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4025998
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke%20Milligan
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Luke Milligan
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Luke Milligan (born 6 August 1976 in Barnet, London) is a former tennis player from the United Kingdom, who turned professional in 1995.
The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 8 July 1996, when he became the world number 217 just after he had won through to the third round of the Wimbledon tournament.
Also in 1996 he represented Great Britain in the Davis cup in an away tie vs Ghana, winning 2 singles matches.
Turning to coaching in 2003, Luke has coached several top British players including Laura Robson Arvind Parmar and Anne Keothavong.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
English male tennis players
People from Chipping Barnet
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London
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4026000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine%20McClements
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Catherine McClements
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Catherine McClements is an Australian stage, film and television actress and television presenter. She is known for her TV roles in Water Rats and Tangle, for which she won Logie Awards, and has performed in stage productions for theatre companies such as Belvoir St Theatre, the Melbourne Theatre Company, the Sydney Theatre Company, and the State Theatre Company of South Australia.
Early life and education
McClements attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), graduating in 1985, alongside Baz Luhrmann, Sonia Todd and Justin Monjo. In 1988, McClements, along with a number of other people including Baz Luhrmann, set up an experimental theatre ensemble called 'Six Years Old', and they worked on expanding the play Strictly Ballroom, which was first produced in their second year of NIDA in 1984.
Career
In 1993 she had a role in The Girl from Tomorrow Part II: Tomorrow's End. McClements is best known for her starring role as Rachel Goldstein on the Australian police drama Water Rats from 1996 to 1999. She had a recurring guest role on The Secret Life of Us in 2001, for which she won the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Guest Role in a Television Drama. She later starred as Rosie in the 2003 drama series CrashBurn and appeared in the Network Ten telemovie Mary Bryant in 2005.
From 2008 she played Inspector/Superintendent Kerry Vincent, in the Australian police drama, Rush, and psychologist Christine Williams in the Showcase drama, Tangle. A second and third season of Tangle and Rush respectively were announced in 2009, and both aired in 2010. Tangle and Rush were commissioned for new seasons, both to start filming in mid-2011. In 2010, McClements won an AFI award for her role in Tangle. She has also won ASTRA awards for her role in Tangle in 2011 and 2013.
McClements is also an accomplished stage actress, who has appeared in stage productions for many theatre companies, including Belvoir St Theatre, the Melbourne Theatre Company, the Sydney Theatre Company, Bell Shakespeare and the Malthouse Theatre. In 1987, McClements worked in Adelaide with the South Australia Theatre Company.
In 2011, McClements guest starred in a YouTube and Facebook only show called Queer as F**k, playing Mel – a friend of main character Aaron (Gary Abrahams).
In 2012, McClements was cast as Meg Jackson in Wentworth, a contemporary reimagining of the Australian classic Prisoner. She was cast in a leading role for Season One of Wentworth, but her character did not appear beyond episode one. Also in 2013, McClements will return to the stage, in Sharr White's play The Other Place, for the Melbourne Theatre Company, and Phèdre for Bell Shakespeare.
Earlier in 2013, McClements was cast in new ABC telemovie The Broken Shore, alongside Don Hany, Dan Wyllie and Claudia Karvan. It premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival in October 2013, and aired on the ABC in early 2014.
In September 2013, McClements was cast in the film The Menkoff Method, directed by David Parker.
In 2019 she starred in Ms Fisher's Modern Murder Mysteries as Birdie Birnside.
In August 2022 she plays the part of a teacher in the State Theatre Company South Australia and Sydney Theatre Company co-production Chalkface, written by Angela Betzien. The play opens at the Dunstan Playhouse in Adelaide.
Awards
Personal life
McClements' husband is actor Jacek Koman, who also guest-starred in The Secret Life of Us as Dominic, though they were not on the show at the same time. They met at the Anthill Theatre in Melbourne in the late 1980s, and have a daughter named Coco and a son named Quincy. McClements' sister is Georgina McClements, a producer, who has credits in shows such as Summer Heights High and Real Stories. Her brother is Brendan McClements, who is the current CEO of Victorian Major Events Company. McClements is good friends with fellow actress Claudia Karvan, whom she met at the AFI awards in 1990 and starred with in the film Redheads in 1992.
Filmography
Self
Theatre work
References
External links
1965 births
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Actresses from Melbourne
Australian film actresses
Australian stage actresses
Australian television actresses
Date of birth missing (living people)
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni
Living people
Logie Award winners
Best Actress AACTA Award winners
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4026003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippos%20Margaritis
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Filippos Margaritis
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Filippos Margaritis (1810–1892) is generally acknowledged to have been the first Greek photographer, whose earliest daguerreotypes, of the Acropolis of Athens, date from 1847. Having studied painting in lithography in Paris, he opened a studio in [Athens] in 1837 and began teaching at the School of Fine Arts in 1842. He learned the techniques of the daguerreotypes from the French photographer Philibert Perraud who arrived in Greece in 1847, and in turn passed on his knowledge to the students of Athens Polytechnic around 1850.
Later, he moved on to producing calotypes and albumen prints on paper, including views of the antiquities of Athens as well as formal portraits of Athenian society including members of the courts of King Otto and his successor George I.
He travelled abroad frequently, often to exhibit his work at international exhibitions and fairs. He died in his sister’s home in Würzburg on 1 April 1892.
References
Bibliography
Alkis Xanthakis, Filippos Margaritis, Fotografos Editions, Athens 1990 (64 pp.)
Greek educators
Greek photographers
1810 births
1892 deaths
Smyrniote Greeks
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4026004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20J.%20Houston
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Edwin J. Houston
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Edwin James Houston (July 9, 1847 – March 1, 1914) was an American electrical engineer, academic, businessman, inventor and writer.
Biography
Houston was born July 9, 1847, to John Mason and Mary (Lamour) Houston in Alexandria, Virginia. He graduated from Central High School of Philadelphia (a degree-granting institution rather than an ordinary high school) in 1864. He received both his Bachelor of Arts and master's degree from the same Central High School, where he then became professor of civil engineering for a short period before holding its chair of Natural Philosophy and Physical Geography. Princeton University awarded him an honorary doctoral degree. He also served as emeritus professor of physics at the Franklin Institute and professor of physics at the Medico-Chirurgical College.
While teaching physics at Central High School in Philadelphia, he helped design an arc light generator with his former student colleague Elihu Thomson. Together, they created the Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1882 which soon after moved to Lynn, Massachusetts. He served as chief electrician of Philadelphia's International Electrical Exhibition in 1884.
In 1892, Thomson-Houston merged with the Edison General Electric Company to form General Electric, with management from Thomson-Houston largely running the new company. In 1894, Houston formed a consulting firm in electrical engineering with Arthur Kennelly. He and Kennelly had also jointly published a series called "Primers of Electricity" in 1884.
Houston was twice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1893–1895). He was a member of the United States Electrical Commission, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Philosophical Society and many others. He also authored books for a series called "The Wonder Books of Science" to include The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes, The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere, The Wonder Book of Light, and the Wonder Book of Magnetism. He died from heart failure in Philadelphia on March 1, 1914.
Works
Works by Houston
(Edited list, drawn from January 21, 1911 Electrical Review and Western Electrician p. 125)
Outlines of Natural Philosophy
Easy Lessons in Natural Philosophy
The Measurement of Electric Current
Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery
Elements of Physical Geology Eldredge & Brother (1878, 1901, 1904)
Intermediate Lessons in Natural Philosophy Eldredge & Brother (1881, 1884)
Elements of Chemistry: for the use of Schools, Academies, and Colleges Eldredge & Brother (1883, 1898)
Primers of Electricity (1884)
International Electric Exhibition of 1884
Short Course in Chemistry (1884)
Electric Furnaces (1888)
Electrical Measurements and Other Advanced Primers of Electricity W.J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893)
The Electric Transmission of Intelligence: and other Advanced Primers of Electricity W. J. Johnston Company, Limited (1893)
Primers of Forestry (1893)
Outlines of Forestry (1893)
Electricity One Hundred Years Ago and Today W.J. Johnston Company, Ltd. (1894)
A Dictionary of Electrical Words, Terms and Phrases (1894) (New York : P. F. Collier, 1902) Vol.1, Vol.2
Electrical Engineering Leaflets (1895)
Alternating Currents (1897, 1906)
Elements of Natural Philosophy (1897)
Arc Lighting (1897, 1906)
Incandescent Lighting (1897, 1906)
Electric Telegraphy McGraw Publishing Co. (1897, 1906)
Pocket Electrical Dictionary (1898)
Electricity and Magnetism: being a Series of Advanced Primers McGraw Publishing Co. (1899)
Electricity in Everyday Life (1904) Vol.3 (1905)
Franklin as a Man of Science (1906)
The Boy Geologist:at School and in Camp Henry Altemus Company (1907)
The Boy Electrician (1907)
The Wonder Book of Volcanoes and Earthquakes Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907, 1908)
The Wonder Book of the Atmosphere Frederick A. Stokes Company (1907)
The Search for the North Pole (1907)
The Discovery of the North Pole (1907)
Cast Away at the North Pole (1907)
In Captivity in the Pacific (1907)
The Wonder Book of the Light (1908)
The Wonder Book of the Magnetism (1908)
Five Months on a Derelict (1908)
Wrecked on a Coral Island (1908)
At School in the Cannibal Islands (1909)
A Chip of the Old Block (1910)
Works by Houston & Kennelly
Alternating Electric Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1895)
Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Advanced Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895)
Electrical Engineering Leaflets : Intermediate Grade Electrical World & Engineer (1895)
Electric Heating The W.J. Johnston Company (1895, 1897, 1906)
Electricity in Electro-Therapeutics McGraw Publishing Co. (1896, 1897, 1898, 1903, 1906)
Electric Incandescent Lighting The W.J. Johnston Company (1896)
The Electric Motor and the Transmission Power The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1906)
Electric Street Railways The W.J. Johnston Company (1896, 1897, 1906)
Electro-dynamic Machinery for Continuous Currents The W.J. Johnston Company (1896)
Algebra Made Easy American technical Book Company (1897, 1898)
Magnetism McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1906)
The Electric Telephone McGraw Publishing Company (1897, 1902, 1906)
Electricity Made Easy: by Simple Language and Copious Illustration American Technical Book Company (1898)
Interpretation of Mathematical Formulæ McGraw Publishing Co. (1898, 1900)
Electric Arc Lighting Electrical World & Engineer (1902, 1906)
Works with other collaborators
Louis Gathmann, Rain Produced At Will Louis Gathmann (1891)
Alfred Newlin Seal, The Elements of Physics Hinds, Noble & Eldredge (1912)
See also
Thomson-Houston Electric Company
References
External links
1847 births
1914 deaths
American educators
American business writers
American chief executives
American civil engineers
American electrical engineers
American engineering writers
American inventors
Businesspeople from Alexandria, Virginia
Businesspeople from Pennsylvania
Engineers from Virginia
General Electric people
19th-century American businesspeople
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
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4026007
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent%20display
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Electroluminescent display
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Electroluminescent Displays (ELDs) are a type of flat panel display created by sandwiching a layer of electroluminescent material such as GaAs between two layers of conductors. When current flows, the layer of material emits radiation in the form of visible light. Electroluminescence (EL) is an optical and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it, or to a strong electric field. The term "electroluminescent display" describes displays that use neither LED nor OLED devices, that instead use traditional electroluminescent materials. Beneq is the only manufacturer of TFEL (Thin Film Electroluminescent Display) and TAESL displays, which are branded as LUMINEQ Displays. The structure of a TFEL is similar to that of a passive matrix LCD or OLED display, and TAESL displays are essentially transparent TEFL displays with transparent electrodes. TAESL displays can have a transparency of 80%. Both TEFL and TAESL displays use chip-on-glass technology, which mounts the display driver IC directly on one of the edges of the display. TAESL displays can be embedded onto glass sheets. Unlike LCDs, TFELs are much more rugged and can operate at temperatures from −60 to 105°C and unlike OLEDs, TFELs can operate for 100,000 hours without considerable burn-in, retaining about 85% of their initial brightness. The electroluminescent material is deposited using atomic layer deposition, which is a process that deposits one 1-atom thick layer at a time.
Mechanism
EL works by exciting atoms by passing an electric current through them, causing them to emit photons. By varying the material being excited, the colour of the light emitted can be changed. The actual ELD is constructed using flat, opaque electrode strips running parallel to each other, covered by a layer of electroluminescent material, followed by another layer of electrodes, running perpendicular to the bottom layer. This top layer must be transparent in order to let light escape. At each intersection, the material lights, creating a pixel.
Abbreviations
AMEL Active Matrix Electroluminescence
TFEL Thin Film Electroluminescence
TDEL Thick Dielectric Electroluminescence
See also
Electroluminescence
Display examples
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
References
Electrical phenomena
Luminescence
Lighting
Display technology
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4026017
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambit%20%28magazine%29
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Ambit (magazine)
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Ambit is a quarterly literary periodical published in the United Kingdom. The magazine was founded in 1959 by Martin Bax, a London novelist and consultant paediatrician. The office of the magazine is in London, and the HQ is registered in Norfolk.
Uniting art, prose, poetry and reviews, the magazine appears quarterly and is distributed internationally. Notable Ambit contributors have included J. G. Ballard, Eduardo Paolozzi, Ralph Steadman, Carol Ann Duffy, Fleur Adcock, Peter Blake and David Hockney. Michael Foreman was art director for 50 years. Derek Birdsall, Alan Kitching and John Morgan Studio are notable designers. Despite the wealth of recognisable names, Ambit also features the work of new, unpublished writers.
In the sixties Ambit became well known for testing the boundaries and social conventions and published many anti-establishment pieces, including an issue with works written under the influence of drugs. Ballard became fiction editor alongside Geoff Nicholson, and Duffy joined Henry Graham as Poetry Editor.
In 2013, poet Briony Bax (and daughter of the poet Adrian Mitchell) became editor, successfully transitioning Ambit to gain charitable status, with the intention to continue Ambit's mission of using art and literature to expand upon the times. Kate Pemberton became fiction editor, with various poetry editors, and sculptor, Olivia Bax as art editor. The magazine held launches at the Tate Gallery and is a regular in Soho, although much of the legacy of Ambit began at the Chelsea Arts Club. After 7 years, Briony Bax stepped up as editor emeritus, after recruiting author, poet and performer, Kirsty Allison (who was first published in Ambit in 2007) first as managing editor, then as editor.
Kirsty Allison introduced Lias Saoudi (Fat White Family) as a guest editor for the first Ambit Pop issue, Ambit 243, which invited him to commission and expand on the Poems, Stories and Art legacy of Ambit. This issue published Rob Doyle, Jenni Fagan, Ben Myers, Wayne Horse, Neal Fox (Le Gun), Zaffar Kunial and more. After an introduction by illustration editor, Dr Mireille Fauchon, Ambit is now designed by Stephen Barrett (who also designed Kirsty Allison's debut novel, Psychomachia (Wrecking Ball Press).
Review
Ambit magazine was described by artist Ralph Steadman as "a surreptitious peek inside a private world. Without it such vital sparks of inspiration could well be lost forever.". The magazine professes not to include in its publication criticisms, essays, articles and lengthy reviews but prefers including real work, the likes and dislikes associated with the readers, creating never a dull moment and always sparking off feedbacks. To quote Carol Ann Duffy, "Ambit continues to surprise, exasperate and delight". Two issues of Ambit a year are put together entirely from unsolicited, previously unpublished poetry and short fiction submissions. One is now a Pop issue, with a guest editor. The other issue is created from winners of the Annual Ambit Awards for Poems, Stories and Art.
References
External links
Ambit website
Interview with Martin Bax on history of Ambit
Ambit statistics website
Ambit about website
1959 establishments in the United Kingdom
Literary magazines published in the United Kingdom
Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London
Magazines established in 1959
Poetry literary magazines
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4026023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Soriano%20%28artist%29
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Juan Soriano (artist)
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Juan Soriano (born Juan Francisco Rodríguez Montoya; August 18, 1920 – February 10, 2006) was a Mexican artist known for his paintings, sculptures and theater work. He was a child prodigy whose career began early as did his fame with various writers authoring works about him. He exhibited in the United States and Europe as well as major venues in Mexico such as the Museo de Arte Moderno and the Palacio de Bellas Artes. His monumental sculptures can be found in various parts of Mexico and in Europe as well. Recognitions of his work include Mexico's National Art Prize, the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres and membership in France's Legion of Honour.
Life
Soriano was born Juan Francisco Rodríguez Montoya in Guadalajara to Rafael Rodríguez Soriano and Amalia Montoya Navarro. Starting in childhood he began to call himself Juan Soriano, preferring the maternal surname of his father. He described his family of origin as “eccentric.”
He was a child prodigy, and in 1933, his sister introduced him to painter Alfonso Michel Martínez who taught him current modes of Expressionist and neo Baroque painting. He then studied under Francisco Rodríguez “Caracalla” at the Evolución Studio in Guadalajara, which also trained Raúl Anguiano and Jesús Guerrero Galván.
At this time he was also a regular visitor to the home and business of Jesús Reyes Ferreira. Reyes gave him work in his shop to make decorated wrapping paper as he did but Soriano found the work difficult. However, the time here allowed him to meet creators such as Luis Barragán and Roberto Montenegro, experience European art in books and magazines and discover portraits by José María Estrada, which Reyes collected. Soriano also went to his first museum and began to read classic books edited by José Vasconcelos.
His first exhibition of his work allowed him to meet artists such as José Chávez Morado, Lola Álvarez Bravo and María Izquierdo, who encouraged him to move to Mexico City, which he did in 1935 at the age of fifteen, along with his sister Martha. Here he continued a lifelong cultivation of friendships with artists, writers and intellectuals, which Soriano stated was one of the main treasures of his life. These included Xavier Villaurrutia, Carlos Pellicer, Octavio Paz (who wrote several essays about him), Lola and Manuel Álvarez Bravo, Rafael Solana (with whom he traveled to UC Berkeley in 1938), Isabel Villaseñor, Frida Kahlo, Lupe Marín and Salvador Novo. He was part of a regular social circle with Octavio G. Barreda as part of his love for poetry and writing, becoming involved in magazines such as El hijo prodigo and La Revista de la Universidad de México.
Soriano visited Rome for the first time in 1952 and in 1954 visited Crete where he painted Apolo y las musas. He returned to Rome again to live from 1969 to 1975, which allowed him to study classical art.
In 1963 he suffered an automobile accident which he documented in a painting called El accidente.
In 1974, Soriano met Polish dancer Marek Keller on a visit to Paris, introduced by writer Sergio Pitol. This was the beginning of an over thirty-year relationship. Soriano worked incessantly and cared only about his work, leaving the rest of his affairs in disorder. Keller stepped in to manage most of these and put some order in the artist's life. The two remained together, living in both Mexico City and Paris until Soriano's death. Since then, Keller has worked to promote the artist's legacy in various parts of the world.
Juan Soriano died in 2006 at the age of 85 at the Instituto Nacional de Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico City from multiple causes.
Career
Soriano began his career early in life and fame came early as well. Soriano's work was first exhibited at the Guadalajara Museum, which led to his move to Mexico City in 1935. From 1936 to 1937 he studied at the Escuela Noctura de Arte para Obreros under Emilio Caero and Santos Balmori. Balmori helped him to be accepted into the Liga de Escritores y Artistas Revolucionarios (LEAR) and a small exhibition at the end of this course at the Palacio de Bellas Artes brought him to the attention of Inés Amor. However, he did not stay with LEAR for long, leaving in 1938 because he did not like its politics.
His first individual exhibition was in 1936 at the Galería de Arte Mexicano in Mexico City. This was followed by another at the Galería de Arte of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México . During the rest of the 1940s, he exhibited in various venues in New York and Philadelphia and at the Galería de Arte Mexicano. In the 1950s the exhibited at the Schneider Gallery in Rome, the first of many individual shows in Europe, along with exhibitions in venues in Mexico such as the Antonio Souza Gallery, the Rutherford Gallery in San Francisco and his first retrospective and tribute at the Museo de Arte Moderno and Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1959. In the 1960s he had an important show at the Palacio de Bellas Artes (1966) as well as an exhibit of a series of portraits her created with only Lupe Marín as model at the Misrachi Gallery. In the 1970s, he received a grant from the Fundación Cultural Televisa to create thirty largescale works and thirty small ones which were then exhibited at the Museo de Arte Moderno. In 1993, he had an exhibit of sculpture at the Colegio de Jalisco and the Instituto Cultural de México in San Antonio. His last major exhibits before his death included the Centro Cultural Español de Cooperación Iberoamericana in Miami (2001), the Real Casa de Correos in Madrid (2002), the Meadows Museum and Southern Methodist University (2002), the Instituto Italo-Latino Americano in Rome (2003) and multiple exhibitions at the Instituto Mora in Mexico City (2005).
During his career, Soriano created a number of monumental sculptures which can be found in Mexico and Europe. These include El Toro at the Tomás Garrido Canabal Park in Villahermosa (1987), La Paloma at the MARCO Museum in Monterrey (1989), La Ola for the World Trade Center in Guadalajara (1989), El Caracol for the Amparo Museum in Puebla (1989), La Luna for the National Auditorium in Mexico City (1993), La Sirena for Plaza Loreto in Mexico City (1994), Dafne for the Arcos-Bosques Building (1995), Mano for the Herdez Group headquarters (1995), two sculptures for the Expo Hannover 2000 in Germany, six monumental sculptures for different parts of Mexico in 2003 and several of his works can be found in a park in Warsaw.
Soriano dedicated much of his career from the 1930s to 1960s to the theater, starting as a child working with puppetry. Much of this work was with a group he created with Jaime García Terrés, Leonora Carrington and others called Poesís en Voz Alta, noted by Carlos Monsiváis as a “liberating movement of the theater” in Mexico. Most of this work was in set and costume design, such as for the Teatro del Sindicato de Electricistas, Teatro Orientación (with Celestino Gorostiza), El Caballito Theater and Teatro Sullivan. In the 1940s he wrote and produced a ballet with Diego de Mesa called El pájaro y las doncellas, based on a painting by Carlos Mérida, with music by Carlos Jiménez Mabarak.
Soriano began teaching art soon after his arrival to Mexico City, starting with the Escuela Primaria de Arte with the Secretaría de Educación Pública. From 1939 to 1941 he gave classes in nude drawing at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda", teaching students such as Tomás Parra. From 1961 to 1962 he taught ceramics at the Escuela De Diseño y Artesanias of the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes.
His affinity for poetry and association with many writers led to collaboration as an illustrator on a number of projects. In 1953 he illustrated the book Homenaje a Sor Juana edited by Juan José Arreola in the collection “Los Presentes.” In 1967 illustrated El Bestiario by Guillaume Apollinaire. In the 1979 he illustrated the cover of Octavio Paz's book Xavier Villarrutia en persona y en obra. In 1980 he created a collection of thirty two prints with text by Sergio Piton called El único argumento. In 1989 he began illustration for the book Antológico Animalía by Alfonso Reyes. In 2003 he illustrated La Fuerza del Destino by Julieta Campos and El Aguila o Sol by Octavio Paz.
The artist has received numerous awards and other recognitions for his art and career during his lifetime and posthumously. In 1950 he received the first prize at the Salón de Invierno, and in 1957 he received the José Clemente Orozco Award from the government of Jalisco. In 1963 the Casa del Lago Juan José Arreola in Mexico City held a tribute and retrospective of his theater work. In 1976, he received an award from the VII International Painting Festival in Cagnes-sur-Mer, France. In 1984 he received the Gold Medal from the Instituto Cultural Cabañas . In 1985, for his 50th year of artistic production, the Instituto Cultural Cabañas and the Palacio de Bellas Artes held retrospectives. In 1987 he received the Premio Nacional de Arte, France named him as a member of the Chevalier des Arts et Lettres and he received the Jalisco Art Prize. In 1990 a tribute was held for him at the National Museum of Mexican Art, and from 1995-1996 a retrospective of his graphic work toured the United States. In 1997 the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Madrid held a retrospective. In 1998 Elena Poniatowska published “Juan Soriano, niño de mil años.” In 1999 the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana held a retrospective and in 2000, a collection of his monumental sculptures were placed on display at the Zócalo in Mexico City for his 80th birthday In 2001, Arturo Ripstein filmed a biography of Soriano called “Fecit-Dixit.” In 2004, he was made an officer in France's Legion of Honour, and in 2005 he received the Premio de Excelencia Universal, the Premio Velázquez de Artes Plásticas from the government of Spain, a gold medal from the Palacio de Bellas Artes and an honorary doctorate from the Universidad de Colima. His last award while alive was the Order of Merit from the Polish government. Since then, his work has been remembered in events such as a retrospective at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana in 2012 and a tribute sponsored by CONACULTA in 2013.
In 2004, shortly before his death, he founded with his partner the Fundación Juan Soriano and Marek Keller. Other institutions have been named after the artist such as the Galería Juan Soriano of Centro Nacional de las Artes and in 2012, the Juan Soriano Sculpting Prize was established.
Artistry
Classified as part of the second wave of the Mexican muralism movement, Soriano's work include painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic works, illustrations, tapestries and set and costume design for works such as those by Eugène Ionesco, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Francisco de Quevedo, Juan Ibáñez and others. His work was highly prized by various writers including Octavio Paz, Carlos Pellicer and Elena Ponatowska, with art critic Luis Cardoza y Aragón quoted as saying he was “a poet, profound painter of visual parables.” Soriano did not believe that art should be political or solemn and Jesús Reyes Ferreira was an early influence on his work. His painting style did change almost abruptly in the mid 1950s, marked by works such as La Carrera de bicicletas, Apolo y las muas and Peces luminosos, along with a portrait of María Zambrano, showing probably influence from painter Roberto Matta. In the 1960s, he experimented briefly with abstract painting. He was a noted portrait painter with a style that Teresa del Conde called “always legible and at the same time strangely problematic.” Much of his very early work was portraits either by choice or by commission and similar to that of Julio Castellanos and Federico Cantú. One notable series of portraits were those of model and novelist Lupe Marín in the 1960s. Soriano stated that he did not believe that painting was an exact reflection of time or the artists, but rather a “form of intuition that goes beyond conscious life.”
From 1951 to 1953 he was in Rome where he worked on ceramics with Chileans Piero and Andrea Cacella and in the 1960s began to create works in bronze as well.
His graphic work is less known but he began creating them in 1944 and continued until 2001. In 1975, he received a commission to do graphic work at the Bramsen et Colt workshop in Paris, which caused him to divide his time between Paris and Mexico City. One notable series are interpretations of works by Juan Rulfo.
In 2003, he worked on tapestry design with a death theme for the Gobelinos Workshop in Guadalajara.
Juan Soriano Museum
The Museo Morelense de Arte Contemporáneo (MMAC) Juan Soriano opened on June 8, 2018, in Cuernavaca, Morelos. The MMAC is a project by JSa Arquitectura led by the architect Javier Sánchez Corral. Its location links Amatitlán, an emblematic town of Cuernavaca whose origins date back 1500 years, to the Historic Center of Cuernavaca, enriching the urban experience. It is the largest exhibition space in the state of Morelos, distributed in two galleries for temporary exhibitions: Central Gallery and Cube, in addition to an Open Forum, a multidisciplinary space. The museum includes a library, a sculptural garden, and workshops for public programs.
