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4023261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwetsang%20Rinpoche
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Kwetsang Rinpoche
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Kwetsang Rinpoche was a lama of Sera who participated in the search for Tenzin Gyatso four years after Thubten Gyatso died.
See also
Keutsang Hermitage
Lamas
Rinpoches
Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet
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4023269
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20River%20%28Virginia%29
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Warwick River (Virginia)
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The Warwick River is a tidal estuary which empties into the James River a few miles from Hampton Roads at the southern end of Chesapeake Bay in southeast Virginia in the United States. Originating in York County near the northern side a few miles west of Yorktown, it flows south across the Virginia Peninsula and is almost entirely located in the independent city of Newport News.
The Warwick River took its name from Robert Rich, second Earl of Warwick and a prominent member of the Virginia Company of London who was proprietor of Richneck Plantation in Warwick River Shire, one of the eight original shires of Virginia created in 1634. The shire became Warwick County in 1643, and became part of the independent city of Newport News in 1958 through a municipal consolidation.
In 1862, during the Peninsula Campaign of the American Civil War, the Warwick Line, a defensive works across the peninsula, was maintained along the river by Confederate General John B. Magruder against much larger Union forces under General George B. McClellan. Through the use of elaborate ruse tactics, "Prince John" Magruder, who was also an actor, provided valuable time for the ultimately successful defense of Richmond led by General Robert E. Lee which culminated in the Seven Days Battles.
The Warwick River adjoins Fort Eustis, a U.S. Army base, on its western shore, which also occupies historic Mulberry Island. During the 20th century, upper reaches of the river were dammed to create fresh water reservoirs for Newport News Waterworks which serves several local communities.
See also
List of Virginia rivers
References
Rivers of Virginia
Tributaries of the James River
Bodies of water of Newport News, Virginia
Rivers of York County, Virginia
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4023286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectified%20tesseract
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Rectified tesseract
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In geometry, the rectified tesseract, rectified 8-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional polytope) bounded by 24 cells: 8 cuboctahedra, and 16 tetrahedra. It has half the vertices of a runcinated tesseract, with its construction, called a runcic tesseract.
It has two uniform constructions, as a rectified 8-cell r{4,3,3} and a cantellated demitesseract, rr{3,31,1}, the second alternating with two types of tetrahedral cells.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as tC8.
Construction
The rectified tesseract may be constructed from the tesseract by truncating its vertices at the midpoints of its edges.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of the rectified tesseract with edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Images
Projections
In the cuboctahedron-first parallel projection of the rectified tesseract into 3-dimensional space, the image has the following layout:
The projection envelope is a cube.
A cuboctahedron is inscribed in this cube, with its vertices lying at the midpoint of the cube's edges. The cuboctahedron is the image of two of the cuboctahedral cells.
The remaining 6 cuboctahedral cells are projected to the square faces of the cube.
The 8 tetrahedral volumes lying at the triangular faces of the central cuboctahedron are the images of the 16 tetrahedral cells, two cells to each image.
Alternative names
Rit (Jonathan Bowers: for rectified tesseract)
Ambotesseract (Neil Sloane & John Horton Conway)
Rectified tesseract/Runcic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Runcic 4-hypercube/8-cell/octachoron/4-measure polytope/4-regular orthotope
Rectified 4-hypercube/8-cell/octachoron/4-measure polytope/4-regular orthotope
Related uniform polytopes
Runcic cubic polytopes
Tesseract polytopes
References
H.S.M. Coxeter:
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966)
4-polytopes
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4023291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Strachey
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William Strachey
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William Strachey (4 April 1572 – buried 21 June 1621) was an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonisation of North America. He is best remembered today as the eye-witness reporter of the 1609 shipwreck on the uninhabited island of Bermuda of the colonial ship Sea Venture, which was caught in a hurricane while sailing to Virginia. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. His account of the incident and of the Virginia colony is thought by most Shakespearean scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Family
William Strachey, born 4 April 1572 in Saffron Walden, Essex, was the grandson of William Strachey (died 1587), and the eldest son of William Strachey (died 1598) and Mary Cooke (died 1587), the daughter of Henry Cooke, Merchant Taylor of London, by Anne Goodere, the daughter of Henry Goodere and Jane Greene. Strachey's maternal grandfather, Henry Cooke (died 1551), held Lesnes Abbey in Kent; he was succeeded by his son, Edmund Cooke (died 1619), while his younger son, Richard Cooke, has been identified as the author of Description de Tous les Provinces de France.
By his father's first marriage Strachey had three brothers and three sisters. Strachey's mother died in 1587, and in August of that year Strachey's father married Elizabeth Brocket of Hertfordshire, by whom he had five daughters.
Strachey was brought up on an estate purchased by his grandfather in the 1560s. In 1588, at the age of sixteen, he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, but did not take a degree. In 1605 he was at Gray's Inn, but there is no evidence that he made the law his profession. In 1602 he inherited his father's estate following a legal dispute with Elizabeth Brocket, his stepmother.
Career
Strachey wrote a sonnet, Upon Sejanus, which was published in the 1605 edition of the 1603 play Sejanus His Fall by Ben Jonson.
Strachey also kept a residence in London, where he regularly attended plays. He was a shareholder in the Children of the Revels, a troupe of boy actors who performed 'in a converted room in the former Blackfriars monastery', as evidenced by his deposition in a lawsuit in 1606. According to Sisson:
In 1600 Richard Burbage leased to [Henry] Evans his Blackfriars property, and the Children of the Revels under Nathaniel Giles, with Evans as landlord and partner, occupied the theatre for some years. Evans assigned his rights in the property and the company in two stages, first one-half in sixths to [Edward] Kirkham, [Thomas] Kendall and [William] Rastell, and subsequently the second half in sixths to John Marston, William Strachey, and his own wife. There were later complications. But in 1606 William Strachey had a one-sixth share in the Blackfriars Theatre. Strachey, there is no manner of doubt on the evidence and from the signature of his deposition, was the well-known voyager and writer whose account of the Bermuda voyage left its marks on Shakespeare’s Tempest. He gave evidence in the suit as ‘William Strachey, of Crowhurst, Surrey, gentleman, aged 34’ on 4 July 1606.
Strachey became friends with the city's poets and playwrights, including Thomas Campion, John Donne, Ben Jonson, Hugh Holland, John Marston, George Chapman, and Matthew Roydon, many of them members of the "Fraternity of Sireniacal Gentlemen" who met at the Mermaid Tavern.
By 1605 Strachey was in precarious financial circumstances from which he spent the rest of his life trying to recover. In 1606 he used a family connection to obtain the position of secretary to Thomas Glover, the English ambassador to Turkey. He travelled to Constantinople, but quarrelled with the ambassador and was dismissed in March 1607 and returned to England in June 1608. He then decided to mend his fortunes in the New World, and in 1609 purchased two shares in the Virginia Company and sailed to Virginia on the Sea Venture with Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers in the summer of that year.
Shipwreck of the Sea Venture
Strachey was a passenger aboard the flagship Sea Venture with the leaders of the expedition when the ship was blown off course by a hurricane. Leaking, and with its foundering imminent, the ship was run aground off the coast of Bermuda, accidentally beginning England's colonisation of that Atlantic archipelago. The group was stranded on the island for almost a year, during which they constructed two small boats in which they eventually completed the voyage to Virginia.
Strachey wrote an eloquent letter dated 15 July 1610, to an unnamed "Excellent Lady" in England about the Sea Venture disaster, including an account of the precarious state of the Jamestown colony. Being critical of the management of the colony, it was suppressed by the Virginia Company. After the dissolution of the company it was published in 1625 by Samuel Purchas as "A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir THOMAS GATES Knight". It is generally thought to be one of the sources for Shakespeare's The Tempest because of certain verbal, plot and thematic similarities.
Strachey's writings are among the few first-hand descriptions of Virginia in the period. His glossary of words of the Powhatan is one of only two records of the language (the other being Captain John Smith's).
Later life and death
Strachey remained at Jamestown for less than a year, but during that time he became the Secretary of the Colony after the drowning death of Matthew Scrivener in 1609. He returned to England probably in late 1611 and published a compilation of the colonial laws put in place by the governors.
He then produced an extended manuscript about the Virginia colony, The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia, dedicating the first version to Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, in 1612. The manuscript included his eyewitness account of life in early Virginia, but borrowed heavily from the earlier work of Richard Willes, James Rosier, John Smith, and others. Strachey produced two more versions during the next six years, dedicating one to Francis Bacon and the other to Sir Allen Apsley. It too was critical of the Virginia Company management of the colony, and Strachey failed to find a patron to publish his work, which was finally first published in 1849 by the Hakluyt Society.
Strachey died of unknown causes in June 1621. The parish register of St Giles' Church, Camberwell, in Southwark records his burial on 21 June 1621. He died in poverty, leaving this verse:
In 1996, Strachey's signet ring was discovered in the ruins of Jamestown, identified by the family seal, an eagle.
Marriages and issue
On 9 June 1595 Strachey married Frances Forster, 'the daughter of a prosperous Surrey family with political connections'. Frances Forster was the daughter of William Forster and Elizabeth Draper (died 22 April 1605), widow of John Bowyer (died 10 October 1570) of Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset, and daughter of Robert Draper of Camberwell, Surrey, Page of the Jewels to King Henry VIII, by Elizabeth Fyfield. Strachey lived in London while Frances remained at her father's estate in Crowhurst, Surrey. They had two children, William Strachey (died 1635), born nine months after the marriage in 1596, and Edmund Strachey, born in 1604. Frances died before 1615, and at some time before that date Strachey married a widow whose first name was Dorothy, by whom he does not appear to have had any issue.
Strachey's son, William, married three times, and died in 1635.
Works
A true reportory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir THOMAS GATES Knight and at Virtual Jamestown.
For The Colony in Virginea Britannia. Lawes Divine, Morall and Martiall, &c. original-spelling version and modern-spelling version at Virtual Jamestown.
The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia at Google Books.
"A Dictionary of Powhatan" at Google Books.
Notes
References
External links
Zacek, Natalie, William Strachey (1572–1621), Encyclopedia Virginia Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of William Strachey of Walden, National Archives Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of Henry Cooke, Merchant Taylor of London, National Archives Retrieved 27 March 2013
Will of Robert Draper, gentleman, of Camberwell, Surrey, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
Will of Matthew Draper, gentleman, of Camberwell, Surrey, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
Will of William Strachey, gentleman, of Saint Giles in the Fields, National Archives Retrieved 29 March 2013
'Elizabeth Draper (d. April 27, 1605)', A Who’s Who of Tudor Women: D Retrieved 29 March 2013
1572 births
1621 deaths
People from Saffron Walden
16th-century English writers
16th-century male writers
17th-century American writers
17th-century English male writers
17th-century English writers
Castaways
Shipwreck survivors
William
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4023295
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level%20sensor
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Level sensor
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Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids, including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface. Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high or low.
There are many physical and application variables that affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant of medium, density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise, vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control of continuous or discrete (point) levels.
In short, level sensors are one of the very important sensors and play very important role in a variety of consumer/ industrial applications. As with other types of sensors, level sensors are available or can be designed using a variety of sensing principles. Selection of an appropriate type of sensor suiting to the application requirement is very important.
Point and continuous level detection for solids
A variety of sensors are available for point level detection of solids. These include vibrating, rotating paddle, mechanical (diaphragm), microwave (radar), capacitance, optical, pulsed-ultrasonic and ultrasonic level sensors.
Vibrating point
These detect levels of very fine powders (bulk density: ), fine powders (bulk density: ), and granular solids (bulk density: or greater). With proper selection of vibration frequency and suitable sensitivity adjustments, they can also sense the level of highly fluidized powders and electrostatic materials.
Single-probe vibrating level sensors are ideal for bulk powder level. Since only one sensing element contacts the powder, bridging between two probe elements is eliminated and media build-up is minimized. The vibration of the probe tends to eliminate build-up of material on the probe element. Vibrating level sensors are not affected by dust, static charge build-up from dielectric powders, or changes in conductivity, temperature, pressure, humidity or moisture content. Tuning-fork style vibration sensors are another alternative. They tend to be less costly, but are prone to material buildup between the tines,
Rotating paddle
Rotating paddle level sensors are a very old and established technique for bulk solid point level indication. The technique uses a low-speed gear motor that rotates a paddle wheel. When the paddle is stalled by solid materials, the motor is rotated on its shaft by its own torque until a flange mounted on the motor contacts a mechanical switch. The paddle can be constructed from a variety of materials, but tacky material must not be allowed to build up on the paddle. Build-up may occur if the process material becomes tacky because of high moisture levels or high ambient humidity in the hopper. For materials with very low weight per unit volume such as Perlite, Bentonite or fly ash, special paddle designs and low-torque motors are used. Fine particles or dust must be prevented from penetrating the shaft bearings and motor by proper placement of the paddle in the hopper or bin and using appropriate seals.
Admittance-type
An RF admittance level sensor uses a rod probe and RF source to measure the change in admittance. The probe is driven through a shielded coaxial cable to eliminate the effects of changing cable capacitance to ground. When the level changes around the probe, a corresponding change in the dielectric is observed. This changes the admittance of this imperfect capacitor and this change is measured to detect change of level.
Point level detection of liquids
Typical systems for point level detection in liquids include magnetic and mechanical floats, pressure sensors, electroconductive sensing or electrostatic (capacitance or inductance) detectors—and by measurement of a signal's time-of-flight to the fluid surface, through electromagnetic (such as magnetostrictive), ultrasonic, radar or optical sensors.
Magnetic and mechanical float
The principle behind magnetic, mechanical, cable, and other float level sensors often involves the opening or closing of a mechanical switch, either through direct contact with the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed. In other instances, such as magnetostrictive sensors, continuous monitoring is possible using a float principle.
With magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs when a permanent magnet sealed inside a float rises or falls to the actuation level. With a mechanically actuated float, switching occurs as a result of the movement of a float against a miniature (micro) switch. For both magnetic and mechanical float level sensors, chemical compatibility, temperature, specific gravity (density), buoyancy, and viscosity affect the selection of the stem and the float. For example, larger floats may be used with liquids with specific gravities as low as 0.5 while still maintaining buoyancy. The choice of float material is also influenced by temperature-induced changes in specific gravity and viscosity – changes that directly affect buoyancy.
Float-type sensors can be designed so that a shield protects the float itself from turbulence and wave motion. Float sensors operate well in a wide variety of liquids, including corrosives. When used for organic solvents, however, one will need to verify that these liquids are chemically compatible with the materials used to construct the sensor. Float-style sensors should not be used with high viscosity (thick) liquids, sludge or liquids that adhere to the stem or floats, or materials that contain contaminants such as metal chips; other sensing technologies are better suited for these applications.
A special application of float-type sensors is the determination of interface level in oil-water separation systems. Two floats can be used with each float sized to match the specific gravity of the oil on one hand, and the water on the other. Another special application of a stem type float switch is the installation of temperature or pressure sensors to create a multi-parameter sensor. Magnetic float switches are popular for simplicity, dependability and low cost.
A variation of magnetic sensing is the "Hall effect" sensor which utilizes the magnetic sensing of a mechanical gauge's indications. In a typical application, a magnetism-sensitive "Hall effect sensor" is affixed to a mechanical tank gauge that has a magnetized indicator needle, so as to detect the indicating position of the gauge's needle. The magnetic sensor translates the indicator needle position into an electrical signal, allowing other (usually remote) indication or signalling.
Pneumatic
Pneumatic level sensors are used where hazardous conditions exist, where there is no electric power or its use is restricted, or in applications involving heavy sludge or slurry. As the compression of a column of air against a diaphragm is used to actuate a switch, no process liquid contacts the sensor's moving parts. These sensors are suitable for use with highly viscous liquids such as grease, as well as water-based and corrosive liquids. This has the additional benefit of being a relatively low cost technique for point level monitoring. A variation of this technique is the "bubbler", which compresses air into a tube to the bottom of the tank, until the pressure increase halts as the air pressure gets high enough to expel air bubbles from the bottom of the tube, overcoming the pressure there. The measurement of the stabilized air pressure indicates the pressure at the bottom of the tank, and, hence, the mass of fluid above.
Conductive
Conductive level sensors are ideal for the point level detection of a wide range of conductive liquids such as water, and is especially well suited for highly corrosive liquids such as caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, ferric chloride, and similar liquids. For those conductive liquids that are corrosive, the sensor's electrodes need to be constructed from titanium, Hastelloy B or C, or 316 stainless steel and insulated with spacers, separators or holders of ceramic, polyethylene and Teflon-based materials. Depending on their design, multiple electrodes of differing lengths can be used with one holder. Since corrosive liquids become more aggressive as temperature and pressure increase, these extreme conditions need to be considered when specifying these sensors.
Conductive level sensors use a low-voltage, current-limited power source applied across separate electrodes. The power supply is matched to the conductivity of the liquid, with higher voltage versions designed to operate in less conductive (higher resistance) mediums. The power source frequently incorporates some aspect of control, such as high-low or alternating pump control. A conductive liquid contacting both the longest probe (common) and a shorter probe (return) completes a conductive circuit. Conductive sensors are extremely safe because they use low voltages and currents. Since the current and voltage used is inherently small, for personal safety reasons, the technique is also capable of being made "Intrinsically Safe" to meet international standards for hazardous locations. Conductive probes have the additional benefit of being solid-state devices and are very simple to install and use. In some liquids and applications, maintenance can be an issue. The probe must continue to be conductive. If buildup insulates the probe from the medium, it will stop working properly. A simple inspection of the probe will require an ohmmeter connected across the suspect probe and the ground reference.
Typically, in most water and wastewater wells, the well itself with its ladders, pumps and other metal installations, provides a ground return. However, in chemical tanks, and other non-grounded wells, the installer must supply a ground return, typically an earth rod.
State dependent frequency monitor
A microprocessor controlled frequency state change detection method uses a low amplitude signal generated on multiple sensor probes of differing lengths. Each probe has a frequency separate from all other probes in the array and independently changes state when touched by water. The state change of the frequency on each probe is monitored by a microprocessor which can perform multiple water level control functions.
A strength of state dependent frequency monitoring is long term stability of the sensing probes. The signal strength is not sufficient to cause fouling, degradation, or deterioration of the sensors due to electrolysis in contaminated water. Sensor cleaning requirements are minimal or eliminated. Use of multiple sensing rods of different length allows the user to intuitively set up control switches at various water heights.
The microprocessor in a state dependent frequency monitor can actuate valves and/or large pumps with very low power consumption. Multiple switch controls can be built in to small package while providing complex, application specific functionality using the microprocessor. Low power consumption of the controls is consistent across large and small field applications. This universal technology is used in applications with wide-ranging liquid quality.
Sensors for both point level detection or continuous monitoring
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic level sensors are used for non-contact level sensing of highly viscous liquids, as well as bulk solids. They are also widely used in water treatment applications for pump control and open channel flow measurement. The sensors emit high frequency (20 kHz to 200 kHz) acoustic waves that are reflected back to and detected by the emitting transducer.
Ultrasonic level sensors are also affected by the changing speed of sound due to moisture, temperature, and pressures. Correction factors can be applied to the level measurement to improve the accuracy of measurement.
Turbulence, foam, steam, chemical mists (vapors), and changes in the concentration of the process material also affect the ultrasonic sensor's response. Turbulence and foam prevent the sound wave from being properly reflected to the sensor; steam and chemical mists and vapors distort or absorb the sound wave; and variations in concentration cause changes in the amount of energy in the sound wave that is reflected back to the sensor. Stilling wells and waveguides are used to prevent errors caused by these factors.
Proper mounting of the transducer is required to ensure the best response to reflected sound. In addition, the hopper, bin, or tank should be relatively free of obstacles such as weldments, brackets, or ladders to minimise false returns and the resulting erroneous response, although most modern systems have sufficiently "intelligent" echo processing to make engineering changes largely unnecessary except where an intrusion blocks the "line of sight" of the transducer to the target. Since the ultrasonic transducer is used both for transmitting and receiving the acoustic energy, it is subject to a period of mechanical vibration known as "ringing". This vibration must attenuate (stop) before the echoed signal can be processed. The net result is a distance from the face of the transducer that is blind and cannot detect an object. It is known as the "blanking zone", typically 150 mm to 1 m, depending on the range of the transducer.
The requirement for electronic signal processing circuitry can be used to make the ultrasonic sensor an intelligent device. Ultrasonic sensors can be designed to provide point level control, continuous monitoring or both. Due to the presence of a microprocessor and relatively low power consumption, there is also the capability for serial communication from to other computing devices making this a good technique for adjusting calibration and filtering of the sensor signal, remote wireless monitoring or plant network communications. The ultrasonic sensor enjoys wide popularity due to the powerful mix of low price and high functionality.
Capacitance
Capacitance level sensors excel in sensing the presence of a wide variety of solids, aqueous and organic liquids, and slurries. The technique is frequently referred to as RF for the radio frequency signals applied to the capacitance circuit. The sensors can be designed to sense material with dielectric constants as low as 1.1 (coke and fly ash) and as high as 88 (water) or more. Sludges and slurries such as dehydrated cake and sewage slurry (dielectric constant approx. 50) and liquid chemicals such as quicklime (dielectric constant approx. 90) can also be sensed. Dual-probe capacitance level sensors can also be used to sense the interface between two immiscible liquids with substantially different dielectric constants, providing a solid state alternative to the aforementioned magnetic float switch for the "oil-water interface" application.
Since capacitance level sensors are electronic devices, phase modulation and the use of higher frequencies makes the sensor suitable for applications in which dielectric constants are similar. The sensor contains no moving parts, is rugged, simple to use, and easy to clean, and can be designed for high temperature and pressure applications. A danger exists from build-up and discharge of a high-voltage static charge that results from the rubbing and movement of low dielectric materials, but this danger can be eliminated with proper design and grounding.
Appropriate choice of probe materials reduces or eliminates problems caused by abrasion and corrosion. Point level sensing of adhesives and high-viscosity materials such as oil and grease can result in the build-up of material on the probe; however, this can be minimized by using a self-tuning sensor. For liquids prone to foaming and applications prone to splashing or turbulence, capacitance level sensors can be designed with splashguards or stilling wells, among other devices.
A significant limitation for capacitance probes is in tall bins used for storing bulk solids. The requirement for a conductive probe that extends to the bottom of the measured range is problematic. Long conductive cable probes (20 to 50 meters long), suspended into the bin or silo, are subject to tremendous mechanical tension due to the weight of the bulk powder in the silo and the friction applied to the cable. Such installations will frequently result in a cable breakage.
Optical interface
Optical sensors are used for point level sensing of sediments, liquids with suspended solids, and liquid-liquid interfaces. These sensors sense the decrease or change in transmission of infrared light emitted from an infrared diode (LED). With the proper choice of construction materials and mounting location, these sensors can be used with aqueous, organic, and corrosive liquids.
A common application of economical infrared-based optical interface point level sensors is detecting the sludge/water interface in settling ponds. By using pulse modulation techniques and a high power infrared diode, one can eliminate interference from ambient light, operate the LED at a higher gain, and lessen the effects of build-up on the probe.
An alternate approach for continuous optical level sensing involves the use of a laser. Laser light is more concentrated and therefore is more capable of penetrating dusty or steamy environments. Laser light will reflect off most solid, liquid surfaces. The time of flight can be measured with precise timing circuitry, to determine the range or distance of the surface from the sensor. Lasers remain limited in use in industrial applications due to cost, and concern for maintenance. The optics must be frequently cleaned to maintain performance.
Microwave
Microwave sensors are ideal for use in moist, vaporous, and dusty environments as well as in applications in which temperatures and pressures vary. Microwaves (also frequently described as RADAR), will penetrate temperature and vapor layers that may cause problems for other techniques, such as ultrasonic. Microwaves are electromagnetic energy and therefore do not require air molecules to transmit the energy making them useful in vacuums. Microwaves, as electromagnetic energy, are reflected by objects with high conductive properties, like metal and conductive water. Alternately, they are absorbed in various degrees by 'low dielectric' or insulating mediums such as plastics, glass, paper, many powders and food stuffs and other solids.
Microwave sensors are executed in a wide variety of techniques. Two basic signal processing techniques are applied, each offering its own advantages: Pulsed or Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) which is a measurement of time of flight divided by the speed of electromagnetic waves in the medium (speed of light divided by the square root of the dielectric constant of the medium ), similar to ultrasonic level sensors, and Doppler systems employing FMCW techniques. Just as with ultrasonic level sensors, microwave sensors are executed at various frequencies, from 1 GHz to 60 GHz. Generally, the higher the frequency, the more accurate, and the more costly. Microwave is executed non-contact technique or guided. The first is done by monitoring a microwave signal that is transmitted through free space (including vacuum) and reflected back, or can be executed as a "radar on a wire" technique, generally known as Guided Wave Radar or Guided Microwave Radar. In the latter technique, performance generally improves in powders and low dielectric media that are not good reflectors of electromagnetic energy transmitted through a void (as in non-contact microwave sensors). This technique can use application specific waveguides to get more accurate results or additional information required for sensor application (e.g. some sensors can use tank parts or other equipment as a waveguide or its part). It's common practice to use remote waveguides, when waveguide is distanced from electronic part (commonly for reservoirs with harsh conditions, radiation, or boiling under high pressure liquids/gases, etc.). But with the guided technique the same mechanical constraints exist that cause problems for the capacitance (RF) techniques mentioned previously by having a probe in the vessel.
Non contact microwave-based radar sensors are able to see through low conductivity 'microwave-transparent' (non-conductive) glass/plastic windows or vessel walls through which the microwave beam can be passed and measure a 'microwave reflective' (conductive) liquid inside (in the same way as to use a plastic bowl in a microwave oven). They are also largely unaffected by high temperature, pressure, vacuum or vibration. As these sensors do not require physical contact with the process material, so the transmitter /receiver can be mounted a safe distance above/from the process, even with an antenna extension of several meters to reduce temperature, yet still respond to the changes in level or distance changes e.g. they are ideal for measurement of molten metal products at over 1200 °C. Microwave transmitters also offer the same key advantage of ultrasonics: the presence of a microprocessor to process the signal, provide numerous monitoring, controls, communications, setup and diagnostic capabilities and are independent of changing density, viscosity and electrical properties. Additionally, they solve some of the application limitations of ultrasonics: operation in high pressure and vacuum, high temperatures, dust, temperature and vapor layers.
Guided Wave Radars can measure in narrow confined spaces very successfully, as the guide element ensures correct transmission to and from the measured liquid. Applications such as inside stilling tubes or external bridles or cages, offer an excellent alternative to float or displacement devices, as they remove any moving parts or linkages and are unaffected by density changes or build up. They are also excellent with very low microwave reflectivity products like liquid gasses (LNG, LPG, Ammonia) which are stored at low temperatures/high pressures, although care needs to be taken on sealing arrangements and hazardous area approvals. On bulk solids and powders, GWR offers a great alternative to radar or ultrasonic sensors, but some care needs to be taken over cable wear and roof loading by the product movement.
One perceived major disadvantage of microwave or radar techniques for level monitoring is the relatively high price of such sensors and complex set up. However, price has reduced significantly over the last few years, to match those of longer range ultrasonics, with simplified set up of both techniques also improving ease of use.
Continuous level measurement of liquids
Magnetostrictive
Magnetostrictive level sensors are similar to float type sensors in that a permanent magnet sealed inside a float travels up and down a stem in which a magnetostrictive wire is sealed. Ideal for high-accuracy, continuous level measurement of a wide variety of liquids in storage and shipping containers, these sensors require the proper choice of float based on the specific gravity of the liquid. When choosing float and stem materials for magnetostrictive level sensors, the same guidelines described for magnetic and mechanical float level sensors apply.
Magnetostrictive level and position devices charge the magnetostrictive wire with electric current, when the field intersects the floats' magnetic field a mechanical twist or pulse is generated, this travels back down the wire at the speed of sound, like ultrasound or radar the distance is measured
by time of flight from pulse to return pulse registry. the time of flight corresponds to the distance from the sensor detecting the return pulse.
Because of the accuracy possible with the magnetostrictive technique, it is popular for "custody-transfer" applications. It can be permitted by an agency of weights and measures for conducting commercial transactions. It is also frequently applied on magnetic sight gages. In this variation, the magnet is installed in a float that travels inside a gage glass or tube. The magnet operates on the sensor which is mounted externally on the gage. Boilers and other high temperature or pressure applications take advantage of this performance quality
Resistive chain
Resistive chain level sensors are similar to magnetic float level sensors in that a permanent magnet sealed inside a float moves up and down a stem in which closely spaced switches and resistors are sealed. When the switches are closed, the resistance is summed and converted to current or voltage signals that are proportional to the level of the liquid.
The choice of float and stem materials depends on the liquid in terms of chemical compatibility as well as specific gravity and other factors that affect buoyancy. These sensors work well for liquid level measurements in marine, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food processing, waste treatment, and other applications. With the proper choice of two floats, resistive chain level sensors can also be used to monitor for the presence of an interface between two immiscible liquids whose specific gravities are more than 0.6, but differ by as little as 0.1 unit.
Magnetoresistive
Magnetoresistance float level sensors are similar to float level sensors however a permanent magnet pair is sealed inside the float arm pivot. As the float moves up the motion and location are transmitted as the angular position of the magnetic field. This detection system is highly accurate down to 0.02° of motion. The field compass location provides a physical location of the float position. The choice of float and stem materials depends on the liquid in terms of chemical compatibility as well as specific gravity and other factors that affect buoyancy of the float. The electronic monitoring system does not come in contact with the fluid and is considered Intrinsic safety: or explosion proof. These sensors work well for liquid level measurements in marine, vehicle, aviation, chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, food processing, waste treatment, and other applications.
Due to the presence of a microprocessor and low power consumption, there is also capability for serial communication from to other computing devices making this a good technique for adjusting calibration and filtering of the sensor signal.
Hydrostatic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure level sensors are submersible or externally mounted pressure sensors suitable for measuring the level of corrosive liquids in deep tanks or water in reservoirs. Typically, fluid level is determined by the pressure at the bottom of the fluid containment (tank or reservoir); the pressure at the bottom, adjusted for the density / specific gravity of the fluid, indicates the depth of the fluid. For these sensors, using chemically compatible materials is important to assure proper performance. Sensors are commercially available from 10 mbar to 1000 bar.
Since these sensors sense increasing pressure with depth and because the specific gravities of liquids are different, the sensor must be properly calibrated for each application. In addition, large variations in temperature cause changes in specific gravity that should be accounted for when the pressure is converted to level. These sensors can be designed to keep the diaphragm free of contamination or build-up, thus ensuring proper operation and accurate hydrostatic pressure level measurements.
For use in open air applications, where the sensor cannot be mounted to the bottom of the tank or pipe thereof, a special version of the hydrostatic pressure level sensor, a level probe, can be suspended from a cable into the tank to the bottom point that is to be measured. The sensor must be specially designed to seal the electronics from the liquid environment. In tanks with a small head pressure (less than 100 INWC), it is very important to vent the back of the sensor gauge to atmospheric pressure. Otherwise, normal changes in barometric pressure will introduce large error in the sensor output signal. In addition, most sensors need to be compensated for temperature changes in the fluid.
Air bubbler
An air bubbler system uses a tube with an opening below the surface of the liquid level. A fixed flow of air is passed through the tube. Pressure in the tube is proportional to the depth (and density) of the liquid over the outlet of the tube.
Air bubbler systems contain no moving parts, making them suitable for measuring the level of sewage, drainage water, sewage sludge, night soil, or water with large quantities of suspended solids. The only part of the sensor that contacts the liquid is a bubble tube which is chemically compatible with the material whose level is to be measured. Since the point of measurement has no electrical components, the technique is a good choice for classified "Hazardous Areas". The control portion of the system can be located safely away, with the pneumatic plumbing isolating the hazardous from the safe area.
Air bubbler systems are a good choice for open tanks at atmospheric pressure and can be built so that high-pressure air is routed through a bypass valve to dislodge solids that may clog the bubble tube. The technique is inherently "self-cleaning". It is highly recommended for liquid level measurement applications where ultrasonic, float or microwave techniques have proved undependable. The system will require constant supply of air during measurement. The end of the tube should be above certain height to avoid sludge from clogging the tube.
Gamma ray
A nuclear level gauge or gamma ray gauge measures level by the attenuation of gamma rays passing through a process vessel. The technique is used to regulate the level of molten steel in a continuous casting process of steelmaking. The water-cooled mold is arranged with a source of radiation, such as cobalt-60 or caesium-137, on one side and a sensitive detector such as a scintillation counter on the other. As the level of molten steel rises in the mold, less of the gamma radiation is detected by the sensor. The technique allows non-contact measurement where the heat of the molten metal makes contact techniques and even many non-contact techniques impractical.
See also
Fuel gauge
Level (instrument)
List of sensors
Sight glass
Tide gauge
References
Sensors
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4023299
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segerstrom%20Center%20for%20the%20Arts
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Segerstrom Center for the Arts
|
The Segerstrom Center for the Arts (originally called Orange County Performing Arts Center) is a performing arts complex located in Costa Mesa, California, United States, which opened in 1986. The center's Segerstrom Hall and Judy Morr Theater were designed by Charles Lawrence and opened in 1986. The Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall, Samueli Theater, and the Lawrence and Kristina Dodge Education Center opened in 2006, and were designed by Cesar Pelli, an architect who has received numerous awards and other honors for his work including the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1995.
It is the artistic home to three resident companies: Pacific Symphony, the Philharmonic Society of Orange County, and Pacific Chorale.
Facilities
Venues
Segerstrom Hall is a 2,994-seat opera house-style theater that serves as the largest facility on the campus and is often utilized for Broadway musicals, ballet, and other large productions. Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall is a 1,704-seat theater-in-the-round adjacent to Segestrom Hall, whilst hosting the William J. Gillespie Concert Organ (C.B. Fisk Opus 130). It has 4,322 pipes and 75 stops, including 57 individual voices, 4 manual keyboards with 61 notes each., 1 pedal keyboard with 32 notes.
Samueli Theater is a 375-seat multi-functional facility within the same building as the Renée and Henry Segerstrom Concert Hall. The theater, named in honor of Henry Samueli due to his donation to the Segerstrom complex, is suitable for jazz, cabaret, theater, and special events. The Judy Morr Theater, located in the Center for Dance and Innovation, is a 250-seat hall primarily used for rehearsal space by ballet companies and is the primary studio for the ABT Gillespie School.
In addition, the Education Center includes the Studio Performance Space and Boeing Education Lab. The Segerstrom complex is also home to the American Ballet Theatre William J. Gillespie School, the School of Dance and Music for Children with Disabilities, Leatherby's Café Rouge, George's Café, Plaza Cafe, and two private donor rooms.
Julianne and George Argyros Plaza is a area with restaurants, a permanent stage, public seating, and picnic areas.
Orange County Museum of Art
The Orange County Museum of Art broke ground on a new primary facility at the Segerstrom Center for the Arts campus on September 20, 2019. The structure was designed by Morphosis Architects and was topped off on October 6, 2020, with a virtual ceremony held.
South Coast Repertory
The Tony Award-winning South Coast Repertory is also located on the Segerstrom Center for the Arts campus. It is widely regarded as one of America's foremost producers of new plays.
See also
List of concert halls
References
External links
Segerstrom Center for the Arts website
Music venues in California
Performing arts centers in California
Buildings and structures in Costa Mesa, California
Orange County, California culture
Event venues established in 1986
1986 establishments in California
Tourist attractions in Orange County, California
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4023308
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Finniss
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Electoral district of Finniss
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Finniss is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. It is named after B. T. Finniss, the first Premier of South Australia. It covers a regional area which includes the localities of Back Valley, Currency Creek, Encounter Bay, Finniss, Goolwa, Goolwa Beach, Goolwa North, Goolwa South, Hayborough, Hindmarsh Island, Hindmarsh Tiers, Hindmarsh Valley, Lower Inman Valley, McCracken, Middleton, Mosquito Hill, Mount Compass, Mount Observation, Mundoo Island, Nangkita, Port Elliot, Tooperang, and Victor Harbor; as well as parts of Inman Valley and Waitpinga.
Finniss has been a very safe seat for the Liberal Party since its creation at the 1991 electoral redistribution as a replacement for the equally safe Alexandra. Dating to its time as part of Alexandra, the area now in Finniss has been held by Liberals or their predecessor, the Liberal and Country League, without interruption since 1941. For most of that time, it has been a comfortably safe LCL/Liberal seat.
It was contested for the first time at the 1993 election by newly elected Liberal leader Dean Brown, who had returned to parliament after a seven-year absence by winning the 1992 Alexandra state by-election. Brown had little difficulty winning Finniss, and subsequently became Premier after the election. Brown was later toppled as Premier by Liberal rival John Olsen in 1996, and was initially expected to retire, but remained in parliament as a senior member of consecutive Liberal ministries and shadow ministries, and served as deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2001 to 2005—the first six months of that tenure as Deputy Premier. Brown retired at the 2006 election, and was succeeded by Liberal candidate Michael Pengilly, who held off a concerted attempt by the SA Nationals to take the seat.
Pengilly held the seat easily until retiring at the 2018 election. David Basham retained the seat for the Liberals, despite a spirited challenge from SA-BEST. Indeed, SA-BEST's showing in Finniss was strong enough to make the seat marginal for the first time in its current configuration. However, Finniss remains a comfortably safe Liberal seat in a "traditional" two-party matchup with Labor; Basham only suffered a small swing against Labor.
Most of Finniss is located within the Centre Alliance-held federal Division of Mayo.
Members for Finniss
Election results
Notes
References
ECSA profile for Finniss: 2018
ABC profile for Finniss: 2018
Poll Bludger profile for Finniss: 2018
Electoral districts of South Australia
1993 establishments in Australia
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4023309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonnie%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29
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Lonnie Smith (disambiguation)
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Lonnie Smith (born 1955) is a retired Major League Baseball player.
Lonnie Smith may also refer to:
Lonnie Smith (jazz musician) (1942–2021), American organist
Lonnie Liston Smith (born 1940), American jazz, soul, and funk pianist
Lonnie Smith (boxer) (born 1962), American boxer
The plaintiff of Smith v. Allwright, landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court regarding voting rights and racial desegregation
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4023314
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Pedal%20Sport%20Association
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National Pedal Sport Association
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The National Pedal Sport Association (NPSA) was a South Eastern USA regional Bicycle Motocross (BMX) sanctioning body originally based in Palm Harbor, Florida. It then soon after moved to Dunedin, Florida, for most of its existence. Then in its last years Pinellas Park, Florida, was its headquarters. For the first six years of its existence it focused mostly on amateur racing since they were stressing the family experience nature of the sport and putting on the fairest and most inclusive races possible, fitting their motto "Ride For Fun". The NPSA ceased operations as an independent sanctioning body after it was bought by the American Bicycle Association (ABA) in 1988. The first joint NSPA-ABA sanctioned race was held on March 19, 1988, at the NSPA track in Ocoee, Florida.
History
The last president of NPSA was Gail Goudey. I served as president from 1985 until the sale of it to ABA in 1988.The last home base of NPSA was in West Palm Beach, FL.ˈˈ
Vital statistics
Proficiency and division class labels and advancement method
Operations
Like the National Bicycle League (NBL) it did not award a year end overall national #1 male or female amateur. Amateur national number ones were awarded within age divisions. The NPSA did have year end overall National No.1 Pro 20" and Cruiser classes. The NPSA did have features particular to it. The NPSA season was really divided up into three: District, State and the three-month-long National season. The District level racing focused the racers on racing on the local level for local laurels without having to travel within the state and between states. The State season was reserved for touring the various NPSA tracks within a state for the State Championship title. The national season was reserved for touring the circuit between the four states the NPSA had tracks in for the National number one titles culminating in a Grand National.
This was not its only unique method of holding races. Another was the "scramble system". The NPSA like the NBL and the now defunct National Bicycle Association (NBA) they used the moto system a.k.a. the Olympic system to determine which riders graduate from the qualifying heats called Motos. In these motos points are awarded to the racers proportional to the position in which they finish. Each moto is run three times, that is the group of racers must race three times with the points awarded during each race to each individual racer being added. For instance say a 10 Expert racer had a class of 8 racers and he came in first in all three runs of his class. He would have a total of three points, 1+1+1 making him a certainty to qualify for the main (or if a large race the semi finals) save for a disqualification for a rule infraction. on the other hand if a racer came in last three times in that class of eight racers then he would have a total of 24 points 8+8+8 making it almost impossible for him to make the main save for someone(s) else being disqualified. The racers with the four lowest points would qualify for the main. However, unlike the conventional Olympic system, in the NPSA added a unique "Scramble system" that would shuffle the racers randomly or scrambled. The racers after each moto, if there were more than eight racers in a class (eight being the maximum number of racers the starting gate can hold at any one time) would be split into two heats, say in a class of 11 15 novices the first group would be six racers the second group would be the remaining 5 racers. Again, nothing unusual. What was unique to the NPSA was after each round, instead of the racers racing the same people they raced against the first time around as was standard practice in BMX, they would very likely race some racers that were in their class but not in the original first moto but the second. The race would be run in the second go round the points added to the previous total as before. Then the riders would be scrambled again and the race would be run for the last qualifying heat. The NPSA's position was that this was fairer since all of the racers had a chance to compete against the eventual winner with the winner not racing either the same easy competition he can beat with little effort with the racers that he have trouble with in other motos. Conversely he also will not constantly going against people he finds hard to beat while others having easy opponents. Of course either scenario could happen with the luck of the draw.
Another unique aspect to NPSA racing was that you moved down a proficiency class when one's birthday occurred. For instance say that on June 30 you were an 11 expert. You have a birthday on July 1, making you 12. Instead of going to the 12 expert class, you were demoted down in terms of skill class back to 12 junior and was required to make expert again.
Until mid 1984, the NPSA had very strict, and to a few outside observers, too strict rules against contact between racers during races. The slightest bumping during a race could result in disqualification. You couldn't block pass, you had to stay in your lane at the beginning of the start (the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) had a similar rule). At one time the NPSA complained to the Orlando, Florida, Parks Department about the National Bicycle League (NBL) making the jumps, in its view, too large at a track they shared with the NBL. Some outsiders went as far as to call it "racing for wimps" in regards to the NPSA. However, these restrictions were greatly relaxed by the time of the July 1984 Supercross nationals. Ironically, this was also the time when Ronnie Anderson, a new top professional in the major sanctioning bodies of the NBL and American Bicycle Association (ABA) was just being noted for his rough, all or nothing desire to win, resulting in numerous wrecks, to the members of the pro class displeasure.
While stressing family and amateur racing, the NPSA did have a pro class with events called "Supercross" held during the year to qualify the pros for the Grand National like the on held in 1982 at Daytona Beach, Florida.
NPSA National number ones by year
Note: Dates reflect the year the racers *won* their plates, not the year they actually *raced* their No.1 plates. In other words, Roy Reboucas won his No.1 plate in 1982 entitling him to race with #1 on his plate for the 1983 season. Roland Veicht then won the No.1 plate in 1983 and raced with #1 on his plate during the 1984 racing season.
CDNE=Class Did Not Exist.
See also
American Bicycle Association
National Bicycle Association
National Bicycle League
United Bicycle Racers Association
United States Bicycle Motocross Association
References
External links
The American Bicycle Association (ABA) Website.
The National Bicycle League (NBL) Website.
Cycle racing organizations
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4023325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMITV
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RMITV
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RMITV is a not-for-profit, community access television production facility based at RMIT University City Campus in Melbourne, Australia. It is a full member of the Melbourne Community Television Consortium, a not-for-profit consortium that operates the community access channel C31 which broadcasts throughout Melbourne and Geelong.
About
RMITV is a student run media production house based within RMIT University, with the majority of its funding granted by RMIT University Student Union (RUSU). RMITV is dedicated to providing hands on television experience to students. RMITV also produces content to be broadcast, most commonly on C31 Melbourne and have helped many students find their way to careers in the television industry. Although based at RMIT University in Melbourne, they also work to provide opportunities to members of the local community wanting to get involved in television production.
Logo
Designed by RMITV member Nic Mason in the early 2000s, the "R" and "M" in RMITV's logo are based on the series of classification marks from the OFLC used to designate "Restricted" and "Mature" broadcast content and the "I" and "TV" are based on the 'General' (G) and 'Parental Guidance' (PG) classification marks but making use of different letters and antennas on the TV to signify television
History
RMITV is one of the oldest community television organisations in Australia, having been involved in lobbying the government for community access to the television spectrum. It transmitted its first test broadcast in 1987.
Early on RMITV struggled with licences for television spectrum. After originally lobbying for a public licence, similar to those seen in the American public television sector, RMITV was knocked back as public licences are not available in Australia. They were then granted a licence to broadcast to private audiences in a 10 km radius of the RMIT City Campus. The license was granted on the 09/08/1987. A week after a Channel 10 news report by Mal Walden about RMITV's upcoming open day 1987 broadcast the licence was cancelled.
The first licence was a General Licence Class D (Section 24). The Licence number was 211744/2. The callsign was VH3BVK.
RMITV was also responsible for broadcasting ETV, a closed-circuit television system operated at the RMIT Campus in previous years.
The government encouraged Melbourne's many aspirant community television broadcasters to form an umbrella organisation to apply for a broadcasting license, and so RMITV became a founding member of the Melbourne Community Television Consortium; the license holder for Melbourne's Channel 31.
RMITV has a long history of successful producers and practitioners moving into professional employment within the Australian television industry. Most notable alumni include: Waleed Aly (The Project), Rove McManus (Roving Enterprises), Hamish and Andy (Fox FM), Shona Devlin (JTV – Triple J), Tommy Little (This Week Live), Dave Thornton (This Week Live), Peter Helliar and many more. RMITV has also had many crew members go on to work at the ABC, Network 10, Videoworks and Staging Connections.
RMITV's Productions are not only limited to C31, many of RMITV's productions air on community stations all around Australia. For example, Live on Bowen (2012–2015) which were broadcast on C31, Face Television - Sky Channel 083 (New Zealand), WTV (Perth) and 31 Digital (South East Queensland), The Inquiry (2009-2010), In Pit Lane (1998–present) and 31 Questions (2012–2014).
Throughout its time RMITV has produced some of the most well known programs on Australian community television, including: The Loft Live, Under Melbourne Tonight, Chartbusting 80's, Raucous, Dawns Crack, PLUCK, Studio A, The Leak and countless outside broadcasts.
Mid-2015 spawned a webseries collaboration between RMITV and Catalyst, RMIT's Student Magazine, entitled "Politics at the Belleville". Based on the podcast "Politics on the Couch" the program was hosted by the same talent and was released every Friday afternoon.
Internal structure
RMITV is an RMIT Student Union department, with close ties to the not-for-profit incorporated organisation, Student Community Television Inc.. For most operational purposes, both RMITV and Student Community Television Inc. share a common Board of Directors, and management team.
The group employs five part-time staff members to look after the organisation and membership- a General Manager, Marketing Manager, Content Manager, Technical Manager and Training Manager. A large number of others look after the management of the organisation in volunteer roles.
Additionally, Student Community Television Inc. is a paid full member of the MCTC which provides them with free airtime on C31 Melbourne and representation on the MCTC assembly.
See also
Television broadcasting in Australia
References
External links
RMIT University
Organisations based in Melbourne
Australian community television
Student television stations in Australia
Television stations in Melbourne
Television channels and stations established in 1987
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4023327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%20the%20Ten
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Catch the Ten
|
Catch the Ten is a point trick-taking card game which first appeared in The American Hoyle of 1868 and is alternatively called Scotch Whist, although evidence shows that it is in fact of German origin. Unlike standard whist, it is played with a deck of only 36 cards, with Six (low) up to the Ace (high) of each suit. The order of trumps has the Jack high.
Game
Any number from two to eight people may play. If an even number, partners are cut for; if odd, each plays for himself. An odd number of players sit as they like; four players sit as at whist; six playing in two sides sit so that no two partners shall be next each other; six playing three sides sit so that two opponents shall divide each pair; eight are arranged in alternate pairs.
When five or seven play, the six of spades is usually omitted; when eight play, the four sixes are thrown out.
Object
The aim of the game is to win tricks, specially those containing any of the top five trumps. The rank of the cards and point value goes as follows:
Trump J = 11
Ace = 4
King = 3
Queen = 2
Ten = 10
Play
After cutting, the cards are dealt according to the number of players. The last card is turned up for the trump. The eldest hand leads any card he chooses and all must follow suit if able, the penalty for a revoke being the loss of the game.
The tricks are not kept separate but gathered in by one player for his side. At the end Of the deal there are six hands of six cards on the table. The players first play out the first two hands, next the second two and finally the last two, the trump card remaining on the table until the first four hands are played out.
The game is 41 points, the object of play being to win the cards which have a special value. These are, with their values: jack of trumps 11, ace of trumps 4, king of trumps 3, queen of trumps 2, ten of trumps 10. All other cards have no counting value. As the ten can be taken by any other honor the object is to catch the ten.
Variants
French Whist
"French Whist" is similar to Catch the Ten, but played with 52 cards instead. 10 extra points are scored for capturing the 10 , nothing for non-counting cards. The game is played up to 40 points, the maximum available.
See also
Beggar-My-Neighbour
One Card (card game)
Notes
Card games introduced in the 1860s
Point-trick games
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4023330
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Tate
|
Frank Tate
|
Frank Tate may refer to:
Frank Tate (boxer) (born 1964), American boxer
Frank Tate (musician) (born 1943), American jazz bassist
Frank Tate (educator) (1864–1939), public figure in education in Australia
Frank Tate, founder of the record label 5 Minute Walk
Frank Tate (Emmerdale), fictional character on the British soap opera Emmerdale
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4023347
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1998 Australian Open – Men's singles
|
Petr Korda defeated Marcelo Ríos in the final, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1998 Australian Open. It was Korda's only major title, and Ríos' only major final.
Pete Sampras was the defending champion, but lost to Karol Kučera in the quarterfinals.
No American men made the semifinals for the first time since 1990.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1998 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1998 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des%20Peres
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Des Peres
|
Des Peres may refer to:
Des Peres, Missouri, a city in St. Louis County, Missouri
Des Peres (band), a band from Australia
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4023363
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Horne
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Matt Horne
|
Matthew Jeffery Horne (born 5 December 1970) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 35 Tests and 50 ODIs from 1997 to 2003. Horne was an attacking right-handed opening batsman who possessed an unusually high backlift.
Early life and family
Horne was born in Takapuna on 5 December 1970, the son of Noelene Rae Horne (née Swinton), who represented New Zealand in the high jump, and Valentine Arthur Horne. His older brother Phil also played international cricket for New Zealand.
Domestic career
In the 1995–96 Shell Trophy final he made 190 to hand Auckland the championship. The following season he moved to Otago and after a prolific season he was welcomed into the New Zealand side.
During the 2003–04 he and Aaron Barnes added a record 347* for the fifth wicket against Northern Districts at Eden Park.
