10.02 . In the 200 m breaststroke , Gomes lowered her personal best to 2:30.18 , but failed to advance into the semifinals for the second time , as she placed twenty-ninth overall in the preliminaries .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c1ff1eb7c732ad2c0559331f891c5a50", "text": "Melbourne Vicentre Melbourne Vicentre is a swimming club based at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre ( MSAC ) , Melbourne , Australia . Its head coach is Ian Pope , supported by Craig Jackson , Alex Hirschauer , Matt King and Brad Harris and others . Vicentre is one of the largest clubs in Victoria , and Swimming Australia Podium Performance Centre . Amongst the swimmers who train currently with Vicentre are 2014 Commonwealth Games team members Mack Horton and Kotuku Ngawati , Paralympians Ahmed Kelly , Tanya Huebner and Matthew Haanappel as well as Masters World Record holder Linley Frame . Past club members include Giaan Rooney , Matt Welsh , Grant Hackett , Daniel Kowalski , Marieke Guehrer and Nicole Livingstone . Nicole Livingstone has been CEO of the club since July 2014 . The club was formed in 1988 following the amalgamation of Melbourne Aquatic and ACI Vicentre swimming clubs . In 1996 , the club amalgamated with Malvern Swimming Club Inc. . The club is an incorporated association under the Associations Incorporation Act 1986 ( Vic ) and is an affiliate of Swimming Victoria and Metro South District . Melbourne Vicentre won the Australian Open Longcourse Championships points score every year since 2004 Athens Olympic trials to 2008 , and 2011-2013 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "63a70b378aa208d825f581bb999111b7", "text": "100 metres freestyle The 100 metres freestyle is often considered to be the highlight ( blue riband event ) of the sport of swimming , like 100 metres in the sport of Athletics . The first swimmer to break the one-minute barrier ( long course ) was Johnny Weissmuller , in 1922 . The current world records holders are César Cielo ( since 2009 ) and Cate Campbell ( since 2016 ) . Australian Dawn Fraser won the event a record three times at the Olympics , and she is the only woman to win it more than once . Four men , American Duke Kahanamoku , Weissmuller , Russian Alexander Popov , and Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband won the event at the Olympics twice . Popov was also world champion ( held since 1973 ) three times .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b15d785c1e0554d8551dac189711ee4e", "text": "Mike Brown (swimmer) Michael Andrew Brown ( born May 5 , 1984 ) is a Canadian former competitive swimmer . He started swimming at age seven and was a student at the University of Calgary . Brown 's dream was to become an olympian for Canada and it became true when he succeeded to qualify for 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece . He broke 200-meter breaststroke Canadian record and was placed 6th . His best finish at a world championships was at the 2005 championships in Montreal , when he finished 2nd in the 200-metre breaststroke . Brown won gold at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne , Australia , beating his opponent by 0.01 of a second . He was born in Perth , Ontario . Brown competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 100-metre breaststroke and 200-metre breaststroke . He finished 20th in the 100-metre heats with a time of 1:00.98 and 4th in the 200-metre final with a Canadian Record 2:08.84 . After serving his country for eight years in the national team , Brown announced his retirement in 2009 but it did n't seem long lasting and he was seen back in the pools by 2010 , fueled and determined for 2012 Summer Olympics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b414d1d21db897f2def7cb7fc649c533", "text": "Bobby Hackett (swimmer) Robert William Hackett , Jr. ( born August 16 , 1959 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder . He represented the United States at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec as a 16-year-old , where he won a silver medal in the men 's 1500-meter freestyle , finishing behind U.S. teammate Brian Goodell . He was trained by coach Joe Bernal . Bernal , the former head coach of Bernal 's Gator Swim Club in Boston , Massachusetts , was known to have given Hackett 100 x 100 yard sets on the 1:00 interval . Hackett still holds one of the oldest National Age Group records , a 15:03.91 in the 1,500-meter freestyle ( long-course meters ) . He set the record by shattering the previous record at the 1976 Olympics . Currently , Hackett is living and working in the New York metro area , near where he grew up . He has made a living in commercial real estate and is volunteer coaching with the Boys and Girls Club of Northern Westchester Marlins .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "272e1bd4176423fd5c8a5e5e4ec36bd4", "text": "List of Bolivian records in swimming The Bolivian Records in swimming are the fastest times ever swum by an individual from Bolivia . These records are maintained by Bolivia 's national swimming federation : la Federación Boliviana de Natación ( FEBONA ) . FEBONA keeps records for both for men ( varones ) and women ( damas ) , for events in long course ( 50m , Piscina Larga ) and short course ( 25m , Piscina Corta ) courses . Records are kept in the following events ( by stroke ) : freestyle ( libre ) : 50 , 100 , 200 , 400 , 800 and 1500 ; backstroke ( espalda ) : 50 , 100 and 200 ; breaststroke ( pecho ) : 50 , 100 and 200 ; butterfly ( mariposa ) : 50 , 100 and 200 ; individual medley ( combinado ) : 100 ( 25m only ) , 200 and 400 ; relays : 4x50 free , 4x100 free , 4x200 free , 4x50 medley , and 4 × 100 medley .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd01f92c6af319d6caf435d3b3ec0ecd", "text": "Paralympic swimming Paralympic swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities . Paralympic swimming is contested not only at the Summer Paralympic Games , but at disabled sports competitions throughout the world . The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee , hence the name of `` Paralympic '' swimming . Rules for the sport are adapted from those set forth by the International Swimming Federation ( FINA ) . Swimmers compete individually in backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly , freestyle , individual medley , and as teams in relay races . At the Paralympics , World Championships and other elite level competitions , swimmers compete in an Olympic-size swimming pool . Significant differences between able-bodied and Paralympic swimming include the starting position and adaptations allowed for visually impaired swimmers . Competitors may start a race by standing on a platform and diving into the pool , as in non-disabled swimming , or by sitting on the platform and diving in , or they may start the race in the water . In events for the blind and visually impaired , people called `` tappers '' may stand at the end of the pool and use a pole to tap the swimmers when they approach the wall , indicating when the swimmer should turn or end the race .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c3576e3755be6e7c688f1a578616642", "text": "Mike Kenny (swimmer) Mike Kenny , MBE ( born 30 January 1945 ) is a retired British swimmer . He won 16 gold medals and two silvers over four Paralympic Games making him the most successful British Paralympian of all time . He twice retained his gold medals in three swimming events , breaking numerous world records in the process .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe018e537f90e42bce3af337ba3a9dca", "text": "Daniele Tirabassi Daniele Tirabassi ( born August 16 , 1986 ) is a Venezuelan swimmer , who specialized in long-distance freestyle events . He represented his nation Venezuela at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and has also won a career total of five medals ( two golds , one silver , and two bronze ) in a major international competition , spanning two editions of the South American Games and the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games . Tirabassi also holds multiple Venezuelan championship titles and national records in both the long-distance freestyle ( 200 and 400 m ) , and freestyle relay events . Tirabassi competed for Venezuela in the men 's 400 m freestyle at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . He fired off a powerful 3:52.69 to win handily over the rest of the competition and dip beneath the FINA B-standard ( 3:58.00 ) at the Latin Cup in Serravalle , San Marino . Leading the first heat from the initial length until the 250-metre lap , Tirabassi tried to hold on with Norway 's Gard Kvale towards the final turn of the race by just half a body length apart from each other , but could not catch him immediately to regain his lead and end up instead with a runner-up time in 3:53.26 . Tirabassi failed to advance further to the top eight final , as he placed thirty-first overall in the prelims . At the 2009 FINA World Championships in Rome , Italy , Tirabassi set a Venezuelan record of 1:48.51 to touch the wall first on the tenth heat of the 200 m freestyle . At the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara , Mexico , Tirabassi posted a time of 1:52.31 to round out the field in last place on the same distance , but missed his record by nearly four seconds . Tirabassi is also a member of the Pine Crest Swim Team in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , where he trained with numerous world-class swimmers including three-time Olympian Bradley Ally of Barbados , and Genaro Prono , an Auburn University graduate and a breaststroke specialist from Paraguay .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cb0bfde5aba2d2b7f257332c49fbfba1", "text": "Sun Yang Sun Yang ( ; born 1 December 1991 ) is a Chinese Olympic and world-record-holding competitive swimmer . In 2012 , he became the first Chinese man to win an Olympic gold medal in swimming . In 2016 , he became the first swimmer in history to have an Olympic gold medal in the 200 , 400 , and 1500 metre freestyle events . Sun is the most decorated Chinese swimmer of all time , with a total of 26 medals ( fifteen gold , seven silver , four bronze ) in major international competitions . Sun swam for China at the 2008 Summer Olympics . At the 2010 Asian Games , he won the 1500 metre freestyle , setting an Asian record ; he was subsequently named Rookie of the Year at the 2010 CCTV Sports Awards . At the 2011 World Championships , Sun broke the world record in the 1500 metre freestyle , previously held by Grant Hackett in 2001 , which was at the time the longest-held world record in swimming and the only men 's swimming world record to not have been beaten during the techsuit era . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , Sun won gold medals in the 400 and 1500 metre freestyle . At the 2013 World Championships , he became the first swimmer since Hackett , and the second in history , to win gold medals in all three long distance freestyle events ( 400 , 800 , and 1500 metre ) in a single World Championships . At the 2016 Summer Olympics , Sun won a gold medal in the 200 metre freestyle and a silver medal in the 400 metre freestyle . In May 2014 , Sun was banned for three months by the Chinese Swimming Association after testing positive for the stimulant trimetazidine , which had been added to the World Anti-Doping Agency 's banned list four months earlier . Sun stated that he was prescribed the stimulant by a doctor to treat heart palpitations he has suffered since 2008 , and was unaware that it had been newly added to the banned substances list .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e940ec08ba6589c31d7b79a0fe626ad6", "text": "John Naber John Phillips Naber ( born January 20 , 1956 ) is an American former competition swimmer , five-time Olympic medalist , and former world record-holder in multiple events . Naber was born and raised in Evanston , Illinois . After high school , he attended the University of Southern California , where he completed his bachelor 's degree in psychology in 1977 . While he was at USC , Naber helped lead the USC Trojans swimming team to four consecutive NCAA Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships . Naber won four gold medals at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec . Each of these victories was swum in world-record time . One of Naber 's gold medals was for the first 200-meter backstroke swam in under two minutes , and his winning time of one minute and 59.19 seconds set a world record that stood for seven years . His world record of 55.49 second in the 100 meter backstroke also stood for seven years . For these accomplishments in Montreal and elsewhere , Naber won the 1977 James E. Sullivan Award , which is presented to the top American amateur athlete of the year . He was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as an `` Honor Swimmer '' in 1982 . Following his swimming career , Naber worked as a sports broadcaster , motivational speaker , and professional writer . In May 2014 , John Naber was inducted into Woodside High School 's Community Hall of Fame .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "efe03f6607f6c9a6d63b8e7f1bb0f2a2", "text": "United States Olympic Trials (swimming) The United States Olympic Team Trials in Swimming are held before every Summer Olympics to select the participants for the US swimming team . The event is overseen by the United States Olympic Committee and run/operated by USA Swimming . The first Olympic Trials was held in 1920 in Alameda , California to select swimmers for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp , Belgium . The men 's and women 's trials have been held separately six times .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b3e16948727fa19fef423e778f1e281d", "text": "Misty Hyman Misty Dawn Marie Hyman ( born March 23 , 1979 ) is an American former competition swimmer , Olympic gold medalist , and former world record-holder . Hyman won the gold medal in the women 's 200-meter butterfly at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . In March 1996 , she just missed making the U.S. Olympic team for the 1996 Games , finishing third and fourth at the U.S. Olympic Trials in the 100 - and 200-meter butterfly events . Hyman competed as a member of the U.S. Finswimming Team at the 8th World Championship held in Hungary during August 1996 . At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , Hyman was only expected to contend for silver in women 's 200-meter butterfly on the night of September 20 , 2000 , as Australian Susie O'Neill was expected to repeat her title ( O'Neill had been undefeated in the 200-meter butterfly for the previous 3 -- 4 years ; and was swimming in her home country ) . Hyman was so shocked that she looked at the scoreboard three times just to make sure that she had won . Hyman 's victory was largely credited to her expert use of the very difficult fish kick on turns . Also in 2000 , Hyman was ranked 35th in the world in the 50-meter butterfly , twelfth in the 100-meter butterfly , and second in the 200-meter butterfly . Hyman failed to qualify for the 2004 Summer Olympics after finishing a disappointing 8th place in the 100-meter and 200-meter butterfly at the U.S. Olympic Trials . She retired from the sport of swimming shortly after .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d75a9fb7b4e85bfd861de3d87f166143", "text": "Sergey Koplyakov Sergey Viktorovich Koplyakov ( Серге́й Викторович Копляков born 23 January 1959 ) is a Russian-Belarusian swimmer who won two gold medals competing for the Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics . Sergey Kopliakov moved into top ranks of world swimming in 1979 , coming behind Vladimir Salnikov , Andrei Krylov and Volodymyr Raskatov , enabling the Soviet Union to fully compete in male freestyle with American champions in the late 1970s . In sports history , Kopliakov will be the swimmer who ended 15 years of American domination in the 200 m freestyle and the first man who bested the time of 1:50 ( on 7 April 1979 he achieved 1:49.83 in East Berlin ) . Born in Orsha , Belarus ' 11th-largest city , Kopliakov debuted in 1974 , at the age of 15 . He won the 200 m juniors in a people 's tournament in 1969 . From Minsk he went to Leningrad , one of the pilot centers of the new Soviet swimming and was selected in 1976 for the Montreal Olympic Games , where he won a silver medal in the 4 × 200 m. His best time in 200 m that year was 1:53.37 . In 1977 he was very discreet , only got a fifth place in the 200 m of the European Championships . In 1978 , in the West Berlin World Championships , he finished third in the 200 m , behind two Americans with a time of 1:51.33 ( new European record ) . He achieved high recognition in 1978 , beating on 7 April the 200 m world record , during the first split of one 4 × 200 m relay in a GDR/USSR meeting ; after that he won the 100 m in 51.46 and the 200 m of the Europe Cup ( London ) in August and finally the 200 m of the Spartakiad in Moscow in September with 1:50.13 , showing himself as one of the most serious opponents for the American swimmers .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9d884d4a4e962e559f2ee972135a5f42", "text": "List of Peruvian records in swimming The Peru Records in Swimming are the fastest times ever swum by an individual from Peru . These national records are maintained by Peru 's national swimming federation : Federación Deportiva Peruana de Natación ( FDPN ) . FDPN keeps records for both for men and women , for both long course ( 50m ) and short course ( 25m ) events . Records are kept in the following events ( by stroke ) : freestyle : 50 , 100 , 200 , 400 , 800 and 1500 ; backstroke : 50 , 100 and 200 ; breaststroke : 50 , 100 and 200 ; butterfly : 50 , 100 and 200 ; individual medley : 100 ( 25m only ) , 200 and 400 ; relays : 200 free ( 25m only ) , 400 free , 800 free , 200 medley ( 25m only ) , and 400 medley . All records swum in finals , unless noted otherwise .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "335f19770c786c894f93d016e939bd3d", "text": "2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) The 10th FINA World Swimming Championships ( 25 m ) was held in Dubai , United Arab Emirates from 15 -- 19 December 2010 . This swimming-only championships took place in the Dubai Sports Complex ; all events were swum in a 25-meter ( short-course ) pool . FINA announced on April 9 , 2006 that Dubai had defeated the only other bidder Istanbul , Turkey , 11 votes to 10 , after a meeting of the FINA Bureau in Shanghai , China . The USA topped the medal standings with a total of 25 medals . A total of 57 Championship Records were set , and 4 World Records . American Ryan Lochte and Spaniard Mireia Belmonte were named swimmers of the competition . Lochte became the first individual ever to win 7 medals at a Short Course Worlds , and became the first individual to swim a World Record since suits-rule changes went into effect in January 2010 . Belmonte won a total of four medals , tied for the most with American Rebecca Soni .", "title": "" } ]	fever
8db586389ced3e46fad565fa5ee36a6f	Iron Fist was created by Damon Lindelof.	[ { "docid": "cf27dedd579684416316410591cadef9", "text": "Iron Fist (TV series) Marvel 's Iron Fist , or simply Iron Fist , is an American web television series created for Netflix by Scott Buck , based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films of the franchise and is the fourth in a series of shows that will lead up to The Defenders crossover miniseries . The series is produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Devilina Productions , with Buck serving as showrunner . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist , a martial arts expert with the ability to call upon the power of the Iron Fist . Jessica Henwick , Tom Pelphrey , Jessica Stroup , Ramón Rodríguez , Sacha Dhawan , Rosario Dawson and David Wenham also star . After a film based on the character spent over a decade in development at Marvel Studios , development for the series began in late 2013 at Marvel Television , with Buck hired as the series showrunner in December 2015 and Jones cast as Rand in February 2016 . Filming began in New York City in April 2016 and concluded in October 2016 . Iron Fist had its premiere on March 15 , 2017 , in New York City , with the full season of 13 episodes releasing on Netflix on March 17 , 2017 . The series received mixed reviews from critics , with criticism aimed towards its pace and storytelling , underwhelming fight sequences , and Jones ' portrayal of Rand , while Henwick 's performance as Colleen Wing and the appearances of established characters Claire Temple and Jeri Hogarth received praise . Third-party data analytics determined the series had strong initial viewership , but this was shortly cut in half .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "6a9f2b491c92f4f072177cb5b0ea79c4", "text": "Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell) Captain Marvel ( Mar-Vell ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in Marvel Super-Heroes # 12 ( December 1967 ) . The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and has made many appearances since then , including a self-titled series and the second volume of the Marvel Spotlight series . Captain Marvel was ranked 24th in IGN 's list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' and has appeared in television series and video games .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4ac81354bcf7b0c1fa39cce32a2de073", "text": "F.P.1 F.P. 1 antwortet nicht , or F.P. 1 Does n't Respond was the name of a novel written by noted science fiction and fantasy writer/director Kurt Siodmak , best known as the creator of The Wolf Man . The novel was turned into a film in 1932 , directed by Karl Hartl -- it was produced as a Multilingual version ( MLV ) one film each in German , French , and English . Filming multiple versions in different languages was common in the early sound film period . Written after Charles Lindbergh 's transatlantic flight , the plot concerned a permanent air station in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean . The German version was the last German film that either Siodmak or Peter Lorre , who played a secondary character , would make in Germany before the war . It premiered on 22 December 1932 . By 1933 , a political joke referring to Adolf Hitler played on the title of the film : `` Parteigenossen 1 antwortet nicht , '' or `` Party Member 1 does n't answer . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e79795669a43c666cf6d9bc9a65eb20", "text": "Anthony Stark Anthony Stark is the name of : Anthony Stark ( director ) ( 1961 -- 2011 ) , American film director and screenwriter Anthony `` Tony '' Stark , the fictional superhero Iron Man", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b19e09c915aee1a13b287e4c9592e27c", "text": "Eando Binder Eando Binder is a pen-name used by two mid-20th-century science fiction authors , Earl Andrew Binder ( 1904-1965 ) and his brother Otto Binder ( 1911-1974 ) . The name is derived from their first initials ( `` E and O Binder '' ) . Under the Eando name , the Binders wrote some published science fiction , including stories featuring a heroic robot named Adam Link . The first Adam Link story , published in 1939 , is titled I , Robot . An unrelated collection of stories by Isaac Asimov , also entitled I , Robot , was published in 1950 . The name was chosen by the publisher , against Asimov 's wishes . By 1939 , Otto had taken over all of the writing , leaving Earl to act as his literary agent . Under his own name , Otto wrote for the Captain Marvel line of comic books published by Fawcett Comics ( 1941-1953 ) and the Superman line for DC Comics ( 1948-1969 ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "2b8c8085016bfdb091f17fe3b98fcf31", "text": "Batwing (DC Comics) Batwing is a fictional comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics . Within DC Comics internal continuity , Batwing is one of several superheroes patterned after the famous superhero Batman . Batwing , in particular , was conceived by Batman as his crime-fighting counterpart overseas , ` the Batman of Africa ' . The first Batwing is David Zavimbe , a Congolese police officer , created by writer Grant Morrison within the pages of Batman Incorporated prior to receiving his own eponymous series . Following later events within Batman Incorporated and Batwing , Zavimbe is replaced in the role by Luke Fox , an American mixed martial artist who had been Batman 's first choice in the role , who is also the son of Batman 's close associate Lucius Fox . Batwing faces a roster of adversaries ranging from international super villains to the Democratic Republic of Congo 's corrupt police force . Batwing expands the DC Universe by taking place in Africa , making David Zavimbe both the first ( in continuity ) black Batman and one of the few characters headlining a series outside the United States . Fox is also black , and becomes the first in-continuity African American Batman .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "12176501e00c5b01d6d384aeaf4f6d53", "text": "Hulk 2099 Hulk 2099 ( John Eisenhart ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner and first appeared in 2099 Unlimited # 1 . As with many other Marvel 2099 characters , Hulk 2099 was a futuristic re-imagining of the original Hulk .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d12e35b1068f0a55288457811360943", "text": "Larry Lieber Larry D. Lieber ( -LSB- ˈliːbər -RSB- born October 26 , 1931 ) is an American comic book artist and writer , and the younger brother of Marvel Comics ' writer , editor , and publisher Stan Lee . Lieber is best known for scripting the first appearances of the Marvel characters Iron Man , Thor , and Ant-Man ; for his long stint both writing and drawing the Marvel Western Rawhide Kid ; and for illustrating the newspaper comic strip The Amazing Spider-Man for many years and continuing as of August 2016 . From 1974 to 1975 , he was editor of Atlas/Seaboard Comics .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8d7b7bd08a8e84f087bfec3e69a5c1f9", "text": "Image Comics Image Comics is an American comic book publisher . It was founded in 1992 by several high-profile illustrators as a venue where comics creators could publish their material without giving up the copyrights to the characters they created , as creator-owned properties . It was immediately successful , and remains one of the largest comic book publishers in North America . Its output was originally dominated by superhero and fantasy series from the studios of the Image partners , but now includes comics in many genres by numerous independent creators . Its best-known series include Spawn , Savage Dragon , Witchblade , The Darkness , Invincible , The Walking Dead , Saga , and Chew .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a763773da1837c62302aa856b123d42f", "text": "Kenshiro is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Fist of the North Star manga series created by Tetsuo Hara and Buronson . According to Buronson , Kenshiro 's character design was inspired by the character of Max Rockatansky from the Mad Max film series and martial artist Bruce Lee . In the story , Kenshiro is the rightful successor of an ancient art of assassination called Hokuto Shinken , which allows Kenshiro to defeat his adversaries through use of hidden meridian points . Through the course of the original manga , Kenshiro fights against various ruffians who threaten the lives of the post-apocalyptic survivors , as well as numerous rival martial artists , including his three honorary brothers trained in the art of Hokuto Shinken . Kenshiro is also known as the , due to the seven scars engraved on his chest patterned after the shape of the Big Dipper ( the symbol of the Hokuto school ) , as well as the . Kenshiro 's famous catchphrase just prior to an enemy 's death is .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c0613cebcd7fd8f22e33f938530f6082", "text": "Liberators (comics) The Liberators are a group of fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . These characters appear in comics set in the Ultimate Marvel universe . Created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch , they appear in the miniseries The Ultimates 2 . They are effectively the Ultimate universe 's equivalents of the Masters of Evil . The Liberators are a superhuman task force who appear at the climax of the plot arc . They spearhead an invasion of the United States and are from a coalition of nations opposed to the United States ' foreign policy . This international collective is made up of China , Syria , North Korea , Iran , and rogue elements of the French and Russian governments . The Liberators and their overseers are an opposing counterpart to the Ultimates and S.H.I.E.L.D. , respectively . `` We told you to stop making super people , America . We told you not to interfere with cultures you can never understand . This is what happens when your ambitions outstrip your capabilities . The empire takes a fall . Congratulations , ladies and gentlemen ... The Great Satan has just been liberated . '' - The Colonel", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e73632a6c1344d4a4c509e1943ff784a", "text": "Space opera Space opera is a subgenre of science fiction that emphasizes space warfare , melodramatic adventure , interplanetary battles , as well as chivalric romance , and often risk-taking . Set mainly or entirely in outer space , it usually involves conflict between opponents possessing advanced abilities , futuristic weapons , and other sophisticated technology . The term has no relation to music but is instead a play on the terms `` soap opera '' and `` horse opera '' , the latter of which was coined during the 1930s to indicate clichéd and formulaic Western movies . Space operas emerged in the 1930s and they continue to be produced in literature , film , comics , and video games . Notable space opera novels include the Foundation series ( 1942 -- 1999 ) by Isaac Asimov , the Lensman series ( 1948-1954 ) by E. E. Smith and the Ender 's Game series ( 1985 -- present ) by Orson Scott Card . An early notable space opera film was Flash Gordon ( 1936 -- present ) created by Alex Raymond . In the late 1970s , the Star Wars franchise ( 1977 -- present ) created by George Lucas brought a great deal of attention to the subgenre .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "672d342d8fab36a38b649775fb44dadf", "text": "Landau, Luckman, and Lake Landau , Luckman , and Lake or LLL is a fictional holding company appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , particularly in the pages of the Wolverine , Uncanny X-Men and Deadpool comic books . Created by writer Chris Claremont , the company was first mentioned in Wolverine # 5 ( March 1989 ) . Claremont based the name of the organization on the original owners of the Forbidden Planet comic store : Nick Landau , Mike Luckman and Mike Lake .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cd021f650839e73bc7b4078177940589", "text": "Justice Machine The Justice Machine is a fictional team of superheroes originally created by Michael Gustovich and appearing in comic books from many small publishers in the 1980s and 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6c6fdda7ad5031160cd87e2695f485a5", "text": "Ultimate Comics: The Ultimates Ultimate Comics : The Ultimates is an ongoing monthly comic book series published by Marvel Comics that made its debut in September 2011 as part of the second re-launch of Ultimate Marvel . Through the `` Ultimate Universe Reborn '' tagline following the `` Death of Spider-Man '' and written by Jonathan Hickman with art by Esad Ribic , the series also serves as a continuation of elements from Ultimate Comics : Fallout , and exists alongside other relaunched Ultimate Marvel titles including Ultimate Comics : Spider-Man and Ultimate Comics : X-Men . The series continues the adventures of the Ultimates , including Nick Fury , Thor and Iron Man .