The museum covers and was built at a cost of MXN $300 million (). It houses 1,200 works by Soriano, including sculptures, paintings, drawing, and photographs.
The museum has not been without controversy. Before it opened, a group called Coordinadora Morelense de Movimientos Ciudadanos (Morelense Coordinator of Citizen Movements) sued, claiming the projected cost of $195,000,000 pesos had increased to $300 million pesos. Also, they complained because the museum is designed to highlight the work of an artist from the western part of the country while ignoring local artists. Then after the museum opened, members of the local artistic community complained that the new governor's choice of curator for the museum was based on politics (she had been the local animal control officer) rather than on qualifications.
Selected works
The moon, sculpture outside the National Auditorium in Mexico City
La Paloma, in Colima and Monterrey
La Capilla del Rosario () in Mexico City
References
Mexican potters
1920 births
2006 deaths
Modern painters
Modern sculptors
Artists from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado "La Esmeralda" faculty
20th-century Mexican painters
Mexican male painters
21st-century Mexican painters
20th-century Mexican sculptors
20th-century ceramists
21st-century ceramists
20th-century Mexican male artists
21st-century Mexican male artists
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4026024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20Poland
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National Museum of Poland
|
"National Museum of Poland" is the common name for several of the country's largest and most notable museums. Poland's National Museum comprises several independent branches, each operating a number of smaller museums. The main branch is the National Museum in Kraków (), established in 1879 with permanent collections consisting of several hundred thousand items – kept in big part at the Main Building (along the 3 Maja St.), but also in the eight of its divisions around the city.
Poland's national museums include
National Museum, Kraków (main branch of National Museum of Poland)
Czartoryski Foundation and Czartoryski Museum
Sukiennice
Jan Matejko Manor
Stanisław Wyspiański Museum
Józef Mehoffer House
Szołayski Family house
Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum and Palace
Villa Atma, Zakopane Karol Szymanowski Museum
National Museum, Warsaw (central branch)
Poster Museum at Wilanów
Królikarnia, Xawery Dunikowski Museum of Sculpture
Nieborów and Arkadia Museums
Otwock Museum of Design
Łowicz Regional Museum
Museum of Jerzy Dunin-Borkowski in Krośniewice
Łazienki Museum of Ignacy Jan Paderewski and the Polish Emigration to America
National Museum, Gdańsk (central branch)
Gdańsk–Oliwa Ethnographical Museum
Gdańsk-Oliwa Museum of Modern Art
Będomin Museum of the National Anthem
National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk
National Museum, Kielce at the Palace of the Kraków Bishops
National Museum, Poznań
National Museum, Szczecin (central branch)
The Museum of the History of the City of Szczecin
The Maritime Museum
Szczecin Gallery of Contemporary Art
National Museum, Wrocław (central branch)
Ethnographical Museum
The Racławice Panorama Museum
Lubiąż Museal Depot
National Museum, Lublin
Among the many Museums of Poland around the world, there is also the Polish Museum of America in Chicago, the Polish American Museum in New York City and the Polish National Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland.
References
Museums in Poland
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4026041
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20R%C4%83dulescu
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Alex Rădulescu
|
Alex Rădulescu (born 7 December 1974) is a former tennis player from Romania, who competed for Germany.
Rădulescu turned professional in 1995. The righthander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 10 March 1997, when he became World No. 51. At the 1996 Wimbledon tournament Rădulescu had his best finish at a Grand Slam tournament, where he reached the quarterfinals by defeating Arnaud Boetsch, Stefano Pescosolido, David Wheaton and Neville Godwin before losing to MaliVai Washington. He currently coaches at the Tennis-Company in Munich.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals
Singles: 6 (4–2)
Doubles: 2 (2–0)
Performance timeline
Singles
External links
1974 births
Living people
German male tennis players
German tennis coaches
Romanian expatriates in Germany
Tennis players from Bucharest
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4026042
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratarna
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Baratarna
|
Barattarna, Parattarna, Paršatar, or Parshatatar was the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni and is considered to have reigned, as per middle chronology between c. 1510 and 1490 BC by J. A. Belmonte-Marin quoting H. Klengel.
Very few records of him are known as sources from Mitanni are rare. Most information we have about the kingdom, especially its early history and kings come from records outside of the state. Dates for the kings can be deduced by comparing the chronology of Mitanni and other states, especially ancient Egypt, at a later date and working back the figures. Information is found in the biography of Idrimi of Alalakh (or Alalah, which became the capital of Aleppo). Barattarna conquered the area and made Idrimi his vassal, Idrimi becoming king of Aleppo according to a treaty that also declared Pilliya, the king of Kizzuwatna, his vassal. Mitanni in his time probably extended as far as Arrapha in the east, Terqa in the south, and Kizzuwatna in the West. Barattarna may have been the Mitannian king the Egyptian Pharaoh Thutmosis I met at the Euphrates River in a campaign early in his reign (around 1493). Information about his death is mentioned in a record from Nuzi dated to the death of king Barattarna, possibly around 1420, as per short chronology.
See also
Mitanni
References
15th-century BC deaths
15th-century BC rulers
Hurrian kings
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4026045
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous%20monism
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Anomalous monism
|
Anomalous monism is a philosophical thesis about the mind–body relationship. It was first proposed by Donald Davidson in his 1970 paper "Mental Events". The theory is twofold and states that mental events are identical with physical events, and that the mental is anomalous, i.e. under their mental descriptions, relationships between these mental events are not describable by strict physical laws. Hence, Davidson proposes an identity theory of mind without the reductive bridge laws associated with the type-identity theory. Since the publication of his paper, Davidson has refined his thesis and both critics and supporters of anomalous monism have come up with their own characterizations of the thesis, many of which appear to differ from Davidson's.
Overview
Considering views about the relation between the mental and the physical as distinguished first by whether or not mental entities are identical with physical entities, and second by whether or not there are strict psychophysical laws, we arrive at a fourfold classification: (1) nomological monism, which says there are strict correlating laws, and that the correlated entities are identical (this is usually called type physicalism); (2) nomological dualism, which holds that there are strict correlating laws, but that the correlated entities are not identical (parallelism, property dualism and pre-established harmony); (3) anomalous dualism, which holds there are no laws correlating the mental and the physical, that the substances are ontologically distinct, but nevertheless there is interaction between them (i.e. Cartesian dualism); and (4) anomalous monism, which allows only one class of entities, but denies the possibility of definitional and nomological reduction. Davidson put forth his theory of anomalous monism as a possible solution to the mind–body problem.
Since (in this theory) every mental event is some physical event or other, the idea is that someone's thinking at a certain time, for example, that snow is white, is a certain pattern of neural firing in their brain at that time, an event which can be characterized as both a thinking that snow is white (a type of mental event) and a pattern of neural firing (a type of physical event). There is just one event that can be characterized both in mental terms and in physical terms. If mental events are physical events, they can at least in principle be explained and predicted, like all physical events, on the basis of laws of physical science. However, according to anomalous monism, events cannot be so explained or predicted as described in mental terms (such as "thinking", "desiring" etc.), but only as described in physical terms: this is the distinctive feature of the thesis as a brand of physical monism.
Davidson's classic argument for AM
Davidson makes an argument for his version of non-reductive physicalism. The argument relies on the following three principles:
The principle of causal interaction: there exist both mental-to-physical as well as physical-to-mental causal interactions.
The principle of the nomological character of causality: all events are causally related through strict laws.
The principle of the anomalism of the mental: there are no psycho-physical laws which relate the mental and the physical as just that, mental and physical.
Causal interaction
The first principle follows from Davidson's view of the ontology of events and the nature of the relationship of mental events (specifically propositional attitudes) with physical actions. Davidson subscribes to an ontology of events where events (as opposed to objects or states of affairs) are the fundamental, irreducible entities of the mental and physical universe. His original position, as expressed in Actions and Events, was that event-individuation must be done on the basis of causal powers. He later abandoned this view in favour of the individuation of events on the basis of spatio-temporal localization, but his principle of causal interaction seems to imply some sort of, at least, implicit commitment to causal individuation. According to this view, all events are caused by and cause other events and this is the chief, defining characteristic of what an event is.
Another relevant aspect of Davidson's ontology of events for anomalous monism is that an event has an indefinite number of properties or aspects. An event such as "the turning on of the light-switch" is not fully described in the words of that particular phrase. Rather, "the turning on of the light-switch" also involves "the illumination of the room", "the alerting of the burglar in the kitchen", etc... Since a physical event, such as the action of turning on the light-switch can be associated with a very large variety of mental events (reasons) which are potentially capable of rationalizing the action a posteriori, how is it possible to choose the real cause of my turning on the light-switch (which event is the causal one)? Davidson says that the causal event, in such a case, is the particular reason that caused the action to occur. It was because I wanted to see better that I turned on the light-switch and not because I wanted to alert the burglar in the kitchen. The latter is just a sort of side effect. So, for Davidson, "reasons are causes" and this explains the causal efficacy of the mental.
Nomological character of causality
The principle of the nomological character of causality (or cause-law principle) requires that events be covered by so-called strict laws. Davidson originally assumed the validity of this principle but, in more recent years, he felt the need to provide a logical justification for it. So what is
a strict law?
Strict laws
Whenever a particular event E1 is causally related to a second particular event E2, there must be, according to Davidson, a law such that (C1 & D1) -> D2, where C1 represents a set of preliminary conditions, D1 is a description of E1 which is sufficient, given C1, for an occurrence of an event of the kind D2, which represents the description of E2. The cause-law principle was intended by Davidson to take in both laws of temporal succession as well as bridge laws. Since Davidson denies that any such laws can involve psychological predicates (including such laws as "(M1 & M2) -> M3" wherein the predicates are all psychological or mixed laws such as ((M1 & M2 -> P1) and ((P1 & P2 -> M1))), it follows that such bridge laws as "P1 -> M1", "M1 -> P1" or "M1 if and only if P1" are to be excluded.
However, mental predicates may be allowed in what are called "hedged laws" which are just strict laws qualified by ceteris paribus (all other things being equal) clauses. What this means is that while the generalization ((M1 & M2 -> P1) is justifiable ceteris paribus, it cannot be fully elaborated in terms of, e.g., (P2 & P3 & M1 & M2 & M3) -> P1.
Justification of cause-law
Davidson defended the cause-law principle by revising Curt John Ducasse's (1926) attempt to define singular causal relations without appealing to covering laws. Ducasse's account of cause was based on the notion of change. Some particular event C is the cause of some effect E if and only if C was the only change that occurred in the immediate environment of E just prior to the occurrence of E. So, for example, the striking of a match is the cause of the flaming of the match to the extent that the striking is the only change that occurs in the immediate vicinity of the match.
Davidson turns this around and asks if it is not the case that our notions of change do not, rather, appeal to a foundation of laws. Davidson first observes that 'change' is just shorthand for 'change of predicate', in that a change occurs when and only when a predicate that is true (false) of some object later becomes false (true) of that object. Second, and more importantly, the notion of change has itself changed over time: under Newtonian physics, continuous motion counts as change but not in Aristotelian physics. Hence, it could be argued that what we view as change is theory-dependent and presupposes a background notion of laws. Since change is fundamental to the concept of cause and change is dependent on laws, it follows that cause is also dependent on laws.
The anomalism of the mental
The third principle requires a different justification. It suggests that the mental cannot be linked up with the physical in a chain of psycho-physical laws such that mental events can be predicted and explained on the basis of such laws. This principle arises out of two further doctrines which Davidson espoused throughout his life: the normativity of the mental and semantic holism.
Normativity
Propositional attitude ascriptions are subject to the constraints of rationality and, so, in ascribing one belief to an individual, I must also ascribe to them all of the beliefs which are logical consequences of that ascription. All of this is in accordance with the principle of charity, according to which we must "try for a theory that finds them consistent, a believer of truths, and a lover of the good" (Davidson 1970). But we can never have all the possible evidence for the ascription of mental states for they are subject to the indeterminacy of translation and there is an enormous amount of subjectivity involved in the process. On the other hand, physical processes are deterministic and descriptive rather than normative. Therefore, their base of evidence is closed and law-governed.
Holism
Vincenzo Fano provides an illustration of the point that holism of the mental generates anomalism. Fano asks us to first consider the attribution of length to a table. To do this, we must assume a set of laws concerning the interaction between the table and the measuring apparatus: the length of the table doesn't vary significantly during the measurement, length must be an additive quantity, "longer than" must be an asymmetric, transitive relation and so forth. By assuming these laws and carrying out a few operations, we reach the result of the measurement. There is a certain amount of holism in this process. For example, during the measurement process, we might discover that the table is much hotter than the measuring device, in which case the length of the latter will have been modified by the contact. Consequently, we need to modify the temperature of the measuring device. In some cases, we will even have to reconsider and revise some of our laws. This process can continue for some time until we are fairly confident of the results obtained. But it is not only necessary to have a theory of the interactions between the table and the measuring device, it is also necessary to attribute a set of predicates to the table: a certain temperature, rigidity, electric charge, etc... And the attribution of each of these predicates presupposes, in turn, another theory. So, the attribution of F to x presupposes Px and the theory , but Px, in turn, presupposes P'x and and so on. As a result, we have a series of predicates F, P, , ... and a series of theories , , .... As Fano states it, "this process would seem like a regressus ad infinitum, if it weren't that converges toward a theory T which is nothing other than physics in its entirety." The same is true of the predicates, which converge toward the set of all the possible physical quantities. Fano calls this 'convergent holism'.
He asks us to then consider the attribution of a belief. We are seeking a good scientific theory of amorous relations. We ask ourselves if Thomas, who has recently been betrayed by his girlfriend Ffion, believes that it is possible that the relationship can continue. The way we can find out the answer to this question is simply by asking Thomas if he believes it is possible. Thomas says no. Does this authorize us to attribute to Thomas the belief that the relationship cannot continue? Of course not, since Thomas is probably angry and confuses his desire to break up with Ffion with his beliefs. So we ask him if he is angry with Ffion. He says that he is, but we cannot attribute to him the belief that the relationship can continue, because we don't really know if he's confusing his desires with his beliefs or vice versa. So now we ask Thomas if he will still retain the same opinion next month. Thomas pauses for a while and then says yes. At this point, we think we have a definitive confirmation of the fact that Thomas believes that the relation must be interrupted, since he reflected on the matter before answering. Just to be sure, we ask him what came to mind during that interval of reflection. Thomas answers that he thought of all the unhappy incidents between that took place between him and Ffion. So we return to our original hypothesis on the basis that Thomas is angry and therefore confuses his desires and his beliefs.
How can all this be formalized? At the beginning, we attributed the predicate "no" to Thomas as a direct response to our question. This is a physical predicate F. We can call the attribution of Thomas' belief that the relationship cannot continue m. From Fx, we cannot deduce mx. On the basis of the hypothesis that a person who is angry is not capable of examining their own opinions clearly, we asked Thomas if he was angry. We ascribed to him the mental predicate m1 and the physical predicate F1 (the answer "yes" to the question whether he is angry). Now, we can deduce m1 (the fact that he is angry) from F1. But from m1 and F1, we can deduce neither m (the fact that Thomas believes the relationship cannot continue) nor not m. So we continue by attributing the next physical predicate F2 (the positive answer to our question whether he will be of the same opinion in one month).
From F2, F1 and m1, we would like to deduce not m. But we weren't sure what Thomas was thinking about during his pause, so we asked him to tell us and, on the basis of this response F3, we deduce m2 (that Thomas confuses his desires with his beliefs). And so on ad infinitum. The conclusion is that the holism of the mental is non-convergent and therefore it is anomalous with respect to the physical.
Resolving the contradiction
So how are the three seemingly irreconcilable principles above resolved? Davidson distinguishes causal relations, which are an extensional matter and not influenced by the way they are described, from law-like relations, which are intensional and dependent on the manner of description. There is no law of nature under which events fall when they are described according to the order in which they appeared on the television news. When the earthquake caused the Church of Santa Maria dalla Chiesa to collapse, there is surely some physical law(s) which explains what happened, but not under the description in terms of the event on Channel 7 at six p.m. causing the events on Channel 8 at six fifteen. In the same way, mental and physical events are causally related but not qua mental events. The mental events have explanatory predicates which are physical as well as predicates which are irreducibly mental. Hence, AM is a form of predicate dualism which accompanies ontological monism.
Finally, for those who objected that this is not really a form of physicalism because there is no assurance that every mental event will have a physical base, Davidson formulated the thesis of supervenience. Mental properties are dependent on physical properties and there can be no change in higher-level properties without a corresponding change in lower-level properties.
Arguments against AM and replies
Ted Honderich has challenged the thesis of anomalous monism, forcing, in his words, the "inventor of anomalous monism to think again". To understand Honderich's argument, it is helpful to describe the example he uses to illustrate the thesis of AM itself: the event of two pears being put on a scale causes the event of the scale's moving to the two-pound mark. But if we describe the event as "the two French and green things caused the scale to move to the two-pound mark", then while this is true, there is no lawlike relation between the greenness and Frenchness of the pears and the pointers moving to the two-pound mark.
Honderich then points out that what we are really doing when we say that there is "no lawlike relationship between two things under certain descriptions" is taking certain properties and noting that the two things are not in relation in virtue of those particular properties. But this does not mean they are not in lawlike relation in virtue of certain other properties, such as weight in the pears example. On this basis, we can formulate the generalization that Honderich calls 'the Nomological Character of Causally-Relevant Properties'. Then we ask what the causally relevant properties of the mental events which cause physical events are.
Since Davidson believes that mental events are causally efficacious (i.e. he rejects epiphenomenalism), then it must be a mental event as such (mental properties of mental events) which are the causally relevant properties. But if we accept the first two claims of the argument for AM, along with the idea of the causal efficacy of the mental, and the Principle of Causally-Relevant properties, then the result is a denial of anomalous monism because there are indeed psycho-physical lawlike connections. On the other hand, if we wish to retain the principle of the anomalism of the mental then we must reject causal efficacy and embrace epiphenomenalism.
Davidson has responded to such arguments by reformulating anomalous monism and has defended the improved version in Thinking Causes. He points out that the defect in the so-called epiphenominalism problem lies in its confusion of the concept "by virtue of" (or necessary for) with the idea of an event's being responsible for another. Also, Honderich's example of the pears and the scale is jerry rigged in such a way that only a single effect is taken into consideration: the alteration on the scale. But the action of placing pears on a scale can have many different effects; it can attract the attention of a customer, for example. In this case, the causally relevant properties would be precisely the color, shape and other irrelevant properties of the fruit. What is relevant or irrelevant therefore depends, in part, on the context of explanatory interest.
See also
Biological naturalism
Neutral monism
Sources
References
Davidson, D. (1970) "Mental Events", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1993) "Thinking Causes", in J. Heil and A. Mele (eds) Mental Causation, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Honderich, T. (1982) "The Argument for Anomalous Monism", Analysis 42:59–64.
Honderich, T. (1984) "Smith and the Champion of Mauve", Analysis 44:86–89.
Fano, V. (1992) "Olismi non convergenti" (Non-convergent holisms) in Dell Utri, Massimo (ed). Olismo, Quodlibet. 1992.
Further reading
Child, W. (1993) "Anomalism, Uncodifiability, and Psychophysical Relations", Philosophical Review 102: 215–45.
Davidson, D. (1973) "The Material Mind", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1974) "Psychology as Philosophy", in Actions and Events, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Davidson, D. (1995) "Donald Davidson", in S. Guttenplan (ed.) A Companion to the Philosophy of Mind, Oxford: Blackwell.
Ducasse, C.J. (1926) "On the Nature and Observability of the Causal Relation", Journal of Philosophy 23:57–68.
Honderich, T. (1981) "Psychophysical Lawlike Connections and their Problem", Inquiry 24: 277–303.
Kim, J. (1985) "Psychophysical Laws", in E. LePore and B.P. McLaughlin (eds) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
LePore, E. and McLaughlin, B.P. (1985) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
McLaughlin, B.P. (1985) "Anomalous Monism and the Irreducibility of the Mental", in E. LePore and B.P. McLaughlin (eds) Actions and Events: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, Oxford: Blackwell.
Stanton, W.L. (1983) "Supervenience and Psychological Law in Anomalous Monism", Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64: 72–9.
External links
Anomalous Monism in A Field Guide to the Philosophy of Mind
Bibliography on Anomalous Monism in Contemporary Philosophy of Mind: An Annotated Bibliography
Monism
Theory of mind
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4026054
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics
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Uzbekistan at the 2006 Winter Olympics
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Uzbekistan competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Kayrat Ermetov finished second-to-last in the men's slalom, seventeen seconds behind the event's winner, Benjamin Raich.
Figure skating
The 16th-place finish from the pairs team of Marina Aganina and Artem Knyazev was the highest for Uzbekistan in Turin.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics
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4026065
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookside
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Brookside
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Brookside may refer to:
Geography
Canada
Brookside, Edmonton
Brookside, Newfoundland and Labrador
Brookside, Nova Scotia
United Kingdom
Brookside, Berkshire, England
Brookside, Telford, an area of Telford, England
United States
Brookside, Alabama
Brookside, Los Angeles
Brookside, Colorado
Brookside, Delaware
Brookside, Kansas City, a neighborhood in Kansas City, Missouri
Brookside, Kentucky
Brookside, New Jersey, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Morris County
Brookside, Ohio
Brookside, Adams County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Brookside, Oconto County, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Brookside, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Brookside Gardens, public gardens located within Wheaton Regional Park, Silver Spring, Maryland
Brookside Village, Texas
Brookside Village, Westford, Vermont, an historic village of Westford, Vermont
Historic buildings
Brookside (Joshua Soulice House), an historic house in New Rochelle, New York
Brookside (Upper Nyack, New York), an historic home listed on the NRHP in Rockland County
Brookside Museum, sometimes known as the Aldridge House, in Ballston Spa, New York; listed on the NRHP in Saratoga County
People with the surname
Robbie Brookside, British professional wrestler
Xia Brookside, British professional wrestler
Other uses
Brookside (TV series), British soap opera that aired from 1982 to 2003
Brookside Capital, a former name of Bain Capital Public Equity
Brookside Dairy Limited, a dairy processing company in Kenya
Brookside Elementary School, San Anselmo, California
Brookside Chocolate, a division of Hershey Canada
See also
Brookside Park (disambiguation)
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4026078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketnet
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Ketnet
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Ketnet is a Dutch-language public children's television channel in Belgium owned and operated by the VRT, Flemish public broadcaster. It broadcasts a mix of locally produced and imported productions on the VRT3 channel from 6am until 8pm.
On 1 December 1997, BRTN 2 was replaced by Canvas and Ketnet.
On 1 May 2012, Ketnet has been moved on a new channel, timesharing with Op 12. Op 12 closed on 31 December 2014.
The preschool programmes are broadcast on Ketnet Junior between 10am to 7pm on Canvas.
Its French-language counterpart is Ouftivi on La Trois.
Presenters
As with VRT's main television station één, Ketnet employs in-vision continuity announcers. In the case of Ketnet, the announcers also present various programmes for the station and are known as Ketnetwrappers.
Logos
Programming
Belgian
AbraKOdabra
Amika
Back to School met Zita
Bol & Smik, the Flemish version of Big & Small
Boris en Binti
Campus 12
D5R
Daar is Dobus
Dag Sinterklaas (every year November and early December)
De elfenheuvel
Galaxy Park
Go Go Stop
Go IV
Ghostrockers
Hopla
Ketnetpop
Kwiskwat, the Flemish version of Kerwhizz
LikeMe
Mega Mindy
Musti
NT van Ketnet - Presented by Peter and Heidi, the show is broadcast in Belgium and the Netherlands.
Piet Piraat
ROX
Samson en Gert
Sintressante Dingen (every year November and December)
Spring
Stafari
Tip en Tap
Van-a-1, Van-a-2 (formerly aired from BRTN TV2 until 1 December 1997 on Monday)
W817
International
6teen
Aladdin
Alfred J. Kwak
Angry Birds Toons
The Backyardigans
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command
Code Lyoko
Degrassi: The Next Generation
The Emperor's New School
Famous 5: On the Case
Fish Hooks
FloopaLoo, Where Are You?
Gaspard and Lisa
George of the Jungle
Goof Troop
Goosebumps
Hercules
Hey Arnold!
Hubert and Takako
Jacob Two-Two
The Jungle Book
Kim Possible
Larva
Little Einsteins
The Little Prince
Mama Mirabelle's Home Movies
Max & Ruby
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Miss BG
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Oggy and the Cockroaches
Pokémon
Phineas and Ferb
Pinkalicious & Peterrific
Ready or Not
Round the Twist
The Adventures of the Bush Patrol
The Sarah Jane Adventures
Scooter: Secret Agent
The Secret World of Alex Mack
Shaun the Sheep
SheZow
Skippy the Bush Kangaroo
The Smurfs
Spirou et Fantasio
Strawberry Shortcake
The Three Friends and Jerry
Tweenies
Vic the Viking
Wallace and Gromit
Wild Kratts
Zoé Kézako
Shorts
Crime Time
Pat & Stan
KetnetRadio
On 17 November 2007, Ketnet launched KetnetRadio, an online radio station consisting of a looped 3-hour programme, broadcast for 24 hours. A new programme is produced and broadcast every day. KetnetRadio is presented by Ketnet presenter and continuity announcer Kristien Maes. Listeners can tune in on Ketnet's website.
See also
BRTN TV2
References
External links
1997 establishments in Belgium
Children's television networks
Television channels in Flanders
Television channels in Belgium
Television channels and stations established in 1997
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4026089
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Bottom%20Entertainment
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Rock Bottom Entertainment
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Rock Bottom Entertainment is an Indie record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in June 1997 by founder and C.E.O., Rafael "Rock" Howard. In 1997, the first album released was "From The Bottom Up", which had instant success. This album featured singles, Freak 4 Dollars and Pay Your Ticket. In 1999, Alligator City was released, which featured the hit singles, Gatored Up, Roll Wit Us ( which included a video) and Linwood to Woodrow. To date, Alligator City is one of the highest sold independent rap albums in Detroit history. In 2003, Rock Bottom Entertainment released the highly anticipated, Who is Rock Bottom, which featured, NO. The single, NO, was in heavy rotation on all local stations, which made it #1 across the country. Following this single, Ain't Nothing But A Party, is still a fan favorite to this day. In 2005, Rock Bottom Entertainment released, Blow: Based on True Stories, which introduced the Thug Division which featured singles, Go, Rock Bottom and We are on your Block. Rock Bottom Entertainment has always appreciated everyone who has supported them and has plans on dropping more music in the future.
Stay tuned......