International career
He made his Test debut in February 1997 and made his maiden Test hundred soon after, against Australia at Hobart in summer of 1997–98. He made 3 more hundreds in his international career, two against Zimbabwe and a vital one at Lord's in 1999 to help give them a rare away series win. After nine Tests without a half century he lost his place in the side and only played occasionally from there on in.
Horne, along with Nathan Astle, currently holds the record for a 4th wicket partnership for New Zealand totalling 243 runs against Zimbabwe in Auckland during the 1997–1998 season.
After cricket
He retired from all forms of competitive cricket in May 2006. He is currently a high performance coach with Auckland cricket.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Otago cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
New Zealand cricket coaches
Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket
Cricketers from Auckland
People from Takapuna
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4023368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%20Are%20the%20Streets
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We Are the Streets
|
We Are the Streets is the second studio album by hip hop group The Lox. The album was released on January 25, 2000, by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records. It was their second album as a group, and is mainly produced by Swizz Beatz. Its commercial success was driven primarily by the hit singles "Wild Out," produced by Swizz Beatz, and "Ryde or Die, Bitch", produced by Timbaland.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
D-Block Records albums
2000 albums
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Timbaland
The Lox albums
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
Gangsta rap albums by American artists
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4023392
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
|
1997 Australian Open – Men's singles
|
Pete Sampras defeated Carlos Moyá in the final, 6–2, 6–3, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1997 Australian Open.
Boris Becker was the defending champion, but lost in the first round to Moyá.
This tournament was notable for being the first major in which Lleyton Hewitt competed in the main draw. He would compete in the Australian Open for a record twenty consecutive years.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Chang (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (withdrew)
Thomas Muster (semifinals)
Boris Becker (first round)
Thomas Enqvist (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Marcelo Ríos (quarterfinals)
Albert Costa (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (fourth round)
Magnus Gustafsson (second round)
Jan Siemerink (first round)
Félix Mantilla (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (second round)
Alberto Berasategui (third round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1997 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1997 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20of%20the%20West
|
Queen of the West
|
Queen of the West may refer to:
Queen Mother of the West, goddess in Chinese mythology
USS Queen of the West (1854), sidewheel steamer
Queen of the West (ship), 1995 sternwheeler
|
4023400
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Stead
|
Gary Stead
|
Gary Raymond Stead (born 9 January 1972) is a New Zealand cricket coach and former cricketer who is the head coach of the New Zealand cricket team, having been appointed in August 2018.
A top-order batsman, Stead played five Tests in nine months in 1999, averaging 34.75 and never being dismissed in single figures. Against South Africa he showed his great character at Wellington, digging in and scoring 68 and 33, but after two mediocre performances against West Indies he was dropped. His Test call-up had come after eight years of first-class cricket with Canterbury, and he led them for five seasons from 1998–99 in a period when they struggled.
After he finished playing, he took up coaching and became coach of the successful New Zealand women's team. In August 2018, New Zealand Cricket appointed Stead coach of the New Zealand men's team, succeeding Mike Hesson.
After New Zealand's loss in a Super over against England in the 2019 World Cup, Stead criticised the decision of the ICC to go to a tie break and raised the idea of sharing the World Cup Trophy, a new system that was in place for the 2015 World Cup.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Christchurch
New Zealand cricket coaches
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4023415
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricochet%20Rabbit%20%26%20Droop-a-Long
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Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long
|
Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long was a segment of Hanna-Barbera's 1964–1966 cartoon The Magilla Gorilla Show, and later appeared on The Peter Potamus Show.
Background
Taking place in a Wild West setting, Ricochet Rabbit (voiced by Don Messick) worked as a sheriff in the town of Hoop 'n' Holler. Ricochet would bounce off stationary objects yelling "Bing-bing-bing!" His deputy and foil Droop-a-Long Coyote (voiced by Mel Blanc impersonating Ken Curtis) was not as fast and was very clumsy.
In addition to his speed, which enabled him to outrun bullets, Ricochet used trick bullets against his opponents, including a bullet that would stop in mid-flight and strike the target with an impossibly oversized mallet, and another which would draw a target on his nose and punch it.
Episode list
Cast
Don Messick as Ricochet Rabbit
Mel Blanc as Droop-a-Long Coyote
Other appearances
An early incarnation of Ricochet Rabbit appears in Touché Turtle and Dum Dum episode 26 "Rapid Rabbit".
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long were seen in Yogi's Ark Lark.
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long were seen in the opening title of Yogi's Gang.
Ricochet Rabbit made some appearances in Yogi's Treasure Hunt.
Ricochet Rabbit makes a portrait cameo in the "Agent Penny" episode of the "Super Secret Secret Squirrel" segment of 2 Stupid Dogs.
Ricochet Rabbit appears in the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "X Gets the Crest", voiced by Mark Hamill. Droop-a-Long also makes a non-speaking cameo.
Ricochet Rabbit appears in the Wacky Races episode "Slow and Steady", voiced by Tom Kenny.
Ricochet Rabbit and Droop-a-Long will both appear in Jellystone!.
In other languages
Italian: Tornado Kid e Sonnacchia
Français: Ricochet-Va-Vite et Lambinousse
Dutch: Sheriff Altijd Raak Hebbes
See also
List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions
List of Hanna-Barbera characters
References
External links
Ricochet Rabbit & Droop-a-Long episode guide on BCDB
Ricochet Rabbit at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017.
Hanna-Barbera characters
Animated television series about rabbits and hares
Fictional coyotes
1960s American animated television series
1964 American television series debuts
1966 American television series endings
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
Western (genre) peace officers
American children's animated comedy television series
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by Screen Gems
Fictional characters who can move at superhuman speeds
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4023420
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantagallo
|
Cantagallo
|
Cantagallo may refer to:
Cantagallo, Bolívar, Colombia
Cantagallo, Tuscany, Italy
Cantagallo, Spain, Spain
See also
Cantagalo (disambiguation)
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4023423
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20of%20Chinese%20armoured%20forces%20%281927%E2%80%931945%29
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Development of Chinese armoured forces (1927–1945)
|
This article deals with the chronology and development of Chinese armoured forces from 1927 to 1945.
Introduction
The Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin introduced tanks to China. Surprised during the Northern Expedition by Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army, he bought several Renault FT tanks armed with 37 mm guns from France in 1927. It is uncertain how these tanks were used in combat, but they were eventually captured by the Japanese and the Chinese Nationalists. The tanks captured by the Japanese army were deployed in the Kwantung Army and later used during the Mukden Incident. The Nationalists in the meantime also bought 36 FTs. However, they saw no action but were used mainly for training. Also about 6 or 10 Renault UE light armoured carriers armed with Browning MG were bought in France.
Additions
At the beginning of the war in 1937 the armour were organized in three armoured battalions, equipped with tanks and armoured cars from various countries. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in earnest, the 1st and 2nd Armored Battalions participated in the Second Battle of Shanghai and the Battle of Nanking and were more or less completely destroyed by the Japanese forces. Many of the tanks were captured by the Japanese. By 1938 nearly half of China's armor was either captured or destroyed as out of the 96 tanks they started with, only 48 remained. China, at that time, had German advisors, but these were withdrawn as German relations with Japan warmed. In early 1938, the Japanese government had demanded that the German government withdraw all German advisers from China. Given the closer relations between the two nations, Hitler agreed and soon after they left China.
After the Germans left, the Soviet Union started to support the Nationalists. The National Revolutionary Army facing Japanese forces had only the small number of armoured vehicles and mechanised troops formed into the three armoured battalions to defend a large front. In August 1937, Chiang Kai-shek's government negotiated with the Soviet government for military aid for the War of China's Resistance Against Japan (1937–1945) during a signing of a Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The Soviets came in and began to provide Soviet advisers and Soviet tanks arrived in China for the first time in March 1938. After these battalions were mostly destroyed in the Battle of Shanghai and Battle of Nanjing, new tanks, armoured cars and trucks from the Soviet Union and Italy made it possible to create the only mechanized division in the army. The Soviet advisers organized the new mechanised unit in China, the 200th Division, which consisted of one tank regiment and one motorised infantry regiment.
The USSR sold 82 T-26 mod. 1933 tanks to China as Russia was wary of having Japan on its back door. These tanks were shipped to Guangzhou harbour in the spring of 1938, and used to set up the first tank regiment of the 200th Infantry Division of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army, the only motorized infantry formation in the Chinese Army at that time. The 200th Infantry Division was a mechanized division consisting of four regiments, including a tank regiment equipped with the T-26s, an armoured car regiment, a mechanized infantry regiment, and an artillery regiment.
Chinese tank crews were trained under the supervision of Soviet specialists. The 200th Division was set up as the first mechanised division in the National Revolutionary Army by General Du Yuming, who was also its first commander. The tank regiments had 70 T-26, 4 BT-5, 20 ( 92? ) CV-35 tanks. The armoured car regiment had around 50 BA armoured cars and 12 ( 18? ) Leichter Panzerspähwagen (Sd.Kfz. 221) armoured cars. The tank regiment consisted of four tank battalions. Each tank battalion had three tank companies. The tank regiments had approximately 200 armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs). The Nationalist government bought 88 T-26 tanks and BA-10 and BA-20 armoured cars. These AFVs and remaining German AFVs were deployed in the 200th Division and the division finally saw action in late 1938. Its first action was against the 14th Division in the Battle of Lanfeng. Following the division's combat in the Battle of Lanfeng and in operations afterward until September 1938 the division's original subordinate mechanized units were placed under direct command of the 11th Army, and the division was reorganized. It inflicted the devastating defeat upon the Japanese army at the Battle of Kunlun Pass. It suffered heavy losses after the battle at Kunlun Pass in an offensive against Batang, losing nearly two thirds of its strength and was rebuilt and reorganized. With the Soviet and Japanese non-aggression pact signing, this help from the Soviets went out the window and China started searching for allies. After signing the nonaggression pact with Germany and defeating the Kwangtung Army at Khalkin Gol, Russia started to withdraw its help from China.
Soon relations were made with the USA who only slowly began to (officially) provide help and even more when America entered the war. More than 600 of the T16 CTMS tanks were supposed to be delivered to China under Lend-Lease after Pearl Harbor, the logistical difficulty and its obsolete design compelled the Chinese to reject the offer. Later 233 U.S. M2A4 light tanks were acquired by the Nationalists along with some 48 M3A3, M5A1 Stuart tanks in Lend/Lease from the US in 1943, and 35 M4A4 Sherman tanks were acquired under the United States Military Assistance Program between 1943 and 1944.
Upon the American entry into the war in 1941, it began to supply China with AFVs which the Soviets were unable to provide. M3 Stuarts and M4 Shermans trickled in through Burma and formed part of the several well-equipped, well-trained armies that the Nationalists could deploy. These units were responsible for stopping numerous Japanese attacks during the later phases of the war.
The 200th Division also saw action in the Burma Theatre under Joseph Stilwell; it participated in the Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road in 1942 in the Burma campaign. The 200th Division distinguished itself in fighting in the Battle of Toungoo, and Battle of Hopong - Taunggyi but then suffered a disastrous defeat in the Battle of Hsipaw-Mogok Highway near the end of the campaign as it was attempting to retreat to China. After World War II, the remaining Chinese T-26 tanks equipped the First Armoured Regiment of the Army of the Chinese Kuomintang government, which saw service in East China during the Chinese Civil War (1946–1950) where several T-26 tanks were destroyed or captured by the People's Liberation Army during the Huaihai Campaign in 1949.
See also
Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937-1945)
Tanks in China
Notess
References
National Revolutionary Army
World War II military equipment of China
World War II tanks of China
20th century in China
Armoured fighting vehicles of China
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4023428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan%20Community%20College
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Metropolitan Community College
|
Metropolitan Community College may refer to
Metropolitan Community College (Nebraska), a three-campus public community college in Omaha, Nebraska
Metropolitan Community College (Missouri), a network of five community colleges in Kansas City, Missouri
Metropolitan Community College (Illinois), a community college in East St. Louis, Illinois from 1996 to 1998
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4023446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropljanin
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Evropljanin
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Evropljanin (The European) was a bi-weekly newsmagazine published in Serbia during the late 1990s. Launched in April 1998, it was visually modeled after the German newsmagazine Focus.
Owned by Slavko Ćuruvija and published under the "Moderni srpski nedeljnik" mantra, the magazine had a strongly independent editorial policy when it came to reporting on current events in FR Yugoslavia. At times, the magazine took a clear and direct anti-Milošević stance meaning it often found itself at odds with the highest echelons of government. That eventually led to fines and Ćuruvija's brutal murder. Notable Serbian journalists such as Aleksandar Tijanić, Ljiljana Smajlović, Goranka Matić, Dragan Babić, Bogdan Tirnanić, Voja Žanetić, Jelena Kosanić, and Dragan Bujošević (who was also editor-in-chief) wrote for Evropljanin.
What turned out to be the magazine's last issue came out on 19 March 1999.
References
1998 establishments in Serbia
1999 disestablishments in Serbia
Biweekly magazines
Defunct magazines published in Serbia
Magazines established in 1998
Magazines disestablished in 1999
News magazines published in Europe
Serbian-language magazines
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4023458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan%20Gommendy
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Tristan Gommendy
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Tristan Gommendy (born 4 January 1979) is a French professional racing driver who currently competes in the European Le Mans Series with Duqueine Engineering.
Racing career
Early career
Born in Le Chesnay, Yvelines, Gommendy began his professional career in French Formula Three in 2000. He won the prestigious Macau Grand Prix in 2002 and also won the French F3 Championship that year. In 2003 he drove in Eurocup Formula Renault V6 and finished third. He moved to its successor the World Series by Nissan in 2004 and finished 5th and another season in 2005 he finished fourth.
GP2, Champ Car, and Superleague Formula
In 2006 Gommendy drove in the first five rounds GP2 Series for the iSport International team and was on front row for his first race in front of Lewis Hamilton. He finished 20th in points, scoring a pair of fifth places at Circuit de Catalunya
On 8 March 2007 it was announced that Gommendy had been signed to drive for PKV Racing in the 2007 Champ Car season as a teammate to Neel Jani. At Houston and Long Beach, he led several laps before breaking down with few laps to go. Later at Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Gommendy won the pole and track record. He participated in twelve of the first thirteen races and finished 12th in points with a best finish of fourth in his final start at TT Circuit Assen.
With Champ Car merging with IndyCar the following year, resulting in fewer available race seats, Gommendy joined Superleague Formula driving for F.C. Porto, winning a race at ACI Vallelunga Circuit in 2008 and Donington Park in 2009. Gommendy continued in Superleague Formula with other teams and little success until the series shut down mid-way through the 2011 season.
Sports cars
Gommendy made his first 24 Hours of Le Mans start in 2003. His team finished the race for the first time in 2010, driving a Welter Racing LMP2 entry to 8th in class. He competed in the LMP2 class of the 2009 Le Mans Series with Welter Racing.
In 2011 following the dissolution of Superleague Formula, Gommendy was largely out of racing until he appeared in the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans for Signatech in their LMP2 Alpine A450. The team finished 14th overall and 8th in class. He raced at the LMP2 class 2014 European Le Mans Series for Thiriet by TDS Racing, winning at Silverstone. The Frenchman remained at the team for the 2015 European Le Mans Series, claiming a win at Imola and a second place at Red Bull Ring. For the 2016 European Le Mans Series, the driver switched to Eurasia Motorsport, finishing second at Red Bull Ring.
Jackie Chan DC Racing hired Gommendy to compete at the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship, again in the LMP2 class. He finished third overall at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans.
Return to IndyCar
On September 11, 2017, it was announced that Gommendy would return to American open-wheel racing, making his Indianapolis 500 debut at the 2018 Indianapolis 500, driving for Schmidt Peterson Motorsports in a partnership with former Larrousse F1 team boss Didier Calmels. However, that deal has since fallen through.
Racing record
Career summary
† Ineligible for points.
Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
American Open-Wheel
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Champ Car
Superleague Formula
2008-2009
(Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
2009 Super Final Results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
2010-2011
Complete European Le Mans Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
People from Le Chesnay
French racing drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Formula Renault V6 Eurocup drivers
Champ Car drivers
French Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
Asian Le Mans Series drivers
Sportspeople from Yvelines
ART Grand Prix drivers
Eurasia Motorsport drivers
Graff Racing drivers
TDS Racing drivers
Pons Racing drivers
KV Racing Technology drivers
OAK Racing drivers
Signature Team drivers
ISport International drivers
KTR drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
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4023461
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Drum
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Chris Drum
|
Christopher James Drum (born 10 July 1974) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 5 Tests and 5 ODIs from 1999 to 2002. Drum attended Rosmini College in Auckland.
Domestic career
Drum played for the Auckland cricket team between 1996 and 2002. He ended his career with 199 first class wickets and 74 limited overs wickets in the domestic competitions.
International career
Drum made his debut for New Zealand against Pakistan in the March 2001, in the second test match. The match was played at Jade stadium. He became the third bowler to take a wicket with his first legitimate ball in Test cricket at this ground when he had Ijaz Ahmed stepping on his wicket before completing his shot. On January 14 1999, he made his ODI debut against India and taking his first One Day International wicket by dismissing Sachin Tendulkar .
Drum was also a member of the New Zealand squad that won a Bronze medal at the 1998 Commonwealth Games, which was the only time cricket was included in Commonwealth games. He played his last Test match in April 2002, and retired from all forms of cricket soon afterwards at the relatively young age of 28.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
1974 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for New Zealand
People educated at Rosmini College
Commonwealth Games medallists in cricket
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4023465
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20of%20Death%20%28Jadakiss%20album%29
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Kiss of Death (Jadakiss album)
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Kiss of Death is the second album by American rapper Jadakiss. It is the follow-up to his 2001 Platinum-RIAA selling debut album Kiss tha Game Goodbye. The album was released in the US on the June 22, 2004 and debuted at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts.
Singles
The album's singles charted successfully. The singles include "Why" featuring Anthony Hamilton) which peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 4 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and "U Make Me Wanna" featuring Mariah Carey) which peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 8 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 selling 246,000 copies in its first week. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States a week later. In the UK, the album debuted at number 65 on the UK Albums Chart.
Track listing
Notes
signifies an additional producer.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
2004 albums
Jadakiss albums
Interscope Records albums
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by DJ Green Lantern
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by Havoc (musician)
Albums produced by Kanye West
Albums produced by Eminem
Albums produced by JellyRoll
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
Albums produced by Neo da Matrix
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4023474
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulphan
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Bulphan
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Bulphan (pronounced ) is a village and former civil parish in the borough of Thurrock in the East of England and one of the traditional (Church of England) parishes in Thurrock. In 2019 it had an estimated population of 1028. In 1931 the parish had a population of 455.
Bulphan forms part of the Orsett ward of Thurrock Council, and is part of the South Basildon and East Thurrock parliamentary constituency. It is located 21 miles (34 km) east north-east of Charing Cross in London. The Upminster post town forms a long, thin protrusion eastwards over the M25 motorway and the Greater London boundary in order to include the village. On 1 April 1936 the parish was abolished to form Thurrock.
The main features of Bulphan are the Bulphan Village Hall and Park, St Mary The Virgin Church, and Bulphan Church Of England Academy Primary School. The church is a grade I listed building.
Bulphan's original village shop closed down in 2012. However, a new community-run shop and post office opened in early 2020, in a side extension of the village hall.
Bulphan has two bus services: the 265, which runs on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays between Grays and West Horndon and the 565 to Brentwood Station via West Horndon (6 times per day, Monday to Saturday). School buses run to Shenfield School and Sockets Heath. The nearest railway station is three miles away.
Nearest places are Laindon, North Ockendon, Orsett and West Horndon.
Education
Primary education has been provided by the Bulphan Church of England Voluntary Controlled Primary School since 1853. Located on Fen lane, it educates around 84 pupils.
Notable people
Charles Littlehales (1871-1945), cricketer and clergyman
Jim Davidson (1953-), comedian
Tony Cottee (1965-), footballer and commentator
Mick Norcross (1963-2021) reality TV performer
References
External links
St Mary The Virgin Church
Villages in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex
Thurrock
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4023485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macomer
|
Macomer
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Macomer () is a town and comune of Sardinia (Italy) in the province of Nuoro. It is situated on the southern ascent to the central plateau (the Campeda) of this part of Sardinia, at the junction of narrow-gauge lines branching from the main railroad line running east to Nuoro and west to Bosa.
The district, especially the Campeda, is well suited for grazing and horse and cattle breeding, which is carried on to a considerable extent.
History
Macomer, known to the Greek geographer Ptolemy as "Macopsissa," has been inhabited since antiquity.
In 1478 was the scene of the historical battle between the Sardinians and the Aragonese, which ended the independence of Sardinia.
In 1767, under the Kingdom of Sardinia, it became the capital of the Marquisate of Marghine. The Marquisate included the nearby villages of Birori, Bolotana, Borore, Bortigali, Dualchi, Lei, Mulargia, Noragugume and Silanus.
In 1949, a statue called The Venus of Macomer was discovered in a cave located in "Marras" area, in a gorge of the river S'Adde.
The artifact depicts a Goddess Mother dating back to the Palaeolithic period. It is about high and was built with local basalt. It is currently kept in the National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari.
Nowadays, Macomer is a destination for tourists who want to admire the beautiful landscape around the city.
Main sights
The region is richer in the bronze-age towers known as nuraghi than any other part of Sardinia.
The old parish church of San Pantaleone has three Roman mile-stones in front of it, belonging to the Roman high-road from Carales to Turris Libisonis. A modern road now follows the ancient one.
Recently an ethnographic museum called "Le Arti Antiche" (The ancient Arts) has been opened, where it is possible to see tools traditionally used for agriculture and livestock, folk costumes, and photographs. The Monte di Sant'Antonio (St. Anthony's Mountain) has a great historical and naturalistic importance; on 13 June of every year the anniversary of the Saint of Padua is celebrated there.
References
Cities and towns in Sardinia
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4023489
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
|
1996 Australian Open – Men's singles
|
Boris Becker defeated Michael Chang in the final, 6–2, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1996 Australian Open.
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Chang.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Boris Becker is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (third round)
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
Boris Becker (champion)
Michael Chang (finalist)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Thomas Enqvist (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Marc Rosset (withdrew)
Andriy Medvedev (second round)
Todd Martin (third round)
Paul Haarhuis (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1996 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1996 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023492
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie%20Xuan
|
Xie Xuan
|
Xie Xuan (謝玄) (343–388), courtesy name Youdu (幼度), formally Duke Xianwu of Kangle (康樂獻武公), was a Jin Dynasty (266–420) general who is best known for repelling the Former Qin army at the Battle of Fei River, preventing the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān from destroying Jin and uniting China.
Early career
Xie Xuan was a scion of the influential Xie clan of Chen. His father Xie Yi (謝奕) ,was the elder brother of the Jin prime minister Xie An. Xie Xuan's sister Xie Daoyun (謝道韞) was known for her literary talent and quick wit. Early in his career, both Xie Xuan and his uncle Xie An served on staff of the paramount general Huan Wen. Huan Wen greatly prized Xie Xuan's ability, and once commented, with regard to him and his colleague Wang Xun (王珣), both of whom served as his secretaries:
By age 40, Mr. Xie will possess a great general's banner and staff, and Mr. Wang will be a prime minister even while his hair is black. Both are uncommon talents.
After Huan Wen's death in 373, Xie Xuan initially served on the staff of Huan Wen's brother Huan Huo. In 377, when the imperial government was looking for a general capable of defending the northeastern border (modern Jiangsu) against Former Qin, Xie An, against the usual custom of not recommending one's own clan members, recommended him. The official Chi Chao, who ordinarily feuded with Xie An on nearly all matters, immediately remarked, "Xie An, in his good judgment, made an uncommonly good move against public sentiment, and Xie Xuan would surely not fail his expectations." Chi made these remarks based on the time when he also served on Huan Wen's staff and saw Xie Xuan's abilities.
Xie Xuan recruited elite soldiers, and among the ones that joined him was Liu Laozhi (劉牢之), who in later campaigns served as his assistant and forward commander. Eventually, Xie put together an army that was the most elite of the Jin forces, known as the Beifu Forces (北府兵). His army first distinguished itself in 378, when Former Qin forces made simultaneous attacks on the important Jin cities Xiangyang (襄陽, in modern Xiangfan, Hubei), Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), and Pengcheng (彭城, in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Xiangyang and Weixing fell to Former Qin, as did Pengcheng, but Xie, charged with relieving Pengcheng, made a fierce counterattack in 379, defeating the Former Qin generals Ju Nan (俱難) and Peng Chao (彭超) and recapturing Pengcheng. This was the first major victory that Jin had over Former Qin in decades, and it was a major morale booster.
The Battle of Fei River
In 383, as Former Qin launched a major assault with intent to destroy Jin once and for all, Xie Xuan and his Beifu Force was sent to the frontline, reporting to the command of his uncle Xie Shi (謝石). Xie Shi, initially intimidated by the much larger Former Qin force, considered merely trying to block Former Qin progress without major engagement, but after he was advised otherwise by the Former Qin ambassador Zhu Xu—a Jin general who was captured by Former Qin in 379 but who secretly remained loyal to Jin—and chose to engage Former Qin forward troops that arrived first. Xie Xuan, charged with engaging Former Qin forces, along with Liu Laozhi, dealt them minor defeats, reducing their morale. When Former Qin troops gradually arrived, the Former Qin and Jin forces became stalemated across the Fei River (which no longer exists but probably flowed through Lu'an, Anhui, near the Huai River).
Xie Xuan sent a message to the Former Qin commanding general Fu Rong (Fu Jiān's brother) with a proposal—to have Fu Rong order his troops to retreat slightly to allow the Jin forces across, so the armies could engage. Fu Rong, after discussing with Fu Jiān, agreed, and ordered a retreat. However, once the Former Qin troops went into retreat, it panicked, and as Fu Rong tried to calm his troops down, his horse suddenly fell, and he was killed by Jin soldiers. Once that happened, Xie Xuan and other generals, Xie Yan (謝琰) and Huan Yi fiercely attacked Former Qin troops, which then completely collapsed. Former Qin would face major rebellions starting in 384 that eventually led to its disintegration and would not again pose a threat to Jin.
After the Battle of Fei River
Due to his achievements at the Battle of Fei River, Xie Xuan was created the Duke of Kangle. When the major general Huan Chong died in 384, initially Xie Xuan was to succeed him, but Xie An thought the Huan clan might be unhappy about yielding Huan Chong's command to others, so divided Huan Chong's domain into three and distributed them to members of the Huan clan. Later that year, however, Xie Xuan was put in charge of a force targeting the recovery of central China, along with Huan Shiqian. He quickly recovered most of the territory south of the Yellow River on Jin's behalf, and, in an odd case of enemies quickly turning allies, briefly relieved Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi, who was defending Yecheng against rebels led by Murong Chui, who had just founded Later Yan.
Xie apparently considered further operations to try to seize territory north of the Yellow River, but as Murong Chui quickly entrenched himself north of the Yellow River, it became clear it would be difficult to do so. In 386, after the generals Zhai Liao and Zhang Yuan (張願) rebelled, in light of popular opinion that believed that the troops were being worn out, Xie abandoned the plans entirely, and indeed moved his headquarters from Pengcheng south to Huaiyin (淮陰, in modern Huai'an, Jiangsu), although Jin continued to hold most of the territory south of the Yellow River.
After that point, it appeared that Xie suffered a series of illnesses that made it impossible for him to conduct any further campaigns and which also made him to repeatedly try to resign his command. Eventually, he was made the governor of Kuaiji Commandery along the southern shore of Hangzhou Bay. The post was important, but almost entirely civilian. He died in 388 while still serving as the governor of Kuaiji.
References
Book of Jin, vol. 79.
Jin dynasty (266–420) generals
343 births
388 deaths
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4023501
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myaungmya
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Myaungmya
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Myaungmya ( ) is a town in Myaungmya Township, Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.
The town is home to the Myanmar Union Adventist Seminary, a Seventh-day Adventist seminary and Myaungmya Education College. As of 2014 the population was 58,698.
Myaungmya is where Daw Khin Kyi, the wife of national leader General Aung San was born. It was also one of the towns where anti-colonial nationalistic education was implemented, with U Nu serving as district education officer.Also Dee Doke U Ba Cho, Burma Leader was born.Myaungmya city is the main exporter of rice in Myanmar.
George Orwell served as assistant superintendent of police in Myaungmya in 1924.
Climate
References
Populated places in Ayeyarwady Region
Township capitals of Myanmar
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4023507
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Aboriginal%20artefacts
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Australian Aboriginal artefacts
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Australian Aboriginal artefacts include a variety of cultural artefacts used by Aboriginal Australians. Most Aboriginal artefacts were multi-purpose and could be used for a variety of different occupations. Spears, clubs, boomerangs and shields were used generally as weapons for hunting and in warfare. Watercraft technology artefacts in the form of dugout and bark canoes were used for transport and for fishing. Stone artefacts include cutting tools and grinding stones to hunt and make food. Coolamons and carriers such as dillybags, allowed Aboriginal peoples to carry water, food and cradle babies. Message sticks were used for communication, and ornamental artefacts for decorative and ceremonial purposes. Aboriginal children’s toys were used to both entertain and educate.
Weapons
Aboriginal peoples used several different types of weapons including shields (also known as hielaman), spears, spear-throwers, boomerangs and clubs. Peoples from different regions used different weapons. Some peoples, for example, would fight with boomerangs and shields, whereas in another region they would fight with clubs. Weapons could be used both for hunting game and in warfare.
Weapons were of different styles in different areas. For example, a shield from Central Australia is very different from a shield from North Queensland.
Spears
Aboriginal peoples used spears for a variety of purposes including hunting, fishing, gathering fruit, fighting, retribution, punishment, in ceremony, as commodities for trade, and as symbolic markers of masculinity. Spears were historically used by skilful hand-throwing, but with changes in Aboriginal spear technologies during the mid-Holocene, they could be thrown further and with more accuracy with the aid of spear-thrower projectiles. Spears could be made from a variety of materials including softwoods, bamboo (Bambusa arnhemica), cane and reed. Projectile points could also be made from many different materials including flaked stone, shell, wood, kangaroo or wallaby bone, lobster claws, stingray spines, fish teeth, and more recently iron, glass and ceramics. These spear points could be bound to the spear using mastics, glues, gum, string, plant fibre and sinews.
Clubs
An Aboriginal club, otherwise known as a waddy or nulla-nulla, could be used for a variety of purposes such as for hunting, fishing, digging, for grooving tools, warfare and in ceremonies. A fighting club, called a ‘Lil-lil’, could, with a heavy blow, break a leg, rib or skull. Clubs which could create severe trauma were made from extremely hard woods such as acacias including ironwood and mitji. Many clubs were fire hardened and others had sharpened stone quartz attached to the handle with spinifex resin.
Boomerangs
The boomerang is recognised by many as a significant cultural symbol of Australia. The term 'returning boomerang' is used to distinguish between ordinary boomerangs and the small percentage which, when thrown, will return to its thrower. The oldest wooden boomerang artefact known, excavated from the Wyrie Swamp, South Australia in 1973, is estimated to be 9,500 years old.
Boomerangs could be used:
as hunting or fighting weapons;
for digging;
as cutting knives;
for making fire by friction; and
as percussion instruments for making music.
Shields
Shields were mainly used by Aboriginal warriors to defend themselves in dispute battles, often for commodities such as territory. A shield which had not lost a battle was thought to be inherently powerful and was a prized possession. Shields were made from wood or bark and usually had carved markings or painted designs. They could also be used in ceremonies such as in corroborees.
The Elemong shield is made from bark and is oval in shape. A handle is attached to the back and the shield was often painted with red and white patterns. Arragong and Tawarrang shields were carved of wood often with an outer layer of bark. Tawarrang shields were notably narrow and long and had patterns carved into the sides. This particular category of shield could also be used as a musical instrument when struck with a club, in addition to its use as a weapon.
Shields originating from the North Queensland rainforest region are highly sought after by collectors due to their lavish decorative painting designs. These shields were made from buttress roots of rainforest fig trees (Ficus sp.) They were painted with red, yellow, white and black using natural materials including ochre, clay, charcoal and human blood. Shields from the post-contact period can, in some instances, include the colour blue. A piece of lawyer cane (Calamus australis) would be pushed up the shield owner's nose to cause bleeding. Blood would be put onto the shield, signifying their life being shared with the object. Designs on each shield were original and would represent the owners’ totemic affiliations and their country. This could be done through symbolism, composition and other means of visual representation. On the final day of a young Aboriginal man's initiation ceremony, he is given a blank shield for which he can create his own design. It was believed that the shield harnessed the power and protection of the owners totem and ancestral spirits.
Findings
Watercraft
Types of watercraft differed among Aboriginal communities, the most notable including bark canoes and dugout canoes which were built and used in different ways. Methods of constructing canoes were passed down through word of mouth in Aboriginal communities, not written or drawn. Canoes were used for fishing, hunting and as transport.
Dugout canoes
Dugout canoes were a major development in watercraft technology and were suited for the open sea and in rougher conditions. They could be used for hunting dugongs and sea turtles.
Bark canoes
Bark canoes were most commonly made from Eucalypt species including the bark of swamp she-oak Casuarina glauca, Eucalyptus botryoides, stringybark Eucalyptus agglomerata and Eucalyptus acmenoides. Bark could only be successfully extracted at the right time of a wet season in order to limit the damage to the tree's growth and so that it was flexible enough to use. The bark would be cut with axes and peeled from the tree. More than one piece of bark was sometimes used. "Canoe trees" can be distinguished today due to their distinctive scars. The shaping was done by a combination of heating with fire and soaking with water. The ends of the bark canoe would be fastened with plant-fibre string with the bow (front of canoe) fastened to a point. Branches could be used to reinforce joints; and clay, mud or other resin could be used to seal them. Due to the small draft and lightness of bark canoes, they were used in calmer waters such as billabongs, rivers, lakes, estuaries and bays. Aboriginal men would throw spears to catch fish from the canoe, whereas women would use hooks and lines. Bark paddles could be used to propel the canoe and thick leafy branches were held to catch the wind.
Stone artefacts
Cutting tools made of stone and grinding or pounding stones were also used as everyday items by Aboriginal peoples. Cutting tools were made by hammering a core stone into flakes. Grinding stones can include millstones and mullers. Quartzite is one of the main materials Aboriginal people used to create flakes but slate and other hard stone materials were also used. Flakes can be used to create spear points and blades or knives. Grindstones were used against grass seeds to make flour for bread, and to produce marrow from bones.
Stone artefacts not only were used for a range of necessary activities such as hunting, but they also hold a special spiritual meaning. Indigenous Australians describe a stone artefact as holding the spirit of an ancestor who once owned it. 30,000-year-old grinding stones have been found at Cuddie Springs, NSW.
Leilira blades from Arnhem Land were collected between 1931 and 1948 and are held at the Australian Museum.
Coolamons and carriers
Coolamons are Aboriginal vessels, generally used to carry water, food, and to cradle babies. Coolamons could be made from a variety of materials including wood, bark, animal skin, stems, seed stalks, stolons, leaves and hair. When travelling long distances, coolamons were carried on the head. Akartne was placed underneath the coolamon to support its weight. They could be made from possum hair, feathers, or twisted grass.
Findings
Message sticks
Message sticks, also known as "talking-sticks", were used in Aboriginal communities to communicate invitations, declarations of war, news of death and so forth. They were made of wood and were usually flat with motifs engraved on all sides to express a message. The type of wood and shape of a message stick could be a part of the message. Special messengers would carry message sticks over long distances and were able to travel through tribal borders without harm. After the message had been received, generally the message stick would be burned.
Findings
Ornamental artefacts
Some Aboriginal peoples used materials such as teeth and bone to make ornamental objects such as necklaces and headbands.
Teeth ornaments
The most common teeth ornaments consisted of lower incisors of macropods such as kangaroos or wallabies. One of the most fascinating discoveries was a necklace made from 178 Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) teeth recovered from Lake Nitchie in New South Wales in 1969. Forehead ornaments have also been found to use porpoise and dolphin teeth from the Gulf of Carpentaria. Crocodile teeth were used mainly in Arnhem Land.
Bone ornaments
Bones were often used for ornamental purposes, especially necklaces and pendants. These were usually worn in association with ritual or age status but could also be worn casually. Bone ornaments found from Boulia in central western Queensland were made from the phalanges of kangaroos and dingoes. Branchiostegal rays of eels from the Tully River were used as pendant units by the Gulngay people. In western Victoria, echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) quills were threaded as necklaces. A pendant made from goose down, shells, a duck beak and the upper beak of a black swan was discovered from the Murray River in South Australia. Talons of eagles were incorporated into ornaments among the Arrernte of Central Australia. Wombat (Vombatus ursinus) claw necklaces are known from Victoria. Painted requiem shark vertebrae necklaces have been found in western Arnhem Land.
Clothing
Kopis
The Kopi mourning cap is an item of headware made from clay, worn by mostly womenfolk of some Aboriginal peoples, for up to six months after the death of a loved one. After cutting off their hair, they would weave a net using sinews from emu, place this on their head, and cover it with layers of gypsum, a type of white clay obtained from rivers. They could be heavy (up to ), and were sometimes worn by men. When the mourning period was over, the Kopi would be placed on the grave of the deceased person.
Other names for the Kopi were widow's cap, korno, mulya, mung-warro, pa-ta, and yúgarda.
Children's toys
Children's toys made by Aboriginal peoples were not only to entertain but also to educate. Toys were made from different materials depending on location and materials available.
Dolls
"Dolls" could be made from cassia nemophila, with its branches assembled with string and grass. Features were often painted with clay to represent a baby. Dolls made from Xanthorrhoea are called Kamma dolls and are from Keppel Island. Shell dolls could also be made from conical shells and were often wrapped in fabric to distinguish age or status.
Rattles
Rattles could be made out of a variety of different materials which would depend on geographical accessibility. For example, they could be made out of land snail shells, sea snail shells (Haliotis asinina), valves of scallop (Annachlamys flabellata), walnut seeds or olive shells which were strung together with string or hair and were often painted.
Bags and baskets
In Arnhem Land, the Gulf region of Queensland and Cape York, children’s bags and baskets were made from fibre twine.
Toy spears
Play spears, which were often blunt wooden spears, were used by boys in mock battles and throwing games.
Collections
Sacred items
Artefacts sometimes regarded as sacred items and/or used in ceremonies include bullroarers, didgeridoos and carved boards called churinga.
Art
Most Aboriginal art is not considered artefact, but often the designs in Aboriginal art are similar designs to those originally on sacred artefacts.
Keeping Places
A Keeping Place (usually capitalised) is an Aboriginal community-managed place for the safekeeping of repatriated cultural material or local cultural heritage items, cultural artefacts, art and/or knowledge. Krowathunkooloong Keeping Place in Gippsland, Victoria is one example of a Keeping Place. In Western Australia there is a collaboratively developed and managed online system for managing cultural heritage known as The Keeping Place Project.
See also
Australian Aboriginal culture
Indigenous Collection (Miles District Historical Village)
References
External links
Aboriginal art
Didgeridoo art
Aboriginal artifacts.
Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
Individual sports
Recreational weapons
Sports equipment
Throwing clubs
Australian inventions
Sports originating in Australia
Physical activity and dexterity toys
Australian English
Hunting equipment
National symbols of Australia
Primitive weapons
Weapons of Australia
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4023515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Johnson%20%28drummer%29
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Michael Johnson (drummer)
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Michael Wayne Johnson (born July 30, 1982, in Orlando, Florida) is an American pop singer and drummer, formerly of the boyband "Natural". He performed with various projects until joining Marc Terenzi in a new band Terenzi in 2008.
Early life
Michael Johnson began dancing at the age of 4. He eventually began to dance professionally, winning many awards and scholarships. He also danced for many Disney and television specials growing up. At the age of 8, he began to study voice and performing in musical theatre. At the age of 13, he won the titles "Mr. Dance of Florida" and "Teen Dancer of the year".
Natural
Many publicity stories exist as to how Natural was started, but the most likely one is that in 1999, Marc Terenzi met a man named Patrick King at a party. Michael was friends with Patrick King, and Marc was friends with a man named Ben Bledsoe. After many lineup changes, the men added Michael 'J' Horn to their lineup and decided to call themselves Natural
The boys tried to get signed with many major labels but were turned down despite a huge local following in Orlando, FL. One day as they rehearsed at Transcontinental Studios, boyband king Lou Pearlman noticed them and liked their act. Soon after, they were signed with Transcontinental Records.
Lou Pearlman had a new twist for his old boyband vision: not only would they dance, sing, and look cute, but they would also play instruments. Many of the other members already played various instruments but Michael had not. It was through this arrangement that he started learning percussion. By the time the first single was out, Michael was officially the drummer of the group and played well enough to be recorded on the first album 'Keep it Natural'.
Lou Pearlman spared no expense and promoted the guys' first single with Claire's and a tour with the Monkees. However, American fame came slowly, and the band soon traveled to Germany, where they produced songs targeted to young women. to conquer little girl's hearts. They had much success with such hits as "Put Your Arms Around Me", "Will It Ever", and "Runaway".
In the summer of 2002 Marc Terenzi met German pop star Sarah Connor at a music festival, and the two soon began dating. Their relationship continued despite Lou Pearlman's strict prohibitions of facial hair, of piercings or tattoos, and of girlfriends.
Meanwhile Michael was having his own trouble with Lou's rules. He was dubbed the 'bad boy' in the image of the group but wasn't allowed to do anything remotely 'unwholesome'. Although he had his lip piercing, Lou caused him to remove the jewelry. On top of this he had to constantly have his hair in blue spikes – an image he kept until the group dismembered.
In the summer of 2003 Sarah Connor, became pregnant and the couple became engaged. Around this time, Natural was coming back from a hiatus and releasing a single 'What if' from their 2nd album It's Only Natural. Lou Pearlman wasn't happy with the news and wanted Marc kicked out of Natural and replaced with someone new. The other members (except Patrick King) were not thrilled with this and decided to break Natural up. They finished the tour and Michael was left to a new phase in life.
Life after Natural
Once Natural disbanded Michael wished to remain close to his now former band members. He was asked to stay with the 'New Natural', which also would be run by Pearlman under the same format as the previous edition. Although Patrick King had already agreed to this, Michael decided against the arrangement after a period of time.
After turning down the idea of staying in the 'New Natural' Michael got word that Marc Terenzi and Mike Castonguay (former producer and musical director for Natural) were forming a band named Jaded Rose with a third man named Paul Rippee. But soon musical disagreements led to the band's dismemberment: Marc Terenzi wanted to continue to make pop rock songs, while the other members wanted to do something more pure rock.
From this situation Jaded Rose disbanded despite the offers of a reality TV show in Germany and a record deal. Marc Terenzi kept with the pop rock style and the rest of the members went off to form Lukewarm Freeda.
Mike Castonguay and Michael wrote for the next four months and wrote songs such as Little Miss Get Around (which was featured on Veronica Mars) and Downtown Love which was featured in the movie I'm Through With White Girls.
Lukewarm Freeda was a more hard edged punk blues band. The band did some shows in Los Angeles, Nashville and Orlando with the addition of Paul Rippee as a touring bassist. Soon, Michael and Mike relocated to Los Angeles, where they worked together with several bands in the area.
Work with other bands
Michael continues to drum with Lukewarm Freeda as well as other bands including 'In for the Kill' and Capra. In 2005 he formed his own label 'Blue Suede Records'.
2008: Terenzi
On May 7, 2008, it was announced on Marc Terenzi's official Myspace that he and Johnson had formed a new band alongside Benny Richter, " It is true that I am forming a new band. A project that is more edgy and modern. We plan on taking the new music to a whole new level. music that both my old fans and new fans will like, that is why I will form a new band. We don't know what the name of the project should be but if you have any Ideas let us know. you never know maybe we pick a name you give us. The members that will always be a part of this new band are Myself, Benny Richter and Michael Johnson (Natural). We are bringing a whole lot more edge to our music and are busy working in the studio right now.
we have really big plans for this year so get ready for a crazy journey."
The new band is featured in the reality show, "Sarah and Marc: Crazy in Love" which will air on ProSieben in Germany.
In June 2008 it was announced the new group had been formed under the name 'Terenzi'. 'Terenzi' consisted of Johnson, Marc Terenzi, Benny Richter, Kai Stuffel and Christian Adameit. For their first single the group covered Michael Jackson's Billie Jean in a much slower arrangement. "Billie Jean" was scheduled to be released on August 8, 2008. An album titled "Black Roses" is set to be released August 28, 2008.
2011: New Beat Fund
Presently, Johnson plays in New Beat Fund as a drummer. The band was formed in 2011 in Los Angeles and features guitarist/lead-vocalist Jeff Laliberte, bassist Paul Laliberte, guitarist Shelby Archer, and drummer Michael Johnson.
References
External links
Official Michael Johnson Drummer Myspace Page
1982 births
Living people
Natural (band) members
American drummers
Lake Brantley High School alumni
21st-century American singers
21st-century American drummers
21st-century American male singers
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4023528
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20tha%20Game%20Goodbye
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Kiss tha Game Goodbye
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Kiss tha Game Goodbye is the debut studio album by American rapper Jadakiss. The album was released on August 7, 2001, by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Interscope Records. The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 and number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 selling 204,000 copies in its first week. It was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States. As of June 2004, the album has sold 877,000 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Swizz Beatz - production (2, 12, 15); co-production (14)
Icepick - production (1, 7, 11)
Mahogany - production (3, 20)
The Alchemist - production (5, 19)
Jadakiss - production (11, 21)
The Neptunes - production (4)
DJ Premier - production (6)
Grimy - production (7)
P.K. - production (8)
Timbaland - production (9)
Wayne-O - production (10)
Sheek - production (11)
DJ Shok - production (13)
Eric McCaine - production (14)
Just Blaze - production (16)
Fiend - production (17)
Rated R - production (18)
Mas - production (18)
Chucky Thompson - production (20)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2001 debut albums
Jadakiss albums
Interscope Records albums
Albums produced by Timbaland
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by Just Blaze
Albums produced by the Alchemist (musician)
Albums produced by DJ Premier
Ruff Ryders Entertainment albums
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4023545
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1995 Australian Open – Men's singles
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Andre Agassi defeated the defending champion Pete Sampras in the final, 4–6, 6–1, 7–6(8–6), 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1995 Australian Open. Agassi was making his Australian Open debut. He would go on to win three more editions of the tournament in 2000, 2001, and 2003.
A memorable moment occurred in the quarterfinal match between Sampras and Jim Courier. Sampras had fought from a two-set deficit to level the match at 2–2. Shortly after winning the first game of the fifth set, Sampras was overcome with grief over his then-coach, Tim Gullikson. (Gullikson had suffered several seizures while touring with Sampras in Europe in late 1994. Shortly before Sampras' match against Courier, Gullikson had collapsed during a practice session after suffering another seizure, with tests proving inconclusive at Epworth Hospital and being flown home to Chicago for further tests.) During the fifth set of the match, Sampras retired to his chair and broke down in tears. When he returned, Courier offered to finish the match the next day. Sampras declined and then won the match. Gullikson was later diagnosed with inoperable brain cancer and died in May 1996.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Andre Agassi is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (final)
Andre Agassi (champion)
Boris Becker (first round)
Goran Ivanišević (first round)
Michael Chang (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (fourth round)
Michael Stich (third round)
Todd Martin (fourth round)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Marc Rosset (first round)
Andriy Medvedev (quarterfinals)
Thomas Muster (third round)
Magnus Larsson (fourth round)
Richard Krajicek (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1995 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1995 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023550
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording%20Industry%20Association%20of%20Japan
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Recording Industry Association of Japan
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The is an industry trade group composed of Japanese corporations involved in the music industry. It was founded in 1942 as the Japan Phonogram Record Cultural Association, and adopted its current name in 1969.
The RIAJ's activities include promotion of music sales, enforcement of copyright law, and research related to the Japanese music industry. It publishes the annual RIAJ Year Book, a statistical summary of each year's music sales, as well as distributing a variety of other data.
Headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, the RIAJ has twenty member companies and a smaller number of associate and supporting members; some member companies are the Japanese branches of multinational corporations headquartered elsewhere.
The association is responsible for certifying gold and platinum albums and singles in Japan.
RIAJ Certification
In 1989, the Recording Industry Association of Japan introduced the music recording certification systems. It is awarded based on shipment figures of compact disc or cassette tape which was reported by record labels. In principle, the criteria are limitedly applied to the materials released after January 21, 1989.
Certification awards
Currently, all music sales including singles, albums, digital download singles are on the same criteria. Unlike many countries, the highest certification is called "Million".
Old criteria (until June 2003)
Before the unification of criteria and introduction of music videos category in July 2003, a separate scale had been used for certification awards.
Digital certifications
Certifications for songs and albums released digitally began on September 20, 2006, using download data collected since the early 2000s. From 2006 until 2013, there were three categories for certifications: , (i.e. a download to a cellphone) and for songs purchased on services such as iTunes. On February 28, 2014, the Chaku-uta Full and PC categories were merged to create the category.
While digital album certifications are possible, only a few albums have received this certification since the RIAJ began awarding it, including the 2011 Songs for Japan charity album, and Hikaru Utada's sixth studio album Fantôme. In 2021, Ayumi Hamasaki's A Complete: All Singles (2008) became the first album released in the 2000s to receive digital certification.
Streaming only
As of April 2020, RIAJ has begun to certify songs for streaming, just how it does for physical shipments and digital download sales.
Unlike physical shipments and digital download sales, the streaming certifications have their own levels, due to the higher amount of streams compared to the other formats.
Members
Main members
Avex Group¹
Avex Entertainment
Avex Digital (supporting member)
Being Inc.
Dreamusic Incorporated
For Life Music
Geneon Universal Entertainment¹
King Records¹
Bellwood Records (supporting member)
King Records International (supporting member)
Nippon Columbia
Columbia Marketing (supporting member)
Nippon Crown¹
Pony Canyon¹
Exit Tunes (associate member)
Sony Music Entertainment Japan¹
Ariola Japan (supporting member)
DefStar Records (supporting member)
Epic Records Japan (supporting member)
Ki/oon Records (supporting member)
SME Records (supporting member)
Sony Music Artists (supporting member)
Sony Music Associated Records (supporting member)
Sony Music Direct (supporting member)
Sony Music Distribution (supporting member)
Sony Music Japan International (supporting member)
Sony Music Records (supporting member)
Teichiku Entertainment¹
Tokuma Japan Communications¹
Universal Music Group¹
EMI Music Japan¹
VAP Inc.¹
Victor Entertainment¹
Warner Music Group¹
Yamaha Music Communications
Yoshimoto R&C
Associate members
Amuse Soft Entertainment
HATS Unlimited
Johnny and Associates
J Storm
Johnny's Entertainment
Konami Digital Entertainment
Bandai Visual
Lantis (main member)
LD&K Records
Naxos Records
Pryaid Records¹
Stardust Records
Space Shower Networks
Spiritual Beast
Venus Records
Village Again Association
NBC Universal Entertainment Japan
KISS Entertainment
Rambling Records
Gambit
Croix
Supporting members
Aniplex (subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment Japan)
Crown-Tokuma Music (joint venture of Nippon Crown and Tokuma Japan Communications)
Free Board
Holiday Japan
Jei One
NPPDevelop
T-Toc Records
TV Asahi Music
Ward Records
Toys Factory
Aceforce Entertainment
Kino Music
¹Member, International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
See also
List of best-selling albums in Japan
List of best-selling singles in Japan
List of best-selling music artists in Japan
Recording Industry Association of America
Australian Recording Industry Association
List of music recording sales certifications
RIAJ Digital Track Chart
Global music industry market share data
References
External links
Recording Industry Association of Japan - in English
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4023555
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varallo%20Sesia
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Varallo Sesia
|
Varallo Sesia (Piedmontese: Varal), pronouciation (Vhuh-rahl-loh) commonly known as Varallo, is a comune and town in the province of Vercelli in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is situated in Valsesia, at above sea level and some north-northeast of Vercelli and northwest of Novara.