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c9d150a583ae9dd0c39c70572dc3b70", "text": "Infinite Comics Infinite Comics is an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics , featuring original , made-for-digital stories about the company 's superhero characters , including Spider-Man , Wolverine , the Guardians of the Galaxy , the Silver Surfer , the X-Men and the Avengers . The imprint was launched in 2012 with the publication of Avengers vs. X-Men # 1 : Infinite featuring Nova . Infinite Comics are designed for horizontal , on-screen reading . Rather than telling a story over a series of static pages that are divided into panels , Infinite Comics present screens of content that `` take advantage of the digital format with techniques that would not be possible in a print comic , like dynamic panel transitions and captions or dialogue boxes that appear sequentially on an image at the prompting of the reader . '' The user retains control over the pace of the reading experience , advancing the story with each swipe -- sometimes staggering elements into the existing screen ( for example , a new word balloon ) and at other times revealing an entirely new screen . This narrative technique was inspired by the work of a French comic book artist , Yves Bigerel ( alias `` Balak '' ) , who was recruited by Marvel as artistic consultant , storyboarder and artist .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "680d441ebade62360987097cae078e8a", "text": "Daredevil (Marvel Comics series) Daredevil is the name of several comic book titles featuring the character Daredevil and published by Marvel Comics , beginning with the original Daredevil comic book series which debuted in 1964 . While Daredevil had been home to the work of comic-book artists such as Everett , Kirby , Wally Wood , John Romita Sr. , and Gene Colan , among others , Frank Miller 's influential tenure on the title in the early 1980s cemented the character as a popular and influential part of the Marvel Universe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ced05eef9ffac83662b4e2c14f405499", "text": "Captain Marvel (DC Comics) Captain Marvel , also known as Shazam , is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker created the character in 1939 . Captain Marvel first appeared in Whiz Comics # 2 ( cover-dated Feb. 1940 ) , published by Fawcett Comics . He is the alter ego of Billy Batson , a boy who , by speaking the magic word `` SHAZAM '' ( acronym of 6 Greek `` immortal elders '' - Solomon , Hercules , Atlas , Zeus , Achilles , and Mercury ) , can transform himself into a costumed adult with the powers of superhuman strength , speed , flight , and other abilities . Based on book sales , the character was the most popular superhero of the 1940s , outselling even Superman . Fawcett expanded the franchise to include other `` Marvels '' , primarily Marvel Family associates Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. , who can harness Billy 's powers as well . Captain Marvel was also the first comic book superhero to be adapted into film , in a 1941 Republic Pictures serial titled Adventures of Captain Marvel . Fawcett ceased publishing Captain Marvel-related comics in 1953 , partly because of a copyright infringement suit from DC Comics , alleging that Captain Marvel was a copy of Superman . In 1972 , DC licensed the Marvel Family characters from Fawcett , and returned them to publication . By 1991 , DC had acquired all rights to the characters . DC has since integrated Captain Marvel and the Marvel Family into their DC Universe and has attempted to revive the property several times , with mixed success . Due to trademark conflicts over another character named `` Captain Marvel '' owned by Marvel Comics since 1967 , DC chose to publish the character 's adventures in a comic book titled Shazam ! for many years , leading many to assume that this was the character 's name . DC later officially renamed the character `` Shazam '' when relaunching its comic book properties in 2011 . In addition , since 1972 , the character has been featured in two television series adaptations , one live action and one animated , by Filmation , and an upcoming Warner Bros. . Shazam ! feature film scheduled for release in 2019 as part of the DC Extended Universe . Captain Marvel was ranked as the 55th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Captain Marvel as the 50th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that the character will always be an enduring reminder of a simpler time . UGO Networks ranked him as one of the top heroes of entertainment , saying , `` At his best , Shazam has always been Superman with a sense of crazy , goofy fun '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f38d0d8807fa3a3cf013ccd9ed9660f2", "text": "Street Fighter: Assassin's Fist Street Fighter : Assassin 's Fist , known in Japan as is a British live-action web series , TV series and feature film in the martial arts film genre developed by director , fight choreographer , writer , actor and martial artist Joey Ansah and actor , writer and martial artist Christian Howard . Based on the popular video game series by Capcom , Street Fighter , the story focuses on Ryu and Ken as they uncover the past of their master , Gouken , and learn the secrets of their Dark Art , Ansatsuken . The web series format was released on Machinima 's YouTube channel on May 23 , 2014 while the subsequent formats ( TV & DVD/Blu-ray ) were released later the same year , and IFC Films released the film on January 7 , 2015 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "432dfa22330ee8ddb91b195bf4605867", "text": "Ultimate Nick Fury General Nicholas Joseph `` Nick '' Fury is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics ' Ultimate Marvel section as a different version of Nick Fury . He has a substantial presence in all the Ultimate Marvel comics , appearing first in Ultimate Marvel Team-Up and Ultimate X-Men and later reappearing regularly in Ultimate Spider-Man and finally securing a regular , recurring role as the general of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the leader of the Ultimates , a re-imagining of the Avengers . His character was redesigned to look like Samuel L. Jackson , the actor who later went on to portray Nick Fury in several Marvel movies and television shows set in the established Marvel Cinematic Universe .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "34b4351c1e4279aabc5eb8df9bf84f88", "text": "Atomic Age (comics) Atomic Age is a four-issue comic-book miniseries , cover-dated November 1990 to February 1991 , published by the Marvel Comics creator-owned imprint Epic Comics . It was created by writer Frank Lovece and penciler Mike Okamoto , and inked by Al Williamson . The series was among the items featured in the Bowling Green State University exhibition `` The Atomic Age Opens : Selections from the Popular Culture Library . '' Collaborator Al Williamson won the 1991 Eisner Award for Best Inker for his work on it and other series that awards-year , with Okamoto winning the Russ Manning Award for most promising newcomer .", "title": "" } ]	fever
02c594ba9eca5738e933cf61fcba4e05	The Avengers (2012 film) features Chris Evans.	[ { "docid": "4d26b818ca958c83fc9dcbc0807cbf9d", "text": "Captain America Captain America is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in Captain America Comics # 1 ( cover dated March 1941 ) from Timely Comics , a predecessor of Marvel Comics . Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics ' most popular character during the wartime period . The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the Captain America comic book was discontinued in 1950 , with a short-lived revival in 1953 . Since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964 , Captain America has remained in publication . Captain America wears a costume that bears an American flag motif , and is armed with a nearly indestructible shield that he throws at foes . The character is usually depicted as the alter ego of Steve Rogers , a frail young man enhanced to the peak of human perfection by an experimental serum to aid the United States government 's efforts in World War II . Near the end of the war , he was trapped in ice and survived in suspended animation until he was revived in the present day . Although Captain America often struggles to maintain his ideals as a man out of his time with its modern realities , he remains a highly respected figure in his community which includes becoming the long-time leader of the Avengers . Captain America was the first Marvel Comics character to have appeared in media outside comics with the release of the 1944 movie serial , Captain America . Since then , the character has been featured in other films and television series , more recently in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) portrayed by Chris Evans in Captain America : The First Avenger , The Avengers , Captain America : The Winter Soldier , Avengers : Age of Ultron , Captain America : Civil War , and the upcoming Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) . Captain America is ranked sixth on IGN 's `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time '' in 2011 , second in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' in 2012 , and second in their `` Top 25 best Marvel superheroes '' list in 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ad896d229ed65ecac49d5687f43568e1", "text": "The Avengers (2012 film) Marvel 's The Avengers ( classified under the name Marvel Avengers Assemble in the United Kingdom and Ireland ) , or simply The Avengers , is a 2012 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sixth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was written and directed by Joss Whedon and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson , Jeremy Renner , Tom Hiddleston , Clark Gregg , Cobie Smulders , Stellan Skarsgård , and Samuel L. Jackson . In the film , Nick Fury , director of the peacekeeping organization S.H.I.E.L.D. , recruits Iron Man , Captain America , the Hulk , and Thor to form a team that must stop Thor 's brother Loki from subjugating Earth . The film 's development began when Marvel Studios received a loan from Merrill Lynch in April 2005 . After the success of the film Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel announced that The Avengers would be released in July 2011 . With the signing of Johansson in March 2009 , the film was pushed back for a 2012 release . Whedon was brought on board in April 2010 and rewrote the original screenplay by Zak Penn. . Production began in April 2011 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , before moving to Cleveland , Ohio , in August and New York City in September . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . The Avengers premiered on April 11 , 2012 , at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre and was released theatrically in the United States on May 4 , 2012 . The film received positive reviews from critics , as well as numerous awards and nominations including Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for achievements in visual effects . It has set or tied numerous box office records , including the biggest opening weekend in North America . The Avengers grossed over $ 1.5 billion worldwide , and became the third-highest-grossing film during its theatrical run -- as well as the first Marvel production to generate $ 1 billion in ticket sales . The film was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on September 25 , 2012 . A sequel , titled Avengers : Age of Ultron , was released on May 1 , 2015 , while two additional sequels , Avengers : Infinity War and an untitled sequel , are currently in development , with Infinity War scheduled for a May 4 , 2018 release date , and its sequel scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "bbdf564ca2264907ce793fef0385720d", "text": "The New Avengers (comics) The New Avengers is a fictional team of superheroes appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The title has been used for four American comic book series . The first two were written by Brian Michael Bendis and depicted a version of Marvel 's premiere superhero team , the Avengers . The third was written by Jonathan Hickman and depicted a group of characters called the Illuminati ( formerly introduced in New Avengers Vol . 1 # 7 -LSB- July 2005 -RSB- ) . The fourth is written by Al Ewing and depicts the former scientific terrorist group A.I.M. , reformed as `` Avengers Idea Mechanics '' , whose field team has appropriated the name `` New Avengers '' for itself .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d8bdb250ed519202f99070a828f92e14", "text": "Chuck Evans (basketball) Charles `` Chuck '' Lee Evans ( born December 12 , 1971 ) is a retired American professional basketball player , and former coach of British team Worcester Wolves . Evans was born in Atlanta , Georgia . A 1.80 m tall point guard , he led the 1994-95 Euroleague in assists with 6.2 per game . At the time he was playing for Russian club CSKA Moscow . Later he played in Germany with the Bayer Giants Leverkusen and Alba Berlin . In 2007 , he signed for British Basketball League side Worcester Wolves , joining the club at the same time as fellow Americans James Life and Anthony Paez . As starting point guard that year , he recorded two triple doubles , in back-to-back home games , and was widely thought of as the best creative point guard in the BBL and received an honourable mention for Player of the Month in March 2008 . At the end of the season , he moved to rival BBL side Everton Tigers , for whom he played for one season before returning to coach Worcester Wolves . He is also writing a regular column for the local newspaper , the Worcester Evening News .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "20e05902ce2f2de46d2e6c0131e45c0f", "text": "Michael Fassbender filmography Michael Fassbender is a German-Irish actor who made his screen debut in the 2001 war drama miniseries Band of Brothers as Sgt. Burton `` Pat '' Christenson . Fassbender followed this with a number of television roles including a German motorcycle courier in the drama Hearts and Bones ( 2001 ) , Guy Fawkes in the miniseries Gunpowder , Treason & Plot ( 2004 ) , Lt. Harry Colebourn in the film A Bear Named Winnie ( 2004 ) , and Azazeal in the series Hex ( 2004 -- 05 ) . He made his film debut playing a Spartan soldier in Zack Snyder 's 300 ( 2007 ) . The following year Fassbender portrayed Irish republican Bobby Sands during the events of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in Steve McQueen 's historical drama Hunger . His performance garnered him the Best Actor award at the British Independent Film Awards , and the Irish Film and Television Awards . Fassbender appeared as a British soldier in Quentin Tarantino-directed film Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) . Two years later , he played Carl Jung in David Cronenberg 's A Dangerous Method , and a man suffering with sex addiction in McQueen 's Shame . His performance in the latter earned him the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival . In the same year he also appeared in superhero film X-Men : First Class as Magneto . In 2013 , Fassbender reteamed with McQueen on the period drama 12 Years a Slave . For his role as a slave owner in the film he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The following year , he reprised his role as Magneto in the superhero sequel X-Men : Days of Future Past which grossed a box-office total of over $ 747 million -- his highest grossing release as of April 2016 . In 2015 , he appeared as the title character in Justin Kurzel 's film adaptation of the play Macbeth . In the same year , Fassbender 's portrayal of Steve Jobs in Danny Boyle 's eponymous film garnered him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4f70baff569a8022a98a92db2243646a", "text": "Avengers vs. X-Men Avengers vs. X-Men ( abbreviated AvX and AvsX ) is a 2012 crossover event that was featured in comic books published by Marvel Comics . The event , consisting of an eponymous limited series and numerous tie-in books , involves the return of the Phoenix Force and the subsequent war between the Avengers and the X-Men . The 12-issue twice-monthly series was first published in April 2012 , and features a storyline by Jason Aaron , Brian Michael Bendis , Ed Brubaker , Jonathan Hickman and Matt Fraction , with a rotating team of artists including John Romita , Jr. , Olivier Coipel and Adam Kubert . The event was preceded by the four-issue limited series Avengers : X-Sanction by Jeph Loeb and Ed McGuinness and Avengers vs. X-Men # 0 . Avengers vs. X-Men also ties into the limited series AVX : VS , described as `` the fight book '' which expands upon many of the one-on-one battles featured in the main series , the digital series ; Avengers vs. X-Men : Infinite , and into a number of ongoing series including Avengers , Avengers Academy , New Avengers , Secret Avengers , Uncanny X-Men , Wolverine and the X-Men and X-Men : Legacy . The event was succeeded by the limited series AvX : Consequences . Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , Avengers vs. X-Men was a commercial success that topped the comic-book sales charts from April to October 2012 . The repercussions of the storyline resulted in the new status quos of the Marvel Universe presented in the company 's Marvel NOW ! relaunch initiative .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc4f19f62e1649e6dd930e9ff1c141b1", "text": "Hugh Grant Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US$ 2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis-scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media . By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple cameo roles in the epic sci-fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He 's also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) . Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony/sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely-timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting , and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling , but rather a career that unintentionally developed by happenstance .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e05956e8ed91bed9a8dd89213d43da62", "text": "Thor (Marvel Comics) Thor Odinson is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name , is the Asgardian god of thunder and possesses the enchanted hammer Mjolnir , which grants him the ability of flight and weather manipulation amongst his other superhuman attributes . Debuting in the Silver Age of Comic Books , the character first appeared in Journey into Mystery # 83 ( Aug. 1962 ) and was created by editor-plotter Stan Lee , scripter Larry Lieber , and penciller-plotter Jack Kirby . He has starred in several ongoing series and limited series , and is a founding member of the superhero team the Avengers , appearing in each volume of that series . The character has also appeared in associated Marvel merchandise including animated television series , clothing , toys , trading cards , video games , and movies . The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns . Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor , The Avengers , Thor : The Dark World and Avengers : Age of Ultron and will reprise his role in Thor : Ragnarok , Avengers : Infinity War , and its untitled sequel . Thor placed 14th on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time '' in 2011 , and first in their list of `` The Top 50 Avengers '' in 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47eb02b306221bd80b0ac0cb949e5d9d", "text": "Christopher Evans (outlaw) Christopher `` Chris '' Evans ( February 19 , 1847 -- February 9 , 1917 ) , a native of Bells Corners near Ottawa , Canada , was an American farmer and teamster turned outlaw . Evans was accused of robbing the Southern Pacific Railroad in California between 1889 and 1892 . After killing a member of a posse outside his home on the outskirts of Visalia , he fled to the Sierra Nevada mountains with his younger partner , John Sontag . While Evans and Sontag hid out , writers Ambrose Bierce and Joaquin Miller championed their cause in the San Francisco Examiner . The outlaws evaded capture for ten months . They had a shootout with a posse at the Young cabin which resulted in the death of Wilson , the posse leader , and McGinnis , a former friend of Chris Evans . Later , John Sontag was mortally wounded in what is called the Battle of Stone Corral . Evans was himself severely wounded at Stone Corral , having lost an eye and his left arm . He was taken into custody and convicted of murder and sentenced to life in Folsom State Prison in Folsom , California . John Sontag 's younger brother , George Contant , testified against Evans and hence acquired the lifelong hatred of Evans ' family . After Evans served for seventeen years at Folsom , he was paroled in 1911 by Governor Hiram Johnson , a liberal Republican , who had been elected on an anti-Southern Pacific campaign theme . Banished from California , he died in Portland , Oregon , in 1917 , denying to the end that he had ever robbed a train and continuing to assert that he had killed only in self-defense . He also wrote a socialist book which calls for expanded government to check what he viewed as the abuses of the business community . Evans is interred in Portland at Mount Calvary Cemetery . An accomplice to the Evans-Sontag Gang was Ed Morrell , who served fourteen years total in Folsom and San Quentin . Championed by author Jack London , Morrell was pardoned in 1908 and thereafter became a well-known advocate for prison reform . Morris Ankrum and John Smith portrayed Evans and Sontag , respectively , in an episode of the 1955 syndicated television series Stories of the Century , starring and hosted by Jim Davis . Jimmie Dodd of The Mickey Mouse Club appears as a deputy in this episode .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "95194b35264b13ce4c641a37cf05894f", "text": "Gladiators of Rome (2012 film) Gladiators of Rome ( Italian : Gladiatori di Roma ) , also known as Not Born to Be Gladiators and referred to in marketing as Gladiators of Rome 3D , is a 2012 Italian computer-animated comedy film produced by Rainbow CGI and released by Medusa Film . It is directed by Iginio Straffi , and was opened in Italy on October 2012 and was later released across Europe and the Americas . Produced on a budget of $ 45 million , it is one of the most expensive Italian films ever made . The film grossed between $ 10 million and $ 50 million worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47dec4132245c92b721bc549fb8076c7", "text": "Freeze Frame (2004 film) Freeze Frame is a British-American psychological thriller-mystery film written and directed by John Simpson , and starring comedian Lee Evans in the lead role . The film follows the story of Sean Veil played by Evans who eventually becomes paranoid after being accused of triple murder and films his every moment of life to provide an alibi . The film was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3e79795669a43c666cf6d9bc9a65eb20", "text": "Anthony Stark Anthony Stark is the name of : Anthony Stark ( director ) ( 1961 -- 2011 ) , American film director and screenwriter Anthony `` Tony '' Stark , the fictional superhero Iron Man", "title": "" }, { "docid": "402b2ba49c08618310132b7532d1a2be", "text": "Entity (2012 film) Entity is a 2012 British supernatural thriller film written and directed by Steve Stone . The film had its world premiere on 25 October 2012 , at the Bram Stoker International Film Festival . It stars Dervla Kirwan , Charlotte Riley , and Branko Tomovic and centers upon a British reality show film crew that encounters a dark entity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7420a30e82f1281e27f114e9e5c759af", "text": "Cyclops (comics) Cyclops ( Scott Summers ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics and is a founding member of the X-Men . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in the comic book The X-Men # 1 ( September 1963 ) . Cyclops is a member of a subspecies of humans known as mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . Cyclops can emit powerful beams of energy from his eyes . He can not control the beams without the aid of special eyewear which he must wear at all times . He is typically considered the first of the X-Men , a team of mutant heroes who fight for peace and equality between mutants and humans , and one of the team 's primary leaders . Cyclops is most often portrayed as the archetypal hero of traditional American popular culture -- the opposite of the tough , anti-authority antiheroes that emerged in American popular culture after the Vietnam War ( e.g. , Wolverine , his X-Men teammate ) . One of Marvel 's most prominent characters , Cyclops was rated # 1 on IGN.com 's list of Top 25 X-Men from the past forty years in 2006 , and the 39th in their 2011 list of Top 100 Comic Book Heroes . In 2008 , Wizard Magazine also ranked Cyclops the 106th in their list of the 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time . In a 2011 poll , readers of Comic Book Resources voted Cyclops as 9th in the ranking of 2011 Top Marvel Characters . James Marsden has portrayed Cyclops in the first three and the seventh X-Men films , while in the 2009 prequel film , X-Men Origins : Wolverine , he is portrayed as a teenager by actor Tim Pocock . In 2016 's X-Men : Apocalypse , he is portrayed by Tye Sheridan .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fe0a358f675a3134302798e5f648c410", "text": "Skyfall Skyfall is the 23rd James Bond film produced by Eon Productions and released in 2012 . It features Daniel Craig in his third performance as James Bond , and Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva , the film 's villain . It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis , Robert Wade and John Logan , and features an Academy Award-winning theme , sung by Adele . It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) and Columbia Pictures . The story centres on Bond investigating an attack on MI6 ; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva to humiliate , discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him . The film sees the return of two recurring characters to the series after an absence of two films : Q , played by Ben Whishaw , and Moneypenny , played by Naomie Harris . Skyfall is the last film of the series for Judi Dench , who played M , a role that she had played in the previous six films . The position is subsequently filled by Ralph Fiennes ' character , Gareth Mallory , though Dench would make a brief appearance in the next Bond film , Spectre . Mendes was approached to direct the film after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008 . Development was suspended when MGM encountered financial troubles and did not resume until December 2010 ; during this time , Mendes remained attached to the project as a consultant . The original screenwriter , Peter Morgan , left the project during the suspension . When production resumed , Logan , Purvis , and Wade continued writing what became the final version of the script . Filming began in November 2011 and primarily took place in the United Kingdom , with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey . Skyfall premiered in London at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 October 2012 and was released in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2012 and the United States on 9 November 2012 . It was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues , although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras . The film 's release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series , which began with Dr. No in 1962 . Skyfall was positively received by critics , being praised for its performances -- particularly those of Craig , Bardem and Dench -- writing and script , cinematography , Mendes ' direction , Thomas Newman 's score , and the action scenes . It was the 14th film to gross over $ 1 billion worldwide , and the first Bond film to do so . It became the seventh-highest-grossing film at the time , the highest-grossing film in the UK , the highest-grossing film in the series , the highest-grossing film worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2012 . The film won several accolades , including two BAFTA Awards , two Academy Awards and two Grammys .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fca3999162b954b396e2de08011cc215", "text": "Stitches (2012 film) Stitches is a 2012 psychological horror comedy fantasy film directed by Conor McMahon and starring Ross Noble , Tommy Knight and Gemma-Leah Devereux . The plot concerns a birthday clown returning from the dead to exact revenge upon a boy and a group of children who contributed to his death . The film was produced by Fantastic Films and Tailored Films in 2012 and marks the film debut of Tommy Knight and stand-up comedian Ross Noble . The film is an international co-production between Ireland , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . McMahon began working on the film after receiving a $ 600,000 grant from the Irish Film Board , also utilizing funding from MEDIA Europe . Filming for the movie took place in Ireland . Stitches premiered in Dublin , Ireland in September 2012 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d143b57313ac5da75bc9a26ef277b82a", "text": "Chris Terrio Chris Terrio ( born December 31 , 1976 ) is an American screenwriter and film director . He is best known for writing the screenplay for the 2012 film Argo , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Terrio also won the Writers Guild Award for Best Adapted Screenplay of 2012 and was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay , a BAFTA and the 2013 Los Angeles Film Critics Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . Terrio wrote the screenplay for Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the follow-up to Zack Snyder 's Man of Steel , based on an earlier draft by David S. Goyer . He has also recently completed a screenplay entitled A Foreigner , based on an article by the journalist David Grann , and Justice League for Warner Bros .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "80bc4078a3368ea98f6907ba3435f16d", "text": "Captain America (vol. 5) Captain America ( vol . 5 ) was an ongoing comic book series published for four years from January 2005 to July 2009 by Marvel Comics . It starred the superhero Captain America , and the entire series was written by Ed Brubaker . It was the fifth Captain America series with this title to be published , following series that ran from 1968 -- 1996 , 1996 -- 1997 , 1998 -- 2002 , and 2002-2004 . After its fiftieth issue ( July 2009 ) , the series was renumbered to match the numbering of all the volumes of the title ( 454 , 13 , 50 , 32 , and 50 ) , and volume 1 resumed publication with issue # 600 with Brubaker remaining as writer . The series was best known for reviving Captain America 's World War II partner Bucky Barnes as the Winter Soldier in issue # 6 , the presumed death of Steve Rogers in issue # 25 , and Bucky taking over the mantle of Captain America in issue # 34 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f3f765f7399863633f272ee5512db60c", "text": "Immortal Clay Immortal Clay is the sixteenth episode of the second series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers , starring Patrick Macnee and Honor Blackman . It originally aired on ABC on 13 January 1963 . The episode was directed by Richmond Harding and written by James Mitchell .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1316860c3cafb93cfc6db427b069a69", "text": "Mandrake (The Avengers) Mandrake is the eighteenth episode of the third series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi television series The Avengers , starring Patrick Macnee and Honor Blackman . It originally aired on ABC on 25 January 1964 . The episode was directed by Bill Bain and written by Roger Marshall .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "46a0404247a4625830cf6f656931924a", "text": "Thor: The Mighty Avenger (toy line) Thor : The Mighty Avenger is a toy line manufactured by Hasbro based on the Marvel Comics film , Thor . It is composed mainly of 3.75 '' scale action figures . The line falls under Marvel 's `` Avengers Assemble '' marketing banner , which will also include the Iron Man : The Armored Avenger and Captain America : The First Avenger toy lines . This will be used as a lead up to 2012 's The Avengers motion picture . Unlike previous 3.75 '' action figure lines based on movies , Hasbro is not doing a comic series with this line . All of the figures will be based on the movie . This official street date for the line is March 1 , though some stores have started selling the toys in early February .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c6538f61d98bc53339eb14aa471084b8", "text": "Man on a Ledge Man on a Ledge is a 2012 American thriller film directed by Asger Leth , starring Sam Worthington , Elizabeth Banks , Jamie Bell , Edward Burns , Anthony Mackie , Génesis Rodríguez and Ed Harris . Filming took place in New York City .", "title": "" } ]	fever