Discography
From The Bottom Up (1997)
Alligator City (1999)
Who Is Rock Bottom? (2003
Blow: Based On True Stories (2005)
Singles
1997 "Freak 4 Dollars"
2001 "Roll Wit Us"
2000 "Gatored Up"
2003 "Ball Street"
2003 "Can We Party?"
2003 "No"
2005 "We On Ya Block"
2005 "Gangsta As A Wanna"
Current roster
Tango & Cash (Bathgate & Rod Dae)
Blackface
Tianna
J-Nutty
Screwface
Thug Division (including T dot, Duke, Flame, Squash, B. Foy)
7 Mile Naturalz
DJ G-Raw
Big Herk
References
External links
Rock Bottom Entertainment on Myspace
American record labels
Culture of Detroit
Record labels established in 1997
Companies based in Detroit
Hip hop record labels
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4026099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Godwin
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Neville Godwin
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Neville Godwin (born 31 January 1975) is a former tennis player from South Africa.
Godwin turned professional in 1994. The right-hander won one singles title (2001 Newport) in his career, and reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour in March 1997, when he became World No. 90.
His highest world ranking for doubles was World No. 57.
At the 1996 Wimbledon tournament, Godwin had his best finish at a Grand Slam, when he reached the fourth round as a qualifier, defeating Cristiano Caratti, compatriot Grant Stafford and Boris Becker before losing to Alex Rădulescu.
He finished his career in 2003.
He now lives in his hometown of Johannesburg with his wife, Nicky and two sons, Oliver and James. He coached performance players out of the Wanderers Club for 5 years, before coaching South African player Kevin Anderson to a world top 10 ranking and a US Open final appearance in 2017. In 2017, he won ATP Coach of the Year award. On 12 November 2017 it was announced Godwin and Anderson had split. He came into limelight again during the Australian Open 2018 when Hyeon Chung, who was being coached by Godwin became the first player from South Korea to reach the semifinals of a grand slam.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups)
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 3 (3 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 9 (2–7)
Doubles: 18 (11–7)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
Neville Godwin at the Association of Tennis Professionals Coach profile
1975 births
Living people
South African male tennis players
Tennis players from Johannesburg
South African people of British descent
US Open (tennis) junior champions
White South African people
South African tennis coaches
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
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4026104
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Dove
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One Dove
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One Dove were a Scottish electronic music group active in the early 1990s, consisting of Dot Allison, Ian Carmichael and Jim McKinven, a former member of Berlin Blondes and Altered Images.
History
Originally called Dove, the group released its debut single, "Fallen", on the Glasgow-based label Soma in October 1991. It was a significant club hit and brought them a deal with the Junior Boy's Own label. Changing their name to avoid confusion with a similarly named group, in 1992 JBO issued a new recording of "Fallen", produced by Andrew Weatherall, which brought the group to greater attention from the British music press. The single was withdrawn one week after release however, due to an unlicensed sampling of a harmonica from a Supertramp song. Further critical acclaim followed with the release of the 12" single "Transient Truth".
At this stage, One Dove were still primarily a club-oriented group, but for the single "White Love", an attempt was made to make their music more radio-friendly by including a commercial remix by Stephen Hague. With this increasingly commercial sound, the band became a favourite with publications such as Select and Q, and were often favourably compared with Saint Etienne, another female-fronted group who were having success with pop-dance crossover recordings.
In 1993, One Dove released their only album, Morning Dove White, which included the Weatherall version of "Fallen" (minus the Supertramp sample) together with 12" mixes of "Transient Truth" and "White Love". The album was originally set for release in 1992 but was delayed for a full year through disputes between the band and their new record company - London Records had taken over the Boy's Own label. The band were unhappy about the commercialisation of their sound, and the disputes were only resolved when the band agreed to release singles mixed by Stephen Hague, if they could work with him in the studio during the remix sessions.
The album was preceded by the single "Breakdown", with remixes by Stephen Hague, William Orbit and Secret Knowledge and a further track from the album, "Why Don't You Take Me," was subsequently released as a single for the Christmas market. For the B-sides of the "Why Don't You Take Me" single (which included a reworking of Dolly Parton's song "Jolene"), the group expanded to a five-piece with the addition of Ed Higgins on percussion and Colin McIlroy on guitar, and showcased a more heavily dub-influenced sound. This line-up later went into the studio to begin work on a second album, but frustrated by record industry politics, split up midway through the sessions.
Discography
Albums
Morning Dove White (#30 UK, 1993)
Singles
"Fallen" (released by Dove, 1991)
"Fallen" (released by One Dove, 1991)
"Transient Truth" (1992)
"White Love" (#43 UK, July 1993; #14 US Modern Rock, December 1993)
"Breakdown" (#24 UK, October 1993)
"Why Don't You Take Me" (#30 UK, December 1993)
References
External links
Morning Dove Web, an unofficial website
British electronic music groups
British techno music groups
British musical trios
Trip hop groups
Musical groups from Glasgow
FFRR Records artists
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4026106
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaina%20%281993%20film%29
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Aaina (1993 film)
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Aaina () is a 1993 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Deepak Sareen, produced by Yash Chopra and his wife Pamela Chopra. It stars Jackie Shroff, Juhi Chawla, Amrita Singh with Deepak Tijori in a supporting role. The film was a blockbuster hit in India, and solidified Chawla's career as a leading lady in the 1990s. Singh's performance in a negative role was highly appreciated and is regarded as one of her career-best performances. The film was remade in Telugu as Aayanaki Iddaru (1995), in Tamil as Kalyana Vaibhogam (1997) and in Kannada as Yare Nee Abhimani (2000).
Plot
Rajnesh Mathur, a wealthy businessman has two daughters. Roma, the elder one is very competitive and has always been spoiled. Beautiful and shy, Reema is quite reserved and usually lets Roma take the spotlight. Both grow up to be entirely different, and fall in love with Ravi Saxena.
Always the centre of attention, Roma catches his eye first. Reema is heartbroken but puts on a brave face.
Ravi and Roma's wedding is fixed. Unfortunately, Roma is ambitious to be star in a film and gets an offer on the marriage day. She accepts and leaves Ravi before their wedding. Furious, he marries Reema to save the honour of Mathurs. At first, they're quite uncomfortable. But Ravi eventually falls in love with Reema. Roma returns home in a rage and tells them they'll never be happy as she has been betrayed.
Determined to get Ravi back, Roma is willing to do anything including ruining Reema's life. She creates a lot of trouble like pretending to commit suicide etc. In the end, Reema gives in and leaves her house. Ravi furiously makes Roma understand what the difference is between her and Reema. Roma realises her mistake and reunites Ravi and Reema.
Cast
Jackie Shroff as Ravi Saxena
Amrita Singh as Roma Mathur
Juhi Chawla as Reema Mathur
Deepak Tijori as Vinay Saxena
Saeed Jaffrey as Mr. Mathur
Dina Pathak as grandmother
Maya Alagh as Mrs. Mohini Mathur
Rajesh Khattar as Sunil Bhatnagar
Vikas Anand as Bhatia
Yunus Parvez as Auctioneer
Virendra Saxena as Pradeep
Soundtrack
All the songs were composed by Dilip Sen and Sameer Sen and lyrics were penned by Sameer.
Awards
39th Filmfare Awards:
Won
Best Supporting Actress – Amrita Singh
References
External links
1993 films
Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
1990s Hindi-language films
Yash Raj Films films
Hindi films remade in other languages
Films directed by Deepak Sareen
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4026110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet%20Greenbrier
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Chevrolet Greenbrier
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The name Chevrolet Greenbrier was used by Chevrolet for two vehicles. The first vehicles were a six to nine passenger window van version of the Corvair 95 van. The Corvair 95 series also included the Loadside pickup truck and Rampside pickup truck that featured a mid-body ramp on the right side. All used the Corvair powertrain in a truck body and were produced in the model years 1961 to 1965.
The Greenbrier name was used a second time from 1969 until 1972; for the mid-level Chevelle station wagon.
1961–1965 Corvair Greenbrier Sportswagon
Chevrolet introduced the Corvair lineup for the 1960 model year as the first of a series of generations of passenger compact cars. Chevrolet introduced a more utilitarian style of vehicle the following year under the model designation "Corvair 95". In appearance and design the vehicles were similar to the competing Volkswagen Transporter, which was essentially a bus-like adaptation of the Volkswagen Beetle that moved the driver over the front wheels (Forward control), also commonly defined as a cab over vehicle.
The air-cooled horizontally opposed Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 engine was located in the rear of the vehicle under a slightly raised cargo floor. It was similar in principle to the 4-cylinder engine of the Volkswagen, but unusual for most contemporary cars. The engine developed at 4,400 rpm. Engine size was increased to for the 1964 model year, raising output to . Unlike the Corvair cars, the Corvair Greenbrier had a wheelbase and were thus known as "95s." They came standard with a three-speed manual transmission but could be ordered with a two-speed Corvair Powerglide automatic transmission (distinct from the usual Powerglide); eventually a four-speed manual was also made available.
There were essentially two different bodies available in the 95 series: the van and the truck. The base version was the panel van (Corvan) with no side or rear windows. The van was named Greenbrier. The Greenbrier normally had windows all around and six doors, although an option was to have eight doors where there were opening double doors on both sides. The Greenbrier seated up to nine people with the available third-row seat. The 95s and cars had an optional heater using gasoline from the vehicle's tank. The Greenbrier also had a camper option.
A Corvair truck could be ordered as a "Loadside" or "Rampside". The Loadside was essentially a pickup truck with a standard tailgate. The Loadside was only produced two years and is the rarest of the Corvairs; production totaled 2,844 in 1961 and 369 in 1962. The Rampside had a side ramp to be used for loading and unloading cargo. These were used by the Bell Telephone Company because loading and unloading of cable drums was eased by the side ramp.
Ford and Chrysler introduced compact vans of their own (the Ford Econoline and Dodge A100), using a more conventional water-cooled engine mounted between the front seats. As these became successful, General Motors responded with its own design which placed the Chevy II sourced engine in a "doghouse" between and behind the front seats. The forward engine design allowed a flat rear floor with low deck heights in the rear of the van for loading/unloading cargo. General Motors stopped producing the truck versions of the Corvair in 1964 and the Greenbrier was the only remaining wheelbase Corvair for 1965. Eventually, Chevrolet and Volkswagen would abandon rear-engined vans in favor of conventional or front-wheel-drive water-cooled engines.
Although the Greenbriers were a limited success, passenger vans would continue to evolve through full-sized vans. The similarly sized 7–8 passenger would become a successful vehicle segment by the 1980s as alternatives to station wagons.
1969–1972 Chevelle Greenbrier
During the 1969 model year, the four-door station wagons of the mid-sized Chevrolet Chevelle, produced since 1964, were renamed: the standard-trim station wagon known as the Chevelle 300 was renamed as the Nomad, while the medium-trim Chevelle 300 Deluxe was now called the Greenbrier. The top-of-the-line model, the Chevelle Malibu 135/136, became the Concours and Concours Estate Wagon, the latter being distinguished by exterior woodgrain paneling. Except for the simplest Nomad line (which was only available in a six-seater form), all station wagons could be ordered with either six or nine seats. Standard engine was the inline-six (not available for nine-seaters).
For 1970, the Chevelle 300 Deluxe series was simply called Chevelle and the inline-six engine was no longer available in the station wagons. In 1972 the series' model code was changed to 1C. The Nomad, Greenbrier, and Concours names were all dropped for 1973 when the Chevelle was redesigned and the wagons all began sharing series names with other body styles.
References
External links
1960s cars
1970s cars
Cab over vehicles
Greenbrier
Mid-size cars
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Station wagons
Vans
Rear-engined vehicles
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4026112
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalath
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Adalath
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An Adalath () is a lower Indian court.
See also
Indian Supreme Court
High Courts of India
Indian Penal Code
Judiciary of India
Hindi words and phrases
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4026116
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Drybrough
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Colin Drybrough
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Colin David Drybrough (born 31 August 1938) is an Australian-born former cricketer who played all of his first-class cricket in England.
Born in East Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, Drybrough attended Highgate School in North London from 1950 to 1957 and scored 128 not out at Lord's for the Southern Schools against The Rest and captained the Public Schools against the Combined Services. In 1957 he was awarded the Cricket Society Prize for the most promising young cricketer of the year. Drybrough played for Middlesex Second XI in 1957, scoring 101 not out against Kent Second XI and 67 and 88 not out against Suffolk. He first appeared in first-class cricket for Middlesex in 1958 in matches against Oxford University and Cambridge University.
Drybrough was a student at Worcester College, Oxford, and from 1960 to 1962 he played for Oxford University, concentrating on bowling slow left-arm spinners to balance the Oxford attack. In 1961 and 1962 he was the Oxford captain, achieving draws each season against Cambridge sides that looked much stronger in batting than Oxford. He achieved his highest first-class score against the 1961 Australians with 88, and followed that up in the very next match with 7 for 35 in Leicestershire's second innings to give Oxford victory by 35 runs.
In university vacations he played for Middlesex. He was awarded his county cap in 1962 and then succeeded Ian Bedford as the county captain in 1963 when Middlesex came from 13th position in the County Championship in 1962 to 6th in 1963. He retired from first-class cricket in 1964 after two seasons in charge in which Middlesex finished sixth each time. In all he played in 92 first-class matches for Middlesex between 1958 and 1964 as a right-handed batsman and an orthodox slow left-arm bowler, taking 206 wickets at 27.77, with a personal best of 7 for 94, including a hat-trick, against Northamptonshire in 1964.
He also played for Melville CC in Western Australia.
References
External links
Colin Drybrough at Cricinfo
Colin Drybrough at Cricket Archive
1938 births
Living people
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Oxford University cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
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4026126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Beebe
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John Beebe
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John Beebe (born June 24, 1939) is an American psychiatrist and Jungian analyst in practice in San Francisco.
Beebe was born in Washington, D.C. He received degrees from Harvard College and the University of Chicago medical school. He is a past president of the C. G. Jung Institute of San Francisco, where he is currently on the teaching faculty. He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association.
Professional interests and activities
A popular lecturer in the Jungian world, Beebe has spoken on topics related to the theory and practical applications of Analytical psychology to professional and lay audiences throughout the United States and around the world. He has been especially active in introducing training in Jungian psychology in China. Beebe is the founding editor of The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal, now called Jung Journal: Culture & Psyche. He was the first American co-editor of the London-based Journal of Analytical Psychology.
Beebe has also published in The Chiron Clinical Series, Fort Da, Harvest, The Inner Edge, Journal of Jungian Theory and Practice, Psychoanalytic Psychology, Psychological Perspectives, The Psychoanalytic Review, Quadrant, Spring, The Journal of Popular Film and Television, Theory and Psychology, and Tikkun among others. He has contributed book chapters to The Anne Rice Reader, The Cambridge Companion to Jung, From Tradition to Innovation, House, Humanizing Evil, Initiation, Jungian Perspectives on Clinical Supervision, New Approaches to Dream Interpretation, Post-Jungians Today, Psyche & City, The Psychology of Mature Spirituality, Same-Sex Love, The Soul of Popular Culture, and Teaching Jung.
With Donald Sandner, Beebe is the author of "Psychopathology and Analysis", an article on Jungian complex theory used in many training programs, and with Thomas Kirsch and Joe Cambray the author of "What Freudians Can Learn from Jung". He is the author of the book Integrity in Depth, a study of the archetype of integrity, and of Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type: The Reservoir of Consciousness.
An avid film buff, Beebe frequently draws upon American movies to illustrate how the various types of consciousness and unconsciousness interact to produce images of Self and shadow in the stories of our lives that Jung called individuation. His reviews and articles about movies have reached a wide audience. With Virginia Apperson, he is co-author of The Presence of the Feminine in Film. He can be seen discussing film in the documentary The Wisdom of the Dream. Among his better-known papers are “Attitudes Toward the Unconscious", "The Father's Anima as a Clinical and as a Symbolic Problem", "On Male Partnership", "Primary Ambivalence Toward the Self: Its Nature and Treatment", "Toward a Jungian Analysis of Character", and "The Trickster in the Arts".
Eight-function model
Beebe is particularly interested in the way an understanding of typology can foster the development of the capacity to take responsibility for our impact on others. Following up on Jung's theory of psychological types, where the contrasting attitudes of extraversion and introversion colored the judging (rational) functions of thinking and feeling, and the perceiving (irrational) functions of intuition and sensation, he developed an archetypal model of a dialogical self wherein conscious functions contend with more unconscious complexes in the shadow. A person's dominant (most preferred) function is the “hero” (or "heroine"), which is most closely allied with a semi-conscious complex called the “anima” (or "animus"). The hero is also challenged by an “opposing personality”. The next most preferred, or auxiliary, function is the good parent, which may be counteracted by a shadowy witch/senex complex; similarly the tertiary function (“child”) may be undermined by a more juvenile “trickster”. Finally, the anima may find itself forced to compete with a demonic personality function which threatens to destroy it. A discussion and explanation of this model can be found in C. G. Jung, Isabel Myers, John Beebe and the Guide Map to Becoming Who We Are, by Mark Hunziker (2017) and in Building Blocks of Personality Type, by Leona Haas and Mark Hunziker (2006) , pp. 177-179.
Publications
Psychiatric Treatment: Crisis, Clinic and Consultation, with C. Peter Rosenbaum (1975)
Money, Food, Drink, Fashion, and Analytic Training (the proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Analytical Psychology), editor (1983)
Aspects of the Masculine, a collection of Jung's essays, editor with a critical introduction (1989)
Integrity in Depth (1992) , online version
Terror, Violence and the Impulse to Destroy (a collection of papers from the North American Conference of Jungian Analysts and Candidates, San Francisco, September, 2002), editor (2003)
The Presence of the Feminine in Film, with Virginia Apperson (2008)
The Question of Psychological Types: The Correspondence of C. G. Jung and Hans Schmid-Guisan, 1915-1916, co-editor with Ernst Falzeder (2013).
Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type: The Reservoir of Consciousness (2017)
See also
Psychological Types
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
Keirsey Temperament Sorter
References
Further reading
"John Beebe's Eight-Function Model"
"John Beebe – Integrity in Depth" (review)
"Understanding the Archetypes involving the eight functions of type (Beebe model)"
Angelo Spoto, Review of John Beebe's Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 62/2, March 2017.
1939 births
Living people
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American psychologists
Jungian psychologists
Harvard College alumni
Pritzker School of Medicine alumni
University of California, San Francisco faculty
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4026130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20of%20the%20Gentry
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Home of the Gentry
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Home of the Gentry ( Dvoryánskoye gnezdó ), also translated as A Nest of the Gentlefolk, A Nest of the Gentry and Liza , is a novel by Ivan Turgenev published in the January 1859 issue of Sovremennik. It was enthusiastically received by the Russian society and remained his least controversial and most widely read novel until the end of the 19th century.
Plot summary
The novel's protagonist is Fyodor Ivanych Lavretsky, a nobleman who shares many traits with Turgenev. The child of a distant, Anglophile father and a serf mother who dies when he is very young, Lavretsky is brought up at his family's country estate home by a severe maiden aunt, often thought to be based on Turgenev's own mother, who was known for her cruelty.
Lavretsky pursues an education in Moscow, and while he is studying there, he spies a beautiful young woman at the opera. Her name is Varvara Pavlovna, and he falls in love with her and asks for her hand in marriage. Following their wedding, the two move to Paris, where Varvara Pavlovna becomes a very popular salon hostess and begins an affair with one of her frequent visitors. Lavretsky learns of the affair only when he discovers a note written to her by her lover. Shocked by her betrayal, he severs all contact with her and returns to his family estate.
Upon returning to Russia, Lavretsky visits his cousin, Marya Dmitrievna Kalitina, who lives with her two daughters, Liza and Lenochka. Lavretsky is immediately drawn to Liza, whose serious nature and religious devotion stand in contrast to the coquettish Varvara Pavlovna's social consciousness. Lavretsky realizes that he is falling in love with Liza, and when he reads in a foreign journal that Varvara Pavlovna has died, he confesses his love to her and learns that she loves him in return.
After they confess their love to one another, Lavretsky returns home to find his supposedly dead wife waiting for him in his foyer. It turns out that the reports of her death were false, and that she has fallen out of favor with her friends and needs more money from Lavretsky.
Upon learning of Varvara Pavlovna's sudden appearance, Liza decides to join a remote convent and lives out the rest of her days as a nun. Lavretsky visits her at the convent one time and catches a glimpse of her as she is walking from choir to choir. The novel ends with an epilogue which takes place eight years later, in which Lavretsky returns to Liza's house and finds that, although many things have changed, there are elements such as the piano and the garden that are the same. Lavretsky finds comfort in his memories and is able to see the meaning and even the beauty in his personal pain.
Major themes
Ultimately, Turgenev concludes that the truth is best left unstated. He concludes the novel by stating that he could not possibly explain what Lavretsky and Liza felt, and that it is better to point out these individual tragedies and pass them by.
Turgenev wrote the novel shortly after his 40th birthday, and it expresses some of his feelings about middle age, as its protagonist is forced to confront the mistakes of his past and determine what options are left for his dwindling future.
Literary significance and criticism
The novel is often recognized for its musical elements and the quiet lull of its prose.
Screen adaptations
The novel was turned into a movie by Andrey Konchalovsky in 1969.
English translations
William Ralston Shedden-Ralston (1869, as Liza, or A Nest of Nobles)
Isabel Florence Hapgood (1903, as A Nobleman's Nest)
Franz Davidovitch Davis (Francis Myddleton Davis, 1914, as A Nest of Hereditary Legislators)
Constance Garnett (1917, as A House of Gentlefolk)
Bernard Isaacs (1947, as A Nest of the Gentry)
Jessie Coulson (1959, as A Nest Of Gentlefolk)
Richard Freeborn (1970, as Home of the Gentry)
Michael Pursglove (2016, as A Nest of the Gentry)
External links
A House of Gentlefolk and Fathers and Children, translated by C. Garnett, edited with notes and introduction by W. A. Neilson, with list of criticism and interpretations at the Internet Archive
1859 Russian novels
Novels by Ivan Turgenev
Russian political novels
Russian romance novels
Works originally published in Sovremennik
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4026133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Mronz
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Alexander Mronz
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Alexander Mronz (born 7 April 1965) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1987.
Mronz played right-handed, and won one doubles title (1988, Schenectady) in his career. Mronz reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on April 8, 1991, when he became the World No. 73.
Mronz is famous for being the opponent of Jeff Tarango in a third round match at 1995 Wimbledon, having already knocked out Sjeng Schalken and Kenneth Carlsen to get to that stage. Mronz was leading by a set and a break, when Tarango was defaulted after losing his temper with the umpire, Bruno Rebeuh, following a couple of code violations. Tarango walked off the court in anger. Tarango's wife, Benedict, later slapped Rebeuh across the face. Mronz then lost to the World No. 1, Andre Agassi, in the fourth round.
Mronz also reached the third round of the 1994 Australian Open, losing from 2 sets up against former World No. 1 and three-time Australian Open champion Mats Wilander (who was currently in the process of coming back to the sport), 6–4, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6, 3–6.
Career finals
Doubles (1 title, 4 runner-ups)
References
External links
1965 births
Living people
German male tennis players
Tennis players from Cologne
West German male tennis players
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4026139
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least%20tern
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Least tern
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The least tern (Sternula antillarum) is a species of tern that breeds in North America and locally in northern South America. It is closely related to, and was formerly often considered conspecific with, the little tern of the Old World. Other close relatives include the yellow-billed tern and Peruvian tern, both from South America.
It is a small tern, long, with a wingspan of , and weighing . The upper parts are a fairly uniform pale gray, and the underparts white. The head is white, with a black cap and line through the eye to the base of the bill, and a small white forehead patch above the bill; in winter, the white forehead is more extensive, with a smaller and less sharply defined black cap. The bill is yellow with a small black tip in summer, all blackish in winter. The legs are yellowish. The wings are mostly pale gray, but with conspicuous black markings on their outermost primaries. It flies over water with fast, jerky wingbeats and a distinctive hunchback appearance, with the bill pointing slightly downward.
It is migratory, wintering in Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. Many spend their whole first year in their wintering area. It has occurred as a vagrant to Europe, with one record in Great Britain and one in Ireland.
It differs from the little tern mainly in that its rump and tail are gray, not white, and it has a different, more squeaking call; from the yellow-billed tern in being paler gray above and having a black tip to the bill; and from the Peruvian tern in being paler gray above and white (not pale gray) below and having a shorter black tip to the bill.
Subspecies
The differences among the three subspecies may not be as much as had been thought.
S. a. athalassos – (Burleigh & Lowery, 1942): Breeds on the rivers of the Arkansas River, Mississippi River, Brazos River, Trinity River, and Rio Grande basins; winters south to northern Brazil.
S. a. antillarum – (Lesson, 1847): nominate, Breeds on the Atlantic coast of North America, from Maine south along the east and south coasts of the United States, Bermuda, the Caribbean, and Venezuela; winters south to northern Brazil.
S. a. browni – (Mearns, 1916): California least tern. Breeds on the Pacific coast of North America, from central California south to western Mexico; winters mainly in Central America.
Additionally, least terns of an unknown subspecies were found in 2012 nesting on the Big Island of Hawaii.
Conservation and status
S. a. antillarum
The population is about 21,500 pairs; it is not currently considered federally threatened, though it is considered threatened in many of the states in which it breeds. Threats include egg and fledgling predators, high tides and recreational use of nesting beaches.
S. a. athalassos
The interior subspecies, with a current population of about 7000 pairs, was listed as an endangered subspecies in 1985 (estimated 1000 breeding pairs), due to loss of habitat caused by dams, reservoirs, channelization, and other changes to river systems. It was delisted on 13 January 2021.
S. a. browni
The western population, the California least tern, was listed as an endangered species in 1972 with a population of about 600 pairs. With aggressive management, mainly by exclusion of humans via fencing, the Californian population has rebounded in recent years to about 4500 pairs, a marked increase from 582 pairs in 1974 when census work began, though it is still listed as an endangered subspecies. The California subspecies breeds on beaches and bays of the Pacific Ocean within a very limited range of southern California, in San Francisco Bay and in northwestern Mexico. While numbers have gradually increased with its protected status, it is still vulnerable to predators, natural disasters or further disturbance by humans. Recent threats include the gull-billed tern (Sterna nilotica), which can decrease reproductive success in a colony to less than 10%.
Nesting and breeding behavior
The least tern arrives at its breeding grounds in late April. The breeding colonies are not dense and may appear along either marine or estuarine shores, or on sandbar islands in large rivers, in areas free from humans or predators. Courtship typically takes place removed from the nesting colony site, usually on an exposed tidal flat or beach. Only after courtship has confirmed mate selection does nesting begin by mid-May and is usually complete by mid-June. Courtship takes the form of either an aerial display in which the female follows the flight of the male or through courtship feeding. Nests are situated on barren to sparsely vegetated places near water, normally on sandy or gravelly substrates. In the southeastern United States, many breeding sites are on white gravel rooftops. In the San Francisco Bay region, breeding typically takes place on abandoned salt flats. Where the surface is hard, this species may use an artificial indentation (such as a deep dried footprint) to form the nest basin.