Once called Varade, it is divided in two boroughs (Varallo Vecchia and Varallo Nuova) by the Mastallone stream.
In 1971, Varallo was awarded the Golden Medal for Military Valor for the deeds of its population against the German occupation in the late stages of World War II.
Geography
The valley of the Sesia is very narrow at this point as it nears its source. Varallo lies on the left bank where the Mastallone flows into the Sesia.
The town is surrounded by the foothills of the Alps and is not far from the Monte Rosa, which is visible from the surrounding hills.
Main sights
The churches of San Gaudenzio, Santa Maria delle Grazie, and Santa Maria di Loreto, all contain works by Gaudenzio Ferrari, who was born in the neighboring Valduggia.
Museums and galleries include the Pinacoteca Civica (the David and Goliath pictured is by Tanzio da Varallo who was born in the frazione Riale), the Museo Comola in the frazione Camasco, the Museo Scaglia and the Museo di Storia Naturale Calderini.
About above the town the Sacro Monte di Varallo is one of the most famous Piedmontese pilgrimage sites, and the oldest of the Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy which were inscribed by UNESCO in the World Heritage List in 2003. The environs are composed of winding paths leading past 45 chapel-like enclosures containing groups of life-size painted terra-cotta figures with backgrounds in fresco (by Gaudenzio Ferrari and others). The tableaux represent scenes mainly from the life of Jesus. The array was initiated by a Franciscan, Bernardino Caimi, who aimed to reproduce locally images of the passion as a goal of pilgrims. The main pilgrimage church was built by Pellegrino Tibaldi after 1578. In the works mentioned Ferrari's whole development may be traced.
In the frazione of Arboerio are the old church of Saints Quirico and Giulitta, with a 17th-century polyptych and an altar of the Madonna del Rosario, and the Villa Eremo.
Twin towns — sister cities
Varallo Sesia is twinned with:
Die, France
See also
Varallo Sesia railway station
Varallo Pombia, a commune in the Province of Novara
References
External links
Official web site for European Sacred Mountains
Cities and towns in Piedmont
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4023567
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejer%20de%20la%20Frontera
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Vejer de la Frontera
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Vejer de la Frontera is a Spanish hilltop town and municipality in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia, on the right bank of the river Barbate. The town of Vejer de la Frontera occupies a low hill overlooking the Straits of Gibraltar and surrounded by orchards and orange groves. It contains several ancient churches and convents, and the architecture of many of its houses recalls the period of Moorish rule, which lasted from 711 until the town was captured by Saint Ferdinand of Castile in 1248. Agriculture and fruit-farming are the chief industries; fighting bulls are also bred in the neighborhood and a running of the bulls is held annually.
Demographics
Festivities
Vejer Rally: It is the most important sporting event in the town, it is a test of the Andalusian Mountain Championship with more than 35 editions.
Carnaval: Traditional Cadiz-style carnival with chirigotas and comparsas and a wider range of costumes. It is held one week after the Carnival of Cádiz.
Holy Week: A sober and intimate Holy Week held in the alleys of Vejer. There are three brotherhoods: The Brotherhood of the Cristo de la Oliva which performs procession on Holy Wednesday, the Brotherhood of Nuestro Padre Jesus Nazareno, which parades on Holy Thursdays and the Brotherhood of the Soledad which performs its procession on Holy Friday. The latter two are accompanied by Saetas.
Spring Carnival: Main festivity of the town with various casetas and attractions.
Verbena de San Juan: The strawmen Juanillos and Juanillos are burned, taking the shape of important personalities during the year. The festivity also includes the fire bull.
Velada de Nuestra Señora de la Oliva: Romeria where the patron saint of the town is taken to her sanctuary.
Sister cities
Ostuni, Italy
Chefchaouen, Morocco
Amboise, France
Gallery
References
External links
Visitor information about the town and area, multilingual
Tourist information site
Information for English speaking visitors
Costa de la Luz
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz
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4023585
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinner%20Man
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Sinner Man
|
"Sinner Man" or "Sinnerman" is an African American traditional spiritual song that has been recorded by a number of performers and has been incorporated in many other media and arts. The lyrics describe a sinner attempting to hide from divine justice on Judgment Day. It was recorded in the 1950s by Les Baxter, the Swan Silvertones, the Weavers and others, before Nina Simone recorded an extended version in 1965.
1950s recordings
The earliest recording of the song to bear the title "Sinner Man" was by the Les Baxter Orchestra in 1956, as the B-side of the Capitol Records single "Tango of the Drums". The lead vocal was by folk singer Will Holt, who shared the credit for writing the song with Baxter. However, the song clearly bears a close resemblance, in both melody and lyrics, to "On the Judgement Day", which was recorded by gospel group The Sensational Nightingales in 1954 and released the following year on the Peacock label. The writing of The Sensational Nightingales' song was credited to two of the group's singers, Julius Cheeks and Ernest James. Some of the lyrics in "Sinner Man", including "The rock cried out, 'No hiding place'", appear to derive from those in the spiritual, "No Hiding Place Down Here", recorded in 1928 by the Old South Quartette.
A version of "Sinner Man" released in 1956, by Swedish-American folk singer William Clauson, credited Baxter, Holt, Cheeks and James as co-writers. Another gospel group, the Swan Silvertones, released their version of the song in 1957 on the Vee-Jay label, and folk singer Guy Carawan issued a version in 1958. Carawan wrote that he had learned the song in 1956 from Bob Gibson. Most modern recorded versions derive from the 1956 recording by Les Baxter. Further changes and additions were codified in 1959 by the folk music group the Weavers. The Weavers' performance of the song appears on their compilation albums Gospel and Reunion at Carnegie Hall Part 2.
Nina Simone recording
"Sinnerman" (spelled as one word) is one of Nina Simone's most famous songs. She recorded her definitive 10-minute-plus version on her 1965 album Pastel Blues, on which the credit is simply given as "Arranged by Nina Simone" . Simone learned the lyrics of the song in her childhood when it was used at revival meetings by her mother, a Methodist minister, to help people confess their sins. In the early days of her career during the early sixties, when she was heavily involved in the Greenwich Village scene, Simone often used the long piece to end her live performances. An earlier version of the song exists, recorded live at The Village Gate, but was not used on the 1962 Colpix album Nina at the Village Gate. It was added as a bonus track to the 2005 CD release.
Simone's version of "Sinnerman" has been sampled by Kanye West for the Talib Kweli song "Get By" (2003), by Timbaland for the song "Oh Timbaland" (2007), and by Felix da Housecat for Verve Record's "Verve Remixed" series (Verve Remixed 2 (2003), Verve Remixed Plus (2005)). French rapper Abd al-Malik sampled Simone's version for the title track of his 2006 album Gibraltar. The 2018 Hozier track "Nina Cried Power" and the 2020 Celeste track "Stop This Flame" also sample the song.
Nina Simone's version was used as a soundtrack to the art gallery theft scene in the 1999 film The Thomas Crown Affair. Her version is also played during the end credits of David Lynch's 2006 experimental film Inland Empire, and was featured in the video game Marc Ecko's Getting Up.
Peter Tosh and the Wailers versions
"Sinner Man" has also been recorded as ska and reggae versions several times by the Wailers.
It was first recorded by the group at Studio One in Kingston, Jamaica in early 1966; Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer shared lead vocals.
A different version entitled "Downpressor" was recorded by Peter Tosh & The Wailers in 1970 ("downpressor" meaning "oppressor" in Rastafarian vocabulary). The song featured Tosh on lead vocals and Bunny Wailer on background. An instrumental version was also released. Songwriting credit for this version is sometimes given to Peter Tosh.
Another version was recorded in 1971 as "Oppressor Man". This version was billed as a Peter Tosh solo single, and the B Side of the single featured an instrumental version. It was one of the rarer songs from the period before being included, along with its version, on JAD's Black Dignity compilation in 2004.
Tosh recorded the song again as "Downpresser Man" for his 1977 solo album Equal Rights and released a live recording of the song in a medley with "Equal Rights" on his 1983 album Captured Live.
Other versions
The band His Name Is Alive released a version of the song on their 1997 EP Nice Day (as "Oh Sinner Man").
A cover of the song was the title track of the 1996 debut album, Sinnerman, by Atlantic Records recording artists Extra Fancy, led by openly gay singer Brian Grillo. The homoerotic music video made for the track featured Alexis Arquette as a closeted street preacher.
The song has also been covered by 16 Horsepower on their album Folklore (2002); by Irish singer Sinéad O'Connor on her 2005 album Throw Down Your Arms; and by the ska-punk band Goldfinger.
In 2020, Vika and Linda covered the song for their album, Sunday (The Gospel According to Iso).
On the Netflix show, Lucifer, Lucifer (played by Tom Ellis) plays the piano and sings the song for the crowd at his nightclub in the sixth episode of the first season.
In the HBO show, Lovecraft Country, a cover by Alice Smith of "Sinnerman" is played over the closing credits for each episode.
In the HBO show The Righteous Gemstones, a cover of "Sinnerman" by The Travelers Three (1962) is played over the closing credits of season 2 episode 3.
References
External links
"Sinnerman" information including lyrics at the Nina Simone Database. — meaning, given to online learning guide
"Sinner Man" page at The 60's Jamaican Music Reference
American folk songs
Peter, Paul and Mary songs
Nina Simone songs
Trini Lopez songs
Peter Tosh songs
Three Dog Night songs
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4023588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy%20Susan
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Lazy Susan
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A Lazy Susan is a turntable (rotating tray) placed on a table or countertop to aid in distributing food. Lazy Susans may be made from a variety of materials but are usually glass, wood, or plastic. They are circular and placed in the centre of a table to share dishes easily among diners. Although they are common in Chinese restaurants, the Lazy Susan is a Western invention. Owing to the nature of Chinese cuisine, especially dim sum, they are common at formal Chinese restaurants both in mainland China and abroad. In Chinese, they are known as (t. 餐桌轉盤) (p cānzhuō zhuànpán) or "dinner-table turntables".
History
It is likely that the explanation of the term Lazy Susan has been lost to history. Folk etymologies claim it as an American invention. According to lore, Thomas Jefferson invented the device, which was known as a "dumbwaiter", for his daughter Susan. Regardless of the origins of the name, by 1917 it was advertised in Vanity Fair as "Ovington's $8.50 mahogany 'Revolving Server or Lazy Susan'", but the term's use predates both the advertisement and, probably, the country.
Part of the mystery arises from the variety of devices that were grouped under the term "dumb waiter" (today written dumbwaiter). An early 18th-century British article in The Gentleman's Magazine describes how silent machines had replaced garrulous servants at some tables and, by the 1750s, Christopher Smart was praising the "foreign" but discreet devices in verse. It is, however, almost certain that the devices under discussion were wheeled serving trays similar to those introduced by Thomas Jefferson to the United States from France, where they were known as étagères. At some point during or before the third quarter of the 18th century, the name dumb waiter also began to be applied to rotating trays. (Jefferson never had a Lazy Susan at Monticello, but he did construct a box-shaped rotating book stand and, as part of serving "in the French style", employed a revolving dining-room door whose reverse side supported a number of shelves.). By the 1840s, Americans were applying the term to small lifts carrying food between floors as well. The success of George W. Cannon's 1887 mechanical dumbwaiter popularised this usage, replacing the previous meanings of "dumbwaiter".
The Lazy Susan was initially uncommon enough in the United States for the utopianist Oneida Community to be credited with its invention. They employed the devices as part of their practice of communal living, making food easily and equally available to residents and visitors at meals. An American patent was issued in 1891 to Elizabeth Howell for "certain new and useful Improvements in Self-Waiting Tables". Howell's device ran more smoothly and did not permit bread crumbs to fall into the space between the Lazy Susan and the table.
Despite various folk etymologies linking the name to Jefferson and Edison's daughters, the earliest use of these "serviettes" or "butler's assistants" being called a Lazy Susan dates to the 1903 Boston Journal:
John B. Laurie, as the resuscitator of "Lazy Susan", seems destined to leap into fortune as an individual worker. "Lazy Susan" is a step toward solving the ever-vexing servant problem. She can be seen, but not heard, nor can she hear, she simply minds her business and carries out your orders in a jiffy.
Laurie was a Scottish carpenter who made his "Lazy Susan" to the personal specifications of a Hingham-area woman. Unfortunately he presented this gift to her too late, which caused her to unleash an abusive tirade upon Laurie. When she finally asked him for the price, he "told her it wasn't for sale, though of course it is". The name was repeated in a 1911 Idaho Statesman article which describes it as "a cousin to the 'curate's assistant', as the English muffin stand is called" and again in the 1912 Christian Science Monitor, which calls the "silver" lazy Susan "the characteristic feature of the self-serving dinner table". By the next year, the Lima Daily News described an Ohioan "inaugurat[ing] ... the 'Lazy Susan' method of serving". Henry Ford used an enormous one on his camping trips in the 1920s to avoid bringing a full contingent of servants along with his guests. In 1933, the term was added to the Webster's Dictionary.
Unusually, the 1916 American Cookery describes the device as a German invention:
There is a table arrangement used much in Germany, which has now found its way to America, though it is still by no means common. The German frau calls it "Lazy Susan", but it is entirely different from our product used for salt and pepper shakers. Its only point of similarity is the swivel upon which it turns. The one which joys my heart is of mahogany, and it turns automatically at the slightest touch. It contains seven china dishes, six of which are trapezoids, the center one being octagonal. The trapezoids fit about the center octagon, forming a perfect whole.
By 1918, Century Magazine was already describing the Lazy Susan as out of fashion, but beginning in the 1950s its popularity soared once again after the redesign and reintroduction of the Lazy Susan by George Hall, an engineer, soy sauce manufacturer, and partner in popular San Francisco-area Chinese restaurants (Johnny Kan's and Ming's of Palo Alto), and the rotating tray became ubiquitous in Chinese restaurants and was used in homes around the globe. The decline in America's domestic service sector after World War I and its collapse following World War II, combined with the post-war Baby Boom, led to a great demand for them in US households across the country in the 1950s and 1960s. This popularity has had the effect, however, of making them seem kitsch in subsequent decades.
Other uses
The term is infrequently used for the much older turntables employed in pottery wheels and related tasks like sculpture, modeling, repair work, etc.
See also
Round table (furniture)
Serving cart
References
External links
Cabinets (furniture)
Serving and dining
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4023591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20power
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Perfect power
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In mathematics, a perfect power is a natural number that is a product of equal natural factors, or, in other words, an integer that can be expressed as a square or a higher integer power of another integer greater than one. More formally, n is a perfect power if there exist natural numbers m > 1, and k > 1 such that mk = n. In this case, n may be called a perfect kth power. If k = 2 or k = 3, then n is called a perfect square or perfect cube, respectively. Sometimes 0 and 1 are also considered perfect powers (0k = 0 for any k > 0, 1k = 1 for any k).
Examples and sums
A sequence of perfect powers can be generated by iterating through the possible values for m and k. The first few ascending perfect powers in numerical order (showing duplicate powers) are :
The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers (including duplicates such as 34 and 92, both of which equal 81) is 1:
which can be proved as follows:
The first perfect powers without duplicates are:
(sometimes 0 and 1), 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, 32, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 125, 128, 144, 169, 196, 216, 225, 243, 256, 289, 324, 343, 361, 400, 441, 484, 512, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1000, 1024, ...
The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers p without duplicates is:
where μ(k) is the Möbius function and ζ(k) is the Riemann zeta function.
According to Euler, Goldbach showed (in a now-lost letter) that the sum of over the set of perfect powers p, excluding 1 and excluding duplicates, is 1:
This is sometimes known as the Goldbach–Euler theorem.
Detecting perfect powers
Detecting whether or not a given natural number n is a perfect power may be accomplished in many different ways, with varying levels of complexity. One of the simplest such methods is to consider all possible values for k across each of the divisors of n, up to . So if the divisors of are then one of the values must be equal to n if n is indeed a perfect power.
This method can immediately be simplified by instead considering only prime values of k. This is because if for a composite where p is prime, then this can simply be rewritten as . Because of this result, the minimal value of k must necessarily be prime.
If the full factorization of n is known, say where the are distinct primes, then n is a perfect power if and only if where gcd denotes the greatest common divisor. As an example, consider n = 296·360·724. Since gcd(96, 60, 24) = 12, n is a perfect 12th power (and a perfect 6th power, 4th power, cube and square, since 6, 4, 3 and 2 divide 12).
Gaps between perfect powers
In 2002 Romanian mathematician Preda Mihăilescu proved that the only pair of consecutive perfect powers is 23 = 8 and 32 = 9, thus proving Catalan's conjecture.
Pillai's conjecture states that for any given positive integer k there are only a finite number of pairs of perfect powers whose difference is k. This is an unsolved problem.
See also
Prime power
References
External links
Lluís Bibiloni, Pelegrí Viader, and Jaume Paradís, On a Series of Goldbach and Euler, 2004 (Pdf)
Number theory
Integer sequences
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4023594
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubie%21
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Eubie!
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Eubie! Is a revue featuring the music of jazz/swing composer Eubie Blake, with lyrics by Noble Sissle, Andy Razaf, Johnny Brandon, F. E. Miller, and Jim Europe. As with most revues, the show features no book, but instead showcases 23 of Eubie Blake's best songs. The idea of the show was conceived by Julianne Boyd. It opened in 1978, receiving positive reviews from Time, Newsweek, Variety, Backstage, and The Today Show.
Production
After seven previews, the Broadway production, opened on September 20, 1978, at the Ambassador Theatre, where it ran for 439 performances. The show was conceived and directed by Julianne Boyd, choreographed by Billy Wilson and Henry LeTang, and costumed by Bernard Johnston. Vicki Carter was the musical director, pianist, and conductor. Lou Gonzalez was the sound designer. Eubie Blake was nearly 100 years of age when the show opened. An original cast recording was produced by Warner Brothers and released on vinyl in 1979, and was later released on CD.
The theater setting was designed to be reminiscent of the 1920s, with "curlicued settings, dancers diving down a staircase in a pie-shaped wedge, a girl in a mantilla with a Spanish rose in her teeth". Many of the songs were from the Blake-Sissle 1921 show Shuffle Along, which follows the story of two friends who are both running for mayor. Among the songs were "Charleston Rag", "Daddy", "My Handyman Ain't Handy No More", "Gee, I Wish I Had Someone to Rock Me in the Cradle of Love", and "There's a Million Little Cupids in the Sky" (from the 1924 Blake-Sissle show The Chocolate Dandies).
A few months after the show's opening on Broadway, the tour of Eubie! opened on February 7, 1979, in Baltimore.
Songs
Act I
1. "Good Night, Angeline" (1917), Europe and Sissle; Shuffle Along
2. "Charleston Rag" (1899)
3. "Shuffle Along" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
4. "In Honeysuckle Time" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
5. "I'm Just Wild About Harry" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
6. "Baltimore Buzz" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
7. "Daddy" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
8. "There's a Million Little Cupids in the Sky" (1924), Sissle; The Chocolate Dandies
9. "I'm a Great Big Baby" (1940), Razaf; Tan Manhattan
10. "My Handy Man Ain't Handy No More" (1930), Razaf; Blackbirds of 1930
11. "Low Down Blues" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
12. "Gee, I Wish I Had Someone to Rock Me in the Cradle of Love" (1919), Sissle
13. "I'm Just Simply Full of Jazz" (1919), Sissle; Shuffle Along
Act II
14. "High Steppin' Days" (1921)
15. "Dixie Moon" (1924), Sissle; The Chocolate Dandies
16. "Weary" (1940), Razaf; Tan Manhattan
17. "Roll, Jordan" (1930), Razaf
18. "Memories of You" (1930), Razaf; Blackbirds of 1930
19. "If You've Never Been Vamped by a Brownskin, You've Never Been Vamped at All" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
20. "You Got to Git the Gittin While the Gittin's Good" (1956), Miller
21. "Oriental Blues" (1921), Sissle; Shuffle Along
22. "I'm Craving for That Kind of Love" (1921) Sissle; Shuffle Along
23. "Hot Feet" (1958), Sissle
24. "Good Night, Angeline" (1917), Europe and Sissle; Shuffle Along
Cast
The original cast of Eubie! included an all-black cast consisting of 12 performers and nine musicians. The performers were Ethel Beatty, Terry Burrell, Leslie Dockery, Lynnie Godfrey, Gregory Hines, Maurice Hines, Mel Johnson Jr., Lonnie McNeil, Janet Powell, Marion Ramsey, Alaina Reed, Jeffery V. Thompson. Of these performers Gregory Hines and Lynnie Godfrey were nominated for awards for their performances in Eubie!
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
References
External links
Eubie! at the Music Theatre International website
1978 musicals
Broadway musicals
Revues
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4023602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1994 Australian Open – Men's singles
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Pete Sampras defeated Todd Martin in the final, 7–6(7–4), 6–4, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1994 Australian Open.
Jim Courier was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Sampras.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Pete Sampras is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Stich (first round)
Jim Courier (semifinals)
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Thomas Muster (quarterfinals)
Cédric Pioline (first round)
Petr Korda (first round)
Todd Martin (finalist)
Magnus Gustafsson (quarterfinals)
Marc Rosset (third round)
Alexander Volkov (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Karel Nováček (third round)
Ivan Lendl (fourth round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Qualifying
Draw
Key
Q = Qualifier
WC = Wild card
LL = Lucky loser
r = Retired
Finals
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1994 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
1994 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20limitation
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Conditional limitation
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Conditional Limitation, in law, a phrase used in two senses.
(1) The qualification annexed to the grant of an estate or interest in land, providing for the determination of that grant or interest upon a particular contingency happening. An estate with such a limitation can endure only until the particular contingency happens; it is a present interest, to be divested on a future contingency. The grant of an estate to a man so long as he is parson of Dale, or while he continues unmarried, are instances of conditional limitations of estates for life.
(2) A use or interest in land limited to take effect upon a given contingency. For instance, a grant to X. and his heirs to the use of A., provided that when C. returns from Rome the land shall go to the use of B. in fee simple. B. is said to take under a conditional limitation, operating by executory devise or springing or shifting use.
In American law, this creates a fee simple on condition subsequent.
References
Real property law
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4023625
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20jurisprudence
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Medical jurisprudence
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Medical jurisprudence or legal medicine is the branch of science and medicine involving the study and application of scientific and medical knowledge to legal problems, such as inquests, and in the field of law. As modern medicine is a legal creation, regulated by the state, and medicolegal cases involving death, rape, paternity, etc. require a medical practitioner to produce evidence and appear as an expert witness, these two fields have traditionally been interdependent.
Forensic medicine, which includes forensic pathology, is a narrower frontline field which involves the collection, documentation, analysis and presentation of objective information (medical evidence) for use in the legal system.
History
Song Ci (1186–1249) was probably the first forensic scientist. He recorded all the known forensic techniques at the time in his book known as the Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified.
Paul Zacchias was also one of the earliest figures of medical jurisprudence, with association with the Papal States and Catholic church. Zacchias was the personal physician to Pope Innocentius X and Pope Alexander VII, as well as legal adviser to the Rota Romana. His most well known book, Quaestiones medico-legales (1621-1651) established legal medicine as a topic of study. Zacchias work contains superstitious views on magic, witches, and demons which were widely held at the time.
Medical jurisprudence had a chair founded at the University of Edinburgh in 1807, first occupied by Andrew Duncan, the younger. It was imposed on the university by the administration of Charles James Fox, and in particular Henry Erskine working with Andrew Duncan, the elder.
Scope
Medical jurisprudence is concerned with a broad range of medical, legal, and ethical issues, as well as human rights and rights of individuals.
Physicians have a duty to act in their patients best interest and can be charged in a court of law if they fail to do so. On the other hand, a physician may be required to act in the interest of third parties if his patient is a danger to others. Failure to do so may lead to legal action against the physician.
Medical jurisprudence includes:
questions of the legal and ethical duties of physicians;
questions affecting the civil
Under the second heading, there are many aspects, including:
questions of competence or sanity in civil or criminal proceedings;
questions of competence of minors in matters affecting their own health; and,
questions of lawful fitness or safety to drive a motor vehicle, pilot an aeroplane, use scuba gear, play certain sports, or to join certain occupations.
Under the third heading, there are also many aspects, including:
assessment of illness or injuries that may be work-related (see workers' compensation or occupational safety and health) or otherwise compensable;
assessment of injuries of minors that may relate to neglect or abuse; and,
certification of death or else the assessment of possible causes of death. This, however, is the more commonly understood, albeit narrow, meaning of forensic medicine.
See also
Criminal investigation
Criminal psychology
Nerio Rojas, Argentine physician and forensic medicine author
Bibliography
Ferllini, R. "Silent witness". Grange 2007.
Saukko, P.; Knight, B. "Knight’s forensic pathology". CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group 2016.
References
External links
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4023638
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde%20Park%20Gate
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Hyde Park Gate
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Hyde Park Gate is a street in Central London, England, which applies to two parallel roads in Kensington on the southern boundary of Kensington Gardens. These two roads run south, perpendicular to Kensington Road, but the name Hyde Park Gate also applies to the houses on the south side of that road between Queen's Gate and De Vere Gardens.
It is known for being a former residence and the death place of Sir Winston Churchill.
The numbering system was changed in 1884, e.g. Number 11 became 20.
Notable residents
Number 6
The Consular Section of the Embassy of Algeria
Number 9
Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, founder of the scouting movement
Number 14
Margaret Kennedy, novelist
Number 16
The Embassy of Estonia
Number 17
Victoria Claflin Woodhull Martin, first woman to run for the US presidency
Number 18
Sir Jacob Epstein, sculptor and painter
Number 19
Arthur Stockdale Cope, artist member of the Royal Academy
Number 22
Vanessa Bell, painter
Virginia Woolf, writer
Sir Leslie Stephen, scholar and writer (previously at 20, born at 42)
Julia Stephen, philanthropist, writer, artist's model
Number 24
Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby, politician and Chancellor of The Exchequer (1983–1989)
Nigella Lawson, food writer, journalist and broadcaster
Number 28
Sir Winston Churchill, former prime minister, who died there
Number 29
Sir Roderick Jones, director of Reuters, and Enid Bagnold, novelist and playwright
Number 34
The High Commission of Fiji
Number 38
The Embassy of the Netherlands
References
Bibliography
Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
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4023645
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Pettit
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Philip Pettit
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Philip Noel Pettit (born 1945) is an Irish philosopher and political theorist. He is the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Politics and Human Values at Princeton University and also Distinguished University Professor of Philosophy at the Australian National University.
Education and career
Pettit was educated at Garbally College, the National University of Ireland, Maynooth (BA, LPh, MA) and Queen's University, Belfast (PhD).
He has been a lecturer at University College, Dublin, a research fellow at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and professor at the University of Bradford. He was for many years professorial fellow in social and political theory at the Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University before becoming a Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University for five years, then moving to Princeton.
He is the recipient of numerous honours, including an honorary doctorate from the National University of Ireland.
He was keynote speaker at Graduate Conference, University of Toronto.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2013. He has also been a Guggenheim Fellow.
Philosophical work
Pettit defends a version of civic republicanism in political philosophy. His book Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government provided the underlying justification for political reforms in Spain under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero. Pettit detailed his relationship with Zapatero in his A Political Philosophy in Public Life: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero's Spain, co-authored with José Luis Martí.
Pettit holds that the lessons learned when thinking about problems in one area of philosophy often constitute ready-made solutions to problems faced in completely different areas. Views he defends in philosophy of mind give rise to the solutions he offers to problems in metaphysics about the nature of free will, and to problems in the philosophy of the social sciences, and these in turn give rise to the solutions he provides to problems in moral philosophy and political philosophy. His corpus as a whole was the subject of a series of critical essays published in Common Minds: Themes from the Philosophy of Philip Pettit (Oxford University Press, 2007).
Affiliations and honours
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2009)
Honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy (2010)
Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2013)
Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia (1987)
Member of the scientific committee of the Fundacion IDEAS
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the 2017 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)
Selected bibliography
Books
The Concept of Structuralism: a Critical Analysis (1975)
Judging justice: an introduction to contemporary political philosophy (1980)
Rawls: 'A Theory of Justice' and its critics (1990) with Chandran Kukathas
The Common Mind; an essay on psychology, society and politics (1993)
Not Just Deserts. A Republican Theory of Criminal Justice () with John Braithwaite
Republicanism: a theory of freedom and government (1997)
Three Methods of Ethics: a debate (1997) with Marcia Baron and Michael Slote
A Theory of Freedom: from psychology to the politics of agency (2001)
Rules, Reasons and Norms: selected essays (2002)
The Economy of Esteem: an essay on civil and political society (2004) with Geoffrey Brennan
Mind, Morality, and Explanation: Selected Collaborations (with Frank Jackson and Michael Smith) (Oxford University Press, 2004)
Made with Words: Hobbes on Language, Mind, and Politics (2007)
"Joining the Dots" in Common Minds: Themes from the Philosophy of Philip Pettit (2007) edited by Geoffrey Brennan, Robert E. Goodin, Frank Jackson and Michael Smith
A Political Philosophy in Public Life: Civic Republicanism in Zapatero's Spain (2010) with José Luis Martí
Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Corporate Agents. (2011) with Christian List
On The People's Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. (2012)
Just Freedom: A Moral Compass for a Complex World. (2015)
The Robust Demands of the Good: Ethics with Attachment, Virtue, and Respect. (2015)
Chapters in books
References
Further reading
External links
Profile: Philip Pettit, princeton.edu; accessed 13 March 2015.
Pettit: Republican reflections on the 15-M movement, in Books and Ideas; accessed 13 March 2015.
Eye to Eye: an interview with Pettit by Petri Koikkalainen and Sami Syrjämäki, academia.edu; accessed 13 March 2015.
1945 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Irish philosophers
21st-century Irish philosophers
Australian ethicists
Australian philosophers
Australian political philosophers
Australian republicans
Consequentialists
Irish ethicists
Irish political philosophers
Irish republicans
Living people
People from County Galway
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Political philosophers
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Fellows of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
Companions of the Order of Australia
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
People educated at Garbally College
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4023651
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Pieters
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Kim Pieters
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Kim Pieters (born 1959) is a New Zealand painter, musician and digital filmmaker.
Background
Born in Rotorua, New Zealand, she was the eldest of six children and grew up on the Bombay Hills. In the early 1980s, she led a peripatetic life, traveling to Australia and around New Zealand. She moved to Christchurch in the late 1980s and, without any significant formal training, "devoted herself to her art practice". She held her first exhibition of photographs and drawings in Wellington in 1981, and her first painting exhibition at the Canterbury Society of Arts Gallery in 1989. In 1993, along with others such as the musician Peter Stapleton, she relocated to Dunedin where she participated in the city's "‘free noise’ scene", and was instrumental in establishing the Metonymic record label (1996) and the experimental film and music festival Lines of Flight (2000). She took up residence in her current studio near the Dunedin waterfront in 2007, which initiated "an especially concentrated period of painting".
Work
Involved in a number of different media, and a long-standing fixture on the experimental music scene, she, nonetheless, describes painting as her "ultimate life choice". The origins of this choice date back to when, as a child of ten, she was encouraged by her aunt to make images as an afternoon project. Pieters recalls this moment as a "numinous" experience. "Making a picture" creates a state of mind, in her words, in which "everything falls away." She explains that "[p]ainting is where my attention is completely absorbed....I am happiest when I am painting." She elaborates: "When I paint I am looking to hold the unsayable....For me, abstraction is intimately tied to ideas of experience and language. The most curious, the most wonderful thing – but perhaps also the most terrifying – is that which we can’t name. This is where everything begins for me."
Critical reception
Pieters won the Waikato Museum’s National Contemporary Art Award in 2017 for her painting "The Meaning of Ethics" (2017, mixed media on board). Elizabeth Caldwell, director of the City Gallery in Wellington and judge for the award commented: "The work draws on a tradition of stylistic abstract painting. As a judge, one of the things I look for is originality and a signature style. Kim Pieters is an artist who uses her own vocabulary of gestures in her art-making. She has got complete mastery of her craft."
Pieters' work has been widely exhibited in New Zealand in galleries such as: Artspace NZ (2012), the Adam Art Gallery (2014), Inge Doesburg Gallery (2016), the Dunedin Public Art Gallery (2018), Bowerbank Ninow (2016, 2018) and RDS Gallery (2019).
References
External links
Official website
1959 births
Living people
People from Rotorua
New Zealand painters
New Zealand women painters
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4023658
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacism
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Betacism
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In historical linguistics, betacism (, ) is a sound change in which (the voiced bilabial plosive, as in bane) and (the voiced labiodental fricative , as in vane) are confused. The final result of the process can be either /b/ → [v] or /v/ → [b]. Betacism is a fairly common phenomenon; it has taken place in Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, and several Romance languages.
Greek
In Classical Greek, the letter beta ⟨β⟩ denoted . As a result of betacism, it has come to denote in Modern Greek, a process which probably began during the Koine Greek period, approximately in the 1st century CE, along with the spirantization of the sounds represented by the letters . Modern (and earlier Medieval) Greek uses the digraph ⟨μπ⟩ to represent . Indeed, this is the origin of the word betacism.
Romance languages
Perhaps the best known example of betacism is in the Romance languages. The first traces of betacism in Latin can be found in the 3rd century CE. The results of the shift are most widespread in the Western Romance languages, especially in Spanish, in which the letters ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ are now both pronounced (the voiced bilabial fricative) except phrase-initially and after a nasal consonant, when they are pronounced ; the two sounds ( and ) are now allophones. Betacism is one of the main features in which Galician and northern Portuguese diverge from central and southern Portuguese. In Catalan, betacism features in many dialects, but not in central and southern Valencian or the Balearic dialect. Other Iberian languages with betacism are Astur-Leonese and Aragonese (in fact, the latter has a pronunciation-based orthography changing all v's into b's).
Another example of betacism is in Neapolitan, or in Central Italian (particularly in Macerata) which uses ⟨v⟩ to denote betacism-produced , such that Latin bucca corresponds to Neapolitan vocca and to Maceratese "vocca", Latin arborem to arvero or arvulo, and barba to Neapolitan varva and Maceratese "varba".
Betacism in Latin
A famous medieval Latin saying states:
The saying is a pun referring to the fact that the Iberians would generally pronounce the letter v the same as b (which uses the sound [b] or [β]) instead of [w] or [v]. In Latin, the words vivere ("to live") and bibere ("to drink") are distinguished only by the use of the letters v and b, thus creating a point of confusion in the Iberian pronunciation.
Hebrew
Betacism occurred in Ancient Hebrew; the sound (denoted ⟨ב⟩) changed to and eventually to except when geminated or when following a consonant or pause. As a result, the two sounds became allophones; but, due to later sound changes, including the loss of gemination, the distinction became phonemic again in Modern Hebrew.
See also
Lenition
Iotacism
Phonological merger
Sound change
Notes
References
Sound changes
Spanish language
Greek language
Hebrew language
Galician language
Catalan language
Portuguese language
Occitan language
Sardinian language
Italian language
Romanian language
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4023675
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%2C%20Power%20%26%20Respect
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Money, Power & Respect
|
Money, Power & Respect is the debut album by hip hop group The Lox. It was released on January 13, 1998, through Bad Boy Records and featured production from the Hitmen, Dame Grease and Swizz Beatz. The album found huge success, peaking at number three on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and spawned two charting singles, "Money, Power & Respect" and "If You Think I'm Jiggy". In 2008, the title track was ranked number 53 on Vh1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.
Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
(co.) Co-producer
Sample credits
"If You Think I'm Jiggy" contains samples from "A Real Mutha for Ya", "Nothing Left to be Desired" by Johnny "Guitar" Watson, and interpolates "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" by Rod Stewart.
"Money, Power & Respect" contains a sample from "New Beginning" by Dexter Wansel
"Get This $" contains samples from "It’s Your Thing" by Lou Donaldson, "The What" by the Notorious B.I.G., and "It's Your Thing" by the Isley Brothers.
"Let's Start Rap Over" contains a sample from "Let’s Start Love Over" by Miles Jaye. Written by Michael Claxton
"I Wanna Thank You" contains samples from "Yesterday Princess" by Stanley Clarke, "Heavenly Father" by Fu-Schnickens, and "I Want to Thank You" by Alicia Myers
"Goin' Be Some Shit" contains samples from "Shut the Eff Up Hoe" by MC Lyte, and "Cardova" by the Meters.
"The Heist, Pt. 1" contains samples from "T.L.C." by Average White Band, and "Long Red" by Mountain.
"Bitches From Eastwick" contains samples from "Ike’s Mood I/You’ve Lost that Lovin’ Feelin’" by Isaac Hayes, and "Mean Women" by Dap Sugar Willie.
"Can't Stop, Won't Stop" contains samples from "Spoonin’ Rap" by Spoonie Gee, and "You Can't Stop the Reign" by Shaquille O'Neal.
"So Right" contains samples from "Encore" by Cheryl Lynn.
Personnel
Credits for Money, Power & Respect adapted from AllMusic.
Charles "Prince Charles" Alexander - Mixing
Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie - Audio Production, Composer, Executive Producer
Camilo Argumedes - Assistant Engineer
Carlos "6 July" Broady - Composer, Producer
Bob Brockman - Mixing
Rob Carter - Producer
Sean "Puffy" Combs - Audio Production, Composer, Executive Producer
Lane Craven - Mixing
Dame Grease - Audio Production, Keyboards, Producer
Stephen Dent - Engineer, Mixing
DMX - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
John Eaton - Engineer
Jay Garfield - Producer
Rasheed Goodlowe - Engineer
Terri Haskins - Art Direction
Daniel Hastings - Photography
Cheryl Jacobsen - Group Member
Jadakiss - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
Steve Jones - Assistant Engineer, Engineer
S. Jordan - Composer
Ron Lawrence - Producer
Jimmie Lee - Engineer
Lil' Kim - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
The Lox - Primary Artist, Producer
Gregg Mann - Engineer
Tony Maserati - Engineer, Mixing
Damaris Mercado - Design
John Meredith - Engineer, Unknown Contributor Role
Lynn Montrose - Assistant Engineer
Nasheim Myrick - Audio Production, Composer, Producer
Michael Patterson - Engineer, Mixing
Pent P.K. - Producer
Jayson Phillips - Composer, Group Member
Herb Powers - Mastering
Kelly Price - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Vocals
Puff Daddy - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
Sheek Louch - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
Styles P - Member of Attributed Artist, Rap
David Styles -Composer, Group Member
Swizz Beatz - Audio Production
Carl Thomas - Additional Personnel, Featured Artist, Guest Artist, Rap
Chucky Thompson - Producer, Vocals (Background)
Barry White - Grooming
Rob Williams - Engineer
Doug Wilson - Engineer
Young Lord - Producer
Micheal Claxton - Writer "Let's Start Rap Over"
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1998 (U.S.)
References
D-Block Records albums
1998 debut albums
Bad Boy Records albums
Albums produced by Sean Combs
Albums produced by Dame Grease
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
The Lox albums
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4023678
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Carter
|
Joseph Carter
|
Joseph or Joe Carter may refer to:
Military
Joseph Carter Abbott (1825–1881), Union general
Joseph E. Carter (1875–1950), American Medal of Honor recipient
Joseph F. Carter (1842–1922), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
Music
Joe Carter (guitarist) (1927–2001), slide guitarist
Joseph Dougherty Carter (1927–2005), member of the Carter Family
Politics
Joseph Carter (socialist) (1910–1970), American socialist activist
Joseph C. Carter (born 1956), first African-American National Guard Adjutant General in Massachusetts
Joseph N. Carter (1843–1913), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois
Joseph O. Carter (1835–1909), Hawaiian politician
Sports
Joe Carter (end) (1909–1991), National Football League player, 1933–1945
Joe Carter (running back) (born 1962), National Football League player, 1984–1986
Joe Carter (English footballer) (1899–1977), English football inside-forward
Joe Carter (born 1960), Major League Baseball player, 1983–1998
Joe Carter (cricketer) (born 1992), New Zealand cricketer
Other
Joe Carter (reporter), American reporter
Joseph Coleman Carter (born 1941), American historian
Joseph Henry Carter (1857–1930), British veterinarian
Joe Carter, pseudonym for Superman creator Jerry Siegel
Joe Carter (Coronation Street), a character on the UK television series Coronation Street played by Jonathan Wrather
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4023686
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPFW
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WPFW
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WPFW (89.3 FM) is a talk and jazz music community radio station serving the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. It is owned by the Pacifica Foundation, and its studios are located on K Street Northwest.
History
WPFW launched at 8 p.m. on February 28, 1977, with Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn's "Take the 'A' Train." The fifth station in the San Francisco-based Pacific Network, WPFW was different from the other Pacific stations in that it was established as a Black-staffed and -formatted station with a mission to serve as a community radio station for the largely African-American population of Washington, D.C.
The Pacifica Foundation began seeking an FM license in Washington, D.C., as early as 1968, but it was not until 1977 that WPFW won a temporary license. From its launch, WPFW was aggressive in promoting progressive voices and opinions. The station was accused of violating the Fairness Doctrine, which required broadcasters to provide time to opposing opinions, and the conservative American Legal Foundation (ALF) worked to block the station's license renewal in 1981. After a two-year delay, the Federal Communications Commission rejected the ALF's request and renewed the station's license in 1983.
Soon after it launched, the station began building out a studio facility in D.C.'s Chinatown neighborhood, which served as its home until 1996 when the station moved to Adams Morgan. In 2013, the building the station shared with the Washington City Paper was slated for demolition, necessitating another move. After a controversial attempt to relocate the station to Silver Spring, Maryland, WPFW relocated to a temporary facility on L Street NW before establishing new studios on K Street NW.
Programming
Aside from syndicated Pacifica programs such as Democracy Now!, much of its programming is locally produced and dedicated to jazz, blues, classic soul music and international or world music.
As a public station, WPFW is commercial-free and listener-sponsored.
References
External links
WPFW website (web broadcast included)
PFW
Pacifica Foundation stations
Jazz radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1977
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4023692
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoindentation
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Nanoindentation
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Nanoindentation, also called instrumented indentation testing, is a variety of indentation hardness tests applied to small volumes. Indentation is perhaps the most commonly applied means of testing the mechanical properties of materials. The nanoindentation technique was developed in the mid-1970s to measure the hardness of small volumes of material.
Background
In a traditional indentation test (macro or micro indentation), a hard tip whose mechanical properties are known (frequently made of a very hard material like diamond) is pressed into a sample whose properties are unknown. The load placed on the indenter tip is increased as the tip penetrates further into the specimen and soon reaches a user-defined value. At this point, the load may be held constant for a period or removed. The area of the residual indentation in the sample is measured and the hardness, , is defined as the maximum load, , divided by the residual indentation area, :
For most techniques, the projected area may be measured directly using light microscopy. As can be seen from this equation, a given load will make a smaller indent in a "hard" material than a "soft" one.
This technique is limited due to large and varied tip shapes, with indenter rigs which do not have very good spatial resolution (the location of the area to be indented is very hard to specify accurately). Comparison across experiments, typically done in different laboratories, is difficult and often meaningless. Nanoindentation improves on these macro- and micro-indentation tests by indenting on the nanoscale with a very precise tip shape, high spatial resolutions to place the indents, and by providing real-time load-displacement (into the surface) data while the indentation is in progress.
In nanoindentation small loads and tip sizes are used, so the indentation area may only be a few square micrometres or even nanometres. This presents problems in determining the hardness, as the contact area is not easily found. Atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy techniques may be utilized to image the indentation, but can be quite cumbersome. Instead, an indenter with a geometry known to high precision (usually a Berkovich tip, which has a three-sided pyramid geometry) is employed. During the course of the instrumented indentation process, a record of the depth of penetration is made, and then the area of the indent is determined using the known geometry of the indentation tip. While indenting, various parameters such as load and depth of penetration can be measured. A record of these values can be plotted on a graph to create a load-displacement curve (such as the one shown in Figure 1). These curves can be used to extract mechanical properties of the material.
Young's modulus
The slope of the curve, , upon unloading is indicative of the stiffness of the contact. This value generally includes a contribution from both the material being tested and the response of the test device itself. The stiffness of the contact can be used to calculate the reduced Young's modulus :
Where is the projected area of the indentation at the contact depth , and is a geometrical constant on the order of unity. is often approximated by a fitting polynomial as shown below for a Berkovich tip:
Where for a Berkovich tip is 24.5 while for a cube corner (90°) tip is 2.598. The reduced modulus is related to Young's modulus of the test specimen through the following relationship from contact mechanics:
Here, the subscript indicates a property of the indenter material and is Poisson's ratio. For a diamond indenter tip, is 1140 GPa and is 0.07. Poisson’s ratio of the specimen, , generally varies between 0 and 0.5 for most materials (though it can be negative) and is typically around 0.3.
There are two different types of hardness that can be obtained from a nano indenter: one is as in traditional macroindentation tests where one attains a single hardness value per experiment; the other is based on the hardness as the material is being indented resulting in hardness as a function of depth.
Hardness
The hardness is given by the equation above, relating the maximum load to the indentation area. The area can be measured after the indentation by in-situ atomic force microscopy, or by 'after-the event' optical (or electron) microscopy. An example indentation image, from which the area may be determined, is shown at right.
Some nanoindenters use an area function based on the geometry of the tip, compensating for elastic load during the test. Use of this area function provides a method of gaining real-time nanohardness values from a load-displacement graph. However, there is some controversy over the use of area functions to estimate the residual areas versus direct measurement. An area function typically describes the projected area of an indent as a 2nd-order polynomial function of the indenter depth . When too many coefficients are used, the function will begin to fit to the noise in the data, and inflection points will develop. If the curve can fit well with only two coefficients, this is the best. However, if many data points are used, sometimes all 6 coefficients will need to be used to get a good area function. Typically, 3 or 4 coefficients works well. Service Document Probe Calibration; CSV-T-003 v3.0; Exclusive application of an area function in the absence of adequate knowledge of material response can lead to misinterpretation of resulting data. Cross-checking of areas microscopically is to be encouraged.
Strain-rate sensitivity
The strain-rate sensitivity of the flow stress is defined as
where is the flow stress and is the strain rate produced under the indenter. For nanoindentation experiments which include a holding period at constant load (i.e. the flat, top area of the load-displacement curve), can be determined from
The subscripts indicate these values are to be determined from the plastic components only.
Activation volume
Interpreted loosely as the volume swept out by dislocations during thermal activation, the activation volume is
where is the temperature and kB is Boltzmann's constant. From the definition of , it is easy to see that .
Hardware
Sensors
The construction of a depth-sensing indentation system is made possible by the inclusion of very sensitive displacement and load sensing systems. Load transducers must be capable of measuring forces in the micronewton range and displacement sensors are very frequently capable of sub-nanometer resolution. Environmental isolation is crucial to the operation of the instrument. Vibrations transmitted to the device, fluctuations in atmospheric temperature and pressure, and thermal fluctuations of the components during the course of an experiment can cause significant errors.
Continuous stiffness measurement (CSM)
Dynamic nanoindentation or continuous stiffness measurement (CSM, also offered commercially as CMX, dynamics...), introduced in 1989, is a significant improvement over the quasi-static mode described above. It consists into overlapping a very small, fast (> 40 Hz) oscillation onto the main loading signal and evaluate the magnitude of the resulting partial unloadings by a lock-in amplifier, so as to quasi-continuously determine the contact stiffness. This allows for the continuous evaluation of the hardness and Young's modulus of the material over the depth of the indentation, which is of great advantage with coatings and graded materials. The CSM method is also pivotal for the experimental determination of the local creep and strain-rate dependent mechanical properties of materials, as well as the local damping of visco-elastic materials. The harmonic amplitude of the oscillations is usually chosen around 2 nm (RMS), which is a trade-off value avoiding an underestimation of the stiffness due to the "dynamic unloading error" or the "plasticity error" during measurements on materials with unusually high elastic-to-plastic ratio (E/H > 150), such as soft metals.
Atomic Force Microscopy
The ability to conduct nanoindentation studies with nanometer depth, and sub-nanonewton force resolution is also possible using a standard AFM setup. The AFM allows for nanomechanical studies to be conducted alongside topographic analyses, without the use of dedicated instruments. Load-displacement curves can be collected similarly for a variety of materials - provided that they are softer than the AFM tip - and mechanical properties can be directly calculated from these curves. Conversely, some commercial nanoindentation systems offer the possibility to use a piezo-driven stage to image the topography of residual indents with the nanoindenter tip.
Software
Experimental software
The indentation curves have often at least thousands of data points. The hardness and elastic modulus can quickly be calculated by using a programming language or a spreadsheet. Instrumented indentation testing machines come with the software specifically designed to analyze the indentation data from their own machine. The Indentation Grapher (Dureza) software is able to import text data from several commercial machines or custom made equipment. Spreadsheet programs such as MS-Excel or OpenOffice Calculate do not have the ability to fit to the non-linear power law equation from indentation data. A linear fit can be done by offset displacement so that the data passes through the origin. Then select the power law equation from the graphing options.
The Martens hardness, , is a simple software for any programmer having minimal background to develop. The software starts by searching for the maximum displacement, , point and maximum load, .
The displacement is used to calculate the contact surface area, , based on the indenter geometry. For a perfect Berkovich indenter the relationship is .
The indentation hardness, is defined slightly different.
Here, the hardness is related to the projected contact area .
As the indent size decreases the error caused by tip rounding increases. The tip wear can be accounted for within the software by using a simple polynomial function. As the indenter tip wears the value will increase. The user enters the values for and based on direct measurements such as SEM or AFM images of the indenter tip or indirectly by using a material of known elastic modulus or an atomic force microscope (AFM) image of an indentation.