e15e4e4f48c71628ecd48a9b5f1c76ad	As the World Turns went away and an American talk show debuted on October 18, 2010 in its place.	[ { "docid": "7f3c0cd7d42e6b5ce994653a12070383", "text": "As the World Turns As the World Turns ( often referred to as ATWT ) is an American television soap opera that aired on CBS for 54 years from April 2 , 1956 , to September 17 , 2010 . Irna Phillips created As the World Turns as a sister show to her other soap opera Guiding Light . Running for 54 years , As the World Turns holds the second-longest continuous run of any daytime network soap opera on American television , surpassed only by Guiding Light . As the World Turns was produced for the first 43 years in Manhattan and in Brooklyn from 2000 until 2010 . Set in the fictional town of Oakdale , Illinois , the show debuted on April 2 , 1956 , at 1:30 pm EST. . Prior to that date , all serials had been 15 minutes in length . As the World Turns and The Edge of Night , which premiered on the same day at 4:30 pm EST , were the first two to be 30 minutes in length from their premiere . At first , viewers did not respond to the new half-hour serial , but ratings picked up in its second year , eventually reaching the top spot in the daytime Nielsen ratings by fall 1958 . In 1959 , the show started a streak of weekly ratings wins that was not interrupted for over 12 years . The show switched to color on August 21 , 1967 , and expanded from a half-hour in length to one hour starting on December 1 , 1975 , when The Edge of Night moved to ABC . In the year-to-date ratings , As the World Turns was the most-watched daytime drama from 1958 until 1978 , with ten million viewers tuning in each day . At its height , core actors such as Helen Wagner , Don MacLaughlin , Don Hastings , and Eileen Fulton became nationally known . Three of these actors -- Wagner , Hastings , and Fulton -- are also the three longest serving actors in the history of American soap operas . The show passed its 10,000 th episode on May 12 , 1995 , and celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 2 , 2006 . On September 18 , 2009 , As the World Turns became the last remaining Procter and Gamble-produced soap opera for CBS after Guiding Light aired its final episode on the network . On December 8 , 2009 , CBS announced that it cancelled As the World Turns after almost 54 years due to low ratings . The show taped its final Procter and Gamble scenes for CBS on June 23 , 2010 , and with a dramatic storyline finale , its final episode on the network aired on September 17 , 2010 . On October 18 , 2010 , CBS replaced As the World Turns with a newly debuted talk show The Talk .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "9b51ce24f3f7fd24af90ab94374356d3", "text": "Olbermann (TV series) Olbermann is a television sports talk show hosted by Keith Olbermann on the American cable network ESPN2 . The show , broadcast live daily from Times Square Studios in New York City , premiered on August 26 , 2013 , and featured Olbermann offering commentary and analysis on issues in the sports world . Olbermann aired at 5:00 PM Eastern on ESPN2 each day . From its premiere until September 5 , 2014 , Olbermann aired at 11:00 PM Eastern ( with some exceptions ) . The move to the afternoon also saw the show reduced in length by half , airing for thirty minutes instead of sixty . ESPNEWS rebroadcast each episode of Olbermann three times following its initial airing ; at 6:30 p.m. , 2:00 a.m. , and at 5:00 a.m. On July 10 , 2015 , two days after ESPN declined to renew his expiring contract , Olbermann announced on air that the series would be coming to an end on July 24 . The announcement came after The Hollywood Reporter claimed that ESPN wanted Olbermann to tone down his critical commentary , but the network claimed the move was to cut costs related to Olbermann 's salary and the use of the space at Times Square Studios , claims later confirmed by an aborted move of Mike & Mike to the same facility and releases of other network talent at the end of their contracts throughout 2015 and into 2016 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df31f8d1951afd099b5fb68bfcf624fe", "text": "The Late Show The Late Show may refer to : The Late Show is an umbrella title used by numerous local television stations in North America from the 1950s to the 1990s for their late night broadcasts of old movies Late Show ( CBS TV series ) , an American television talk show broadcast on CBS since 1993 , formerly hosted by David Letterman , and currently hosted by Stephen Colbert . Late Show with David Letterman ( 1993 -- 2015 ) The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( 2015 -- present ) The Late Show ( Australian TV series ) , the Australian comedy television show of 1992 -- 1993 The Late Show ( Fox TV series ) , ( 1986-1988 ) a late-night American talk show broadcast by the Fox Network starring Joan Rivers for its first seven months followed by Arsenio Hall in 1987 and then Ross Shafer in 1988 and guest hosts at various times . The Late Show a late night entertainment and talk show which currently airs in Scotland on STV Glasgow from 2015 The Late Show ( BBC TV series ) , a British arts series which aired from late 1989 to 1995 The Late Show ( CBC radio ) , a radio documentary program about obituaries The Late Show ( film ) , a film from 1977 written and directed by Robert Benton Late Show , a 1999 German film by director Helmut Dietl The Late Show ( album ) , a live album by jazz saxophonists Eddie `` Lockjaw '' Davis and Johnny Griffin recorded in 1961 The Late Show ( 1950s TV series ) , a 1957 -- 1959 Australian television variety series", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b43d81acfd7dc4876dc68c70eb69e87a", "text": "The Howard Stern Show (WWOR) The Howard Stern Show is an American late-night television variety show , hosted by radio personality Howard Stern . It aired Saturdays , beginning at 11:00 pm , from July 14 , 1990 to August 8 , 1992 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0d60e72b084587e5f0ef953ad7deebed", "text": "The Joan Rivers Show The Joan Rivers Show is an American talk show hosted by comedian Joan Rivers that premiered on September 5 , 1989 in broadcast syndication . The show aired for five seasons and ended on December 31 , 1993 . The show was nominated for numerous Emmy Awards , with Rivers winning the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host in 1990 . The series was produced by PGHM Productions , Joan Rivers 's production company , and distributed by Tribune Entertainment . Rivers had previously hosted late-night talk show entitled The Late Show with Joan Rivers which got canceled in May 1987 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "47304acb20d34e43d39ecf7a18dd13f8", "text": "List of A Different World characters A Different World is a spin-off from the American television sitcom The Cosby Show . It aired on NBC for six seasons , from 1987 to 1993 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "23ec2193004511519ef24d557938dc12", "text": "Americana (radio series) Americana was a British radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from spring 2009 to autumn 2011 . It offered a `` mix of discussion , interviews and features , with a focus on the voices of ordinary Americans '' and was touted as the `` successor for the late Alistair Cooke 's Letter from America . '' Americana premiered 31 May 2009 with Matt Frei as presenter ; According to Frei , he expected listeners to Americana would hear `` what America is talking , arguing , fretting , laughing and , yes , dreaming about . We hope to surprise , entertain and inform . And by letting America itself do most of the talking we promise never to be dull . '' After Frei left the BBC in May 2011 , Jonny Dymond took over as presenter . In July 2011 , BBC Radio 4 revealed that Radio 4 controller Gwyneth Williams , `` interest -LSB- ed -RSB- in wider internationalism and less emphasis on the US '' , decided to cancel Americana , effective in autumn . The show 's final episode was broadcast on 11 September 2011 ; the topic was the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d376a94f4780291628d345ed6b3bf657", "text": "Peter B. Collins Peter B. Collins ( born ) is an American talk radio host , voiceover talent , entrepreneur , and media consultant based near San Francisco , California . Until March 20 , 2009 , he hosted The Peter B. Collins Show , a syndicated liberal talk show `` infused with dangerous San Francisco values like compassion , justice , and a living wage '' based at KRXA in Monterey , California , and his show now continues on the internet via listener-supported podcasts . Occasionally , Collins substitute hosts on KGO-AM in San Francisco . He often teams with Sibel Edmonds to do interviews for her Boiling Frogs Post . Growing up in Cincinnati , Ohio , Collins attended Northwestern University in Chicago . At age 19 , Collins covered the Watergate scandal when he was 19 years old . He had a highly rated nightly talk show at ABC-owned WLS-FM in Chicago . In 1976 , he went to co-owned KGO in California . KCBS-FM hired him away a few years later to host their morning show , and he remained even after KCBS flipped to an album-oriented rock format as KRQR in 1982 . In 1989 , Collins returned to talk radio with an afternoon program on KNBR , where he also co-hosted a daily one-hour food and wine show , featuring many acclaimed winemakers and chefs . Rival station KSFO hired him in 1993 , also for afternoon drive , when that station adopted a talk format . Their billboard campaign back then endorsed his show as `` a little to the left , '' playing on his politics and the station 's dial position ( 560 AM ) . ABC Radio , owner of KGO , purchased KSFO in 1994 and eventually converted it to an all-conservative talk format , dropping Collins ' show . Since leaving KSFO , Collins has produced other radio shows such as Childhood Matters on KISQ and began working as a political media consultant . Collins has lent his voice to hundreds of radio and TV commercials , as well as station promos for television and radio , non-broadcast sales and training programs , CD-ROM 's and voice mail systems . He is also host of Behind the Wheel , a new-car review show that airs on radio stations and on the Internet . In May 2003 , Collins returned to talk radio as host of All-American Talk Radio , which was heard on I.E. America Radio Network and SIRIUS Left , as well as via webcast . The afternoon show evolved into the Peter B. Collins Show , which started airing when he and other investors purchased KRXA in 2005 , and ended on March 20 , 2009 . Since 1986 , he has served as board president of the Freedom Foundation , a nonprofit based at San Quentin Prison , which provides legal and investigative assistance to allegedly wrongfully convicted inmates in California . He is an officer of the San Francisco Local of AFTRA , the American Federation of TV and Radio Artists , and serves on AFTRA 's national board .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d430aefdda440c9e2445d8f999eacff4", "text": "Simply KC Simply KC is Philippine TV 's weekday talk show that aired on ABS-CBN . It is hosted by KC Concepcion . It premiered on May 24 , 2010 and ended on October 22 , 2010 . It aired weekdays at 8:00 -8:30 AM ( nationwide ) on ABS-CBN and worldwide on The Filipino Channel . The show 's theme song is `` Magandang Umaga , '' sung by Concepcion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d69131fae8d0be32393011175ecaeb9f", "text": "My Ghost Story My Ghost Story is an American television series on the paranormal , which premiered on July 17 , 2010 on the Biography Channel . The series features ghost stories told from a person 's own supposed experience with the supernatural . Each episode features claims of encounters at reportedly haunted locations all over the United States , as well as a few locations in other countries . A spin-off series My Ghost Story Asia premiered on the Biography Channel ( Asia ) on 16 August 2012 featuring stories from Singapore and Malaysia . The fifth season started on October 5 , 2012 on Fridays at 9/8 Central . The sixth season which began on August 12 , 2013 aired on the Biography Channel , the original broadcast channel , but halfway through the season the broadcast channel was changed to the Lifetime Movie Network ( LMN ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e688d1cfba295e3867c675e2d77cd792", "text": "Chelsea (TV series) Chelsea is an American web television late-night talk show hosted by comedian Chelsea Handler . The show debuted on May 11 , 2016 and streams Wednesday , Thursday , and Friday each week worldwide . There will be 90 episodes of the talk show per year and each episode will be 30 minutes . The show tapes Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday of each week that it airs . It is Netflix 's first talk show . The show covers `` real topics '' with a sense of humor like Chelsea Does , with guest celebrities . Her comedic partner Chuy will not be a part of the series . The show will have a global outlook as Handler said , `` Netflix makes me able to do stories that are global , and it makes me able to pay attention to the stuff that does interest me in a way that will be able to be disseminated into all these different countries . '' In July 2016 , it was announced that the show has been renewed for a 90-episode second season , which began on April 14 , 2017 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "25ca1c20d4c110b3fbfdd886f6a0bf0c", "text": "List of Saturday Night Live episodes Saturday Night Live ( SNL ) is a late-night sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels . It premiered on NBC , a terrestrial television network , on October 11 , 1975 under the title NBC 's Saturday Night . The show often satirizes contemporary American popular culture and politics . Saturday Night Live features a two-tiered cast : the repertory members , also known as the `` Not Ready for Prime-Time Players , '' and newer cast members , known as `` Featured Players . '' Each week , the show features a host , often a well-known celebrity , who delivers an opening monologue and performs in sketches with the cast . A musical guest is also invited to perform several sets ( usually two , and occasionally more ) . Every so often a host or musical guest will fill both roles , such as was the case with Britney Spears in 2000 and 2002 , Jennifer Lopez in 2001 and 2010 , Justin Timberlake in 2003 , 2006 and 2013 , Taylor Swift in 2009 , Bruno Mars in 2012 , Lady Gaga in 2013 , Miley Cyrus in 2013 and 2015 , Drake in 2014 and 2016 , Blake Shelton in 2015 , and Ariana Grande in 2016 . With the exception of Season 7 and several other rare cases , the show has begun with a cold open that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming `` Live from New York , it 's Saturday Night ! '' Saturday Night Live is one of the longest running network programs in American television history , with over 800 episodes broadcast over the span of 42 seasons . A number of the show 's sketches have been developed into feature films , including The Blues Brothers , Wayne 's World , A Night at the Roxbury , Superstar , Coneheads , and MacGruber . Seasons 1 through 5 are available on DVD in Region 1 . Various Saturday Night Live sketches are available in several new media formats , including streaming on Hulu and Netflix . Selected sketches and segments are also available for purchase at the iTunes Store to download and playback on home computers and certain iPod and iPhone models .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5b2de18ee60d25fe579db7451e9ee116", "text": "Ice & Coco Ice & Coco is an American syndicated entertainment talk show hosted by Ice-T and Coco Austin . The series premiered on August 3 , 2015 , and received a three-week test run .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb77f162684d44ec372715d5b2e1c6b9", "text": "Star Jones (TV series) Star Jones is a talk show hosted by former prosecutor Star Jones . A guest-driven live broadcast ( with taped segments ) covering recent stories from the worlds of pop culture , entertainment , crime , and justice , it premiered on August 20 , 2007 on Court TV . On January 31 , 2008 TruTV announced the show would be canceled . The last episode aired on February 1 , 2008 . The premiere included a discussion of the pros and cons of the CBS reality series Kid Nation and an interview with actor Isaiah Washington . Geraldo Rivera , Shaun Robinson of Access Hollywood , Dr. Marc Lamont Hill , and former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests . Jones ended the program with an `` open letter '' , a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer . In his review in Variety , Brian Lowry described Jones as `` utterly off-putting ... delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey 's skills are n't easily cloned . '' He referred to her `` scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs '' and added , `` It 's possible , of course , that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations , but at this point , what she cloyingly refers to as `` the Star treatment '' is , in reality , strictly a third-class affair ... Jones appears poorly cast and will need a TV makeover to linger beyond Court 's name switch to TruTV in January . '' The one-hour program aired weekdays at 3:00 pm ET/PT .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d3127d2ce9db188586c949584e9ab7ce", "text": "The Jay Leno Show The Jay Leno Show is an American talk show created by and starring Jay Leno . Premiering on NBC on September 14 , 2009 , the program aired on weeknights at 10:00 p.m. ET/PT through February 9 , 2010 . The program was modeled upon the format of a late night talk show -- specifically , Jay Leno 's incarnation of The Tonight Show , opening with a comedic monologue , followed by interviews with celebrity guests and other comedy segments . Sketches from The Tonight Show ( including Headlines and Jaywalking ) were carried over to The Jay Leno Show , along with new sketches . The program was the result of a compromise by NBC Universal 's then-CEO Jeff Zucker to keep Jay Leno with the company following his retirement from The Tonight Show and replacement with Conan O'Brien . The Jay Leno Show was also intended to provide NBC with an alternative to the high-cost scripted dramas aired by competing networks in its time slot ; the network believed that the lower cost of production , in combination with product placement deals , meant that the program did not necessarily have to be highly viewed in order to turn a profit . NBC hoped to attract Leno 's existing fans , as well as a larger primetime audience than that of his late-night program . The Jay Leno Show was met with mixed reception from critics , who felt that the series had little differentiation from Leno 's Tonight Show . Others were critical of NBC 's decision to give up an hour of its weeknight lineup to Leno , due to the network 's past success with dramas airing in the time slot , while one NBC affiliate notably planned to not air the show at all , although this decision was retracted due to complaints by the network . Although viewership of The Jay Leno Show was initially on par with NBC 's projections , by November , the program 's ratings began to fall significantly . NBC 's affiliates complained that the declining viewership of The Jay Leno Show also had a ripple effect on the viewership of their late local newscasts . In an effort to address the concerns , NBC announced in January 2010 that it would , following the 2010 Winter Olympics , shorten The Jay Leno Show to a half-hour , and move it to 11:35 p.m -- the timeslot that had been occupied by The Tonight Show for nearly 60 years , and bump Tonight to 12:05 a.m. NBC 's decision resulted in a major public conflict between the network and Conan O'Brien , who asserted that the move would damage the highly respected Tonight Show franchise , and that he would not participate in the program if it were moved to 12:05 . Despite much support for O'Brien from both the public and media professionals alike , NBC maintained its plan to move Leno to 11:35 . On January 21 , 2010 , NBC reached a $ 45 million settlement with O'Brien in order to end his contract . The Jay Leno Show ended on February 9 , 2010 , after being on the air for only four months , with Entertainment Weekly calling the program television 's `` Biggest Bomb of All Time . '' Leno resumed his duties as host of The Tonight Show on March 1 , 2010 , in a final stint that lasted until his February 2014 succession by Jimmy Fallon .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "089a6850d5eddd0594e18911b71e5117", "text": "The Real (TV series) The Real is an American syndicated talk show . The series initially received a trial run on Fox owned markets in the summer of 2013 . The series was developed as a talk show designed to appeal to younger female viewers who , like the co-hosts , were experiencing new events in their lives . It was green-lit for national syndication later that fall and officially premiered the following year .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b9cda54b08c8a5ed6a1c2e6c43f2c60b", "text": "Talkshow with Spike Feresten Talkshow with Spike Feresten is an American late-night talk show television program on Fox starring Spike Feresten that aired from September 16 , 2006 to May 16 , 2009 . It was the longest-running late night talk show in Fox 's history , with three seasons . Unlike most late-night talk shows in the United States , it only aired on Saturday nights .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "023cf7510e6d24440d5256d8021f7d62", "text": "As the Stomach Turns `` As the Stomach Turns '' is a series of comedy sketches parodying the soap opera As the World Turns featured on The Carol Burnett Show , with one installment airing on Carol Burnett & Company . The sketch was created by show writers Kenny Solms and Gail Parent . The Carol Burnett Show introduced the series during its first season in 1967 -- 68 and continued to air new installments for the remainder of its 11-season run , through its final season in 1977 -- 78 . However , the final installment of `` As the Stomach Turns '' would not air until September 8 , 1979 , on a different four-week summer series titled Carol Burnett & Company . This was the only installment of `` As the Stomach Turns '' that did not air on The Carol Burnett Show which had completed its run almost a year and a half earlier on March 29 , 1978 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3a3825cb3888b48c4137eec7b70aef7a", "text": "SIRIUS Left SIRIUS Left was Sirius Satellite Radio 's liberal talk channel . It featured personalities such as Lynn Samuels , Bill Press , Alex Bennett , Mike Malloy , Ed Schultz , Thom Hartmann and Mark Thompson . It was also one of the Sirius XM-owned channels to be exclusive to Sirius and not heard on XM ( along with SIRIUS Hits 1 . ) In June 2008 , Sirius Canada added the Sirius Left channel to its lineup . After the Sirius XM merger , the co-owned America Left channel on XM Satellite Radio did not join the Sirius roster when most of the lineups were combined on November 12 , 2008 . Likewise , SIRIUS Left did not join the XM lineup . Instead , both channels were added to the online streaming services , and were accessible to online subscribers of both services including the iPhone and BlackBerry apps . The two channels merged to become Sirius XM Left May 4 , 2011 . And that channel was renamed SiriusXM Progress on July 23 , 2014 . Thom Hartmann and Mark Thompson can still be heard on the channel , along with Stephanie Miller , Michelangelo Signorile and Ari Rabin Havt . Political analyst Andy Ostroy has criticized Sirius Left and liberal talk radio in general in The Huffington Post . Ostroy disliked Sirius Left 's three in-house hosts Alex Bennett , Lynn Samuels , and Mark Thompson . Bennett was described as `` an ungracefully-aging hippie himself , -LSB- who -RSB- offers up more gratuitous profanity than intellectual political thought '' ; Samuels on `` any random listen could be whining about anything meaningless '' ; while Thompson , although `` a smart , passionate guy , has a program so mellow in tone that it can literally put you to sleep . His voice is so smooth and jazzy that he 'd be much better off cuing up a Miles Davis album . '' Ostroy said that Sirius Left should have more `` ass-kickers '' on the network , like Randi Rhodes and Stephanie Miller .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f1f47ee8e61c1a255d2625407c5cb894", "text": "Happening Now Happening Now is a news program broadcast on the Fox News Channel weekdays at 11:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32c2aa9068ebce4cc6f5247044d56dde", "text": "Changing Lanes (TV series) Changing Lanes is an American reality series that aired from September 10 until October 20 , 2010 .", "title": "" } ]	fever
20211f3e2772c1f014bac9b8a4a2d070	The Ten Commandments is reviewed by Cecil B. DeMille.	[ { "docid": "2f9e5327042364082ee9dd22aa961386", "text": "The Ten Commandments (1956 film) The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American biblical epic film produced , directed , and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille , shot in VistaVision ( color by Technicolor ) , and released by Paramount Pictures . The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson , Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham , On Eagle 's Wings by A.E. Southon , and the Book of Exodus . The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses , an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren , the enslaved Hebrews , and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai , where he receives , from God , the Ten Commandments . The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role , Yul Brynner as Rameses , Anne Baxter as Nefretiri , Edward G. Robinson as Dathan , Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora , Debra Paget as Lilia , and John Derek as Joshua ; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi , Nina Foch as Bithiah , Martha Scott as Yoshebel , Judith Anderson as Memnet , and Vincent Price as Baka , among others . Filmed on location in Egypt , Mount Sinai and the Sinai Peninsula , the film was DeMille 's last and most successful work . It is a partial remake of his 1923 silent film of the same title , and features one of the largest sets ever created for a film . The film was released to cinemas in the USA on 5 October 1956 and , at the time of its release , was the most expensive film ever made . In 1957 , the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects ( John P. Fulton , A.S.C. ) . Charlton Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture ( Drama ) for his role as Moses . Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in Anastasia and The King and I . It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made , grossing approximately $ 122.7 million at the box office during its initial release ; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second-highest-grossing film of the decade . According to Guinness World Records , in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all-time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation . In 1999 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . The film was listed as the tenth best film in the epic genre . Network television has aired the film in prime time during the Passover/Easter season every year since 1973 . The last credited actor in the movie still alive is Joanna Merlin .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "4776dcb74b1699ebf5c9d8dca1d4b743", "text": "Lincoln–Lee Legion The Lincoln -- Lee Legion was established by Anti-Saloon League-founder Howard Hyde Russell in 1903 to promote the signing of abstinence pledges by children . The organization was originally called the Lincoln League , named after Abraham Lincoln . However , in 1912 it was renamed the Lincoln -- Lee Legion , adding a reference to Robert E. Lee in order to make it more appealing to southern children and their parents . The pledge called for a lifetime commitment to abstain from alcoholic beverages : `` Whereas , the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage is productive of pauperism , degradation and crime ; and believing it our duty to discourage that which produces more evil than good , we therefore pledge ourselves to abstain from the use of intoxicating liquors as a beverage `` . Pledge signing drives were heavily promoted at churches , Sunday schools , and temperance meetings . Girls who signed the pledge were called `` Willards , '' after Frances Willard of the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . Northern boys were called `` Lincolns '' and southern boys became `` Lees . '' By 1925 , over five million children had signed the total abstinence pledge cards .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9f8cac39240151adeb2094c771e62f23", "text": "Biblical Mennonite Alliance __ NOTOC __ Biblical Mennonite Alliance ( BMA ) is an organization of conservative Anabaptist/Mennonite congregations located primarily in the eastern two thirds of the US and Canada , with some international affiliates . The BMA congregations are organized into groups called Regionals that are under the oversight of ordained ministers called Overseers . The group resulted from a split with the Conservative Mennonite Conference . In a 1998 meeting , CMC took a vote that failed to uphold the required practice of the woman 's veiling . This was the final straw in a series of issues that increasingly alienated several conservative congregations within the conference . These churches broke from CMC and , along with a few other non-CMC churches , formed BMA . In the 2005 BMA Directory , the membership was calculated to be at 1,669 . Several congregations have joined since then . In the 2010 BMA Directory there were 47 BMA congregations in the US as well as two in Canada and one in Jamaica . The membership was calculated at 2,718 . BMA operates their own missions board and has missionaries in several different countries . BMA also owns and oversees Elnora Bible Institute ( EBI ) in Elnora , IN . EBI currently offers four terms , 1 fifteen week , 1 three week , and two 6 week terms every school year . EBI offers courses meant to stimulate spiritual growth as well as practical expressions of faith in students ' lives .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "265ea67d77126e65b3e960016fb0e9ca", "text": "The Crusades (film) The Crusades is a 1935 American historical adventure film produced and directed by Cecil B. DeMille , and originally released by Paramount Pictures . It stars Loretta Young as Berengaria of Navarre and Henry Wilcoxon as Richard I of England . It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography ( Victor Milner ) as well as for Best Foreign Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1935 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "22881b7d666646dd227db89d28e23afa", "text": "Book of Commandments The Book of Commandments is the earliest published volume said to contain the revelations of Joseph Smith Jr. . Text published in the Book of Commandments is now considered scripture by Latter-day Saints as part of the larger Doctrine and Covenants .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7abb6ad6712f68ab8b23616f052af5b1", "text": "Stone v. Graham In Stone v. Graham , , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that a Kentucky statute was unconstitutional and in violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment , because it lacked a nonreligious , legislative purpose . The statute required the posting of a copy of the Ten Commandments on the wall of each public classroom in the state . While the copies of the Ten Commandments were purchased with private funding , the Court ruled that because they were being placed in public classrooms they were in violation of the First Amendment .