The nest density may be as low as several per acre, but in San Diego County, densities of 200 nests per acre have been observed. Most commonly the clutch size is two or three, but it is not rare to consist of either one or four eggs. Adults are known to wet themselves and shake off water over the eggs when arriving at the nest. Both female and male incubate the eggs for a period of about three weeks, and both parents tend the semiprecocial young. Young birds can fly at age four weeks. After formation of the new families, groupings of birds may appear at lacustrine settings in proximity to the coast. Late-season nesting may be renests or the result of late arrivals. In any case, the bulk of the population has left the breeding grounds by the end of August.
Feeding and roosting characteristics
The least tern hunts primarily in shallow estuaries and lagoons, where smaller fishes are abundant. It hovers until spotting prey, and then plunges into the water without full submersion to extract meal. The most common prey recently for both chicks and adults are silversides smelt (Atherinops spp.) and anchovy (Anchoa spp.) in southern California, as well as shiner perch, and small crustaceans elsewhere. Adults in southern California eat kelpfish (most likely giant kelpfish, Heterostichus rostratus). Insects are known to be eaten during El Niño events. In southern California, least terns feed in bays and lagoons, near shore, and more than from shore in the open ocean. Elsewhere, they feed in proximity to lagoons or bay mouths.
Adults do not require cover, so that they commonly roost and nest on the open ground. After young chicks are three days old, they are brooded less frequently by parents and require wind blocks and shade, and protection from predators. In some colonies in southern California, Spanish roof tiles are placed in colonies so chicks can hide there. Notable disruption of colonies can occur from predation by burrowing owls, gull-billed terns and American kestrels. Depredation by domestic cats has been observed in at least one colony. Predation on inland breeding terns by coyotes, bobcats, feral dogs and cats, great blue herons, Mississippi kites, and owls has also been documented.
References
Gary Deghi, C. Michael Hogan, et al., Biological Assessment for the Proposed Tijuana/San Diego Joint International Wastewater Treatment Plant, Publication of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region IX, Earth Metrics Incorporated, Burlingame, CA with Harvey and Stanley, Alviso, CA
External links
Least tern Photo Field Guide on Flickr
Tern Colony: an individual-based model of Least Tern reproduction
least tern
Birds of the United States
Birds of Mexico
Birds of the Caribbean
Birds of the Dominican Republic
Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area
least tern
Taxa named by René Lesson
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4026148
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Food%20Safety%20and%20Quality%20Service
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National Food Safety and Quality Service
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The National Food Safety and Quality Service (, SENASA) is an independent agency of the Argentine government charged with surveillance, regulation and certification of products of animal and plant origin and the prevention, eradication and control of diseases and plagues that affect them .
SENASA formally comes under the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Fishing and Food, a division of the Ministry of Economy.
SENASA has 24 regional and 1 metropolitan supervising offices in all the country; however, its head office is located in Buenos Aires.
See also
Food Administration
External links
Official website
Regulation in Argentina
Food safety organizations
Medical and health organisations based in Argentina
Phytosanitary authorities
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4026151
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalastra
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Chalastra
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Chalastra () is a town and former municipality in the Thessaloniki regional unit, Greece. Before 1926, it was known as Κουλουκιά - Kouloukia ( - Kulakiya). It was renamed to Chalastra in 1926, to Πύργος - Pyrgos in 1955 and back to Chalastra in 1980. Since the local government reform of 2011 it has been part of the municipality Delta, of which it is a municipal unit. The town is located 20 km west from the city of Thessaloniki, on the north side of Greek National Road 1, near the Axios river and the Thermaic Gulf. The municipal unit of Chalastra consists of the two communities of Chalastra itself and Anatoliko. The population was 9,859 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, most of them working in agriculture and small industry. The municipal unit Chalastra has an area of 121.415 km2, and the community Chalastra has an area of 98.449 km2.
History
[[File:KulakiaGospel.jpg|thumb|160px|The Kulakia Gospel, a Bible written in the native Slavic dialect of Chalastra in 1863 with the Greek alphabet. On the title page there is also inscription "written in Bulgarian language".<ref>Господново и сфетаго евангелио на бога нашаго голема црикфа христианоф, искарено на бугарцко изик тувашно збор на Вардариа за уф неделите сати за гудината и за сати празницити големите за цела година за литургиата. Са писало ут Евстатио Киприади уф селото Колакиа на 30 ноемврио месиц 1863.</ref> ]]
Chalastra (, Strabo vii.; , Herod. vii. 123; , Plut. Alex.'' 49; Plin. iv. 10. § 17, xxxi. 10. § 46) was known as a town of Mygdonia in ancient Macedonia, situated on the Thermaikos gulf at the mouth of the Axios river, which belonged to the Thracians and possessed a harbor. A large part of the population was absorbed in Thessaloniki when it was founded by Cassander.
The site of the ancient town is tentatively placed at Anchialos at
.
During the Byzantine Middle Ages, the name of the area was "Campania".
In the 19th century it was inhabited by a mixed Bulgarian and Greek-speaking population.
References
Populated places in Thessaloniki (regional unit)
Populated places in ancient Macedonia
Cities in ancient Macedonia
Geography of ancient Mygdonia
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4026152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruninravur
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Thiruninravur
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Thirunindravur is a neighbourhood situated on the western part of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is located around 29 km from Chennai Central railway station. Thirunindravur comes under Chennai Metropolitan Area. The neighbourhood is served by Thirunindravur railway station. It is famous for its temples. The Tiruninravur lake serves the neighbourhood for its water needs. It serves as the connecting hub between Chennai and Tirupati. It also lies on the major highway connecting Chennai with Tirupati, the westernmost point of the state and the country.
History
The name Thiruninravur comes from the Tamil words Thiru, nindra and vur. The Tamil word Thiru represents the name for the Hindu god Perumal. Nindra refers to stood and vur refers to a village or a place. It is said that Lakshmi was travelling through the sky and saw this beautiful village and stood here; she wondered how beautiful is this village. Thus the place came to be known as Thiru-ninra-vur, the village where Lakshmi-Narayana stood. Here there are two ancient temples which are written in the history of Tamil literature. As moonlight comes on to the temple Gopura it is special for many occasions.
This location is also the home town of Pusalar, the Nayanar saint.
Demographics
India census, Thiruninravur had a population of 37095. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Thirunindravur has an average literacy rate of 91%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 95%, and female literacy is 88.6%.
Famous places
Thiruninravur is famous for Hridayaleeswarar Temple and Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple is one of the 108 Divyadesams.
Hridayaleeswarar Temple Pusalar Nayanar constructed the temple in his heart that design is physically constructed by Mahindra Pallava 1500 years ago by the order of Lord Shiva. Both the temples were built in Pallava era.
Many devotees from in and around Chennai, Thiruvallur and Kanchipuram regularly visit these temples. We can find good rush in Bakthavatsala Perumal Temple on Vaikunta Ekadasi and Hridayaleeswarar Temple during Prathosham days. Both the temples are historic, and are well maintained.
Roadways
The Outer Ring Road which is being laid in order to connect Vandalur to Ennore is being routed via Thiruninravur (Nemilichery) and more other places. The present National Highway - NH205 passes through Thiruninravur and also referred to as MTH road or CTH road. The phase I from Vandalur to Nemelicherry (Thirunindravur) has been completed and is available for traffic. The new Outer Ring road makes commutation much faster and easier for the private vehicle drivers, avoiding many traffic, to reach Poonamallee, Tambaram, Airport center much sooner than before.
The Tamil Nadu Highways department issued a GO on 4 October 2013 to extending the entire Chennai - Tirutani highway to 6 lanes at a cost of 168 Cr. The first phase will involve extending the road to 4 lanes - 100 ft with center median and encroachments have already started to be removed. Residents and Resident welfare associations have welcomed this move..
Colleges and schools
Government Higher Secondary School, Gomatipuram
Amutha Matriculation School
Hindu College
Jaya Engineering College
Jaya College of Arts and Science
Jaya College of Pharmacy
Jaya Teacher Training Institute
Jaya Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Jaya Matriculation Higher Secondary school (Krishna Puram)
Grace Park Convent Matriculation Higher Secondary school
St.John's Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Angel Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Oxford Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Oxford Public School
Dasar Higher Secondary school
Claret Matriculation Higher Secondary school
Vivekananda Matriculation School.
Area developments
The new Tidel Park Phase II is the main highlight and new landmark near to this city.
References
External links
www.thiruninravur.org
www.thirunindravur.in
Neighbourhoods in Chennai
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4026158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Harris
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Greg Harris
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Greg' or Gregory Harris may refer to:
Greg Harris (Ohio politician), American community organizer and congressional candidate from Cincinnati, Ohio
Greg Harris (Illinois politician) (born 1955), American politician
Greg A. Harris (born 1955), former pitcher in MLB, 1981–1995
Greg S. Harris (born 1965), president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Greg W. Harris (born 1963), former pitcher in MLB, 1988–1995
Gregory N. Harris, United States Navy admiral
Gregory K. Harris, United States attorney nominee
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4026168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Greatest%20Songs%20of%20the%20Fifties
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The Greatest Songs of the Fifties
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The Greatest Songs of the Fifties is an album by American singer Barry Manilow, released in the United States on January 31, 2006. A significant album for Manilow, it finds the Brooklyn-born crooner taking on songs that were popular in his youth. The project also marked Manilow's return to his former label, Arista, with the company's founder, Clive Davis, setting the singer up with 1950s pop classics much in the way that he steered Rod Stewart in the direction of jazzy standards in his successful The Great American Songbook project.
The album was a hit in the United States. It entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, giving him the second chart-topping album of his career. His only other No. 1 album was Barry Manilow Live, in 1977. This is also the highest-debuting album of his career, selling over 150,000 copies in its opening week and besting the No. 3 opening of Ultimate Manilow in 2002.
Track listing
US Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Phyllis McGuire) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
UK Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Phyllis McGuire) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
"If You Love Me (Really Love Me)" - 3:49
"As Time Goes By" - 3:45
Japanese Version
"Moments to Remember" - 3:34
"It's All in the Game" - 2:54
"Unchained Melody" - 3:45
"Venus" - 2:26
"It's Not for Me to Say" - 3:23
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" - 2:42
"Rags to Riches" - 3:21
"Sincerely/Teach Me Tonight (Medley)" (Duet with Hiromi Iwasaki) - 3:18
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?" - 2:57
"Young at Heart" - 3:35
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" - 2:48
"What a Diff'rence a Day Made" - 3:03
"Beyond the Sea" - 4:05
"Have I Told You Lately" - 4:17
Musicians
Contractor: Joe Soldo
Piano: Barry Manilow, Ron Pedley, Joe Melotti, Steve Welch
Bass: Dave Carpenter, Dave Stone
Guitar: Ken Berry, Mike Lent
Drums: Russ McKinnon, John Robinson
Percussion: Dan Greco
Background Vocals: Randy Crenshaw (Contractor), Jon Joyce, Gary Stockdale
Heavenly Choir on "Venus": Connie Nassios
Violins: Assa Drori (Concert Master), Barbra Porter, Dynell Weber, Yan To, Liane Mautner, Johanna Krejci, Tereza Stanislav, Alyssa Park, David Stenske, Cynthia Moussas, Ronald Folsom, Irina Voloshina, Jennifer Munday, Charlie Bisharat, Ron Clark, Armen Garabedian, Jennifer Walton, Shari Zippert, Mario Deleon, Margaret Wooten, Olivia Tsui, Neel Hammond, Brian Benning, Yvette Devereaux, Rebecca Bunnell, Kevin Connolly
Violas: Ken Burward-Hoy, Harry Shirinian, Caroline Buckman, Miguel Ferguson, Carrie Holzman, Sam Formicola, Ray Tischer, Kazi Pitelka, Rodney Hurtz
Celli: Larry Corbett, Christina Soule, John Krovoza, David Speltz, Paula Hochhalter, Stephanie Fife, Vanessa F. Smith, Rowena Hammill
Harp: Gayle Levant, Marcia Dickstein
Saxophones / Woodwinds: Gary Foster, Dan Higgins, Gene Cipriano, Don Shelton, George Shelby, Greg Huckins
Trumpets: Warren Leuning, Wayne Bergeron, Charlie Davis, Larry McGuire, Larry Lunetta, Chris Gray
Trombones: Charles Loper, Chauncey Welsch, Stephen Baxter, Bryant Byers, Craig Gosnell
French Horns: Steve Becknell, Jim Atkinson, Brad Warnaar, Paul Klintworth, Danielle Ondarza, Mark Adams
Flute: Sheridan Stokes, Dave Shostac
Oboe: Joe Stone, Earl Dumler
Bassoon: John Mitchell
Harmonica: Tommy Morgan
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Barry Manilow albums
2006 albums
Covers albums
Arista Records albums
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4026170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Joyce%20%28tennis%29
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Michael Joyce (tennis)
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Michael T. Joyce (born February 1, 1973) is an American former tennis player, who turned professional in 1991. The right-hander reached his highest ATP singles ranking of World No. 64 in April 1996. He also became a coach of professional players, most notably former world number one Maria Sharapova from 2004 to 2011.
Tennis career
Juniors
He reached the final of the Wimbledon Jr event in 1991, where he was runner-up to Thomas Enqvist.
Professional tennis player
On the professional tour, Joyce won 3 Challenger events and reached the 4th round of the 1995 Wimbledon Championships. He won the men's singles in the Ojai Tennis Tournament in 2004.
He was the subject of an essay by David Foster Wallace in Esquire; the essay was later republished in Wallace's collections A Supposedly Fun Thing I'll Never Do Again and String Theory.
Throughout his time on the tour from 1991 to 2003, Joyce won against Pat Rafter, Yevgeny Kafelnikov, Jim Courier and Michael Chang, and many more top players.
Overall, Joyce's win–loss record is 46–67. He went 1-10 versus top 10 players.
Coach
Joyce was the coach of Maria Sharapova, along with her father, Yuri Sharapov, from summer 2004 until January 2011, when he was replaced by Thomas Högstedt. During her cooperation with Joyce, Sharapova won three Grand Slam singles titles and reached the World No. 1 ranking.
Joyce coached American tennis player Jessica Pegula from 2012 to 2017. While with Joyce, in 2013 before suffering from an injury, Pegula reached a career high singles world ranking of 123 and a doubles world ranking of 92.
Joyce coached former world No. 1 Maria Sharapova for more than a decade. He has now joined USTA Player Development as the women's tennis national coach. In 2017, Joyce coached former world number one Victoria Azarenka for 8 months after she returned to competition following maternity leave. However, with family issues interrupting her schedule, the pair split at the end of the year, and Joyce took up the position of coach to Johanna Konta. In October 2018, Joyce split ways with Konta and began coaching Eugenie Bouchard. In April 2019, Joyce split ways with Bouchard; two months later he started to work with Tímea Babos.
Personal life
Joyce currently lives in Boca Raton, Florida, with his wife Jenna and their daughter (born May 2016).
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 10 (6–4)
Doubles: 11 (4–7)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
Esquire: "The String Theory," July 1996
1973 births
Living people
American male tennis players
American tennis coaches
Tennis people from California
Tennis players from Santa Monica, California
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4026171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20Vauxhall%20by-election
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1989 Vauxhall by-election
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A by-election for the United Kingdom House of Commons was held in the constituency of Vauxhall on 15 June 1989, following the resignation of sitting Member of Parliament (MP) Stuart Holland.
The winner, Kate Hoey, was Minister for Sport in Tony Blair's Labour government from 1999 to 2001 before returning to the backbenches.
The 1989 by-election was caused by Stuart Holland's resignation to take up an academic job in preference to remaining in the Labour Party. There was controversy surrounding the Labour candidate selection process. Martha Osamor had the most nominations, with Hoey only having one, but the National Executive Committee declined to shortlist Osamor and imposed a shortlist on the constituency party. When the local party refused to choose from the shortlist, Hoey was imposed by the NEC as the Labour candidate.
Candidates
The by-election was contested by 14 candidates: one of the longest lists of serious candidates at any by-election in the 1980s. Don Milligan stood as the candidate of the Revolutionary Communist Party and made the struggle for gay equality the centrepiece of his campaign. Rev Hewie Andrew stood as "The People's Candidate", out of protest at the Labour Party's selection process for their candidate. There were two "Green" candidates: Henry Bewley (who represented the Green Party officially, and Dominic Allen (sponsored by a religious cult) who used the title "The Greens". This was the first time the Green Party saved its deposit in a UK Parliamentary election. There were two National Front candidates, from their warring "Official" and "Flag" factions.
At close of nominations, there had been 15 contenders, with rival candidates for the 'Social & Liberal Democrats' and 'Continuing Social Democratic Party'. However, the SDP candidate, Tom Edwards, withdrew his candidature before the notice of poll.
Result
See also
Lists of United Kingdom by-elections
References
Vauxhall by-election
Vauxhall by-election
Vauxhall,1989
Vauxhall,1989
Vauxhall by-election
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4026196
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%20during%20World%20War%20II
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Bulgaria during World War II
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The history of Bulgaria during World War II encompasses an initial period of neutrality until 1 March 1941, a period of alliance with the Axis Powers until 8 September 1944, and a period of alignment with the Allies in the final year of the war. Bulgarian military forces occupied with German consent parts of the kingdoms of Greece and Yugoslavia which Bulgarian irredentism claimed on the basis of the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano. Bulgaria resisted Axis pressure to join the war against the Soviet Union, which began on 22 June 1941, but did declare war on Britain and the United States on 13 December 1941. The Red Army entered Bulgaria on 8 September 1944; Bulgaria declared war on Germany the next day.
As an ally of Nazi Germany, Bulgaria participated in the Holocaust, contributing to the deaths of 11,343 Jews, and though 48,000 Jews survived the war, they were subjected to forcible internal deportation, dispossession, and discrimination. However, during the war, German-allied Bulgaria did not deport Jews from the core provinces of Bulgaria. Bulgaria's wartime government was pro-German under Georgi Kyoseivanov, Bogdan Filov, Dobri Bozhilov, and Ivan Bagryanov. It joined the Allies under Konstantin Muraviev in early September 1944, then underwent a coup d'état a week later, and under Kimon Georgiev was pro-Soviet thereafter.
Initial neutrality (September 1939 – 1 March 1941)
The government of the Kingdom of Bulgaria under Prime Minister Georgi Kyoseivanov declared a position of neutrality upon the outbreak of World War II. Bulgaria was determined to observe it until the end of the war; but it hoped for bloodless territorial gains in order to recover the territories lost in the Second Balkan War and World War I, as well as gain other lands with a significant Bulgarian population in the neighbouring countries. Bulgaria had been the only defeated power of 1918 not to have received some territorial award by 1939. However, it was clear that the central geopolitical position of Bulgaria in the Balkans would inevitably lead to strong external pressure by both World War II factions. Turkey had a non-aggression pact with Bulgaria. This recovery of territory reinforced Bulgarian hopes for resolving other territorial problems without direct involvement in the War.
Bulgaria, as a potential beneficiary from the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939, had competed with other such nations to curry favour with Nazi Germany by gestures of antisemitic legislation. Bulgaria was economically dependent on Germany, with 65% Bulgaria's trade in 1939 accounted for by Germany, and militarily bound by an arms deal. Bulgarian extreme nationalists lobbied for a return to the enlarged borders of the 1878 Treaty of San Stefano. The Bulgarian officer class were mainly pro-German while the population at large was predominantly Russophile. On 7 September 1940, after the Second Vienna Award in August, Southern Dobruja, lost to Romania under the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest, was returned to Bulgarian control by the Treaty of Craiova, formulated under German pressure. A citizenship law followed on 21 November 1940, which transferred Bulgarian citizenship to the inhabitants of the annexed territory, including to around 500 Jews, alongside the territory's Roma, Greeks, Turks, and Romanians. Bulgaria had earlier briefly re-acquired Southern Dobruja between 1916 and 1918.
In October 1940 the Law for the Protection of the Nation was introduced to parliament. The bill made legislative progress through the winter of late 1940, with parliament reviewing it on the 15, 19, and 20 November. The week before the debates over the bill continued to second reading on 20 December 1940, a ship carrying 326 Bulgarian Jewish and other Jewish refugees heading to British-administered Palestine, the Salvador, was wrecked in the Sea of Marmara on 14 December with 230 lives lost. Of the 160 seats in the National Assembly, a majority of between 115 and 121 members voted with the government. The parliament ratified the bill on Christmas Eve, 1940. It received royal assent from Tsar Boris III on 15 January the following year, being published in the State Gazette on 23 January 1941. The law forbade the granting of Bulgarian citizenship to Jews as defined by the Law. The Law's second chapter ordered measures for the definition, identification, segregation, and economic and social marginalization of Jews. The law had been proposed to parliament by Petar Gabrovski, Interior Minister and former Ratnik leader in October 1940. His protégé, government lawyer and fellow Ratnik, Alexander Belev, had been sent to study the 1933 Nuremberg Laws in Germany and was closely involved in its drafting. Modelled on this precedent, the law targeted Jews, together with Freemasonry and other intentional organizations deemed "threatening" to Bulgarian national security.
The Law introduced restrictions on foreign Jews as well. In late 1938 and early 1939 Bulgarian police officials and the Interior Ministry were already increasingly opposed to the admittance of Jewish refugees from persecution in Central Europe. In response to a query by British diplomats in Sofia, the Foreign Ministry confirmed the policy that from April 1939, Jews from Germany, Romania, Poland, Italy, and what remained of Czechoslovakia (and later Hungary) would be required to obtain consent from the ministry to secure entry, transit, or passage visas. Nevertheless, at least 430 visas (and probably around 1,000) were issued by Bulgarian diplomats to foreign Jews, of which there were as many as 4,000 in Bulgaria in 1941. On 1 April 1941 the Police Directorate allowed the departure of 302 Jewish refugees, mostly underage, from Central Europe for the express purpose of Bulgaria "freeing itself from the foreign element". After April 1941, the Law's jurisdiction was extended beyond Bulgaria's pre-war borders to territories in Greece and Yugoslavia occupied by the Bulgarian army and claimed and administered by Bulgaria.
Bulgaria had been mooted as a possible member of the Soviet sphere in the Molotov-Ribbentrop discussions in November 1939; the significance of Bulgaria's position increased after the British Empire intervened in the Balkans campaign and Hitler's plans to invade the Soviet Union progressed. Pressure built on Boris to join the Axis, but he vacillated, and the government committed to joining – but at an unspecified date. In the planning of Operation Marita, the Germans sought to cross Bulgaria to invade Greece. Bogdan Filov travelled to Vienna to sign the Tripartite Pact at the beginning of March.
Axis Powers (1 March 1941 – 8 September 1944)
After the failure of the Italian invasion of Greece, Nazi Germany demanded that Bulgaria join the Tripartite Pact and permit German forces to pass through Bulgaria to attack Greece in order to help Italy. The Bulgarian prime minister signed the pact on the 1 March 1941; German forces crossed the Danube into Bulgaria the same day. The threat of a possible German invasion, as well as the promise of Greek and Yugoslavian territories, led the tsar and his government to sign the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. Tsar Boris III and prime minister Bogdan Filov were also both known to be fervent admirers of Adolf Hitler.
With the Soviet Union in a non-aggression pact with Germany, there was little popular opposition to the decision, and it was recognized with applause in the Parliament a couple of days later.
Annexation of Eastern Thrace, most of Macedonia and part of Pomoravlje
On 6 April 1941, despite having joined the Axis Powers, the Bulgarian military did not participate in the invasion of Yugoslavia or the invasion of Greece, but were ready to occupy their pre-arranged territorial gains immediately after the capitulation of each country. The Yugoslav government surrendered on 17 April; on 19 April, the Bulgarian Land Forces entered Yugoslavia. The Greek government surrendered on 30 April; the Bulgarian occupation began the same day. Bulgaria's contribution to Operation Marita and the Axis conquest of Greece was relatively minor; the Bulgarians and a Wehrmacht division guarded the left flank of the invasion. After Greece and Yugoslavia's capitulation, three Bulgarian divisions from the Second and Fifth Armies deployed to Thrace and Macedonia to relieve pressure on the Germans. In words chosen by Tsar Boris, Bulgaria announced the occupation of Macedonia and Thrace "to preserve order and stability in the territories taken over by Germany". Bulgarians, elated by the de facto unification of lost national irredenta, named Boris "King Unifier".
Bulgaria occupied most of Yugoslav Macedonia, Pomoravlje, Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, which had already been captured by the forces of the Germans and their allies and which had been lost to Bulgaria in 1918. The Bulgarians occupied territory between the Struma River and a line of demarcation running through Alexandroupoli and Svilengrad west of the Maritsa river. Included in the area occupied were the cities of Alexandroupoli (), Komotini (), Serres (), Xanthi (), Drama () and Kavala () and the islands of Thasos and Samothrace in Greece, as well as almost all of what is today the Republic of North Macedonia and much of South-Eastern Serbia, then in Yugoslavia.
In the region of Macedonia, the majority initially welcomed union with Bulgaria as relief from Yugoslavian Serbianization, where pro-Bulgarian sentiments there still prevailed. After 1918, more than 1,700 Bulgarian churches and monasteries had been converted to Serbian or Greek Orthodoxy, and some 1,450 Bulgarian schools closed. Bulgarian had been forbidden in public life. Bulgarization was seen as necessary to strengthen Bulgaria's claim on the territory after a projected Axis victory, since Germany had not definitively indicated Bulgaria would keep it and no international treaty recognized Bulgaria's claims; "the Bulgarian nature of the territories had to be incontrovertible by the end of the war". Consequently, a university - Macedonia's first - bearing Boris III's name was instituted in Skopje, more than 800 new schools were built between 1941 and 1944, Macedonian schools were integrated into Bulgaria's education system, and Macedonian teachers were retrained in Bulgarian.
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church sought the integration of Bulgarian-ruled Macedonia with the Exarchate of Bulgaria. It was hoped the "national reunification" might lead to a restored Bulgarian Patriarchate representative of all Bulgarian communities, but Tsar Boris, wary of any new power-base in his kingdom, opposed the plan. At Easter in Skopje Cathedral the service was officiated by a Bulgarian cleric. Priests were encouraged out of retirement to preach in Macedonian parishes. The government in Sofia preferred to appoint Bulgarian bishops loyal to the Exarchate to sees in Macedonia than local candidates, a policy which disappointed Macedonians and Bulgarians alike. By 1944, Sofia's government was as unpopular in Macedonia as Belgrade's had been before the occupation, each government alienating Macedonians with over-centralization.
In Thrace, more opposition was encountered. Before June 1941 and the German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship, the Germans did not allow Bulgarian civilian administration for fear of antagonizing Turkey with Bulgarian expansion; separate Greek, German, and Bulgarian occupation zones prevailed until August 1941. Thereafter, pressure was applied to Turkish inhabitants of the region to emigrate. The demographics of western Thrace had been changed by the 1921 population exchange between Greece and Turkey, with the arrival of many Greeks from East Thrace in the Turkish Republic and the departure of many Turks. Most villages were assigned to the Nevrokop diocese of the Bulgarian Church as part of a wider Bulgarization policy in education and religion. The Bulgarian school system was introduced in September 1941 and by 1942's end there were 200 new primary schools and 34 gymnasia established for ethnic Bulgarians alone; Turks and Greeks had separate schools, and despite protests of Muslim teachers, children of Pomaks were sent to Bulgarian schools organized on Orthodox Christian lines. Also in September 1941, the suppression of the Drama uprising against Bulgarian rule on the night of the 28-'9 September resulted in the deaths of around 1,600 people.