Calculating the elastic modulus with software involves using software filtering techniques to separate the critical unloading data from the rest of the load-displacement data. The start and end points are usually found by using user defined percentages. This user input increases the variability because of possible human error. It would be best if the entire calculation process was automatically done for more consistent results. A good nanoindentation machine prints out the load unload curve data with labels to each of the segments such as loading, top hold, unload, bottom hold, and reloading. If multiple cycles are used then each one should be labeled. However mores nanoindenters only give the raw data for the load-unload curves. An automatic software technique finds the sharp change from the top hold time to the beginning of the unloading. This can be found by doing a linear fit to the top hold time data. The unload data starts when the load is 1.5 times standard deviation less than the hold time load. The minimum data point is the end of the unloading data. The computer calculates the elastic modulus with this data according to the Oliver—Pharr (nonlinear). The Doerner-Nix method is less complicated to program because it is a linear curve fit of the selected minimum to maximum data. However, it is limited because the calculated elastic modulus will decrease as more data points are used along the unloading curve. The Oliver-Pharr nonlinear curve fit method to the unloading curve data where is the depth variable, is the final depth and and are constants and coefficients. The software must use a nonlinear convergence method to solve for , and that best fits the unloading data. The slope is calculated by differentiating at the maximum displacement.
An image of the indent can also be measured using software. The atomic force microscope (AFM) scans the indent. First the lowest point of the indentation is found. Make an array of lines around the using linear lines from indent center along the indent surface. Where the section line is more than several standard deviations (>3 ) from the surface noise the outline point is created. Then connect all of the outline points to build the entire indent outline. This outline will automatically include the pile-up contact area.
For nanoindentation experiments performed with a conical indenter on a thin film deposited on a substrate or on a multilayer sample, the NIMS Matlab toolbox is useful for load-displacement curves analysis and calculations of Young's modulus and hardness of the coating. In the case of pop-in, the PopIn Matlab toolbox is a solution to analyze statistically pop-in distribution and to extract critical load or critical indentation depth, just before pop-in. Finally, for indentation maps obtained following the grid indentation technique, the TriDiMap Matlab toolbox offers the possibility to plot 2D or 3D maps and to analyze statistically mechanical properties distribution of each constituent, in case of a heterogeneous material by doing deconvolution of probability density function.
Computational software
Molecular dynamics (MD) has been a very powerful technique to investigate the nanoindentation at atomic scale. For instance, Alexey et al employed MD to simulate the nanoindentation process of a titanium crystal, dependence of deformation of the crystalline structure on the type of the indenter is observed, which is very hard to harvest in experiment. Tao et al performed MD simulations of nanoindentation on Cu/Ni nanotwinned multilayers films using a spherical indenter and investigated the effects of hetero-twin interface and twin thickness on hardness. Recently, a review paper by Carlos et al is published upon the atomistic studies of nanoindentation. This review covers different nanoindentation mechanisms and effects of surface orientation, crystallography (fcc, bcc, hcp, etc), surface and bulk damage on plasticity. All of the MD-obtained results are very difficult to be achieved in experiment due to the resolution limitation of structural characterization techniques. Among various MD simulation software, such as GROMACS, Xenoview, Amber, etc., LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator), which is developed by Sandia National Laboratories, is the most widely used for simulation. An interaction potential and an input file including information of atom ID, coordinates, charges, ensemble, time step, etc are fed to the simulator, and then running could be executed. After specified running timesteps, information such as energy, atomic trajectories, and structural information (such as coordination number) could be output for further analysis, which makes it possible to investigate the nanoindentation mechanism at atomic-scale. Another interesting Matlab toolbox called STABiX has been developed to quantify slip transmission at grain boundaries by analyzing indentation experiments in bicrystal.
Applications
Nanoindentation is a robust technique for determination of mechanical properties. By combining the application of low loads, measuring the resulting displacement, and determining the contact area between the tip of the indenter and the sample a wide range of mechanical properties are able to be measured. The application that drove the innovation of the technique is testing thin film properties for which conventional testing are not feasible. Conventional mechanical testing such as tensile testing or dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) can only return the average property without any indication of variability across the sample. However, nanoindentation can be used for determination of local properties of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous materials. The reduction in sample size requirements has allowed the technique to become broadly applied to products where the manufactured state does not present enough material for microhardness testing. Applications in this area include medical implants, consumer goods, and packaging. Alternative uses of the technique are used to test MEMs devices by utilizing the low-loads and small scale displacements the nanoindenter is capable of.
Limitations
Conventional nanoindentation methods for calculation of Modulus of elasticity (based on the unloading curve) are limited to linear, isotropic materials.
Pile up and sink in
Problems associated with the "pile-up" or "sink-in" of the material on the edges of the indent during the indentation process remain a problem that is still under investigation.
It is possible to measure the pile-up contact area using computerized image analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the indentations. This process also depends on the linear isotropic elastic recovery for the indent reconstruction.
Nanoindentation on soft materials
Nanoindentation of soft material has intrinsic challenges due to adhesion, surface detection and tip dependency of results. There is an ongoing research to overcome such problems.
Two critical issues need to be considered when attempting nanoindentation measurements on soft materials: stiffness and viscoelasticity.
The first is the requirement that in any force-displacement measurement platform the stiffness of the machine () must approximately match the stiffness of the sample (), at least in order of magnitude. If is too high, then the indenter probe will simply run through the sample without being able to measure the force. On the other hand, if is too low, then the probe simply will not indent into the sample, and no reading of the probe displacement can be made. For samples that are very soft, the first of these two possibilities is likely.
The stiffness of a sample is given by
≈×
where is the size of the contact region between the indenter and the sample, and is the sample’s elastic modulus. Typical atomic-force microscopy (AFM) cantilevers have in the range 0.05 to 50 N/m, and probe size in the range ~10 nm to 1 μm. Commercial nanoindenters are also similar. Therefore, if ≈, then a typical AFM cantilever-tip or a commercial nanoindenter can only measure in the ~kPa to GPa range. This range is wide enough to cover most synthetic materials including polymers, metals and ceramics, as well as a large variety of biological materials including tissues and adherent cells. However, there may be softer materials with moduli in the Pa range, such as floating cells, and these cannot be measured by an AFM or a commercial nanoindenter.
To measure in the Pa range, “pico-indentation” using an optical tweezers system is suitable. Here, a laser beam is used to trap a translucent bead which is then brought into contact with the soft sample so as to indent it. The trap stiffness () depends on the laser power and bead material, and a typical value is ~50 pN/μm. The probe size can be a micron or so. Then the optical trap can measure (≈/)in the Pa range.
The second issue concerning soft samples is their viscoelasticity. Methods to handle viscoelasticity include the following.
In the classical treatment of viscoelasticity, the load-displacement (P-h) response measured from the sample is fitted to predictions from an assumed constitutive model (e.g. the Maxwell model) of the material comprising spring and dashpot elements. Such an approach can be very time consuming, and cannot in general prove the assumed constitutive law in an unambiguous manner.
Dynamic indentation with an oscillatory load can be performed, and the viscoelastic behavior of the sample is presented in terms of the resultant storage and loss moduli, often as variations over the load frequency. However, the storage and loss moduli obtained this way are not intrinsic material constants, but depend on the oscillation frequency and the indenter probe geometry.
A rate-jump method can be used to return an intrinsic elastic modulus of the sample that is independent of the test conditions. In this method, a constitutive law comprising any network of (in general) non-linear dashpots and linear elastic springs is assumed to hold within a very short time window about the time instant tc at which a sudden step change in the loading rate is applied on the sample. Since the dashpots are described by relations of the form ij=ij(kl) but stress kl is continuous across the step change ∆ij in the stress rate field kl at tc, there will not be any corresponding change in the strain rate field ij across the dashpots. However, because the linear elastic springs are described by relations of the form ij=Sikjlkl where Sikjl are elastic compliances, a step change ∆ij across the springs will result according to
∆ij=Sikjl∆kl
The last equation indicates that the fields ∆kl and ∆ij can be solved as a linear elastic problem with the elastic spring elements in the original viscoelastic network model while the dashpot elements are ignored. The solution for a given test geometry is a linear relation between the step changes in the load and displacement rates at tc, and the linking proportionality constant is a lumped value of the elastic constants in the original viscoelastic model. Fitting such a relation to experimental results allows this lumped value to be measured as an intrinsic elastic modulus of the material.
Specific equations from this rate-jump method have been developed for specific test platforms. For example, in depth-sensing nanoindentation, the elastic modulus and hardness are evaluated at the onset of an unloading stage following a load-hold stage. Such an onset point for unloading is a rate-jump point, and solving the equation ij=Sikjlkl across this leads to the Tang-Ngan method of viscoelastic correction
===-
where S = dP/dh is the apparent tip-sample contact stiffness at the onset of unload, is the displacement rate just before the unload, is the unloading rate, and is the true (i.e. viscosity-corrected) tip-sample contact stiffness which is related to the reduced modulus and the tip-sample contact size by the Sneddon relation . The contact size a can be estimated from a pre-calibrated shape function = of the tip, where the contact depth is obtainable using the Oliver—Pharr relation with the apparent contact stiffness replaced by the true stiffness :
= - = -
where is a factor depending on the tip (say, 0.72 for Berkovich tip).
Tip dependence
While nanoindentation testing can be relatively simple, the interpretation of results is challenging. One of the main challenges is the use of proper tip depending on the application and proper interpretation of the results. For instance, it has been shown that the elastic modulus can be tip dependent.
Scale effects
Indent depths during nanoindentation can vary from a few nm up to around a micron. Over this range, there are strong “size effects” – ie inferred mechanical properties exhibit a dependence on depth. Several reviews cover these effects. They usually take the form of the material apparently becoming harder for shallower depths. For example, the hardness of pure gold has been found to vary from about 2 GPa for a depth of 5 nm to 0.5 GPa for a depth of 100 nm, while the “correct” value for large scale indentation of such gold is about 0.1 GPa. There have been many investigations of the causes of this effect. Postulated explanations include the need to create very high gradients of plastic strain with small indents, requiring “geometrically necessary dislocations”. Another suggestion is that there may be no dislocations in the region being deformed, with the need for their nucleation creating a requirement for higher stresses to allow plastic deformation to start (leading to a “pop-in” feature on a load-displacement plot). However, no systematic, universal correction can be made for such “size effects” and it’s not normally possible with nanoindenters to deform a volume that is large enough to be representative of the bulk material. For typical polycrystalline samples, such volumes must contain a relatively large number of grains, so as to capture the effects of grain size, texture, grain boundary structure etc. In practice, this usually requires the dimensions of the deformed region to be of the order of hundreds of microns. It may also be noted that the fine scale of nanoindentation can make the outcome sensitive to surface roughness and to the presence of oxide layers and other surface contamination.
References
Further reading
Hardness tests
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4023715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth%2C%20New%20South%20Wales
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Edgeworth, New South Wales
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Edgeworth is a suburb of Greater Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie local government area in New South Wales, Australia, located west of Newcastle's central business district.
History
Aboriginal
This area was traditionally occupied by the Awabakal people.
1870s – 1890s
Edgeworth was originally known as Cocked Hat Creek in the 1870s and early 1880s. It was renamed to Young Wallsend in 1885. The Young Wallsend Coal Company opened a colliery in 1890. The colliery ceased operations in the early 1900s, and the site was bulldozed in 1992 to build a housing estate.
The Traveller's Rest Hotel (now Edgeworth Tavern) opened in the 1890s.
The first post office opened in February 1891.
Young Wallsend School (now Edgeworth Public School) opened in April 1891. The schoolteacher's residence is heritage listed.
1900s – 1940s
St Ann's Church was erected in 1910. It was situated on Main Road, but was relocated or demolished some time after April 1991.
The first tram line was opened in 1910, connecting Glendale to West Wallsend via Main Road. The line was closed in 1930. A tramway from Brush Creek to Speers Point was opened in 1912. The Speers Point Service was closed in the 1920s, but a shuttle service continued to run between Cockle Creek Station and Speers Point during holidays. The lines were never electrified, and the tram rails were removed in 1935.
Salty Creek, also known as Sandy Bottom, was home to the Salty Creek Recreational Area in the early 1900s. It held the headquarters of the West Wallsend Swimming Club, who hosted swimming carnivals attended by local clubs. The area lost popularity in the 1940s, partly due to pollution.
1950s – present
The former Salty Creek Recreational Area became the Salty Creek Speedway in 1958. The site closed in the 1970s.
Salty Creek Public School (now Edgeworth Heights Public School) opened in January 1958.
Piped sewage was connected in 1959.
In December 1960, Young Wallsend adopted its present name in honour of the geologist Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David who, arriving in New South Wales in 1882, pioneered geological surveying of the coal seams in the Hunter Valley.
The Hawkins Masonic Village was opened in 1972.
Education
Edgeworth has three schools: Edgeworth Public School, Edgeworth Heights Public School, and St. Benedict's Primary School.
Sport and leisure
Edgeworth is home to the Edgeworth Eagles soccer club and the Sugar Valley Netball Club. The Edgeworth Sport and Rec Club provides bowls.
The Lake Macquarie Live Steam Locomotive Society has been running model steam trains in Edgeworth since 1969.
References
External links
History of Edgeworth (Lake Macquarie City Library)
Suburbs of Lake Macquarie
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4023724
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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1993 Australian Open – Men's singles
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Defending champion Jim Courier defeated Stefan Edberg in a rematch of the previous year's final, 6–2, 6–1, 2–6, 7–5 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1993 Australian Open.
Seeds
Andre Agassi (No. 9), because of bronchitis, withdrew from the tournament prior to the seedings.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
General
Specific
External links
1993 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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4023729
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6V
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6V
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6V or 6-V may refer to:
6V, IATA code for Mars RK airlines
6v, abbreviations for 6 volts
6V, abbreviation for 6-valve engine
6V-71, engine used in Detroit Diesel Series 71
6V-92, engine used in Detroit Diesel Series 92
6V, the production code for the 1985 Doctor Who serial Vengeance on Varos
See also
V6 (disambiguation)
VVVVVV
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4023732
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadamah
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Dadamah
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Dadamah were a band from New Zealand, active during the early 1990s. The band consisted of Kim Pieters, Peter Stapleton, Roy Montgomery, and Janine Stagg. They released their sole album This Is Not a Dream in 1992. After the band broke up, the members went on to numerous other music projects, including Flies Inside The Sun, Doramaar, Dissolve, and Rain.
Discography
Studio albums
This Is Not a Dream (1992)
Singles
Nicotine/High Time (1991)
Scratch Sun/Radio Brain (1991)
References
External links
Dadamah page at Kranky website
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
New Zealand indie rock groups
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4023741
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capel%2C%20Kent
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Capel, Kent
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Capel is a hamlet and civil parish in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. The parish is located on the north of the Weald, to the east of Tonbridge. The southern part of the parish lies within the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, whilst most of the land also falls within the Metropolitan Green Belt. As well as Capel itself, the parish includes the communities of Castle Hill, Colts Hill, Five Oak Green, Postern, Tudeley and Whetsted.
History
The name Capel may have derived from its church being a chapel of the nearby church at Tudeley.
The parish Church of St Thomas à Becket is now redundant, and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. Services are held there four times a year, and the church is open to visitors daily. It contains some lovely 12th century wall paintings depicting Cain and Abel, and Christ's entry to Jerusalem, originally there to help those who could not read learn the stories of the Bible. Outside is a yew tree under which Thomas Becket himself is supposed to have preached. The church tower was partly rebuilt following a fire in 1639.
The ecclesiastical parish is now known as Tudeley-cum-Capel with Five Oak Green.
Government
Capel falls within the jurisdiction of Tunbridge Wells Borough Council. Capel ward is currently represented by a Liberal Democrat councillor, Hugh Patterson.
Geography
Capel hamlet is west of the nearest town, Paddock Wood, where there is a railway station, and north-east of Tunbridge Wells. There are two main clusters of buildings, one around the church, Church Farm and Tanners Farm, at the junction of Alders Road and Church lane; and another around the Dovecot Inn, on Alders Road.
Hasted described Capel in the late 18th-century as being in:
It has changed little since.
Culture and Community
Capel also sports the Dovecote Inn, a fine traditional Kentish pub which received an award from CAMRA, The Campaign For Real Ale on 14 February 2009, marking the pub's inclusion in every edition of the Good Beer Guide for the previous 10 years.
References
External links
Capel Parish Council Website
Capel parish church
CAMRA award
Tudeley-cum-Capel with Five Oak Green
Capel History Group website
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent
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4023745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6Z
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6Z
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6Z or 6-Z may refer to:
6Z, IATA code for South African airline Panavia
6Z, IATA code for Ukrainian Cargo Airways
6Z, the production code for the 1985 Doctor Who serial Revelation of the Daleks
Class 6Z locomotive; see South African Class 6A 4-6-0
Asus ZenFone 6, known as the Asus 6Z in the Indian market
See also
Z6 (disambiguation)
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4023761
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Mobile%20Suit%20Gundam%20Wing%20characters
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List of Mobile Suit Gundam Wing characters
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This is a list of characters from the Japanese anime television series Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, known in Japan as , and subsequent spin-offs. The codes after the characters' names indicate which series and manga the characters appear in:
EZ – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Episode Zero
W – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing
GU – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing Dual Story: G-Unit
TI – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Tiel's Impulse
SY – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing Sidestory: A Scythe in My Right Hand, You in My Left
BT – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Blind Target
BP – New Report Gundam Wing: Battlefield of Pacifists
EW – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Endless Waltz
FT – New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Frozen Teardrop
Gundam Pilots / Colony Liberation Organization
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Japanese
The protagonist of Mobile Suit Gundam Wing, and the pilot of the XXXG-01W Wing Gundam and (later) the XXXG-00W0 Wing Gundam Zero. During the series, very little of his past is revealed, although the prequel manga Episode Zero revealed that he was once a nameless protégé of the assassin Odin Lowe until the assassin's death during a failed mission. Shortly thereafter, the nameless boy was taken in by Doctor J and trained as a Gundam pilot. At the onset of Operation Meteor, Doctor J gave him the code name "Heero Yuy" after the martyred leader of the space colonies whom Odin assassinated years prior. Although Heero often acts very cold, reckless, emotionless and anti-social, he sympathizes with the oppressed colony citizens and forms strong bonds with his fellow Gundam pilots, Relena and other allies over time. Though his true feelings for Relena are never fully explained in the series, he has vowed to protect her from any danger (even though, ironically enough, he originally threatened to kill her when she learned of his mission). At the end of the sequel novel series Frozen Teardrop, Heero asks Relena to marry him, and she accepts his proposal. In the epilogue, which takes place 5 months after the events of the final chapter, Heero is now living a happy and peaceful life with Relena on Mars, with the two discussing their plans on marriage and starting a family of their own. Heero Yuy was voiced by Hikaru Midorikawa in the Japanese version and Mark Hildreth in the English dub.
[EZ, W, SY, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Native American
The pilot of the XXXG-01D Gundam Deathscythe and the XXXG-01D2 Gundam Deathscythe Hell. He is cheerful, amicable and goofy, but this is a front to cover up his tragic past. In "Episode Zero", it was revealed that he chose his name to commemorate a boy he admired named Solo; they had been part of a street gang together. Solo had told the young Duo that they would always be together, but Solo later died from a disease that swept the colony. Duo took his last name from the Maxwell Church, a home for war orphans run by Father Maxwell and Sister Helen, a Catholic priest and nun. He lived in the church until it was destroyed during an Alliance attack, in what became known as "the Maxwell Church Massacre". Duo was the only survivor because he was not there during the attack; he had gone to steal a mobile suit from a nearby military base to drive out a group of Colony rebels hiding in the church. Mementos of Duo's lost loved ones are his distinctive 3-foot braid (a reminder of Sister Helen, who carefully braided his long hair as a child) and the priest's clothes that he usually wears. He refers to himself as Shinigami (the "God of Death" in the original Japanese version or the "Great Destroyer" in the edited English dub), because anyone who gets close to him eventually dies. Duo later became a member of the Sweeper Group, an engineer, a hacker of great skill, and finally a Gundam pilot after meeting Professor G. Duo Maxwell was voiced by Toshihiko Seki in the Japanese version and by Scott McNeil in the English dub.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW]
Ascendancy: Russian
The pilot of the XXXG-01H Gundam Heavyarms; he is also known as . Trowa is a stoic young man who has spent almost his entire life on the battlefield. Reserved by nature, he can be seen to be as emotionless like Heero, but is in fact a warm-hearted person who is very protective of those he cares about. Nanashi took the name "Trowa Barton" after the real one (the son of Dekim Barton) was shot and killed by the assistant of Doktor S, the creator of Gundam Heavyarms, when they were unwilling to proceed with Operation Meteor. Besides being a Gundam pilot, Trowa is also an accomplished acrobat, which serves him well in his cover identity as a clown in a travelling circus. Trowa is assumed to be Triton Bloom, Catherine Bloom's long-lost brother that was believed to have died years ago as an infant. There is only a little evidence of this: in the Episode Zero manga, the baby shown being thrown from the cart's wreckage in the bombing that killed Catherine's family has Trowa's trademark bangs, and according to official sources, Trowa has "a burn scar on his back that he didn't get in battle", but if the names of the pilots do relate to numbers, it would seem more likely that this was true. Trowa Barton was voiced by Shigeru Nakahara in the Japanese version and Kirby Morrow in English.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW]
Ascendancy: Arab
The pilot of the XXXG-01SR Gundam Sandrock, as well as the heir to a major space mining company known as the Winner Corporation. Quatre is a very kind young man who loves animals, and is the greatest believer in pacifism of the five Gundam pilots. He has twenty-nine older sisters that were all test tube babies (according to the Episode Zero manga) due to the numerous problems experienced in natural pregnancy during the colonists' first arrival in space created the need for test-tube babies until a cure was developed. Everyone was then able to produce children naturally sans the Winner family due to their living in space since the colonies' creation. Quatre's mother desperately wanted to bear at least one child naturally and so she did though it cost her life. Quatre was never informed that he was the only child who was born naturally, and thus had a cold, angry demeanor for a long time (due to feeling that he and his sisters were just pawns created by his father to benefit the Corporation and that they could all be replaced at any time). Quatre is a natural leader as he leads a group of middle-eastern fighters known as the Maganac Corps (who are all test-tube babies themselves). The Maganacs have accepted Quatre as their leader as (in Episode Zero) Quatre saved their leader Rashid's life when Quatre flushed out a traitor within the Maganac ranks. Quatre was then given his goggles by Rashid as a symbol of the leader of the Maganacs. The Maganacs also taught Quatre to have pride in himself, no matter where he came from, and the young man's kind, gentle nature arose from that understanding. Despite being a pacifist, Quatre sees the Gundams as a necessary evil, which has strained his relationship with his father, who followed the path of absolute pacifism prior to his death. Toward the end of the series, Heero turns leadership of the Gundam Team over to Quatre. Although Newtypes are not referenced in the Gundam Wing universe, Quatre seems to sense the "Heart of Space" (or "Soul of Outer Space") like Amuro Ray was able to. Quatre Winner was voiced by Ai Orikasa in the Japanese version and Brad Swaile (Amuro Ray's voice actor in Mobile Suit Gundam) in the English dub.
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW, FT]
Ascendancy: Chinese
The pilot of the XXXG-01S Shenlong Gundam and the XXXG-01S2 Altron Gundam, he constantly refers to both incarnations as the deity "Nataku" of whom his late wife Meilan modelled herself after. Wufei is a fierce warrior descended from a long, proud line of Chinese warriors and thus despises weakness in character and body. As evidenced in Episode Zero, when he was younger he was calmer and much more cerebral, but his unwillingness to fight resulted in the death of his wife Meilan, a strong girl who took the responsibility of protecting the colony (as well as Shenlong Gundam) onto herself and was killed in battle. Wufei then chose to carry out her path of justice in honor of her sacrifice. Wufei looks down on those who he deems weak and cowardly. Although Wufei preferred to fight alone, he eventually realized that he needed to team up with the other Gundam pilots to accomplish his goals. Chang Wufei was voiced by Ryuzou Ishino in the Japanese version and Ted Cole in the English dub.
[EZ, W, EW] His full name being Jack Null, he is an engineer and beam weapon expert who played a role in developing the Mobile Suits of the AC era. His distinguishing features include mechanical-looking goggles, a cybernetic right arm (the fingers of which he has an aggravating tendency to clack together), and metal braces on his lower legs. While J and his colleagues developed the OZ-00MS Tallgeese prototype mobile suit for the Alliance, they accepted Dekim Barton's request to construct the Gundams in retaliation for their colonies being oppressed. J would develop Wing Gundam based on his earlier mobile suit design known as the Wyvern. After taking the youth he appropriately named "Heero Yui" into his care, J shared his colleagues disagreed with Operation Meteor and encouraged Heero to deviate from Dekim's plan. J also saves Relena from OZ's hit squad and tells her about Heero's past, later presumed dead along with the other scientists when they re-activated Peacemillion's engines to propel Libra away from Earth. Doctor J was voiced by Minoru Inaba in Japanese and Dave Ward in English.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Deathscythe, as well as co-creator of the spaceship Peacemillion, and Duo Maxwell's mentor. He is distinguished by his long nose, mushroom-shaped hair, and a long scar on his cheek. Sardonic and rather eccentric, he tends to describe Deathscythe as "the ultimate work of art" (perhaps due to his specialization in stealth systems) and claims that the other Gundams are "a fluke". When Duo refused to go along with Dekim Barton's original Operation Meteor, G told him to "steal" Deathscythe and fight the Alliance on his own terms. G was the first to be captured by Lady Une. A member of the Sweeper Group, he was impressed by Duo cracking his security codes, and offered to train him as a Gundam pilot. G was presumed dead along with his fellow scientists in the re-activation of Peacemillion's engines.
[EW, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Heavyarms, he is distinguished by his prosthetic nose and spiked gray hair. His specialty is ballistic weaponry. S was opposed to Operation Meteor but the original Trowa Barton (Heavyarms' assigned pilot) was prepared to rat him out to his father Dekim. The Doktor's assistant then shot and killed Trowa and a nameless young engineer who had been working on Heavyarms offered to take the dead man's name and Gundam with no interest in carrying out Operation Meteor. S was presumed dead along with the other Gundam scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Gundam Sandrock, and Quatre Winner's mentor. He is rather fat, with a receding hairline that curls up in the back, and a long, thin, dark mustache that stands straight out at each end. A worker at MO-III, he originally met Quatre when the young heir's shuttle was hijacked by the Maganac Corps (as detailed in the Episode Zero manga). After learning of the youth's strength and resolve, he ended up taking a job as Quatre's tutor while borrowing Winner family resources to build Sandrock. Realizing that he couldn't take away Quatre's kind nature, H rejected Operation Meteor and sent the boy to Earth to join the Maganacs. He appears to be the most reluctant of the engineers to reveal information on the Gundams. He is responsible for leaving the blueprints of the Wing Zero behind in his facility. H was presumed dead along with the other scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, EW] The engineer and creator of the Shenlong Gundam, and Wufei Chang's mentor. Of imposing stature and spear-bald, O was a powerful and athletic expert in many forms of martial arts, a skill he brings to the mobile suits he creates. Unlike the other engineers, he wanted his young ward to follow Operation Meteor, disregarding Wufei's wife's death; this led to a rift between mentor and protege. O was presumed dead along with the other Gundam scientists on Peacemillion.
[EZ, W, BP] One of the original engineers who designed the OZ-00MS Tallgeese prototype mobile suit along with the five men who would become the Gundam engineers. But unlike them, Howard chose to live a relatively calm life, operating a salvage boat on Earth as part of the Sweeper Group. Howard repairs both Duo Maxwell's and Zechs Merquise's mobile suits, the latter after he found Zechs washed up on the beach with his Tallgeese. During Operation Meteor, he helped Duo and Heero; later in the conflict, he retrieved Peacemillion, which he co-created and became the flagship for all five of the Gundams. Howard survived the Eve Wars and stayed at the former Lunar Base as custodian of the Gundams. His Hawaiian shirts and wraparound shades make him the most colorfully dressed character in the series.
Maganac Corps
[EZ, W, EW] The leader of the Maganac Corps, he is a large, bearded man is one of Quatre's best friends and allies. Above all else, he values his teammates' lives and treats each of them as family (Maganac is derived from 'mag-anak', the Tagalog word for blood relative or clan). His customized mobile suit has a distinctive commander's fin and flared shoulder armor, which would inspire the design of the Gundam Sandrock.
Organization of the Zodiac (OZ)/OZ Prize
[EZ, W, BT, EW] OZ's ace mobile suit pilot, he is also known as the "Lightning Count" or "Lightning Baron" (due to the fact that he "fights like lightning" to strike his enemies fast and without warning). While he wears a mask supposedly to hide a facial deformity, the truth is he uses it to hide his true identity , the lost son of the pacifist Peacecraft family. After the United Earth Sphere Alliance destroyed the Peacecrafts as King Peacecraft was considered a threat to their totalitary rule of Earth and the colonies, Zechs became an OZ soldier to seek revenge on the Alliance for the murder of his family by working his way through the inside. After acquiring the Tallgeese prototype mobile suit, Zechs succeeded in freeing the Sanc Kingdom (his homeland) from the Alliance's control. Considering himself too tainted to revive the Kingdom, Zechs instead pushed his younger sister Relena Peacecraft to take up their parents' legacy. After witnessing the Sanc Kingdom fall a second time and becoming disillusioned, Zechs accepts the rebel organization White Fang's offer to become its leader. During this time, he pilots OZ-13MS Gundam Epyon. Disgusted by the state of human affairs, he sought to destroy the planet and leave civilization to the "innocent" colonies (though this attitude is simply a ruse to help end the war). He vanished in a final duel with Heero Yuy, apparently sacrificing himself to destroy Libra's main reactor. But he reappeared one year later, piloting the OZ-00MS2B Tallgeese III. Joining the Preventer organization under the codename "Wind", he allied himself with the Gundam pilots to stop Dekim Barton's plan to carry out the original Operation Meteor. Zech's character is also very similar to Char Aznable from the original Mobile Suit Gundam series. Zechs Merquise / Milliardo Peacecraft was voiced by Takehito Koyasu in the Japanese version and Brian Drummond in the English dub.
[EZ, W] The leader of the Specials (aka OZ) and the primary Anti-Hero of Gundam Wing. Treize was born into privilege as a nephew of the Dermail family. He is a charismatic leader with a strong sense of ideals and an understanding of human nature that give him a devoted following among the men who serve him. According to the Episode Zero manga, he was originally a piloting instructor that was injured in a battle on colony X-18999 and met nurse Leia Barton at her father Dekim's hospital. They formed a bond based on mutual respect which is believed to have produced a daughter (Mariemaia). After General Catalonia's death, Treize was promoted to the leader of the Specials. He was close friends with Zechs Merquise and one of the few people to know Zechs' true identity. Treize's traditional views on combat and honor led to his opposition of the Romefeller Foundation, which was beginning to develop the automated mobile dolls weapons. He opposed this because he was a firm believer in tradition and honor, and felt that mobile dolls would make humans unnecessary in battle and therefore making warfare meaningless. His departure from the Foundation caused a similarly minded part of OZ to split into what was known as the Treize Faction. Though placed under house arrest, Treize was eventually freed by loyalists and took over the leadership of the World Nation. He piloted the OZ-00MS2 Tallgeese II during this time. He met his end in battle against Chang Wufei, apparently of his own volition. Treize was also an accomplished mobile suit designer as he created both the OZ-13MS Gundam Epyon and the OZ-00MS2B Tallgeese III. Treize Khushrenada was voiced by Ryoutarou Okiayu in Japanese and David Kaye in English.
[EZ, W, BP, EW] A woman descended from Italian nobility, Noin (who goes only by her surname, telling her instructor Treize in the Episode Zero manga that "there's no gender among soldiers in the battlefield") was the instructor at the Alliance's Lake Victoria Academy, which trained soldiers in the use of mobile suits. It was mentioned in the series that she got the second-highest grade in the history of Lake Victoria Academy (Zechs received the highest grade, although he claims it was only because Noin intentionally sought second place, in order to make him look better). She tended to take a motherly attitude towards her charges, and was predictably crushed when one of her graduating classes was killed in a nighttime ambush on the base by Chang Wufei. After being defeated and humiliated by Wufei, she left the Academy and followed Zechs in his mission of defeating the Gundams. She piloted a green OZ-07AMS Aries mobile suit during her time in OZ, which stood out among the standard blue/black Aries fleet. Noin was one of the few who knew that Zechs' true identity was Milliardo Peacecraft, and obeyed his wishes in discreetly looking after his little sister, Relena. Noin ended up leaving OZ to act as Relena's royal guard, secretly founding a defense team for the Sanc Kingdom; from here until the end of the series (including Endless Waltz), she piloted a white OZ-12SMS Taurus suit (as opposed to the standard black Taurus). After the Kingdom fell, Noin went to space with the Gundam pilots, and participated in the final battles with White Fang. She then joined the Preventer organization with the codename "Fire". After the end of the Mariemaia Rebellion, she went to Mars with Zechs to help with the terraforming project. Noin has been deeply in love with Zechs for many years. Lucrezia Noin was voiced by Chisa Yokoyama in Japanese and Saffron Henderson in English.
[EZ, W, GU, BP, EW] Treize's right-hand woman, Lady Une had a reputation as a fierce commander. Under his orders, she assassinated Vice Foreign Minister Darlian for knowing the truth about OZ, and ordered the assassination of his daughter Relena when Relena witnessed the murder. Her methods are brutal and ruthless, but effective; during a battle with the Gundams, she forced their surrender by threatening to destroy a colony with the Alliance's missile satellites if they did not hand over their Gundams; Heero, in response, self-detonated his Gundam, which bought the others time to escape. Afterward, Treize encouraged her to be more graceful. This apparently created a mental conflict in Une, causing her to develop an entirely new personality for her more gentle, beatific attitude. As Treize began to split with Romefeller, Une was sent to free Duo, Wufei and the Gundam engineers from the Lunar Base, but was shot by Chief Engineer Tsubarov. While recovering from her wound, Une resolved her mental conflict, becoming a well-rounded, kind and resolute woman. Shortly after the end of the war, Une was picked to become the leader of the new Earth government's peace watch group, the Preventers; her code name is "Gold". Her timely intervention saved the lives of both Relena and Mariemaia, revealing that Dekim's actions were not in line with Treize's philosophy. Once the rebellion ended, Une decided to take care of Mariemaia, but also kept her position as head of the Preventer organization. Lady Une was voiced by Sayuri Yamauchi In Japanese and Enuka Okuma in English.
[W] An overly ambitious OZ soldier, Trant found the Wing Gundam Zero after it had been abandoned by Quatre, and decided to test the limits of the ZERO System. First, he tried to force Heero to test the Wing Zero behind Tsubarov's back, but this backfired when the System overwhelmed Heero's mind, and only Quatre was able to stop Heero from going out of control. Later, after locating Duo, Trant forced the Gundam pilot to use the Wing Zero, so he could continue to gauge its abilities. When Duo attempted to escape, Trant piloted the Wing Zero and fought the Gundam Deathscythe Hell, but was apparently driven insane by the ZERO System and died after his helmet shattered. In the manga adaptation of Gundam Wing, he was childhood friends with Hilde Schbeiker.
[W] Alex, call sign Red Cancer, was an OZ Lieutenant and Cancer pilot who was trained by Noin at Lake Victoria Academy and then joined OZ. He led the Number 33 Independent Troops of Northeast Africa, Somalia front. Along with Muller, he was hunting down former Alliance members and attacking them in the name of Treize Khushrenada. He was killed by Zechs after violating the terms of surrender during an attack on the Mogadishu Fortress. Alex was generally quieter than his partner Muller.
[W] Call sign Blue Angel, he was an OZ Lieutenant and Aries pilot who was trained by Noin at Lake Victoria Academy and then joined OZ. He was a member of the Number 33 Independent Troops of Northeast Africa, Somalia front. Along with Alex, he was hunting down former Alliance members and attacking them in the name of Treize Khushrenada. He was killed by Zechs after violating the terms of surrender during an attack on the Mogadishu Fortress. Muller was significantly more hot-headed than his partner Alex. (Also listed as Mueller in some sources.)
[BP] The captain of OZ's 4th Flying Squadron, Broden and his men were among the OZ soldiers who refused to surrender following the Eve Wars. He believed in the existence of the mobile doll plant Vulkanus, since his unit was assigned to bring resource-laden asteroids to the plant just before the war's end. Broden held beliefs similar to Treize, but looked outwards instead of inwards; he wanted to use Vulkanus to inspire humanity to explore deep space. His sense of honor and ambition lead to his becoming good friends with Chang Wufei. Broden was killed by the traitorous Klementz during the battle for Vulkanus, which lead Wufei to join the Mariemaia Army to help achieve Broden's dream of bringing progress to humanity.
[GU] A war orphan who lost her parents because of the Alliance, Luna and her big sister Soris joined a rebel organization at an early age. At one point, they were apparently candidates for Gundam pilots (specifically implied to be for the Wing Gundam), they lost out and were left behind. Some time after, the sisters were found and taken in by OZ's Valder Farkill, who made them his personal guard and gave Luna the Mercurius Shuivan suit. Luna was the main part of a plan to capture MO-V's Adin Barnett and his Gundam Griepe, but began sympathizing with the young man because of their similar pasts. She was killed by Grandshario's Grand Nova cannon, fired by Valder because he deemed the defeated girl useless.
[GU] When her parents were killed, Soris had to juggle the roles of soldier and big sister to Luna. She was taken in by Valder as a bodyguard, but seems to have developed an attraction to her commander. Soris had much more conviction than Luna when it came to combat, at one point questioning whether Adin had the conviction to be the colonies' protector like the five Operation Meteor Gundams. She was killed along with her sister by the Grand Nova cannon. Her personal mobile suit was the Vayeate Shuivan.
[GU] One of the Stardust Knights and the commanders of OZ's black ops squadron, Prize. Like Rosshe, Broom possessed a strong sense of honor, at the same time colored for his great distaste for Treize and especially Lady Une. He was killed by Valder Farkill during the early stages of the coup that brought Farkill to power as Prize's leader. He piloted the Leo-N.
[GU] A member of the Specials, Valder was a member of Zechs Merquise's unit. During the rebellion against the Alliance, he scored more kills than the rest of his team combined, earning him the nickname "Dark General of Destruction". Some time later, Romafeller's Doctor Berg invited the famously ruthless Farkill to seize control of Prize and bring a decisive end to the conflict at MO-V. Cold and calculating, Valder thought of war in much the same terms as a game of chess. His biggest downfall was his arrogance; he believed that the only person worthy of his skill was Treize, whom he hoped to defeat in combat before taking over leadership of OZ. During the final battle, Valder was stunned by the news of Treize's death and was easily killed by Adin Barnett.
[GU] The leader of OZ Prize and the Stardust Knights. Rosshe is a man possessed of a strong sense of honor and fair-play, though sometimes given to fits of near-madness in battle (a facet of his personality which disappears in later chapters). He considers the Gundams to be the ultimate prey, but is livid when his Leo-S isn't enough to defeat Adin Barnett's Geminass 01. He briefly piloted the Aesculapius, but Doctor Berg had him replaced when he was unable to bring out the Gundam's full potential. Rosshe was backstabbed (literally as well as figuratively) by his teammate Kratz Shelby during Valder Farkill's coup, and was rescued by Adin. Soon after, Rosshe became a valued member of MO-V's defense force, piloting the L.O. Booster.
[GU] An OZ Special Lieutenant and mechanic, Sernan was under Lady Une's orders when he received word that the colony MO-V was under Prize jurisdiction. Lieutenant Nichol, hiding this from Une, ordered Sernan to investigate MO-V and find out what was so important about it. As he neared the colony, he was attacked by Broom Brooks, but was fortunately saved by the Barnett brothers. After explaining his situation, Sernan was welcomed to join MO-V's staff as a mobile suit mechanic. His off-hand comments about the five Gundams on Earth inspired Adin to proclaim the Geminass 01 a Gundam, which continued with MO-V's other G-Units. After the conflict's end, Sernan joined Preventer under the codename "Quavorze", keeping an eye on MO-V.
[GU] One of the Stardust Knights and OZ Prize's leaders, Kratz held honor in much lower regard than his compatriots. As the assault on MO-V dragged on, his patience with Rosshe's actions began to wear thin. When Valder Farkill appeared to take over Prize, Kratz wholeheartedly supported him to the point of backstabbing Rosshe. However, Kratz's skills were still inferior to Rosshe's, and after his repeated defeats at the hands of MO-V's G-Units, he decided that he needed a Gundam to defeat them. Eventually Doctor Berg built the Burnlapius for Kratz, and though his use of the PX System allowed him to defeat Rosshe and the L.O. Booster, an extended battle with Odell allowed the System to take its toll, destroying both his mind and his Gundam.
[GU] One of the soldiers in OZ Prize, Aretha was in charge of more mundane operations, answering only to the Stardust Knights. Many times, she attempted to convince Rosshe to let her handle the operation at MO-V, but he insisted on taking care of things personally. When Rosshe was apparently killed, Aretha was contacted by Silver Crown with a plan. She personally delivered the Griepe to Adin, defecting to MO-V shortly thereafter. She is in love with Rosshe, who seems to have realized this all along, but didn't really acknowledge her feelings until after they met on MO-V.
[TI] A former OZ soldier, Trinoi was forced into retirement due to combat injuries sustained to his left hand. Some time after this, Trinoi met Tiel Nonbleu and was convinced to aid in her plan to find her brother. After training her and her friend Krung in mobile suit piloting, he led the infiltration of Romafeller's hidden Gundam plant and stole a Gundam Dellinger Arms. When the trio finally reached the Graveyard of Soldiers, they ran into Romafeller's pursuit force, and Trinoi was able to destroy both enemy Gundams, though at the cost of his own life.
[TI] An OZ mobile suit pilot, Noembreux was assigned to pilot Gundam Lucifer during its test run. However, the ZERO System 2.0 proved unstable and drove Noembleux mad, causing him to believe that he could end all war by destroying those who would perpetuate it. Eventually he encountered his younger sister Tiel, who had led an elaborate chase to find him. Noembreux was beyond aid at this point, and when his sister refused to help carry out his mad plan, he attacked, and the two siblings ended up dying as they fell into Earth's atmosphere.
Romefeller Foundation
[W, BP, EW, FT] The granddaughter of Duke Dermail and daughter of former OZ leader General Catalonia, Dorothy first appears masquerading as an ordinary student at the school Relena runs in the Sanc Kingdom. Though she said she admired Relena, Dorothy held many opposite beliefs, such as her belief that war is an essential part of humanity and will never go away. As Romefeller attacked the Kingdom, Dorothy revealed her true mission (to spy on the nation for Romefeller), and offered Relena the chance to stop the attack by becoming Romefeller's public face. Relena agreed, and as she was declared Queen of the World Nation, Dorothy stayed with her to observe her actions. When Treize deposed Relena, Relena went to space to try and stop her brother Milliardo from destroying the Earth; Dorothy, who accompanied Relena, chose to join White Fang, and often acted as Zechs' second-in-command (much to Treize's ire). As the battle came to a head, she confronted Quatre inside Libra and forced him into a fencing match, which ended with him being stabbed through the side. As they fought, the truth about Dorothy came out: though she claimed to love warfare, she deeply hated it for taking her father (General Catalonia)'s life, and put on a strong face to the world. After being gently confronted by Trowa, she escaped Libra and later visited Milliardo's grave to pay her respects to the man, who she thought was dead (Milliardo actually resurfaced the following year). In the next year, Dorothy was sought out as the last heir of Romefeller, and the only one with a clue to the location of the mobile doll plant Vulkanus. Though her attempts to set Heero and Relena up romantically failed, she gave the pair her grandfather's notes and allowed them the use of her computer database, which allowed them to crack the code and locate Vulkanus. During Mariemaia's rebellion, Dorothy appeared again, first taunting the civilians of Brussels into action, then helping them when they finally decided to heed Relena's words and reach for peace with their own hands. In Frozen Teardrop, she is referred to as the President of the ESUN. Dorothy Catalonia is voiced by Naoko Matsui in Japanese and by Cathy Weseluck in English.
[W] The head of Romefeller, Dermail was an ambitious and ruthless man. His primary goal was to encourage more war and line the organization's pockets with more money by developing new weapons. Dermail mainly appeared as a background figure in the early part of the series, but as Romefeller began pursuing mobile dolls, they took a more active role as the antagonist group of the series. Dermail hated the Sanc Kingdom for preventing Romefeller's complete domination of the world, but tacitly listened to Dorothy's suggestion of making Relena the chief representative of Romefeller, to appeal to the masses. For Dermail, the plan backfired, and Relena became more powerful than him, encouraging the Foundation to disarm and seek peace with the colonies. When White Fang rose up to oppose the World Nation, Dermail went to space to oversee the battle from Barge, but was killed by White Fang's mobile dolls en route. Ironically, his granddaughter Dorothy referred to his death as that of "a brave soldier" when in fact Dermail had turned and cowered from the blasts that ended his life. Duke Dermail is voiced by Osamu Kato in Japanese and by Jim Byrnes in English.
[W] Romefeller's chief weapons developer, his pride and joy were his mobile dolls. He hated mobile suits and any suits that could surpass his mobile dolls, but this caused him to underestimate the Gundams and their power. He rejected the ZERO System (it could have been use for the mobile dolls, an idea utilized by White Fang). Believing that his automated weapons would be the next stage of warfare, he talked Duke Dermail into pursuing their development over that of traditional mobile suits. He was also apparently the mind behind Vulkanus, the mobile doll plant that was sought by all sides in the summer of AC 196. When White Fang's rebellion began, Tsubarov was at the Lunar Base, overseeing the construction of the new Virgo II, but the Virgo II couldn't defeat the Gundams even if the Gundams were 70% complete. Tsubarov failed to kill the Gundam Pilots numerous times. Though he was captured by the rebels during their takeover, Tsubarov managed to escape to a room where he was able to activate the mobile dolls guarding the base. As the mobile dolls clashed with both the White Fang forces and Chang Wufei's Altron Gundam inside the base, Tsubarov was driven insane with fear. He ranted that he and his precious mobile dolls would rule the world (which turns out to be a dream he had but his dream shattered) and both were invincible—while the room he was in was shaking and crumbling around him, and then exploded, killing him and destroying the controls for his mobile dolls. His death was the beginning of the fall of the Romefeller Foundation. On the subtitles on the DVDs, his name is incorrectly spelled as "Tubarov".
[GU] One of Duke Dermail's top agents, Doctor Berg was an accomplished mobile suit designer who was placed at the asteroid colony MO-V. However, the colony's chairman Roga Herman chose to develop space travel instead of mobile suits. Enraged, Berg sabotaged the shuttle, killing Mark Barnett and his wife and convincing Herman to allow him to build his mobile suits. The fruits of his labors were the G-Units, mobile suits with the ability to rapidly change their equipment and the powerful but dangerous PX System. However, the whole time Berg was passing information along to Romafeller, who sent OZ Prize to MO-V to collect the G-Units. Berg revealed his treachery shortly after their arrival, and continued building new G-Units on Grandshario. Wanting to develop the ultimate weapon, Berg built the Gundam Griepe and handed it to Adin Barnett to test. When Odell Barnett attacked Grandshario, Berg used his intimate knowledge of Aesculapius' abilities and Odell's skills to stop him. However, he made the mistake of taunting Odell with the fact that Berg was the one who killed the pilot's parents. Enraged, Odell activated PX Overdrive and crashed into Grandshario, killing Berg just after he activated his failsafe that would drive Grandshario to decimate humanity.
[TI] A Romefeller loyalist who was present at the theft of the mass-production Gundams. Dobert was assigned to the Sandleon and sent to kill the thieves, but was defeated twice in combat by Tiel Nonbleu and her friends, dying in the second battle.
[TI] A Romefeller loyalist who was present at the theft of the mass-production Gundams, Semis was assigned to track down and kill the thieves. She piloted the Deathscythe Guilty, but was defeated once, thanks to a surprise attack by Krung Ponramaai's T'ien-Lung Gundam. Even though her machine was upgraded with parts from the wreckage of the Hydra Gundam, Semis was killed in combat with Trinoi Levinsky's Gundam Dellinger Arms at the Graveyard of Soldiers.
United Earth Sphere Alliance
[EZ, W, BP, EW] An Alliance Major, she was assigned to the decommission of colony A0206 (where Chang Wufei's clan lived), where she tried unsuccessfully to convince General Septem not to go through with his plan to use poison gas to kill the colonists. When the mobile suit force attempting to gas the colony was wiped out, Sally declared the operation a success and pulled back; as a result of her actions, she was sent to work in an Alliance hospital in Japan. Several days after Operation Meteor began, Relena Darlian took Heero Yuy to this hospital, where Sally learned of the young man's unusually strong body and took an interest in him. During OZ's internal takeover of the Alliance, Sally and her forces avoid being captured. She then became an active member of the small rebellions against OZ and one of the Gundam pilots' strongest allies, helping them in tight spots and recovering both the Wing Gundam and the Gundam Heavyarms at different points in the conflict. After the war's end, Sally signed on with the Preventers, using the codename "Water", and invited Wufei to join their ranks after the Mariemaia Rebellion ended. In the prologue to the novel Frozen Teardrop we meet her daughter Kathy Po. Sally Po was voiced by Yumi Tōma in Japanese and both Moneca Stori (episodes 3-12) and then Samantha Ferris (episodes 20-49 and Endless Waltz) in English.
[EZ, W] The head of the Alliance's space forces, Septem was a harsh man by all accounts. In AC 187, Dekim Barton hired assassin Odin Lowe to kill Septem during a visit to colony X-18999, but the attempt failed because of Dekim's warnings. Through the machinations of Treize and OZ, Septem is one of the few remaining high-ranking officials of the Alliance to survive the Gundam attack on the New Edwards Base. After formally declaring war on the colonies immediately after Noventa's death, Lady Une throws him from a plane after he outlives his usefulness, and shoots him in the head as he falls to ensure his death.
White Fang
[EZ, W, GU] The leader of White Fang, he was once one of colonial leader Heero Yuy's most trusted aides and was present when the colonial leader was gunned down. Learning that the Alliance (actually OZ) was behind the assassination, Quinze and his compatriot Dekim Barton began formulating plans for revenge. While Dekim had more elaborate plans, Quinze began leading a series of small-scale rebellions against the Alliance. Eventually, his ambitions would give rise to the group known as White Fang. Seeking powerful allies, he attempted to recruit the Gundam pilots to the White Fang's cause. In the end, the only one who accepted was Milliardo Peacecraft as he became the public face of the rebel group. He began feeling that this was a mistake as he gradually disagreed more and more with Milliardo's goals. During the final battle, Quinze attempted to kill the Gundam scientists on Peacemillion but was unable to prevent them from setting off a chain reaction in the battleship's engines, moving Peacemillion and Libra away from the Earth and presumably killing all six men in the process.
[W] A White Fang loyalist, Sedici was planted in OZ to learn about their secret plans. His information was pivotal to the Artemis Revolution, which brought White Fang to power as well as earning them Libra and the Virgo IIs. Sedici was killed in battle by Barge's Beam Cannon during White Fang's assault on Barge.