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "68c92ded944aee92397a27463123a53d", "text": "David Wolpe David J. Wolpe ( born 1958 ) is the Max Webb Senior Rabbi of Sinai Temple . Named the most influential rabbi in America by Newsweek Magazine and one of the 50 most influential Jews in the world by the Jerusalem Post , David Wolpe is the rabbi of Sinai Temple in Los Angeles , California . He previously taught at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York , the American Jewish University in Los Angeles , Hunter College , and UCLA . Wolpe 's work has been profiled in the New York Times , and he is a columnist for Time.com , he regularly writes for many publications , including The LA Times , the Washington Post 's On Faith website , The Huffington Post , and the New York Jewish Week . He has been on television numerous times , including the Today Show , Face the Nation , ABC this Morning , and CBS This Morning . In addition , Wolpe has been featured in series on PBS , A&E , the History channel , and the Discovery channel . Wolpe is the author of eight books , including the national bestseller Making Loss Matter : Creating Meaning in Difficult Times . Wolpe 's new book is titled David : The Divided Heart . It was a finalist for the National Jewish Book Award ( 2014 ) , and has been optioned for a movie by Warner Bros. . Wolpe became the focus of international controversy when he gave a Passover sermon that questioned the historicity of the Exodus from Egypt . Ordained by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York in 1987 , Wolpe is a leader in Conservative Judaism .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "601b1973f8497c23b26c4f3cc1ff80f6", "text": "The Anglican Digest The Anglican Digest is a quarterly religious magazine which provides devotional material , book reviews , and other information related to Anglicanism . It is published by SPEAK , the Society for Promoting and Encouraging Arts and Knowledge ( of the Church ) , which was founded as the Episcopal Book Club in 1953 by Howard Lane Foland , an Episcopal priest in Nevada , Missouri . Since 1960 , it has been based on a former dairy farm in the Ozarks called Hillspeak near Eureka Springs , Arkansas . When it began in 1958 , it described itself as `` A quarterly miscellany reflecting the words and work of the Churches of the Anglican Communion : some things old many things new most things borrowed everything true . '' James B. Simpson became executive director after its founder retired in 1980 . At that time , it reported a paid circulation of over 100,000 worldwide . By 1989 , subscriptions had increased to almost 250,000 with six issues per year . However , in 2012 it reported 45,000 readers . Edward L. Salmon , Jr. chaired the publication 's board for 41 years .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "083519ae002bac1cd2435be9d2e97dca", "text": "Mal Couch Malcom Ollie `` Mal '' Couch , Jr. ( July 12 , 1938 , Dallas , Texas , USA -- February 12 , 2013 ) was the founder and first president of the Tyndale Theological Seminary . He was a pastor , an author of many books , and wrote 40 documentaries on Bible prophecies and biblical issues . While president of Tyndale Theological Seminary Couch recruited some very well known scholars and Bible teachers to teach the student body . Dr. Norman Geisler , Dr. Paige Patterson , Dr. Robert Lightner , Dr. Arnold G. Fruchtenbaum , and Paul Enns were used in the educational endeavors at Tyndale Seminary . After Dr. Couch retired from Tyndale Seminary he became a Vice President of the Scofield Graduate School and Seminary located in Modesto , California . Couch was part of the Pre-Trib Study Research Group that was founded by Tim LaHaye and Thomas Ice . He was also a member of Tyndale Seminary 's Conservative Theological Society .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "be5ec9ed030cdc826c2cad7b6a85b483", "text": "Vayoel Moshe Vayoel Moshe is a Hebrew book written by Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum , leader of the Satmar Hasidic movement , in 1961 . It made his case that Judaism is against Zionism . The name of the book is a statement in the bible that also notates his name and his grandfather 's name -- Joel and Moshe respectively . However , he had other reasons for this naming as well . The source for the title is Exodus 2:21 , `` And Moses agreed to stay ... an alien in a foreign land . '' This book is considered one of utmost importance by Satmar Hasidim and many Haredim who follow the Satmar doctrine regarding Zionism . Satmar Hasidism has many institutions , buildings and neighborhoods named after it . It is primarily a book of Halacha , Jewish law . However , it draws on Rabbinic Jewish philosophy as well . Although it did not originate with him , before World War II most Hasidic rabbis , as well as some other prominent Orthodox rabbis opposed Zionism . While others had written about the issue in other publications - Torah commentaries and books of Halacha - Rabbi Teitelbaum was the first to write a book specifically about this subject .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "af50a6da38e130a581d950ab3462170c", "text": "Gaston B. Cashwell Gaston Barnibus Cashwell ( 1860 -- 1916 ) was an early Pentecostal leader in the southern United States . He was born in Sampson County , North Carolina . His importance lies in bringing several Holiness movements into the Pentecostal camp . G. B. Cashwell first became a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church , South , and later joined the Holiness Church of North Carolina in 1903 . In November 1906 , he traveled to Los Angeles to visit the Pentecostal revival at the Azusa Street mission . In early December , he had an experience that he believed to be the baptism in the Holy Spirit and the evidence of speaking in tongues . Upon returning to Dunn , North Carolina , on December 31 , 1906 , Cashwell preached the Pentecostal experience in the local Holiness church . Interest in the Pentecostal experience was so great that he rented a local tobacco warehouse and began a month-long crusade . A revival broke out in North Carolina , especially in the holiness movement . Most of the ministers of the Pentecostal Holiness Church , the Fire-Baptized Holiness Church and the Holiness Free Will Baptist Churches were swept into Pentecostalism by this revival . Over the next six months , he toured the south preaching `` Pentecost '' . His zeal and influence in spreading Pentecostalism through the south has earned him the title of the Apostle of Pentecost to the South . In the summer of 1907 , Cashwell brought the message of Pentecost to evangelists H. G. Rodgers and M. M. Pinson , who carried the message to Alabama , Florida , Georgia , and Mississippi . Later they would lead these churches into the Assemblies of God . Through Rodgers and Pinson , A. J. Tomlinson of the Church of God in Cleveland , Tennessee heard of Cashwell 's message and invited him to Cleveland . On January 12 , 1908 , following a sermon by Cashwell , Tomlinson fell to the floor . He professed to receiving the baptism of the Holy Ghost and speaking in at least ten different languages . In October 1907 , Cashwell started a publication in Atlanta , Georgia called The Bridegroom 's Messenger . The periodical was created to spread the Pentecostal message over the country through a combination of sermons , articles , editorials , and testimonies . He edited it for a year before returning fully to his evangelistic efforts . The magazine was later taken over by Paul and Hattie Barth , who organized the International Pentecostal Assemblies ( now International Pentecostal Church of Christ ) . Although the influence of Cashwell was strong , his time of association with the Pentecostal movement was for a brief period of three years - from his `` conversion '' in 1906 until his departure from the Pentecostal Holiness Church in 1909 . In 1910 and afterward , his name no longer appeared in the roster of ministers belonging to the Pentecostal Holiness Church . Cashwell distanced himself from `` Pentecostalism '' , rejoined the Methodist church , and died from a heart-attack in 1916 . Cashwell 's apostleship of Pentecostalism in the south influenced many denominations . About a dozen existing Pentecostal bodies can trace their Pentecostal heritage directly or at least in part to Gaston B. Cashwell , including : Assemblies of God USA Church of God ( Cleveland ) Church of God of Prophecy Congregational Holiness Church International Pentecostal Church of Christ International Pentecostal Holiness Church Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b8ef3cfee29c5c00e2e0285408b1e19", "text": "Theodicy and the Bible Theodicy , in its most common form , is the attempt to answer the question of why a good God permits the manifestation of evil . Theodicy attempts to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the traditional divine characteristics of omnibenevolence and omnipotence , in either their absolute or relative form , with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world . `` Writings and discourses on theodicy by Jews , Greeks , Christians , and Eastern religions have graced our planet for thousands of years , '' and `` debates about theodicy continue among believers and unbelievers alike '' . Theodicy is an `` intensely urgent '' and `` constant concern '' of `` the entire Bible '' . Relating theodicy and the Bible is crucial to understanding Abrahamic theodicy because the Bible `` has been , both in theory and in fact , the dominant influence upon ideas about God and evil in the Western world '' . The Bible raises the issue of theodicy by its portrayals of God as inflicting evil and by its accounts of people who question God 's goodness by their angry indictments . However , the Bible `` contains no comprehensive theodicy '' . `` The most common theodicy is the free will theodicy . '' It lays the blame for all moral evil and some natural evil on humanity 's misuse of its free will . This article shows that the free will theodicy interacts with the Bible at its core : what Jesus and Paul say about the freedom of the will and with what kind of freedom of the will God endowed humanity at the Creation .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40ba4ecaac43844eff1bcd5527906104", "text": "Sunset Boulevard (film) Sunset Boulevard ( stylized onscreen as SUNSET BLVD. ) is a 1950 American film noir directed and co-written by Billy Wilder , and produced and co-written by Charles Brackett . It was named after the boulevard that runs through Los Angeles and Beverly Hills , California . The film stars William Holden as Joe Gillis , an unsuccessful screenwriter , and Gloria Swanson as Norma Desmond , a faded silent film star who draws him into her fantasy world where she dreams of making a triumphant return to the screen , with Erich von Stroheim as Max Von Mayerling , her devoted servant . Nancy Olson , Fred Clark , Lloyd Gough and Jack Webb play supporting roles . Director Cecil B. DeMille and gossip columnist Hedda Hopper play themselves , and the film includes cameo appearances by leading silent film actors Buster Keaton , H. B. Warner and Anna Q. Nilsson . Praised by many critics when first released , Sunset Boulevard was nominated for eleven Academy Awards ( including nominations in all four acting categories ) and won three . Deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the U.S. Library of Congress in 1989 , Sunset Boulevard was included in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . In 1998 , it was ranked number twelve on the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 best American films of the 20th century , and in 2007 , it was 16th on their 10th Anniversary list .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1907f7067433ca988e97e39d9afb1963", "text": "General judgment General judgment is the Christian theological concept of a judgment of the dead by nation and as a whole . It is related closely to Judgment Day and often is just another phrase for the Last Judgment or Final Judgement , but is not necessarily part of any eschatology . It is generally contrasted with a particular judgment right after death . The position is hinted at in several places in the Old Testament and in the New , and the Catholic Encyclopedia says ( here referring to the Last Judgment ) `` Few truths are more often or more clearly proclaimed in Scripture than that of the general judgment '' . When the individual dies , general judgment holds that the person 's final dispensation will await the general judgment of the dead at the end of the world , rather than be judged immediately . Additionally , `` general judgment '' may refer not only to the judging of each person , but also to the judgment of nations and peoples . The concept of Last Judgment is similar but unique . Various Last Judgment scenarios represent different forms of a general judgment , such as a global last judgment or a national last judgment . It is more concerned with the depictions and descriptions of particular versions . Jesus provided examples and illustrations of judgments against cities and generations . Jesus warned his contemporaries that the men of Nineveh , who repented at the preaching of Jonah , and the Queen of the South would testify against them in the judgment . In the context of dispatching emissaries , Jesus asked them to shake off the dust of cities that would not receive them . In the same speech , Jesus declared woes upon the cities of Chorazin and Bethsaida declaring that the cities of Sodom , Tyre , and Sidon would have a more tolerable outcome in the judgement .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8a6742c8dbfd0a8d2d5bdcf4fdca7d13", "text": "Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy `` Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy '' is one of the Ten Commandments found in the Hebrew Bible . The full text of the commandment reads :", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b1e53f487d351c2b7a5a03dc1c708534", "text": "Polity of the Seventh-day Adventist Church The governance ( polity ) of the Seventh-day Adventist Church is based on democratic representation , and therefore resembles the Presbyterian system of church organization . The organizational structure of the church consists of the following levels : The global church is called the `` General Conference '' , composed operatively of 13 `` Divisions '' . Each division is composed of `` Union Conferences '' and/or `` Union Missions '' ( 112 total ) . Union Conferences are self-supporting financially , while Union Missions are not . Each union conference is composed of -LSB- local -RSB- `` Conferences '' and/or `` Missions '' ( 572 total ) . Local Conferences are self-supporting financially , while Local Missions are not . Certain unions are composed of local congregations . They do not have local conferences/missions . Each local conference/mission is composed of local churches ( congregations ) . Often a number of local congregations are grouped operatively as a district , led by one senior pastor . In the United States , these numbers tend to be smaller ( 2-4 churches per district , perhaps ) , while in most of the worldwide church , the numbers tend to be larger ( 5 + per district and per pastor , sometimes as many as 15 or more ) . Each level of organization holds a `` general session '' at certain intervals , when elected representatives gather to vote on general decisions and church business . The president of the General Conference , for instance , is elected at the General Conference Session every five years . At the local churches , decisions are made by elected committees through vote of members . The day-to-day running of churches is governed by a church board formed by members of that church , together with the pastor of that congregation . In contrast to congregational polity , the conference corporation owns church property , employs and pays ministers , and receives tithes from members . In contrast to episcopal polity , the ministers or pastors are a single level of ordained clergy and there are no bishops ; elders and deacons are lay ministries . Moreover , it incorporates a hierarchical polity . A 2002 survey of Adventists worldwide showed three quarters `` affirm the structure , polity , and financial policies of the church . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "31e4fcd034b878a6dab62568a07f983e", "text": "Examination of conscience Examination of conscience is a review of one 's past thoughts , words , actions , and omissions for the purpose of ascertaining their conformity with , or deviation from , the moral law . Among Christians , this is generally a private review ; secular intellectuals have , on occasion , published autocritiques for public consumption . In the Catholic Church penitents who wish to receive the sacrament of penance are encouraged to examine their conscience using the Ten Commandments as a guide , or the Beatitudes , or the virtues and vices . A similar doctrine is taught in Lutheran churches , where penitents who wish to receive Holy Absolution are also asked to use the Ten Commandments as a guide . The process is very similar to the Islamic practice of Muhasaba , or self-reflection . `` The excellence of this practice and its fruitfulness for Christian virtue , '' preached Pope St. Pius X , `` are clearly established by the teaching of the great masters of the spiritual life . '' St. Ignatius of Loyola considered the examination of conscience as the single most important spiritual exercise . In his Spiritual Exercises he presents different forms of it in the particular and general examination ( 24-43 ) . Of the general examination he writes ; `` The first point is to give thanks to God our Lord for the favors received '' ( 43 ) . This point has become a highly developed part of Ignatian spirituality in modern times , and has led to many more positive practices , generally called examen of consciousness . In twice-daily `` examens '' one might review the ways God has been present through one to others , and to oneself through others , and how one has responded , and to proceed with one 's day with gratitude , more aware of the presence of God in one 's life . In general , there is a distinction between the particular examen , which aims to change one particular feature or defect in ones behavior , the examen of consciousness , which is a more nuanced reflection , and the general examination of conscience as used before the sacrament of penance . '' This last method is called examination of conscience because it is a review of one 's actions from a moral point of view , reflecting upon one 's responsibility and looking at one 's sins and weaknesses in preparation for repentance , in contrast with the examen of consciousness which does not focus on morality even if sins will emerge during the review of the day .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4943672a5e94f6cfdf2e9ad52285df19", "text": "Religious qualifications for public office in the United States Religious qualifications for public office in the United States have always been prohibited at the national level of the federal system of government under the Constitution . Article VI of the Constitution of the United States declares that `` no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States '' . The First Amendment of the Constitution also prevents the Congress of the United States from making any law `` respecting an establishment of religion '' ( the Establishment Clause ) . Neither the First Amendment nor Article VI , however , were originally applied to the individual states , and individual restrictions were utilized by individual states to prevent Jews , Catholics , and atheists from occupying public offices . State-level requirements for public office were not entirely abolished until 1961 , when the Supreme Court of the United States struck down religious qualifications for all public officeholders in its decision in Torcaso v. Watkins , a case concerning an atheist 's right to serve as a notary public under a Maryland law requiring public officials to declare they believed in God . However , eight states still have language in their constitutions that requires such qualifications .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0ce3379358f7f69ae2d9c228159cedfc", "text": "Gedaliah Silverstone Rabbi George ( Gedaliah ) Silverstone ( born 1871 in Jasionowka , Russian Empire − died 1944 in Jerusalem , Mandatory Palestine ) was a prominent Orthodox rabbi and author in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century . Gedaliah ben Isiah Meir Zylbersztejn was born in 1871 in a shtetl in what is now Poland , where his maternal grandfather was the rabbi . At the age of two , he moved to Sakot , Kovno Governorate , where his father served as a rabbi . Young Gedaliah studied in the yeshivot in Ruzhany and Telz until 1891 , when his father moved his family to Liverpool , England , where his name was anglicized . Silverstone was appointed the rabbi of the Belfast Hebrew Congregation in 1901 . He visited America in 1905 to sell his books . The following year he decided to settle there because he could not support his large family in the United Kingdom and he was appointed rabbi of Ohev Sholom Congregation in Washington , D.C. . He simultaneously served Kesher Israel Congregation in Georgetown after it was organized in 1911 . Silverstone , a popular rabbi , was on good terms with his congregants . As opposed to other American rabbis of the period , his publishing endeavors were supported by the community at large and he issued pamphlets of sermons on an almost annual basis . He had little difficulty in attracting benefactors to defray the publishing costs . Rabbi Dov Ber Manischewitz of Cincinnati and Noah ( Nathan ? ) Musher were among his patrons and he repeatedly reported that his works were eagerly sought after by preachers . He generally published only sermons because he knew that most American Jews would not read his more scholarly works and because `` many rabbis and sages from other countries write to me that my approach to Aggadah is the only one that can be used to influence the masses and lure them to their Father in heaven '' ( Mesamhai Lev , St. Louis , 1925 , pp. 5 -- 6 ) . A vocal opponent of non-Orthodox synagogues , seminaries and rabbis , his sermons contain many polemical statements . He later sent two of his sons to study in Jerusalem and , after visiting the Land of Israel ( ca. 1921 ) , he announced that he would soon be immigrating there ( Darke be-Kodesh , St. Louis , 1922 , pp. 4 , 6 ) . Though he was unable to carry out his plans right away ( Doresh Tov , St. Louis , 1923 , p. 5 ) , he did visit again within a year , this time together with Rabbi Zevi Hirsch Masliansky . He finally settled in Jaffa by the end of the summer of 1923 and he was invited to preach a number of times at the Neveh Tzedek synagogue . A few months later , however , he was compelled to return to Washington because his wife became ill . Attempts to settle in Safed in 1936 and in Jerusalem between 1938 and 1939 failed as well and he returned to America each time . He returned once more a few years later , this time remaining until his death in 1944 . He was buried on the Mount of Olives .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6d802c5129f6bc2038dc3024b6458395", "text": "Mormons Mormons ( -LSB- ˈmɔrmənz -RSB- ) are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism , the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity , initiated by Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s . After Smith 's death in 1844 , the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory . Today , most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing . The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah , and North America has more Mormons than any other continent , though the majority of Mormons live outside the United States . Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history . During the 19th century , Mormon converts tended to gather to a central geographic location , and between 1852 and 1890 a minority of Mormons openly practiced plural marriage , a form of religious polygamy . Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church , and many young Mormons choose to serve a full-time proselytizing mission . Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages , tobacco , coffee , tea , and other addictive substances . They tend to be very family-oriented , and have strong connections across generations and with extended family , reflective of their belief that families can be sealed together beyond death . Mormons also have a strict law of chastity , requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage and fidelity within marriage . Mormons self-identify as Christian , although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian and some of their beliefs differ from mainstream Christianity . Mormons believe in the Bible , as well as other books of scripture , such as the Book of Mormon . They have a unique view of cosmology , and believe that all people are spirit-children of God . Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ , and accepting his atonement through ordinances such as baptism . They believe that Christ 's church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles . Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children and answers their prayers . Due to their high birth and conversion rates , the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades . The number of members in 1971 was 3,090,953 and now in 2017 based on the Annual Report , there are 15,882,417 worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4c2dd0b1c1dee53f80178a3f9f77717", "text": "Prophecy in the Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh-day Adventists believe that Ellen G. White , one of the church 's co-founders , was a prophet , understood today as an expression of the New Testament spiritual gift of prophecy . Seventh-day Adventist believe that White had the spiritual gift of prophecy , but that her writings are inferior to the Bible , which has ultimate authority . According to the 28 Fundamentals the core set of theological beliefs held by the Seventh-day Adventist Church , states that Adventists accept the Bible as their only creed and can be read online on the website of the Seventh-day Adventist Church . The 18 of the 28 Fundamentals states the Adventists viewpoint on the Gift of Prophecy : `` One of the gifts of the Holy Spirit is prophecy . This gift is an identifying mark of the remnant church and was manifested in the ministry of Ellen . G. White . As the Lord 's messenger , her writings are a continuing and authoritative source of truth which provide for the church comfort , guidance , instruction , and correction . They also make clear that the Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience must be tested . ( Joel 2:28 , 29 ; Acts 2:14 -21 ; Heb . 1:1 -3 ; Rev. 12:17 ; 19:10 . ) . '' According to one church document , `` her expositions on any given Bible passage offer an inspired guide to the meaning of texts without exhausting their meaning or preempting the task of exegesis '' . In other words , White 's writings are considered an inspired commentary on Scripture , although Scripture remains ultimately authoritative . Adventist believe she had the spiritual gift of prophecy as outlined in Revelation 19:10 . Her restorationist writings endeavor to showcase the hand of God in Christian history . This cosmic conflict , referred to as the `` Great Controversy theme '' , is foundational to the development of Seventh-day Adventist theology .", "title": "" } ]	fever
571b93db1e6454d556d322f874882d57	The Bends was released in the 1990's.	[ { "docid": "beead449d6aaf16a6bde5b660ba1c6f8", "text": "The Bends The Bends ( stylised as the bends ) is the second studio album by the English alternative rock band Radiohead , released on 13 March 1995 by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom and by Capitol Records in the United States . The album was produced by John Leckie and engineered by Nigel Godrich , who would go on to co-produce all future albums by the band . The Bends marked the beginning of a shift in aesthetics and themes for the band , with greater use of keyboards and more abrasive guitar tracks , while balancing them with subtler ones . The introspective grunge-influenced style of their debut album Pablo Honey ( 1993 ) evolved into more multi-layered rock with cryptic lyrics and larger ideas , as the band and its lead singer and songwriter Thom Yorke reacted against the rigours of their near-constant world tours . The Bends received greater critical acclaim than Pablo Honey , receiving an enthusiastic critical reaction , and it reached # 4 on the UK Albums Chart . However , it failed to build on the commercial success of `` Creep '' outside of the United Kingdom , and it peaked on the United States charts at # 88 . Although it lacked the instant success of Radiohead 's subsequent albums , The Bends achieved triple platinum sales certifications in the UK and Canada , as well as platinum sales certifications in the United States ( by the Recording Industry Association of America ) and Europe . The album spawned five charting singles ; My Iron Lung was first released as an EP in 1994 before the album was released , and `` High and Dry '' was later released with the album 's opener `` Planet Telex '' as its B-side . `` Fake Plastic Trees '' was released as the album 's second single and was followed by `` Just '' . `` Street Spirit ( Fade Out ) '' , the final single from the album , became their first top 5 hit in the United Kingdom . In the years since its release , the album has frequently appeared in listener polls and critics ' lists of the greatest albums of all time .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "e1dc039c6d63155516badc65bc9c3df4", "text": "Corrosion of Conformity Corrosion of Conformity ( also known as C.O.C. ) is an American heavy metal band from Raleigh , North Carolina formed in 1982 . For almost the majority of its existence , the band has consisted of guitarist Woody Weatherman , bassist Mike Dean ( who left in 1987 but rejoined six years later ) , drummer Reed Mullin ( who left in 2001 but rejoined nine years later ) and vocalist and rhythm guitarist Pepper Keenan ( who joined the band in 1989 ) . After a hiatus in 2006 , Corrosion of Conformity returned in 2010 without Keenan , who had been busy touring and recording with Down , but announced their reunion with him in December 2014 . Corrosion of Conformity started as a hardcore punk band but later moved towards a slower and blues-tinged heavy metal sound . To date , the band has released nine studio albums , four EPs , one compilation , and one live album . Their first three studio albums -- Eye for an Eye ( 1984 ) , Animosity ( 1985 ) and Blind ( 1991 ) -- attracted the attention of Columbia Records , who signed the band in 1993 . Corrosion of Conformity found success with the release of their 1994 fourth studio album , Deliverance , which peaked at number 155 on the Billboard 200 and spawned the hits `` Albatross '' and `` Clean My Wounds '' . Their 1996 follow-up Wiseblood was also successful , and became Corrosion of Conformity 's highest-charting album in the United States , peaking at number 104 on the Billboard 200 . Their latest album , IX , was released on July 1 , 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df58b5190fce90bb96713b39f5d5704a", "text": "Warp 10: Influences, Classics, Remixes Warp 10 is a series of compilation albums issued by Warp Records in 1999 to celebrate the label 's tenth anniversary . The collection spans three double CD/quadruple vinyl sets , which can be purchased individually . Each volume in the set highlights different phases of electronic music , including influential tracks not originally released by Warp ( licensed specifically for this collection ) , but which helped to shape the artists and musicians who eventually appeared on the label , as well as tracks that influenced the overall sound of the label itself . Warp 10 +1 : Influences ( WARP LP/CD 67 ) contains twenty-two early acid house and techno tracks . Many of these songs are today considered to be the classics of these genres ( when they were in their infancy ) . A number of the tracks had never been available on compact disc before this collection , and seven of the twenty-two were mastered directly from 12 inch vinyl ( from such record labels as Cutting , Trax , Fourth Floor , KMS , Metroplex , 10 , Cause N ' Effect , Transmat , Plezure , and Bassic ) . Spanning the years 1986 through 1990 , the songs represented here were still very much an underground sensation in the United States , however a handful of these songs charted well on the UK singles chart and helped to usher in the acid house craze that swept across Europe in the late 1980s . Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 ( WARP LP/CD 68 ) features eighteen full-length `` classic '' versions and remixes taken directly from the vaults of Warp Records . Tracks appearing here were produced between the years of 1989 and 1992 . As with Warp 10 +1 , many of these tracks appeared previously only on 12 inch vinyl or now out-of-print compilations and EPs . Warp 10 +3 : Remixes ( WARP LP/CD 69 ) contains twenty-six remixes ( of which twenty-five are exclusive to this collection ) of tracks taken from Warp Records ' back catalog . Although all of the original recordings were released by Warp , the remixers are not necessarily Warp Records artists . The original songs span from the years 1990 through 1998 . The album art is the Roger Stevens Building , a lecture hall for the University of Leeds built in the 1970s , and noted for its bizarre brutalist architecture . The quadruple vinyl editions of Influences and Classics 89 -- 92 come in gatefold sleeves , while that of Remixes is packaged as four separate LPs in sleeves inside a hard box . In a 2013 article for Fact Magazine , Simon Reynolds noted that Warp 10 +2 : Classics 89 -- 92 remains one of the only compilations that covers the `` bleep techno '' of the early 1990s : '' -LSB- D -RSB- espite its time-defying excellence , bleep is poorly served in terms of compilations : basically , there 's Warp 's Classics double CD , plus out-of-print comps from the original era . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d63f4e802dfd69de9b39107029bd7fd1", "text": "New Order discography The discography of New Order , an English rock band , consists of ten studio albums , twelve compilation albums , three live albums , five extended plays ( EPs ) , thirty-eight singles , twelve video releases , thirty-three music videos and a number of soundtrack appearances . New Order were formed in 1980 by singer and guitarist Bernard Sumner , bassist Peter Hook and drummer Stephen Morris . The group began life as a continuation of their former incarnation Joy Division . Joy Division had disbanded after the death of the lead singer Ian Curtis . Gillian Gilbert , who was Morris ' girlfriend at the time , soon joined the group and played guitar and keyboards . Remarkably , New Order 's first eight singles released between 1981 and 1984 were not taken from any album . In most cases they were not even released as a 7-inch , but exclusively available in the radio-unfriendly 12-inch format , an unusual approach for a pop-act in the eighties . Despite the high anticipation that surrounded the group , their debut single `` Ceremony '' only peaked at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart . The group 's following two singles and their debut album met with similar moderate success . It would not be until the release of their fourth single , `` Blue Monday '' , that New Order would break into the top ten , with the song peaking at number 9 . `` Blue Monday '' became a defining single for the group and caused a sensation , becoming the biggest selling 12-inch single of all time . New Order , like many other post-punk groups of the period , increasingly utilised keyboards , drum machine and sequencers in their music . As a result they became associated with the synthpop and electronic dance movements of the 1980s . Beginning with Power , Corruption & Lies from 1983 , all of the group 's studio albums reached the top ten in the United Kingdom . The group experienced a lull in popularity in the years 1985 and 1986 but the surprise international popularity of the `` Bizarre Love Triangle '' single re-launched the group across the world . The group cemented their success in 1987 with the single , `` True Faith '' , and the compilation album Substance . New Order were at the peak of their popularity in the years 1987 to 1993 , with a run of popular singles , including `` Blue Monday 1988 '' , `` Fine Time '' , `` Regret '' , `` World ( The Price of Love ) '' and in 1990 they scored their only number 1 single in the UK with the official England national football team song , `` World in Motion '' . The two albums released during these years , Technique and Republic ; each charted at number 1 in the UK . It was during this successful period that the group 's internal dynamic began to falter . Sumner was not fond of touring , and wanted to take time off from the group and produce a solo album . He formed Electronic with Johnny Marr and the pair released their first single in 1989 . Hook formed his own band , Revenge , in 1989 , while Morris and Gilbert worked together as The Other Two , primarily scoring soundtracks . Of the three side projects , Sumner 's was by far the most successful . The recording and touring of 1993 's Republic , their first for London Records , was difficult and intra-band tensions were rife . The group went on hiatus until 1998 . In the meantime two compilation albums , The Best of New Order and The Rest of New Order , and several singles were released . The group reconvened in 1998 for the Reading Festival but did not release new material until 2000 . The group released the album Get Ready in 2001 . It was met with critical warmth , but it was apparent that the group 's popularity had lessened . The lead single from the album , `` Crystal '' , reached the top ten in the UK . The film 24 Hour Party People , a humorous chronicle of their label Factory Records , was released in 2002 . New Order contributed a new song , `` Here to Stay '' , and a re-recording of the Joy Division song `` New Dawn Fades '' with Moby , for the film 's soundtrack . The compilation International and four-disc boxset Retro were released in winter 2002 . New Order followed Get Ready with Waiting for the Sirens ' Call in 2005 . During this period Gilbert stepped down from live performances due to family commitments . Phil Cunningham stepped into her role and in 2005 became an official member of the group . The group had intended to release a ninth album soon after Waiting for the Sirens ' Call , the majority of which had already been recorded . The lack of enthusiasm inside the group and relative failure of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call stalled their career momentum . In 2007 , Hook decided to leave the group , and stated that he and Sumner had no further plans to work together . Sumner formed Bad Lieutenant with Cunningham , and Hook formed Freebass . Morris continued to work with Sumner and Cunningham . In 2008 , New Order released remastered and expanded editions of their first five albums with the intention of releasing the further three albums in a similar format in future . In December 2012 it was announced that Lost Sirens would be released in the United Kingdom on 14 January 2013 . Lost Sirens is an eight-track album of tracks left out of Waiting for the Sirens ' Call . On 22 June 2015 , the band announced they are to release a new album , Music Complete , on 25 September 2015 . The album will be the first without Peter Hook , and was produced mostly by the band themselves , except `` Singularity '' and `` Unlearn This Hatred '' , both produced by Tom Rowlands , while `` Superheated '' features additional production by Stuart Price . In the US , the band has sold a certified 2 million albums , and in the UK a certified 960,000 albums .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "842f06eca66423ab3571680a1c822ea8", "text": "Ten Benson Ten Benson are a rock band from London , United Kingdom formed in 1997 . Their early releases saw them described as `` psychedelic hillbillies '' , but they later moved on to a ( cod - ) heavy metal sound .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a13be2c0ed782ccdd674c9b371c80dc1", "text": "Chronicles (Rush album) Chronicles is a double compilation album by Canadian rock band Rush , released in 1990 ( see 1990 in music ) . The collection was assembled without the participation of the band . A companion edition of Rush music videos from 1981-1987 , titled Chronicles : The Video Collection , was also released on VHS and laserdisc . The video edition was re-released on a single DVD in 2001 . This was the band 's first album to be released in the 1990s .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b445365ed3c3e40e0a6d64b7a6454c7f", "text": "Bend Ova `` Bend Ova '' is a single by American rapper and producer Lil Jon released on July 22 , 2014 as the follow-up to his highly successful single `` Turn Down for What '' . The track features a guest verse by American rapper Tyga and was produced by Lil Jon and Australian DJ and producer Kronic .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "74475b3e9cfe19db8866b34e6c566194", "text": "Pop punk Pop punk ( also known as punk-pop ) is a music genre that fuses elements of punk rock and pop music . It typically combines fast tempos , loud and distorted electric guitars , and power chord changes with pop-influenced melodies , vocal styles , and lyrical themes . Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a music style that was stylistically similar to power pop . By the mid-1980s , several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new , faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty , the Nip Drivers , T.S.O.L. , Social Distortion , and the Descendents . Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s . Pop punk particularly thrived in California , where independent record labels adopted a do it yourself ( DIY ) approach to releasing music . By the mid-1990s , a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive extensive radio and television airplay , such as Green Day . By 1994 , pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity . The late 1990s , exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182 's Enema of the State , represented the genre 's mainstream peak , although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s . In the mid-2000s , emo pop , a fusion genre combining emo and pop punk , became popular . By the end of the 2000s , the pop punk sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "34d286348a759b2f1404c9a60b989ccc", "text": "The Best of The Art of Noise The Best of the Art of Noise is the name of a series of compilation albums with songs by the British synthpop band The Art of Noise . The first version was released on the China Records label in November 1988 . The Best of the Art of Noise was released with at least ten different track listing variations from 1988 to 1997 . The first version was on LP format and contained 7 '' single mixes , while the corresponding compact disc release that year contained the extended or 12 '' single remixes of all of the tracks . However , LP releases in territories such as Korea and Argentina featured a combination of both tracks listings . A Japanese CD version from 1991 was identical to the standard CD but contained two more mixes of `` Kiss '' as bonus tracks . In 1992 , China Records reissued The Best of and added `` Yebo , '' `` Instruments of Darkness '' and `` Robinson Crusoe , '' while omitting the three tracks that were licensed from ZTT Records and included on the 1988 release : `` Beatbox , '' `` Moments in Love '' and `` Close ( To the Edit ) . '' Once again , a number of different variations were issued . The United Kingdom and Holland issued a double disc limited edition version with both the standard disc of 7 '' mixes and a second disc of extended and 12 '' remixes . The compilation has also been issued with two different color variations on the cover . All editions prior to 1992 were issued with a blue cover , while most editions afterward had a pink cover . The German and Australian editions as well as the UK/Holland limited edition two disc set all retained the blue cover .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ada93aa317f86e5f2cb2e054b6333157", "text": "Sticks and Stones and Broken Bones Sticks and Stones and Broken Bones is an album released by The Toll in 1991 on Geffen Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c7935d68bfd45c812e2b0b1a036c44c6", "text": "Naïve (album) Naïve is the fifth album by industrial rock group KMFDM . It was released on November 15 , 1990 . It was recorded in Hamburg , Germany upon KMFDM 's return from their first visit to America and subsequent tour with Ministry . It was also the first record that they released after signing directly to Wax Trax ! Records . The album was out of print for over a decade due to copyright infringement : the seventh track , `` Liebeslied '' , used unauthorized samples from a recording of `` O Fortuna '' , from Carl Orff 's 1930s cantata Carmina Burana . The album was recalled approximately three years after being released . Copies today are rare and considered collector 's items . In addition to this , `` Godlike '' samples `` Angel of Death '' by Slayer and `` Go To Hell '' uses the same riff as Metallica 's `` Metal Militia '' , although re-performed ( and possibly just a coincidence given how simple the riff is ) . All of the tracks on the album , except for the original mixes of `` Die Now-Live Later '' , `` Liebeslied '' and `` Go to Hell '' were subsequently available on other discs . The album was re-released as Naïve / Hell to Go , with some songs remixed , in 1994 . A digitally remastered reissue of Naïve was released on November 21 , 2006 , along with Money and Angst . It was reissued with an edited version of the track `` Liebeslied '' without the offending sample . It also features the remixes that initially appeared on Naïve / Hell to Go .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1cbc7f69f2a47c30f47579d512c555df", "text": "Bend (The Origin album) Bend is the second and final album by the band The Origin , released in 1992 . The lead single , `` Bonfires Burning '' , charted at number 17 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7c8a3bc715c133fd824d2ef957a422e4", "text": "Blindfold (EP) `` Blindfold '' ( also known as `` Ten Little Girls '' ) is Curve 's first single/EP . It was released on 4 March 1991 and it reached # 68 in the UK singles chart . All four songs from the EP were included in the compilation Pubic Fruit , issued in 1992 . `` Blindfold '' was selected as Single of the Week by Melody Maker . It was also voted as the 5th Single of the Year by the same magazine .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "215f2b388da7ddaddf00df923c10805e", "text": "Corpus Christi (Angkor Wat album) Corpus Christi is the second and final studio album by Angkor Wat , released in 1990 by Metal Blade Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "408db0ee348d25f31d9de0a2f046cc65", "text": "List of UK top 10 singles in 1989 The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom . Before 2004 , the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles with airplay figures and digital downloads excluded from the official chart . This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1989 , as well as songs which peaked in 1988 and 1990 but were in the top 10 in 1989 . The entry date is when the song appeared in the top 10 for the first time . One-hundred and forty-five singles were in the top ten in 1989 . Eight singles from 1988 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year . `` Especially for You '' by Kylie Minogue and Jason Donovan , `` Crackers International '' by Erasure , `` Suddenly '' by Angry Anderson , `` Good Life '' by Inner City '' and `` Loco in Acapulco '' by The Four Tops all first charted in 1988 but reached their peak in 1989 . Thirty-six artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1989 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f791d2e17260c4483e96d469a4041f40", "text": "Arc (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album) Arc is a live album of feedback , guitar noise , and vocal fragments that was realized from various shows on the 1991 Neil Young and Crazy Horse US tour , which was originally released with Weld in a special-edition 3-CD set called Arc-Weld . According to an interview with Steve Martin of Agnostic Front that appeared in the December 1991 issue of Pulse ! magazine , Arc had its genesis in a film that Young made called Muddy Track ( referred to in an interview with David Fricke in the November 28 , 1991 , issue of Rolling Stone ) , which consisted of the beginnings and endings of various songs from his 1987 European tour . Young placed a video camera on his amplifier during the 1987 tour and recorded the beginnings and endings of various songs , and later edited them down into the film 's soundtrack . `` It was the sound of the entire band being sucked into this little limiter , being compressed and fuckin ' distorted to hell , '' Young said to Martin , referring to the soundtrack of Muddy Track . Young then showed the video to Sonic Youth 's Thurston Moore , who suggested that he record an entire album in a similar manner . However , Arc was not recorded through video camera microphones , as was the case with Muddy Track , but instead was compiled from various professional multi-track recordings made throughout the tour .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c5e89abee37e782969968d94fbcc5a3b", "text": "Rock or Bust Rock or Bust is a studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC . It is their fifteenth internationally released studio album and the sixteenth to be released in Australia . It is the shortest studio album ever released by the band ; at approximately 35 minutes , it is two minutes shorter than their previous shortest album , Flick of the Switch , which was released in 1983 . Rock or Bust also was the group 's first album without founding member and rhythm guitarist Malcolm Young , who had retired from the band in 2014 due to health concerns , although he co-wrote every track on the album . Bass guitarist Cliff Williams has also retired since Rock or Bust was released , drummer Phil Rudd was unable to participate in the supporting tour after being sentenced to house arrest , and vocalist Brian Johnson was forced to exit the band after the fifth leg of the album 's supporting tour as a result of hearing loss . The group released the debut single from the album , titled `` Play Ball '' , on 7 October 2014 . The song has been a commercial success , reaching the top 40 charts in various countries such as Spain ( at number 28 ) , France ( at number 39 ) or Switzerland ( at number 19 ) . Rock or Bust peaked at # 1 in 12 countries , including Australia , Canada , Germany and Sweden . It reached the top 5 in a further 12 countries , including New Zealand , the United Kingdom , the United States and Italy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "05350ecb773e219611e2fa0b4a476c65", "text": "Slippery When Wet Slippery When Wet is the third studio album by American rock band Bon Jovi . It was released on August 18 , 1986 by Mercury Records in North America and Vertigo Records internationally . The album was produced by Bruce Fairbairn . Recording sessions took place between January and July 1986 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver , Canada . Slippery When Wet was an instant commercial success . The album features songs that are considered Bon Jovi 's most well-known tracks , such as the singles `` You Give Love a Bad Name '' , `` Livin ' on a Prayer '' and `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' . The album spent eight weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart and was named by Billboard as the top-selling album of 1987 . Slippery When Wet is Bon Jovi 's best-selling studio album to date , with an RIAA certification of 12 × Platinum , making it one of the top 100 best-selling albums in the United States . The album was featured in the 2005 book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "40d587cbcfb73a6c66c078b914721b60", "text": "Under the Blade Under the Blade is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Twisted Sister , released on Secret Records on September 18 , 1982 . It featured a very brutal and rough sound , which was eventually totally ignored on a remixed re-release by Atlantic Records on July 14 , 1985 . The re-release also added a remixed version of the song `` I 'll Never Grow Up , Now '' , the band 's long forgotten 1979 single . The Atlantic Records release was both a try to emphasize on the commercial success of Stay Hungry and , by then ( and for years to come ) the only official way to get the album as Secret Records was no more . However , bootlegs with the original mix were still in circulation . On May 31 , 2011 , Eagle Records re-released Under the Blade in a digital remastered form with the original mix finally restored . Under the Blade has sold over two million copies worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "51f8c9eb84e810296d4eb032fd165ea1", "text": "Ladies and Gentlemen... The Bangles! Ladies And Gentlemen ... The Bangles ! is a compilation album released by The Bangles on Thanksgiving day , 2014 . The compilation , released independently on the band 's own DownKiddie ! label , was initially released on digital format and compiles all of the band 's early material before they were signed to major label Columbia Records in 1984 . It was eventually released on CD . The compilation got a vinyl release in November 2016 . The remastered material included spans the years 1981 to 1984 . The compilation includes the band 's debut independent single `` Getting out of Hand '' , from 1981 , as well as the 5 songs from the group 's debut self-titled EP released in 1982 , both of which are considered rarities and have been long out of print . Also included are tracks the group released in 1982 for compilation albums , including the instrumental `` Bitchen Summer/Speedway '' ( first released on the compilation Rodney On The ROQ Vol . III ) , `` No Mag Commercial '' and the theme song for a Dallas , TX radio program , `` Rock And Roll Alternative '' , hosted by George Gimarc on KZEW ( `` The Zoo '' ) . The group also included four unreleased demos done in 1981 , including covers of The Turtles ' `` Outside Chance '' and Paul Revere & The Raiders ' `` Steppin ' Out '' . To close the release , the band included two unreleased live songs done in 1984 , the only songs on which bassist Michael Steele plays , a cover of Love 's `` 7 and 7 Is '' , and `` Tell Me '' , included on their debut album All Over The Place . The title of the compilation is taken from the spoken intro of the instrumental `` Bitchen Summer/Speedway '' .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f202a839901b820c8d3e0c624591ba6b", "text": "Bent Out of Shape Bent Out of Shape is the seventh studio album released by the British hard rock band Rainbow . It was originally released in August 1983 as an LP and cassette . The cassette featured several longer edits compared to the vinyl version . It was recorded at Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen in about 7 weeks . A remastered CD reissue was released in May 1999 , which restored the artwork of the original release . This has two tracks of a longer duration than on the first US CD issue . This album is generally referred to by critics and fans as a commercial effort , with the band attempting to repeat the success of the song `` Stone Cold '' and the album Straight Between the Eyes . As a result , some of the songs , like the first single released from this album , `` Street of Dreams '' , are usually considered to be more in the adult-oriented rock style , instead of the hard rock sound of earlier Rainbow albums . The album was particularly aimed at the US market : the title is an American idiom rather than a British one , although it received positive reviews in the U.K. Howard Johnson of `` Kerrang ! '' magazine ( No. 51 -- Sept 22-Oct 5 , 1983 ) praised the album as `` possibly Rainbow 's most complete work to date '' and called `` Desperate Heart '' and `` Street of Dreams '' `` two of this year 's finest tunes '' . The music video for `` Ca n't Let You Go '' , directed by Dominic Orlando , was filmed in New York City ( 1984 ) and inspired by the 1920 silent b/w film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Along with `` Street of Dreams '' , directed by Storm Thorgerson , it became a part of Rainbow 's home video collection The Final Cut ( 1985 ) . The music video for `` Street of Dreams '' was banned by MTV for its supposedly controversial hypnotic clip . The song `` Street of Dreams '' has been re-recorded in two versions by Blackmore 's Night in 2006 for their fifth studio album , The Village Lanterne . The version featured on a regular album was sung by Candice Night . The other version , a bonus track on a special edition of the album , was performed in a duet by Night and former Rainbow singer Joe Lynn Turner . In 1984 , `` Anybody There '' was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance .", "title": "" } ]	fever
c0a97587c60a5b8dd6dc9036c2a91e1f	A singer in Got a Girl starred in Final Destination 3.	[ { "docid": "3b2675e3e722f21423ae129d1de908c1", "text": "Got a Girl Got a Girl is an American musical duo consisting of actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead and music producer Dan the Automator that formed in 2012 . The band 's first studio album , I Love You but I Must Drive Off This Cliff Now was released in 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f6f9c7a13377e0fe3a4db430277d64e8", "text": "Mary Elizabeth Winstead Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( born November 28 , 1984 ) is an American actress and singer , best known for her scream queen roles in the horror films Final Destination 3 ( 2006 ) , Black Christmas ( 2006 ) , Death Proof ( 2007 ) , The Thing ( 2011 ) , Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) , and 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) . She appeared as John McClane 's daughter Lucy in the fourth and fifth films in the Die Hard franchise ( 2007 , 2013 ) , Ramona Flowers in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) , and Kate Hannah , an alcoholic struggling with sobriety in the Sundance drama Smashed ( 2012 ) . Her singing career started in 2013 , with her formation of the music duo Got a Girl with Dan the Automator .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "83b79423c12497cf8a22fa9b005af662", "text": "The Girlie Show: Live Down Under The Girlie Show : Live Down Under is a video album by American singer-songwriter Madonna . It was released by Warner Music Vision , Warner Reprise Video and Maverick Records on April 25 , 1994 and included a date filmed at Sydney Cricket Ground on November 19 , 1993 from The Girlie Show World Tour . The video was originally broadcast as a TV special on HBO in 1993 under the title Madonna Live Down Under : The Girlie Show . The concert was directed by Mark `` Aldo '' Miceli , who previously directed the TV specials Blond Ambition : Japan Tour 90 and the Barcelona TV special Madonna-Live ! Blond Ambition World Tour 90 ( live from Barcelona Olympic Stadium on August 1 , 1990 and not the version from the HBO special ) . When re-released on DVD in 1998 , the video was the first ever music video in this format along with another Warner Music title The Three Tenors in Concert .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "20ec29d0a128dc462efe93f2afac4fb0", "text": "Same Girl (Jennifer Lopez song) `` Same Girl '' is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez for her eighth studio album , A.K.A. ( 2014 ) . It features a guest rap from American rapper French Montana . The song was written by Lopez and Chris Brown in collaboration with the song 's producers Antwan `` Amadeus '' Thompson , Charles `` Chizzy '' Stephens , and Ryan `` Ryghtous '' Tedder , while Cory Rooney handled vocal production of the song . A solo version of `` Same Girl '' was released on February 4 , 2014 , as the second promotional single from A.K.A. . An accompanying music video for the solo version of the song was directed by Steve Gomillion and Dennis Leupold in the Castle Hill neighbourhood of The Bronx , Lopez 's hometown .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1c4d1cd026b3061c35c55bd465fe9a01", "text": "List of The X Factor finalists (U.S. season 3) The third and final season of The X Factor airing on Fox on September 11 , 2013 and ended on December 19 , 2013 . Paulina Rubio mentored the boys , Demi Lovato mentored the girls , Kelly Rowland mentored the over 25s and Simon Cowell mentored the groups . The winner Alex & Sierra , securing a $ 1 million recording contract with Sony Music and Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Records .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3d14ab2e37aa63fc44753c4f34891979", "text": "I Got a Car `` I Got a Car '' is a song recorded by American country music artist George Strait . It was written by Tom Douglas and Keith Gattis . It was released November 4 , 2013 , as the third single from his album Love Is Everything .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae19fa788893b538d1c27870c267a8e6", "text": "Sick Love `` Sick Love '' is the third single from The Getaway , an album by the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers . Elton John performs on the song which was also co-written by John and longtime collaborator Bernie Taupin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4b0f59880681edeab0c1dff1e31831c1", "text": "Kimberley Locke Kimberley Dawn Locke ( born January 3 , 1978 ) is an American singer , songwriter and model . She has recorded in the dance and pop genres , and has targeted the adult contemporary radio format . Locke gained fame with her participation in the 2003 American Idol television series in which she placed third . In 2007 she garnered media attention for her participation in Celebrity Fit Club .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fad93f1fca2cfd584f70e69014488f0e", "text": "Drive (Scott Grimes album) Drive is the third album by American actor/singer/songwriter Scott Grimes , released in 2010 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "33bc9944ade1896b011265cf0de178d3", "text": "Third (Cait Brennan album) Third is the second full-length album by Cait Brennan , released by Omnivore on April 21 , 2017 . The follow-up to 2016 's critically lauded Debutante , Third was recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis , TN , in the same studio and on much of the same recording gear as Big Star used during its Ardent heyday . The album was co-produced and performed entirely by Brennan and Fernando Perdomo , a producer and rock artist who also co-produced Linda Perhacs ' widely acclaimed 2014 album The Soul of All Natural Things for Asthmatic Kitty records . Perdomo and Brennan met as fellow artists on the International Pop Overthrow festival in 2012 , and quickly became friends ; Brennan appears in Perdomo 's `` Smile '' music video , and Perdomo has played in Brennan 's touring band . The duo produced Brennan 's 2016 debut , as well as an unreleased second album and a set of demos for Sire Records founder Seymour Stein before ultimately signing with Omnivore Recordings in January 2017 . During the recording of Brennan 's Sire Records demo sessions , Brennan and Perdomo attended a Grammy Museum presentation celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Ardent Studios . At the event , Brennan and Perdomo encountered Big Star drummer and Ardent president Jody Stephens , who invited the pair to record their third album at Ardent in Memphis . When the Sire deal did not materialize , the duo traveled to Memphis and recorded 13 songs in three days , with Brennan and Perdomo producing and playing all the instruments , and Ardent 's Adam Hill engineering the sessions . During the sessions , the pair used many of the same instruments and amplifiers used by Big Star during their heyday , including Alex Chilton 's Hi-Watt amps , Mellotron and Chris Bell 's cherry red Gibson guitar . As with Brennan 's debut album Debutante , Brennan and Perdomo played all of the instruments , with the exception of two guest appearances by longtime Memphis power pop legend Van Duren and former Continental Drifters guitarist Robert Mache . The album was mastered by Grammy-winning audio engineer Michael Graves ; Cheryl Pawelski of Omnivore Recordings , who had a long history working with Ardent and Big Star , signed Brennan to Omnivore in January 2017 , slating Brennan 's Third for an April 2017 release to coincide with Record Store Day .