The Bulgarian government hoped in Thrace to remove ethnic Greeks who had arrived in territory ceded to Greece after 1918, at which time Bulgarians had been the demographic plurality. Bulgarization was encouraged by a new law on internal migration and consolidation in June 1941, by a new land directorate to facilitate Bulgarian settlers set up in February 1942 with plots of land distributed to officials, and by incentives for ethnic Bulgarians from southern Macedonia to move to replace departing Greeks in Thrace. There was also a bias towards Bulgarians in the cooperative bank established to assist farmers there. By March 1942, resettlement permits issued to Bulgarians in Thrace numbered 18,925. After 1942, Allied victories and Greek and Turkish threats of reprisals caused a decrease in the rates of Bulgarians emigrating to Thrace. Because food was brought in from metropolitan Bulgaria, Bulgarian-occupied western Thrace was spared the famine that affected German and Italian occupation zones in Greece, even though Thrace was less developed than either Bulgaria or the rest of Greece.
Although Bulgarian citizenship had been granted jus soli to residents of newly annexed South Dobruja, the Law for the Protection of the Nation forbade to granting of citizenship to Jews in the subsequently occupied territories, and no action was taken to determine the status of any of the inhabitants at all until 1942. Jews were merely issued with identity cards in a different colour to non-Jews'. A decree-law issued on 10 June 1942 (Nerada za podantstvo v osvobodenite prez 1941 godina zemi) confirmed that the "liberated" territories' Jewish residents were ineligible for Bulgarian citizenship. This effectively made them stateless.
Occupation of most of Serbia
In Nedic's Serbia to secure the railroads, highways and other infrastructure, the Germans began to make use of Bulgarian occupation troops in large areas of the occupied territory, although these troops were under German command and control. This occurred in three phases, with the Bulgarian 1st Occupation Corps consisting of three divisions moving into the occupied territory on 31 December 1941. This corps was initially responsible for about 40% of the territory (excluding the Banat), bounded by the Ibar river in the west between Kosovska Mitrovica and Kraljevo, the West Morava river between Kraljevo and Čačak, and then a line running roughly east from Čačak through Kragujevac to the border with Bulgaria. They were therefore responsible for large sections of the Belgrade–Niš–Sofia and Niš–Skopje railway lines, as well as the main Belgrade–Niš–Skopje highway.
In January 1943, the Bulgarian area was expanded westwards to include all areas west of the Ibar river and south of a line running roughly west from Čačak to the border with occupied Montenegro and the NDH. This released the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen, which had been garrisoning this area over the winter, to deploy into the NDH and take part in Case White against the Partisans. Many members of the Volksdeutsche from Serbia and the Banat were serving in the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen. This division was responsible for war crimes committed against the peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In July 1943, the Bulgarian occupation zone expanded northwards, with a fourth division, the 25th Division taking over from the 297th Infantry Division in the rest of the territory (excluding the Banat) that did not share a border with the NDH. From this point, German forces only directly occupied the immediate area of Belgrade, the northwest region of the territory that shared a border with the NDH, and the Banat.
International situation
Bulgaria did not join the German invasion of the Soviet Union that began on 22 June 1941 nor did it declare war on the Soviet Union. Bulgarian propaganda refrained from criticism of Stalin. The personal secretary to Tsar Boris noted that the country's strategy was to "conciliate Germany by making many comparatively unimportant concessions". Tsar Boris's position was that the Bulgarian army was not equipped properly or modernised sufficiently to face the Red Army, with conscript soldiers who would not fight effectively far from home against Bulgaria's former Russian allies. Moreover, Bulgaria's military was positioned to thwart any potential threat to the Axis from Turkey or an Allied landing in Greece. Boris resisted German pressure to allow Bulgarian soldiers or volunteers join the fight against the Soviets. Involvement by the navy was limited to escorting Axis convoys in the Black Sea. However, despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the Bulgarian Navy was involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans battled various anti-Axis resistance groups and partisan movements. Additionally, in 1941 and 1942 the Bulgarian government sent multiple delegations of high-ranking officers that traveled to the occupied USSR; an instrumental role in this action was played by the Chief of the General Staff of the Bulgarian Army, Lieutenant-General Konstantin Ludvig Lukash, who had kept a diary during the most important trip of November-December 1941. Although essentially symbolic gestures, these trips by senior officers provided a channel for intelligence but most importantly demonstrated Bulgaria's "investment" in Hitler and the Axis.
On 5 March 1941, after the start of Operation MARITA, Britain severed diplomatic relations with Bulgaria but neither side declared war. To show support for the Axis, the Bulgarian government declared a token war on the United Kingdom and the United States on 13 December 1941, an act which resulted in the bombing of Sofia and other Bulgarian cities by Allied aircraft from 1941. The Bulgarian military was able to destroy some Allied aircraft passing through Bulgarian airspace to attack Romania's oilfields. The first were on the return flight of Operation Tidal Wave air raid on Ploiești on 1 August 1943, part of the oil campaign; bombers flying back to airbases in North Africa over Bulgaria were intercepted by fighters of the Bulgarian Air Force and aircrew that reached the ground alive were interned as prisoners of war under the 1929 Geneva Convention. Most POWs were from the United States Army Air Forces and the Royal Air Force, with American, British, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Greek, and Yugoslav airmen were all interned at a prisoner-of-war camp opened on 25 November 1943 under the control of the Bulgarian Army's garrison at Shumen and commended by an officer of lieutenant rank. Downed aircrew were usually captured and imprisoned locally, interrogated in the prison in Sofia, and then moved to the POW camp at Shumen; one American airman was liberated from a local jail by the Communist partisans, with whom he thereafter evaded capture. Allied POWs were ultimately interned at Shumen for ten months. The few Soviet POWs were interned at a camp at Sveti Kiri, together with over a hundred Soviet citizens resident in Bulgaria, under the authority of the State Security section of the Police Directorate (DPODS).
When Germany invaded the USSR in June 1941 (Operation BARBAROSSA), the underground Bulgarian Communist Party launched a guerrilla movement, which was repressed severely by the government. After BARBAROSSA failed to defeat the USSR, and the US joined the Allies, it seemed that the Axis might lose the war. In August 1942, the Communist Party, the Zveno movement, and some other groups formed the Fatherland Front to resist the pro-German government. Partisan detachments were particularly active in the mountain areas of western and southern Bulgaria.
Two weeks after a visit to Germany in August 1943, Bulgarian Tsar Boris III died suddenly on 28 August aged 49. There was speculation that he was poisoned - a recent meeting with Hitler had not been cordial - but no culprit was found. A motive for an assassination is difficult to establish: it would have been a great risk for Germans, Soviets, and British; it was uncertain who might replace Boris at the centre of the Bulgarian state. A post-mortem in the 1990s established that an infarction in the left side of the heart was the direct cause of death. According to the diary of the German attache in Sofia at the time, Colonel von Schoenebeck, the two German physicians who attended to the tsar – Sajitz and Hans Eppinger – both believed that Boris died from the same poison Dr. Eppinger had allegedly found two years earlier in the postmortem examination of the Greek prime minister Ioannis Metaxas. His six-year-old son Simeon II succeeded to the throne. Because of Simeon's age, a regency council was set up, headed by Prime Minister Bogdan Filov, who gave up that office on 9 September. The new Prime Minister from 14 September 1943, Dobri Bozhilov, was in most respects as pro-German. Boris had begun to seek Bulgaria's escape from war, and the regency, which lacked his authority abroad and at home, made similar designs. Bozhilov intensified negotiations with the western Allies, fearing the fate of Benito Mussolini's government.
On 19 November 1943 the first heavy bombing of Bulgarian cities by the Allies took place. After further raids and an even heavier attack on Sofia on 30 March 1944, many inhabitants fled the city. Major Frank Thompson of the Special Operations Executive was parachuted in to rendezvous with the Bulgarian Resistance, but was captured and executed for espionage in June 1944.
After April 1944, the Soviets increased pressure on Bulgaria to abandon the Axis alliance. Bulgaria had maintained diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union while being a member of the Axis Powers.
On 1 June 1944 Filov sacked Bozhilov, in the hope of placating internal opposition and the Allies. Filov had reluctantly decided the alliance with Germany should end. Ivan Bagryanov took over as prime minister. Filov tried to play for time, hoping that an Allied landing in the Balkans would allow Bulgaria to join the Allies without the loss of the new territories in Thrace and Macedonia, and avoid the German occupation of Bulgaria that would follow an immediate change in sides. But the invasion of Normandy on 6 June ended any possibility of a major western Allied offensive in the Balkans. Meanwhile, Soviet westward offensives continued apace. Also at this time, German forces were being withdrawn from Greece, and Bulgaria had lost its strategic significance to the western Allies.
Bagryanov had sympathies for the West, and hoped to disengage Bulgaria from the war before Soviet forces reached the Danube, thus avoiding Soviet occupation. By the middle of August, American diplomatic pressure and a report of the International Committee of the Red Cross which had detailed hardships of the inmates had caused conditions at the POW camp at Shumen to be improved; before this, the Allied POWs were allowed only limited water and suffered from malnutrition. Bagryanov repealed the antisemitic legislation of his predecessors on 17 August. He had success in negotiating the withdrawal of the German forces from Varna on the grounds that their presence invited an Allied attack, and blocked the arrival of any more German troops in Bulgaria.
But his plans went awry. On 20 August 1944, Soviet forces broke through Axis defenses in Romania, and approached the Balkans and Bulgaria. On 23 August, Romania left the Axis Powers and declared war on Germany, which
and allowed Soviet forces to cross its territory to reach Bulgaria. On 27 August, the Bulgarian government announced neutrality; Bagryanov handed over to the Germans 8,000 railway wagons to accelerate their withdrawal. The Fatherland Front, which had demanded full neutrality, decried this assistance. On the same date the Fatherland Front made the decision to incite an armed rebellion against the government.
On 30 August, Joseph Stalin declared the USSR would no longer recognize Bulgarian neutrality. Soviet pressure to declare war on Germany was intense. Bagryanov assured the Soviets that foreign troops in Bulgaria would be disarmed, ordered German troops to leave the country, and began to disarm German soldiers arriving in Dobruja, but refused to violate Bulgaria's own newly-declared neutrality by declaring war on Germany. But this was not enough. On 2 September, Bagryanov and his government were replaced by a government of Konstantin Muraviev and those opposition parties which were not in the Fatherland Front. Muraviev initially opposed war with Germany, arguing this would be used as pretext for a Soviet occupation of Bulgaria. Support for the government was withheld by the Fatherland Front, which described it as pro-Nazis attempting to hold on to power. On 4 September, the Fatherland Front organized popular strikes. On 5 September, Muraviev decided to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, but delayed announcing the move for two days at the urging of War Minister Lieut. Gen. Ivan Marinov to enable Bulgarian troops to withdraw from occupied Macedonia. When all German troops had left the country on the afternoon of 7 September, Bulgaria declared war on Germany, but earlier on the same day the Soviet Union declared war on Bulgaria, without consultation with either the USA or Britain, "to liberate Bulgaria". On 8 September Bulgaria was simultaneously at war with four major belligerents of the war: Germany, Britain, the USA, and the USSR. Soviet forces crossed the border on 8 September. They occupied the north-eastern part of Bulgaria along with the key port cities of Varna and Burgas by the next day. By order of the government, the Bulgarian Army offered no resistance .
Holocaust
During Bulgaria's alliance with Nazi Germany, the Bulgarian government introduced measures and legislation targeting Jews and other minorities; in September 1939 all Jews regarded as foreign nationals - some 4,000 - were expelled. Most fled eventually to Palestine, arriving there after considerable difficulty. Interior Minister Petar Gabrovski, and Alexander Belev, having studied the Nuremberg Laws, introduced in 1940 the Law for Protection of the Nation, in force from January 1941. By this means, Jews under Bulgaria's control were excluded from most professions, universities, and trades unions, from all government service, and from certain public areas. Moreover, Jews were required to carry special identity cards, were forbidden to bear "non-Jewish" names or marry Bulgarians.
The Bulgarian irredentist seizure in 1941 of coveted territory from Greece and Yugoslavia and the formation of the new oblasts of Skopje, Bitola, and Belomora increased Bulgaria's Jewish population to around 60,000. These were forbidden to have Bulgarian citizenship under the Law for the Protection of the Nation. From early in the war, Bulgarian occupation authorities in Greece and Yugoslavia handed over Jewish refugees fleeing from Axis Europe to the Gestapo. In October 1941 Bulgarian authorities demanded the registration of 213 Serbian Jews detected by the Gestapo in Bulgarian-administered Skopje; they were arrested on 24 November and 47 of these were taken to Banjica concentration camp in Belgrade, Serbia and killed on 3 December 1941.
The Law for the Protection of the Nation was followed by a decree-law (naredbi) on 26 August 1942, which tightened restrictions on Jews, widened the definition of Jewishness, and increased the burdens of proof required to prove non-Jewish status and exemptions (privilegii). Jews were thereafter required to wear yellow stars, excepting only those baptized who practised the Christian eucharist. Bulgarian Jews married to non-Jews by Christian rite before 1 September 1940 and baptized before the 23 January 1941 enforcement of the Law for the Protection of the Nation, rescinding the exemptions allowed to such cases allowed by the Law. Exemptions for war orphans, war widows, and the disabled veterans were henceforth applicable only "in the event of competition with other Jews", and all such privilegii could be revoked or denied if the individual were convicted of a crime or deemed "anti-government" or "communist". In February 1943 SS-Hauptsturmführer Theodor Dannecker and Belev - appointed by Gabrovski in 1942 to head the new "Office of the Commissar of Jewish Affairs" within the interior ministry - signed the Dannecker-Belev Agreement, in which Bulgaria agreed to supply Germany with 20,000 Jewish captives. Bulgaria is the only nation to have signed an agreement with Germany to supply Jews in this way; Bulgaria agreed to meet the cost of their expulsion and the document explicitly noted that Bulgaria, knowing their fate in German hands, would never request the Jews' repatriation.
The Law for the Protection of the Nation stipulated that Jews fulfil their compulsory military service in the labour battalions and not the regular army. Forced labour battalions were instituted in Bulgaria in 1920 as a way of circumventing the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, which limited the size of the Bulgarian military and ended conscription into the regular military. The forced labour service (trudova povinnost) set up by the government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski supplied cheap labour for government projects and employment for demobilised soldiers from the First World War. In the first decade of its existence, more than 150,000 Bulgarian subjects, "primarily minorities (particularly Muslims) and other poor segments of society" had been drafted to serve. In the 1930s, in the lead-up to the Second World War, the trudova povinnost were militarised: attached to the War Ministry in 1934, they were given military ranks in 1936. After the start of war, in 1940 "labour soldiers" (trudovi vojski) were established as a separate corps "used to enforce anti-Jewish policies during World War Two" as part of an overall "deprivation" plan.
In August 1941, at the request of Adolf-Heinz Beckerle - German Minister Plenipotentiary at Sofia - the War Ministry relinquished control of all Jewish forced labour to the Ministry of Buildings, Roads, and Public Works. Mandatory conscription applied from August 1941: initially men 20-44 were drafted, with the age limit rising to 45 in July 1942 and 50 a year later. Bulgarians replaced Jews in the commands of the Jewish labour units, which were no longer entitled to uniforms. On 29 January 1942, new all-Jewish forced labour battalions were announced; their number was doubled to twenty-four by the end of 1942. Jewish units were separated from the other ethnicities - three quarters of the forced labour battalions were from minorities: Turks, Russians, and residents of the territories occupied by Bulgaria - the rest were drawn from the Bulgarian unemployed. The Jews in forced labour were faced with discriminatory policies which became stricter as time went on; with increasing length of service and decreasing the allowance of food, rest, and days off. On 14 July 1942 a disciplinary unit was established to impose new punitive strictures: deprivation of mattresses or hot food, a "bread-and-water diet", and the barring of visitors for months at time. As the war progressed, and round-ups of Jews began in 1943, Jews made more numerous efforts to escape and punishments became increasingly harsh.
In March 1943 Bulgarian troops and military police rounded up the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek Macedonia and Vardar Macedonia in Yugoslavia - 7,122 from Macedonia and 4,221 from Thrace, and sent them to via transit concentration camps to the Bulgarian Danube port of Lom, where they were embarked and taken upriver to Vienna and thence to Treblinka; nearly all were killed. This was arranged by request of the German foreign ministry in spring 1942 to surrender all Jews under Bulgarian control to German custody, to which the Bulgarian government acceded, creating the "Jewish Affairs" commissariat under Belev to organize the genocide called for at the Wannsee Conference. By March 1943 Jewish Bulgarians were being concentrated at schools and train stations by the Bulgarian authorities within the country's pre-war borders. Subsequently, in spring 1943, protests led by parliamentarian Dimitar Peshev M.P. and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, concerned over the welfare of Jewish converts to Christianity as well as of a "national minority" generally, succeeded in first delaying, and then in May in finally preventing Belev's plan to meet the 20,000 figure by deporting some 8,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia, Kyustendil, and elsewhere to Nazi extermination camps in Poland, including all southwest Bulgaria's Jews; they were instead dispossessed of all their property, deported to the provinces, and the men aged 20–40 conscripted into forced labour, as were Jews from Stara Zagora and Kazanlak. On 21 May 1943 the Council of Ministers voted that Jews were to be expelled from Sofia to the countryside in three days' time. Belev ordered the expulsion on 24 May of Jews from the capital: 19,000 Sofia Jews were deported to specific rural areas and towns. Special trains were arranged and the Jews were assigned specific departures, separating family members. A maximum of 30 kg of property per person was allowed; the rest they were forced leave behind, to sell at "abusively low" prices, or which was otherwise pilfered or stolen. Bulgarian officials and neighbours benefited from the proceeds.
In April 1943 Joachim von Ribbentrop enquired of King Boris why more Jews had not been sent for extermination by Bulgaria; the response came that Boris would deport “only a small number of Bolshevik‐communist elements from Old Bulgaria [Bulgaria's pre-1941 borders] because he needed the rest of the Jews for road construction.” In May 1943, Bulgaria imprisoned prominent Jewish leaders in the Somivit concentration camp, later that month and the following month more than 20,000 Jews were deported from Sofia and their property seized. In 1934, Sofia had had around 25,000 Jewish inhabitants, close to a tenth of the city's total population. The German foreign ministry understood that Bulgaria feared the Allies and hoped to avoid antagonizing them. Nonetheless, the ghettoization and curfew of Bulgaria's Jewish population was completed in 1943 and antisemitic racial laws were not repealed until 30 August 1944.
Allies and Soviet occupation
On 8 September, Soviet forces crossed the Bulgarian-Romanian border and on the eve of 8 September garrison detachments, led by Zveno officers, overthrew the government after taking strategic points in Sofia and arresting government ministers. A new government of the Fatherland Front was appointed on 9 September with Kimon Georgiev as prime minister. War was declared on Germany and its allies at once and the divisions sent by the Axis Powers to invade Bulgaria were easily driven back.
A pro-Axis Bulgarian government-in-exile was formed in Vienna, under Aleksandar Tsankov and while it was able to muster a 600-strong Bulgarian SS regiment of Bulgarian anti-communist volunteers already in Germany under a German commander, they had little success. Soviet POWs and interned Soviet citizens were released from Sveti Kirik DPODS detention camp when the Fatherland Front took power. POWs of the western Allies were repatriated by way of Turkey, and the POW camp at Shumen closed on 25 September 1944. The concentration camp for Bulgarian communists and Soviet-sympathisers at Stavroupoli () in Greece was closed as the Bulgarians withdrew from occupied territory.
An armistice with the Allies was signed on the 28 October 1944 in Moscow. Signatories were George F. Kennan, Andrey Vyshinsky, and Sir Archibald Clark-Kerr represented by Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin and Lieut. Gen James Gammell for the Allies and the United Nations Organization, and for the Bulgarians the Foreign Minister Petko Stainov, Finance Minister Petko Stoyanov, and Nikola Petkov and Dobri Terpeshev as ministers without portfolio.
In Macedonia, the Bulgarian troops, surrounded by German forces, and betrayed by high-ranking military commanders, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria. Unlike the Communist resistance, the right wing followers of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) saw the solution of the Macedonian Question in creating a pro-Bulgarian Independent Macedonian State. At this time the IMRO leader Ivan Mihailov arrived in German reoccupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form a Macedonian state on the base of former IMRO structures and Ohrana. Seeing that Germany had lost the war and to avoid further bloodshed, after two days he refused and set off. Under the leadership of a new Bulgarian pro-Communist government, three Bulgarian armies (some 455,000 strong in total) entered Yugoslavia in September 1944 and alongside Soviet and Yugoslav forces, moved to Niš and Skopje with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. Southern and eastern Serbia and Macedonia were liberated within a month and the 130,000-strong Bulgarian First Army continued to Hungary, driving off the Germans and entering Austria in April 1945. Contact was established with the British Eighth Army in the town of Klagenfurt on 8 May 1945, the day the Nazi government in Germany capitulated. Then Gen. Vladimir Stoychev signed a demarcation agreement with British V Corps commander Charles Keightley.
Consequences and results
As a consequence of World War II, the Soviet Union invaded Bulgaria and a Communist regime was installed in 1946 with Georgi Dimitrov at the helm. The monarchy was abolished in 1946 and the tsar sent into exile. The People's Republic of Bulgaria was established, lasting until 1990. The Red Army remained in occupation of Bulgaria until 1947. Bulgaria later joined the Warsaw Pact in 1954 and 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Though the Bulgarian armistice with the Soviet Union had surrendered all territory occupied and claimed by Bulgaria in Greek and Yugoslavian Macedonia and Thrace, the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947 confirmed the incorporation of Southern Dobruja into Bulgaria during the War, thus making Bulgaria, apart from Croatia the only Axis country that increased its pre-war territory. The occupied parts of the Aegean region and Vardar Macedonia remaining within the borders of Bulgaria were returned, with 150,000 Bulgarians being expelled from Western Thrace.
Subsequent to their ordeal during the war, most of Bulgaria's remaining Jews, some 50,000 in September 1944 emigrated. About 35,000 left for Palestine during the British Mandate and the great majority of the remainder departed to the post-1948 State of Israel; by the first years of the 1950s some 45,000 Bulgarian Jews had left the post-war communist state.
Armed forces
By the end of the war, Bulgaria managed to mobilize about 450,000 men. Military equipment was mostly of German origin. By 1945, Bulgaria had also received stocks of Soviet weaponry, mostly small arms.
See also
Bulgarian irredentism
Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II
Bulgarian government-in-exile
Bulgaria–Russia relations
National Liberation War of Macedonia
Ohrana
Military of Bulgaria
References
Griehl, Manfred (2001). Junker Ju 87 Stuka. London/Stuttgart: Airlife Publishing/Motorbuch. .
External links
Axis History Factbook — Bulgaria
Map
Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria - June 5, 1942
The Armistice Agreement with Bulgaria; October 28, 1944
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushicon
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Ushicon
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Ushicon was an annual three day anime convention held during February at the Courtyard by Marriott Austin Pflugerville and Pflugerville Conference Center in Pflugerville, Texas. The convention resumed operation in 2011 as an 18-and-older event. It was originally held in Austin, Texas, from 2002 to 2006 until ceasing operations due to changes in anime fandom and facility issues.
History
Ushicon did not return after 2006 due to issues with convention facilities in Austin not being able to handle 2,500-5,000 attendees and changes in the fandom that did not match with the goals of Ushicon. In 2007 a free "Block Party" was held to celebrate the American release of Princess Tutu with support from ADV Films. The event featured cast members from the American and Japanese releases, along with the series creator. In 2010, Chibi Ushicon was the convention's first 18 & older convention, with Ushicon returning as a full 18 & older convention in 2011. Ushicon in 2022 announced there would be no further conventions.
Event history 2002-2006
Ushiko's Anime Block Party 2007
Chibi Ushicon 2010
Event history 2011-
References
External links
Ushicon official website
Defunct anime conventions
Recurring events established in 2002
2002 establishments in Texas
Annual events in Texas
Conventions in Texas
Festivals in Texas
Japanese-American culture in Texas
Tourist attractions in Travis County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungun%20copper%20mine
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Sungun copper mine
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The Sungun copper mine ( ) is located in Varzaqan county, East Azarbaijan, Iran, 75 km north west of the provincial town of Ahar. It is the most important geologic and industrial feature in the area and is the largest open-cast copper mine in Iran and is in the primary stages of extraction.
The reserves are estimated to be as much as 995 million tons of copper ore. The ore is processed directly at a concentration plant at the mine. The capacity of the concentration plant is 170,000 tons of copper concentrates, with plans to expand to 300,000 tons.
References
Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C. (2008): Porphyry copper deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models, 2008. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1155.
Hezarkhani, A., and Williams-Jones, A.E. (1998): Controls of alteration and mineralization in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran; evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes. Economic Geology 93(5), 651–670.
Hezarkhani, A., Williams-Jones, A.E., and Gammons, C.H. (1999): Factors controlling copper solubility and chalcopyrite deposition in the Sungun porphyry copper deposit, Iran. Mineralium Deposita 34, 770–783.
Tahmasebi, P., Hezarkhani, A., and Mortazavi, M. (2010): Application of Discriminant Analysis for Alteration Separation; Sungun Copper Deposit, East Azerbaijan, Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(4), 564–576.
Hezarkhani, A. (2006): Petrology of the intrusive rocks within the Sungun Porphyry Copper Deposit, Azerbaijan, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27(3), 26–340.
See also
Mining in Iran
Copper mines in Iran
Varzaqan County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20O%27Brien
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Jesse O'Brien
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Jesse O'Brien may refer to:
Jesse O'Brien (footballer) (born 1990), Australian rules football player
Jesse O'Brien, contestant with season 2 of New Zealand Idol
Jesse O'Brien, Australian film director of Arrowhead and Two Heads Creek
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%20Harrison
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Hunter Harrison
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Hunter Harrison may refer to:
Hunter Harrison (soccer) (born 1995), American soccer player
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Shelton
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Bryan Shelton
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Bryan Shelton (born December 22, 1965) is an American college tennis coach and former professional tennis player. Shelton played collegiately for Georgia Tech from 1985 to 1988, and then played professionally from 1989 to 1997. He subsequently returned to his alma mater to coach the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis team, which won the NCAA Women's Tennis Championship in 2007. He is currently the head coach of the Florida Gators men's tennis team of the University of Florida, where he coached the Gators to winning the 2021 NCAA Championship. He is the only head coach to have won a national championship in both men and women's NCAA Division I Tennis.