[BT] A former commander of White Fang, Sogran made a deal with the CEO of the Century Discover Corporation to capture the Gundams for weapons research. To reach this goal, Sogran manipulated several White Fang members into trying to start a new rebellion, instructing them to try and buy the Gundam pilots' services (or at least buy their Gundams). When this failed, Sogran had his men try to kill the pilots and seize the Gundams by force. Eventually, he was confronted by Heero, Trowa and Ralph Kurt. Arrogantly believing he had victory in his hands, Sogran revealed the truth of his plan to the trio, only to have Heero reveal that the public address system was on. With that, the trio left Sogran to the mercies of the people he had just betrayed.
[BT] As a child, Ralph's colony was attacked by the Alliance, killing his parents in the process. He managed to escape with his childhood friend, Chris Marley. Later in life, Ralph was at one time a member of the mercenary group that included the future Gundam pilot Trowa Barton. Ironically, the two admired one another for opposite reasons: while the nameless boy envied Ralph for his friendship with the other soldiers, Ralph admired him for his quiet skill and firm conviction, believing the boy to be the Perfect Soldier. Several years later, Ralph joined White Fang, only to end up losing in the Eve Wars; the next year, he came back into Trowa's life, attempting to buy Heavyarms for the new war that White Fang's remnants planned to start. Trowa refused, and Ralph was brought into direct conflict with his former ally. The Gundam pilots managed to capture Ralph, and Trowa revealed to Ralph that Sogran was simply using Ralph and his men. Along with Heero and Trowa, Ralph confronted Sogran, who revealed his deceit (secretly broadcast by Heero over the public address system). Later, saying goodbye to Trowa, Ralph warned his old friend that as long as he kept the name Trowa Barton, "those" people would be looking for him.
[BT] When she was young, Chris lost her parents in an Alliance attack on her colony. She would have died herself, but she was saved by her friend Ralph Kurt. Growing up, she deeply resented the Alliance (and, by extension, Earth) for what they did, and joined White Fang. After the war, she agreed to participate in a new plan for revenge by starting a new war with the assassination of important figures in the Earth government. For her part, Chris became Vice Foreign Minister Relena Darlian's personal assistant, secretly letting White Fang hit squads know where the young diplomat was going to be at all times. After being saved by Heero Yuy from one assassination attempt, Relena and Chris accompanied him to the ruins of Chris' old home colony. Eventually, Heero revealed that he knew about Chris' spying all along, and showed her that the Gundams weren't on the colony. She finally learned the truth behind the new rebellion, and gave up on her revenge after a heartfelt talk with Relena. Chris would go on to live a peaceful life with Ralph, the two having finally realized their true feelings for one another.
[GU] A White Fang officer, Dornille was sent to MO-V in an attempt to capture the G-Units for their purposes. For him, they ran afoul of Kratz Shelby and his new Gundam Burnlapius and were quickly killed, with their Virgo IIs serving to strengthen Prize's arsenal.
MO-V
[GU] The pilot of Geminass 01 and G-Unit's main character. Adin is a 17-year-old test pilot who lost his parents in a shuttle accident, but was raised by the colony's chief representative and feels like everyone on the colony is his family. Adin tends to be brash and impulsive, which limits his combat performance. Despite this, his brother Odell is assured that someday Adin will surpass his skill. At first Adin is incapable of using the PX System, but following his brother's apparent death he begins training to use the dangerous system, and uses it to good effect to drive back Rosshe Natono when he appears with the new Gundam Aesculapius. Soon after, though, Adin would be challenged by Prize's Silver Crown, whom he never once suspected of being his brother (despite the obvious signs). When Valder Farkill took over Prize, Adin saved Rosshe's life, figuring that it was the right thing to do. Later on, Adin received the Gundam Griepe and learned of his brother's true fate, using the Griepe to drive Farkill off. When Luna Armonia came to the colony, Adin fell for her, an attraction which continued even though she took him to Farkill at gunpoint. Luna's death deeply affected him, and Adin became driven to end the conflict before any more lives were lost. He challenged Farkill to a final battle, where his increasing skill and Farkill's arrogance gave him the victory. When Doctor Berg's doomsday plan sent Grandshario on a rampage to destroy the colonies and Earth, Adin was the one to pilot the combined G-Unit and destroy the battleship, bringing an end to the conflict for good.
[GU] The pilot of Geminass 02 and MO-V's top pilot, Odell had to help raise his younger brother after the loss of their parents. Odell grew into a skilled pilot, able of using the G-Unit's PX System with incredible skill. However, when OZ Prize attacked, a reckless Adin was nearly killed. Using the System, Odell managed to get his brother to safety, but ended up losing his Gundam (and apparently his life as well). With Berg's help, he adopted the identity and secretly aided MO-V from within OZ. Prize's new leader Valder Farkill realized what was happening and attacked Odell as he attempted to send the Gundam Griepe to Adin. After getting away from OZ, Odell returned to service at MO-V. Piloting Aesculapius, he participated in the final battle, helping to defeat Kratz and personally finishing Berg. Several months later, he married Tricia and settled down to help develop space travel as his father wished.
Mark Barnett [GU] Adin and Odell's late father, his dream was for mankind to explore the stars. He developed a new type of engine that would go on to be used in the Gundam Griepe. He and his wife were killed in a shuttle explosion that was thought to be an accident, but had actually been planned by his rival Doctor Berg, who was jealous that his mobile suits had been passed up for Mark's spaceships.
[GU] A mechanic and systems operator on MO-V, Lucie was one of the members of the G-Unit Project. Her main job was to oversee data collection during the testing phase of the project. However, her brash attitude often conflicted with Adin's, adding to the pseudo-romantic tension between the two. During Luna Armonia's stay on MO-V, Lucie was deeply jealous of her. Eventually, Lucie realized her feelings for him, but despite a tender moment just before the final battle, the two of them were back to their usual antics soon enough.
[GU] MO-V's operator, Tricia often serves as the voice of common sense for her more passionate co-workers. She was engaged to Odell, a fact which made his apparent death even harder for everyone to take. However, it was Tricia's words to Adin that helped bring him out of the depression he suffered following Odell's disappearance, and allowed him to continue fighting Prize. After the conflict ended, Tricia and Odell were wed in a ceremony on MO-V.
[GU] The chief representative and leader of MO-V, Roga's primary concern is the well-being of his people. Though a bit goofy and with a wandering eye for pretty girls (he happens to have a thing for Lady Une), he never lets such concerns get in the way of his duty. He was good friends with the Barnetts, and following their deaths, he raised their sons as his own.
[GU, EW] MO-V's cheery, playful engineer, Dick is most easily recognized by his baseball cap and basketball jersey. Despite his somewhat goofy appearance, he's a top engineer and the colony's number-one guy when it comes to the G-Units. His mechanical expertise is such that he was able to create the defense-use mobile doll D-Unit using scrap from destroyed OZ-06MS Leos and a stolen copy of the Mobile Doll System. He also appears in the manga adaptation of Endless Waltz, as the Preventer engineer in charge of the Tallgeese III.
Perfect Peace People (P3)
[BP] A former member of White Fang, Victor disagreed with Quinze's decision to invite Zechs as the group's leader. When Quinze went ahead with his idea, Gaintz quit in protest. He resurfaced the following summer as the leader of the Perfect Peace People, an organization calling for even more sweeping disarmaments than Relena. However, this is all a ruse for P3 to gain power. Gaintz came across the location and codes for Vulkanus, and wanted all resistance out of the way so he could take over. His strongest point was for the elimination of the Gundams, claiming that the pilots could lose control and decide to take over. When he managed to capture Scorpio, Gaintz argued his rhetoric against the pilots, only to have Heero counter that they don't desire power and will never lose control. After using ZERO to learn the truth about Gaintz, Heero finished him off with the Wing Gundam Zero.
[BP] One of Captain Broden's soldiers, Klementz is highly distrustful of Wufei, believing him to be a spy. However, it is later discovered that this attitude was simply a cover for Klementz, who is the real spy, working for the Perfect Peace People. He kills Broden and attempts to turn Vulkanus' mobile dolls on the Gundams, only to be knocked unconscious by Duo. His fate after that point remains uncertain.
Mariemaia Army/Barton Foundation
[EZ, BT, EW] Originally one of colonial leader Heero Yuy's top aides, Dekim was motivated by both colonial liberation and revenge for Yuy's death. Having killed Yuy's assassin Odin Lowe, faking his death soon after, Dekim plotted for the colonies to take over the Earth Sphere under his family's rule. To that end, he tracked down five of the engineers who had created the Tallgeese and commissioned them to create the Gundams for use with his ultimate plan: Operation Meteor. As his plan was to drop colonies onto Earth at strategic locations so the Gundams can exploit ensuing chaos, Dekim is furious when the scientists and their young pilots refused to carry Operation Meteor out as intended. This forces him to work out a new version of Operation Meteor involving the MMS-01 Serpent mobile suit left behind by OZ and the illegitimate child of his daughter Leia and Treize Khushrenada to win the latter's remaining followers to his cause. Dekim commences his plan on Christmas Eve AC 196, only for the Gundam pilots to intervene while being joined by the common people. Refusing to accept defeat, Dekim attempts to kill Relena Darlian and ends wounding Mariemaia when took the bullet before being shot in the head by one Treize's supporters.
[EZ, BT, EW] A young child, Mariemaia is apparently the daughter of Leia Barton and Treize Khushrenada, conceived during the meeting between the two on Colony X-18999 (as detailed in the Episode Zero manga). Supposedly dying at an early age, Mariemaia later resurfaced as the figurehead of the Mariemaia Army, which largely consisted of soldiers who had been loyal to Treize. Thanks to her grandfather Dekim's grooming, she was fully prepared to ravage the Earth and take her place as the World Sovereign, believing this to be what her father Treize would have wanted. She continued believing this until Relena Darlian slapped some sense into her—literally. When Lady Une explains to the young girl that her grandfather is using her, Mariemaia realizes her mistake and jumped in front of Relena to save her from being killed by Dekim. It resulted in Mariemaia being shot through the spine as she was given medical attention, and is later shown (in a wheelchair though later appearances show her to have healed) visiting her father's grave with Lady Une. Mariemaia Barton / Mariemaia Khushrenada was voiced by Rei Sakuma in Japanese and Maggie Blue O'Hara in English.
[EZ, EW] The spoiled son of Dekim Barton that was used to getting anything he wanted. Originally scheduled to be the pilot of the Gundam Heavyarms, he was furious when he learned that Doktor S and the other engineers didn't agree with Operation Meteor. As he prepared to tell his father of their betrayal, Trowa was shot in the back by a mechanic who feared for his family's safety on Earth and died. At that point, a nameless engineer offered to take over for the dead man as the new Trowa Barton. It is known that the original Trowa was apparently willing to tell No-Name about how his sister's daughter would be ruling the world after Operation Meteor but this appears mainly to have been boasting rather than true friendship or closeness. If Mariemaia is truly Treize Khushrenada's and Leia Barton's daughter, it can be assumed that the real Trowa is Mariemaia's uncle by blood.
[EZ, EW] The daughter of Dekim Barton and sister to the original Trowa Barton, Leia was working as a nurse at a Barton Foundation hospital when she met Treize Khushrenada after he was admitted after being wounded in battle. When he learned that General Septem had used the colony's weather system to put out a small fire, Treize lamented the man's foolishness, a sentiment Leia echoed. The two formed a connection based on mutual respect. Her relationship with Treize may have resulted in the birth to her daughter Mariemaia. She died of an illness shortly afterward.
[TI] A childhood friend of Tiel Nonbleu, Krung was part of the team that broke into Romefeller's secret factory and stole their mass production Gundams. In particular, Krung ended up with the T'ien-Lung Gundam. However, the entire plan was simply a ruse by Krung, who wanted the Gundam so that she could join up with the Mariemaia Army, believing in the ideals it espoused. Upon reaching the Graveyard of Soldiers, Krung revealed her deceit, using T'ien-Lung's ZERO System to activate a pair of Capricorn Mobile Dolls and attempting to kill Tiel. For her, Wing Seraphim's own ZERO System activated, allowing Tiel to (unwillingly) kill her former friend with a single attack.
Civilians
[EZ, W, BT, BP, EW] The female lead of Gundam Wing. Relena first appears as the daughter of the Alliance's Vice Foreign Minister. When he was called away to work at the beginning of the series, Relena went home alone. This set up her encounter with Heero Yuy, who had washed ashore on the beach near the spaceport. Her encounter with the mysterious Gundam pilot spurred the young girl to learn more about him, despite his threats towards her. While visiting a colony with her father, Mr. Darlian was killed by Lady Une. As he was dying, he revealed that Relena is actually the daughter of the Peacecrafts, the leaders of the fallen pacifist Sanc Kingdom. During a fight between Heero and Zechs Merquise, Relena discovered from Lucrezia Noin that Zechs is her older brother. Soon afterward, Relena assumed her birthright, and restored the Sanc Kingdom according to her family's ideals, having opened the nation's borders as a neutral haven to those who wished to escape the growing war. Since Romefeller regarded the nation's pacifist stance as a threat, it began to focus most of its military attention on the Sanc Kingdom, particularly after Heero and Quatre arrived, seeking sanctuary from OZ assassins. With another invasion threatening to destroy the kingdom, Relena surrendered to protect her people, and formally dissolved the nation. At Dorothy Catalonia's urging, Relena accepted Duke Dermail's offer to become the public face of Romefeller, and she was formally declared Queen of the World. Though this was merely meant to be a public relations move, Relena garnered most of Romefeller's support, despite Dermail's intent to use Relena as a figurehead. When her brother (now going by his true name Milliardo Peacecraft) appeared as the leader of White Fang, Treize Khushrenada dismissed Relena from her position. He reasoned that now that she had laid the foundation for peace, he would provide what the military might require to bring it to fruition. Freed from her responsibility, Relena went to space, where she and Heero unsuccessfully attempted to reason with Milliardo, and dissuade him from escalating the war. After the war, Relena became the Vice Foreign Minister of the newly formed Earth Sphere Unified Nation, and assumed her adopted father's surname again. She spearheaded the creation of the Preventer Organization, and disarmament talks as an influential, high-ranking official. Relena was kidnapped by Dekim Barton, having intended to use her symbolic power to ensure Mariemaia's dominance. His motive for the kidnapping, was that Relena encouraged the citizens to rebel, and take action themselves, to ensure peace. After Dekim's defeat, and the end of mobile suit warfare, Relena moved on to her next project, the terraformation of Mars. From early on, it is made obvious that Relena is in love with Heero, and he with her over time, which Heero's fellow Gundam pilot Duo acknowledged. At the end of the sequel novel series New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Frozen Teardrop, Relena was asked by Heero to marry him, and she accepted his proposal. In the epilogue, which took place 5 months after the events of the final chapter, Relena is living happily with Heero on Mars, and the two were shown discussing their plans on marriage, and starting a family of their own. Relena Darlian / Relena Peacecraft was voiced by Akiko Yajima in Japanese, Charvie Abeletes in Filipino, and Lisa Ann Beley in English.
[EZ, W, BT, EW] A young woman who works as a knife thrower and acrobat for a travelling circus. In the Episode Zero manga, it was shown that when she was four years old, her family's circus wagon was caught in the crossfire of an Alliance bombing, which resulted in the death of her parents, and which separated her from her two-year-old brother Triton. Cathy was adopted by the members of her parents' circus, and grew up with them. When the Gundam pilot Trowa Barton asked to join the circus, Cathy convinced the manager to let him. She soon adopted a big sister attitude with Trowa, even after learning that he is the pilot of the Gundam Heavyarms. She also helped take care of Trowa's friends, including having fed Wufei, when he stayed with the circus following the failed Treize assassination, and having cared for Heero for over a month after he self-detonated the Wing Gundam. When Trowa lost his memory, Catherine happened upon him wandering the streets, and convinced him that she really was his older sister, trying to shelter him from the war (and his fellow Gundam pilots). However, when Quatre came to find Trowa, Trowa had a feeling that he knew Quatre and decided to leave again, promising to come back to Catherine. The novelization of Endless Waltz revealed that Trowa was, in fact, Triton Bloom, but neither he nor Catherine knew this. Catherine Bloom was voiced by Saori Suzuki in Japanese, and both Moneca Stori (Gundam Wing) (until episode 13) and then Cathy Weseluck from episode 35 til the end of the series (Endless Waltz) in English.
[W, BP, EW] Hilde was a volunteer soldier of the OZ Space Army, who signed up with the organization shortly after they made their move for space. Soon after joining, she attempted to recruit Duo Maxwell, discovering rather suddenly that he was a Gundam pilot. Some time after Duo's capture, Hilde quit OZ and became an artist, letting Duo stay in her apartment after he escaped from OZ. When White Fang rose up, Hilde broke into Libra to steal data on the mobile dolls and met Relena. During her escape, Hilde was attacked by mobile doll versions of the OZ-13MSX1 Vayeate and OZ-13MSX2 Mercurius and was almost killed, when Duo came to her rescue. She and Duo are never explicitly said to be a couple, but many of their actions (such as Duo being away in Battlefield of Pacifists because he got on Hilde's nerves, and later calling to apologize) suggest that this may be a possibility. Hilde appeared again at the end of Endless Waltz, working at her scrapyard with Duo. Hilde Schbeiker was voiced by Kae Araki in Japanese and Marcy Goldberg in English.
[EZ, W] Relena's adoptive father, Darlian was once the right-hand man of the Peacecraft family. When the Sanc Kingdom was invaded, he took Relena to safety, and adopted her as his own daughter. As tensions between Earth and the colonies rose, Darlian advocated peace with the oppressed colonies, even while the Alliance sought tighter control. Somehow, Darlian learned the truth of Operation Meteor, and became a target of Dekim Barton, only to be saved by the young Heero Yuy. He wouldn't be so lucky later on, when OZ's Lady Une threw a bomb into a room he was occupying for a meeting, mortally wounding Darlian and killing everyone else. As he died, Darlian told Relena the truth about her parents.
[EZ, W, EW] The head of the Long Clan and formal leader of colony A02026. His granddaughter Meilan was married to Chang Wufei, making him related to the future Gundam pilot in a way. When Operation Meteor's true form was revealed, it was planned for A02026 to be the colony dropped on the Earth, an action that Wufei greatly opposed. Before the brash young man could leave, Shirin gave him the clan's heirloom, a jade statue of their guardian, the two-headed dragon Altron, to sell for supplies. In the series, Wufei returns to the colony after receiving the Altron Gundam to rediscover his purpose. When OZ attacked A02026 to root out the Gundam, Shirin activates the colony's self-destruct system to keep his people out of OZ's hands, and to give Wufei a reminder of what he's fighting for.
[EZ] The granddaughter of Master Long Shirin, the spirited and tomboyish Meilan was wed to Chang Wufei in AC 194. The two didn't get along at all, with practically opposite personalities and philosophies. Wufei especially angered Meilan with his insistence that justice wasn't real. In response to the sexist attitude displayed by many of her male peers, Meilan insisted on being called Nataku, after a guardian warrior god. Later that year, Colony A02026 came under attack by the Alliance, with the intent of purging the aging colony. Taking the Prototype Leo (the Tallgeese) Master O had in his collection, Meilan fought off the Alliance Leos, despite the toll the machine took on her body. When Wufei tried to come to her rescue in the incomplete Shenlong Gundam, Meiran took an attack meant for him, which mortally wounded her. With the Alliance in retreat, Wufei took Meilan back to his favorite field of flowers, where she died peacefully in his arms.
[EZ] A former member of OZ and a professional assassin, Odin Lowe was the mentor to the boy who would become the Gundam pilot Heero Yuy. It is unknown exactly how long the two had been together, but flashbacks suggest that it was quite a long time (Heero is shown to be about four or five in several scenes). In AC 187, Lowe was hired by Dekim Barton to kill General Septem of the Alliance; however, this was simply a plot by Dekim to get his revenge on Lowe, who was actually the assassin of the original Heero Yuy. Lowe taught his young ward how to survive on his own and fight, but the most important lesson he gave the child was to live by his emotions, saying that "you never know when some idiot will come along and change the world". Even as he died, Lowe reminded the child of this philosophy, leaving him alone with the remainder of his mission.
[EZ, EW] The priest in charge of the Maxwell Church, Father Maxwell handled the adoptions of the orphan children whom the Alliance caught. All the children were adopted except for young Duo, who chose to stay at the church under the watchful eyes of the Father and Sister Helen. Father Maxwell was very accommodating, allowing Duo to say or do most anything, simply saying "Boys will be boys." His honest hope was that the child would grow up to become the greatest priest in the Earth Sphere. A group of rebels decided to hole up in the church to avoid the Alliance. Duo offered to steal a mobile suit for them, and thus was out of the church when the Alliance attacked. Father Maxwell was killed, and Sister Helen, as she died, told Duo that up until his last breath, Father Maxwell continued expounding on Heero Yuy's philosophy of non-violence.
[EZ, EW] A kindly nun, Sister Helen worked at the Maxwell Church and helped take care of Duo. When the youth refused to cut his long hair, Sister Helen braided it for him, a style which Duo keeps to this day. Though she admonished him for still thinking like he was an orphan, and some of his stranger actions surprised her, she still treated him with love and respect. One day, a group of rebels hid in the church and Duo offered to steal a Leo for them, but while he was away, the Alliance destroyed the church, killing everyone inside. Duo found the fatally wounded Sister Helen, who expressed her motherly love for him one last time before dying.
[EZ, EW] Solo was the leader of a group of orphans living on colony V08744. In AC 187, a virus broke out on the colony, but the vaccine was reserved for the rich. When Solo contracted the virus, his best friend sneaked into an Alliance base to steal the vaccine. He was too late, and Solo died, but the vaccine was given to the other orphans. Solo's friend, who never contracted the virus despite never receiving the vaccine, attributed it to his friend's protection, and named himself "Duo" in honor of his fallen friend, who had told him that they would always be together.
[EZ] A young civilian girl, Middie was picked up by a group of mercenaries because she was apparently orphaned. She served as the group's cook, forming a bond with a nameless soldier who was about the same age. As a present, she gave him a cross and told him that God would protect him. However, it was soon revealed that Middie was actually an Alliance spy, and had sold the mercenaries out in return for the money to take care of her sick father and brothers (the cross she gave No-Name was a transmitter). She was attracted to No-Name, but didn't truly realize her feelings until after he was gone.
[W] One of Quatre's twenty-nine test-tube baby older sisters. Iria works as a doctor on a Winner Corporation mining satellite. She took care of Quatre when he returned to space, and eventually brought him back to their father, Zayeed. When OZ attacked Zayeed, her and Quatre's shuttle was knocked off balance, causing Iria to hit her head, apparently knocking her out. She does not appear for the rest of the series.
[EZ] Zayeed's wife and the mother of Quatre. Due to complications arising from natural birth in space, most colonists were test-tube babies. Though these complications were eventually corrected, the Winner family had been in space all along and still possessed them. Despite this, Katherine insisted on bearing her husband's son naturally. Though the birth was successful, it cost Katherine her life. Choosing not to burden his son with the guilt of his mother's death, Zayeed told Quatre that he was a test-tube baby like his sisters, which fostered resentment in the young man for quite some time.
[EZ, W] Quatre's father and the head of the Winner Corporation. Like many people, he adopted Heero Yuy's philosophy of absolute pacifism, believing that violence only begets more violence. As a result of this, a rift formed between him and his son when he learned that Quatre was a Gundam pilot. Zayeed refused to sell out to OZ, even when his employees wished to do so, and he ended up being killed in defiance.
[EZ] A colonial diplomat, the charismatic Heero Yuy soon became the representative for all the colonies in the Alliance. He won popularity thanks to his desire for colonial independence and his philosophy of absolute pacifism. His message gained so much support that OZ had Odin Lowe assassinate him on April 7, AC175. In the chaos following his death, Alliance control on the colonies tightens and the designers of OZ's Tallgeese mobile suit, who later became the Gundam scientists, resigned in protest.
[SY] An eccentric engineer who created the Lemming, a mobile suit with performance levels nearing those of a Gundam. The Lemming's main feature, the Lemming System, affects the mind of anyone within its effect radius, forcing them into a kind of berserker rage. Madam L apparently cared more about research than family, since she allowed her daughter Sei to pilot the dangerous machine, which cost Sei her life.
[SY] A young woman who had a chance encounter with Duo Maxwell at the colonies one day. What he didn't realize is that Sei's mother, Madam L, is an engineer who had designed the deadly and powerful Lemming mobile suit. During a test flight of the Lemming, Sei is killed by its special Lemming System.
[SY] The test pilot of the Lemming following Sei's death. During her flight, she encountered Duo, who had borrowed the Wing Gundam Zero to destroy the machine. The ensuing battle led the two into space, where the Lemming System affected Adodera's mind to the point where she opened the cockpit hatch without wearing a helmet, killing herself.
[TI] A 14-year-old choir girl and the protagonist of Tiel's Impulse. Her older brother was an OZ test pilot who was driven mad by the Gundam Lucifer's ZERO System Ver 2.0. In order to find him, she came up with the plan to sneak into the colony where Romefeller built their mass production Gundams, all under the auspices of a choral performance. During the Gundamjack, she stole the Wing Gundam Seraphim, whose ZERO System Ver 2.5 would be used to help her track down her older brother. However, the race to find her brother results in her losing her two best friends before finally encountering him. When she finds her older brother, he is completely mad, thanks to the ZERO System; when his sister refused to join him, the two fought and ended up falling into the Earth's atmosphere, dying in the process.
Cast
References
Characters
Gundam Wing
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4023778
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSSA
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CSSA
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CSSA may refer to:
Organizations
Cactus and Succulent Society of America
California State Student Association
Center for Service & Social Action, furthering the Jesuit mission of educating through service and advocacy
Chinese Students and Scholars Association, the official organization for overseas Chinese students
Connecticut State Soccer Association
Corporación Sudamericana de Servicios Aéreos, an airline merged into Aviación del Litoral Fluvial Argentino
Crop Science Society of America
Other uses
Star of South Africa, Commander (post-nominal letters)
Comprehensive Social Security Assistance, a welfare programme operated by Social Welfare Department of Hong Kong
Camp Stanley Storage Activity, operated by Camp Stanley, US
See also
CSSA Nations Cup, a former football championship
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4023779
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xpressway
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Xpressway
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Xpressway was a record label founded by New Zealand musician Bruce Russell in Dunedin in 1988. Until it ceased in 1993, Xpressway released a variety of New Zealand musicians, primarily on cassette, but its catalogue included several 7" singles and one 12" EP.
Russell began releasing and distributing cassettes via mail order, to offer a 'lifeboat' for those artists who had been dropped by Flying Nun Records, as Flying Nun moved away from its low-fi roots to focus on artists with more 'commercial potential'.
Artists whose material was released by Xpressway include The Dead C, This Kind of Punishment, Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos, Alastair Galbraith, Graeme Jefferies, The Terminals, and Sandra Bell.
Discography
X/Way 01 Dead C Live Dead See cassette
X/Way 02 This Kind of Punishment TKP Live 1985 cassette
X/Way 03 Wreck Small Speakers on Expensive Stereos A Childs Guide To Wreck Small Speakers On Expensive Stereos cassette
X/Way 04 Alastair Galbraith Hurry on Down cassette
X/Way 05 Various Xpressway Pile Up cassette
X/Way 06 Various I Hate Pavel Tishy's Guts cassette
X/Way 07 Dead C The Sunstabbed 7" EP
X/Way 08 Victor Dimisich Band The Mekong Delta Blues cassette
X/Way 09 Peter Gutteridge Pure cassette
X/Way 10 Alastair Galbraith and Graeme Jefferies "Timebomb" / "Bravely, Bravely" 7"
X/Way 11 Peter Jefferies and Robbie Muir "Catapult" / "The Fate Of The Human Carbine" 7"
X/Way 12 Dead C Play DR 503b cassette
X/Way 13 Plagal Grind Plagal Grind 12" EP
X/Way 14 Sferic Experiment Bunny Liver cassette
X/Way 15 This Kind of Punishment Beard Of Bees cassette
X/Way 16 Peter Jefferies The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World cassette
X/Way 17 The Terminals "Do The Void" / "Deadly Tango" 7"
X/Way 18 Angelhead Eat cassette
X/Way 19 The Terminals Disease cassette
X/Way 20 Scorched Earth Policy Foaming Out cassette
X/Way 21 David Mitchell with Denise Roughan "Dead Dog In Port Chalmers" / "Dogs" / "Grey Funnel Line" 7"
X/Way 22 Sandra Bell Dreams Of Falling cassette
X/Way 23 Heazelwood Hellmouth 66 cassette
See also
List of record labels
Bruce Russell
References
New Zealand record labels
Alternative rock record labels
Dunedin Sound
Port Chalmers
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4023834
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier%20Villa
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Javier Villa
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Javier Villa García (born 5 October 1987) is a Spanish racing driver living in Arriondas, Asturias, Spain. He drove in the GP2 Series from 2006 towards 2009. In 2010 he switched to touring cars, driving at the Spanish Mini Challenge and later the World Touring Car Championship. Villa finished third at the 2012 Racecar Euro Series stock car championship.
Career
García was born in Colunga, Asturias. Before driving in the GP2 Series in 2006, he raced in the Spanish F3 Championship, where he finished 4th overall in the 2005 season, with the Racing Engineering team.
Graduating to GP2 with Racing Engineering the next year, his first season was pointless, but 2007 was a significant improvement. He took his first GP2 victory in 2007 at the sprint race at Magny-Cours. He started from second on the grid by dint of finishing seventh in the previous day's feature race. He then won the sprint races at the Nürburgring and Hungaroring from pole position. He stayed with Racing Engineering for a third season of GP2 in 2008. This season was disappointing as he slipped back to seventeenth in the championship, whereas team-mate Giorgio Pantano won it.
Villa drove for Super Nova Racing in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, and also drove for the team in the 2009 GP2 Series season. He was linked with a race seat at Formula One team Campos Grand Prix for 2010 but when they turned into Hispania Racing Team he wasn't linked anymore.
The 2010 season he forged links with BMW driving in the Spanish Mini Challenge Championship. He won that title and was rewarded with a drive in the final round of the 2010 Australian Mini Challenge in Sydney finishing seventh.
In 2011 Villa will move to the World Touring Car Championship with Proteam Motorsport BMW team, where he scored his first podium in Hungary. He had a disappointing end to the season falling out of the top ten finishing 12th for the season. He was voted best rookie in the World Touring Car Championship for the 2011 season.
He was linked with the Formula One team Hispania Racing with a view to replace Vitantonio Liuzzi. He again competed in the Spanish Mini Challenge in 2011 and despite missing three races, still finished in fifth position for the championship.
Villa moved for 2012 to the Racecar Euro Series, a NASCAR-sanctioned stock car championship, where he finished third in the championship with a win and six podium finishes.
Racing record
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Whelen Euro Series - Elite 1
References
External links
Javier Villa Official website
1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Asturias
Spanish racing drivers
Euroformula Open Championship drivers
GP2 Series drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
NASCAR drivers
International GT Open drivers
People from Oriente (Asturian comarca)
Racing Engineering drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
Arden International drivers
De Villota Motorsport drivers
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4023854
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusk%27s%20Ferry%20Road
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Lusk's Ferry Road
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Lusk's Ferry Road was an early road in Illinois that provided an overland connection between the main settlement, Fort Kaskaskia, on the Mississippi River, and Lusk's Ferry, an important crossing point on the Ohio River. The overland route afforded an alternative to the river route, which required a difficult trip upstream on the Mississippi.
Fort Massac is on the Ohio River, about 20 miles (overland) southwest of Lusk's Ferry. This was a French fort that was abandoned and burned in 1763, at the end of the French and Indian War, when control of the Illinois Country passed to the British. It is likely that the Lusk's Ferry road started as a French road that connected Fort Massac with Fort Kaskaskia. After Lusk's Ferry came into use, a road was built from the Ferry to the Fort Massac Road. With the Fort abandoned, the southern stretch of the road fell into disuse, and the road became the Lusk's Ferry Road.
In his conquest of Illinois in 1778 and 1789, George Rogers Clark, with the army of Virginia, crossed the Ohio River from Kentucky to Fort Massac. From there he headed north to the Lusk's Ferry Road, which he followed at least part of the way to Fort Kaskaskia, whose defenses were oriented toward repelling an assault coming up the Mississippi. Clark was able to take the Fort by surprise by approaching from the interior of Illinois.
The northwestern and southeastern segments of the Lusk's Ferry Road, close to Kaskaskia and Lusk's Ferry, were accurately mapped in the early surveys of Illinois, which were conducted around 1800. This survey was oriented toward marking out "Townships" that were six miles (10 km) square, subdivided into "Sections" that were one mile (1.6 km) square, pursuant to the Land Ordinance of 1785. Although the surveyors were not charged with mapping the roads, many did so. The locations of the roads were probably exact where they met the Section lines, about once every mile, and approximated between these points. The actual maps were drawn in the 1830s, but were based on the surveyors' notes from around 1800.
The Lusk Ferry Road was a very old road, at least by Illinois standards, being present before the original survey. It is, however, notable that, on its northwestern end, this was a carefully surveyed road. It ran east out of Kaskaskia mostly in segments that ran nearly due east, almost to modern DuQuoin, where it made a sharp turn to the southeast, running for miles on a very straight line directly toward Fort Massac and Lusk's Ferry. Although the road jogged to avoid obstacles, it did not follow the natural lay of the land like animal trails, Indian trails and most pioneer roads. This was an engineered road that was not equaled in Illinois until many decades after the original survey. This suggests that the road had its origin as a military road connecting Fort Kaskaskia with Fort Massac. The road may have been laid out by the French in the 1750s, or by the Americans after the reoccupation of Fort Massac in 1794.
The direction of the road was controlled by several factors. Out of Kaskaskia, the road went north toward the headwaters of Marys River, avoiding a river crossing. The road then headed east to cross the Big Muddy River as far upstream as possible consistent with a direct route to the southeast. After crossing the Big Muddy, the road seems to aim straight for the most direct pass over the Shawnee Hills.
The Big Muddy crossing was a major limitation on this road. Although bridges over the Big Muddy existed in the area in the early 19th century, there is no reference to a bridge on the Lusk's Ferry Road. Even if there was a bridge, the Big Muddy is notable for its broad, flat floodplain. A true all weather route would have required long causeways over the floodplain that would have been more than a mile long.
In wet weather, there were two options. One would be to go down the Mississippi and up the Ohio by boat. The other would have been to follow the Fort Vincennes road northeast to the Goshen Road, and then southeast to Old Shawneetown, Illinois. Although this would have been at least eighty miles farther, there were no river crossings.
Randolph County
The original surveys of Illinois show several roads in Randolph County, consistent with its role as the original State Capital and economic center of the State. Towards the eastern edge of the County (Township 6 South, Range 5 West), one of these roads is clearly labeled as the Lusk's Ferry Road. This road crosses Mary's River, just to the north of modern County road 1400N. The road seems to join modern Illinois Route 150 through Steeleville. At the east edge of Steeleville, the old road veered south from Route 150, heading straight for modern Illinois Route 4 at the county line.
TopoQuest Steeleville
Perry County
The Lusk Ferry Road entered Perry County, in T6S, R4W, on modern Route 4. Rather than follow that road south, however, the old road headed almost due east across the Township to what was once the village of Denmark. There the road jogged a mile south, along the eastern boundary of T6S, R3W, and again headed due east, crossing Beaucoup Creek, just north of its fork with Gallum Creek. The road exited to T6S, R2W just north of the Pinckneyville/DuQuoin Airport. From there the road jogged back a mile north, and headed due east toward Duquoin. Although this township became a moonscape of strip mines, there is an east/west road through the spoil piles that seems to line up exactly with the old road.
Just west of DuQuoin, the Lusk Ferry Road turned toward the southeast, near the point where it entered T6S, R1W, running about six miles (10 km) toward Jackson County and the Big Muddy River. Somewhere close to the Big Muddy, Chief DuQuoin met his defeat at the hands of the Shawnee.
Google Maps, Denmark
TopoQuest DuQuoin
Jackson County
The Lusk Ferry Road cut through the northeast corner of Jackson County in T7S, R1W. The road entered the County about west of the corner, heading southeast. It crossed the Little Muddy River, and exited the County about south of the northeast corner.
TopoQuest, NW Corner, Jackson County
Franklin County
The Lusk Ferry Road cut through the southwest corner of Franklin County, heading southeast. It entered the County about four miles (6 km) north of the corner, passing through Royalton, before exiting the county about four miles (6 km) east of the corner.
Although it is not shown on the original survey maps, there must have been a road that crossed or branched off of the Lusk Ferry Road in Franklin County. In 1814, John James Audubon attempted to cross Illinois by horse, on his way to Henderson, Kentucky. Audubon lost his horse crossing the Big Muddy near modern Plumfield, and nearly lost his life soon thereafter. This suggests an east/west road roughly following modern Illinois Route 149. This road would have led to Frank's Fort and Jordan's Fort, which were built around 1811, in response to Tecumseh's War.
TopoQuest Little Muddy NW of Royalton
TopoQuest Royalton to Big Muddy to Herrin
Williamson County
The Lusk's Ferry Road entered Williamson County, in T8S, R1E, about four miles (6 km) east of the northwest corner of the County, heading southeast, straight toward modern Herrin. The road followed modern Illinois Route 148, but was about a mile south. This area was heavily strip mined, raising the possibility that Route 148 once followed the old road, but was moved a mile north to avoid the mines.
The road turned south, running straight though modern downtown Herrin, T8S, R2E, along the route of modern Route 148. South of Herrin, the road entered T9S, R2E. The Lusk's Ferry Road is clearly marked as such where it entered this Township. The road then enters a maze of "Traces", none of which are clearly marked as the Lusk Ferry Road.
About five miles (8 km) south of Herrin there was once a town called "Bainbridge". All that is now left is the Bainbridge cemetery, about five miles (8 km) southwest of Marion. This was located in what is now the Crab Orchard National Wildlife Refuge. Some sources describe this as an important early cross roads in this area, near the base of the Shawnee Hills. Beyond Bainbridge, the Lusk's Ferry Road is not marked on the old maps through the rest of Williamson County.
There were two routes over the hills to the south, neither of which is clearly marked on the original survey maps. The western route crossed the Shawnee Hills at "Buffalo Gap", near Goreville. The eastern crossed the Shawnee Hills at "Mocassin Gap". While the Buffalo Gap route had the lower summit, the Mocassin Gap was the more direct route.
There is a line of disconnected diagonal road segments leading from Marion to Creal Springs, a small village in southeastern Williamson County. A modern road runs south out of Creal Springs toward Lake of Egypt. This is the most likely route for the Lusk's Ferry Road.
TopoQuest Herrin to Bainbridge
TopoQuest Creal Springs to Wagon Creek
Mocassin Gap/Johnson County
The road from Creal Springs enters Johnson County a little to the east of Lake of Egypt. There it turns southeast, running up the Shawnee Hills alongside Wagon Creek.
On the original survey plats, a short segment of the Lusk's Ferry Road is labeled in Section 19, T11S, R4E. This segment lines up with the Wagon Creek Road, and is pointed toward modern Reynoldsburg, three miles (5 km) southeast, which some sources cite as having been on the road. (The road is not, however, shown on the map at the location of Reynoldsburg.) The Shawnee summit is between the mapped segment and Reynoldsburg, so this area was probably once called Mocassin Gap. Modern U.S. Route 45 crosses this area, but perpendicular to the apparent route of the old road.
The short, mapped segment of the road between Wagon Creek and Reynoldsburg shows the road going down a steep grade to Sugar Creek. A high ridge lies between Sugar Creek and Reynoldsburg. From the top of the ridge, a modern road runs down to Mocassin Gap and Reynoldsburg. This is probably the route of the old road: except for the missing Sugar Creek crossing, there would be a modern road all the way from Creal Springs to Reynoldsburg.
Crossing the Sugar Creek valley and the ensuing ridge was probably very difficult. Having reached the ridge overlooking Sugar Creek, it would have been far easier to go southwest toward Tunnel Hill, circling around the watershed back east toward Reynoldsburg. A line of modern roads follows this route. Alternatively, it would have been much simpler to have gone in a zig zag from Creal Springs to New Burnside, through the gap along modern U.S. Route 45, and then back east to Reynoldsburg. The original route may be hard to spot in this area because it was abandoned early on for the simpler routes followed by the modern roads.
TopoQuest, Sugar Creek
Pope County
The original survey shows the Lusk's Ferry Road entering Pope County near the modern village of Robbs. From there, the road followed the modern County/Forest Service road through Glendale and Rising Sun, down to Illinois Route 146. The road then followed Route 146 into Golconda and Lusk's Ferry.
TopoQuest Reynoldsburg to Robbs & Glendale, Illinois
TopoQuest Robbs & Glendale to Rising Sun, Illinois
TopoQuest Rising Sun to Golconda, Illinois
Notes
See also
Ford's Ferry Road
References
History of Southern Illinois, G.W. Smith, 1912
External links
Illinois Township Survey Plats
Old Kentucky Trails
Western Gazetteer Excerpt, 1817
Historic trails and roads in Illinois
Pre-statehood history of Illinois
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4023860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric%20Ripert
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Éric Ripert
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Éric Frank Ripert (; born 2 March 1965) is a French chef, author and television personality specializing in modern French cuisine and noted for his work with seafood.
Ripert's flagship restaurant, Le Bernardin, located in New York City, has been ranked among the best restaurants in the world by culinary magazines and currently ranks No.36 on the annual list of "The World's 50 Best Restaurants". It holds the maximum ratings of four stars from The New York Times and three stars from the Michelin Guide.
Early life and education
Ripert was born in France and learned to cook at a young age from his mother. When he was young, his family moved to Andorra, where he was raised. He later returned to France and attended a culinary school in Perpignan.
Culinary career
At the age of 17 in 1982 he moved to Paris, where he worked for two years at La Tour d'Argent, a famous restaurant that claims to be more than 400 years old. Ripert next worked at Jamin under Joël Robuchon and was soon promoted to Assistant Chef de Partie. In 1985 Ripert left to fulfill his military service, after which he returned to Jamin as Chef Poissonier.
In 1989, Ripert moved to the United States and was hired as a sous chef in the Watergate Hotel's Jean Louis Palladin restaurant. Ripert moved to New York in 1991, working briefly as David Bouley's sous-chef before Maguy and Gilbert Le Coze recruited him as chef for Le Bernardin. In 1994, Ripert became Le Bernardin's executive chef after Gilbert Le Coze died unexpectedly of a heart attack. The following year, at the age of 29, Ripert earned a four-star rating from The New York Times, and in 1996 he became a part-owner. In the Michelin Guide NYC 2006, Ripert's Le Bernardin was one of four New York City restaurants to be awarded the maximum three Michelin stars for excellence in cuisine. Le Bernardin received four stars from The New York Times four consecutive times, making it the only restaurant to maintain that exquisite status for that length of time and never dropping a star in ten years. Le Bernardin is often referred to as the Temple of Seafood.
Ripert is the Vice Chairman of the board of City Harvest, working to bring together New York's top chefs and restaurateurs to raise funds and increase the quality and quantity of food donations to New York's neediest. In addition, Ripert partnered with The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company to open Blue in Grand Cayman.
Media career
Ripert has made several guest appearances on cooking-based television shows, including guest judge and assistant chef roles on the second, third, fourth and fifth seasons of Bravo TV's Top Chef. Ripert had been considered to join season 8 of Top Chef as a permanent judge, but bowed out when his employee Jen Caroll was selected as a contestant again. Ripert was good friends with Anthony Bourdain and appeared in many episodes of A Cook's Tour, Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations and Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown. In September 2009, Avec Eric, Ripert's first TV show, debuted on PBS stations and ran for two seasons, earning two Daytime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Culinary Program (2011) and Outstanding Achievement in Main Title and Graphic Design (2010). Avec Eric returned for a third season on the Cooking Channel in February 2015, and is now available through iTunes and Netflix. Ripert has launched a series of brief online cooking videos called "Get Toasted" on his website which focuses on easy and quick meals that can be prepared and cooked in minutes with a toaster oven. In the series he uses a somewhat high end brick-oven based toaster oven produced by Cuisinart.
In 2010, he played himself in the television show Treme on HBO (season 1 episode 5), alongside David Chang, Wylie Dufresne and Tom Colicchio. He returned in his cameo role in Season 2, in multiple episodes.
Books
In fall 2008, Ripert published On the Line, his second cookbook with Artisan, which in 2002 published A Return to Cooking, a collaboration between Ripert, photographers Shimon and Tammar Rothstein, artist Valentino Cortazar, and writer Michael Ruhlman that was selected by Newsweek as one of its best books of the season. Ripert's first cookbook, Le Bernardin – Four Star Simplicity (Clarkson Potter) was published in 1998, and in 2014, Ripert released his newest cookbook, My Best: Eric Ripert (Alain Ducasse Publishing). In 2016, he published his memoir: 32 Yolks: From My Mother's Table to Working the Line (Random House), which appeared on The New York Times bestseller list.
Philanthropic activity
Ripert is the chair of City Harvest's Food Council. In this capacity he works to bring together New York's top chefs, restaurateurs and others in the food community to assist City Harvest in its mission to raise funds and to increase the quantity and quality of food donations. "City Harvest, a non-profit organization founded in 1982, is the world's first and New York City's only food rescue program. City Harvest exists to end hunger in communities throughout New York City, through food rescue and distribution, education, and other practical, innovative solutions."
For three years, Ripert has hosted the Tibetan Aid Project's Taste & Tribute New York benefit dinner and auction at his Manhattan restaurant, Le Bernardin. "Funds raised at the annual Taste & Tribute benefit dinners help support efforts to restore Tibetan-language texts to libraries all over the Himalayan region. So far, this project has led to the distribution of nearly two million traditional Buddhist texts—one of the largest free book distributions in history.
Published works
Le Bernardin Cookbook (co-authored with Maguy Le Coze) (1998),
A Return to Cooking (co-authored with Michael Ruhlman) (2002),
On the Line: The Stations, the Heat, the Cooks, the Costs, the Chaos, and the Triumphs (co-authored with Christine Muhlke) (November 2008),
Avec Eric: A Culinary Journey with Eric Ripert (2010),
My Best: Eric Ripert (2014)
32 Yolks: From My Mother's Table to Working the Line (17 May 2016) with Veronica Chambers
Awards
"Best Restaurant in America" (1997) by GQ "Best Food in New York City" (2000–2007) by Zagat
"Outstanding Restaurant of the Year" (1998) by the James Beard Foundation
"Top Chef in New York City" (1998) by the James Beard Foundation
"Outstanding Service Award" (1999) by the James Beard Foundation
"Outstanding Chef of the Year" (2003) by the James Beard Foundation
Personal life
Ripert and his wife Sandra (née Nieves) have a son.
On 8 June 2018, Ripert was travelling with his friend, American TV personality and culinary connoisseur Anthony Bourdain, who was working on an episode of Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown'' in Strasbourg, France. Ripert found Bourdain dead from an apparent suicide by hanging in Bourdain's hotel room at Kaysersberg-Vignoble.
References
External links
Profile at Great Chefs
Personal Blog
Biography at CuisineNet
in depth video interview w/ Eric
Biography at Global Gourmet
iVillage's Secret Sauce: Eric Ripert's Warm Peekytoe-Maryland Lump "Crab Cake"
iVillage's Secret Sauce: Eric Ripert's Grilled Trout with Sauce Vierge and Potato and Leek"
Westend Bistro, Washington, DC
Chef’s Table: Drinking with Eric Ripert
1965 births
Living people
People from Antibes
French chefs
American chefs
American male chefs
Chefs of French cuisine
Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants
French emigrants to Andorra
French emigrants to the United States
People from New York City
James Beard Foundation Award winners
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4023879
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%20Perera
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Franck Perera
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Franck Perera (born 21 March 1984 in Montpellier, France) is a race car driver who has competed in a number of international open-wheel racing championships.
Career
In 2006, Perera drove in the GP2 Series for the DAMS team, after four years of racing for the Prema team in junior championships. In 2007 he drove for Condor Motorsports in the Atlantic Championship, scoring three wins and finishing second in the championship behind Raphael Matos. On 6 February 2008 Perera announced that he had signed with Conquest Racing to compete in the Champ Car World Series in 2008 after a successful test with the team. However, shortly thereafter Champ Car and the Indy Racing League unified, canceling the Champ Car season. It was announced on 25 February that Perera had modified his deal in order to continue with the team in the IRL IndyCar Series. He lost the ride after three races due to funding issues stemming from the bankruptcy of his sponsor Opes Prime, causing the team to hire Brazilian driver Jaime Camara.
In order to continue racing in the US, Perera signed to drive in Firestone Indy Lights with Guthrie Racing for the remainder of the 2008 season and made his debut in the seventh race of the season at the Iowa Speedway. He captured his first series victory from the pole at Infineon Raceway, his eighth start. He returned to the IndyCar Series for the points-scoring finale at Chicagoland Speedway, driving the #41 car of A. J. Foyt Enterprises. He was also signed to drive the car of A.S. Roma in the brand new Superleague Formula championship in 2008.
Perera returned to the GP2 Series in 2009, replacing Giacomo Ricci at David Price Racing. Perera was not allowed to start the feature race of the Hungarian round, due to causing an avoidable accident in qualifying, with Romain Grosjean. As his lap time was outside 107% of Lucas di Grassi's pole time, the stewards refused to let him race due to the accident. Grosjean however, was allowed to start. Perera also failed to qualify for both races of the championship held at the Spa-Francorchamps circuit. He left the GP2 Series for the second time after the Spa round. Perera returned to A.S. Roma in the Superleague Formula in 2009 for the Estoril round taking over from Jonathan Kennard. He was replaced at the next round by Julien Jousse.
In 2013, Perera returned full-time, driving a Porsche 911 in the Blancpain Endurance Series for Pro GT by Almeras in the Pro-Am class.
Racing record
Career summary
† Guest driver, ineligble for points
‡ Team standings
* Season still in progress.
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
American open–wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
Atlantic Championship
IndyCar Series
1 Run on same day.
Superleague Formula
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
2009 Super Final Results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
Complete Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup results
24 Hours of Daytona results
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
* Season still in progress.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Montpellier
French people of Spanish descent
French racing drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Dutch Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
GP2 Series drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
24 Hours of Spa drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
24H Series drivers
British GT Championship drivers
Prema Powerteam drivers
DAMS drivers
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
Conquest Racing drivers
TDS Racing drivers
ISR Racing drivers
Emil Frey Racing drivers
A. J. Foyt Enterprises drivers
Karting World Championship drivers
Mercedes-AMG Motorsport drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
Target Racing drivers
David Price Racing drivers
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4023886
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20L.%20Bissell%20Jr.
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Nicholas L. Bissell Jr.
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Nicholas Louis "Nick" Bissell Jr. (January 14, 1947 – November 27, 1996) was the county prosecutor of Somerset County, New Jersey. After being charged with embezzlement, tax fraud and abuse of power, he fled to Laughlin, Nevada, and killed himself after a standoff with US Marshals.