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b821800b20becfab62255448f879c6d4", "text": "Colby O'Donis Colby O'Donis ( born Colby O'Donis Colón ; March 14 , 1989 ) is an American singer , songwriter , actor and record producer . He is best known as a featured artist in the Lady Gaga single `` Just Dance '' , which spent more than eleven months on the Billboard Hot 100 . He is also well known for his lead single on his debut album Colby O titled `` What You Got '' featuring Akon , which peaked at number 14 on the Hot 100 , and being featured on Akon 's song `` Beautiful '' , which peaked at number 19 on the Hot 100 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cc31aa55475d6c261cb1dd3524df719e", "text": "Jasmine Trias Jasmine Trias ( born November 3 , 1986 ) is a Filipino-American singer-entertainer who was the third place finalist on the third season of American Idol . She has released one album to date , Jasmine Trias .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3980cba62ec127a900ed7370d33408ff", "text": "She's Got It All `` She 's Got It All '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Kenny Chesney that reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . It was released in May 1997 as the lead-off single from his 1997 album I Will Stand , and Chesney 's first Number One single on the country charts . The song was co-written by Craig Wiseman and Drew Womack , who at the time was the lead singer of the band Sons of the Desert .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f8afad326aad282e12344509226fbf3b", "text": "Good Girls (Elle King song) `` Good Girls '' is a song written and recorded by American singer and songwriter Elle King for the soundtrack of the 2016 supernatural comedy film , Ghostbusters . The song was co-written and produced by Dave Bassett . It was released digitally on June 3 , 2016 through RCA Records as the soundtrack 's lead single and impacted American Triple A radio on June 13 , 2016 . Upon release , the song received positive reviews from music critics and attained a top 40 position on the Billboard Rock Songs chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df6acf05b82697e7226502a42cc99d2e", "text": "I Got You (Bebe Rexha song) `` I Got You '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha . It was released on October 28 , 2016 as the lead single from her second extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt . 1 . The track was produced by production team Captain Cuts .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b8edbcb5349b9579c3f63eb110af68a", "text": "Three Days to Vegas Three Days to Vegas is a 2007 American comedy film , directed by Charlie Picerni and starring Peter Falk , Rip Torn , George Segal , Billy Burke and Bill Cobbs . The story follows four elderly male retirees who take a road trip to Las Vegas to stop the impending marriage of one of their daughters , played by Nancy Young . Cobbs replaced iconic actor Ossie Davis in the cast after Davis died during production . The film features various actors in supporting roles , including Chris Diamantopoulos , Reginald VelJohnson , and Taylor Negron .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "71cf084ec1957aa0cd7858f7b54d1243", "text": "Final Voyage Final Voyage is an action/drama film released in 1999 . The film stars Dylan Walsh , Ice-T , Erika Eleniak , and Claudia Christian . Tagline : `` 2,500 passengers , 1 sinking ship , no escape . ''", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b5000e8b46f349091518571db5fc6704", "text": "Courtney Love Courtney Michelle Love ( born Courtney Michelle Harrison ; born July 9 , 1964 ) is an American singer , actress , writer , and visual artist . Prolific in the punk and grunge scenes of the 1990s , Love has enjoyed a career that spans four decades . She rose to prominence as the frontwoman of the alternative rock band Hole , which she formed in 1989 . Love has drawn public attention for her uninhibited live performances and confrontational lyrics , as well as her highly publicized personal life following her marriage to Kurt Cobain . The daughter of Hank Harrison and psychotherapist Linda Carroll , Love had an itinerant early life . She spent her formative years in San Francisco and Portland , Oregon , where she was in a series of short-lived bands before being cast in two films by British director Alex Cox . After forming Hole in 1989 , she received substantial attention from underground rock press for the group 's debut album , produced by Kim Gordon . Hole 's second release , Live Through This ( 1994 ) , gave her high-profile renown with critical accolades and multi-platinum sales . In 1995 , Love returned to acting , earning a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance as Althea Leasure in Miloš Forman 's The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) , which established her as a mainstream actress . The following year , she saw further mainstream success with the release of Hole 's third album , Celebrity Skin ( 1998 ) , which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards . Love continued to work as an actress into the early 2000s , appearing in big-budget pictures such as Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) and Trapped ( 2002 ) , before releasing her first solo album , America 's Sweetheart , in 2004 . The next few years were marked by publicity surrounding Love 's legal troubles and drug addiction , which resulted in a mandatory lockdown rehabilitation sentence in 2005 while she was in the process of writing a second planned solo album . That project became Nobody 's Daughter , which was released in 2010 as a Hole album but without any other members of the original lineup . Between 2014 and 2015 , she released two solo singles and returned to acting in the network series Sons of Anarchy and Empire . Love has also had endeavors in writing , co-creating and co-authoring three volumes of a manga , Princess Ai , between 2004 and 2006 , as well as a memoir , Dirty Blonde : The Diaries of Courtney Love ( 2006 ) . In 2012 , she premiered an exhibit of mixed media visual art titled And She 's Not Even Pretty .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae3cd54fe313bf4a4bdd987479c0a3f5", "text": "Who's That Girl (1987 film) Who 's That Girl is a 1987 American screwball comedy film written by Andrew Smith and Ken Finkleman , and directed by James Foley . It stars Madonna and Griffin Dunne , and depicts the story of a street-smart girl who is falsely accused of murdering her boyfriend and is sent to jail . After getting released , she meets a man , who is supposed to make sure she gets on her bus back to Philadelphia , and convinces him to help her catch those responsible for her confinement . While searching for the embezzler , they fall in love with each other . After the failure of her 1986 film Shanghai Surprise , Madonna decided to sign another comedy film titled Slammer , which was later renamed to Who 's That Girl . However , she had to convince both Warner Bros. and the producers of the film that she was ready for the project . Madonna enlisted her friend James Foley to direct the film . Shooting began in New York in October 1986 , and continued until March 1987 . Production was halted during December due to snowfall in New York . Madonna utilized the time to work on her next tour and the soundtrack of the film . The film was released on August 7 , 1987 , and was a box office bomb , grossing only $ 2.5 million in its first week , with its final domestic total being about $ 7.3 million . Critics were highly disappointed with the film , and Foley 's direction . Some went on to call it one of the worst films to be released , while others found Madonna 's comic timing to be one of the highlights . However , the Who 's That Girl World Tour went on to be a critical and commercial success , grossing a total of US$ 25 million , and playing in front of audiences totaling 1.5 million people . The soundtrack of the film , though not acclaimed by the critics , enjoyed commercial success . Three of Madonna 's songs , the title track , `` Causing a Commotion '' and `` The Look of Love '' , were released as singles with the title track becoming Madonna 's sixth number one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The soundtrack album went on to sell six million copies worldwide .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "eab39585dbc50a89ff09a4182ec6afd9", "text": "Malcolm Gets Hugh Malcolm Gerard Gets ( born December 28 , 1964 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his role as Richard in the American television sitcom Caroline in the City . Gets is also a dancer , singer , composer , classically trained pianist , vocal director , and choreographer . He played Gould in the 2009 film Grey Gardens opposite Jessica Lange and Drew Barrymore and his first solo album came out in 2009 from PS Classics . Gets was nominated for a Tony Award in 2003 ( Best Performance by a Lead Actor in a Musical , Amour ) and was awarded the Obie Award in 1995 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9fa966953566df5cb4b9afb6f8bc52e1", "text": "Girl Happy Girl Happy is a 1965 American musical romantic comedy and beach party film starring Elvis Presley in his 18th feature . The movie won a fourth place prize Laurel Award in the category Top Musical of 1965 . It featured the song `` Puppet on a String '' , which reached # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 , # 3 on the Adult Contemporary chart and in Canada , and was certified Gold by the RIAA .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5ffe6da5aa631d03e30aa288072b1f47", "text": "Ready Ready Set Go Ready Ready Set Go is the first compilation album ( third overall ) by Canadian musical duo Prozzäk , released under the name Simon and Milo , by Hollywood Records on April 30 , 2002 . This was a limited edition CD and also enhanced with three bonus videos . The album 's name is taken from the opening line from `` Pretty Girls ( Make Me Nervous ) '' , the first track on the album . All of the tracks were taken from the two previous albums , Hot Show and Saturday People , with the exception of the one new track introduced on the album , `` Get a Clue '' , a theme song for the TV movie of the same name starring Lindsay Lohan . `` Get a Clue '' is also a featured track in the video game Disney 's Extreme Skate Adventure , and its accompanying music video is an unlockable video in the extras section of the game .", "title": "" } ]	fever
b04168e7397e4869b78acea8b7e2b503	Brock Lesnar won against Randy Couture.	[ { "docid": "6086133662698ae6eff97671728d561e", "text": "Brock Lesnar Brock Edward Lesnar ( -LSB- ˈlɛznər -RSB- born July 12 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist , amateur wrestler , and professional American football player . He is signed with WWE , where he performs on the Raw brand and is the current WWE Universal Champion in his first reign . After his successful amateur wrestling career at Bismarck State College and the University of Minnesota , Lesnar signed with WWE ( then the World Wrestling Federation ) in 2000 . He was assigned to its developmental promotion Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he was a three-time OVW Southern Tag Team Champion with Shelton Benjamin . After debuting on WWE 's main roster in 2002 , he won the WWE Championship on three separate occasions with victories over The Rock and Kurt Angle ( twice ) . Lesnar won the then WWE Undisputed Championship five months after his main roster debut at the age of 25 , becoming the youngest champion in the title 's history . He was also the 2002 King of the Ring and the 2003 Royal Rumble winner , making him the youngest King of the Ring and Royal Rumble winner as well . Following his match with Goldberg at WrestleMania XX , Lesnar left the WWE and pursued a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was named a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings , but was cut prior to the start of the 2004 -- 2005 season . In 2005 , Lesnar returned to professional wrestling and signed with New Japan Pro-Wrestling ( NJPW ) , where he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship in his first match . After a contractual dispute with NJPW , he also wrestled as IWGP Heavyweight Champion in the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) . In 2006 , Lesnar pursued a career in mixed martial arts ( MMA ) , as he signed with Hero 's and won his first fight , against Min-Soo Kim , in June 2007 . He then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) the following October . Lesnar lost in his UFC debut against Frank Mir and then won his second fight against Heath Herring . In November 2008 , Lesnar defeated Randy Couture to become the UFC Heavyweight Champion . Shortly after a successful title defense in a rematch with Mir , Lesnar was sidelined due to diverticulitis . He would return at UFC 116 to defeat Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion Shane Carwin and unify the heavyweight championships , becoming the Undisputed Heavyweight Champion in the process . Lesnar then lost the championship to Cain Velasquez at UFC 121 . In 2011 , he was once again sidelined due to diverticulitis and underwent surgery . Lesnar returned at UFC 141 in December , losing to Alistair Overeem and promptly retiring from MMA . Lesnar was a box office sensation in UFC , as he took part in a some of the best selling pay-per-view events in UFC history , including UFC 100 and UFC 116 . In April 2012 , Lesnar once again returned to professional wrestling , rejoining WWE after an eight-year hiatus . Two years later , at WrestleMania XXX , Lesnar defeated The Undertaker to end his undefeated streak at WrestleMania . He achieved world champion status twice since his return , having won the then WWE World Heavyweight Championship in 2014 and the WWE Universal Championship in 2017 . Lesnar has been managed by Paul Heyman throughout the majority of his professional wrestling career . In June 2016 at UFC 199 , the UFC announced that Lesnar would return to MMA to fight at UFC 200 . His opponent was later revealed to be Mark Hunt . Lesnar would defeat Hunt via unanimous decision . However , after Lesnar tested positive for clomiphene , a banned substance on the UFC 's anti-doping policy , he was suspended from competing in the UFC by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year , fined $ 250,000 and his victory over Hunt was overturned to a no-contest . Lesnar then retired from MMA for a second time in 2017 . Lesnar is a five-time world champion in WWE , a one-time heavyweight champion in the UFC , a one-time heavyweight champion in NJPW , and a one-time heavyweight wrestling champion in the NCAA , the only person in history to win a championship in each of those organizations . He has headlined numerous pay-per-view events for both the WWE and UFC , including WrestleMania XIX , WrestleMania 31 , UFC 100 and UFC 116 . In 2015 , an ESPN.com article referred to Lesnar as `` the most accomplished athlete in professional wrestling history '' .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "297aac4c94e3ea9d138d81c631726618", "text": "No Mercy (2007) No Mercy ( 2007 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on October 7 , 2007 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . It was the 10th annual No Mercy event and involved wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW brands . Nine professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's supercard . In the main event matches , Randy Orton defeated WWE Champion Triple H in a Last Man Standing match , and World Heavyweight Champion Batista defeated challenger The Great Khali in a Punjabi Prison match . Also on the undercard , WWE Champion Triple H defeated Umaga to retain his title and Finlay and Rey Mysterio fought to a no contest . The 2007 No Mercy event had an approximate attendance of 12,500 and received approximately 271,000 pay-per-view buys . This event helped WWE obtain a pay-per-view revenue of $ 19.9 million . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of nineteenth on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "f76f0d838d762d02ad86e580082e06be", "text": "WrestleMania VII WrestleMania VII was the seventh annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on March 24 , 1991 , at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles , California . The main event saw Hulk Hogan defeat Sgt. Slaughter for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship as part of a controversial storyline in which Sgt. Slaughter portrayed an Iraqi sympathizer during the United States ' involvement in the Gulf War . Significant events on the undercard included The Undertaker 's WrestleMania debut and the beginning of his renowned winning streak , a retirement match between Randy Savage and The Ultimate Warrior leading to the former 's reuniting with estranged love Miss Elizabeth , as well as the final match of the original Hart Foundation , after which Bret Hart became primarily a singles wrestler .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "cf6b1a2412a634eb9d20875be7511df1", "text": "King of the Ring (1995) King of the Ring ( 1995 ) was the third annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . It took place on June 25 , 1995 , at the CoreStates Spectrum in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The main event was a tag team match in which WWF World Heavyweight Champion Diesel and Bam Bam Bigelow faced Tatanka and Sycho Sid . Diesel won the match by pinning Tatanka . The main matches on the undercard were Bret Hart versus Jerry Lawler in a `` Kiss My Foot '' match and the King of the Ring Final as Mabel faced Savio Vega .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "9ba730cff49073ab4ba7d18e2c4fe8af", "text": "Night of Champions (2009) Night of Champions ( 2009 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on July 26 , 2009 , at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . It was the second annual event to be promoted solely under the Night of Champions name and the ninth annual event under the Vengeance/Night of Champions chronology . Similar to the previous two events , the concept of the show was that every championship in the company would be defended . It featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands . Eight matches were contested on the card . This show was considered a supercard , which featured more than one main event match . The main event matches featured were : Jeff Hardy defeating CM Punk for the World Heavyweight Championship , Randy Orton retaining the WWE Championship against Triple H and John Cena , Mickie James winning the WWE Divas Championship against Maryse , and WWE Intercontinental Champion Rey Mysterio retain his title against Dolph Ziggler . The undercard , featured Chris Jericho and The Big Show defending the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship against The Legacy , Christian defeating Tommy Dreamer for the ECW Championship , Kofi Kingston defending the WWE United States Championship in a Six-Pack Challenge against Montel Vontavious Porter , The Miz , Carlito , Primo , and Jack Swagger , and Michelle McCool defending the WWE Women 's Championship against Melina . The event had 267,000 buys , down on the 2008 's Night of Champions figure of 273,000 buys .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3226721f3b16e2e7c9d7c1e6fa03dfe4", "text": "Chavo Guerrero Jr. Salvador `` Chavo '' Guerrero IV ( born October 20 , 1970 ) also known as Chavo Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero Jr. , is a third generation Mexican American professional wrestler , actor and member of the Guerrero wrestling family . He has also worked with World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment ( WWF/E ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . As a singles wrestler , he is a one-time ECW Champion in WWE , and a six-time WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Champion . He has also achieved success in tag team wrestling , being a five-time world tag team champion -- winning the WWE Tag Team Championship twice with Eddie Guerrero as Los Guerreros , the WCW World Tag Team Championship once with Corporal Cajun as the Misfits in Action , and the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice with Hernandez . Between WCW , WWE , and TNA , Guerrero has held a dozen total championships .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7b59f0521e8ad4b0419d30b0ec863ded", "text": "Tony Borne Anthony Wayne `` Tony '' Osborne ( July 13 , 1926 -- August 27 , 2010 ) was an American professional wrestler , better known by his ring name , `` Tough '' Tony Borne .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1515b28f393f800036d3ab905b558353", "text": "Ron Simmons Ronald Simmons ( born May 15 , 1958 ) is an American retired professional wrestler and football player . He performed for World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) under his real name , and in the World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWF/E ) under both his real name and the ring names Faarooq Asaad ( sometimes spelled Asad ) and Faarooq ( sometimes spelled Farooq ) . He is signed with WWE , working in their Legends program . In WCW , Simmons was a one-time WCW World Heavyweight Champion ; as the first African American to win the title , he is recognized by WWE as the first black world heavyweight champion in professional wrestling history . He was also a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion with Butch Reed and a one-time WCW United States Tag Team Champion with Big Josh . In ECW , Simmons headlined the 1994 edition of the company 's premier annual pay-per-view event , November to Remember , in a match for the ECW World Heavyweight Championship . In the WWF , he was a three-time WWF Tag Team Champion with Bradshaw as one half of the Acolytes Protection Agency . Former leader of stable The Nation of Domination , Simmons also competed for the company 's singles championships on pay-per-view and television , headlining the 1997 King of the Ring event against The Undertaker for the WWF Championship . He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2012 . Prior to becoming a professional wrestler , Simmons was an American college and pro football player who was a defensive tackle in the National Football League ( NFL ) , Canadian Football League ( CFL ) and United States Football League ( USFL ) for four seasons during the 1980s . He played college football for Florida State University , and was recognized as an All-American . He played professionally for the NFL 's Cleveland Browns , the CFL 's Ottawa Rough Riders and the USFL 's Tampa Bay Bandits .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ff0bd90dde781cb6ac9cd9f4138e8e76", "text": "Miguel Cotto vs. DeMarcus Corley The Cotto vs. Corley fight was a bout held in Bayamón , Puerto Rico , on February 26 , 2005 . It was for Miguel Cotto 's WBO world Jr. . Welterweight title , and it pitted him against former world champion Demarcus Corley . Much expectation preceded the fight , which was sponsored in Puerto Rico by DirecTV . The then recently inaugurated Tren Urbano had to be specially abilitated for this fight , as fans had overcrowded the parking area with their cars the last time Cotto had a fight in Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican tourism department saw this event as a perfect occasion to demonstrate the new railway 's conveniences to fans across the island . Cotto participated in a ceremonial trip from a station near José Miguel Agrelot coliseum in San Juan to the fight 's venue , Bayamón 's Rubén Rodríguez Coliseum . Corley , meanwhile , arrived in Puerto Rico on Wednesday , February 23 . According to El Vocero , the newspaper that interviewed the former world champion on arrival at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport , Corley showed confidence and kept smiling , but predicted a unanimous decision win , which is somewhat uncommon among boxers , as they usually predict knockout wins . Corley trained the last few days before the fight at the same gymnasium that Edwin Rosario used during Rosario 's prime . The fight was broadcast to the United States live on HBO Boxing 's `` Boxing After Dark '' leg . Cotto wore trunks that had the flags of every Hispanic country . About half a minute into the fight , Corley went down from a right cross to the head . He was rocked often the rest of the first round , but he was able to stay on his feet . Cotto kept hitting Corley with stamina-reducing shots to the body and the head in round two , but he lost a point , when , without any previous warnings , referee Ismael Quinones Falu deducted it from the scorecards after Corley complained that Cotto had hurt him on the crotch area . It was a somewhat unusual move by the referee : usually they give boxers a number of warnings before actually deducting a point for illegal fighting tactics . In the third round , Corley hit Cotto flush with a right hand to the chin , and Cotto , who was arguably having the worst round of his career , almost fell . Corley mounted an attack , pinning Cotto against the ropes for most of the round . Cotto was then suddenly struck by a low blow himself , and he went to the floor . The referee gave him time to recover , but did not take any points away from Corley . Towards the end of the round , both fighters engaged in an exchange of powerful lefts , with Cotto 's barely missing Corley 's body , but Corley 's getting Cotto on the head and sending him to the ropes again . Having recuperated in between rounds , Cotto picked up the fight 's momentum again in round four , using his jab , and then connecting with various combinations towards the end of the round . By round five , Cotto sported a cut inside his nose and he also had a swollen eye . Corley looked like he had taken tremendous punishment as well ; he looked tired and his face looked like it had a few small cuts too . Cotto , who , by the way , weighed 157 pounds ( 71 kg ) on HBO 's weight balance on the day of the fight compared to Corley 's 140 pounds ( 63.5 kg ) , pinned Corley against the ropes . A combination of punches to the body and head sent Corley down for a second time . Corley got up and tried to weather the storm by fighting back , but he was taking a lot of punishment as he decided to go down to one knee in order to take a rest . The third knockdown , however , would become the subject of a small controversy , as , instead of counting on Corley , Quinones Falu decided to stop the fight at that moment , giving Cotto the victory by a fifth round technical knockout . After the stoppage , Corley reacted with a menacing look towards the referee , but no action was taken by him against Quinones Falu . HBO 's instant replays showed that none of the punches that Cotto threw before Corley decided to take a knee had actually landed . Nevertheless , since Corley 's third visit to the canvas happened after Corley took a conscious decision to fall in order to take the extra rest , boxing rules dictated that it had to be counted as a knockdown . Soon after the fight was stopped , HBO analizers were quick to signal the result as a `` hometown stoppage '' , specially Larry Merchant . But their claims were quickly countered by Corley himself , who admitted to going down for the third time as a strategy to avoid further punishment from Cotto and maybe buy himself more fight time . After the fight , both fighters agreed that they should have a rematch . Category : Boxing fights Category :2005 in boxing Category : Boxing in Puerto Rico Category : Sports in Bayamón , Puerto Rico Category :2005 in Puerto Rican sport", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1d5a15b24621eedb38355d57e37185c7", "text": "The Ultimate Fighter: Team Lesnar vs. Team dos Santos The Ultimate Fighter : Team Lesnar vs. Team dos Santos is the thirteenth installment of the Ultimate Fighting Championship produced reality television series The Ultimate Fighter . The UFC and Spike TV held open tryouts on November 4 , 2010 , in Las Vegas , Nevada . The casting call went out for Welterweight and Middleweight fighters , however , all fighters will be in the welterweight division . All fighters applying and trying out for the show must have at least three professional fights and be at least 21 years of age . Notables who turned up to the tryouts included Strikeforce veterans Karl Amoussou , Andre Galvao , and Zak Cummings , and former TUF contestants Frank Lester and Jeremiah Riggs . It was confirmed during the Fight For The Troops 2 conference call that Brock Lesnar and Junior dos Santos would be the coaches for this season . This season did not feature an elimination round like the two seasons before it , however , the `` wild card '' selections introduced in season 11 were still featured . The initial cast was 14 fighters rather than the usual 16 , 28 or 32 in recent seasons . On May 12 , 2011 , midway through the airing of the season , Dana White announced that Brock Lesnar pulled out of the coaches ' fight due to the return of diverticulitis , forcing Lesnar to withdraw from the bout .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "39f0a4493e96434e3e6a3dbec8775f96", "text": "No Way Out (2008) No Way Out ( 2008 ) was the tenth annual No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on February 17 , 2008 , at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas , Nevada . It starred wrestlers from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands . The main match on the Raw brand was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania XXIV . Triple H won the match after last eliminating Jeff Hardy . The predominant match on the SmackDown brand was Edge versus Rey Mysterio for the World Heavyweight Championship , in which Edge won after spearing Mysterio in mid-air . The primary match on the ECW brand was Chavo Guerrero versus CM Punk for the ECW Championship . Guerrero won the match and retained the title after pinning Punk following a frog splash . The predominant match on the Raw brand was Randy Orton versus John Cena for the WWE Championship , which Cena won after Orton disqualified himself . The featured match on the undercard was an Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXIV . Presented by THQ 's Frontlines : Fuel of War , the event had 329,000 buys , up on the No Way Out 2007 figure of 218,000 buys .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "93a315b9acd96bba8f80922403e05d97", "text": "Phoenix Championship Wrestling Phoenix Championship Wrestling was a short-lived American independent professional wrestling promotion based in Toms River , New Jersey . It was founded by twin brothers Don and Mike Bucci in 2001 and promoted by Don Bucci until its close two years later . The promotion enjoyed a high degree of success during its existence and was home to many independent wrestlers in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region later signed to both Total Non-Stop Action and World Wrestling Entertainment . Stars from both promotions made appearances for PCW such as TNA 's Alexis Laree , Frankie Kazarian , Amazing Red and The S.A.T. ( Jose and Joel Maximo ) . The Wall and the Harris Brothers were also signed to TNA while competing for the promotion . From the World Wrestling Federation included former and then current superstars such as Jimmy Snuka , Gillberg , Gangrel , Eddie Guerrero and Three Minute Warning ( Rosey and Jamal ) . A number of WWE developmental wrestlers from Ohio Valley Wrestling spent time in the promotion including Kara Drew , Charlie Haas , Mike Kruel , Tank Toland and The Basham Brothers ( Doug and Danny Basham ) . Mike Bucci , a mainstay of Extreme Championship Wrestling , was also able to bring in many of its stars prior to and following the promotion 's close in 2001 . Among these included Prodigy , Chris Chetti , Little Guido , Jerry Lynn , Crowbar , Steve Corino , Julio Dinero , Chris Hamrick , Tommy Dreamer , Raven , Joey Matthews & Christian York and the `` heel '' stable Triple Threat ( `` Franchise '' Shane Douglas , Chris Candido and Bam Bam Bigelow ) . Both Bucci and Prodigy would win titles in the promotion , Prodigy being the first PCW Television Champion . Despite the fierce competitive environment among independent Mid-Atlantic promotions , the smaller PCW had working relationships with several of its rivals allowing appearances by Nicky Benz and Ric Blade from Combat Zone Wrestling , and Michael Shane , `` Fallen Angel '' Christopher Daniels and Samoa Joe from Ring of Honor . PCW also featured many established independent wrestlers , not only in the Jersey Shore and Mid-Atlantic region , but from throughout the United States and Canada . The mix of wrestlers would occasionally result in unofficial interpromotional matches that would not normally be seen in mainstream companies . The promotion also had a weekly Public-access television cable TV series , Fire Bird TV , and many of its supercards and televised events were later released on VHS/DVD by Smart Mark Video and RF Video .