Early years
Shelton was born in Huntsville, Alabama. For high school, he attended Randolph School in Huntsville. He played for the Randolph Raiders men's tennis team, and won the Alabama high school singles championship as a senior in 1984.
Personal life
He is the father of tennis player Ben Shelton.
College career
Shelton accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, where he played for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's tennis team from 1985 to 1988. Shelton was the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) champion in singles in 1985, and he and teammate Richy Gilbert were the ACC champions in doubles 1986. He was recognized as an All-ACC selection during each of his four seasons as a Yellow Jacket, and was named an All-American in 1988. Shelton won the United States Amateur Championships in 1985. He graduated from Georgia Tech with a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial engineering in 1989, and was inducted into the Georgia Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in 1993.
Professional career
Shelton won two singles titles (Newport, 1991 and 1992) during his professional career. He also reached the mixed doubles final at the 1992 French Open, partnering Lori McNeil. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on March 23, 1992, when he became number 55 in the world; his highest doubles ranking, 52, occurred on February 28, 1994. He was inducted to the Huntsville-Madison County Athletic Hall of Fame in 2006.
Coaching
Shelton officially retired from the professional tour in 1997, and was named a United States Tennis Association (USTA) National Coach, a position he held from January 1998 until June 1999. Shelton coached MaliVai Washington, a 1996 Wimbledon finalist.
Shelton became head coach of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis team in July 1999. In his first season as coach at Georgia Tech, his team went to the second round of the NCAA tournament, upsetting the No. 25 Washington Huskies before falling to the No. 9 UCLA Bruins. He was named ACC Coach of the Year in 2002, 2005, and 2007. His 2007 team won the Yellow Jackets' third-straight ACC Championship. They then won Georgia Tech's first NCAA-recognized team championship on May 22, 2007, by defeating UCLA in the finals of the NCAA Women's Tennis Championship. Prior to his coaching tenure, the Georgia tech women's tennis team had never qualified for the NCAA tournament. Shelton was named the Intercollegiate Tennis Association (ITA) Coach of the Year in 2007.
On June 8, 2012, the University of Florida announced that Shelton had been hired as the new head coach of the Florida Gators men's tennis team.
Head coaching record
ATP career finals
Singles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Doubles (2 titles, 1 runner-up)
Singles performance timeline
See also
Florida Gators
History of the University of Florida
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
List of Georgia Institute of Technology athletes
Roland Thornqvist
University Athletic Association
References
External links
Bryan Shelton – Georgia Tech profile at RamblinWreck.com
1965 births
Living people
African-American tennis coaches
African-American male tennis players
American male tennis players
Florida Gators men's tennis coaches
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets men's tennis players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets women's tennis coaches
Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama
Tennis people from Alabama
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American men
21st-century African-American men
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingersmith%20%28novel%29
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Fingersmith (novel)
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Fingersmith is a 2002 historical crime novel set in Victorian-era Britain by Sarah Waters.
Plot summary
Part one
Sue Trinder, an orphan raised in "a Fagin-like den of thieves" by her adoptive mother, Mrs Sucksby, is sent to help Richard "Gentleman" Rivers seduce a wealthy heiress. Posing as a maid, Sue is to gain the trust of the lady, Maud Lilly, and eventually persuade her to elope with Gentleman. Once they are married, Gentleman plans to commit Maud to a madhouse and claim her fortune for himself.
Sue travels to Briar, Maud's secluded home in the country, where she lives a sheltered life under the care of her uncle, Christopher Lilly. Like Sue, Maud was orphaned at birth; her mother died in a mental asylum, and she has never known her father. Her uncle uses her as a secretary to assist him as he supposedly compiles a dictionary, and keeps her to the house, working with him in the silence of his library.
Sue and Maud forge an unlikely friendship, which develops into a mutual physical attraction. After a time, Sue realises she has fallen in love with Maud, and begins to regret her involvement in Gentleman's plot. Deeply distressed, but feeling she has no choice, Sue persuades Maud to marry Gentleman, and the trio flee from Briar to a nearby church, where Maud and Gentleman are hastily married in a midnight ceremony.
Making a temporary home in a local cottage, and telling Maud they are simply waiting for their affairs to be brought to order in London, Gentleman and a reluctant Sue make arrangements for Maud to be committed to an asylum for the insane. Her health has already waned as a result of the shock of leaving her quiet life at Briar, to Gentleman's delight. After a week, he and Sue escort an oblivious Maud to the asylum in a closed carriage. However, the doctors apprehend Sue on arrival, and from the cold reactions of Gentleman and the seemingly innocent Maud, Sue guesses that it is she who has been conned.
Part two
In the second part of the novel, Maud takes over the narrative. She describes her early life being raised by the nurses in the mental asylum where her mother died, and the sudden appearance of her uncle, who arrives when she is eleven to take her to Briar to be his secretary.
Her induction into his rigid way of life is brutal; Maud is made to wear gloves constantly to preserve the surfaces of the books she is working on, and is denied food when she tires of labouring with her uncle in his library. Distressed, and missing her previous home, Maud begins to demonstrate sadistic tendencies, biting and kicking her maid, Agnes, and her abusive carer, Mrs Stiles. She harbours a deep resentment toward her mother for abandoning her, and starts holding her mother's locket every night, and whispering to it how much she hates her.
Shockingly, Maud reveals that her uncle's work is not to compile a dictionary, but to assemble a bibliography of literary pornography, for the reference of future generations. In his own words, Christopher Lilly is a 'curator of poisons.' He introduces Maud to the keeping of the books—indexing them and such—when she is barely twelve, and deadens her reactions to the shocking material. As she grows older, Maud reads the material aloud for the appreciation of her uncle's colleagues. On one occasion, when asked by one of them how she can stand to curate such things, Maud answers, "I was bred to the task, as servants are."
She has resigned herself to a life serving her uncle's obscure ambition when Richard Rivers arrives at Briar. He reveals to her a plan to help her escape her exile in Briar, a plan involving the deception of a commonplace girl who will believe she has been sent to Briar to trick Maud out of her inheritance. After initial hesitation, Maud agrees to the plan and receives her new maid, Sue, weeks later, pretending to know nothing about the plot.
Maud falls in love with Sue over time and, like Sue, begins to question whether she will be able to carry out Gentleman's plot. Though overcome with guilt, Maud does, and travels with Gentleman to London after committing Sue to the asylum, claiming to the doctors that Sue was the mad Mrs Maud Rivers who believed she was her own maid.
Instead of taking Maud to a house in Chelsea, as he had promised, Gentleman takes her to Mrs Sucksby in the Borough. It was, it turns out, Gentleman's plan to bring her here all along; and, Mrs Sucksby, who had orchestrated the entire plan, reveals to a stunned Maud that Marianne Lilly had come to Lant Street seventeen years earlier, pregnant and alone. When Marianne discovered her cruel father and brother had found her, she begged Mrs Sucksby to take her newborn child and give her one of her 'farmed' infants to take its place. Sue, it turns out, was Marianne Lilly's true daughter, and Maud one of the many orphaned infants who had been placed on Mrs Sucksby's care after being abandoned. Marianne revises her will on the night of the switch, entitling each of the two girls to half of Marianne Lilly's fortune. By having Sue committed, Mrs Sucksby could intercept one share; by keeping Maud a prisoner, she could take the other half. She had planned the switch of the two girls for seventeen years, and enlisted the help of Gentleman to bring Maud to her in the weeks before Sue's eighteenth birthday, when she would become legally entitled to the money. By setting Sue up as the 'mad Mrs Rivers', Gentleman could, by law, claim her fortune for himself.
Alone and friendless, Maud has no choice but to remain a prisoner at Lant Street. She makes one attempt to escape to the home of one of her uncle's friends, Mr Hawtrey, but he turns her away, appalled at the scandal that she has fallen into, and eager to preserve his own reputation. Maud returns to Lant Street and finally submits to the care of Mrs Sucksby. It is then that Mrs Sucksby reveals to her that Maud was not an orphan that she took into her care, as she and Gentleman had told her, but Mrs Sucksby's own daughter.
Part three
The novel resumes Sue's narrative, picking up where Maud and Gentleman had left her in the mental asylum. Sue is devastated at Maud's betrayal and furious that Gentleman double-crossed her. When she screams to the asylum doctors that she is not Mrs Rivers but her maid Susan, they ignore her, as Gentleman (helped by Maud) has convinced them that this is precisely her delusion, and that she is really Maud Lilly Rivers, his troubled wife.
Sue is treated appallingly by the nurses in the asylum, being subjected to beatings and taunts on a regular basis. Such is her maltreatment and loneliness that, after a time, she begins to fear that she truly has gone mad. She is sustained by the belief that Mrs Sucksby will find and rescue her. Sue dwells on Maud's betrayal, the devastation of which quickly turns to anger.
Sue's chance at freedom comes when Charles, a knife boy from Briar, comes to visit her. He is the son of Mr Way and, it turns out, the nephew of Mrs Cream. Charles, a simple boy, has been pining for the charming attentions of Gentleman to such an extent that Mr Way, the warden of Briar, had begun to beat him severely. Charles runs away, and has been directed to the asylum by Mrs Cream, who has no idea of the nature of the place.
With Charles' recognition of her helping Sue accept her own memories as fact, she quickly enlists his help in her escape, persuading him to purchase a blank key and a file to give to her on his next visit. This he does, and Sue, using the skills learnt growing up in the Borough, escapes from the asylum and travels with Charles to London, with the intention of returning to Mrs Sucksby and her home in Lant Street.
On arrival, an astonished Sue sees Maud at her bedroom window. After days of watching the activity of her old home from a nearby boarding house, Sue sends Charles with a letter explaining all to Mrs Sucksby, still believing that it was Maud and Gentleman alone who deceived her. Charles returns, saying Maud intercepted the letter, and sent Sue a playing card – the Two of Hearts, representing lovers – in reply. Sue takes the token as a joke, and storms into the house to confront Maud, half-mad with rage. She tells everything to Mrs Sucksby, who pretends to have known nothing, and despite Mrs Sucksby's repeated attempts to calm her, swears she will kill Maud for what she has done to her. Gentleman arrives, and though initially shocked at Sue's escape, laughingly begins to tell Sue how Mrs Sucksby played her for a fool. Maud physically tries to stop him, knowing how the truth would devastate Sue; a scuffle between Maud, Gentleman and Mrs Sucksby ensues, and in the confusion, Gentleman is stabbed by the knife Sue had brought with her to kill Maud. He bleeds to death. A hysterical Charles alerts the police. Mrs Sucksby, at last sorry for how she has deceived the two girls, immediately confesses to the murder: "Lord knows, I'm sorry for it now; but I done it. And these girls here are innocent girls, and know nothing at all about it; and have harmed no-one."
Mrs Sucksby is hanged for killing Gentleman; it is revealed that Richard Rivers was not a shamed gentleman at all, but a draper's son named Frederick Bunt, who had had ideas above his station. Maud disappears, though Sue sees her briefly at Mrs Sucksby's trial and gathers from the prison matrons that Maud had been visiting Mrs Sucksby in the days leading up to her death. Sue remains unaware of her true parentage until she finds the will of Marianne Lilly tucked in the folds of Mrs Sucksby's gown. Realising everything, an overwhelmed Sue sets out to find Maud, beginning by returning to Briar. It is there she finds Maud, and the nature of Christopher Lilly's work is finally revealed to Sue. It is further revealed that Maud is now writing erotic fiction to sustain herself financially, publishing her stories in The Pearl, a pornographic magazine run by one of her uncle's friends in London, William Lazenby. The two girls, still very much in love with each other despite everything, make peace and give vent to their feelings at last.
Characters
Susan Trinder - The protagonist of the novel
Maud Lilly - The heiress whom Sue plans to defraud
Richard 'Gentleman' Rivers - Partner in crime to both Sue and Maud
Mrs Sucksby - Adoptive mother of Sue; Maud's real mother
Mr Ibbs - The crooked pawn seller who runs the 'den of thieves' with Mrs Sucksby
Christopher Lilly - Maud's 'uncle', in reality Sue's uncle; brother of Marianne Lilly
Dainty - Sue's best friend in Lant Street; a petty thief and close friend of John Vroom
John Vroom - An ill-tempered boy; also a petty thief
Mrs Stiles - Maud's childhood carer; a bitter woman who never recovered from the loss of her own daughter
Charles Way - A knife boy at Briar, who becomes enamoured with Gentleman
Mr Way - A servant at Briar; father of Charles
Agnes - Maud's long-suffering maid, who is seduced by Gentleman in order to make a post available for Sue
Marianne Lilly - Susan's mother, whom Maud believed to be hers; her father and brother had her committed to an asylum after giving birth, where she died
Mrs Cream - The owner of the cottage in which Gentleman and Maud stayed, on the night of their elopement, along with Sue; Charles' aunt.
Dr Christie - Head doctor at the mental asylum where Sue is kept
Nurse Spiller - One of the asylum's nurses who is particularly cruel to Sue
Nurse Bacon - The ward nurse at the asylum who is more lazy than cruel
Lesbian and feminist themes
The book is notable for its eroticism and depiction of pornography. Reviewers have praised Waters' negotiation of sexual themes; a review from The Guardian describes it as "erotic and unnerving", while the New York Times praises its "illicit undertow".
Literary critics have also focused on the novel's sexual themes, and identified its engagement with debates surrounding feminism and pornography. In Fingersmith, Waters uses her depiction of lesbian love between Maud and Sue to challenge a variety of hetero-patriarchal norms, and respond to different feminist arguments about pornography. Outside of discussions about sexuality, the struggles that Maud and Sue both face as women in Victorian society, and their often exploitative relationships with men are also of interest to feminist critics.
The novel's title is likely intended to reflect the erotic themes of the novel. Fingersmith is an archaic term for a petty thief, but given the content of the novel, it can also be assumed to have intentionally sexual connotations.
Waters is known for writing lesbian fiction, and is a lesbian herself.
Allusions/references to other works
In her Notes on the Text, Waters informs the reader that the book Christopher Lilly and Maud are working on is actually based on bibliographies published by Henry Spencer Ashbee, under the pseudonym Pisanus Fraxi, in the late 1870s. Waters makes it clear, however, that though Lilly's sentiments on bookkeeping echo those of Ashbee, he is in all other aspects entirely fictitious.
Waters also states in the Notes that all of the texts cited by Maud in Fingersmith actually existed, and lists their titles accordingly.
Awards and nominations
Shortlisted for the Orange Prize
Shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize
Winner of the CWA Historical Dagger for Historical Crime Fiction
Adaptations
The novel has been adapted for television, the stage and as a film.
Fingersmith, a BBC TV adaptation, was broadcast in 2005. Its cast included Sally Hawkins as Susan Trinder, Elaine Cassidy as Maud Lilly, Imelda Staunton as Mrs Sucksby, and Rupert Evans as Gentleman.
Alexa Junge wrote a stage adaptation (also titled Fingersmith) that premiered in March 2015 at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon. It starred Erica Sullivan as Maud, Sara Bruner as Sue, Elijah Alexander as Gentleman and Peter Frechette as Chris Lilly. The play had its New England premiere at the American Repertory Theater in December 2016. It was directed by Bill Rauch, and star Tracee Chimo as Sue, Christina Bennett Lind as Maud Lilly, Kristine Nielsen as Mrs Sucksby, and T. Ryder Smith as Christopher Lilly.
The South Korean director Park Chan-wook created a film adaptation titled, The Handmaiden (Korean title Agassi), set in 1930s colonial Korea and starring Ha Jung-woo, Kim Min-hee, Cho Jin-woong and Kim Tae-ri. The film ended production on 31 October 2015, and was released at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success.
References
External links
Fingersmith tickles the palate: Review
BBC Drama page for the tv serial adaptation
Sarah Waters discusses Fingersmith - BBC Radio 4 Bookclub - 7 March 2004
2000s LGBT novels
2002 British novels
British crime novels
British Gothic novels
Novels by Sarah Waters
Lambda Literary Award-winning works
Novels about orphans
Novels set in Victorian England
British novels adapted into films
British LGBT novels
Novels with lesbian themes
British novels adapted into television shows
LGBT-related horror literature
Novels with bisexual themes
Virago Press books
British historical novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence%20length
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Persistence length
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The persistence length is a basic mechanical property quantifying the bending stiffness of a polymer.
The molecule behaves like a flexible elastic rod/beam (beam theory). Informally, for pieces of the polymer that are shorter than the persistence length, the molecule behaves like a rigid rod, while for pieces of the polymer that are much longer than the persistence length, the properties can only be described statistically, like a three-dimensional random walk.
Formally, the persistence length, P, is defined as the length over which correlations in the direction of the tangent are lost. In a more chemical based manner it can also be defined as the average sum of the projections of all bonds j ≥ i on bond i in an infinitely long chain.
Let us define the angle θ between a vector that is tangent to the polymer at position 0 (zero) and a tangent vector at a distance L away from position 0, along the contour of the chain. It can be shown that the expectation value of the cosine of the angle falls off exponentially with distance,
where P is the persistence length and the angled brackets denote the average over all starting positions.
The persistence length is considered to be one half of the Kuhn length, the length of hypothetical segments that the chain can be considered as freely joined. The persistence length equals the average projection of the end-to-end vector on the tangent to the chain contour at a chain end in the limit of infinite chain length.
The persistence length can be also expressed using the bending stiffness , the Young's modulus E and knowing the section of the polymer
chain.
where is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature.
In the case of a rigid and uniform rod, I can be expressed as:
where a is the radius.
For charged polymers the persistence length depends on the surrounding salt concentration due to electrostatic screening. The persistence length of a charged polymer is described by the OSF (Odijk, Skolnick and Fixman) model.
Examples
For example, a piece of uncooked spaghetti has a persistence length on the order of m (taking in consideration a Young modulus of 5 GPa and a radius of 1 mm). Double-helical DNA has a persistence length of about 390 ångströms. Such large persistent length for spaghetti does not mean that it is not flexible. It just means that its stiffness is such that it needs m of length for thermal fluctuations at 300K to bend it.
Another example:
Imagine a long cord that is slightly flexible. At short distance scales, the cord will basically be rigid. If you look at the direction the cord is pointing at two points that are very close together, the cord will likely be pointing in the same direction at those two points (i.e. the angles of the tangent vectors are highly correlated). If you choose two points on this flexible cord (imagine a piece of cooked spaghetti that you've just tossed on your plate) that are very far apart, however, the tangent to the cords at those locations will likely be pointing in different directions (i.e. the angles will be uncorrelated). If you plot out how correlated the tangent angles at two different points are as a function of the distance between the two points, you'll get a plot that starts out at 1 (perfect correlation) at a distance of zero and drops exponentially as distance increases. The persistence length is the characteristic length scale of that exponential decay.
For the case of a single molecule of DNA the persistence length can be measured using optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy.
Tools for measurement of persistence length
Persistence length measurement of single stranded DNA is viable by various tools. Most of them have been done by incorporation of the worm-like chain model. For example, two ends of single stranded DNA were tagged by donor and acceptor dyes to measure average end to end distance which is represented as FRET efficiency. It was converted to persistence length by comparing the FRET efficiency with calculated FRET efficiency based on models such as the worm-like chain model. The recent attempts to obtain persistence length is combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) with HYDRO program. HYDRO program is simply noted as the upgrade of Stokes–Einstein equation. The Stokes–Einstein equation calculates diffusion coefficient (which is inversely proportional to diffusion time) by assuming the molecules as pure sphere. However, the HYDRO program has no limitation regarding to the shape of molecule. For estimation of single stranded DNA persistence length, the diffusion time of number of worm-like chain polymer was generated and its diffusion time is calculated by the HYDRO program which is compared with the experiment diffusion time of FCS. The polymer property was adjusted to find the optimal persistence length.
See also
Polymer
Worm-like chain
Freely jointed chain
Kuhn length
Paul Flory
References
Physical quantities
Polymer physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20contact
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Full contact
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Full contact may refer to:
Full-contact sport
Full contact karate
Full Contact, a 1992 Hong Kong action film directed by Ringo Lam
Full Contact (2015 film), a Dutch-Croatian film starring Grégoire Colin
Full Contact (video game), a 1991 beat 'em up videogame for Amiga by Team17
FullContact, a US-based technology company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri%20Smirnov%20%28composer%29
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Dmitri Smirnov (composer)
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Dmitri Nikolaevich Smirnov (; 2 November 1948 – 9 April 2020) was a Russian-British composer and academic teacher, who also published as Dmitri N. Smirnov and D. Smirnov-Sadovsky. He wrote operas, symphonies, string quartets and other chamber music, and vocal music from song to oratorio. Many of his works were inspired by the art of William Blake.
Career
Smirnov was born in Minsk into a family of opera singers: his parents were Nikolay Senkin-Sadovsky and Eugenia Smirnova. His family moved to Ulan-Ude and then Bishkek, where he spent most of his childhood. He studied at the Moscow Conservatory from 1967 to 1972, composition with Nikolai Sidelnikov, instrumentation with Yuri Kholopov, and analysis with Edison Denisov. He also studied privately with Philip Herschkowitz, a pupil of Anton Webern.
He worked as an editor for the music publishing house Sovietski Kompositor from 1973 to 1980, and then turned to freelance composing. He received first prize for his composition Solo for Harp at a competition of the International Harp Week in Maastricht in 1976, which won him international recognition. In 1979, Smirnov was blacklisted as one of "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West. Smirnov was one of the founders of Russia's new ACM - Association for Contemporary Music, established in Moscow in 1990. From 1991, he lived in England. He was composer in residence at the University of Cambridge's St John's College and at Dartington, and visiting professor at Keele University from 1993 to 1998. From 2003 he taught at Goldsmiths College at the University of London.
Many of Smirnov's works reflect his fascination with the poetry and art of William Blake. He composed a song cycle based on Blake's The Season (1979), which grew into his first symphony, subtitled The Seasons. His two operas Tiriel and Thel on text by William Blake were premiered in 1989, the first at the Freiburg Festival in Germany, and the second at the Almeida Theatre in London. His First Symphony was premiered the same year at the Tanglewood Festival and the Southbank Centre in London. His orchestral Mozart-Variations were staged as a ballet in Pforzheim in Germany in 1992. Other premieres include the oratorio A Song of Liberty in Leeds in 1993, played by the BBC Philharmonic, the Cello Concerto in Manchester in 1996, the cantata Song of Songs in Geneva in 2001, and the Triple Concerto No. 2 for violin, double bass and harp, which was performed at the Barbican Centre on 26 May 2004, combined with Mahler's Second Symphony "Resurrection", with Andrew Davis conducting the London Symphony Orchestra & Chorus.
His work has been performed by many notable conductors, including: Riccardo Muti, Sir Andrew Davis, Dennis Russell Davies, Peter Eötvös, Oliver Knussen, Vassily Sinaisky, Pavel Kogan, Gennady Rozhdestvensky, Gunther Schuller, and Yan Pascal Tortelier. He composed Jacob's Ladder and River of Life for the London Sinfonietta, String Quartets Nos. 3 and 6 for the Brodsky Quartet, Song of Songs on a commission from the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, and Between Scylla and Charybdis for the string orchestras and the English String Orchestra.
Personal life
Smirnov was married to the composer Elena Firsova. They moved to the United Kingdom in 1991, living in St Albans near London from 1998. Their children are Philip Firsov (an artist and sculptor) and Alissa Firsova (a composer, pianist and conductor). He died on 9 April 2020 in Watford from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Works
Smirnov's works were published by Hans Sikorski in Hamburg, Boosey & Hawkes in London, and G. Schirmer in New York City.