Biography
Born in 1947 to Nicholas L. Bissell Sr. (1919–2002) and his wife, Louise, Nick Bissell grew up in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, and later moved to Somerville, New Jersey. He entered private practice, then worked as a part-time judge. He then became an assistant prosecutor in Somerset County, and was appointed county prosecutor in 1982 by Governor Tom Kean. He held that position for 13 years. His specialty was civil forfeiture. At one point, the value of the assets he seized were the highest in the state, even though Somerset County is the eighth-smallest county in New Jersey. One of his best-known cases that didn't involve a forfeiture was the prosecution of Matthew Heikkila, a 21-year-old from affluent Basking Ridge, who, on January 29, 1991, murdered his adoptive parents. Although Bissell pressed for the death penalty, the jury sentenced Heikkila to two consecutive life sentences.
In 1990, a forfeiture case proved to be Bissell's downfall. On May 10, 1990, James Giuffre was arrested on charges of selling $700 worth of cocaine. Bissell said he would drop the charges if Giuffre forfeited two plots of land to the prosecutor's office, valued at $174,000. They were sold at auction below their appraised value to a friend of Bissell's chief of detectives. Giuffre filed a civil suit against Bissell (which the Somerset County Freeholders later settled for $435,000) and also then contacted the Internal Revenue Service and the FBI. Forensic accountants with the IRS discovered that Bissell skimmed cash from a gas station of which he was part owner. The FBI discovered that Bissell had destroyed a suspect's written request for a lawyer and threatened to frame his gasoline wholesaler for cocaine possession.
In September 1995, Bissell was indicted on 30 federal charges of mail fraud, tax evasion and abuse of power, and was promptly fired by Governor and Somerset County resident Christine Todd Whitman. In May 1996, he was convicted on all charges and faced a minimum sentence of six to eight years in federal prison and a maximum of ten years. He was released under the condition that he wear an electronic bracelet until he was sentenced. He abruptly cut it off on November 18, 1996 and fled to Nevada, leaving a note in which he stated that he intended to commit suicide. He was tracked by his cell phone.
He fatally shot himself after a 10-minute standoff in his hotel room, while members of the United States Marshals Service tried to lure him out of his room.
References
External links
Profile (November 21, 1995), philly.com; accessed October 13, 2016.
Profile (October 8, 1995), philly.com; accessed October 13, 2016.
at Crime Library
1947 births
1996 suicides
District attorneys in New Jersey
Suicides by firearm in Nevada
Politicians from Somerville, New Jersey
People from Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
20th-century American politicians
Place of birth missing
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4023888
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Georgia%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20faculty
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List of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty
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This list of Georgia Institute of Technology faculty current and former faculty, staff and presidents of the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Administration
Institute presidents
Other administration
Natural sciences
Engineering
Computer science
Mathematics
Social Sciences
Psychology
Public policy
Humanities
Literature
Athletics
References
Georgia Institute of Technology faculty
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4023894
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%20Yi%20Chen
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Si Yi Chen
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Si Yi Chen (; born 19 March 1985) is a Chinese–Australian criminal who was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, Chen was arrested in a room at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta together with three others. Police uncovered of heroin in a suitcase in the room. After a criminal trial, on 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. His appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock when the Supreme Court imposed the death penalty on 6 September 2006. A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court, following a full confession by Chen to his role in the plan to import heroin from Bali to Australia, resulted in the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated.
Alleged trafficking conspiracy
It is unclear how Chen, aged 20 years, from Doonside in Sydney, was connected to the fellow members of the Bali Nine. According to media reports, acting on behalf of Myuran Sukumaran, on 5 April 2005 Chen handed Renae Lawrence A$500 at a Sydney hotel representing spending money for Lawrence's trip to Bali. On or about 8 April 2005, Chen arrived in Bali with Matthew Norman and checked into the White Rose Hotel. It was reported that Chen and Norman "hardly ever left their room".
On 14 April, Chen, Norman, Lawrence and Martin Stephens checked into Adhi Dharma hotel, with Tan Duc Thanh Nguyen arriving in the same hotel two days later. It was reported that police took the room next to Chen and Norman. In the evening of Sunday 17 April, appearing like tourists, Nguyen, Chen and Norman checked into the Melasti Hotel. Sukumaran, who was also with them, with his bags, left them with the others as he decided to go to the Hard Rock Hotel complex.
Arrest in Indonesia
Approximately 20 minutes after checking in, Chen was arrested at the Melasti Hotel in Kuta on 17 April 2005 with Nguyen, Sukumaran and Norman. Indonesian police claim the group were in possession of of heroin and bundles of plastic wrapping, Elastoplast tape, and a set of scales, indicating involvement in a plan to transport drugs to Australia.
Earlier that day at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Indonesian police also arrested the following drug mules after they were found carrying various amounts of heroin concealed on their bodies. Martin Stephens was found to be carrying ; Renae Lawrence was found to be carrying ; Michael Czugaj was found to be carrying and Scott Rush was found to be carrying of heroin. Alleged co-ringleader, Andrew Chan was also arrested the same day whilst seated on an Australian Airlines flight waiting to depart Denpasar for Sydney. At the time Chan was arrested, he was carrying three mobile phones and a boarding pass. No drugs were found in his possession.
Two weeks after leaving Australia, Chen's father reported him missing to Australian police and had no idea he was abroad; saying:
"I didn't see him for two weeks. I never knew he was overseas. I am very surprised to hear this news."
Criticism of Australian Federal Police tipoff
Lee Rush, the father of Scott Rush, a fellow member of the Bali Nine, said that he contacted the Australian Federal Police (AFP) prior to the commission of the offence, fearing his son was travelling to Bali and would commit a drug-related crime. Rush senior claims then to have received assurances from the AFP that they would tell his son he was under surveillance to dissuade him from going through with the crime before the group's departure from Indonesia. Scott Rush's lawyers said he was never contacted. It was revealed that the AFP alerted Indonesian police that a crime was to be committed approximately two weeks before the arrests, and had commenced an investigation about ten weeks prior to the arrests. When the Bali Nine were arrested, the news of the tipoff became public and there was criticism of the role of the AFP in protecting the interests of Australian citizens. Commenting on the matter at the time, AFP Commissioner Mick Keelty was reported as saying:
Rush took action in the Federal Court of Australia against the AFP for breach of the bilateral treaty between Indonesia and Australia when information was handed by the AFP to the Indonesians. Rush's case claimed that such information should only be released by the Attorney-General. However, the Commonwealth Government maintained that the treaty only applies after a suspect is charged. The application was dismissed by the Federal Court in January 2006.
Criminal trial
Criminal trials for the accused commenced in the Denpasar District Court on 11 October 2005. Chen, Nguyen, and Norman, all arrested at the Melasti Hotel and earning the numeric epithet, The Melasti Three, were tried together, with the remaining six defendants tried separately. During the trial it was reported that Chen denied any involvement in the alleged drug trafficking operation. Chen was quiet throughout proceedings and at times could barely be heard by panel judges.
In December 2005, it was reported that tensions were building between the Bali Nine drug mules and Sukumaran and Chan. Several days later, lawyers acting for some members of the Bali Nine initially sought the support of the Director of Public Prosecutions to intervene and lay charges for conspiracy to import drugs, so that the nine could be extradited and charged under Australian law. However, the judges hearing the trial matters in Bali called for Australia not to intervene in Indonesia's right to impose capital punishment;. Lawyers acting for Stephens, one of the Bali Nine, claimed that the fairness of his trial was in jeopardy following comments made in the media by Indonesian Foreign Minister Hassan Wirajuda that Australians should be prepared for members of the Bali Nine to receive a death sentence, if found guilty.
Sentencing and appeal
In pre-sentence proceedings, Chen's father, Edward Chen, was reported as saying:
During his final plea on 2 February 2006, Chen said:
On 15 February 2006 Chen was sentenced to life imprisonment. Commenting on the sentences at the time, Australian Federal Police Commissioner Keelty stated:
The Australian Prime Minister John Howard was reported as commenting:
A subsequent appeal to the Indonesian Supreme Court to have the sentence reduced suffered a shock on 6 September 2006 when the death penalty was imposed on Chen, Nguyen, and Norman. Following a full confession by Chen during a subsequent appeal for leniency, the original sentence of life imprisonment being reinstated with some media reports that the Melasti Three could be released before 2020, subject to good behaviour.
Additional arrests
In February 2006, as verdicts and sentences were handed down in the trial of the Bali Nine, additional arrests were made in Australia.
Prison life
Chen is serving his sentence in Kerobokan Prison where he is working in partnership with a local jewellery company Yin Jewellery to establish Mule Jewels, a rehabilitative silver making programme that offers inmates a trade skill that they are able to use upon release, and gives inmates some constructive and therapeutic work. Chen has stated online that he is sharing a cell with an Australian and a Japanese person. "It's comfortable enough for the three of us but it is dirty." He has since become a Christian.
See also
List of Australians in international prisons
List of Australian criminals
References
External links
1985 births
21st-century Australian criminals
Australian drug traffickers
Living people
Criminals from Sydney
Australian Christians
Australian people of Chinese descent
Place of birth missing (living people)
Australian people imprisoned abroad
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Indonesia
Bali Nine
Bali Nine
Inmates of Kerobokan Prison
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4023910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption%20in%20Kenya
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Corruption in Kenya
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Corruption in the government of Kenya has a history which spans the era of the founding president Jomo Kenyatta, to Daniel arap Moi's KANU, Mwai Kibaki's PNU government and the current Uhuru Kenyatta's Jubilee Party government. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2021 Kenya is ranked 128th out of 180 countries for corruption, tied with seven other countries, including Bolivia, Azerbaijan, Laos, and Paraguay (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list).
Most bribes paid by urban residents in Kenya are fairly small but large ones are also taken – bribes worth over KSh.50,000/= (€600, US$450) account for 41% of the total value. There is also corruption on a larger scale with each of the last two regimes being criticised for their involvement.
Despite market reforms, several business surveys reveal that business corruption is still widespread and that companies frequently encounter demands for bribes and informal payments to 'get things done' in Kenya, a trend that has contributed to an increased cost of doing business in Kenya. The public procurement sector in Kenya suffers widespread corruption and is the leading form of graft in the public service and always at the centre of all major corruption scandals. The use of agents to facilitate business operations and transactions in Kenya is widespread and poses a risk for companies, particularly at the market entry and business start-up stage.
Despite positive developments, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was disbanded and replaced by the newly instated Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission(EACC) on 5 September 2011. Observers describe the new agency as superficial.
It is observed that in Kenya bribery and nepotism as most prevalent forms of corruption according to surveys carried out.
On 22 July 2019, Kenya's finance minister Henry Rotich became the country's first sitting minister to be arrested for corruption. This followed an order by the Director of Public Prosecution (DPP) Noordin Haji for the arrest and prosecution of Mr. Rotich and his Principal Secretary (PS) Kamau Thugge among other top government officials over the multibillion-shilling Arror and Kimwarer dams scandal.
In 2017, the US government cut health funding to Kenya over widespread corruption in the Ministry of Health. USAID suspended $21M funding for activities carried out by a number of the Ministry's departments over corruption and weak accounting procedures.
Before 1990
The first corruption incident in Kenya is widely regarded as the Ngei maize scandal of 1965. Paul Ngei, an independence hero and at the time the Minister for Marketing and Cooperatives, was involved in a maize scandal that caused a national maize shortage. The Commission of Maize Inquiry, the first of its kind in independent Kenya, found that Ngei's wife, Emma, was getting preferential treatment for her business, Emma Stores (Uhuru Millers of Kangundo), through which she bought maize directly from farmers, which was illegal at the time.
Between 1986 and 1991 the construction of the Turkwel Hydroelectric Power Station was riddled with claims of corruption. The dam was eventually built at three times the estimated cost, twice the allocated amount and producing energy significantly below capacity.
Turkwel Dam Scandal
The Turkwell Gorge Hydro Electric Dam Project was commissioned in 1986 and completed by French company Spie Batignolles in 1991. The construction of the dam is one of the controversial projects that characterized former president Moi's administration in the late 80s and early 90s. According to media reports the project was riddled by allegations over pricing, lack of environmental assessment and feasibility study and failure to have an open tendering process that saw the contract awarded to the French company.
In 1986, Achim Kratz, then European Commission delegate to Kenya, in an internal memo that was leaked to the Financial Times alleged that Kenya's failure to have an open tendering process resulted in the government paying more than double the cost.
The blame on the alleged corruption surrounding the dam was blamed on two government officials: then Minister of energy Nicholas Biwott and then Finance Minister George Saitoti who were accused of handpicking the French company for the job for their own gain in terms of kickbacks.
In 2000, the permanent secretary, secretary to the cabinet, and head of Public Service to the Kenyan government, Dr. Richard Leakey declassified the Turkwel dam files making them publicly accessible. The information, which falsified the graft allegations raised against the project including the lack of an open tendering process, was also made public in Hansard, parliamentary debates of June 8, 2000.
The late president Moi had appointed Dr. Leakey in 1999 to head the civil service and help with reform the corrupt civil service and privatization of state-owned companies but Leakey stepped down in 2001.
In March 2002 in High Court Case No 2143 of 1999, Nicholas Biwott successfully sued the People's Daily Newspaper over libel after the paper published a story accusing him of colluding with the French firm to award it the contract in disregard of due process. Justice Aluoch awarded him 10M in damages.
1990–1999
The longest-running scandal is the Goldenberg scandal, where the Kenyan government subsidized exports of gold, paying exporters in Kenyan shillings (KSh.) 35% over their foreign currency earnings. In this case, the gold was smuggled from Congo. The Goldenberg scandal cost Kenya the equivalent of more than 10% of the country's annual GDP.
A KSh.360 million/= helicopter servicing contract in South Africa. Military officers had argued that the contract was too extravagant and servicing the helicopters could be done locally. Kenya Air Force (KAF) went ahead to spend KSh.108 million/= as a down payment for servicing the Puma helicopters, whose tail number is logged as 418 at Denel Aviation, a South African firm.
2000–2009
"In 2003, because of the corruption and misuse of the arms under their custody, 600 KPRs (Kenya Police Reserves) were disarmed in Tana River, and in most urban areas of Kenya, they were disbanded as of 18 April 2004. Among the reasons given was that officers had become a threat to the national security instead of defending it. In some areas, the officers commanding police divisions did not know the number of men they had, even though they were issued with firearms, ammunition and walkie-talkies."
In 2003, the military was split over plans to buy new Czech fighter jets. The plan to buy the jet fighters would have cost taxpayers KSh.12.3 billion/=.
A KSh.4.1 billion/= Navy ship deal. A Navy project was given to Euromarine, a company associated with Anura Pereira, the tender awarded in a process that has been criticised as irregular. The tender was worth KSh.4.1 billion/=. Military analysts say a similar vessel could have been built for KSh.1.8 billion/=.
Chamanlal Kamani had been involved in a supply contract, as Kamsons Motors. Kampsons tendered for the supply of Mahindra Jeeps to the Police Department in the mid 1990s for close to KSh.1 million/= (US$13,000) each, at a time when showrooms would have charged customers a sixth of the price. Moreover, the vehicles were being bought for a government department and were therefore imported duty-free. Few of the more than 1,000 units that were imported over several years are in service today.
The Kamanis were also involved in a deal to build a CID forensic laboratory. On 7 June 2004 an amount of $4.7 million was wired back. The payment was a refund against the money paid for the Criminal Investigations Department forensic laboratory. Another €5.2 million was paid back in respect of the E-cop project, which involved computerisation of the police force and the installation of spy cameras in Nairobi by Infotalent Systems Private Limited.
The Prisons department lost $3 million after contracting Hallmark International, a company associated with Deepak Kamani of Kamsons Motors, for the supply of 30 boilers. Only half of the boilers were delivered – from India and not the United States as had been agreed.
The construction of Nexus, a secret military communication centre in Karen, Nairobi. The Government spent KSh.2.6 billion/= (US$36.9 million) to construct the complex. Three years later, military personnel have not moved into the centre. A phantom company, Nedermar BV Technologies, which is said to have its headquarters in the Netherlands, implemented the secret project situated along Karen South Road. Nedermar is linked to businessman Anura Pereira. However, Pereira has denied this. The tendering process for the Nexus project was circumvented as DoD's Departmental Tender Committee. Funding for the project was made through the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The complex is currently headed by Colonel Philip Kameru. Nexus was first meant to be an ammunition dumpsite before it was turned into a military communication and operations centre. Construction continued without any site visits by either the DoD staff or Ministry of Public Works officials. The Nexus project was implemented during the tenure of General Joseph Kibwana.
In 2005 plans to buy a sophisticated £20 million stg. passport equipment system from France, as government wanted to replace its passport printing system, created conditions for corruption scandal. The transaction was originally quoted at 6 million euros from François Charles Oberthur of Paris (a supplier of Visa and MasterCards) but was awarded to a British firm, the Anglo-Leasing and Finance Company Limited, at 30 million euros, who would have sub-contracted the same French firm to do the work. Despite the lack of competitive tendering Anglo Leasing was paid a "commitment fee" of more than £600,000 stg. Anglo Leasing's agent is a Liverpool-based firm, Saagar Associates, owned by a woman whose family has enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Company records show Saagar Associates is owned by Mrs Sudha Ruparell, a 47-year-old Kenyan woman. Ruparell is the daughter of Chamanlal Kamani, the multimillionaire patriarch of a business family that enjoyed close links with senior officials in the Moi regime. Anglo Leasing made a repayment of €956,700 through a telegraphic transfer from Schroeder & Co Bank AG, Switzerland on 17 May 2004.
The local chapter of Transparency International and the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), a government body released a report in February 2006, stating that between January 2003 and September 2004, the National Rainbow Coalition government spent about US$12 million on cars that were mostly for the personal use of senior government officials. The vehicles included 57 Mercedes-Benz, as well as Land Cruisers, Mitsubishi Pajeros, Range Rovers, Nissan Terranos and Nissan Patrols. The US$12 million substantially exceeded what the government spent over the 2003/04 financial year on controlling malaria – "the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya", says the report.
In late February 2006, the newspaper The Standard ran a story claiming that president Mwai Kibaki and senior opposition figure Kalonzo Musyoka had been holding secret meetings. On 2 March at 1:00 am local time (2200 UTC on the 1st), masked gunmen carrying AK-47s raided multiple editorial offices of The Standard, and of its television station KTN. They kicked and beat staff members, forcibly took computers and transmission equipment, burned all the copies of the 2 March edition of the newspaper, and damaged the presses. At KTN, they shut down the power, putting the station off the air. Initially, the Kenyan information minister claimed no knowledge of the raid, but it has since revealed that Kenyan police were responsible. The Ministry of the Internal Security later stated that the incident was to safeguard state security. "If you rattle a snake you must be prepared to be bitten by it," John Michuki said. Three journalists at The Standard, arrested after the critical story was printed, are still being held without charge. The story now also features the bizarre case of two Armenian businessmen, mocked in the press for their taste for heavy gold chains, watches and rings, referred to as Mercenaries, who the opposition says led the raid and had shady dealings with Kibaki's government.
In November 2006, the government was accused of failing to act on a banking fraud scam worth $1.5bn involving money laundering and tax evasion, reported by whistle-blowers as early as 2004. Investigators believe sums worth 10% of Kenya's national income are involved. A recent auditor's report says the scale of the operations "threatens the stability of the Kenyan economy".
In November 2006, British Foreign Office minister Kim Howells warned, that corruption in Kenya is increasing the UK's exposure to drug trafficking and terrorism. "People can be bought, right from the person who works at the docks in Mombasa up to the government. (...) This weakness has been recognised by drug-traffickers and probably by terrorists too." Said Howells for the BBC.
On 31 August 2007, The Guardian newspaper featured on its front page a story about more than £1 billion stg. transferred out of Kenya by the family and associates of former Kenyan leader Daniel arap Moi. The Guardian sourced the information from the WikiLeaks article The looting of Kenya under President Moi and its analysis of a leaked investigative document ("the Kroll report") prepared for the Kibaki government in 2004 to try to recover money stolen during Moi's rule.
On 2007-09-06 parliament passed the Statute Law (Miscellaneous Amendments) Bill, restricting investigations by the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission to offences committed prior to May 2003, excluding the Goldenberg and Anglo-Leasing scandals and other major cases. The move was condemned by anti-corruption campaigners; Mwalimu Mati, former chief executive of the Transparency International Kenya Chapter, declared that "grand corruption has swallowed the government and parliament that Kenyans elected to fight it in 2002". In response to public outrage generated by the move, President Kibaki announced that he would veto the bill.
In September 2007, WikiLeaks released documents exposing a KSh.500 million/= payroll fraud at Egerton University] and subsequent cover up, now the subject of ongoing legal dispute in the High Court.
On 28 September 2007, WikiLeaks released 28 investigative documents] exposing a US$1.5 billion money laundering fraud by Charterhouse Bank Ltd, which was widely re-reported.
In June 2008, the Grand Regency Scandal broke, wherein the Central Bank of Kenya is alleged to have secretly sold a luxury hotel in Nairobi to an unidentified group of Libyan investors for more than KSh.4 billion/= (approx US$60 million) below the appraised market value. Finance Minister Amos Kimunya negotiated the sale, and was censured in a near-unanimous motion by the Kenyan Parliament, though he vehemently denies the charges. This follows on the heels of the Safaricom IPO, overseen by Kimunya, which has been alternatively praised and questioned for possible corruption in the execution of the sale. Safaricom is the largest mobile phone service provider in Kenya, having operated with a near-government monopoly for many years. The government of Kenya sold its 50% stake in Safaricom in the IPO.
In January 2009, a scandal became public over the sale of imported maize.
The 2009 Triton Oil Scandal regarding the unauthorised releasing of oil by Kenya Pipeline Company (KPC) without informing financiers became public in January 2009.
2010–present
In October 2012, allegations surfaced that top Foreign Affairs Ministry officials ignored land offered by Japan that could have saved the country loss of KSh.1.1 billion/=. The scandal led to the resignation of the then Foreign Affairs Minister Moses Wetangula.
In October 2010, the Department of Defence uncovered a bribery scandal involving senior Kenya Defence Force Officers in the corrupt KSh.1.6 billion/= purchase of armoured personnel carriers from South African company OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd. Minister of Defence Yusuf Haji retired several high-ranking officers in January 2011 accused of taking bribes by OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd, and the matter was referred for further investigation to Parliament. The September 2012 Report on Military Modernization Programmes by the Departmental Committee on Defence and Foreign Relations found that the irregular procurement of the PUMA M26 armoured carriers had violated multiple sections of the Public Procurement Act 2005, that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd's business partners in Kenya had been identified by the US Government as being involved in international crime and drugs smuggling, and recommended that OTT Technologies (Pty) Ltd be barred from doing any business with the Government of Kenya in the future. In 2014, the same company was accused by the government of Mozambique of irregular tax and export control activities in the transport of similar armoured carriers through Mozambique for onward trafficking into Africa.
Mega corruption scandals hit Kenya in 2018. The country lost over KSh.13 billion/= to graft deals in key state departments such as the National Youth Service, Kenya Pipeline Company, National Cereals and Produce Board, National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) and shoddy land transactions at the Ministry of Lands. Mohammed Abdalla Swazuri, the chairman of National Land Commission, and Atanas Kariuki Maina, managing director of the Kenya Railways Corporation, were among 18 officials, businesspeople and companies arrested on corruption charges involving land allocation for the $3 billion flagship Nairobi-Mombasa railway.
In February 2019, The Ministry of Lands headed by lands CS Farida Karoney, could not account for the loss of KSh.20 billion/= worth of taxpayer's money. The details regarding this saga was delivered by the Country's Auditor General Edward Ouko. This report indicated a lot of discrepancies and inaccuracies in the ministry's 30 June 2018 financial Statement.
In July 2019, the Director of Public Prosecution, Noordin Haji uncovered a mega-graft Scandal on the procurement of 2 dams. The graft case led to the Kenyan public purge losing KSh.19 billion/=. The scandal involved high-profile people in the government such as the then CS of treasury Henry Rotich and 28 others. Rotich, his principal secretary, the chief executive of Kenya's environmental authority and other 28 accused handed themselves into police custody after being criminally charged with corruption. The allocated budget of Sh19,714,366,991 that was lost through graft was meant to construct 2 dams, Arwor and Kimwarer Dams in Elgeyo Marakwet Counties.
On 6 December 2019, Nairobi Governor Mike Mbuvi Sonko was arrested on multiple corruption charges On 11 August 2020, Nairobi County Assembly Speaker Beatrice Elachi resigned. On 21 December 2020, recently-elected Nairobi County Assembly Speaker Benson Mutura was sworn in as acting Nairobi Governor four days after Sonko was impeached and removed from office. At the time of Mutura's swearing in as acting Governor, which he will hold for at least 60 days, Nairobi did not have a Deputy Governor as well.
On 14 January 2020, Kenyatta officially replaced Rotich with Labour Secretary Ukur Yatani
On 9 December 2020, it was confirmed by the Kenya News Agency that the National Anti-Corruption Campaign Steering Committee (NACCSC) was in the process of strengthening its collaboration with other crime fighting agencies, including those in Kenyatta's government. The group had National Government Administrative Officers (NGAO) in hopes they would support the County Anti-Corruption Civil Oversight Committee (CACCOC). The day before, Winnie Guchu, who serves in Kenyatta's government as the Chief Administrative Secretary (CAS) in the Office of the Attorney General and the Department of Justice, confirmed in a press conference that she had met with members of CACCOC to strengthen relations.
On 11 December 2020, Kenya's Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) released a statement confirming that Robert Pavel Oimeke, the director general of Kenya's Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority, was arrested and taken into police custody on charges of demanding KSh.200,000/= ($1,795) to approve the re-opening of a petrol station that had been shut down over violations.
COVID-19 Funds
In August 2020, Activists in Kenya embarked on countrywide protests to demand full accountability of all the COVID-19 funds from the government, following media reports of misappropriation of the funds. Narc party leader and human rights defender, Martha Karua, was the first leader to come out publicly call on the President Kenyatta's government to provide full disclosure and accountability of the Covid-19 funds and equipment from all sources including loans, grants, donations and in-kind support both locally and internationally.
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has been investigating an alleged procurement scandal at the Kenya Medical Supplies Authority (KEMSA.
Anti-Corruption Initiatives
Despite corruption being rampant in Kenya, the country has had an anti-corruption legislation dating back to 1956; The Prevention of Corruption Act (Cap. 65), which was in operation from August 1956 to May 2003 when the Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Act, No. 3, became operational.
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission has also provided a framework for reporting cases of graft in the Government and the public Sector. The reports can be reported in person, via phone call or email at the EACC headquarters or any of the commission's regional offices across the counties or at the Huduma Centre. Whistleblowers can also file reports anonymously.
Since 2003, EACC has secured 293 convictions in Court and recovered assets worth KSh.26.65 billion/=, acquired from corruption.
Wealth Declaration for Civil Servants
In an effort to curb corruption and promote ethics and integrity in the public service, all senior civil servants in Kenya are required to declare their wealth. The wealth declaration for public officials is backed by The Public Officer Ethics Act, 2003, which sets out one-year jail term or one million fine for those who fail to submit a declaration or clarification.
The declarations are meant to detect and prevent corrupt practices, evaluate potential conflicts of interest, promote transparency and accountability and increase public confidence in government. The wealth declaration forms have helped EACC nab corrupt public officers especially in the graft-ridden police service.
In 2015 President Uhuru Kenyatta, in a bold move to tame the massive corruption that has tainted his first term in office, asked all public officials, who had adversely been named in a graft report handed to him by the EACC, to step aside and pave way for investigations. The officials named in the report consisted of members of the Public Accounts Committee in Parliament, MPs, heads of parastatals and various principal secretaries. Then Lands cabinet secretary Charity Ngilu was among the leaders mentioned in the report, who stepped down following President Kenyatta's directive. Secretary to the Cabinet Francis Kimemia, Labour minister Kazungu Kambi, Transport and infrastructure CS Eng Michael Kamau, Transport PS Nduva Muli and Energy and Petroleum CS Davis Chirchir also resigned.
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (ODPP)
The office of the Director of Public Prosecutions, whose core functions include prosecution of those charged by the police and other investigative agencies with criminal offences, has also helped in the war against graft. The current DPP Noordin Haji has particularly introduced a new vigour in the fight against corruption since he assumed the office in 2018.
Senior government officials including sitting Ministers, Governors, Principal Secretaries and MPs, linked to corruption scandals, have been arrested and prosecuted on the DPP's orders.
Some of the Governors who have been charged with misappropriation of Public funds include; Migori Governor Zachary Okoth Obado Nairobi governor Mike Sonko, Kiambu governor Ferdinard Waititu, Samburu Governor Moses Kasaine and Tharaka Nithi Governor Muthomi Njuki. In 2019 Noordin Haji also ordered the arrest and prosecution of Former Treasury Cabinet Secretary Henry Rotich, who became Kenya's first sitting Minister to be arrested for corruption.
In July 2020, Haji's office issued new rules for prosecutors on preferring charges against suspects in corruption and other criminal cases. The new rules outline the thresholds that prosecutors must check to see if the potential case either passes the evidence test, the public interest test, or both and only pursue cases with realistic prospects of conviction.
Activists
The Civil society in Kenya has been at the fore front of fighting graft in the country. Renowned activists like Boniface Mwangi, Wanjeri Nderu and Okiya Omtatah have always put the government on the spot over corruption and often lead anti-corruption protests to demand for accountability.
The Kenya Police has often been condemned by citizens and Human Rights groups for meting out excessive force on protesters and infringing on their rights.
Strong Institutions
According to the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission, Kenya is losing an estimated KSh.608 billion/= (7.8% of the country's GDP) to corruption annually. Reduced corruption is therefore crucial for the country's development. Sustainable Development Goal 16 advocates for justice and strong institutions as essential elements to every democratic society. Targets 16.3 and 16.5 aim to Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all, and substantially reduce corruption and bribery. The Sustainable Development Goals are consistent with Kenya's primary development blueprint, the Kenya Vision 2030, and President Uhuru Kenyatta's Big 4 Development Agenda.
Security contracts
Listed in Githongo's dossier are a number of companies that won security-related contracts :-
Anti-corruption authorities
The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (EACC) was established after Kenya's President Mwai Kibaki signed the Ethics and Anti-Corruption Act on 29 August 2011. The EACC replaced the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC).
Previously, the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) was established in April 2003 to replace the Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority, after Parliament enacted new legislation.
See also
2009 Triton Oil Scandal
2009 Kenyan Maize Scandal
Larry Timmons
Kenya Police
Aaron Ringera
Politics of Kenya
Crime in Kenya
International Anti-Corruption Academy
Group of States Against Corruption
International Anti-Corruption Day
ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
United Nations Convention against Corruption
OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
Transparency International
References
External links
Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Kenya's Kibaki pledges action over graft "in days" – Reuters South Africa
AfricaFiles News summaries from Kenya
John Githongo report BBC: Full report on Kenya corruption, from the Ethics secretary (3.3Meg PDF, 22 pages)
wikinews:Kenyan TV and newspaper raided by masked police – Wikinews
CCTV still images from raid
Journalists from 'The Standard' charged – IFEX
Kenyan politics as a process of laundering thieves and murderers" by Mutuma Mathiu, 9 Dec 2007
TrustLaw's Anti-Corruption Profile: Kenya
Kenya Corruption Profile from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Politics of Kenya
Kenya
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nordhaus
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William Nordhaus
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William Dawbney Nordhaus (born May 31, 1941) is an American economist, a Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University, best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change, and one of the 2 recipients of the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Nordhaus received the prize "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis".
Education and career
Nordhaus was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the son of Virginia (Riggs) and Robert J. Nordhaus, who co-founded the Sandia Peak Tramway. Robert J. Nordhaus was from a German Jewish family – his father Max Nordhaus (1865–1936) immigrated from Paderborn in 1883 and was a manager of The Charles Ilfeld Company branch in Albuquerque.
Nordhaus graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover and subsequently received his BA and MA from Yale in 1963 and 1973, respectively, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also holds a Certificate from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (1962) and a PhD from MIT (1967). He was a Visiting Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1970–1971. He has been a member of the faculty at Yale since 1967, in both the Economics department and the School of the Environment. Nordhaus also served as its Provost from 1986–1988 and its Vice President for Finance and Administration from 1992–1993. He has been on the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity since 1972. During the Carter administration, from 1977–1979, Nordhaus was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
Nordhaus was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013. He served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank between 2014 and 2015.
Nordhaus lives in New Haven, Connecticut, with his wife, Barbara, a social worker recently retired from the Yale Child Study Center.
Contributions to economics and the study of climate change
Nordhaus is the author or editor of over 20 books. One of his early works, he partnered with Paul Samuelson as a co-author for an introductory textbook entitled Economics. Nordhaus worked alongside Samuelson from the 12th edition until the 19th, starting in 1985. It was first published in 1948 and has appeared in nineteen different editions and seventeen different languages. It was known as a best-selling economics textbook for decades and is still extremely popular today. Economics was called a “canonical textbook”, and the development of mainstream economic thought has been traced by comparing the nineteen editions over the 1948–2010 period.
He has also written several books on global warming and climate change, one of his primary areas of research. Those books include Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change (1994), which won the 2006 Award for "Publication of Enduring Quality" from the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics. Another book, with Joseph Boyer, is Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (2000), The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. His most recent book is The Spirit of Green (2021).
In 1972 Nordhaus, along with fellow Yale economics professor James Tobin, published Is Growth Obsolete?, an article that introduced the Measure of Economic Welfare (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) as the first attempt to develop environmental accounting.
Nordhaus is also known for his critique of current measures of national income. He wrote, "If we are to obtain accurate estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must somehow construct price indexes that account for the vast changes in the quality and range of goods and services that we consume, that somehow compare the services of horse with automobile, of Pony Express with facsimile machine, of carbon paper with photocopier, of dark and lonely nights with nights spent watching television, and of brain surgery with magnetic resonance imaging" (1997, 30).
Palda summarizes the importance of Nordhaus's insight as follows: "The practical lesson to be drawn from this fascinating study of lighting is that the way we measure the consumer price index is severely flawed. Instead of putting goods and their prices directly into the index we should reduce all goods to their constituent characteristics. Then we should evaluate how these goods can best be combined to minimize the cost of consuming these characteristics. Such an approach would allow us to include new goods in the consumer price index without worrying about whether the index of today is comparable to that of ten years ago when the good did not exist. Such an approach would also allow governments to more precisely calculate the rate at which welfare and other forms of aid should be increased. At present, such calculations tend to overestimate the cost of living because they do not take into account the manner in which increases in quality reduce the monetary cost of maintaining a certain standard of living."
Contributions on economics of climate change
Nordhaus has written on the economics of climate change. He is the developer of the DICE and RICE models, integrated assessment models of the interplay between economics, energy use, and climate change.
A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies was published by Yale University Press in 2008.
In Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (1993), he states: "Mankind is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions – injecting into the atmosphere trace gases like the greenhouse gases or ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes such as deforestation, depleting multitudes of species in their natural habitats even while creating transgenic ones in the laboratory, and accumulating sufficient nuclear weapons to destroy human civilizations." Under the climate change models he has developed, in general those sectors of the economy that depend heavily on unmanaged ecosystems – that is, are heavily dependent upon naturally occurring rainfall, runoff, or temperatures – will be most sensitive to climate change. Agriculture, forestry, outdoor recreation, and coastal activities fall in this category." Nordhaus takes seriously the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change.
In 2007, Nordhaus, who has done several studies on the economics of global warming, criticized the Stern Review for its use of a low discount rate:
In 2013, Nordhaus chaired a committee of the National Research Council that produced a report discounting the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions.
In a January 2020 interview with Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nordhaus claimed that achieving the 2°C goal of the Paris agreement was "impossible", stating that "even if we make the fastest possible turn towards zero emissions, will continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, because we cannot simply shut down our economy". He asserted that he was not alone in making this assessment, claiming that half of the simulation arrived at the same conclusion. He also remarked that the two-degree target was set without reference to the costs of meeting the target.
Honors
Scientific and engineering academies
Among many honors, he is a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1999. He was awarded the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2020.
American Economic Association
In 2004, Nordhaus was designated a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (AEA), along with George P. Shultz and William A. Brock. The accompanying AEA statement referred to his "knack for asking large questions about the measurement of economic growth and well-being, and addressing them with simple but creative insights," among them, his pioneering work on the political business cycle, ways of using national income accounts data to devise economic measures reflecting better health, increases in leisure and life expectancy, and "constructing integrated economic and scientific models to determine the efficient path for coping with climate change". In 2013, Nordhaus became president-elect of the AEA, and served as the association's president between 2014 and 2015.
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
Nordhaus was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, which he shared with Paul Romer. In detailing its reasons for giving the prize to Nordhaus, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences specifically recognized his efforts to develop "an integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. Nordhaus' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve."
Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing. Some climate scientists and commentators were disappointed with the Nobel Prize going to Nordhaus due to his embrace of substantially lower carbon taxes per ton than most scientists, along with his past history of minimal carbon taxes.
Evaluations
The Nobel Foundation described Nordhaus's work as follows: "William Nordhaus’s findings deal with interactions between society, the economy and climate change. In the mid-1990s, he created a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. Nordhaus’s model is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes." Additionally, the Nobel Prize announcement commented that Nordhaus had “significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain how the market economy interacts with nature." In an evaluation of the work, Lint Barrage summarizes its impact, stating that the "body of work also represents science at its best: integrative across disciplines, visionary in scope yet incremental in progress, transparent, and producing knowledge for the benefit of humankind."
Critics of Nordhaus's DICE model focus on several aspects. One of the most important, incorporating political and moral philosophy, is the use of discounting, with an early study by William Cline. Another branch, represented by Robert Pindyck, holds that integrated assessment models cannot capture the complexity of the climate-economy nexus. Nicholas Stern argued that the damage function does not capture many of the most important risks to society. A particularly important critique, developed by Martin Weitzman, is that the economy-climate system may have "fat tails" and therefore inadequately deal with low probability, high consequence outcomes.
Steve Keen, the heterodox economist, criticises the economics of climate change:
"economists made their own predictions of damages, using three spurious methods: assuming that about 90% of GDP will be unaffected by climate change, because it happens indoors; using the relationship between temperature and GDP today as a proxy for the impact of global warming over time; and using surveys that diluted extreme warnings from scientists with optimistic expectations from economists."
Publications
References
Further reading
External links
William Nordhaus (Yale Home Page)
The Question of Global Warming Nordhaus exchange with Freeman Dyson and others from The New York Review of Books
Energy: Friend or Enemy? October 27, 2012 in The New York Review of Books
including the Prize Lecture Climate Change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics
Living people
1941 births
American Nobel laureates
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American economists
Jewish American economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Environmental economists
Climate economists
Energy economists
Economists from New Mexico
Yale University alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Yale Sterling Professors
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Yale University faculty
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of Clare Hall, Cambridge
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4023915
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca%20Filippi
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Luca Filippi
|
Luca Filippi (born 9 August 1985 in Savigliano, Italy) is an Italian auto racing driver. He competed in GP2 Series from 2006 to 2012, and the IndyCar Series from 2013 to 2016. In 2008 he was the official Honda Racing F1 test driver.
Career
Formula Renault
Filippi made the step out of karting in 2003, competing in Formula Renault 2.0 Italia, where he finished third in 2004 behind Pastor Maldonado and Kohei Hirate.
Formula 3000
Filippi stepped up to the Italian Formula 3000 series in 2005, driving for Giancarlo Fisichella's Fisichella Motorsport team. He also made his Formula One test debut in 2005 with Minardi in the team's last test.
GP2 Series
Fisichella joined forces with the Coloni Motorsport GP2 Series team in 2006, and Filippi was selected as a driver for the team. However, he switched to the BCN Competición team mid-way through the season.
In 2007, he continued in GP2 with Super Nova Racing and emerged as one of the series' top performers, finishing the season in fourth position.
On 14 November 2007 Filippi tested for Honda Racing F1. On 6 December Filippi tested for Super Aguri F1, being even faster than regular race driver Takuma Sato.
For the inaugural GP2 Asia Series season in early 2008, Filippi raced for Team Meritus, a Malaysian team who entered the series due to regular series team Racing Engineering not competing in the winter series. He only managed to score four points in ten races, finishing in 17th place.
Filippi drove for the ART Grand Prix team in the first half of the 2008 GP2 Series season, alongside Romain Grosjean. Following a disappointing first half of the season, Luca left the team in favour of Sakon Yamamoto after ten races. Filippi was confirmed as a driver at the Arden International team two days later, where he replaced Yelmer Buurman. His results failed to improve and he finished nineteenth in the championship.
Filippi returned to BCN Competición for the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, but was replaced by Fabrizio Crestani as a result of the team's purchase after the first round of the season.
For the 2009 GP2 Series season, he returned to the Super Nova team, and took the final win of the season at the Autódromo Internacional do Algarve. His result promoted him up to fifth overall in the championship standings.
Filippi returned to Team Meritus for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season, and finished as runner-up in the championship standings, taking Meritus' first victory in the series in Bahrain.
Filippi began the 2010 GP2 Series season without a drive, but returned to Super Nova mid-season to replace the injured Josef Král. He took five points from ten races, before Král returned for the season finale, finishing twentieth in the championship. During this period, Filippi became the most experienced GP2 driver in the series' history, beating Javier Villa's record of 82 race entries.
Filippi was drafted into the Scuderia Coloni team for the second round of the 2011 GP2 Asia Series season after regular driver James Jakes opted to move to the United States in order to pursue a career in the IndyCar Series. He returned once again to Super Nova for the main series, alongside Fairuz Fauzy. After five rounds of the championship, he switched back to Coloni, replacing Kevin Ceccon. He immediately registered an improvement in form, winning his first race for the team at the Nürburgring, which also marked his 100th race in the series. He also won the Spa-Francorchamps sprint race and the Monza feature race, propelling him to a career-best second place in the drivers' championship.
After almost a year away from GP2, Filippi was again called up by Coloni as a replacement for Stefano Coletti for his home race of the 2012 championship at Monza. Despite his absence from the series, he won the feature race. He also secured pole position for the following (and final) round of the championship in Singapore, but crashed heavily during the feature race, damaging his car beyond immediate repair and thus non-starting the sprint race. Nevertheless, he still finished 16th in the drivers' championship despite contesting only four of the series' 24 races.
Auto GP
Filippi contested in the 2010 Auto GP season, where he finished 5th in the drivers' standings with 2 victories topping and tailing the season with the 1st race at Brno and the last race at Monza. He returned to the series the following year, taking one pole position, three fastest laps, one win and five further podiums, finishing as runner-up to Kevin Ceccon by only 3 points despite having missed two races.
IndyCar
On 6 March 2012, it was announced that Filippi would join Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing in the IndyCar series from the Indy 500 onwards. He would have partnered ex-Formula 1 driver Takuma Sato; despite this, he did not take part in the Indy 500 nor in the following races. He competed in four races in 2013 for Bryan Herta Autosport, scoring a best finish of 15th.
CFH Racing signed Filippi for the 2015 IndyCar season to compete at the road/street races.
For the 2016 season, Filippi signed with Dale Coyne Racing to compete in the whole season, ovals included. His first race on an oval track was in Phoenix Arizona, where he finished P20. A few days before the GP of Indianapolis, Coyne excluded Filippi from both Indy events and signed Gabby Chaves in place of the Italian driver.
Formula E
2017 saw Filippi join NIO in the all-electric FIA Formula E Championship alongside Oliver Turvey, where he picked up a point in his debut race with a tenth place finish in the 2017 Hong Kong ePrix. Despite a strong debut, Filippi failed to pick up another point during the season. He missed the Paris ePrix, so that Ma Qinghua could fulfil a contract deal. He scored just one point to Turvey's 46 and was dropped by NIO for the 2018/19 season.
Racing record
Career summary
† As Filippi was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points.
* Season still in progress.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
! Year
! Entrant
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! DC
! Points
|-
|rowspan=3| 2006
! FMS International
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| IMOFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| IMOSPR
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!rowspan=3| 19th
!rowspan=3| 7
|-
! Petrol Ofisi FMS International
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|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
| CATFEA
| CATSPR
| MONFEA
|
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|-
! BCN Competición
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|
|
|
|-
| 2007
! Super Nova International
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| BHRFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| BHRSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALSPR
|
|
|
! 4th
! 59
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008
! ART Grand Prix
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MAGFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| MAGSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|
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|
!rowspan=2| 19th
!rowspan=2| 6
|-
! Arden International
|
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|
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|
|
|
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2009
! Super Nova Racing
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| NÜRFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| NÜRSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#DFDFDF;"| PORFEA
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| PORSPR
|
|
|
|
! 5th
! 40
|-
| 2010
! Super Nova Racing
| CATFEA
| CATSPR
| MONFEA
| MONSPR
| ISTFEA
| ISTSPR
| VALFEA
| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HOCSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| HUNFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| SPAFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| SPASPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
| YMCFEA
| YMCSPR
|
|
|
|
! 20th
! 5
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
! Super Nova Racing
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| ISTFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| ISTSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| CATSPR
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"| MONFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"| MONSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| VALFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| VALSPR
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| SILSPR
|
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| rowspan="2" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 2nd
| rowspan="2" style="background:#DFDFDF;"| 54
|-
! Scuderia Coloni
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|NÜRFEA
|style="background:#FFDF9F;"|NÜRSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|HUNFEA
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"|HUNSPR
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|SPAFEA
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|SPASPR
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"|MNZFEA
|style="background:#DFFFDF;"|MNZSPR
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2012
! Scuderia Coloni
|SEPFEA
|SEPSPR
|BHR1FEA
|BHR1SPR
|BHR2FEA
|BHR2SPR
|CATFEA
|CATSPR
|MONFEA
|MONSPR
|VALFEA
|VALSPR
|SILFEA
|SILSPR
|HOCFEA
|HOCSPR
|HUNFEA|HUNSPR
|SPAFEA
|SPASPR
|style="background:#FBFFBF;"| MNZFEA
|style="background:#CFCFFF;"| MNZSPR
|style="background:#EFCFFF;"| MRNFEA
|style="background:#FFFFFF;"| MRNSPR
! 16th
! 29
|}
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Auto GP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
IndyCar Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete TCR Europe Touring Car Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Complete World Touring Car Cup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics'' indicate fastest lap)
‡ As Filippi was a Wildcard entry, he was ineligible to score points.
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
People from Savigliano
Italian racing drivers
Karting World Championship drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
British Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Italian Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Auto GP drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
GP2 Series drivers
International GT Open drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
Formula E drivers
World Touring Car Cup drivers
Euronova Racing drivers
Scuderia Coloni drivers
Ocean Racing Technology drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
ART Grand Prix drivers
Arden International drivers
Team Meritus drivers
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing drivers
Ed Carpenter Racing drivers
Dale Coyne Racing drivers
NIO 333 FE Team drivers
Sportspeople from the Province of Cuneo
Blancpain Endurance Series drivers
Team Lazarus drivers
Bryan Herta Autosport drivers
|
4023940
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail%20fan
|
Tail fan
|
Tail fan can refer to:
Tail fan of a decapod, see decapod anatomy
Tail fan of a bird, see Rump (croup)
Windmill fantail, which turns the cap automatically to bring it into the wind
See also
Fantail (disambiguation)
|
4023956
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansbert
|
Ansbert
|
Ansbert (died c. 695), sometimes called Ansbert of Chaussy, was a Frankish monk, abbot and bishop of Rouen, today regarded as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Early life
Ansbert was born at Chaussy-sur-Epte, a village in the Norman historical area known as the Vexin. He was born to a noble family, and was highly educated. He had a significant professional career, and is said to have served as a senior member of the court of the Merovingian king, Clotaire III. As such, he was both chancellor and referendary.
Ansbert was engaged to be married to another future saint, Angadrisma. Her father, said to have been another of Clotaire's chancellors, arranged for her to wed his colleague, but Angadrisma – later a patroness of nuns – prayed for release from this obligation. Tradition states that dispensation was given to her after she was "struck down with leprosy", a disfiguring malady which only disappeared when she joined a convent. Some sources state that Ansbert later took a different bride.
Religious vocation
In 673, the same year Clotaire died, Ansbert renounced his secular pursuits and became a monk of the Benedictine order. Six years later, he was elevated to abbot of his monastery, the illustrious Fontenelle Abbey. He followed two other saints in that office: Wandrille, the abbey's founder and first abbot, and Lambert, the second abbot, who vacated the office when he was named bishop of Lyons. Under his leadership, Fontenelle prospered. His enterprises included a great expansion and refinement of the abbey's library, and the establishment of local hospitals for the poor.
During his time as abbot, Ansbert served as the confessor to King Theodoric III. After several years, Ansbert was appointed archbishop of Rouen following the death of the previous officeholder, Saint Ouen, in 683 or 684. His former mentor Saint Lambert performed his consecration, and Ansbert was succeeded as abbot at Fontenelle by Hildebert (d. 701), who is also venerated as a saint.
Despite his high office and eminent reputation, Ansbert was removed from the bishopric around the year 690. By "a false accusation", the powerful majordomo of the Frankish court, Pepin of Heristal, arranged his dismissal, either because of some kind of political opposition or because Ansbert's "zeal was not well-received" and "his austere life caused offence". He was sent into exile at the monastery of Hautmont where he stayed until his death, sometime between 692 and 695. At some time Pepin apparently reconsidered his actions and agreed to allow Ansbert to return, but either he changed his mind again or Ansbert died before making the trip.
Legacy
The 12th-century chronicler Ordericus Vitalis relays a tale in which it was said that Ansbert's remains were desecrated and dispersed by soldiers of Hugh the Great. He asserts that the bones in question belonged to a different Ansbert, and that those of the saint were, at the time of his writing, still preserved safely at Fontenelle Abbey. The 18th-century author Alban Butler, however, states that the remains were at some point transferred to St. Peter's Abbey in Ghent, where they were destroyed by Calvinists in 1578.
A collective day of remembrance for all the many saints associated with Fontenelle Abbey is celebrated on 1 March. Saint Ansbert's own annual feast day is 9 February.
References
External links
Ansbert's Life translated
695 deaths
7th-century Frankish bishops
Bishops of Rouen
Frankish Benedictines
French abbots
Abbey of Saint Wandrille
Year of birth unknown
7th-century Frankish saints
Colombanian saints
|
4023973
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipa%20%28Serbia%29
|
Ekipa (Serbia)
|
Ekipa was a short-lived sports daily published in Belgrade, Serbia. Right from the first issue on April 18, 2005, it attempted to bite into the market held for decades by Sportski žurnal and Sport dailies.
The paper went about their goal by offering bold, often bordering on sensationalist, coverage of day-to-day sporting events, as well as wider on-going trends in sport.
The very first issue set the tone fittingly. It featured an in-your-face cover headline screaming "Shame", as teaser for an interview with Milorad Kosanović, former Serbia-Montenegro under-21 national team and Red Star Belgrade coach, in which he claimed the Serbia-Montenegro league is entirely rigged.