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d56ca373faae6138d0b013455112428a", "text": "Stone Cold Steve Austin Steve Austin ( born Steven James Anderson on December 18 , 1964 , later Steven James Williams ) , better known by the ring name `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin , is an American actor , media personality , producer , and retired professional wrestler who is signed to a Legends contract with WWE . Veteran pro wrestling journalist Wade Keller remarked that Austin is `` in every conversation for the greatest wrestling act of all time '' , as well as for `` the most profitable and the most influential '' . He enjoyed a successful mid card career as `` Stunning '' Steve Austin in World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and a stint as a main event performer in Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) during the early and mid 1990s , before signing with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , now WWE ) in 1995 as The Ringmaster . Rebranded `` Stone Cold '' Steve Austin the following year , he gained significant mainstream popularity as a disrespectful , beer-drinking antihero who routinely defied the establishment and his boss , company chairman Vince McMahon . This persona of Austin 's became the `` poster boy '' of the Attitude Era , a boom period in WWF business in the latter 1990s and early 2000s . He also devised the long-standing `` What ? '' chant in pro wrestling . Several prominent industry figures , including McMahon , have declared Austin to be the biggest star in WWF/E history , while stressing that he surpassed the popularity of Hulk Hogan . Austin held 19 championships throughout his wrestling career ; he is a six-time WWF Champion , a two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion , and a four-time WWF Tag Team Champion , thus making him the fifth Triple Crown Champion in WWE history , while also being a two-time WCW United States Heavyweight Champion , a two-time WCW World Television Champion , a one-time WCW World Tag Team Champion , and a one-time NWA World Tag Team Champion in WCW . He was also the winner of the 1996 King of the Ring tournament , as well as the 1997 , 1998 , and 2001 Royal Rumbles , making him the only three-time winner of the event . Furthermore , he was awarded the unsanctioned Million Dollar Championship by Ted DiBiase . Austin has headlined multiple pay-per-view events for the WWF , including three WrestleManias ( XIV , XV , and X-Seven ) . He was forced to retire from in-ring competition in 2003 due to a series of knee injuries and a serious neck injury . Throughout the rest of 2003 and 2004 , he was featured as the Co-General Manager and `` Sheriff '' of Raw . Since 2005 , he has continued to make occasional appearances , and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2009 by Vince McMahon . In 2011 , Austin returned to WWE to host the reboot of the reality series Tough Enough .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bc5f68388f93db9e87cfe12bb95bda91", "text": "Jerry London (wrestler) Jerry Linden ( 1929 -- 20 August 1970 ) , or Jerry Atkins , better known by the ring name Jerry London , was a Canadian professional wrestler and former world champion , most notably holding the NWA World Middleweight Championship in 1966 . A journeyman wrestler , he wrestled throughout the world for various wrestling promotions : Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling , Capitol Wrestling Corporation , Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre , Florida Championship Wrestling , Georgia Championship Wrestling , Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling , Japan Wrestling Association , Jim Crockett Promotions , Maple Leaf Wrestling , NWA Mid-Pacific Promotions , NWA San Francisco , and NWA Tri-State . Linden committed suicide on August 20 , 1970 , hours after losing a bout at the Cow Palace in San Francisco , California . His suicide was one of several deaths to occur during the `` Golden Age of Wrestling '' along with Yukon Eric , George Drake and Skull Murphy .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "7758ed5b365cb4800c21e695af2c3c57", "text": "UFC 141 UFC 141 : Lesnar vs. Overeem was a mixed martial arts pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on Friday December 30 , 2011 , at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas , Nevada .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "29bcfbe2432efd74dc88bbbde3c59578", "text": "Samoa Joe Nuufolau Joel `` Joe '' Seanoa ( born March 17 , 1979 ) , better known by his ring name Samoa Joe , is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE and performing on the Raw brand . He was previously best known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) . Joe established himself in ROH from the promotion 's beginning in 2002 , holding the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months from May 2003 to December 2004 . Upon joining TNA in June 2005 , he embarked on an 19-month-long undefeated streak , and went on to hold the TNA World Heavyweight Championship once , the TNA X Division Championship five times , the TNA World Tag Team Championship twice , and the TNA Television Championship once ; completing the TNA Triple Crown and the TNA Grand Slam . He also wrestled internationally and on the independent circuit for various promotions , winning several titles , including the GHC Tag Team Championship with Magnus in Pro Wrestling Noah , and he was an inaugural NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Champion with Keiji Sakoda in Pro Wrestling Zero1 . He left TNA in February 2015 , briefly competing again in ROH and the independent circuit . Joe officially debuted in WWE 's developmental territory NXT in May 2015 , and signed a full-time contract with the company in June ; he went on to become the first ever two-time NXT Champion .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a9d06840a44bade35d87bafccb2b4d6b", "text": "IPWA Light Heavyweight Championship The IPWA Light Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling light heavyweight championship in Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance ( IPWA ) . The inaugural champion was Mark `` The Shark '' Shrader , who defeated Quinn Nash ( substituting for Earl the Pearl ) in a tournament final on June 7 , 1996 to become the first IPWA Light Heavyweight Champion . There were 7 officially recognized champions with Julio Sanchez winning the title a record 4-times . He was also its longest reigning champion with his second title reign lasting 273 days . Some of the top `` indy cruiserweights '' on the East Cost wrestled for the title during its near 6-year history with former champions including Steve Corino , Christian York , and Joey Matthews .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0d08cfc15187b3924dcee9b6758ee393", "text": "Verne Gagne Laverne Clarence `` Verne '' Gagne ( -LSB- ɡænjeɪ -RSB- February 26 , 1926 -- April 27 , 2015 ) was an American professional wrestler , football player , wrestling trainer , and wrestling promoter . He was the owner and promoter of the Minneapolis-based American Wrestling Association ( AWA ) , the predominant promotion throughout the Midwest and Manitoba for many years . He remained in this position until 1991 , when the company folded . Gagne was a 16-time World Heavyweight Champion , having held the AWA World Heavyweight Championship ten times , the World Heavyweight Championship ( Omaha version ) five times , and the IWA World Heavyweight Championship once . He holds the record for the longest combined reign as a world champion and is third ( behind Bruno Sammartino and Lou Thesz ) for the longest single world title reign . He is one of only six men inducted into each of the WWE , WCW and Professional Wrestling halls of fame .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df8c425ce480bc05f131d58c32d6edfa", "text": "Davey Boy Smith David `` Davey Boy '' Smith ( 27 November 1962 -- 18 May 2002 ) was a British professional wrestler . Born in Golborne , Lancashire , Smith is best known for his appearances in the United States with the World Wrestling Federation under his own name and under the ring name The British Bulldog . He was trained by Ted Betley in Winwick , England before relocating to Calgary , Alberta , Canada to further his training under Stu Hart . While training with Hart , Smith met Stu and Helen Hart 's youngest daughter Diana , whom he married in 1984 . One of their two children , Harry , is also a professional wrestler . Smith won titles within the WWF in three decades , from the 1980s to the 2000s . Never a world champion , Smith nevertheless headlined multiple pay-per-view events in the WWF and WCW , in which he challenged for the WWF - and WCW World Heavyweight championships . He defeated Bret Hart for the WWF Intercontinental Championship in the main event of SummerSlam 1992 at London 's original Wembley Stadium ; he also has the distinction of being the inaugural and longest reigning WWF European Champion in a total of 206 days , and to have held the title on the sole occasion where a match for that championship headlined a pay-per-view event , at One Night Only in 1997 . Prior to finding singles success , Smith achieved stardom as one half of The British Bulldogs tag team , alongside the Dynamite Kid .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "3b2b993a806dffbff63b10dc40aa5fb1", "text": "Bad Blood (2003) Bad Blood ( 2003 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) and presented by Maxim Hair Color , which took place on June 15 , 2003 , at the Compaq Center in Houston , Texas . It was the second event produced under the Bad Blood name and starred wrestlers from the Raw brand . This event marked the beginning of worldwide pay-per-views ( with the exception of the older and more significant Royal Rumble , WrestleMania , SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay-per-views ) being brand exclusive ( UK-only pay-per-views had been brand exclusive since Insurrextion 2002 ) . The main event was a Hell in a Cell match , featuring wrestlers fighting in a ring surrounded by a steel structure . In this match , World Heavyweight Champion Triple H defeated Kevin Nash to retain his title . Two predominant bouts were featured on the undercard ; in respective singles matches , Ric Flair defeated Shawn Michaels and Goldberg defeated Chris Jericho . The event marked the second time the Hell in a Cell format was used by WWE in a Bad Blood event ; the first was at In Your House : Badd Blood in 1997 . The 2003 Bad Blood event grossed over $ 500,000 ticket sales from an attendance of 10,000 and received about 285,000 pay-per-view buys , which was more than the following year 's event . This event helped WWE increase its yearly pay-per-view revenue by $ 6.2 million from the previous year . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of second on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c28095586c4569b543253da37d4c7d52", "text": "El Gran Luchadore El Gran Luchadore is the name of a masked Mexican professional wrestling character in World Wrestling Entertainment , seen on its SmackDown ! brand in 2004 . El Gran Luchadore ( loosely translated from Spanish to `` The Great Fighter/Wrestler , '' `` Luchadore '' is also an incorrect spelling , luchador is the correct spelling ) was mainly used as a jobber gimmick to put over other wrestlers . The first WWE wrestler to wrestle as the El Gran Luchadore was Paul London on April 22 , 2004 in a squash match against John Bradshaw Layfield ( JBL ) , Paul Heyman convinced Bradshaw to accept a match with the `` Mexican Heavyweight Champion '' after hearing that El Gran Luchadore punked out Bradshaw at an airport . Next up was Shannon Moore on July 8 , 2004 , billed as the `` champion of Mexico '' , would face WWE Champion JBL in a champion vs. champion match ( no titles on the line ) . A second squash match for JBL took an unexpected turn when El Gran Luchadore pulled a switcharoo with Eddie Guerrero ( in El Gran 's costume ) who came back fighting . When JBL finally clued that it was Guerrero , he ran away from the ring getting counted out in the process , allowing El Gran Luchadore to pick up his first victory . The next appearance of El Gran Luchadore was on July 15 , 2004 edition of SmackDown ! . During a Steel Cage match between Guerrero and JBL which saw both men sat on top of the Cage , exchanging punches until El Gran Luchadore ran down and climbed into the cage . This El Gran Luchadore held Eddie Guerrero 's leg , allowing Bradshaw to climb down the side of the cage to win . After the match El Gran Luchadore tried to get out of the locked door , but then decided to climb out the way he came in . Eddie Guerrero got to his feet and climbed up the cage struggling to get him back into the cage . Luchadore was able to get away , but in the struggle Guerrero pulled the mask off of him , revealing him to be the supposedly injured Kurt Angle .", "title": "" } ]	fever
60bc8e5cea1cb0181f56afdaf6d13926	Guam was employed by America.	[ { "docid": "134e4a4c49fa0e99be51e4f018dd21eb", "text": "Guam Guam ( -LSB- ˈɡwɑːm -RSB- or -LSB- ˈɡwɒm -RSB- Chamorro : Guåhån -LSB- ˈɡʷɑhɑn -RSB- formally the Territory of Guam ) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . Located in the western Pacific Ocean , Guam is one of five American territories with an established civilian government . The capital city is Hagåtña and the most populous city is Dededo . In 2015 , 161,785 people resided on Guam . Guamanians are American citizens by birth . Guam has an area of 210 sq mi ( 544 km ² ) and a population density of 770/sq mi ( 297/km ² ) . It is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Micronesia . Among its municipalities , Mongmong-Toto-Maite has the highest density at 3,691 / sq mi ( 1,425 / km ² ) , whereas Inarajan and Umatac have the lowest density at 119/sq mi ( 47/km ² ) . The highest point is Mount Lamlam at 406 m above sea level . The Chamorros , Guam 's indigenous people , settled the island approximately 4,000 years ago . Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan was the first European to visit the island on March 6 , 1521 . Guam was colonized in 1668 with settlers , like Diego Luis de San Vitores , a Catholic missionary . Between the 16th century and the 18th century , Guam was an important stopover for the Spanish Manila Galleons . During the Spanish -- American War , the United States captured Guam on June 21 , 1898 . Under the Treaty of Paris , Spain ceded Guam to the United States on December 10 , 1898 . Guam is among the seventeen Non-Self-Governing Territories of the United Nations . Before World War II , Guam and four other territories -- American Samoa , Hawaii , Wake Island , and the Philippines -- were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean . On December 7 , 1941 , hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , Guam was captured by the Japanese , who occupied the island for thirty months . During the occupation , Guamanians were subjected to beheadings , forced labor , rape , and torture . Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21 , 1944 ; Liberation Day commemorates the victory . Since the 1960s , the economy has been supported by two industries : tourism and the United States Armed Forces .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "8e08cc0a0dec1f371dec257e1ad92372", "text": "Guam at the 2012 Summer Olympics The United States ' unincorporated territory of Guam competed at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London , from July 27 to August 12 , 2012 . This was the nation 's seventh consecutive appearance at the Olympics . Guam National Olympic Committee sent a total of 8 athletes to the Games , 5 men and 3 women , to compete in 5 sports . Half of these athletes had competed in Beijing , including judoka Ricardo Blas Jr. and wrestler Maria Dunn , who was Guam 's flag bearer at the opening ceremony . Mountain biker Derek Mandell competed at the Olympics for the second time , after his 12-year absence . Swimmers Pilar Shimizu and Benjamin Schulte , on the other hand , were the youngest athletes of the team , at age 16 . Guam , however , has yet to win its first ever Olympic medal .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "67ee546a382281c560d13e30cc1ceda6", "text": "Marine Corps Installations Pacific Marine Corps Installations Pacific ( MCIPAC ) is the single , regional authority for accountability of regional installation management resources and services within the Pacific area of operations . MCIPAC was established to increase regional installation management effectiveness . MCIPAC implements policies , develops regional strategies and plans , priortizes resources , and provides services , direction , and oversight to all Marine Corps installations in Japan , the Republic of Korea , and Hawaii . MCIPAC includes approximately 2,600 service members , 1,200 civilian employees , and more than 3,500 Japanese and Korean workers in the Pacific Region . Whether participating in operations or training exercises , MCIPAC supports units before , during , and after each deployment . The command is responsible for ensuring installations provide a number of services like training areas , work facilities , utilities and housing . MCIPAC remains committed to enhancing operational readiness , from the individual service member to every echelon of the Marine Air Ground Task Force , while at the same time , cooperating , coordinating and communicating with our regional communities , partners , and allies . MCIPAC regularly engages in bilateral planning to ensure strong , long-term and mutually beneficial partnerships with our neighbors in the region . These continually developing relationships define MCIPAC 's community relations effort .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "bdae5966dd5f25a71e77d5e6851a144d", "text": "Francis Fagan Francis Fagan was a captain in the United States Marine Corps during World War II . He served as commanding officer of Company G , Second Battalion , 9th Marine Regiment , 3rd Marine Division . He was twice awarded the Navy Cross : once for his actions at the Battle of Guam , the other for his actions at the Battle of Iwo Jima . He received the second award posthumously . His first award citation reads : The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain Francis Louis Fagan ( MCSN : 0-8334 ) , United States Marine Corps , for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of Company G , Second Battalion , Ninth Marines , THIRD Marine Division , in action against enemy Japanese forces on Guam , Marianas Islands , 28 July 1944 . Assuming command of a company which had lost all its officers with the exception of one , Captain Fagan immediately pushed an attack to the top of a ridge and , when a strong enemy counterattack forced his company 's right flank to fall back after the lapse of only ten minutes , ran one hundred and fifty yards along the front line through heavy hostile fire to the right flank . Braving intense fire from screaming Japanese troops only fifteen yards away , he rallied his men and halted the withdrawal , thus preventing a break-through and repulsing the counterattack . Although wounded during the action , he continued to command his company . His inspiring leadership , courage and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . His second award citation reads : The President of the United States of America takes pride in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross ( Posthumously ) to Captain Francis Louis Fagan ( MCSN : 0-8334 ) , United States Marine Corps , for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of Company G , Second Battalion , Ninth Marines , THIRD Marine Division , in action against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands , on 25 and 26 February 1945 . Determined to break the entrenched network of emplacements concealed in the massive rock formations and twisting ridges which constituted the natural ramparts of the enemy 's cross-island defenses , Captain Fagan skillfully coordinated and led a combined tank-infantry assault against a salient Japanese strong point on the high ground west of Airfield Number Two . Boldly defying the powerfully organized opposition , he continuously exposed himself to intense machine-gun , antitank , grenade and mortar barrages as he directed the sustained fire of his automatic weapons against heavily fortified pillboxes which he personally located and , driving his tanks relentlessly forward in the face of almost insurmountable obstacles , blasted one death trap after another to make slow but steady progress toward the fanatically defended ridge position . Painfully wounded during the violent exchange of hostilities , he consistently refused evacuation and held his ground indomitably throughout the night , despite the uninterrupted bombardment of exploding mortar shells and slashing machine-gun fire maintained by the enemy . Fiercely resuming his planned close-in tactics the following morning , he led his intrepid men with dauntless courage and iron determination in a hand-to-hand assault of the contested area and succeeded in destroying several hostile fortifications before he fell , mortally wounded while leading a furious charge against a stubbornly resisting pillbox . By his outstanding valor and brilliant combat skill , Captain Fagan had effected the annihilation of approximately one hundred fifty Japanese , the destruction of more than thirty enemy fortifications and the seizure of key positions which materially furthered the operations of his division against this vital outpost of the Japanese Empire . His superb leadership and dynamic aggressiveness throughout the bitter conflict enhanced and sustained the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service . He gallantly gave his life for his country . Fagan was born in Marshall , Wisconsin , his official residence was listed as Columbus , Wisconsin .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "0f8e0f285c4d49766c5610be22f5fa9d", "text": "Battle of Kwajalein The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II . It took place from 31 January-3 February 1944 , on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands . Employing the hard-learned lessons of the battle of Tarawa , the United States launched a successful twin assault on the main islands of Kwajalein in the south and Roi-Namur in the north . The Japanese defenders put up stiff resistance , although outnumbered and under-prepared . The determined defense of Roi-Namur left only 51 survivors of an original garrison of 3,500 . For the US , the battle represented both the next step in its island-hopping march to Japan and a significant moral victory because it was the first time the Americans had penetrated the `` outer ring '' of the Japanese Pacific sphere . For the Japanese , the battle represented the failure of the beach-line defense . Japanese defenses became prepared in depth , and the battles of Peleliu , Guam , and the Marianas proved far more costly to the US .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5f32b81a8f4ed7577a7eaf81e328460c", "text": "Capitol Hill, Saipan Capitol Hill ( sometimes spelled Capital Hill , formerly Army Hill under the United States Navy , ) is a settlement ( sometimes termed a village or district ) on the island of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands . It has a population of just over 1,000 . Capitol Hill has been the territory 's seat of government since 1962 . It lies on the cross-island road between Tanapag and San Vicente . Capitol Hill was originally built in 1948 by the Central Intelligence Agency as a base involved in covert training of Nationalist Chinese guerrillas . The area is home to various government departments and agencies : Governor 's Office Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Legislature Building US Post Office Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Department of Commerce Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Workforce Investment Agency Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Council for Arts and Culture", "title": "" }, { "docid": "8750e73fcfacbc9439059f26a6bc03ff", "text": "Filipino Americans Filipino Americans ( Mga Pilipinong Amerikano ) are Americans of Filipino descent . The term Filipino American is sometimes shortened to `` Fil-Ams '' , or `` Pinoy '' . According to Filipino American historian Dawn Mabalon , the earliest appearance of the term Pinoy ( alt . Pinay ) , was in a 1926 issue of the Filipino Student Bulletin . The article that featured the terms , is titled , `` Filipino Women in U.S. Excel in Their Courses : Invade Business , Politics . '' Some Filipinos believe that the term Pinoy was coined by Filipinos who came to the United States to distinguish themselves from Filipinos living in the Philippines . Filipinos in North America were first documented in the 16th century , with small settlements beginning in the 18th century . Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th Century when the Philippines was ceded from Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fea22f9e834ab5ae704ac5324eabe17d", "text": "Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands During World War II , a series of Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands took place between November 1944 and January 1945 . These raids targeted United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bases and sought to disrupt the bombing of Japan by B-29 Superfortress heavy bombers operating from the islands . The Japanese lost 37 aircraft during this operation , but destroyed 11 B-29s and damaged a further 43 . Preparations were also made for commando raids on the bases in early and mid-1945 but these did not go ahead . While the attacks on the Mariana Islands did not seriously disrupt the USAAF air campaign , they had an effect on other American operations . After determining that the Japanese raiders were staging through Iwo Jima , American forces stepped up their attacks on that island . While the decision to invade Iwo Jima had been made before the raids commenced , stopping the attacks formed part of the justification for the landing . In addition , further air defense units were deployed to the Mariana Islands to protect the B-29 bases .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "48edbd1571231d09f1cb9df6552e03d2", "text": "United States Army Air Forces in Okinawa The Battle of Okinawa was the last major ground battle between the armed forces of the Empire of Japan and the United States of the Pacific War . United States Army and United States Marine Corps ground forces landed on the island on 1 April 1945 at 08:30 am . The Battle of Okinawa lasted 83 days until 22 June , when the island was declared secured . The defense of the island was divided into three strong Japanese lines where hidden guns , machine guns and bunkers covered approaches and fields . Soldiers on the ground fought a grueling battle to occupy the island . The United States Navy and its support ships were larger in numbers than those at Normandy in June 1944 , and were attacked repeatedly by Japanese kamikaze aircraft , sinking and damaging a significant number of vessels . It was a battle in which more than 12,000 American and 70,000 Japanese soldiers lost their lives . In addition , it is estimated that between 100,000 and 150,000 Okinawan civilians were also killed during the battle .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "45ef75a4dd59d546e1fa770ba767487c", "text": "Carlton Skinner Carlton Skinner ( April 8 , 1913 -- June 22 , 2004 ) was the first civilian governor of Guam and a prominent advocate for the integration of the United States Armed Forces . President Harry Truman appointed Skinner governor in 1949 , after the United States Navy ceded control of the island to the Department of the Interior .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "999d21acadc740c2c5003991d6c6af9a", "text": "Astaban River The Astaban River is a river in the United States territory of Guam .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "34a1cf56ecfb0fca544d736b19e03e40", "text": "Territorial Party The Territorial Party was a political party in Guam .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "758ca22262349ea11a907907d73c2d63", "text": "Lloyd Stowell Shapley Lloyd Stowell Shapley ( November 3 , 1875 -- August 16 , 1969 ) was a United States Navy Captain who served as the 32nd Naval Governor of Guam . Shapley served as governor from April 7 , 1926 to June 11 , 1929 . He was born in Lebanon , New York . As governor , he pushed for the Navy to approve a Flag of Guam ; he succeeded in gaining approval in 1929 , though the design changed 19 years later . The flag consisted of a blue field with a central red-lined figure containing a Guamanian sling stone . During his time in office , he had already retired from Naval service . He died in Alameda County , California .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e166f089ce57141260ae4a65214de757", "text": "Madofan River The Madofan River is a river in the United States territory of Guam .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "49e3023260513f9eb0f8d42f8d8e582d", "text": "Colonization Colonization ( or colonisation ) is a process by which a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components . The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means `` to inhabit '' . Also , colonization refers strictly to migration , for example , to settler colonies in America or Australia , trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this , along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled `` new territories '' . Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions from Western European states all over the world . In many settled colonies , Western European settlers formed a large majority of the population . Examples include the Americas , Australia and New Zealand . These colonies were occasionally called ` neo-Europes ' . In other places , Western European settlers formed minority groups , who were often dominant in their places of settlement . When Britain started to settle Australia , New Zealand and various other smaller islands , they often regarded the landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius meaning 'em pty land ' in Latin . Due to the absence of European farming techniques , the land was deemed unaltered by man and therefore treated as uninhabited , despite the presence of indigenous populations . In the 19th century , laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' Manifest destiny encouraged further colonization of the Americas .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "41cab5ef1447356994d0ca740c41cc43", "text": "VSNL Transpacific VSNL Transpacific ( previously TGN Transpacific ) is a submarine telecommunications cable system transiting the Pacific ocean . The cable system is constructed with one cable from Emi , Japan , to Hillsboro , Oregon , United States ; one from Toyohashi , Japan , to Hillsboro ; one from Toyohashi , Japan , to Los Angeles , California , United States ; and one from Toyohashi to Guam . The TGN-P `` Southern '' route between Guam , Hawaii , and California was built but one fiber of the 8 was damaged over the Marianas Trench and the southern system was transferred to the US Department of Justice when TYCOM TGN was sold to VSNL in bankruptcy . The cables between Japan and Hillsboro are each constructed with 8 fibre pairs per cable , which at construction could support up to 96 10 Gbit/s waves in its 2001 configuration and the system has demonstrated performance at 100Gbit/s per wave . It has landing points in : Emi , Kamogawa City , Chiba Prefecture , Japan Toyohashi , Aichi Prefecture , Japan Piti , Guam Nedonna Beach , Tillamook County near Hillsboro , Washington County , Oregon , USA ( two cable landing points ) Hermosa Beach , Los Angeles County , California , USA", "title": "" }, { "docid": "dea3ef16b2e370a42011e2c3e6a73ba0", "text": "Atantano River The Atantano River is a river in the United States territory of Guam .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "143c87815bc6a523056ec6181ee38be3", "text": "United States Navy in World War II The United States Navy grew rapidly during World War II from 1941 -- 45 , and played the central role in the war against Japan , and ( after the British Royal Navy ) a major role in the European war against Germany and Italy . The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II , with battleship production being restarted in 1937 , commencing with the . It was able to add to its fleets during the early years of the war while the US was still neutral , increasing production of vessels both large and small , deploying a navy of nearly 350 major combatant ships by December 1941 and having an equal number under construction . The Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) sought naval superiority in the Pacific by sinking the main American battle fleet at Pearl Harbor , which was built around its battleships . The December 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor did knock out the battle fleet , but it did not touch the aircraft carriers , which became the mainstay of the rebuilt fleet . Naval doctrine had to be changed overnight . The United States Navy ( like the IJN ) had followed Alfred Thayer Mahan 's emphasis on concentrated groups of battleships as the main offensive naval weapons . The loss of the battleships at Pearl Harbor forced Admiral Ernest J. King , the head of the Navy , to place primary emphasis on the small number of aircraft carriers . The U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas . It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater , where it was instrumental to the Allies ' successful `` island hopping '' campaign . The U.S. Navy fought six great battles with the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) : the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Battle of the Coral Sea , the Battle of Midway , the Battle of the Philippine Sea , the Battle of Leyte Gulf , and the Battle of Okinawa . By war 's end in 1945 , the United States Navy had added nearly 1,200 major combatant ships , including 27 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships , and had over 70 % of the world 's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "1b422954fdecbf7dc7bcc5c073c394cf", "text": "Roy Campbell Smith Roy Campbell Smith ( 1858 -- April 11 , 1940 ) was the Governor of Guam from 1916 to 1918 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "348074346c57c092353893f19ed4549b", "text": "Philippines–United States relations Philippines -- United States relations ( Filipino : Ugnayang Pilipinas at Estados Unidos ) are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony , the Republic of the Philippines . The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship . The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte , however , is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States , favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead . The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally . The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines ' favorite nations in the world , with 90 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91 % viewing Americans favorably in 2002 , 90 % of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011 , 85 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013 , and 92 % of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015 , and 89 % having confidence in United States president , Barack Obama in 2014 , making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world . On October 20 , 2016 , the President of the Philippines announced a `` separation '' from the US , both militarily and economically , in favor of alliances with China and Russia . This article discusses Philippine -- American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946 , while the article History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "df0fbe1b81437a0b9ac8757c97d0db54", "text": "Ritidian Point Ritidian Point is the northernmost point of the island of Guam . It is owned by the US Fish and Wildlife Service which administers the area as part of the Guam National Wildlife Refuge .", "title": "" } ]	fever