Piano Sonata No. 1 (1967), No. 2 (1980), No. 3 (1992), No. 4 String of Destiny (2000), No. 5 (2001), No. 6 Blake-Sonata (2008)
Violin Sonata No. 1 (1969), No. 2 (1979), No. 3 "es ist .." in memory of Oleg Firsov (1998), No. 4 (2005)
Piano Concerto No. 1 (1971), No. 2 (1978)
Eternal Refuge for voice and piano trio (also orchestra version), text by Mikhail Bulgakov (1972)
String Quartet No. 1 (1974), No. 2 (1985), No. 3 (1993), No. 4 (1993), No. 5 (1994), No. 6 (1998), No. 7 (2005), No. 8 Inferno (2007)
Clarinet Concerto (1974)
Pastorale for orchestra (1975)
Mirages for saxophone quartet (1975)
Solo for Harp (1976)
The Sorrow of past Days for voice, flute, percussion, violin and cello, text by Alexander Pushkin (1976)
Triple Concerto No. 1 for saxophone, piano, double bass, strings & percussion (1977)
Piano Trio No. 1 (1977), No. 2 (1992), No. 3 "Tri-o-Tri" (2005)
Cello Sonata (1978)
The Seasons, song cycle for voice, flute, viola and harp, text by William Blake (1979)
Symphony No. 1 The Seasons (1980)
Symphony No. 2 Destiny for four soloists, mixed chorus & orchestra, text by Friedrich Hölderlin (1982)
The Night Rhymes cantata for voice & orchestra, text by Alexander Pushkin (1982)
Tiriel, opera after William Blake (1983–1985)
Thel (or The Lamentations of Thel), chamber opera after William Blake (1986)
Mozart-Variations for orchestra (1987)
The Visions of Coleridge for voice and 10 players, text by S. T. Coleridge (1987)
Songs of Love and Madness for voice, clarinet, celesta, harp & string trio, text by William Blake (1988)
The Seven Angels of William Blake for piano (1988)
Blake’s Pictures (ballet): The Moonlight Story (1988), Jacob's Ladder (1990), Abel (1991), The River of Life (1992)
Eight-line Poems for voice, flute, horn, harp and string trio, text by Osip Mandelstam
Violin Concerto No. 1 (1990), No. 2 (1995). No. 3 (1996)
A Song of Liberty, oratorio for four soloists, mixed chorus and orchestra, text by William Blake (1991)
Piano Quintet for piano, violin, viola, cello & double bass (1992)
Cello concerto (1992)
Ariel Songs for voice, 2 recorders, cello & harpsichord, text by William Shakespeare (1993)
The Guardians of Space for orchestra (1994)
Symphony No. 3 Voyages for orchestra (1995)
The Music of the Spheres for piano (1995)
The Bride in her Grave, opera, libretto by Ruth Fainlight (1995)
Elegy in memory of Edison Denisov, in two versions: (a) for solo cello, (b) for sixteen players (1997)
The Bird of Time for orchestra (1997)
Song of Songs, cantata for soprano, tenor, mixed chorus & orchestra, text by King Solomon (1997)
Between Scylla and Charybdis for string orchestra (1997)
Mass for mixed chorus (1998)
Opus 111 for clarinet, cello & piano (1998)
Twilight for soprano and six players, text by James Joyce (1998–2000)
Portrait in memory of Dmitri Shostakovich, for wind octet & double bass (1999)
Concerto Piccolo (to Mstislav Rostropovich) for cello and orchestra (2001)
Innocence of Experience for tape, text by William Blake (2001)
Metaplasm No. 1 for piano (also for orchestra, 2002), No. 2 for piano (2002)
Triple Concerto No. 2 for violin, harp, double bass and orchestra (2003)
Dream Journey for voice, flute clarinet, vln, cello and piano, text by Matsuo Bashō (2003–2004)
Red Bells in memory of Dmitri Shostakovich, the first movement of Family Concerto for piano and ensemble of seven players, composed jointly with his wife and daughter, Elena Firsova and Alissa Firsova (2005)
Requiem for four soloists, mixed chorus and orchestra (2006)
Amore sola for solo violin (2006)
Proverbs of Hell for voice and piano, text by William Blake (2006)
The Lonely Wanderer for voice and cello, text by Lermontov (2007)
Duo in Green for 2 violins (2008)
Space Odyssey for large orchestra (2008)
From the Pine to the Moon for voice and cello, text by Lermontov (2009)
The Book of Constellations for ensemble (2009–)
The Last Trumpet for trumpet and timpani (2010)
Kubla Khan: A Vision in a Dream for tenor (or soprano), bajan, violin and cello, text by S. T. Coleridge, composed jointly with Firsova and Firsova (2010/2011)
Zodiac for orchestra (2010–2013)
Canisi-Variations for violin and piano (2011)
Papageno-Variations for orchestra (after Beethoven's 12 Variations for cello & piano, Op. 66) (2012)
Visionary Heads (after Visionary Heads, pictures by William Blake) for piano (2013)
Farewell. In Memory of Alexander Ivashkin. For solo cello (2014)
Pro et contra, two pieces for viola and piano (2014)
The Silly Moon, 8 haiku for voice and piano, text and music by Smirnov (2014)
Solo for Viola (2014)
The China Travel, 20 songs for voice and piano on poems by Olga Sedakova, composed with V. Gorodetskaya (2014)
Four Eight-line Poems for voice and piano on poems by Sedakova (2014)
Recordings
Fish Ear FECD621. Peter Sheppard, Violin: Winter Journey / Smirnov: partita
Megadisc MDC 7818. an Introduction to Dmitri Smirnov. Elegy, String of Destiny, Es ist…, Piano Trio 1, Cello sonata, Postlude
Metier MSV CD92028. Peter Sheppard, Violin: Etude Philharmpnique / Smirnov: Two Fugues
Mobile Fidelity MFCD 906. Works by Modern Composers of Moscow / Smirnov: Solo for Harp
Olympia OCD 282. Moscow Contemporary Music Ensemble, Vol.2 / Smirnov: Sonata for fl and harp
Conifer 75605 51252-2 , reissued on RCA/Catalyst 82876 64283-2. Chilingirian Quartet / Smirnov: Second Quartet
Vanguard Classics 99154. Aurelia Saxophone Quartet: Four generations of Russian composers / Smirnov: Fantasia (also on Challenge Classics CC 72039)
Vanguard Classics 99212. Brodsky Quartet: Beethoven Op18 and six more / Smirnov: Quartet 6 (also reissued on Challenge Classics, CC 72009)
NBE CD 021 Nederland Blazers Ensemble: La ligubre gondola & Legende No. 2 / Liszt/Smirnov
Vista Vera VVCD-00232 by Lev Mikhailov and partners / Smirnov: Mirages for saxophone quartet
Visto: 2121 CD – Proyecto Mockba / Smirnov: Serenade op. 34, para obeo, saxofón alto y violonchelo. Tiriel op. 41b, para saxofón barítono y piano
Meridian CDE 84586: Primrose Piano Quartet / Smirnov Piano Quintet;
Vivat: 109: Russian Émigrés – Alissa Firsova, piano / Smirnov: Sonata No. 6 "Blake Sonata", Op. 157 (2008)
Bibliography
A Geometer of Sound Crystals: A Book on Philip Herschkowitz. (Ernst Kuhn, Berlin 2003)
The Anatomy of Theme in Beethoven's Piano Sonatas. (Ernst Kuhn, Berlin 2008)
References
Sources
Yuri Kholopov: Russians in England: Dmitri Smirnov, Elena Firsova. Article, in: Music From the Former USSR. Issue 2. Moscow: Composer, 1996, pp. 255–303 (in Russian); also in «Ex oriente...I» Ten Composers from the former USSR. Viktor Suslin, Dmitry Smirnov, Arvo Pärt, Yury Kasparov, Galina Ustvolskaya, Nikolai Sidelnikov, Elena Firsova Vladimir Martynov, Andrei Eshpai, Boris Chaikovsky. Edited by Valeria Tsenova (studia slavica musicologica, Bd. 25), Verlag Ernst Kuhn – Berlin. pp. 207–266 (in English)
Gerard McBurney: Dmitri Smirnov. Entry in Grove Dictionary of Music
External links
A Complete List of Works (in Russian)
Dmitri N. Smirnov at Recmusic (the texts of the vocal works)
Robert Hugill: Russian Emigres from Alissa Firsova planethugill.com 14 August 2015
1948 births
2020 deaths
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century classical composers
21st-century British composers
21st-century British male musicians
21st-century classical composers
British classical composers
British male classical composers
British opera composers
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in England
Male opera composers
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Russian male classical composers
Russian opera composers
Soviet emigrants to the United Kingdom
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4026258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Clarkson%20discography
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Kelly Clarkson discography
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American pop singer-songwriter Kelly Clarkson has released nine studio albums, seven extended plays, one compilation album, one remix album, and 49 singles (including six as a featured artist). In 2002, she won the inaugural season of the television competition American Idol and was immediately signed to a recording deal with 19 Recordings, S Records, and RCA Records. She made her chart debut in September 2002 with the double A-side single "Before Your Love"/"A Moment Like This", latter of which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart and eventually became the year's best-selling single in the United States. Her debut album, Thankful, was released in April 2003 and entered the US Billboard 200 chart at number one. Thankful produced the hit lead single "Miss Independent" and was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Released in 2004, Clarkson's second studio album Breakaway expanded her audience to international markets and currently remains as her most successful album to date with sales of 12 million copies worldwide. Aided by the commercial successes of its worldwide hit singles "Since U Been Gone", "Behind These Hazel Eyes", "Because of You", "Walk Away", and "Breakaway", Breakaway topped the Irish Albums Chart and the Dutch Album Top 100 chart and became the world's seventh best-selling album of 2005, according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). Clarkson released her third studio album My December in 2007 amidst a highly-publicized dispute with music mogul Clive Davis. Though its commercial performance paled in comparison to its predecessor's, it spawned the hit single "Never Again" and was eventually certified platinum by the RIAA. In 2009, she released her fourth studio album All I Ever Wanted, which became her second number one entry on Billboard 200 chart. Its lead single "My Life Would Suck Without You" currently maintains the record of the biggest jump to number one in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and was followed by the hit singles "I Do Not Hook Up" and "Already Gone".
In 2011, Clarkson released her fifth studio album Stronger, accompanied by the hit singles "Mr. Know It All" and "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)". Stronger was certified platinum by the RIAA, fueled by the success of "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)", which currently stands as her most successful single with number one peak positions on sixteen Billboard charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 2012, Clarkson commemorated her tenth career anniversary with her first greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits – Chapter One. Accompanied by its hit lead single "Catch My Breath", Chapter One was certified gold by the RIAA. Released in 2013, her sixth studio album and first Christmas record Wrapped in Red became that year's best-selling holiday album in the United States. Its lead single "Underneath the Tree" recurrently charts as a popular Christmas hit song every holiday season since its release.
Clarkson completed her recording contract with 19 and RCA with the release of her seventh studio album Piece by Piece in 2015. Certified gold by the RIAA, it became her third number one album on Billboard 200 chart and produced the hit singles "Heartbeat Song" and "Piece by Piece", the latter of which celebrated her milestone 100th number one listing on the Billboard charts. A year later, she signed a long-term recording contract with Atlantic Records. Her first record on the label and her eighth studio album Meaning of Life was released in 2017 and produced the hit single "Love So Soft". This was followed by her second Christmas album, When Christmas Comes Around... in 2021, accompanied by the single "Christmas Isn't Canceled (Just You)". To date, Clarkson has sold over 27 million albums and 54 million singles worldwide. In the United States, she has accumulated over 100 Billboard chart number ones; and has sold over 18.6 million album-equivalent units (including 14.6 million in traditional album sales), 35 million digital tracks, 61 billion in cumulative radio audience, and 2.8 billion on-demand streams.
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As a featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Kelly Clarkson videography
References
Notes
Bibliography
Citations
External links
American Idol discographies
Discographies of American artists
Discography
Pop music discographies
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4026262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Zuber
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Andreas Zuber
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Andreas "Andi" Zuber (born 9 October 1983 in Judenburg, Austria) is a motor racing driver. An Austrian by birth, he is based in Dubai and once raced under a licence issued by the United Arab Emirates.
Career
Formula König
Despite beginning his karting career in 1998, 2000 saw his debut in the Formula König championship with Team Böhm Sport. Zuber finished twelfth in the championship with 39 points.
Formula Renault
The following season, Zuber competed in both the Formula Renault 2.0 Germany and Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 championships for Motopark Academy. He finished sixth in the German series standings. In the Eurocup, he took 54th place in the championship, with a best finish of seventeenth at the A1-Ring.
For 2002, the Austrian driver remained in the German championship with Motopark Academy. He finished second behind Dutch driver Ferdinand Kool in final standings. Also he was a guest driver at the Oschersleben round of the Eurocup.
Formula Three
Zuber moved on to new-for-2003 Formula 3 Euro Series with Team Rosberg. He finished in 24th place in the standings with two points scored for seventh place in the first race at Le Mans.
He continued in the F3 Euroseries in 2004 with Team Rosberg, finishing 21st without scoring a point, with a ninth place at Brno being his best result.
Formula Renault 3.5 Series
Zuber drove for Carlin Motorsport in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series in 2005, finishing sixth in the championship with one win at Estoril and pole position at Valencia apiece.
GP2 Series
He switched to the GP2 Series for 2006 for the new Trident Racing team, where he partnered Gianmaria Bruni. After a slow start to his championship, he took his first race victory in the formula at the penultimate race meeting of the season at the Istanbul Park track, in which he was the only driver to hold off Lewis Hamilton, after the eventual champion spun early in the race but climbed back up to second position. This win complemented Bruni's two triumphs earlier in the year and established Zuber in fourteenth position in the championship.
Zuber moved to iSport International for 2007, where he was paired with Timo Glock. He took a perfect result of pole position, win and fastest lap at the Silverstone feature race, but his overall season was inconsistent and he finished ninth in the championship, compared to Glock's championship-winning campaign. The team-mates also collided with one another when accelerating away from the grid at the start of the Magny-Cours feature race, after starting from the front row.
For 2008, Zuber switched to the Piquet Sports team alongside Pastor Maldonado. Four podium finishes saw him repeat his ninth place in the championship of the previous year, but he failed to achieve a race victory for the first time in the category. He was also outperformed by Maldonado, who finished fifth overall with almost double the number of points. He was not helped by failing to score any points in the final seven races of the season, a run which included disqualification from third place at the Spa-Francorchamps for a technical infringement that both he and the team considered to be particularly unfair. Zuber also drove in the first two rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season for the FMS International team, after which he was replaced by Rodolfo González.
Zuber returned to FMS for the 2009 GP2 Series season, where he was partnered by Luiz Razia. Despite scoring more podium finishes, the year was unstable off-track: first Giancarlo Fisichella's stake in the team was bought back by the Coloni family, its original founder and owner; then the outfit missed the eighth round of the championship after its cars were impounded as a result of court proceedings initiated by driver Andy Soucek, who had briefly been employed by FMS. Zuber eventually wound up in thirteenth place overall.
Superleague Formula
Zuber has also represented Al Ain in the Superleague Formula, a championship in which the cars represent different football teams.
Racing record
Career summary
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key)
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP2 Asia Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Superleague Formula
* Al Ain FC overall standing. There is no drivers' championship in the Superleague Formula.
FIA GT competition results
GT1 World Championship results
FIA GT Series results
References
External links
Official site
Andreas Zuber career statistics at Driver Database
1983 births
Living people
People from Judenburg
GP2 Series drivers
German Formula Renault 2.0 drivers
Formula Renault Eurocup drivers
Austrian racing drivers
Emirati racing drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
GP2 Asia Series drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Formula 3 Euro Series drivers
FIA GT1 World Championship drivers
ADAC GT Masters drivers
Carlin racing drivers
Trident Racing drivers
Sportspeople from Styria
Motopark Academy drivers
Team Rosberg drivers
ISport International drivers
Piquet GP drivers
Scuderia Coloni drivers
Phoenix Racing drivers
Sébastien Loeb Racing drivers
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4026270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FullContact
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FullContact
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FullContact Inc. is a privately held technology company that provides a suite of cloud-based software products for businesses, developers, and brands. Their main focus is Identity Resolution. Their suite of offerings include products like Enrich and Resolve, and nine solutions, including Customer Recognition and Media Amplification.
FullContact is headquartered in Denver, Colorado, U.S., and Kochi (India).
History
FullContact was founded in 2010 by Bart Lorang, Travis Todd, and Dan Lynn and went through the Techstars Boulder accelerator in 2011. Over the history of the company, it has raised approximately $50 million in venture-capital financing. In 2015 Bart Lorang confirmed in an interview that FullContact indexed over 1.5 billion people.
In July 2012, FullContact announced a "Paid Paid Vacation" policy. As part of the policy, employees are awarded US$7,500 annually to use on vacation with the only stipulations being that the employee take a vacation, disconnect from technology, and not work while on vacation.
In 2014, FullContact acquired a Latvian startup company which developed Cobook.
In 2016, FullContact acquired an Indian startup company Profoundis Labs Pvt Ltd.
In 2017, FullContact acquired Mattermark, an aggregator of data about startups and other companies.
In February 2018, FullContact acquired Contacts+, a mobile contact management application.
In August 2020, Bart Lorang appointed Chris Harrison to succeed him as CEO.
The company has been criticized for linking users' mobile advertising IDs with their personal data., but the company disputes that it offers this service.
Recognition
November 2012, FullContact's CEO and co-founder Bart Lorang named Entrepreneur of the Year by the Colorado Technology Association.
June 2013, FullContact's CEO and co-founder Bart Lorang named finalist for Mountain Desert Region Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award.
October 2014, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2014.
November 2015, FullContact named Best Mobile App for Business by the Mobby Awards.
November 2015, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2015.
July 2016, FullContact named a two-time finalist to the SaaS Awards for Best Enterprise-Level SaaS Product and Best Data-Driven SaaS Product.
November 2016, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2016.
February 2017, FullContact named to Entrepreneur's Top Company Cultures 2017.
November 2017, FullContact named to Outside's Best Places to Work 2017.
August 2018, FullContact named number 1100 on the Inc. 5000 fastest-growing private companies in America.
August 2019, FullContact's India office is certified as Great Place to Work® by the GPTW Institute.
October 2020, Jaison Abey Sabu, FullContact India's then Director of Customer Support, wins the "Great People Manager" from Great Manager Institute.
February 2021, FullContact divests of Contacts+.
References
External links
Companies based in Denver
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4026273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Bergstr%C3%B6m
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Christian Bergström
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Per Christian Bergström (born 19 July 1967) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1985. He did not win any titles (neither singles nor doubles) during his career, but reached three singles quarter-finals in Grand Slam tournaments: Wimbledon (1990, 1994) and Australian Open (1993). The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 27 January 1992, when he became World No. 32.
Career
1984–1985: Junior career
Bergström was the Swedish junior champion in 1984 and European junior champion in 1985. He reached the semi-finals of the 1985 U.S. Open Juniors, losing to Joey Blake. At the Junior French Open, he lost in the 3rd round to Thomas Muster. Bergström was ranked No. 2 in the ITF Junior world rankings and turned professional at the end of 1985.
Junior Slam results – Singles
French Open: 3R (1985)
US Open: SF (1985)
Junior Slam results – Doubles
French Open: QF (1985)
US Open: 2R (1985)
1986–1987
Bergström started the year ranked 410 in the world on the ATP rankings and mostly competed on the ATP Challenger Series. He reached the quarter-finals at the Parioli Challenger, the semi-finals at the Bergen Challenger and his best result was winning the Tampere Challenger. He also qualified for two Grand Slam events, the French Open and the US Open, losing in the first round of both.
In 1987 Bergström reached the quarter-finals at the Dortmund Challenger and won the Porto Challenger. On the Grand Prix Tour he reached the quarter-finals at the Lorraine Open in Nancy and also in Madrid. Bergström participated in three Grand Slam events, beating countrymen in the first round of each. At the French Open he beat Johan Carlsson in the first round, at Wimbledon, Peter Lundgren and at the US Open, Mikael Pernfors had to retire in the first round. Bergström lost in the second round at all three events and ended the year ranked number 69 in the world on the ATP rankings.
1988–1989
Bergström did not compete in any Challenger tournaments during the 1988 season. On the Grand Prix Tour he reached two quarter-finals, at Metz and Geneva and two semi-finals at Båstad and Toulouse. He had his first victory over a top ten player when he beat the world number 10, Henri Leconte at the Toulouse tournament.
The 1989 season was less successful as Bergström reaches three quarter-finals, at Milan, Båstad and Toulouse. In November he reached the semi-finals at the Copenhagen Challenger and finished the year ranked number 106 in the world.
1990–1991
During April 1990, Bergström reached the quarter-finals in Munich as a qualifier, losing to the eventual winner Karel Nováček. He also qualified for the French Open, losing in 5 sets in the 3rd round to the 11th-seeded Michael Chang. At Wimbledon he upset the tournament 11th seed and word number 21, Guy Forget in the fourth round and lost in the quarter-finals to Stefan Edberg. During October he reached the quarter-finals in Toulouse and in November the semi-finals at the London-indoor. As a result of his Wimbledon success, Bergström qualified as one of sixteen players for the Grand Slam Cup, where he lost in the first round to Ivan Lendl.
Bergström kicked off 1991 with a fair amount of success by reaching the semi-finals in Wellington and the quarter-finals in Auckland. He also reached the quarter-finals at Rotterdam, Copenhagen, Basel and Toulouse, where he upset world number 5, Michael Stich in the first round. Bergström also made two semi-finals, in Munich where he beat Thomas Muster and in Båstad. His best result in a Grand Slam, was once again at Wimbledon, where he beat Brad Gilbert on his route to the round of 16.
Bergström broke into the top 50 in the world for the first time on 22 April 1991 at number 48 on the ATP ranking and during October advanced to number 40 on the ATP rankings. He made his debut for the Swedish Davis Cup team in the World Group Qualifying Round against the Philippines in Manila. He won both his singles matches and teaming up with Rikard Bergh, won the doubles.
1992–1993
Bergström made his first ATP Tour final at the first tournament of the year in Adelaide losing to Goran Ivanišević in three sets. The following week he reached the quarter-finals in Sydney beating the world number 9, Petr Korda in the second round. He finished his 1992 Australian journey by beating world number 7, Guy Forget on route to the last 16 at the Australian Open. After the Australian Open he reached his highest individual ranking of 32, on the ATP ranking. Later in the year, he also reached the quarter-finals in Båstad and Toulouse.
Partnering fellow Swede, Magnus Gustafsson he reached his first and only doubles final on the ATP Tour at Båstad. He made his second Davis Cup appearance for Sweden in the World Group quarter-finals against Australia, when he replaced Gustafsson for the reverse singles and then defeated Richard Fromberg. Bergström ended 1992 ranked number 58 in the world.
Bergström begun 1993 by making the final in Adelaide for the second year running, losing to fellow Swede Nicklas Kulti. At the Australian Open he became the first player to defeat Ivan Lendl in the first round of the Australian Open, and by so doing breaking Lendl's record run of 40 consecutive first round victories in Grand Slam appearances. After defeating the eighth seeded Lendl in die first round, he also defeated the world number eleven and tournament tenth seed, Wayne Ferreira before losing to Stefan Edberg in the quarter-finals. Bergström also made the quarter-finals in Beijing and the semi-finals in Båstad and Toulouse and ended the year ranked number 52 in the world.
1994–1996
1994 started less successful for Bergström and he only reaches two quarter-finals prior to the French Open, where he lost in the second round of the qualifying event. His first quarter-final was at the South African Open in Sun City, where he defeated his compatriot and the world number 10, Magnus Gustafsson. His second quarter-final appearance was at the AT&T Challenge in Atlanta. Bergström's best result of the year was at Wimbledon where he reached the quarter-finals for the second time in his career, with victories over Diego Nargiso, Greg Rusedski, Jordi Burillo and Bryan Shelton, before losing to Boris Becker.
Bergström started 1995 with a ranking of 112, but struggled to gain any momentum on the 1995 ATP Tour. He finished the year with only two match victories on the Tour and with an ATP ranking of number 259 in world. His best result was on the Challenger Tour, where he had to qualify for the main draw at the Tampere Open, and then made the final before losing to Galo Blanco.
In 1996 Bergström participated on ITF Satellite circuit and during April won the Germany 1 Circuit. He made his last appearance at an ATP Tour event at his hometown tournament, the Swedish Open in Båstad where he made the main draw as a lucky loser and then lost in the first round to Richard Fromberg.
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (0–2)
Doubles: 1 (0–1)
Challenger titles
Singles: (2)
See also
List of Sweden Davis Cup team representatives
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
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4026278
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfR%20Mannheim
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VfR Mannheim
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VfR Mannheim is a German association football club based in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg formed in 1911 out of the fusion of Mannheimer FG 1896, Mannheimer FG 1897 Union, and FC Viktoria 1897 Mannheim. The club captured the national title in 1949 with a victory over Borussia Dortmund. They have played through most of its recent history as an unheralded local amateur side and were, until 2015, part of the Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (V).
History
Predecessor sides FG Mannheim, Mannheimer FG Union and Viktoria Mannheim were each founding members of the German Football Association in 1900. These various Mannheim teams were members of the VSFV (Verband Süddeutscher Fussball Vereine or Federation of South German Football Clubs) and after their merger in 1911 played as VfR through the 1910s and 1920s in the Westkreis-Liga. The club emerged as the league champions of the Kreisliga Odenwald in 1922 and the Bezirksliga Rhein in 1925. They took part in the national playoffs after their Bezirksliga title and subsequent regional Süddeutschland win, but went out in an eighth final to TuRu Düsseldorf. The club finished in mid-table throughout the late 1920s and early 1930s in the Bezirksliga Rhein-Saar.
Success through the 1930s and 1940s
After the 1933 re-organization of German football under the Third Reich into sixteen top flight regional leagues, Mannheim began play in the Gauliga Baden. The club performed well in the years leading up to World War II and the throughout the conflict, taking division titles in 1935, 1938, 1939, 1943 and 1944. However they could not translate this success in league play into success in the national playoffs with their best result being an advance to the 1943 quarterfinals where they were put out 2–3 by eventual vice-champions FV Saarbrücken.
Mannheim repeated as division champions in 1944. Wartime conditions made playing football increasingly difficult in the country, so much so that the national playoffs were initially abandoned and VfR declared champions by the sport's governing authority. However, this decision was revoked after protests from other clubs and the playoff competition reinstated. Mannheim advanced only as far as the eighth final before being eliminated by 1. FC Nürnberg.
Postwar national championship
After the war VfR Mannheim played in the first division Oberliga Süd where they earned unremarkable results until a surprising breakthrough in 1949 that saw the team transform a distant second-place finish in their division into a national championship. After thrashing Hamburger SV 5–0 in the opening round, they upset Kickers Offenbach, who had finished eleven points ahead of them in their Oberliga division that season, by a score of 2–1. VfR then earned a come from behind 3–2 overtime victory over Borussia Dortmund in front of 90,000 fans in the final. Between 1903 and 1944 German national champions were awarded the Viktoria trophy. The 1944 final between Dresdner SC and Luftwaffen-SV Hamburg was the last Viktoria match ever played as the trophy disappeared at war's end. The missing prize was replaced by the Meisterschale in 1949 and was first awarded to Mannheim despite 1. FC Nürnberg being Germany's first postwar champions in 1948. Today the Meisterschale recognizes the country's Bundesliga champions and is inscribed with the names of each national championship team since 1903. The Viktoria has since been recovered and is held by the German Football Association.
The next year they again met Dortmund in the playoffs, this time in the opening round, and once again eliminated them. However, they would themselves be put out in the next round by Preußen Dellbrück and begin a slide into anonymity.
Descent from the top flight
Mannheim played in the second tier Regionalliga Süd formed in 1963 at the same time as Germany's new professional league, the Bundesliga. After ten years near or at the bottom of the league table they fell to tier III football, the Amateurliga Nordbaden. Despite ongoing financial problems they rebuffed offers of a merger from SV Waldhof Mannheim in 1998 and again in 2003. They were denied a license that year and driven to the Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V). However, the side performed well enough to win their division the next season and promotion to Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV), where they play today. With a sixteenth place in 2007–08, they narrowly avoided relegation, being on equal points with the seventeenth team.
After suffering relegation in 2009, the club took two seasons to recover before returning to the Oberliga in 2011. In its first season back the club finished second in the league behind SSV Ulm 1846. In the 2014–15 season the club came second-last in the league and was relegated to the Verbandsliga.
Honours
The club's honours:
League
German football championship
Champions: 1949
Southern German championship
Champions: 1925
Regional
Westkreis-Liga (I)
Champions: 1910, 1911, 1913, 1914
Kreisliga Odenwald (I)
Champions: 1922
Runners-up: 1920, 1921
Bezirksliga Rhein (I)
Champions: 1925, 1926
Runners-up: 1924, 1927
Gauliga Baden (I)
Champions: 1935, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944
Runners-up: 1934, 1937, 1940
Amateurliga Nordbaden (III)
Champions: 1973, 1976
Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V)
Champions: 2004
Runners-up: 2011
Southern German Cup
Winners: 1959
North Baden Cup (Tiers III-VII)
Winners: 1972, 1997, 2001
Runners-up: 2004
Other sports
The club has won the German championship in baseball in 1965, 1966 and 1970.
Recent managers
Recent managers of the club:
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.
References
External links
Official website
Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables
VfR Mannheim at Weltfussball.de
Football clubs in Germany
Football clubs in Baden-Württemberg
Association football clubs established in 1911
1896 establishments in Germany
Sport in Mannheim
2. Bundesliga clubs
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4026312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terregles
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Terregles
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Terregles () is a village and civil parish near Dumfries, in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. It lies in the former county of Kirkcudbrightshire.
The name Terregles, recorded as Travereglis in 1359, is from Cumbric *trev-ïr-eglẹ:s. *Trev refers to a settlement and *eglẹ:s is a borrowing of Latin ecclesia, 'church building'. (Modern Welsh Tref yr Eglwys/ Tref Eglwys). James argues that the name dates to no earlier than the 10th century.
The parish contains the ruins of Lincluden Collegiate Church and the site of Terregles House, once the seat of William Maxwell, last Earl of Nithsdale.
Confert Lord Herries of Terregles.
To travel to Terregles from Dumfries the main artery out of the town is Terregles Street. Terregles Street is home to Queen of the South F.C.'s football ground, Palmerston Park. Terregles Street become Terregles Road at the Summerhill area on the edge of Dumfries. As the name suggests Terregles Road is the road to the village of Terregles, around a further 2 miles away.