Initially, Ekipa turned a lot of heads, but soon found itself short-strapped for attention grabbing topics. It wasn't able to ride the initial wave of attention nor did it succeed in making a significant dent into the market still firmly held by two established sports dailies. At this point, the original group of owners sold the daily to Radisav Rodić (owner of Kurir and Glas javnosti).
In late October 2005, barely 6 months into its overall run, new owner Radisav Rodić pulled the plug on Ekipa, making the October 29th issue its last. Couple of days later, under the same ownership, new daily called Start was launched.
Defunct newspapers published in Serbia
Sports mass media in Serbia
Sports newspapers
Publications established in 2005
Publications disestablished in 2005
Mass media in Belgrade
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4023975
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ldner%3A%20Secret%20Wars
|
Söldner: Secret Wars
|
Söldner: Secret Wars is a video game, developed by German studio Wings Simulations and published in 2004 by JoWooD Productions and Encore, Inc. The game can be played in first- or third-person. Players can control an individual soldier who can acquire and control a ground vehicle, ship, submarine, plane, VTOL or helicopter; a ground troop can be equipped with SCUBA gear, weapons with open, telescopic, and dot sights, smoke, fragment, and flash-bang grenades, explosives and booby traps, vehicle repair equipment, thermal scopes, and other gear.
A still unique aspect of Soldner is the Advanced Destruction System (ADS) that it implements; explosives, bombs, and missiles can change the shape of terrain, crater runways and roads to make them unusable or difficult to navigate, and damage terrain, trees, and buildings used for cover as well as leaving debris which may become an obstacle for soldiers and vehicles.
In 2011, the game's developer JoWood was acquired by THQ Nordic, and development of the game was handed over to the game's community.
Reception
The commercial released version of Söldner: Secret Wars received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
A year after release Rock, Paper, Shotgun returned to the game and reports that in their opinion financial difficulties forced JoWood to release an unfinished game with a broken single player mode and buggy multiplayer mode, though it notes that the post-JoWood Soldner community had already formed and was already working on fixing the multiplayer game.
References
External links
Official website
2004 video games
First-person shooters
Multiplayer online games
Third-person shooters
Video games developed in Germany
Windows games
Windows-only games
JoWooD Entertainment games
|
4023987
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie%20Greene
|
Jackie Greene
|
Jackie Greene (born November 27, 1980) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has a solo career and became a member of The Black Crowes in 2013, though the band broke up in 2015 before he could contribute any studio work.
Early life
Greene was born Chris Nelson in Salinas, California. He grew up in Cameron Park near Sacramento, where he developed an interest in music at an early age, starting with the piano. At 14, he began to play guitar and within a short time, was able to sit in with local bar bands. As he got older, he began composing his own songs. After he graduated from Oak Ridge High School in El Dorado Hills, he moved to Sacramento and got his start by playing at local establishments like Marilyn's, Fox & Goose and The Blue Lamp. He recorded in a makeshift garage studio, burning his own CDs and selling them everywhere he could. Using the money he saved, Greene was eventually able to record and release his first full-length album, Rusty Nails, on his own.
Career
In late 2002, Greene released his first album with DIG, Gone Wanderin', which won the California Music Award for the Best Blues/Roots Album in 2003 and remained on the national Americana charts for over a year. In 2004, Greene released his third album, Sweet Somewhere Bound, and began receiving radio play for singles like "Honey I Been Thinking About You".
Greene has toured nationally with Gov't Mule, Los Lobos, Mark Knopfler, B.B. King, Phil Lesh, Ratdog, Huey Lewis, Susan Tedeschi, Taj Mahal, and Buddy Guy, and has played major U.S. festivals, including All Good, Gathering of the Vibes, Mountain Jam, Grateful Garcia Gathering, Newport Jazz, Newport Folk, South by Southwest, Wakarusa, Winnipeg Folk, Bonnaroo, Outside Lands, and Rothbury. He has performed with Levon Helm at several Midnight Rambles.
In early 2005, he signed with Verve Forecast. Sweet Somewhere Bound was reissued that year, followed by a new release, American Myth, in March 2006. The following year, Greene joined Phil Lesh and Friends, the Grateful Dead bassist's ensemble dedicated to the interpretation of the Dead's extensive song book. Other members of the band at the time included John Molo, Larry Campbell and Steve Molitz. Also in 2005 his song "I Will Never Let You Go" was used in the score for the movie Brokeback Mountain, winning the Academy Award in 2005 for Best Original Score, and which was also released on the Verve label.
In 2007, his cover of "Look Out Cleveland" was included on the tribute album Endless Highway: The Music of The Band.
Meanwhile, Greene continued to pursue solo efforts, releasing Giving Up the Ghost on 429 Records in April 2008, and made his second visit to Late Night with Conan O'Brien in June 2008, performing "Like A Ball & Chain". Another song from the album, "I Don't Live in a Dream", was featured on episodes of the NBC television series Life in November 2008 and ABC's Private Practice in March 2009.
In October through November 2009, Jackie Greene played a series of shows with Gov't Mule, culminating at the end of the tour on Halloween at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby, PA, during which Jackie played and sang through an entire set of Rolling Stones songs with Gov't Mule.
The Jackie Greene Band currently features Nathan Dale on guitar, Jon Cornell on bass, and Fitz Harris on drums. Past members included Jeremy Plog, Steve Taylor, Zack Bowden, Henderson Phillips, Matt McCord, Bruce Spencer, Ben Lefever and Nick Swimley.
Greene was a member of Trigger Hippy.
In the Spring of 2012 Greene, Bob Weir of the Grateful Dead and Chris Robinson of the Black Crowes embarked on an acoustic tour. They called themselves the Weir, Robinson, Greene trio, or WRG for short.
In spring 2013, Greene joined the Black Crowes as lead guitarist, replacing Luther Dickinson, for the band's Lay Down With Number 13 world tour.
More recently, Greene was featured in World Gone Mad, the new album from the Weight Band, on a Jerry Garcia cover. In 2019, he embarked upon his 100% Greene Tour starting with a two-night engagement at Ophelia’s in Denver, CO followed by stops at various locations of City Winery.
Discography
Gone Wanderin' (2002)
Rusty Nails (2003)
Sweet Somewhere Bound (2004)
American Myth (2006)
Giving Up the Ghost (2008)
Small Tempest (2009)
Till the Light Comes (2010)
Back to Birth (2015)
The Dig Years (2017 Re-release) (Blue Rose Music)
The Modern Lives – Vol 1 (2017) (Blue Rose Music)
The Modern Lives – Vol 2 (2018) (Blue Rose Music)
Live from Town Hall (2019) (Blue Rose Music)
100% Greene - Live at the Throckmorton Theatre (2019) (Blue Rose Music)
References
External links
Jackie Greene collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
1980 births
Living people
Musicians from California
People from Salinas, California
21st-century American musicians
|
4023999
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Midwife%27s%20Apprentice
|
The Midwife's Apprentice
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The Midwife's Apprentice is a children's novel by Karen Cushman. It tells of how a homeless girl becomes a midwife's apprentice—and establishes a name and a place in the world, and learns to hope and overcome failure. This novel won the John Newbery Medal in 1996.
Mary Beth Dunhouse, chair of the Newbery Award Selection Committee, wrote of the book, "The reader is drawn in from the first sentence when the author speaks of a 'rotting and moiling heap. 'And this is when the reader meets the central character, Brat--'unwashed, unnourished, unloved, and unlovely... who dreamed of nothing, for she hoped of nothing and expected nothing.' This homeless waif becomes the midwife's apprentice--a person with a name and a place in the world. Medieval England is well-evoked, and readers will find this world so compelling that they will keep turning pages to see what happens next."
In an interview in Scholastic Magazine, Ms. Cushman says, "The book took about 9 months to write, the same length of time it takes to make a child. Interesting, huh? I had done a lot of research on the Middle Ages for Catherine, Called Birdy, so I knew a lot about the time and place. The research I did was for specific about childbirth, herbs, and healing."
Plot
In medieval Europe, a homeless orphan girl who has no name, and can recall being named Brat, attempts to nestle in a warm dung heap on a cold night. She wakes up to the taunts of village boys, and the words of the harsh and uncaring Jane Sharp, the local midwife. Jane takes the girl on as her apprentice and renames her "Beetle," but does not teach Beetle about midwifery for fear of competition.
Beetle learns what she can anyway, and starts to grow as a person through various experiences. She even has a chance to claim a new name, Alyce, after being mistaken for another girl with the same name. Alyce befriends a homeless, orphaned boy, who -with some prompting- names himself Edward after the King. She tells him to go to a local manor to get food and a job.
Jane helps a woman in labor with the help of Alyce, and word arrives the Lady of the Manor is in labor. Jane abandons the new mother to Alyce's care to the Lady. Alyce is kind to the woman and successfully delivers the baby, and the grateful parents pay her and name the child "Alyce Little." Soon after, a woman's son comes to Alyce asking her to deliver her baby. This is a more difficult birth, and Alyce is overwhelmed by her inability to help. Jane sweeps in and completes the job, and Alyce flees with her cat, not wanting to endure the shame.
In another town, she comes to an inn where the kindly owner gives Alyce work in exchange for food, and a scholar from Oxford, staying for the winter, teaches Alyce how to read and write. As time goes on, Alyce comes to miss little Edward. She returns to the village to check on him, and their reunion is like that of a brother and sister, but Alyce can't stay for long. She returns to the inn just in time to find a married couple begging for aid. It turns out the woman is in labor, but neither she nor her husband knew she was pregnant. Alyce is able to help, and the birth goes well, making Alyce realize that she truly wants to be a midwife. Filled with a new sense of self-purpose, she returns to the midwife's home and asks to be her apprentice again, declaring she won't stop coming to Jane's door until she's allowed back, and she will work harder than ever.
The story ends with Jane wordlessly letting Alyce in.
References
External links
http://www.karencushman.com/books/midwife.html Author's website
Newbery Medal–winning works
1991 American novels
American children's novels
Houghton Mifflin books
Works about midwifery
1991 children's books
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4024002
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengannur
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Chengannur
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Chengannur (also spelled Chengannoor or Chenganur) is a Municipality in the Alappuzha district of Kerala State, India. It is located in the extreme eastern part of the Alappuzha district, on the banks of Pamba River.
Chengannur is north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the MC Road (State Highway 1). Chengannur is connected to Kollam and Kottayam by NH 220. Chengannur is noted for the Chengannur Mahadeva Temple (aka 'Dakshina Kailasam' as a major Shiva temple of South India) and its Old Syrian Church of the ancient Syrian Christian community. Chengannur is also a major destination of Sabarimala pilgrims known as the Gateway of Sabarimala.
The nearby municipal towns are Pandalam to the south, Mavelikkara to the west Pathanamthitta to the east and Tiruvalla to the north. The taluk comprises villages such as Kurattissery, Mannar, Ennakkad, Pandanad, Thiruvanvandoor, Chengannur, Mulakuzha, Ala, Puliyoor, Cheriyanad, Budhanoor and Venmony.
History
The name Chengannur (chen - kunnu- ur/noor) is derived from the words 'Che' (Malayalam) which means red, 'kunnu' (Malayalam) which means hill and 'ur/oor' (Malayalam) meaning land. It means the land of red hills. The red soil of Chengannur was different from the soil of nearby regions of Mavelikara & Kuttanad.
Chengannur was a part of the Ay Kingdom in the ancient period. The Ay Kingdom's territory extended from Pamba River in the north to Nagercoil in the south. Subsequently it came under the sovereignty of the Cheraman Perumals. The earliest epigraphical record to mention Chengannur (Thiruchenkunrur) is the Mampalli copper plate inscription (947 CE) which records a donation from Venad chiefly family to the Chengannur Temple.
In the medieval age, Chengannur was controlled by the Vanjipuzha chiefly family of Mundencavu. They were of Tulu Brahmin origin. The principality was a feudatory of Odanad. Chengannur came under the Kingdom of Travancore when the area was annexed by Marthanda Varma in 1742. The Vanjippuzha chief helped Marthanda Varma in his conquests. As a result, Marthanda Varma transferred the rights enjoyed over Chengannur by the defeated King of Odanad to the Vanjipuzha family. The economic, social and religious esteem and the political power and sway of Vanjipuzha family over Chengannur continued to be intact throughout even the British period uninterrupted.
In the historical period there were migrations from "Kollam" to "Chengannur" due to natural disasters. Pepper, popularly known as "black gold", was a major export item of Chengannur. Angadical (Angadi means market in Malayalam) was the main market in Chengannur. Current Chengannur market (Shastham Puram Chanda) was developed by Velu Thampi Dalawa. During the 19th and 20th centuries, this market played a major role in selling and buying goods produced in eastern region of the state with the coastal region of Kerala.
Mahatma Gandhi addressed at the Mills Ground (Mills Maithan is Ksrtc Bus stand now) at Chengannur in 1925 as part of his visit to the Kingdom of Travancore. In 1938 as part of Indian independence movement, large gathering of people from all over Central Travancore were present at the Mills Maithan in Chengannur in response to a notification circulated by the State Congress. There was police lathi charge during the meeting and a person named 'Kutilil George' died and scores of people were injured.
Chengannur Municipality was formed in the year 1980 with Shri. P.K John Plammoottil as its First Municipal Chairman.
Culture
The cultural background of Chengannur originates from the era of Royal rule. Chengannur was a part of Vanjippuzha Principality which was under the rule of Travancore.
Chengannur town is in the banks of holy river Pamba which influenced the culture of this town. There are many "Chundan Vallam" (Snake boats) participating in Aranmula Boat Race hails from Chengannur and nearby areas. Padayani is a traditional temple art-form that is performed as part of the festival in Vadasserikkavu Devi Temple, located 2 km north of Chengannur town. Chengannur has produced several great artists. The most famous one is the famous Kathakali artist Chenganoor Raman Pillai, popularly known as "Guru Chengannur".
Chengannur was famous for the craftsmen who were brought by rulers of Travancore to build the Sabarimala temple. Later generations of those craftsmen are also famous for their craftsmen skills. Idols of the deities of many temples in Kerala are crafted in Chengannur. Mannar in Chengannur Taluk is famous for the bronze industry.
Chengannur is a major Shaiva pilgrim destination in India. Chengannur temple is one of the 108 temples believed to be created by Parasurama. Vishnu temples which are believed to be created by the Pandavas of Mahabharatha are in and around Chengannur. These temples are major Vaishnava pilgrim destinations of South India. The Chengannur Mahadeva Temple is located in the heart of Chengannur town, very close from Pamba River flowing towards the east. The temple is built in Kerala style architecture, which is common in all temples in the South Indian state of Kerala.
Chengannur Suriyani Church is another example for the architecture excellence of this town. It was built by Vanjipuzha Chief. The Church is shared by Marthoma and Orthodox believers of the locality including cemetery and all other assets. It is famous for its unique architecture. There is a 33.5 feet tall Cross made from single stone is a major attraction of its Architectural beauty. Aval Nercha(Flattened rice offering) at this church is another significant tradition that is believed to have been initiated by a member of the church "Mrs.Akkama" nearly 400 years ago. This custom is still practiced by the local believers and organised by the members of Mukkath Kudumba Yogam on Maundy Thursday every year.
Demographics
As of 2011 Census, Chengannur had a population of 23,466 among which 10,933 are males and 12,533 are females. Chengannur Municipality has an area of with 6,278 families residing in it. The average female sex ratio was 1146 higher than the state average of 1084. 7.2% of the population was under 6 years of age. Chengannur had an average literacy of 97.8% higher than the state average of 94%; male literacy was 98.3% and female literacy was 97.4%.
Transport
Chengannur is well-connected by road and rail. State Highway 1 (SH1), popularly known as the MC Road, passes through the heart of the town and connects Chengannur to state capital, Thiruvananthapuram and Angamaly in Eranakulam District. The Chengannur - Kottayam stretch of the MC Road is also part of the NH 220 which stretches between Kollam and Theni. Another major road is State Highway 10 which connects Chengannur to Mavelikkara and Kozhencherry. Besides these two roads, there are also many arterial roads running across the length and breadth of the town.
Road
Kerala State Road Transport Corporation has a depot at Chengannur (station code: CGNR); it is among the 29 major depots in the state. The KSRTC depot at Chengannur has an inter-state bus service, which is operated to Kanyakumari. KSRTC runs buses to different cities and towns inside and outside the state. Some of the Major destinations are Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Mangalore, Mukambika, Kanyakumari, Coimbatore, Palani, Kannur and Wayanad. The Municipal Private bus stand is located in front of the railway station. Private buses leave this stand heading to various places in the Alappuzha, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Kollam districts. In addition to these, private luxury buses are available to Major cities like, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Mysore, Salem, Mangalore etc.
Rail
Chengannur Railway Station (station code: CNGR), is an important railway station between Kollam and Kottayam. It is a major railway station in the Thiruvananthapuram railway division of the Southern Railway Zone (India). People from eastern part of the state are using this railway station for travelling to various parts of the country. All the trains traveling through this route stop at Chengannur station. It caters to the needs 3 districts, viz. Alappuzha, Kollam and Pathanamthitta. By rail, Chengannur is well connected to major cities in India like Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Agra, Ahmedabad, Bikaner, Mangalore, Bhopal, Guwahati, Nagpur, Jammu and other major cities of the country. Recently, the station has been declared as "The Gateway to Sabarimala". The rail line between Chengannur and Thiruvananthapuram has been doubled and electrified. Two new lines are proposed from Chengannur: one to Thiruvananthapuram via Adoor and the other to Sabarimala via Pathanamthitta. Furthermore, an MRTS is proposed to be established between Thiruvananthapuram and Chengannur. There is one more small railway station at Cheriyanadu which is 6 km from the town center.
Air
The nearest airport is Trivandrum International airport which is about 116 km from Chengannur. Another nearby airport is Cochin International Airport (CIAL) which is about and 127 km from Chengannur. With these two airports, Chengannur is well connected to Major Indian cities as well as the Countries in Middle East, Far East, Europe and Americas.
Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as tropical monsoon (Am).
Administration
The two administrative systems prevailing in the Chengannur are Revenue and local self-government. As per the revenue system, Chengannur is one of the two revenue divisions of Alappuzha district. The Chengannur revenue division comprises Karthikapally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks consisting of a total of 44 villages. Under the local self-government system, Chengannur is divided into 1 statutory town and development blocks consisting of 11 panchayats.
Politics
Lok Sabha
Chengannur is a part of the Mavelikara constituency which after demarcation extends from Changanassery in Kottayam district to Kottarakkara in Kollam district. Kodikunnil Suresh of the INC has been representing the Mavelikkara constituency since 2009.
State Assembly
Chengannur's assembly constituency (Number 110) is a part of the Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency). The first speaker of the Kerala legislative assembly, Sankaranarayanan Thampi, was an MLA from Chengannur. K. K. Ramachandran Nair was the MLA from 2016 onwards. He died and was replaced in the by-elections conducted on 28 May 2018 by Saji Cheriyan of Left Democratic Front.
Economy
There are many state Government offices, Banks and educational institutions located in Chengannur. A good number of people work in these institutions. Other major source of income is from the Non Residential Indians, which is a common economical factor in the central Travancore region, and the rest of Kerala as well. Agriculture is also there in the outskirts, but mostly confined to Rubber Plantations. There are no major industries in Chengannur, but a number of small scale industries are present. Major private employers are limited to banks, hospitals and shops.
Chengannur Central Hatchery in chengannur which was started in 1961 was Asia's biggest poultry hatchery under government initiative.
In Sabarimala season, which starts from mid-November to mid-January there is a huge boost in economical activities in this town. Since Chengannur is the nearest Railway station to Sabarimala Temple, most devotees use this railway station to visit the temple. During this season a boost in restaurant, hotel and transportation business is visible.
Notable people
Viralminda Nayanar- 9th Century Nayanar Saint
George Joseph - Indian Freedom Fighter and Editor of Young India, The Independent (India) magazines
M. R. Kurup - ISRO Scientist and Founder of the First Solid Rocket Propellant Plant in India
K. M. Cherian - Renowned Cardiac Surgeon who performed India's first coronary artery bypass surgery
Chenganoor Raman Pillai - Kathakali Artist
Puthencavu Mathan Tharakan - Malayalam Poet
Acharya Narendra Bhooshan - Indian linguist and Vedic Scholar
Captain Thomas Philipose - Maha Vir Chakra Awardee
Pothan Joseph - Renowned Journalist
Puthenpurayil Mathew Joseph - Renowned Educationist and Founder Principal of Laxmibai National College of Physical Education
Mela Raghu - Indian actor
Sony Cheruvathur - Former Captain of Kerala cricket team
Parampath Joy Oommen - Former Chief Secretary of the State of Chhattisgarh and First Chairman of the Naya Raipur Development Authority which is responsible for the development of the new capital city for the State of Chhattisgarh
Saji Cheriyan - Minister for Fisheries, Culture and Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala
Places of worship
The population of Chengannur mainly practices Hinduism and Christianity. Muslims are also found in the M.C. Road Mulakuzha region of the town. Most of Muslims are living at Kollakadavu and Mannar areas.
Chengannur Mahadeva Temple
Thripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple
Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple
Anandeswaram Sree Mahadeva Kshethram
Cheriyanad Sree Balasubrahmanya Swami Temple
Pazhaya Suriyani Pally (Old Syrian Church)
St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu
Educational organizations
See also
References
Hindu pilgrimage sites in India
Cities and towns in Alappuzha district
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4024015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ker%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Roxburghe
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John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe
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John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe, KG, PC, FRS (30 April 1680–27 February 1741) was a Scottish nobleman.
Early life
Ker was born on 30 April 1680. He was the second son of Robert Ker, 3rd Earl of Roxburghe, and Margaret Hay, daughter of John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale. His older brother was Robert Ker, 4th Earl of Roxburghe, and his younger brother was The Hon. William Ker, who fought on the Continent under the Duke of Marlborough and was present at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. He served as Groom of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales in 1714, and was a Member of Parliament for Berwick and Dysart Burghs.
John became 5th Earl of Roxburghe on the death of his elder brother Robert in 1696.
Career
In 1704, he was made a Secretary of State of Scotland, and he helped to bring about the union with England, being created Duke of Roxburghe in 1707 for his services in this connection. This was the last creation in the Scottish peerage. On 28 May 1707, he was admitted a FRS.
The duke was a representative peer for Scotland in four parliaments. George I made him a privy councillor and Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, and he was loyal to the king during the Jacobite rising in 1715. He served as Secretary of State for Scotland in the British Parliament from 1716 to 1725, but he opposed the malt tax, and in 1725 Sir Robert Walpole procured his dismissal from office.
In April 1727, he was one of the six pall-bearers of Sir Isaac Newton's coffin at Westminster Abbey. He was one of the original governors of the Foundling Hospital, a charity created by royal charter on 17 October 1739.
Personal life
On 1 January 1707/8, Roxburghe was married to widow Lady Mary Savile. Lady Mary was the only child of Daniel Finch, 7th Earl of Winchilsea. From her first marriage to William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax, she was the mother of Lady Mary Savile (who married Sackville Tufton, 7th Earl of Thanet in 1722) and Lady Dorothy Savile (who married Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington). Together, John and Mary were the parents of:
Robert Ker (–1755), who married his half-cousin Essex Mostyn, eldest daughter of Sir Roger Mostyn, 3rd Baronet.
The Duchess of Roxburghe died on 19 September 1718 and the Duke died on 27 February 1741. He was buried first in his family vault beneath Bowden Kirk. Later his remains were relocated to the Roxburghe Aisle attached to Kelso Abbey. Upon his death, his only son, who had been created Earl Ker of Wakefield in 1722, became 2nd duke.
Ancestry
References
1680 births
1741 deaths
1
Fellows of the Royal Society
John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe
17th-century Scottish peers
Scottish representative peers
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Knights of the Garter
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4024033
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Savulescu
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Julian Savulescu
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Julian Savulescu (born 22 December 1963) is an Australian philosopher and bioethicist of Romanian origins. He is Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford, Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, director of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, co-director of the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities. He is visiting professorial fellow in Biomedical Ethics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Australia, and distinguished visiting professor in law at Melbourne University since 2017. He directs the Biomedical Ethics Research Group and is a member of the Centre for Ethics of Pediatric Genomics in Australia. He is a former editor and current board member of the Journal of Medical Ethics (2001–2004 and 2011–2018), which is ranked as the No.1 journal in bioethics worldwide by Google Scholar Metrics as of 2013. In addition to his background in applied ethics and philosophy, he also has a background in medicine and neuroscience and completed his MBBS (Hons) and BMedSc at Monash University, graduating top of his class with 18 of 19 final year prizes in Medicine. He edits the Oxford University Press book series, the Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics.
He completed his PhD at Monash University, under the supervision of philosopher Peter Singer. His doctoral thesis was on good reasons to die and euthanasia. After graduating, he took a Menzies Foundation postdoctoral scholarship, supervised by Derek Parfit before returning to Australia. He established a group on the ethics of genetics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Australia. In 2002, he took up the Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics in Oxford. In 2003, he established the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics as director.
Awards
Savulescu has a Doctoris Honoris Causa from the University of Bucharest (2014). He was awarded the ‘Thinker’ Award in the top 100 Australian Future Leaders (2009), and is a Monash University Distinguished Alumni (2009). He was ASMR Gold Medalist (2005).
In 2018, Savulescu and a team of co-authors were awarded the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize. This prize recognizes the author of an article or book chapter judged to provide the most innovative theoretical contribution to social/personality psychology within a given year. He was also shortlisted for the AHRC Medal for Leadership in Medical Humanities in 2018.
Procreative beneficence
Savulescu coined the phrase procreative beneficence. It is the controversial putative moral obligation of parents in a position to select their children, for instance through preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), to favor those expected to have the best life. An argument in favor of this principle is that traits (such as empathy, memory, etc.) are "all-purpose means" in the sense of being instrumental in realizing whatever life plans the child may come to have.
In some of his publications he has argued for the following:
that parents have a responsibility to select the best children they could have, given all of the relevant genetic information available to them, a principle that he extends to the use of in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnoses (PGD) to determine the intelligence of embryos and possible children; and
that stem cell research is justifiable even if one accepts the view of the embryo as a person.
Savulescu also justifies the destruction of embryos and fetuses as a source of organs and tissue for transplantation to adults. In his abstract he argues,
"The most publicly justifiable application of human cloning, if there is one at all, is to provide self-compatible cells or tissues for medical use, especially transplantation. Some have argued that this raises no new ethical issues above those raised by any form of embryo experimentation. I argue that this research is less morally problematic than other embryo research. Indeed, it is not merely morally permissible but morally required that we employ cloning to produce embryos or fetuses for the sake of providing cells, tissues or even organs for therapy, followed by abortion of the embryo or fetus." He argues that if it is permissible to destroy fetuses, for social reasons, or no reasons at all, it must be justifiable to destroy them to save lives.
Further, as editor of the Journal of Medical Ethics, he published, in 2012, an article by two Italian academics which stated that a new-born baby is effectively no different from a foetus, is not a "person" and, morally, could be killed at the decision of the parents etc. This article was published as part of a special double issue, 'Abortion, Infanticide, and Allowing Babies to Die'. The double issue included articles by Peter Singer, Michael Tooley, Jeff McMahan, C.A.J Coady, Leslie Francis, John Finnis, and others. In an editorial, Savulescu wrote: "The Journal aims in this issue to promote further and more extensive rational debate concerning this controversial and important topic by providing a range of arguments from a variety of perspectives. We have tried to be as inclusive as possible and provided a double issue to include as many as possible of the submissions we received. Infanticide is an important issue and one worthy of scholarly attention because it touches on an area of concern that few societies have had the courage to tackle honestly and openly: euthanasia. We hope that the papers in this issue will stimulate ethical reflection on practices of euthanasia that are occurring and its proper justification and limits." He also stated, "I am strongly opposed to the legalisation of infanticide along the lines discussed by Giubilini and Minerva."
Along with neuroethicist Guy Kahane, Savulescu's article "Brain Damage and the Moral Significance of Consciousness" appears to be the first mainstream publication to argue that increased evidence of consciousness in patients diagnosed with being in persistent vegetative state actually supports withdrawing or withholding care.
In 2009, Professor Savulescu presented a paper at the 'Festival of Dangerous Ideas,' held at the Sydney Opera House in October 2009, entitled "Unfit for Life: Genetically Enhance Humanity or Face Extinction," which can be seen on Vimeo. Savulescu argues that humanity is on the brink of disappearing in a metaphorical 'Bermuda Triangle' unless humans are willing to undergo 'moral enhancement'.
Reception
Walter Veit has gone further than Savulescu and argued that because there is no intrinsic moral difference between 'creating' and 'choosing' a life, eugenics becomes a natural consequence of procreative beneficence. If parents have a moral obligation to create children likely to have the best possible life, they should prefer to have children that have been genetically engineered for an optimal chance at such a life, even if those children bear little or no genetic relation to them.
Rebecca Bennett, however, criticizes Savulescu's argument. Bennett argues that "the chances of any particular individual being born is spectacularly unlikely, given the infinite number of variables that had to be in place for this to happen. In order for any particular individual to exist, that individual's parents have to have been created in the first place, they have to meet at the right time and conceive us at a particular time to enable that particular sperm to fuse with that particular egg. Thus, it is clear that all sorts of things, any change in society, will effect who is born.". According to Bennett, this means that no-one is actually harmed if one does not select the best offspring, as the individuals born could not have had any other, worse life as they would otherwise never have been born – "choosing worthwhile but impaired lives harms no-one and is thus not less preferable", as Bennett puts it. Bennett argues that while advocates of procreative beneficence could appeal to impersonal harm, which is where one should aim to ensure the maximum possible potential quality of life and thus embryos without or with the least impairments should be selected (as the impersonal total quality of life will be improved), this argument is flawed on two counts. Firstly on an intuitive level, Bennett questions if benefit or harm that doesn't affect anyone (i.e. it is impersonal) should be worthy of consideration as no actual people will gain or lose anything. Secondly and on a theoretical level, Bennett argues that attempting to increase the sum total impersonal happiness (or decrease impersonal harm) can lead to repugnant conclusions, such as being obliged to produce as many offspring as possible to bring more people into the world to raise the level of impersonal happiness, even if the quality of life of individuals suffers for it due to scarcity and overcrowding. Bennett argues that this conclusion is repugnant because "it cares little about what we normally regard as morally important: the welfare of individual people".
Norbert Paulo criticised Savulescu's argument for moral enhancement, arguing that if democratic governments had to morally enhance their populations because the majoritarian population are morally deficient, they could not be legitimate as they manipulated the population's will. Thus in Paulo's view, those advocating large-scale, state-driven and partially mandatory moral enhancement are advocating a non-democratic order.
Other information
In 2009, Savulescu was awarded a Distinguished Alumni Award by Monash University. In the same year, he was also announced as the winner in the Thinking category of The Australian newspaper's Emerging Leaders Awards.
He has co-authored two books: Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum with Tony Hope and Judith Hendrick and Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement (published by Oxford University Press) with Ingmar Persson.
Savulescu is a member of the board of directors executive committee of the International Neuroethics Society.
Together with John Harris, Julian was called a leading figure in New eugenics.
He has also edited the books Der neue Mensch? Enhancement und Genetik (together with Nikolaus Knoepffler), Human Enhancement (together with Nick Bostrom), Enhancing Human Capacities, The Ethics of Human Enhancement
See also
Bioethics
Biopolitics
Designer baby
Human enhancement
Human genetic engineering
Morphological freedom
Procreative liberty
Reproductive rights
Reprogenetics
Techno-progressivism
Transhumanism
References
External links
The Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics.
The Hinxton Group: An International Consortium on Stem Cells, Ethics & Law.
Stronger, smarter, nicer humans.
Philosophy Bites podcast of Julian Savulescu interviewed by Nigel Warburton on the Yuk Factor.
1963 births
Living people
20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Australian people of Romanian descent
Australian transhumanists
Bioethicists
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
People educated at Haileybury (Melbourne)
Monash University alumni
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4024042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Sports%20School
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Singapore Sports School
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Singapore Sports School (SSP) is a specialised independent boarding school and statutory board under the purview of Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth of the Government of Singapore that offers an integrated sports and academic programme to secondary and post-secondary students in Singapore.
Management
Moo Soon Chong was the first principal of Singapore Sports School. He was assisted by Chua Choon Seng, Director of Corporate Services and Irwin Seet, Director of Sports, Seah Poh Chua, Director of Academics and School Administration, who was Dean of the Academic Wing then, and a core team.
Moo Soon Chong retired on 14 December 2007 and Deborah Tan was appointed as the new principal of Singapore Sports School on the following day. Deborah Tan was appointed to a senior position at the Ministry of Education and left the school on 14 December 2013.
Followed by Deborah Tan's departure, Tan Teck Hock is appointed as the new principal of Singapore Sports School. Tan Teck Hock had served in the Education Service since 1992. He was the principal of Yishun Town Secondary School from December 1999 to December 2005 and Serangoon Junior College from December 2006 to December 2010. Tan Teck Hock was the founding Principal of the Physical Education and Sports Teacher Academy in 2010.
On 15 December 2019, Singapore Sports School announced that Ong Kim Soon would replace Tan Teck Hock. Ong Kim Soon was a PE and English teacher, head of department, vice-principal and special assistant of the principal at Saint Hilda's Secondary School, and Director of Physical, Sports, and Outdoor Education in the Ministry of Education Headquarters.
Sport Programmes and Achievements
Student-athletes in Singapore Sports School are either in an Academy Programme or in an Individual Programme.
The Academy Programmes are in the following sports:
Badminton
Bowling
Fencing
Football
Netball
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Table Tennis
Track and Field
Singapore Sports School also welcomes high-performing youth athletes to join the Individual Programme sports such as Artistic Swimming, Golf, Gymnastics, Pencak Silat, Sailing and Wushu.
Athlete-Friendly Academic Pathways
The Sports School offers the GCE "O" Level Examinations and several post-secondary through-train pathways. Student-athletes on the through-train pathways bypass the GCE "O" Level Examinations and progress onto one of three pathways conducted at Sports School: the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP), the customised Diploma in Sport Management (RP-SSP DSPM) from Republic Polytechnic or the customised Diploma in Business Studies (Entrepreneurship Management Option) (BS-EMGT) from Ngee Ann Polytechnic.
Singapore 2010 Youth Olympics Games
Singapore Sports School was the venue of the Aquatics (Swimming), Modern Pentathlon and Shooting.
National Youth Sports Institute
The National Youth Sports Institute (NYSI) is a youth-centric and youth-focused sporting organisation that aims to value-add and positively impact the Singapore youth sports ecosystem. Initiated by the Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth.NYSI works closely with the Singapore Sports School and Singapore Sports Institute to drive youth sports development through four functional areas: Talent Identification and Development, Youth Coaching, Sports Science and Athlete Life Management.
Notable alumni
Calvin Kang – Olympian (Athletics, Sprinter)
Dipna Lim Prasad – Olympian (Athletics, Hurdler)
Mylene Ong – Olympian (Swimming)
Tao Li – Olympian (Swimming)
Narelle Kheng – Actress and singer
Benjamin Kheng – Actor and singer
Ben Davis – Footballer
Terry Hee – Badminton player
Loh Kean Yew – Olympian (Badminton) and 2021 BWF World Champion
References
External links
Singapore Sports School - Official website
Educational institutions established in 2004
2004 establishments in Singapore
Independent schools in Singapore
Secondary schools in Singapore
Sport schools in Singapore
Woodlands, Singapore
Venues of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Youth Olympic swimming venues
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4024051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltel
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Beltel
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Beltel was the name and trademark used by the South African Department of Posts and Telecommunications (later Telkom) for its Videotex system between the mid eighties and 1999.
The system used telephone lines and modems connected to personal computers or to dumb terminals which had built in modems.
The system incorporated a billing system which enabled information providers and service providers to receive payment for information and services provided to users. The billing system was capable of handling very small transactions, and referred to as Micro-billing. Today all of the functionality of the Beltel system, and more, is delivered by handheld mobile phones or cellphones and PDAs which utilize mobile payment.
Booklets/Magazines:
What is BELTEL?
BELTEL user manual. (Setting up, Facilities, Passwords, Logging off, Mail, Commands)
Videotex SA Beltel. (Various business services for its 14,000 users) (In 1990)
BELTEL as a business tool
The BELTEL post box.
Telematics: (News, views, reviews and adverts) (Seasonal)
Beltel provided many online services such as:
Debates, competitions, prizes.
Banking:
Allied Bank,
First National Bank,
Nedbank,
Standard Bank,
Trust bank,
United Bank,
Volkskas Bank
Credit Checking:
National Credit Bureau
Message Handling:
Beltel e-Mail,
Interlink,
Telkom 400
Agriculture
Agritel Fresh Produce,
Agritel Meat Service,
Boere-Data,
Mielieraad
Directories:
INNOBEL,
Electronic Yellow Pages
Entertainment:
Bel-Base,
Elmdene SA,
Playworld,
Times Media
Chatlines:
FROGG,
Intercom
News/Weather:
Agritel,
Bel-Base,
Elmdene SA,
Times Media
Classifieds:
Bel-Base,
CDS Classifieds,
Junk Mail
References
Telecommunications equipment
Videotex
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4024053
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharman%20Shanmugaratnam
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Tharman Shanmugaratnam
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Tharman Shanmugaratnam (Tamil: தர்மன் சண்முகரத்தினம்; born 25 February 1957) is a Singaporean politician and economist who has been serving as Senior Minister of Singapore since 2019 alongside Teo Chee Hean, Coordinating Minister for Social Policies since 2015 and Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) since 2011. He is also serving as Deputy Chairman of GIC, the country's sovereign wealth fund and chairs its Investment Strategies Committee.
An economist by profession, Tharman has been active in both the public and private sectors, both domestic and abroad. He has spent most of his working life in public service, in roles principally related to economic and social policies.
Tharman previously led the G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance. Tharman earlier chaired the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the International Monetary Fund's key policy forum, for four years—the first Asian chair.
Since January 2021, he also co-chairs the G20 High Level Independent Panel on Global Financing for Pandemic Preparedness and Response alongside fellow economists Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed as a member of the United Nations' High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism. He also chairs the Group of Thirty, a global council of economic and financial leaders from the public and private sectors and academia. In addition, he co-chairs the Global Education Forum, and the Advisory Board for the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Report (HDR). He is a member of the World Economic Forum's (WEF) Board of Trustees.
He had served as Deputy Prime Minister between 2011 and 2019, Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies between 2015 and 2019, Minister for Finance between 2007 and 2015 and Minister for Education between 2003 and 2008. Tharman has been the Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Taman Jurong ward of Jurong GRC and as an advisor of the Jurong GRC Grassroots Organisations. He made his political debut in the 2001 general election, and has been re-elected four times at subsequent elections in 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2020.
Early life and education
Born in Singapore, Tharman attended the Anglo-Chinese School before graduating from the London School of Economics (LSE) with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics. LSE would later honored him with an Honorary Fellowship in 2011.
He subsequently obtained a Master of Philosophy degree in economics from the University of Cambridge, and a Master in Public Administration degree from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he received a Lucius N. Littauer Fellow award for his outstanding performance and potential.
Tharman was a student activist while studying in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. He originally held socialist beliefs, but his views on economics changed to the right over the course of his working career.
Political career
Tharman was first elected a Member of Parliament following the 2001 general election for Jurong GRC, having won 79.75% of the votes. Shortly after the 2001 elections, Tharman was appointed Senior Minister of State at the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Education. He then served as the Minister for Education from 2003 to 2008.
After being re-elected at the 2006 general election, Tharman was also appointed Second Minister for Finance before becoming Minister for Finance on 1 December 2007.
Following the 2011 general election, Tharman was appointed Deputy Prime Minister, while remaining as Minister for Finance. He served concurrently as the Minister for Manpower between May 2011 to July 2012. He stepped down as Minister for Finance in September 2015 after 9 years.
At the 2015 general election, Jurong GRC, helmed by Tharman, garnered a vote share of 79.3% against a Singaporeans First (SingFirst) team. Tharman has been elected to the Central Executive Committee of the People's Action Party since Dec 2002, and was appointed 2nd Assistant Secretary-General in May 2011. After the election, Tharman remained Deputy Prime Minister and was also appointed as Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies in October 2015.
In May 2017, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC) conferred on Tharman the Medal of Honour, the highest of its May Day Awards. NTUC cited amongst other things "his deep commitment to building an inclusive society".
On 23 April 2019, the Prime Minister Office's cabinet reshuffle announced that Tharman, alongside Teo Chee Hean, would be relinquishing their respective Deputy Prime Minister portfolios, and appointed Senior Ministers effective from 1 May onwards. Tharman would also be Coordinating Minister for Social Policies and advise the Prime Minister on economic policies.
Tharman was re-elected at the 2020 general election, winning 74.62% of the votes in his GRC against Red Dot United.
Career before politics
Prior to entering politics, Tharman started his career at the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), where he became its chief economist. He later joined the Singapore Administrative Service and served in the Ministry of Education as Senior Deputy Secretary for Policy, before returning to the MAS where he eventually became its Managing Director. He resigned from this position to contest in the 2001 general election as a candidate for the People's Action Party.
Official Secrets Act case
While serving as director of the Economics Department of the MAS in 1992, Tharman was one of five persons charged under the Official Secrets Act (OSA) in a case involving the publication of Singapore's 1992 second-quarter flash GDP growth projections in the Business Times newspaper. The others included the editor, Patrick Daniel, of the Business Times.
The OSA case, which stretched over more than a year, was reported extensively in the Singapore press. Tharman contested and was eventually acquitted of the charge of communicating the GDP growth flash projections. The District Court then introduced a lesser charge of negligence, as the prosecution's case had been that the figures were seen on a document that he had with him on a table during his meeting with private sector economists together with one of his colleagues. Tharman also contested this lesser charge of negligence, and defended himself on the witness stand for a few days.
The Court nevertheless convicted him together with all the others in the case. Tharman was fined S$1,500, and the others S$2,000. As there was no finding that he communicated any classified information, the case did not pose any hurdle to his subsequent appointment as the Managing Director of the MAS, nor to his subsequent larger national responsibilities.
Other national and international appointments
Tharman has been the chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) since May 2011. He is appointed as the Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) as of May 2019, and chairs its Investment Strategy Committee.
Tharman led the SkillsFuture programme, launched in 2014 with the aim of developing skills of the future, and opportunities for life-long learning and job upskilling among Singaporeans. He subsequently chaired the tripartite Council for Skills, Innovation and Productivity (CSIP) until May 2017.
He currently also chairs the Economic Development Board's International Advisory Council, and the International Academic Advisory Panel that advises the Government on strategies for the university sector.
In April 2017, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to chair a G20 Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance. In Oct 2018, the Group proposed reforms for a more effective system of global development finance and for financial stability. Tharman also succeeded Jean-Claude Trichet as Chairman of the Group of Thirty, an independent global council of leading economic and financial policy-makers from January 1, 2017.
Tharman had previously been appointed by his international peers as Chairman of the International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC), the key policy forum of the IMF, for an extended period of four years from 2011; he was its first Asian chair. In announcing Tharman's selection, the IMF said that his "broad experience, deep knowledge of economic and financial issues, and active engagement with global policy makers will be highly valuable to the IMFC".
Since 2019, Tharman has been the co-chair of the Advisory Board for UN's Human Development Report. He co-chaired with Thomas Piketty in 2019 and Michael Spence for the 2020 edition, and is co-chairing the Advisory Board for the 2021/22 edition with Michele Lamont.
In May 2019, Tharman was admitted to the World Economic Forum Board of Trustees.
Among his other roles, he chairs the Board of Trustees of the Singapore Indian Development Association (SINDA), which seeks to uplift educational performance and aspirations in the Indian Singapore community. He also chairs the Ong Teng Cheong Labour Leadership Institute.
In January 2021, Tharman was appointed by the G20 to co-chair the G20 High Level Independent Panel (HLIP) on Financing the Global Commons for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, together with Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Lawrence Summers. In March 2022, Tharman was appointed as a member of the United Nations’ High Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism.
As of 2022, he currently chairs the National Jobs Council which is aimed at rebuilding skills and jobs for Singaporeans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Personal life
Ancestry and family
Tharman is a Singaporean of Ceylonese ancestry. One of three children, he is the son of Emeritus Professor K. Shanmugaratnam, a medical scientist known as the "father of pathology in Singapore", who founded the Singapore Cancer Registry and led a number of international organisations related to cancer research and pathology.
Tharman is married to Jane Yumiko Ittogi, a lawyer of Chinese-Japanese descent. She is actively engaged in social enterprise and the non-profit arts sector. The couple have one daughter and three sons.
Miscellaneous
Tharman was an active sportsman in his youth, and has highlighted the way sports instils lessons for life. He spoke about sports as a form of education in Game for Life: 25 Journeys, published by the Singapore Sports Council in 2013, as "a huge deal for character... Children learn the value of teams. They learn the discipline of repeated practice, and how there is no other way to develop expertise. Plus, the ability to fall or lose in competition and pick oneself up… with humility."
In Singaporean Chinese-language media, Tharman is usually referred to as (), an approximate transliteration of Tharman Shanmugaratnam. It was given to him by a leading Chinese language specialist in 1995.
References
External links
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Singapore Prime Minister's Office
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Parliament of Singapore
Tharman Shanmugaratnam on Taman Jurong
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1957 births
Alumni of Wolfson College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Singapore
Finance ministers of Singapore
Chairmen of the Monetary Authority of Singapore
Ministers for Education of Singapore
Group of Thirty
Honorary Fellows of the London School of Economics
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Singaporean Hindus
Singaporean people of Indian descent
Singaporean people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Singaporean Tamil politicians
Ministers for Manpower of Singapore
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4024055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20the%20Interior%20%28Greece%29
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Ministry of the Interior (Greece)
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The Ministry of the Interior () is a government department of Greece. On 15 September 1995, it was merged with the Ministry of the Prime Minister's Office () to form the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization (). On 19 September 2007, it was merged with the Ministry of Public Order and reverted to its original name. The merger was reversed on 7 October 2009, when the Ministry of the Interior, Decentralization and Electronic Governance () was formed. On 27 June 2011, a separate Ministry of Administrative Reform and Electronic Governance was created, and the Ministry of the Interior again reverted to its original name. On 27 January 2015, the two were merged with the Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection to form the Ministry of the Interior and Administrative Reorganization (). A separate Ministry of Administrative Reorganization was created on 5 November 2016, and the Ministry of the Interior reverted to its original name for the third time in a decade. A separate Ministry of Citizen Protection was also re-established on 29 August 2018. The Ministry of Administrative Reorganization was reabsorbed by the Ministry of the Interior on 9 July 2019.
List of Ministers of the Interior (1974–1995)
On 15 September 1995, the Ministry of the Prime Minister's Office and the Ministry of the Interior were merged to become the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization.
List of Ministers of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization (1995–2007)
On 19 September 2007, the Ministry of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization was merged with the Ministry of Public Order to form the Ministry of the Interior.
List of Ministers of the Interior (2007–2009)
List of Ministers of the Interior, Decentralization and Electronic Governance (2009–2011)
List of Ministers of the Interior (2011–2015)
List of Ministers of the Interior and Administrative Reorganization (2015–2016)
List of Ministers of the Interior (since 2016)
See also
Decentralization
External links
Official website
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Law enforcement in Greece
Greece
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4024062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20Examinations%20and%20Assessment%20Board
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Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board
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The Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Education of the Government of Singapore.
SEAB was established on 1 April 2004 as a statutory board to develop and conduct national examinations in Singapore and to provide other examination and assessment services. The board also publishes examination results for the major exams such as the Primary School Leaving Examination, GCE ‘N’ Level GCE 'O' Level and GCE 'A' Level.
Regulated examinations
The following national examinations are regulated by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board.
Primary school examinations
Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE)
International Primary School Leaving Examination (iPSLE), international variation of the PSLE.
Secondary school examinations
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level (GCE O-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal Level (GCE N-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal (Academic) Level (GCE N(A)-Level)
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Normal (Technical) Level (GCE N(T)-Level)
Examinations for tertiary education
Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level (GCE A-Level)
Organisation Structure
SEAB is governed by a board which is led by a Chairman. The Chief Executive is the professional head of the organisation. Under the Chief Executive are various divisions organised into 2 clusters: Assessment and Exam Cluster and Corporate Cluster. Divisions in each cluster are led by Directors/Deputy Directors.
External links
SEAB Website
References
2004 establishments in Singapore
Government agencies established in 2004
Education in Singapore
Organisations of the Singapore Government
Statutory boards of the Singapore Government
Educational institutions established in 2004
Qualifications awarding bodies
Regulation in Singapore
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4024070
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shondrella%20Avery
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Shondrella Avery
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Shondrella Dupre Avery (born April 26, 1971) is an American actress, model and comedian. Her film roles include as LaFawnduh Lucas-Dynamite in the independent comedy Napoleon Dynamite (2004), and supporting roles in Domino (2005) and The Secret Life of Bees (2008).
Early life
Avery was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in South Central Los Angeles, as the oldest of 10 children. She has created a one-woman show titled "Ain't I Enough," based on her experiences growing up with her enormous family, which has aired on HBO.
She graduated from Los Angeles County High School for the Arts and studied for her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from California State University, Los Angeles.
Career
Avery began her career as a comic, performing as a member of the improvisational comedy groups The Groundlings in Los Angeles, and The Second City in Chicago. She and her family produced four different "workout" spots for up-and-coming and seasoned comics throughout Los Angeles County, while working a corporate job. Her first big break came in 2001 during a Fourth of July celebration on Martha's Vineyard hosted by local politicians related to her high school friend. She and good friend Tony Rock (brother to Chris Rock) performed, with an overwhelming response.
From 2002 until 2005, Avery had a recurring role as Candy Taylor on the situation comedy One on One and later became a cast member on the spinoff Cuts, playing the same role. Simultaneously, she was a cast member for five seasons on the first ever all-female reality/prank television series, Girls Behaving Badly.
In movies, Avery played internet girlfriend "LaFawnduh Lucas-Dynamite" in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite. At the time of being cast, Avery was working as a contracts executive at the Hilton Hotels Corporation in Beverly Hills. She subsequently had supporting roles in the films Trippin' and Domino. She also appeared in Déjà Vu with Denzel Washington, in which she was directed by Tony Scott for the second time. In 2012, Avery appeared in End of Watch, starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Michael Peña. The movie was filmed in her native South Central Los Angeles, and was written and directed by Training Day writer David Ayer.
In 2007, Avery appeared in a People magazine "who wore it best" feature comparing her to Beyoncé in an H&M dress. In US magazine, she was pictured with Mena Suvari attending Carmelo Anthony's Shoe launch in 2008. She has also been seen at many of Macy Gray's concerts. Gray played Avery's twin sister in Domino. In 2010 she staged a high tea at Philippe Chow for friend Mo'Nique, also from Domino, in honour of her Oscar nomination. The day after the high tea, Mo'Nique won the Oscar for her acclaimed performance in Precious. Avery helped celebrate the win when she made an appearance on the Mo'Nique show in 2010.