1da0d9e3831981079ae170770388e866	Sweden is a Scandinavian country.	[ { "docid": "90647e9dcee64b6aae8af25f64e81b71", "text": "Sweden Sweden ( Konungariket Sverige ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund . At 450295 km2 , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area , with a total population of 10.0 million . Sweden consequently has a low population density of 22 PD/km2 , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country . Approximately 85 % of the population lives in urban areas . Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times , emerging into history as the Geats/G ötar and Swedes/Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence , that in spite of this still retains warm continental summers . Today , Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , with a monarch as head of state . The capital city is Stockholm , which is also the most populous city in the country . Legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag . Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister . Sweden is a unitary state , currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities . Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages . In the 17th century , it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire , which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century . Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries , ending with the annexation of present-day Finland by Russia in 1809 . The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814 , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union . Since then , Sweden has been at peace , maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs . The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905 , leading to Sweden 's current borders . Though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars , Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts , such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe . After the end of the Cold War , Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 , but declined NATO membership , as well as Eurozone membership following a referendum . It is also a member of the United Nations , the Nordic Council , Council of Europe , the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens . It has the world 's eighth-highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance , including quality of life , health , education , protection of civil liberties , economic competitiveness , equality , prosperity and human development .", "title": "" } ]	[ { "docid": "47c0cffb322c4a623983e0d3bcf1cf59", "text": "Scandinavian Peninsula The Scandinavian Peninsula ( Skandinaviska halvön Den skandinaviske halvøy Skandinavian niemimaa ? Скандинавский полуостров , Skandinavsky poluostrov ) is a peninsula in Northern Europe , which generally comprises the mainland of Sweden , the mainland of Norway ( with the exception of a small coastal area bordering Russia ) , the northwestern area of Finland , as well as a narrow area in the west of the Pechengsky District of Russia . The name of the peninsula is derived from the term Scandinavia , the cultural region of Denmark , Norway and Sweden . That cultural name is in turn derived from the name of Scania , the region at the southern extremity of the peninsula which has during periods been part of Denmark , which is the ancestral home of the Danes , and which is now part of Sweden . The derived term `` Scandinavian '' also refers to the Germanic peoples who speak North Germanic languages , considered to be a dialect continuum derived from Old Norse . These modern North Germanic languages found in Scandinavia are Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ; additionally Faroese and Icelandic belong to the same language group , but they are not part of the modern Scandinavian dialect continuum and are not intelligible with the other languages . The Scandinavian Peninsula is the largest peninsula of Europe , larger than the Balkan , the Iberian and the Italian peninsulas . During the Ice Ages , the sea level of the Atlantic Ocean dropped so much that the Baltic Sea , the Gulf of Bothnia and the Gulf of Finland disappeared , and the countries now surrounding them , including Germany , Poland , the other Baltic countries and Scandinavia , were directly joined by land .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "6f2026551d17c4c789485e02f9bc59af", "text": "Gamla Uppsala Gamla Uppsala ( -LSB- ² ɡamːla ² ɵpːsɑːla -RSB- , Old Uppsala ) is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden . It had 17,973 inhabitants in 2016 . As early as the 3rd century AD and the 4th century AD and onwards , it was an important religious , economic and political centre . Early written sources show that already during pre-history , Gamla Uppsala was well known in Northern Europe as the residence of the Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty . In fact , the oldest Scandinavian sources , such as Ynglingatal , the Westrogothic law and the Gutasaga talk of the King of Sweden as the `` King at Uppsala '' . During the Middle Ages , it was the largest village of Uppland , the eastern part of which probably originally formed the core of the complex of properties belonging to the Swedish Crown , the so-called Uppsala öd , of which the western part consisted of the royal estate itself , kungsgården . It was also the location of the Thing of all Swedes which was a thing ( general assembly ) held from pre-historic times to the Middle Ages , at the end of February or early March . It was held in conjunction with a great fair called Disting , and a Norse religious celebration called Dísablót . The Law of Uppland informs us that it was at this assembly that the king proclaimed that the leidang would be summoned for warfare during the summer , and all the crews , rowers , commanders and ships were decided . It was not only the Norse cultic centre , it also became Sweden 's archbishopric in 1164 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "32dcad926c89a1e1dbb6fbce5ae890ef", "text": "Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Party , ( Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti , SAP ; literally , `` Social Democratic Workers ' Party of Sweden '' ) , contesting elections as the Arbetarepartiet -- Socialdemokraterna ( ` The Workers ' Party -- The Social Democrats ' ) , usually referred to just as the ` Social Democrats ' ( Socialdemokraterna ) ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden . The current party leader since 2012 is Stefan Löfven ; he has also been Prime Minister of Sweden since 2014 .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "fb98201cde4bea7c78cb19a57d47aea4", "text": "Scouterna Scouterna - the Guides and Scouts of Sweden ( Swedish for Scouts ) is the national Scouting and Guiding organisation of Sweden . The organisation was formed in 2012 by a restructuring of the Svenska Scoutförbundet and accepted as the successor of the Svenska Scoutrådet by the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 2013 . The co-educational organisation has about 70,000 members .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "609c1c956d5300ee53e99b606fc6fa99", "text": "County administrative boards of Sweden A county administrative board ( länsstyrelse ) is a Swedish Government Agency in each of the counties of Sweden , led by a Governor ( landshövding ) appointed by the government for a term of six years . The lists of gubernatorial officeholders , in most cases , stretches back to 1634 when the counties were created by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna . The main responsibilities of the county administrative board is to coordinate the development of the county in line with goals set in national politics . In each county there is also a County Council which is a policy-making assembly elected by the residents of the county . The capital of a county is in Swedish called residensstad ( `` residence city '' ) because it is the seat of residence of the governor . Each county also has a letter code , which is used for identification and forms part of the ISO 3166-2 standard .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "ae8c5a6f64f90f0d5247d5682919e990", "text": "Swedish Church Law 1686 The Swedish Church Law 1686 ( Swedish : `` Kyrkio-Lag och Ordning '' ) was a Swedish law which ( with some alterations ) regulated the relationship between the state and the church in Sweden from 1686 until the Swedish Church Law 1992 , as well as in Finland ( earlier a Swedish province ) until 1870 . It replaced the previous Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 . During the reign of Charles X Gustav of Sweden , two suggestions were put forward to replace the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571 : one by Olaus Laurelius , and one by Erik Emporagrius . In 1663 , an investigation to change the law was formally issued , and in 1682 , the two suggestions were merged . A commission was issued to process it , and in 1686 , the new law was accepted . The Swedish Church Law 1686 abolished Canon law . The state , represented by the monarch , by then the king of an absolute monarchy , was the head of the Church and thus had final say in matters of the Church , but there was to be no political administration or political bureaucracy between the monarch and the bishops of the Church . Among the notable reforms introduced was husförhör and Parish register . Henceforth , the parish vicar of every parish of the nation was obliged to conduct a husförhör ( Household Interview ) , an annual survey of the religious knowledge of every household in the parish to ensure all parishioners ' knowledge of the bible and Luther 's Small Catechism . A consequence of this was the need for every parishioner , regardless of age and sex , to know how to read , as it would be necessary to read the bible and the catechism to pass the annual survey.Since the predecessor law from 1571 , children 's schools for reading , writing and counting had already been an obligation in the cities , but this law resulted in the need for every village and rural community to organise basic schooling for their children , normally by paying a läromäster ( schoolmaster ) or läromoster ( schoolmarm ) to hold lessons in the local vicarage , and from this point forward , illiteracy was close to eradicated in Sweden . This law was in force until 1888 . Furthermore , all parish vicars were also forced by law to keep a parish register and note every birth , baptismal and death in the parish . The 1686 Swedish Church Law was amended several times during the 18th century and 19th century , but it lay the foundation of the organisation of the Swedish Church until the new law of 1992 . In the Grand Duchy of Finland , earlier a Swedish province , the law applied until the reformed church law of 1867 ( in effect in 1870 ) . __ NOTOC __", "title": "" }, { "docid": "a3cc75e736cb089204af0f9bce4c3379", "text": "List of Swedish inventors Swedish inventors are Swedish people who invented novel ideas , machines or tools . In the 18th century Sweden 's scientific revolution took off . Previously , technical progress had mainly come from professionals who had immigrated from mainland Europe . In 1739 , the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences was founded , with people such as Carl Linnaeus and Anders Celsius as early members . Sweden has a total of 33523 patents as of 2007 according to the United States Patent and Trademark Office , and only ten other countries have more patents than Sweden . Although a lot of patents can not count as inventions . Therefore , the number of patents per country is a relatively bad scale for measuring inventions that has been of progress to mankind . The traditional engineering industry is still a major source of Swedish inventions , but pharmaceuticals , electronics and other high-tech industries are gaining ground . A large portion of the Swedish economy is to this day based on the export of technical inventions , and many large multinational corporations from Sweden have their origins in the ingenuity of Swedish inventors .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d9e5e79ed26110794aa22093b7a08fd9", "text": "Swedish Customs Service The Swedish Customs ( Tullverket , literally `` Customs Administration '' ) is the customs service of Sweden . It is a department of the Government of Sweden . It is one of the oldest governmental agencies in Sweden , as it was founded in 1636 . It is also Sweden 's de facto border guard .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c3af6c05852be19d3586e1c0481c4d90", "text": "Nordic Council The Nordic Council is a geo-political inter-parliamentary forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries . It was formed after the Second World War in 1952 to promote co-operation between the five Nordic countries . Its first concrete result was the introduction in 1952 of a common labour market and free movement across borders without passports for the countries ' citizens . The Council consists of 87 representatives from Denmark , Finland , Iceland , Norway and Sweden as well as the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands , Greenland and the Åland Islands . The representatives are members of parliament in their respective country/area and are elected by those parliaments . The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme . Since 1991 Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania participate with observer status , as well as the German state of Schleswig-Holstein since 2016 . In 1971 , the Nordic Council of Ministers , an intergovernmental forum , was established to complement the Council .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "d97d715c83b691b05828d45c91ecc029", "text": "Swedish grid The Swedish grid ( in Swedish Rikets Nät , RT 90 ) is the coordinate system used for government maps in Sweden . RT 90 is a slightly modified version of the RT 38 from 1938 . While the system could be used with negative numbers to represent all four `` quarters '' of the earth ( NE , NW , SE , and SW hemispheres ) , the standard application of RT 90 is only useful for the northern half of the eastern hemisphere where numbers are positive . The coordinate system is based on metric measures rooting from the crossing of the Prime Meridian and the Equator at 0,0 . The Central Meridian used to be based on a meridian located at the old observatory in Stockholm , but today it is based on the Prime Meridian at Greenwich . The numbering system 's first digit represents the largest distance , followed by what can be seen as fractional decimal digits ( though without an explicit decimal point ) . Therefore X 65 is located half way between X 6 and X 7 . The coordinate grid is specified using two numbers , named X and Y , X being the south -- north axis and Y the west -- east axis . Two seven-digit numbers are sufficient to specify a location with a one m resolution . Example : X = 6620000 Y = 1317000 ( X is the northing and Y is the easting ) denotes a position 6620 km north of the Equator and -183 km ( 1317 km-1500 km ) west of the Central Meridian , which happens to be somewhere near the town center of Arvika .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "aa11750e1145dcdc0543e4f63a9682e5", "text": "List of Swedish consorts This is a list of Swedish queens consort and spouses of Swedish monarchs and regents . The list covers a large time span and the role of a consort has changed much over the centuries . The first Swedish consorts are spoken of in legends . The consorts until c. 1000 are often semi-legendary , as are the monarchs . Between the 14th and 16th century , during periods of de facto Swedish independence from the formal union with Denmark , the Swedish regents did not have the title of king or queen , nor did the spouses of kings have the title of queen consort , although they had the equivalent position . Due to unions with Finland , Denmark and Norway , many of the Swedish consorts were also consorts of monarchs of these countries . Consorts listed during the period of 1380 -- 1520 were in fact also consorts to monarchs of Denmark . The consorts listed during the period of 1814-1905 were also consorts to monarchs of Norway . Finland was from the Middle Ages a part of Sweden , and although there was no official title , such as `` Queen Consort of Finland '' , from the 16th century until the year of 1809 , the queen consort of Sweden also held the title `` Grand Princess of Finland . '' Sweden has had three female monarchs , and one of the consorts listed below is a male .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "e374f0b42f9759f0e11dad2048190a75", "text": "Church of Sweden Abroad The Church of Sweden Abroad , ( Svenska kyrkan i utlandet ) , is an institution of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden . The Church of Sweden Abroad ( SKUT ) has more than 40 parishes throughout the world , concentrated in Western Europe . Another 80 cities are served by visiting clergy . In administration and practice SKUT forms a single body , originally under the direction of a committee of the General Synod , but since 1 January 2012 organised by a newly formed Council , giving SKUT many of the features of a diocese , though without that legal status , and without a bishop of its own . Instead , it is placed under the episcopal oversight of the Bishop of Visby . Under the new 2012 organisation SKUT has gained constituent seats on the General Synod of the Church of Sweden , like the 13 mainland dioceses .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "c4f7a328f2805de67fe2953c47f0246d", "text": "Count of Wisborg Count of Wisborg ( Comte de Wisborg ; Graf von Wisborg ) is a title granted by the monarchs of Luxembourg to some men formerly titled as princes of Sweden and their descendants . Since 1892 , the title has been borne by the male-line descendants of four princes of Sweden who married morganatically without the consent of the King of Sweden and thereby lost their right of succession to the throne of Sweden for themselves and their descendants , and had their Swedish royal titles prohibited . The four former princes of Sweden , after use of their Swedish titles no longer was allowed , assumed the surname of Bernadotte . In each case they were given the title of nobility Prince Bernadotte , Count of Wisborg by the reigning Grand Duke or Grand Duchess of Luxembourg . The latter title ( count or countess ) was shared with the children of each prince , since subsequent generations in the male line were authorized to bear only the title `` Count of Wisborg '' , Bernadotte remaining their surname by birth . In some cases , this titulature has not been adhered to , usage of the style Count -LSB- Firstname -RSB- Bernadotte af Wisborg having been adopted by some of the descendants . In Sweden , these members of the House of Bernadotte are considered part of the unintroduced nobility , and are members of Ointroducerad Adels Förening .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4e13dc2c240cd3b221dbd20f16ab9e86", "text": "Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 After Carola Häggkvist 's win in the 1991 contest , Sweden was the host of the Eurovision Song Contest 1992 , held in Malmö . After Sweden 's win the previous year , Sveriges Television , the Swedish broadcaster , continued to use the Melodifestivalen format to select their entry . Melodifestivalen 1992 was held on 14 March , where ten artists from the 1544 songs submitted competed to sing for the host country at Eurovision . The winner was `` I morgon är en annan dag '' , a song composed by Niklas Strömstedt and performed by Christer Björkman .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "07e729cde9da089b1e425b0b4f3f394d", "text": "Stockholm Music Museum The Stockholm Music Museum was founded in 1899 ( then named '' Musikhistoriska museet '' ) , inspired by an exhibition of theatre and music which was part of the great Stockholm art and industry exhibition of 1897 . Via donations and appeals for gifts around 200 musical instruments and an amount of archive material concerning the history of music and theatre were gathered . The new museum was opened to the general public in 1901 . In 1932 the museum , in the form of a trust , was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and received a state grant . The state became increasingly responsible for the museum , which in 1981 became part of a new public body -- The Swedish National Collections of Music . At the same time the museum was renamed The Stockholm Music Museum ( Musikmuseet ) , since its activities had broadened and changed in character . The collection now ( 2008 ) encompasses approximately 5,500 instruments with an emphasis on Western art music , and Scandinavian folk music instruments . Many of these can now be seen ( and heard ) on the museum 's own web site : www.musikmuseet.se Since 1979 the Stockholm Music Museum is located in the splendid former Crown Bakery , in the same quarter as the Court Stables , beside the Royal Dramatic Theatre , in central Stockholm . The Crown Bakery dates from the 17th century , and is Stockholm 's oldest industrial building . This building has a long and eventful history and has through the centuries performed a number of functions : bakery , weapon depot , spirits store . Yet almost all the time -- from the 1640s to 1958 -- it has been a bakery for the armed forces in Stockholm . It even boasted mobile ovens which could be used during field exercises . In 1945 the building was ravaged by a fire which destroyed its upper floors in the northern part -- where the Concert Hall is now located . A large portion of the museum 's instrument collection is viewable on the museum 's webpage , and will from 2010 onwards , be available through the EU 's europeana culture webportal : www.europeana.eu", "title": "" }, { "docid": "b8ed77dcf3a8a56fd7babbdc4a2a5a1a", "text": "Continental Europe Continental Europe , also referred to as mainland Europe , or , by Europeans , simply the Continent , is the continuous continent of Europe , excluding surrounding islands . The most common definition of continental Europe excludes continental islands , encompassing the Greek Islands , Cyprus , Malta , Sicily , Sardinia , Corsica , the Balearic Islands , Ireland , Great Britain , the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands , Novaya Zemlya and the Danish archipelago , as well as nearby oceanic islands , including the Canary Islands , Madeira , the Azores , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Svalbard . The Scandinavian peninsula is sometimes also excluded , as even though it is technically part of `` mainland Europe '' , the de facto connections to the rest of the continent are across the Baltic Sea or North Sea ( rather than via the lengthy land route that involves travelling to the north of the peninsula where it meets Finland , and then south through north-east Europe ) . The notion of Europe as a geopolitical or cultural term is centred on core Europe ( Kerneuropa ) , the continental territory of the historical Carolingian Empire and the core of Latin Christendom , corresponding to modern France , Italy , Germany ( or German-speaking Europe ) and the Benelux states ( historical Austrasia ) . This historical core of `` Carolingian Europe '' was consciously invoked in the 1950s as the historical ethno-cultural basis for the prospective European integration ( see also Multi-speed Europe ) .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "4c0f6d2522e516e74297a7ab2c0490b1", "text": "Stockholm City Theatre Stockholm City Theatre ( Stockholms stadsteater ) is Sweden 's most popular theatre stage . It was created in 1956 but the first performance was delayed until 1960 . It had not yet been decided at that point where in the city the theatre would lie so the Folkets hus building at Norra Bantorget , with a temporary stage , became the first solution . However , this `` temporary solution '' lasted for nearly thirty years until the autumn of 1990 , when all activity finally moved to the present location at Sergels torg . Stockholm City Theatre is situated in the heart of Stockholm , in the building commonly known as Kulturhuset , the large lighted glass building at Sergels torg ( Sergel 's Square ) , near the Sergel fountain and the Stockholm City roundabout . Kulturhuset is one of Stockholm 's most popular public buildings and , besides the theatre , also includes small cafés , book shops , a bar and a restaurant , a library , various exhibitions , public debates , lectures , book signings , a small medieval museum , and workshops . The theatre is Sweden 's most popular stage and the theatre with the highest bookings , as well as the constant `` competitor '' in Stockholm to the Royal Dramatic Theatre . Stockholm City Theatre produces 30-40 productions each year on nine stages . In 2005 there were 450,000 visitors , a relatively high rate considering a population of 9 million . Popular Swedish actors of the Stockholm City Theatre ensemble include Helena Bergström , Göran Ragnerstam , Ingvar Hirdwall , Sven Wollter , Ann Petrén , Anna-Maria Hallgarn and Jakob Eklund .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "db1a49db699d7f90e1a342f7879b7e0b", "text": "Swedish for immigrants Swedish For Immigrants ( normally known as SFI or Svenskundervisning för invandrare in Swedish ) is the national free Swedish language course offered to most categories of immigrants . Immigrants who speak Danish or Norwegian are ineligible for free Swedish tuition through SFI . All other persons who have emigrated to Sweden are entitled by law to Swedish language education . SFI is directed towards people who lack basic knowledge in Swedish and are of the minimum age of sixteen . As a significant proportion of immigrants arriving in Sweden are illiterate , the courses also teach how to read , write and interpret a clock . The training is paid for by the municipality ( local authority ) in which the immigrant lives , and applications to take the course are made to the municipality 's adult education department ( kommunens vuxenutbildning ) . The SFI ( kurs D ) test is equivalent to stage B1 ( Independent Speaker : Threshold or pre-intermediate ) on the Common European Framework .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "5bf6f0fa97768dde8719d83d2263ec88", "text": "Norway–Sweden relations Norway -- Sweden relations are foreign relations between Norway and Sweden . The countries have a very long history together . They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523 . The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905 , after the dissolution of the union between them in 1905 . Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates , in Ålesund , Arendal , Bergen , Bodø , Hamar , Hammerfest , Kirkenes , Mandal , Moss , Narvik , Porsgrunn , Stavanger , Tromsø and Trondheim . Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates , in Gothenburg , Malmö and Sundsvall . Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Nordic Council . There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and around 18,000 Norwegians living in Sweden .", "title": "" }, { "docid": "304ca23c78f3c9566114127884665b35", "text": "List of wars involving Sweden This is a list of wars involving the Kingdom of Sweden . There are legendary accounts of Swedish kings well into prehistory and they are mentioned by Tacitus in his Germania , but St. Olof Skötkonung ( 995 -- 1022 ) was the first ruler documented to have been accepted by both the Swedes around Lake Mälaren and by the Geats around Lake Vättern . The modern state of Sweden considers itself to have been established on 6 June 1523 by the acclamation of Gustav Vasa as king which finally ended the Kalmar Union with Denmark , although the current Swedish constitution dates to 1974 . Military engagements since 1814 have not been formally declared wars .", "title": "" } ]	fever

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