Avery and her husband, who is originally from Nigeria, produced a TV pilot in 2010 in which she examines the differences between Africans and Americans, suggesting there should be a mediator explaining both sides. She describes her show as Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm meets The Office. Avery is in search of the right network to launch it.
Personal life
Avery's husband is Ade Kester. Avery has been linked to many philanthropic causes. She is a children's advocate, mentoring kids at "A Place Called Home" in South Central. She's also involved with the WGA Writer's Program for teens, speaking at high schools and universities. She gives time at Los Angeles children's charity Penny Lane and is a sitting board member of the Sickle Cell Disease Foundation of California; her mother has the disease, and two of her siblings died of it. She also works with Coach Art, a charity offering free athletic and arts training to chronically ill children.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
UPNcyclopedia bio
1971 births
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
California State University, Los Angeles alumni
Los Angeles County High School for the Arts alumni
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people
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4024071
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Green%20%28disambiguation%29
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Tom Green (disambiguation)
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Tom Green (born 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, talk show host and media personality.
Tom Green or Tommy Green may also refer to:
Sports
Association football (soccer)
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1863) (1863–1923), English footballer for Aston Villa
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1921), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1876) (1876–1958), English footballer for New Brighton Tower, Liverpool, Middlesbrough and Stockport County
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1975), English footballer for West Ham United, Accrington Stanley, Stockport County and Clapton Orient
Tommy Green (footballer, born 1913) (1913–1997), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion
Other sports
Tommy Green (athlete) (1894–1975), British race walker
Tom Green (basketball) (born 1949), American college basketball coach
Tom Green (field hockey) (born 1974), Canadian field hockey player
Tom Green (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1979), Australian rules footballer for Hawthorn
Tom Green (footballer, born 2001), Australian rules footballer for Greater Western Sydney
Tom Green (golfer) (1900–1974), Welsh golfer
Tom Green (runner) (born 1950/1), American marathon runner
Others
Tom Green (artist) (1913–1980), Australian artist
Tom Green (attorney) (born 1941/2), American defense lawyer
Tom Green (designer) (fl. 1964), designer and driver of the land speed record holder Wingfoot Express
Tom Green (polygamist) (born 1948), American Mormon fundamentalist in Utah who practiced plural marriage
Tom Patrick Green (1942–2012), American painter and art professor
Other uses
Tom Green County, Texas, American geographic designation
See also
Thom Green (born 1991), Australian dancer and actor
Thom Sonny Green, English drummer and electronic music producer
Thomas Green (disambiguation)
Thomas Greene (disambiguation)
Tommie Green (1956–2015), American basketball player
Green, Tom
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4024075
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Milyutin
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Nikolay Milyutin
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Nikolay Alexeyevich Milyutin (; 6 June 1818 – 26 January 1872) was a Russian statesman remembered as the chief architect of the great liberal reforms undertaken during Alexander II's reign, including the emancipation of the serfs and the establishment of zemstvo.
Peter Kropotkin, the Anarchist, described him as "the soul of the emancipation of the Serfs in bureaucratic circles."
Early life
Nikolay Milyutin was born in Moscow on 6 June 1818, the scion of an influential, but impoverished, aristocratic Russian family. He was the nephew of Count Pavel Kiselyov, the most brilliant Russian reformer of Nicholas I's reactionary reign. Milyutin's brothers were Vladimir Milyutin (1826–55), a social philosopher, journalist and economist, and Dmitry Milyutin (1816–1912), who served as Minister of War under Alexander II.
Milyutin's formative years were spent on his father's estate, Titovo, in Kaluga Oblast. Serfs worked the land at Titovo, while Milyutin's father occupied most of his time hunting and carousing with friends. Milyutin's mother was left to oversee most aspects of life on their estate. According to Milyutin, there were so many serfs at Titovo that "to list all would be impossible." While Milyutin largely omitted the more unsavory aspects regarding life at Titovo from his published memoirs, an unpublished draft, detailing his childhood, discusses the brutality with which his father treated his serfs. On one occasion Milyutin witnessed his father "mercilessly" flog one their serfs, as he later explained: "But thus were the mores in those times: a good landowner considered [flogging] unavoidable to keep his serfs in line." Afterwards, as was then common practice, the serf was made to come and "thank the master" for having administered his "lesson." The incident left an indelible impression on Milyutin's young mind.
Career
Milyutin graduated from Moscow University and joined the Ministry of the Interior in 1835. A man of liberal views who sympathized with the Slavophile cause, Milyutin helped reform the municipal administration in St Petersburg, Moscow, and Odessa during the 1840s.
As an Assistant Minister of Interior since 1859, he succeeded in defending his vision of ambitious liberal reforms against attacks by conservatives and disconcerted nobility. The Emancipation Manifesto of 1861 was largely drafted by him. Up to the passage of the act, Milyutin had served as Adjunct of the Minister of the interior, Sergey Lanskoy. However, Milyutin was distrusted by the Czar as "a restless and uncompromising reformer." After passage of this act, though, Milutin was dismissed from office. In regards to the Liberal Party, "As you know, the hopes of the party were dashed to the ground by the dismissal -- one might also say disgrace -- of Nicholas Milutine the day after the [Emancipation] Edict was published..."
During the January Uprising he was dispatched to Poland in order to implement reforms there. He devised a program which involved the emancipation of the peasantry at the expense of the nationalist landowners and the expulsion of Roman Catholic priests from schools. Over seven hundred thousand Polish peasants were granted freehold land to farm as the result of Milyutin's reforms. A Russian university was established at Warsaw, and all secondary school lessons were required to be given in Russian, not Polish. Finally, the property of the Catholic Church was confiscated and sold. Although Milyutin had previously opposed the "direct and outright Russification" of Poland, according to one biographer, historian W. Bruce Lincoln, Milyutin's reforms effectively "hastened the coming of stern Russification policies" in Poland.
Milyutin resigned his office in December 1866, after having suffered a paralytic stroke, and spent the rest of his life in seclusion. He died on 26 January 1872 in Moscow.
See also
Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia
References
Further reading
Leslie, Robert Frank. Reform and insurrection in Russian Poland, 1856-1865 (Greenwood, 1969).
Lincoln, W. Bruce. "Milyutin and the Russian Serfs:" History Today (July 1969), Vol. 19 Issue 7, pp 495–504; online; covers 1840 to 1859.
Lincoln, W. Bruce. "The Makings of a New Polish Policy: N. A. Milyutin and the Polish Question, 1861-1863." Polish Review (1970): 54-66. online
Zyzniewski, Stanley J. "The Russo-Polish Crucible of the 1860s: A Review of Some Recent Literature." The Polish Review (1966): 23-46. Online
External links
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Russian nobility
Government officials of Congress Poland
1818 births
1872 deaths
Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)
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4024078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaraja
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Nagaraja
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Nagaraja ( , ) is a title used to refer to the nagas, the serpent-like figures that appear in Indian religions. It refers to the kings of the various races of the nāga, the divine or semi-divine, half-human, half-serpent beings that reside in the netherworld (Patala), and can occasionally take human form. Rituals devoted to these supernatural beings have been taking place throughout South Asia for at least two thousand years.
Hinduism
Hindu texts refer to three main beings by this title: Shesha, Takshaka, and Vasuki. All of them are the children of the rishi Kashyapa and Kadru.
Shesha
Shesha, also sometimes known as Ananta, is the eldest brother, and the first serpent king of all serpents. A devotee and a mount of Vishnu, he serves as the deity's bed and is named as the noblest of all nagas. He is the being that supports the earth, on the behest of the creator god, Brahma, obtaining the boon to stand ever firmly on the concept of dharma.
Vasuki
Vasuki is the second serpent king in Indian religions. He is a devotee of Shiva, who always wears the nāga around his neck.
Takshaka
Takshaka is the third, and the present serpent king. In the Mahabharata, he ruled the Khandava forest, which was then burnt by the Pandava Arjuna. Later, Takshaka slew Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna.
These serpents are a group of a thousand brothers, and they also have a sister, whose name is Manasa.
Temples
A temple of the Nagaraja Vasuki is present in Gujarat's district of Thangadh.
At Nagercoil, in Kanyakumari district's of Tamil Nadu, a temple dedicated to Nagaraja exists.
There is another famous temple named Mannarasala in Alleppey district of Kerala. The deity in this temple embodies both Anantha and Vasuki into one.
A temple devoted to nagraja exists in kaippattoor of Ernakulam district in Kerala, India.
It is known as thekkanattil nagaraja kshetram.
A temple devoted to Nagaraja exists in Poojappura of the Thiruvananthapuram District in Kerala, India. It is known as the Poojappura Nagarukavu Temple. The uniqueness of this temple is that here the family of the Nagaraja, including Nagaramma (queen of nagas), and Nagakanya (princess of the naga kingdom) are placed inside a single temple.
Thiruvananthapuram also houses the Thuppanathu Kavu, located at Vazhamuttam. The three serpent deities evoked in this ancient temple are the Nagaraja Vasuki, the naga yakshi (serpent nature spirit), and the naga kanyaka (serpent damsel). Turmeric powder, moorum palum, and nagaroottu are offered to them. Accompanied by the naga deities and Goddesses at Thuppanathu Kavu are the goddess Vanadurga and the goddess Rajarajeswari.
Kukke Subramanya is a Hindu temple located in the village of Subramanya, Karnataka. In this temple Kartikeya is worshipped as Subramanya, the lord of all serpents. The epics relate that the divine serpent Vasuki and other serpents found refuge under Subramanya when threatened by Garuda.
Buddhism
There are many Nagarajas mentioned throughout various Buddhist texts. There are four major royal races of Nagarajas in Buddhism as the Virupakkhas, the Erapathas, the Chabyaputtas and the Kanhagotamakas. Nāga Kings appears in the audience for many of Gautama Buddha's sermons in Buddhist scriptures. The duties of the Nāga Kings included leading the nagas in protecting the Buddha, other enlightened beings, as well as protecting the Buddha Sasana.
Some of the most notable Nagarajas occurring in Buddhist scriptures are Virupaksa, Mucalinda, Dhrtarastra, Takshaka, Vasuki, Nanda, Upananda, Sagara, Balavan, Anavatapta, Varuna and Utpala.
Virupaksa
Virūpākṣa (Sanskrit; Pali: Virūpakkha) is a major deity in Buddhism. He is one of the Four Heavenly Kings and a dharmapala. He lives on the western part of Sumeru. He is leader of the nāgas.
Mucalinda
It is said that four weeks after Gautama Buddha began meditating under the Bodhi Tree, the heavens darkened for seven days, and a prodigious rain descended. However, the mighty King of Serpents, Mucalinda, came from beneath the earth and protected with his hood the one who is the source of all protection. The subject of Buddha meditating under the protection of Mucalinda, also known as naga Prok attitude is very common in Southeast Asian Buddhist art.
Dhrtarastra
Buddhist literature features a Nāga King named Dhṛtarāṣṭra(Sanskrit; Pali: Dhataraṭṭha). He was the father of Gautama Buddha in a past life when the latter was a bodhisattva named Bhūridatta. He is mentioned in several Buddhist texts such as the Bhūridatta Jātaka, the Mahāmāyūrī Vidyārājñī Sūtra and the Mahāmegha Sūtra.
Apalala
Apalāla (Pali, Sanskrit) is a water-dwelling Nāga-king in Buddhist mythology. He story of conversion to Buddhism by the Buddha (Pali: Apalāladamana) can be found in Buddhist texts such as Samantapāsādikā and Divyāvadāna; this is one of the most popular legends in Buddhist lore and art.
Duo-luo-shi-qi
In some Buddhist traditions a figure called Duo-luo-shi-qi or Talasikhin is described as a Dragon King who dwells in a palace within a pond outside the legendary kingdom of Ketumati and drizzles in it during midnight.
See also
Long Wang (Dragon King)
Kuzuryū
Nagraj
Ur (Mandaeism)
Taxakeshwar – Nagaraja temple in Madhya Pradesh
Naga Panchami – An auspicious day for naga Worship all over India
Adishesha
Vasuki
Manasa
References
H.Oldenberg: The Vinaya Pitakam. London 1879, pp. 24–25
External links
Mannarasala Sri Nagaraja Temple official web site
Nāgas
km:នាគក្បាលប្រាំបួន
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4024093
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20efficiency
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Thermal efficiency
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In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a device that uses thermal energy, such as an internal combustion engine, steam turbine, steam engine, boiler, furnace, refrigerator, ACs etc.
For a heat engine, thermal efficiency is the ratio of the net work output to the heat input; in the case of a heat pump, thermal efficiency (known as the coefficient of performance) is the ratio of net heat output (for heating), or the net heat removed (for cooling) to the energy input (external work). The efficiency of a heat engine is fractional as the output is always less than the input while the COP of a heat pump is more than 1. These values are further restricted by the Carnot theorem.
Overview
In general, energy conversion efficiency is the ratio between the useful output of a device and the input, in energy terms. For thermal efficiency, the input, , to the device is heat, or the heat-content of a fuel that is consumed. The desired output is mechanical work, , or heat, , or possibly both. Because the input heat normally has a real financial cost, a memorable, generic definition of thermal efficiency is
From the first law of thermodynamics, the energy output cannot exceed the input, and by the second law of thermodynamics it cannot be equal in a non-ideal process, so
When expressed as a percentage, the thermal efficiency must be between 0% and 100%. Efficiency must be less than 100% because there are inefficiencies such as friction and heat loss that convert the energy into alternative forms. For example, a typical gasoline automobile engine operates at around 25% efficiency, and a large coal-fuelled electrical generating plant peaks at about 46%, advances in Formula 1 motorsport regulations have pushed teams to develop highly efficient power units which peak around 45–50% thermal efficiency. The largest diesel engine in the world peaks at 51.7%. In a combined cycle plant, thermal efficiencies are approaching 60%. Such a real-world value may be used as a figure of merit for the device.
For engines where a fuel is burned there are two types of thermal efficiency: indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency. This efficiency is only appropriate when comparing similar types or similar devices.
For other systems the specifics of the calculations of efficiency vary but the non dimensional input is still the same. Efficiency = Output energy / input energy
Heat engines
Heat engines transform thermal energy, or heat, Qin into mechanical energy, or work, Wout. They cannot do this task perfectly, so some of the input heat energy is not converted into work, but is dissipated as waste heat Qout < 0 into the surroundings:
The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of heat energy that is transformed into work. Thermal efficiency is defined as
The efficiency of even the best heat engines is low; usually below 50% and often far below. So the energy lost to the environment by heat engines is a major waste of energy resources. Since a large fraction of the fuels produced worldwide go to powering heat engines, perhaps up to half of the useful energy produced worldwide is wasted in engine inefficiency, although modern cogeneration, combined cycle and energy recycling schemes are beginning to use this heat for other purposes. This inefficiency can be attributed to three causes. There is an overall theoretical limit to the efficiency of any heat engine due to temperature, called the Carnot efficiency. Second, specific types of engines have lower limits on their efficiency due to the inherent irreversibility of the engine cycle they use. Thirdly, the nonideal behavior of real engines, such as mechanical friction and losses in the combustion process causes further efficiency losses.
Carnot efficiency
The second law of thermodynamics puts a fundamental limit on the thermal efficiency of all heat engines. Even an ideal, frictionless engine can't convert anywhere near 100% of its input heat into work. The limiting factors are the temperature at which the heat enters the engine, , and the temperature of the environment into which the engine exhausts its waste heat, , measured in an absolute scale, such as the Kelvin or Rankine scale. From Carnot's theorem, for any engine working between these two temperatures:
This limiting value is called the Carnot cycle efficiency because it is the efficiency of an unattainable, ideal, reversible engine cycle called the Carnot cycle. No device converting heat into mechanical energy, regardless of its construction, can exceed this efficiency.
Examples of are the temperature of hot steam entering the turbine of a steam power plant, or the temperature at which the fuel burns in an internal combustion engine. is usually the ambient temperature where the engine is located, or the temperature of a lake or river into which the waste heat is discharged. For example, if an automobile engine burns gasoline at a temperature of and the ambient temperature is , then its maximum possible efficiency is:
It can be seen that since is fixed by the environment, the only way for a designer to increase the Carnot efficiency of an engine is to increase , the temperature at which the heat is added to the engine. The efficiency of ordinary heat engines also generally increases with operating temperature, and advanced structural materials that allow engines to operate at higher temperatures is an active area of research.
Due to the other causes detailed below, practical engines have efficiencies far below the Carnot limit. For example, the average automobile engine is less than 35% efficient.
Carnot's theorem applies to thermodynamic cycles, where thermal energy is converted to mechanical work. Devices that convert a fuel's chemical energy directly into electrical work, such as fuel cells, can exceed the Carnot efficiency.
Engine cycle efficiency
The Carnot cycle is reversible and thus represents the upper limit on efficiency of an engine cycle. Practical engine cycles are irreversible and thus have inherently lower efficiency than the Carnot efficiency when operated between the same temperatures and . One of the factors determining efficiency is how heat is added to the working fluid in the cycle, and how it is removed. The Carnot cycle achieves maximum efficiency because all the heat is added to the working fluid at the maximum temperature , and removed at the minimum temperature . In contrast, in an internal combustion engine, the temperature of the fuel-air mixture in the cylinder is nowhere near its peak temperature as the fuel starts to burn, and only reaches the peak temperature as all the fuel is consumed, so the average temperature at which heat is added is lower, reducing efficiency.
An important parameter in the efficiency of combustion engines is the specific heat ratio of the air-fuel mixture, γ. This varies somewhat with the fuel, but is generally close to the air value of 1.4. This standard value is usually used in the engine cycle equations below, and when this approximation is made the cycle is called an air-standard cycle.
Otto cycle: automobiles The Otto cycle is the name for the cycle used in spark-ignition internal combustion engines such as gasoline and hydrogen fuelled automobile engines. Its theoretical efficiency depends on the compression ratio r of the engine and the specific heat ratio γ of the gas in the combustion chamber. Thus, the efficiency increases with the compression ratio. However the compression ratio of Otto cycle engines is limited by the need to prevent the uncontrolled combustion known as knocking. Modern engines have compression ratios in the range 8 to 11, resulting in ideal cycle efficiencies of 56% to 61%.
Diesel cycle: trucks and trains In the Diesel cycle used in diesel truck and train engines, the fuel is ignited by compression in the cylinder. The efficiency of the Diesel cycle is dependent on r and γ like the Otto cycle, and also by the cutoff ratio, rc, which is the ratio of the cylinder volume at the beginning and end of the combustion process: The Diesel cycle is less efficient than the Otto cycle when using the same compression ratio. However, practical Diesel engines are 30% - 35% more efficient than gasoline engines. This is because, since the fuel is not introduced to the combustion chamber until it is required for ignition, the compression ratio is not limited by the need to avoid knocking, so higher ratios are used than in spark ignition engines.
Rankine cycle: steam power plants The Rankine cycle is the cycle used in steam turbine power plants. The overwhelming majority of the world's electric power is produced with this cycle. Since the cycle's working fluid, water, changes from liquid to vapor and back during the cycle, their efficiencies depend on the thermodynamic properties of water. The thermal efficiency of modern steam turbine plants with reheat cycles can reach 47%, and in combined cycle plants, in which a steam turbine is powered by exhaust heat from a gas turbine, it can approach 60%.
Brayton cycle: gas turbines and jet engines The Brayton cycle is the cycle used in gas turbines and jet engines. It consists of a compressor that increases pressure of the incoming air, then fuel is continuously added to the flow and burned, and the hot exhaust gasses are expanded in a turbine. The efficiency depends largely on the ratio of the pressure inside the combustion chamber p2 to the pressure outside p1
Other inefficiencies
One should not confuse thermal efficiency with other efficiencies that are used when discussing engines. The above efficiency formulas are based on simple idealized mathematical models of engines, with no friction and working fluids that obey simple thermodynamic rules called the ideal gas law. Real engines have many departures from ideal behavior that waste energy, reducing actual efficiencies below the theoretical values given above. Examples are:
friction of moving parts
inefficient combustion
heat loss from the combustion chamber
departure of the working fluid from the thermodynamic properties of an ideal gas
aerodynamic drag of air moving through the engine
energy used by auxiliary equipment like oil and water pumps.
inefficient compressors and turbines
imperfect valve timing
These factors may be accounted when analyzing thermodynamic cycles, however discussion of how to do so is outside the scope of this article.
Energy conversion
For a device that converts energy from another form into thermal energy (such as an electric heater, boiler, or furnace), the thermal efficiency is
where the quantities are heat-equivalent values.
So, for a boiler that produces 210 kW (or 700,000 BTU/h) output for each 300 kW (or 1,000,000 BTU/h) heat-equivalent input, its thermal efficiency is 210/300 = 0.70, or 70%. This means that 30% of the energy is lost to the environment.
An electric resistance heater has a thermal efficiency close to 100%. When comparing heating units, such as a highly efficient electric resistance heater to an 80% efficient natural gas-fuelled furnace, an economic analysis is needed to determine the most cost-effective choice.
Effects of fuel heating value
The heating value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during an exothermic reaction (e.g., combustion) and is a characteristic of each substance. It is measured in units of energy per unit of the substance, usually mass, such as: kJ/kg, J/mol.
The heating value for fuels is expressed as the HHV, LHV, or GHV to distinguish treatment of the heat of phase changes:
Higher heating value (HHV) is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. This is the same as the thermodynamic heat of combustion.
Lower heating value (LHV) (or net calorific value) is determined by subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water vapor from the higher heating value. The energy required to vaporize the water therefore is not realized as heat.
Gross heating value accounts for water in the exhaust leaving as vapor, and includes liquid water in the fuel prior to combustion. This value is important for fuels like wood or coal, which will usually contain some amount of water prior to burning.
Which definition of heating value is being used significantly affects any quoted efficiency. Not stating whether an efficiency is HHV or LHV renders such numbers very misleading.
Heat pumps and refrigerators
Heat pumps, refrigerators and air conditioners use work to move heat from a colder to a warmer place, so their function is the opposite of a heat engine. The work energy (Win) that is applied to them is converted into heat, and the sum of this energy and the heat energy that is taken up from the cold reservoir (QC) is equal to the magnitude of the total heat energy given off to the hot reservoir (|QH|)
Their efficiency is measured by a coefficient of performance (COP). Heat pumps are measured by the efficiency with which they give off heat to the hot reservoir, COPheating; refrigerators and air conditioners by the efficiency with which they take up heat from the cold space, COPcooling:
The reason the term "coefficient of performance" is used instead of "efficiency" is that, since these devices are moving heat, not creating it, the amount of heat they move can be greater than the input work, so the COP can be greater than 1 (100%). Therefore, heat pumps can be a more efficient way of heating than simply converting the input work into heat, as in an electric heater or furnace.
Since they are heat engines, these devices are also limited by Carnot's theorem. The limiting value of the Carnot 'efficiency' for these processes, with the equality theoretically achievable only with an ideal 'reversible' cycle, is:
The same device used between the same temperatures is more efficient when considered as a heat pump than when considered as a refrigerator since
This is because when heating, the work used to run the device is converted to heat and adds to the desired effect, whereas if the desired effect is cooling the heat resulting from the input work is just an unwanted by-product. Sometimes, the term efficiency is used for the ratio of the achieved COP to the Carnot COP, which can not exceed 100%.
Energy efficiency
The 'thermal efficiency' is sometimes called the energy efficiency. In the United States, in everyday usage the SEER is the more common measure of energy efficiency for cooling devices, as well as for heat pumps when in their heating mode. For energy-conversion heating devices their peak steady-state thermal efficiency is often stated, e.g., 'this furnace is 90% efficient', but a more detailed measure of seasonal energy effectiveness is the annual fuel use efficiency (AFUE).
Heat exchangers
A counter flow heat exchanger is the most efficient type of heat exchanger in transferring heat energy from one circuit to the other. However, for a more complete picture of heat exchanger efficiency, exergetic considerations must be taken into account. Thermal efficiencies of an internal combustion engine are typically higher than that of external combustion engines.
See also
Kalina cycle
Electrical efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Heat engine
Federal roofing tax credit for energy efficiency (US)
Lower heating value
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
Higher heating value
Energy conversion efficiency
References
Thermodynamic properties
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Energy conversion
Engineering thermodynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagres%20and%20Fort%20San%20Lorenzo
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Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo
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Chagres (), once the chief Atlantic port on the isthmus of Panama, is now an abandoned village at the historical site of Fort San Lorenzo (). The fort's ruins and the village site are located about west of Colón, on a promontory overlooking the mouth of the Chagres River.
16th and 17th centuries: Discovery and fortification
In 1502, during his fourth and final voyage, Christopher Columbus discovered the Chagres River.
By 1534, the Monarchy of Spain had, following its conquest of Peru, established a rainy-season gold route over the isthmus of Panama—Camino Real de Cruces—using mule trains and the Chagres River. The trail connected the Pacific port of Panama City to the mouth of the Chagres, from whence Peru's plunder would sail to Spain's storehouses in the leading Atlantic ports of the isthmus: Nombre de Dios, at first; and, later, Portobelo. (The dry-season, overland route—the Camino Real—connected Panama City with those ports directly.)
Attracted to the treasure, pirates began attacking Panama's coast around 1560. To protect the Atlantic terminus of Las Cruces Trail (Camino Real de Cruces), Spain built Fort San Lorenzo at the Chagres River's mouth. The work began in 1598 by order of King Philip II. From 1587 to 1599, the fortifications evolved into a sea-level battery and they were completed in 1601. The plans of the massive fortress were made by the Italian engineer Baptist Antonelli. The castle of San Lorenzo was built on top of a high reef, in a position that dominated the entrance of the Chagres River.
In 1670, buccaneer Henry Morgan ordered an attack that left Fort San Lorenzo in ruins. He invaded Panama City the following year, using San Lorenzo as his base of operations.
In the 1680s, the Spanish constructed a new fort above the water. Set on a cliff overlooking the entrance to the harbor, the fort was protected on the landward side by a dry moat with a drawbridge. During this time, the town of Chagres was established under the protection of the fort.
18th and 19th centuries: Decline and rebirth
In 1739 and 1740, British Admiral Edward Vernon attacked the Spanish fortifications at Portobelo and Chagres. With the destruction of Portobelo's fort, Spain abandoned trade there, instead strengthening its fortifications at Chagres, and, upstream, Gatun. With the decline of Portobelo, Chagres surpassed it as the chief Atlantic port of the isthmus.
By the middle of the 18th century, however, the Spanish had largely abandoned both of the old trails over the isthmus, preferring to sail around the tip of South America at Cape Horn. For over a century, Fort San Lorenzo was used as a prison.
The 1848 finding of gold in California stimulated new vitality at the mouth of the Chagres River. Westbound prospectors who preferred to avoid crossing the "Great American Desert" or rounding Cape Horn would follow the old path of the Las Cruces Trail, beginning their transcontinental journey at "Yankee Town" or "Yanqui Chagres"—the wild-west boomtown that sprang up on the bank opposite the original village and fortress.
The rebirth of Chagres' importance was short-lived. Although the advent of steamboat service on the Chagres River had, by 1853, shortened the time required to cross the isthmus from several days to about twelve hours, the 1855 completion of the Panama Railway further reduced the transcontinental travel time to about three hours. As a result, the railway’s Atlantic terminus, Colón, became Panama's Atlantic port, and Chagres receded from importance.
20th century: Canal Zone to protected area
The construction of the Panama Canal, completed in 1914, required the construction of the massive Gatun Dam, about upriver from Chagres, permanently sealing off the river from inland trade.
Although Chagres fell outside the original boundary of the Panama Canal Zone, that zone expanded in 1916 to include the mouth of Chagres River. The town of Chagres—which, by then, had only 96 houses and 400 to 500 inhabitants—was then "depopulated," and its former residents were resettled to Nuevo Chagres, located about to the southwest, along the coast.
Fort San Lorenzo has been designated as government-protected since 1908. Currently, the ruins of Fort San Lorenzo and the Chagres village site are contained within the of the San Lorenzo Protected Area, all former Canal Zone territory.
In 1980, UNESCO declared Fort San Lorenzo, together with the fortified town of Portobelo about to the northeast, to be a World Heritage Site under the name, "Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama." The organization describes the fortifications as follows: "Magnificent examples of 17th- and 18th-century military architecture, these Panamanian forts on the Caribbean coast form part of the defence system built by the Spanish Crown to protect transatlantic trade."
Images
In fiction
Chagres features prominently in The Adventures & Brave Deeds Of The Ship's Cat On The Spanish Maine: Together With The Most Lamentable Losse Of The Alcestis & Triumphant Firing Of The Port Of Chagres, a children's book by Richard Adams.
See also
Chagres District—a district within the Colón Province
Chagres National Park—park at the Chagres River's headwaters; not to be confused with the San Lorenzo Protected Area
Chagres River—the river on whose mouth Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo were built
Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo—description of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
Nuevo Chagres—the capital of Chagres District
Portobelo—the other part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site
San Lorenzo Protected Area—encompasses Chagres and Fort San Lorenzo
Notes
References
External links
History of Panama
Archaeological sites in Panama
Former populated places in Panama
San Lorenzo
Spanish colonial fortifications
World Heritage Sites in Panama
Buildings and structures in Colón Province
Historic American Buildings Survey in the former Panama Canal Zone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into%20the%20Arms%20of%20Strangers%3A%20Stories%20of%20the%20Kindertransport
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Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport
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Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport is a 2000 documentary film about the British rescue operation known as the Kindertransport, which saved the lives of over 10,000 Jewish and other children from Nazi Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Danzig by transporting them via train, boat, and plane to Great Britain. These children, or Kinder in German, were taken into foster homes and hostels in Britain, expecting eventually to be reunited with their parents. The majority of them never saw their families again. Written and directed by Mark Jonathan Harris, produced by Deborah Oppenheimer, narrated by Judi Dench, and made with the cooperation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, it utilized rare and extensive footage, photographs, and artifacts, and is told in the words of the child survivors, rescuers, parents, and foster parents.
The film received numerous accolades, including winning the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
The film was released on DVD and VHS on August 28, 2001 by Warner Home Video.
In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Interviewed subjects
The documentary features filmed interviews in which the children of the Kindertransport (aged in their 60s and 70s at the time of the filming) recall their feelings and experiences. These interview subjects include:
Lorraine Allard, Kind
Lory Cahn, Kind
Mariam Cohen, foster mother of Kurt Fuchel
Hedy Epstein, Kind
Kurt Fuchel, Kind
Abrascha Gorbulski, Alexander Gordon, Kind, Dunera Boy, British Army Sergeant (1941-1947)
Franzi Groszmann, mother of Lore Segal
Eva Hayman, Kind
Jack Hellman, Kind
Bertha Leverton, Kind
Ursula Rosenfeld, Kind
Inge Sadan, Kind (Bertha Leverton's sister)
Lore Segal, Kind
Robert Sugar, Kind
Nicholas Winton, rescuer
Norbert Wollheim, rescuer
Alexander Gordon was also one of the refugees on , one of the most notorious events of British maritime history.
Reactions
Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport has an approval rating of 91% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 7.68/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Although it appears to be nothing more than a "talking heads" documentary you may see on TV, Into the Arms of Strangers, nonetheless, tells a heart-wrenching story". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". The film had a limited theatrical release (18 theaters at its widest) and grossed $382,807 domestically.
In 2014, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation for all time in the National Film Registry.
In 2000, Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport won the Evening Standard Award for Best Documentary.
See also
The Children Who Cheated the Nazis
The Power of Good: Nicholas Winton
List of Holocaust films
References
External links
Into the Arms of Strangers official website
The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Kindertransport page
Deborah Oppenheimer website
2000 films
2000 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about children in the Holocaust
Documentary films about child refugees
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
Films directed by Mark Jonathan Harris
Films scored by Lee Holdridge
Kindertransport
United States National Film Registry films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo%20Chagres
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Nuevo Chagres
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Nuevo Chagres (, ) is a seaside town and corregimiento in the Colón Province of Panama, and the capital of the Chagres District. It had a population of 499 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 327; its population as of 2000 was 419.
The town is named after the historical settlement of Chagres, which lay about to the northwest, at the mouth of the Chagres River. Although Chagres fell outside the original boundary of the Panama Canal Zone, that boundary was expanded in 1916 to include the Chagres River's mouth. The town of Chagres—with its 96 houses and 400 to 500 inhabitants—was then "depopulated," and its former residents were relocated to Nuevo Chagres.
References
Corregimientos of Colón Province
Populated places in Colón Province
1916 establishments in Panama
Populated places established in 1916
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4024124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%20Deng
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Fu Deng
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Fu Deng (; 343–394) was an emperor of the Di-led Chinese Former Qin dynasty. He assumed the throne in 386 after the deaths of Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao) and Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping), even though he was only a distant relative of theirs, as by that time Former Qin's territory had largely been reduced to the territory under his control. He battled the Later Qin emperor Yao Chang for years in a stalemate that neither could conclusively prevail, but in 394, he made a major attack on Later Qin after Yao Chang's death, seriously underestimating Yao Chang's son and successor Yao Xing, who captured and executed him. Later that year, his son Fu Chong, who succeeded him, would die in battle, ending Former Qin.
Early career
Fu Deng was born in 343, to Fu Chang (苻敞), a distant grandnephew of Former Qin's founder Fu Jiàn, while still under Later Zhao rule. After Fu Jiàn founded Former Qin in 351, Fu Chang served as a general and a commandery governor. During the reign of Fu Jiàn's cruel and whimsical son Fu Sheng (r. 355–357), Fu Chang was executed, but he was posthumously honored after Fu Sheng was overthrown by his cousin Fu Jiān. Fu Jiān was impressed by Fu Deng's abilities, and when he grew older, Fu Deng was made the county magistrate of the capital Chang'an. Later, however, for unspecified faults, he was demoted to be the county magistrate for Didao (狄道, in modern Dingxi, Gansu).
After Former Qin began to collapse in 384 and Fu Jiān was killed by the Later Qin general Yao Chang in 385, Fu Deng became a subordinate of the general Mao Xing (毛興), who sought to control all of the provinces in the west still nominally under Former Qin rule, but his soldiers became weary from all of the battles and assassinated him in 386, replacing him with Wei Ping (衛平), a very old general who was the head of the clan. However, these soldiers soon became convinced that Wei was too old to accomplish much, and they deposed Wei and replaced him with Fu Deng. Fu Deng submitted a report of these events to Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi, the new emperor, and Fu Pi commissioned him as a provincial governor and created him the Prince of Nan'an.
The battles between Fu Deng and Yao Chang after the former replaced Wei Ping coincided with a time of droughts and famines. Fu Deng called the killed enemies shóushí (熟食, "cooked food" or "readied food") and told his soldiers, "Fight in the morning and you will have meat to eat in the evening. Why worry about hunger?" The soldiers followed his order, ate the corpses, and had the force for battles. Hearing this, Yao Chang hurried to call his brother Yao Shuode (姚碩德) for help, saying, "If you do not come, we are going to be eaten off by Fu Deng."
Later in 386, Fu Pi died in battle against Jin, and the territory under his direct control (modern Shanxi), as well as his officials, fell into the hands of the Western Yan emperor Murong Yong. His official Kou Qian (寇遣) escorted his sons Fu Yi (苻懿) the Prince of Bohai and Fu Chang (苻昶, note different character than Fu Deng's father) the Prince of Jibei to Fu Deng's domain. Fu Deng, after mourning for Fu Pi, proposed to have Fu Yi declared emperor, but his subordinates all opined that given the state Former Qin was in (down to holding not much more than the territory under Fu Deng's control), the state needed an older emperor; at their suggestion, Fu Deng himself took the throne. He made Fu Yi his crown prince.
Reign
Before the Battle of Dajie
Even before he took imperial title, Fu Deng battled Yao Chang continuously, and the wars between Fu Deng and Yao Chang's Later Qin intensified after Fu Deng became Former Qin's emperor. Fu Deng set up a shrine to Fu Jiān in his army, and whenever he made a key decision he would report it to Fu Jiān. He was also described as a master of square and circular formations (although the exact mechanism is not understood well), and initially won a number of battles over Later Qin—so much so that Yao Chang, in fear, also set up a shrine dedicated to Fu Jiān in his army, apologizing for his killing of Fu Jiān and requesting forgiveness. However, after that failed to yield victories, Yao Chang cut off the head of the effigy he had made of Fu Jiān and delivered to Fu Deng. But Fu Deng's victories over Yao Chang did not appear to have lasting impact, and the wars between Former Qin and Later Qin became stalemated. Meanwhile, Fu Deng's shortcomings became exposed—an inability to take decisive action to deal heavy damage to Later Qin, and Yao Chang took advantage of his indecisive tendencies to gradually destroy other semi-independent generals in the Guanzhong region and consolidate his power base.
In 387, Fu Deng created the ruler of Western Qin, Qifu Guoren, the Prince of Wanchuan, and Qifu Guoren accepted, signifying at least nominal submission to Fu Deng. After Qifu Guoren died in 388 and was succeeded by his brother Qifu Gangui, the relationship continued.
In summer 388, Fu Yi the Crown Prince died, and Fu Deng created his own son Fu Chong to be the crown prince.
In summer 389, a battle would greatly damage Fu Deng. He had set up a base of operations at Dajie (大界, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), guarded by his wife Empress Mao, while attacking Later Qin's city of Pingliang and capturing it. Meanwhile, however, Yao Chang made a surprise attack on Dajie, capturing and killing Empress Mao and Fu Deng's sons Fu Bian the Prince of Nan'an and Fu Shang the Prince of Beihai. Some 50,000 of Fu Deng's people were captured.
After the Battle of Dajie
Then, Fu Deng gathered his remaining army and went back to Hu Kong Castle (胡空堡, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). He promoted generals such as Dou Chong, Yang Ding, and Yang Bi (楊璧). Fu Deng attacked Zhang Longshi (張龍世) in Yangquanbao (鴦泉堡). Yao Chang sent his generals to help Zhang and set up a trap. They pretended to surrender in order to catch Fu Deng. Fu Deng, initially believing in the false surrender, avoided to be fooled with the reminding of Lei Edi (雷惡地).
After the Battle of Dajie, Fu Deng appeared to be no longer able to again make major attacks against Later Qin, although the two states continued to battle continuously, and Yao Chang appeared to be equally unable to destroy Fu Deng. However, Yao Chang continued the consolidation process by destroying other semi-independent generals, and Later Qin grew stronger and stronger.
In 392, Fu Deng created one of his concubines, Consort Li, empress.
Later in 392, Yao Chang grew ill, and Fu Deng, hearing this, made a major attack on the important Later Qin city Anding (安定, in modern Pingliang, Gansu), but Yao Chang, in his illness, nevertheless faced him in battle, forcing Fu Deng to withdraw—and then, in the engagement, made a clean evasive maneuver with his troops and disengaged, to Fu Deng's surprise, and Fu Deng commented:
What kind of a man is Yao Chang? I could not tell when he would go and when he would come. Everyone thought that he is near death, but he lives to fight. It is unfortunate that I live at the same time as this old Qiang.
Death
Yao Chang died around the new year 394 and was succeeded by his son Yao Xing. While Yao Xing tried to keep news of Yao Chang's death a secret, the news still got to Fu Deng. Fu Deng, extremely glad to hear about Yao Chang's death, prepared to launch a major assault against Later Qin—he had his brother Fu Guang (苻廣) defend the base of Yongcheng (雍城, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Fu Chong defend the base of Hu Kong Castle, and, in his anxiety, did not make sure that his army had sufficient water supply. Yao Xing set up his army at Mawei (馬嵬, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi) to prevent Former Qin forces from reaching the river near Mawei, and Former Qin forces collapsed in thirst. Upon hearing the defeat, Fu Guang and Fu Chong abandoned the two bases that they were holding, and Fu Deng was unable to recapture them. He instead fled to Pingliang and then into the mountains. He sent his son Fu Zong the Prince of Ruyin to Qifu Gangui and married his sister the Princess Dongping to Qifu Gangui as his princess, seeking aid from Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent his general Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州) to aid Fu Deng, but as Fu Deng came out of the mountains to join Qifu Yizhou's forces, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him. He disbanded Fu Deng's troops and gave Fu Deng's Empress Li to his general Yao Huang (姚晃).
Era name
Taichu (太初 tài chū) 386–394
Personal information
Father
Fu Chang (苻敞), killed by Fu Sheng
Wives
Empress Mao (created 387, killed by Yao Chang 389), daughter of Mao Xing (毛興)
Empress Li (created 392, captured by Yao Xing 394 and awarded to Yao Huang (姚晃))
Children
Fu Chong (苻崇), initially the Prince of Dongping (created 387), later the Crown Prince (created 388), later emperor
Fu Bian (苻弁), the Prince of Nan'an (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389)
Fu Shang (苻尚), the Prince of Beihai (created 388, killed by Yao Chang 389)
Fu Zong (苻宗), the Prince of Ruyin
References
Former Qin emperors
Former Qin generals
343 births
394 deaths
Incidents of cannibalism
Executed Former Qin people
People executed by Later Qin
Executed Sixteen Kingdoms people
People executed by a Sixteen Kingdoms state by decapitation
Murdered Chinese emperors
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4024141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBOO
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KBOO
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KBOO is a non-profit organization, listener-funded FM Community radio station broadcasting from Portland, Oregon. The station's mission is to serve groups in its listening area who are underrepresented on other local radio stations and to provide access to the airwaves for people who have unconventional or controversial tastes and points of view. It broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and has been on the air since 1968.
KBOO is supported financially by donations from members and a small endowment. As of February 2006, the station had about 6,800 members. The station runs pledge drives twice each year. The annual KBOO budget in 2006 was about $900,000.
The station is run by nine paid staff members and several hundred volunteers. Its offices and broadcast studios are in a converted warehouse in inner Southeast Portland, purchased in 1982. Its main transmitter power output is 10,000 watts (approximately 26,500 watts after antenna gain) in Portland; KBOO also has two repeater stations – in Philomath, Oregon (at 104.3 FM) and the Columbia River Gorge (at 91.9 FM) – which extend its broadcast area to include the Columbia River Gorge and most of the Willamette Valley.
History
Early Days (1964–1971)
A group of Portlanders organized themselves as Portland Listener Supported Radio in 1964. They approached Lorenzo Milam, a former volunteer at Pacifica Radio's KPFA, who helped start KRAB, a now-defunct community station in Seattle.
Milam agreed to help them organize a station, and after a series of meetings, Portland Listener Supported Radio applied for a license for a Portland radio station. In time, Milam helped several other communities start their own stations, including KCHU, WAIF, WORT, KDNA, KTAO, and KUSP.
Milam asked KRAB volunteer David Calhoun if he'd be willing to help organize the new station in Portland. Calhoun, an ex-monk and third-year medical student, packed his VW with a transmitter from Seattle, and moved south.
Sleeping on couches and bumming meals, Calhoun and other volunteers including Gray Haertig (who continues to volunteer to this day) put together what was needed for a community radio station. A basement room was donated on Third and Salmon Streets, in downtown Portland. The space was barely big enough for two tape recorders, one turntable, and Calhoun. A diverse mix of about thirty volunteers came together to help out, including society women, movement radicals, professional broadcast engineers, and musicians.
Selecting call letters referencing a strain of marijuana called "Berkeley Boo", KBOO Community Radio was on the air in June 1968, at a cost of less than $4,000. The total monthly station budget was about $50. The total output was only ten watts - not quite that of a light bulb. A new and important force on Portland's airwaves was born.
Initially, KBOO was on the air whenever there was a volunteer to flip a switch and activate the repeater signal from KRAB. But almost immediately, the station began to grow. KBOO volunteers lugged big Ampex tape recorders to concerts, political events, and neighborhood meetings; nationally recognized artists and activists were brought into the KBOO studio. Local poets also discovered they had an electronic outlet.
By the summer of 1970, a used 1,000-watt transmitter was installed, enabling KBOO's audience and subscriptions to grow. KBOO could be heard in much of Northwest Oregon.
After three years, KBOO outgrew its studio, and moved to a storefront on SE Belmont Street near 31st Avenue. Walls of the makeshift studios were lined with egg cartons for sound insulation. Two desks were shared by everyone.
Incorporation and stability (1972–1982)
By 1972, the non-profit KBOO Foundation was born, with an interim five-member Board of Directors. The umbilical cord to KRAB was being cut. By 1973, the staff had grown to five, with about 50 active volunteers. About 600 subscribers donated an average of $20 a year. Station Manager John Ross got an $80,000 federal grant to help purchase equipment.
In 1975, the 800-strong KBOO Foundation elected its first Board of Directors. The KBOO Foundation and its officers got the license and ownership of the station. KBOO became fully independent of KRAB and its parent, the Jack Straw Memorial Foundation. After 10 years, KBOO had come of age.
The station moved again, in 1977, to SW Yamhill Street, and soon expanded broadcasting to 24 hours a day on a regularly scheduled basis. KBOO was broadcasting at 12,500 watts. Rapid growth came to KBOO in its new downtown location. Subscribers soared from 1,200 in early 1978 to well above 2,000 by 1980. About 300 volunteers gave KBOO one of the stronger volunteer programs in the nation.
In 1981, urban renewal in downtown Portland forced a search for a new home. KBOO found its present location at 20 SE 8th Avenue (the little robin's egg blue building half a block south of East Burnside Street behind the Jupiter Hotel and Doug Fir Lounge). Through a massive volunteer effort, a new station was built in 1982 in an empty warehouse. For the first time, KBOO would own its own home.
Expansion (1982–present)
In the early '80s, KBOO broadened its commitment to multicultural programming. New Spanish and Asian-language programs were added. A strip of African-American musical programming was added in 1981. A Hispanic strip followed in 1984. News and Public Affairs Director Ross Reynolds and volunteers teamed up to organize a nightly newscast, supplemented by a new wire service and national newscast from Pacifica Radio, which proudly continues to air to this day. A new station, KMUN, was launched in Astoria through KBOO's help, much as KRAB had nurtured KBOO. Funds were raised to purchase the new building and KBOO was in the black for the first time in memory.
In 1986, the building was purchased. Power was boosted to 23 kW, and KBOO began broadcasting in stereo for the first time. A major federal grant in 1987 allowed purchase of new studio equipment. A satellite dish was added on the roof, and the station bought a remote transmitter, allowing live remote broadcasts of community events.
In the early 1990s, KBOO set up translators in Corvallis (broadcasting at 100.7 FM) and in White Salmon, Washington (broadcasting at 91.9 FM), allowing KBOO's signal to be received from the very northern tip of Eugene to The Dalles, on a good day. In 2013, the Corvallis translator moved slightly, to Philomath, where it still reaches Corvallis and now parts of Eugene, at 104.3 FM.
In the summer of 1991, KBOO moved its transmitter to a new location on the KGON tower (also known as Stonehenge) on Portland's West Hills. This increase of gave KBOO much greater range. KBOO's effective radiated power was boosted to 26.5 kW. Reports from jubilant listeners came in from the coast and outskirts of Eugene, saying they were hearing KBOO clearly for the first time.
Programming
KBOO offers a wide spectrum of programming on a regular basis, as well as annual and one-time special event programming.
Regular programs range from music to public affairs. KBOO's public affairs programming offers morning talk shows, daytime cultural programs, and a nightly volunteer-produced evening newscast. It has hosted the Walt Curtis poetry show "Talking Earth" since 1971. In addition to these local programs, KBOO also broadcasts a few syndicated programs, such as Democracy Now!, The Ghost of Hollywood and Hard Knock Radio. Music programs, which cover a vast array of genres from hip-hop, rock, electronica, experimental, folk, and world, can be heard from noon to 4pm each weekday, as well as most evenings, late nights and weekends. In addition, KBOO also offers radio theater programs every Monday night, usually at 11pm, including The Ubu Hour, Sudden Radio Project and Gremlin Time, with each program alternating from week-to-week, producing one episode per month.
Special programming events have included live remote broadcasts of music festivals such as PDX Pop Now!, Pickathon, and the annual Waterfront Blues Festival.
According to the KBOO Programming Charter, KBOO shall fill the needs that other media outlets do not, "providing programming to diverse communities and unserved or underserved groups" and "shall provide access and training to those communities."
KBOO hosted the Grassroots Radio Coalition's 13th annual Grassroots Radio Conference. The conference was held July 24–27, 2008, at Portland State University's Native American Student and Community Center. It was co-sponsored by KBOO, KPSU, and KPCN-LP.
"Stairway to Heaven"
As a listener-funded station, KBOO runs a variety of fundraising offers. They once promised that, for a donation of $10,000, the station would never play "Stairway To Heaven" again. After his last set at the Aladdin Theater, Robert Plant was driving his rental car to the Oregon Coast and station-surfing, looking for non-mainstream music. That is, of course, a KBOO specialty, and the offer was repeated while Plant was lingering on the station. He liked the idea and decided to accept. He pulled over to use a pay-phone to call and make a $10,000 pledge, which he says he did using the credit card of Atco Records president Herb Abramson.
During an interview in which Plant confirmed the story, he also said that he liked the song well enough, and of course it has been very good to him... "…but don’t you know, I’ve heard it."
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Community radio stations in the United States
BOO
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Oregon
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4024142
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramp-ring
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Cramp-ring
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Cramp-rings are rings anciently worn as a cure for cramp and "falling-sickness" or epilepsy. The legend is that the first one was presented to Edward the Confessor by a pilgrim on his return from Jerusalem, its miraculous properties being explained to the king. At his death it passed into the keeping of the abbot of Westminster, by whom it was used medically and was known as St Edwards Ring. From that time the belief grew that the successors of Edward inherited his powers, and that the rings blessed by them worked cures.
Hence arose the custom for the successive sovereigns of England each year on Good Friday formally to bless a number of cramp-rings. A service was held; prayers and psalms were said; and holy water, which had been blessed in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, was poured over the rings, which were always of gold or silver, and made from the metal that the king offered to the Cross on Good Friday. The ceremony survived to the reign of Mary I, but the belief in the curative powers of similar circlets of sacred metal has lasted to the present day.
References
English culture
Rings (jewellery)
Traditional medicine
Superstitions
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4024148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jolliffe
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William Jolliffe
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William Jolliffe may refer to:
William Joliffe (1622 – 1712), English merchant and politician
William Jolliffe, 1st Baron Hylton, (1800–1876), known as Sir William Jolliffe, 1st Baronet, between 1821 and 1866, British Conservative Party politician
William Jolliffe (censor), first Chief Censor of New Zealand
William Jolliffe (1660-1750), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1734–1741
William Jolliffe (1745–1802), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1768–1802
William Sydney Hylton Jolliffe (1841–1912), British Member of Parliament for Petersfield, 1874–1880
William Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton (1898–1967), British peer and soldier
See also
Jolliffe
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4024163
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCOM
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ARCOM
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ARCOM may refer to:
Army Commendation Medal
Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication
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