List of listed buildings
List of listed buildings in Terregles, Dumfries and Galloway
References
Villages in Dumfries and Galloway
Parishes in Dumfries and Galloway
Kirkcudbrightshire
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4026324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKP%20class%20Ok1
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PKP class Ok1
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Ok1 is the Polish designation of a Prussian steam locomotive, the Prussian P 8, used on Polish State Railways. Production of the P 8 lasted from 1908 until 1928 and this locomotive was used on practically all European railway lines.
After the end of World War I, 192 Class P 8 engines were handed over as a reparation to Poland, including two machines for Free City of Danzig, where they were re-designated as Class Ok1 locomotives (numbers: Ok1-1 to Ok1-190 and Ok1-1Dz and 2Dz for Danzig machines). Since the class was considered successful, further 65 locomotives were built in Germany at Polish order in 1922-1923 (designated Ok1-201 to 265).
During World War II all the locomotives were captured by the Germans or Soviets and most were pressed into the German Railways. After the war, along with new war reparations, Poland received 429 locomotives P 8 (numbers Ok1-1 to 429), what made it by far the most numerous passenger locomotive in the country. They were used until the late 1970s - last locomotive was withdrawn from line service in 1981. A few engines were preserved, including Ok1-359 (see the photograph), which is stabled at the Wolsztyn museum.
See also
PKP classification system
References
External links
Railway locomotives introduced in 1908
4-6-0 locomotives
Ok01
Berliner locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
pl:Ok1
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4026334
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20A.%20Allen%20%28American%20football%29
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Charles A. Allen (American football)
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Charles A. Allen was an American football coach. He served as the head football coach at Alma College in Alma, Michigan for one season, in 1900, compiling a record at Alma was 7–2–1.
Head coaching record
References
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Alma Scots football coaches
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4026352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl%20Fordyce
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Daryl Fordyce
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Daryl Thomas Fordyce (born 2 January 1987) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Canadian club Valour FC.
Club career
Early career
Fordyce played for St Andrews and Lisburn Youth in Northern Ireland, winning major trophies with both teams when he was younger. He later joined Portsmouth. Working his way up through the club's youth ranks, Fordyce spent the second half of the 2005–06 season on loan at AFC Bournemouth before going back to Portsmouth.
Glentoran
In July 2007, he signed for Glentoran in Northern Ireland. At the beginning of the Irish League 2010/11 season he scored five goals against Lisburn Distillery in the first game of the season in a 6-1 win. Fordyce agreed a deal with Linfield just after the end of 2010/11 season, although he was in contract re-negotiations with Glentoran.
Linfield
In 2012, Fordyce won the league title with Linfield after defeating Portadown 2–1 on 7 April. The team also won the Irish Cup for a record 42nd time, defeating Crusaders 4–1 in the final. Though Fordyce did not score in the final, he did score in Linfield's 5-1 defeat over Carrick Rangers.
FC Edmonton
On 18 January 2013, it was announced that Fordyce, along with his teammate Albert Watson, would not return to Linfield in the following season, instead seeking new playing opportunities in Canada. On 25 February 2013, it was reported that both would join FC Edmonton. After four seasons in Edmonton, Fordyce left the club as its all-time leading scorer, a title which he still holds to this day.
FC Cincinnati
The United Soccer League club FC Cincinnati announced that it had signed Fordyce on 16 January 2017. After little playing time with FC Cincinnati, Fordyce was released by the club in June 2017.
Return to Edmonton
Shortly after, Fordyce re-signed with FC Edmonton. After the 2017 season, with the future of FC Edmonton and the NASL in doubt, Fordyce was released from FC Edmonton.
Sligo Rovers
On 8 February 2019, Fordyce signed a one-year contract with the League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers. That season, he made 29 league appearances, scoring two goals, while making two appearances in the FAI Cup and one in the League of Ireland Cup.
Valour FC
On 10 January 2020, Fordyce signed with the Canadian Premier League side Valour FC. He made his debut for Valour in their season opener on August 16 against Cavalry FC. He scored his first goal for Valour against his former club FC Edmonton on August 29, helping his team to a 2–1 victory.
International career
Fordyce has represented Northern Ireland at Under-19 level, scoring both goals in the 2–1 European U19 Championship victory over Moldova in October 2005. He also scored four goals for Northern Ireland U-19 against Serbia & Montenegro.
He has made five appearances for the Northern Ireland national under-21 football team, scoring against Germany in November 2006.
Career statistics
References
External links
BBC profile
NIFG profile
1987 births
Living people
Association football forwards
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Association footballers from Belfast
Expatriate association footballers from Northern Ireland
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
Expatriate sportspeople from Northern Ireland in Canada
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Expatriate sportspeople from Northern Ireland in the United States
Expatriate association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Portsmouth F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Glentoran F.C. players
Linfield F.C. players
FC Edmonton players
FC Cincinnati (2016–18) players
Sligo Rovers F.C. players
Valour FC players
English Football League players
North American Soccer League players
USL Championship players
League of Ireland players
Canadian Premier League players
Northern Ireland under-21 international footballers
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4026359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Garner%20%28tennis%29
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Chris Garner (tennis)
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Chris Garner (born April 7, 1969) is an American former tennis player.
Born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, Garner was the number one junior tennis player in multiple age categories, winning the U.S. National 16 and under Championship in 1984. Garner played one year of college tennis where he was an All-American at the University of Georgia before turning professional in 1988. Although he did not win any titles (singles and/or doubles) during his professional career, he scored wins over world #1 players Andre Agassi, Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Pat Rafter. Garner, a right-hander, reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on August 26, 1991, when he became the world No. 120.
While on tour, Garner resided in Bay Shore, New York.
Garner currently is the head coach of the U.S. Naval Academy men's tennis team. Previously, he was head coach at Amherst College.
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
People from Bellefonte, Pennsylvania
American male tennis players
Georgia Bulldogs tennis players
People from Bay Shore, New York
Tennis people from New York (state)
Tennis people from Pennsylvania
Navy Midshipmen men's tennis coaches
American tennis coaches
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4026383
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena%20Firsova
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Elena Firsova
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Elena Olegovna Firsova (; also Yelena or Jelena Firssowa; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian composer.
Life
Firsova was born in Leningrad into the family of physicists Oleg Firsov and Viktoria Lichko. She studied music in Moscow with Alexander Pirumov, Yuri Kholopov, Edison Denisov and Philip Herschkowitz. In 1979 she was blacklisted as one of the "Khrennikov's Seven" at the Sixth Congress of the Union of Soviet Composers for unapproved participation in some festivals of Soviet music in the West. She was married to the composer Dmitri Smirnov and lives in the United Kingdom. Their children are Philip Firsov (an artist and sculptor), and Alissa Firsova (a composer, pianist and conductor).
She has composed more than a hundred compositions in many different genres including chamber opera The Nightingale and the Rose after Oscar Wilde and Christina Rossetti (premiered at the 1994 Almeida Opera Festival, London), an orchestra work Augury, (premiered at the 1992 BBC Proms) that includes a choral setting of William Blake's famous lines "To see the world in a grain of sand..." and Requiem to Anna Akhmatova's poem for soprano, chorus and orchestra (premiered at the Konzerthaus Berlin in September 2003).
Her favourite genre is a chamber cantata for solo voice and ensemble (or orchestra). Some of them are written to the poems by Alexander Pushkin, Marina Tsvetaeva, Boris Pasternak and Oleg Prokofiev. However, most of them are setting the poems by her favourite poet Osip Mandelstam that include Earthly Life, Tristia, The Stone, Forest Walks, Before the Thunderstorm, Stygian Song, Secret Way, Seashell, Whirlpool, Silentium, Winter Songs, and Petrarch's Sonnets (in Russian translation by Osip Mandelstam).
She received commissions from many music festivals, orchestras and ensembles including the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Brodsky Quartet, Manchester Wind Orchestra, Schubert Ensemble, Freden Festival, BBC Proms, Asiago Festival, and Expo 2000 (Hanover). Her music is available through publishers Boosey & Hawkes, London; Hans Sikorski, Hamburg; G. Schirmer, New York.
Works
Concerto
Cello Concerto No. 1 (1973)
Chamber Concerto No. 1 for flute and strings (1978)
Chamber Concerto No. 2 (Cello Concerto No. 2, 1982)
Violin Concerto No. 2 (1983)
Chamber Concerto No. 3 (Piano Concerto No. 1, 1985)
Chamber Concerto No. 4 for horn and ensemble (1987)
Chamber Concerto No. 5 (Cello Concerto No. 3, 1996)
Chamber Concerto No. 6 (Piano Concerto No. 2, 1996)
Ensembles
Odyssey for 7 players (1990)
Petrarch's Sonnets (translated by Osip Mandelstam) for voice and ensemble (1976)
Music for 12 for ensemble (1986)
Insomnia, for four singers (Pushkin, 1993)
The Night for voice and saxophone quartet (Boris Pasternak, 1978)
Stygian Song for soprano and chamber ensemble (Mandelstam, 1989)
Before the Thunderstorm, cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1994)
Black Bells for piano and ensemble (2005)
Piano Trio, Op. 8 (1972) 9'. Trio, cl, vn, pfn, 1990, 9'. Boosey & Hawkes.
Quartet
Amoroso, String Quartet No. 4 (1989)
Misterioso, String Quartet No. 3 (1980)
Compassione, String Quartet No. 7 (1995)
The Stone Guest, String Quartet No. 8 (1995)
Purgatorio, String Quartet No. 11, completed in 2008
Silentium for voice and string quartet (Mandelstam, 1991)
The Door is Closed, String Quartet No. 9 (1996)
La malinconia, String Quartet No. 10 (1998)
Lagrimoso, String Quartet No. 5 (1992)
String Quartet No. 6 (1994)
Farewell, String Quartet No. 12 (2005)
Cantata
The Stone, cantata for voice and symphony orchestra (Mandelstam, 1983)
Earthly Life, chamber cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1984)
Forest walks, cantata for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1987)
Orchestral
Augury for chorus and orchestra (William Blake 1988)
Nostalgia for orchestra (1989)
Tristia, cantata for voice and chamber orchestra (Mandelstam, 1979)
The River of Time for chorus and chamber orchestra in memory of Edison Denisov (Gavrila Derzhavin, 1997)
Captivity for wind orchestra (1998)
Leaving for string orchestra (1998)
Cassandra, for orchestra (1992)
Secret Way for voice and orchestra (Mandelstam, 1992)
Das erste ist vergangen (Christushymnus 2000) (The Former Things are Passed Away) for soprano, bass, mixed choir, and chamber orchestra (Franz Kafka, Bible, etc., 1999)
Requiem for soprano, chorus and orchestra (Anna Akhmatova, 2001)
The Garden of Dreams, Homage to Dmitri Shostakovich for orchestra (2004)
Opera
A Feast in Time of Plague, chamber opera after Alexander Pushkin (1973)
The Nightingale and the Rose, chamber opera after Oscar Wilde and Christina Rossetti (1991)
Vocal
Three Poems of Osip Mandelstam, for voice and piano (1980)
Shakespeare's Sonnets for voice and organ (or saxophone quartet, 1981)
Seashell for soprano and ensemble (Mandelstam, 1991)
Whirlpool for voice, flute and percussion (Mandelstam, 1991)
Distance for voice, clarinet and string quartet (Marina Tsvetaeva, 1992)
No, it is not a Migraine for baritone and piano (Mandelstam, 1995)
The Scent of Absence for bass, flute and harp (Oleg Prokofiev, 1998)
Winter Songs for soprano and cello (Mandelstam, 2003)
Solo
Suite for viola solo, Op. 2 (1967)
For Slava for solo cello (2007)
Discography
Misterioso, String Quartet No.3 Op.24 in: Lydian Quartet in Moscow: E. Firsova, Chaushian, Child, Lee Art and Electronics: AED 10108 Stereo
Amoroso, String Quartet No.4 Op.40 in: Chilingirian Quartet: Stravinsky, Schnittke, Smirnov, Roslavets, E. Firsova: Music for String Quartet, Conifer Classics 75605 512522
La Malinconia, String Quartet No.10 Op.84 in: Brodsky Quartet: Beethoven Op.18 and six more: Alvarez, Beamish, E. Firsova, Jegede, Smirnov, Tanaka, Vanguard Classics 99212
Chamber Concerto No.1 for Flute and Strings Op.19 in: Works by modern composers of Moscow: Smirnov, Bobilev, E. Firsova, Pavlenko, Artiomov, Mobile Fidelity MFCD 906
Cassandra for symphony orchestra Op.60 (1992) together with Sofia Gubaidulina: Pro et contra BIS CD-668 STEREO
The Mandelstam Cantatas (Forest Walks, Earthly Life, Before the Thunderstorm) Studio for New Music Moscow, Igor Dronov, conductor; Ekaterina Kichigina, soprano Megadisc MDC 7816
For Alissa Op. 102 (2002) in: RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉS: Rachmaninov, Smirnov, E. Firsova, A. Firsova: Alissa Firsova, piano: Vivat 109 DDD
Homage to Canisy, Op.129 for Cello & Piano
Lost Vision, Op. 137 for Piano Solo
A Triple Portrait, Op.132, commissioned by Marsyas Trio (2011)
Night Songs, Op.125 for Mezzo-Soprano, Flute & Cello
Spring Sonata, Op.27 for Flute & Piano
For Slava, Op.120 for Solo Cello
Meditation in the Japanese Garden, Op.54 for Flute, Cello & Piano
Three Poems of Osip Mandelstam, Op.23 for Soprano & Piano
Tender is the Sorrow, Op.130 for Flute, String Trio and Piano in: A Triple Portrait. Chamber Music by Elena Firsova – Marsyas Trio, Meridian: CDE84635
Bibliography
Elena Firsova: On Music; in Sovjetische Music in Licht der Perestroika, pp. 337–8, Laaber-Verlag, Germany, (German translation by Hannelore Gerlach and Jürgen Köchel) 1990
References
Sources
Yuri Kholopov: Russians in England: Dmitri Smirnov, Elena Firsova. Article, in: Music From the Former USSR. Issue 2. Moscow: Composer, 1996, pp. 255–303; Ex oriente...: Ten Composers from the Former USSR. Berlin: Verlag Ernst Kuhn, 2002, pp. 207–266
Firsova, Yelena Olegovna by Stephen Johnson, in the New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)
External links
A Complete List of Works
Brief biography at Boosey & Hawkes site
Composer's home page
Texts of her vocal works at "Recmusic"
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Russian women classical composers
Russian classical composers
British women classical composers
Soviet emigrants to the United Kingdom
British opera composers
1950 births
Living people
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
20th-century British composers
21st-century British composers
Women opera composers
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
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4026384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olonkinbyen
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Olonkinbyen
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Olonkinbyen (literally The Olonkin Town) is the only settlement on the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen (aside from isolated cottage huts such as Puppebu). It was named after Russian-Norwegian explorer Gennady Olonkin.
The only inhabitants on the island are the 18 personnel, 14 working for the Norwegian Armed Forces and 4 for the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Olonkinbyen houses the staff that operate the meteorological observation station, Loran-C station, Jan Mayensfield air field and other infrastructure. The meteorological observation service staff are responsible for the radiosonde releases and synoptic weather observations. The crew of the meteorological station is engaged for six months at a time.
Supplies are delivered eight times a year by aircraft. Fuel and heavy goods are transported by boat during the summer. The settlement generates its own electrical power via three generators.
In January 2021, two employees of the Armed Forces died in an avalanche.
Climate
Olonkinbyen has a tundra climate (Köppen classified as ET), the warmest month is August and the coldest month is March.
References
External links
INA Station at Olonkinbyen
View of Olonkinbyen
Aerial view of Olonkinbyen
Geography of Jan Mayen
Populated places of Arctic Norway
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4026390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20and%20Roberta%20Smith
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Bob and Roberta Smith
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Patrick Brill (born 1963), better known by his pseudonym Bob and Roberta Smith, is a British contemporary artist, writer, author, musician, art education advocate, and keynote speaker. He is known for his "slogan" art, is an associate professor at the School of Art, Architecture and Design at London Metropolitan University and has been curator of public art projects, like Art U Need. He was curator for the 2006 Peace Camp and created the 2013 Art Party to promote contemporary art and advocacy. His works have been exhibited and are in collections in Europe and the United States. Brill co-founded The Ken Ardley Playboys and hosts the Make Your Own Damn Music radio show.
His father is the landscape painter Frederick Brill who was head of the Chelsea School of Art from 1965 to 1979. His wife is the contemporary artist and lecturer, Jessica Voorsanger.
Life and work
Patrick Brill is the son of Frederick Brill (1920–1984), who was the Chelsea Art School head and his wife, the artist Deirdre Borlase. He has a sister who is a psychiatric nurse, Roberta. He graduated from the University of Reading and received a scholarship during that time to The British School at Rome. He then obtained his Master of Arts at Goldsmiths College, London.
Brill is married to fellow artist and Goldsmiths College alumna, Jessica Voorsanger.
Brill was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to the arts.
Career
Art
Brill is commonly known as Bob and Roberta Smith in his artistic career. The pseudonym has been retained from the short lived period when he worked with his sister Roberta.
Smith paints slogans in a brightly coloured lettering style on banners and discarded boards of wood and exhibits them in galleries of contemporary art across the world. The slogans are usually humorous musing on art, politics, popular culture, Britain and the world in general and they often support his activist campaigns, such as his 2002 amnesty on bad art at Pierogi Gallery, New York.
Noted for sign painting, Smith also makes sculpture using cement, as in his 2005 Cement Soup Kitchen at Beaconsfield Gallery, London. A sculpture he proposed was shortlisted for the fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square, London.
In March 2005 he was commissioned to act as curator on a series of five public art projects in the Thames Gateway housing estates of Essex. The projects were collectively named Art U Need and were documented in a diary-format book by Smith in 2007. Writing of a "glittering Notting Hill Gate" event to introduce the project, Lynn Barber said of Smith: "It was a startlingly unsuitable subject for such a glossy audience, but he held them spellbound. I see him as a sort of Ian Dury of the art world, someone who keeps on trucking, doing his own thing, making absolutely no concessions to fashion or marketability, but generally giving pleasure to everyone who comes across him."
A feature documentary about the work of Bob and Roberta Smith, Make Your Own Damn Art: the world of Bob and Roberta Smith, directed by John Rogers, premiered at the East End Film Festival in 2012.
In 2013, he was on the UK Museum of the Year selection panel. He is on the Tate board as an artist member.
In October 2021, Brill contributed to WWF's campaign, Art For Your World.
Speaker, writer and advocate
He has spoken as an advocate for art education and the arts and has been a keynote speaker at symposia and conferences. A recent example of his gift for merging art and politics was illustrated in the 2006 exhibition, "Peace Camp." Smith took part in and curated the show held at The Brick Lane Gallery that explored artists perceptions on Peace. Gavin Turk, Wolfgang Tillmans, and more than 100 other artists were featured. He created a project, the Art Party, in 2013 to make contemporary art more accessible, demonstrate its ability to influence meaningful conversation and political thought. It was launched at the Pierogi Gallery in New York and at the Hales Gallery. An Arts Council sponsored a two-day conference at Crescent Arts in North Yorkshire that year. It brought more than 2000 people who attended discussions of art education in schools and lectures, listened to music and attended performances.
Brill writes for The Guardian.
Educator
Brill is an associate professor at the School of Art, Architecture and Design at London Metropolitan University, teaching bachelor and graduate students. He is also a course leader for the Master of Fine Arts program, researcher and co-lead with Oriana Fox of the Public Acts studio and tutors in fine art.
Musician
Brill performs music, often with a group he co-founded, The Ken Ardley Playboys, who had their first 45 released by Billy Childish on his label Hangman Records. Brill hosts The Bob & Roberta Smith Radio Show called Make Your Own Damn Music on Resonance FM.
2015 election
Brill stood in the Surrey Heath constituency in the 2015 general election, under the pseudonym Bob and Roberta Smith. He won the fewest votes in the constituency, receiving 273 votes (0.5%) and losing his deposit. The seat was won by incumbent MP Michael Gove.
Exhibitions
2002 – Bunch of Cowards, Collective Gallery, Edinburgh
2002 – It's not easy being a famous Artist, Galerie Praz Delavallade, Paris
2002 – The Art Amnesty, Deptford X, London
2002 – The New York Art Amnesty, Pierogi 2000, New York
2002 – Useless men and Stupid Women, Anthony Wilkinson Gallery, London
2003 – The Mobile Reality Creator, Compton Verney
2004 – Help Build The Ruins of Democracy, The Baltic
2005/06 – Make Your Own Damn Art, Stanley Picker Gallery, Kingston, UK
2005/06 – Should I Stay Or Should I Go? (Dilemmas For Margate), Margate High Street, Turner Contemporary
2005/06 – The Beautiful Poetry of Bob and Roberta Smith, Hales Gallery, London
2007 – Peace Camp, The Brick Lane Gallery, London
2008 – Fourth Plinth, The National Gallery, London
2008 – Tate Christmas Tree, Tate Britain, London
2009 – Altermodern, Tate Triennial exhibition, Tate Britain, London
2014/15 – Art Amnesty, MoMA PS1, Long Island City, NY
2017 – Folkestone Is An Art School, Folkestone Triennial, Kent
2018 – La Panacée-MoCo, Montpellier
Collections
Arts Council Collection, London
British Council, London
Goss Michael Foundation, Dallas, Texas
Sammlung Fiede, Aschaffenburg, Germany
Southampton City Museum & Art Gallery, Southampton, England
Tate Collection, London
The New Art Gallery Walsall, Walsall, UK
Published works
Author
Co-author
References
External links
The Official Bob and Roberta Smith Website
Gerhard Bissell, Brill, Patrick, in: Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (Artists of the World), Suppl. IV, Saur, Munich 2010, from p. 3 (in German).
Interview with Myartspace
Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
Bob and Roberta Smith for WWF Art For Your World
1963 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Reading
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
Artists from Reading, Berkshire
English contemporary artists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Pseudonymous artists
Royal Academicians
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4026398
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-tower%20church
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Round-tower church
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Round-tower churches are a type of church found mainly in England, mostly in East Anglia; of about 185 surviving examples in the country, 124 are in Norfolk, 38 in Suffolk, six in Essex, three in Sussex and two each in Cambridgeshire and Berkshire. There is evidence of about 20 round-tower churches in Germany, of similar design and construction to those in East Anglia. Countries with at least one round-tower church include Andorra, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Poland and South Africa.
There is no consensus between experts for why the distribution of round-tower churches in England is concentrated in the East of England:
Round-tower churches are found in areas lacking normal building stone, and are therefore built of knapped flint. Corners are difficult to construct in flint, hence the thick, round walls of the towers.
The churches are found in areas subject to raids from, for example, the Vikings, and were built as defensive structures, churches being added later. In fact, however, the towers are generally too short to have been of much use defensively, and the towers were often added to existing churches, having flat walls where they joined the main structure.
In 937 King Athelstan (924–939), the first King of all England, decrees that a bell tower be built on the land of every thane; an existing trend of building bell towers on to existing churches was thus accelerated.
Many other (less likely) explanations are offered in communities containing the churches, including appeals to ancient stone circles and the remains of wells.
Round-tower churches should not be confused with similarly shaped structures such as the Irish round towers found in Ireland and Scotland, or with round churches, which have a circular plan and are often found in Denmark or Sweden.
List of round tower churches in England
Berkshire
Great Shefford, St Mary
Welford, St Gregory
Cambridgeshire
Bartlow, St Mary
Snailwell, St Peter
Essex
Norfolk
Suffolk
Sussex
Lewes, St Michael
Piddinghoe, St John
Southease, St Peter
List of round tower churches in Sweden
Scania
Blentarp
Bollerup
Dagstorp (demolished in 19th century)
Hammarlöv
Hammarlunda
Önnarp (demolished in 19th century)
Sources
Round Tower Churches Society
Focus on Round Tower – by John Worrall
W. J. Goode, Round Tower Churches of South East England (Round Tower Churches Society)
Lyn Stilgoe and Dorothy Shreeve, The Round Tower Churches of Norfolk, Canterbury Press, Norwich;
External links
The Roundtowerchurches in Europe
Interactive map and gazetteer of the round tower churches in England by The Temple Trail
Church architecture
Anglo-Saxon architecture
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4026400
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20railway%20station
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Warren railway station
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Warren railway station was located near New Brighton, Wirral, England. The station was built on the New Brighton branch of the Seacombe, Hoylake and Deeside Railway, between Wallasey Grove Road and New Brighton stations, opening on 30 March 1888. The branch became part of the Wirral Railway on 1 July 1891.
Remotely situated, the station only ever served a small part of the community (and the local golf course). This, combined with an infrequent service, and the later introduction of a tram service on Warren Drive, meant the station was little used, and it was closed on 1 October 1915. The station had one siding nearby, on the seaward side, which was possibly used for the transportation of sand. The foundations of the up platform are extant, and were revealed during engineering work in 2006. The line past the station site remains in use as part of the Wirral Line, now operated by Merseyrail.
References
Sources
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Former Wirral Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1888
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1915
New Brighton, Merseyside
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4026410
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mirror%20%281913%20film%29
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The Mirror (1913 film)
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The Mirror is a 1913 short silent film directed by Anthony O'Sullivan.
Cast
Henry B. Walthall – The Station Agent
Claire McDowell – Daisy
Lionel Barrymore – Daisy's Father
Harry Carey – First Tramp
Charles West – Second Tramp
John T. Dillon – Third Tramp
See also
Harry Carey filmography
Lionel Barrymore Filmography
External links
1913 films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Anthony O'Sullivan
Films with screenplays by Frank E. Woods
1910s American films
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4026435
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mirror%20%281967%20film%29
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The Mirror (1967 film)
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The Mirror () is a 1967 horror film directed by Doe Ching.
It Was Lin Dai's Last Film
Plot
Property company chairman Hu Zian was attracted to his secretary Sun Yuxia's beauty and competence. One day after dinner when Hu was escorting Sun home, he received from a child on the street a box containing a mirror and two silver coins engraved with dragons. He was so frightened that he was absent from the office the following day.
Sun went to visit him at home and Hu asked her to stay. Sun refused and left. In another occasion Hu asked Sun to follow him to inspection outside, during which there was a heavy downpour which soaked them both. They were forced to stay in a hotel, where Hu tried to force his intentions on Sun. Sun resisted with vigour and threatened to resign from office.
Enraged at Sun's stubbornness, Hu urged his driver to spread the rumour in the office that Sun had stayed with him in a hotel. As Sun was annoyed and embarrassed, Hu proposed to her. Sun laid down a list of conditions and demanded his acceptance before marriage. Hu agreed.
On the first night of their wedding Hu found that Sun had divided their bedroom into two partitions with an unlocked sliding door. Hu and Sun lived in one of these, and Sun's partition was decorated with mirrors. This frightened Hu so much that he remembered an early episode of his life:
More than two decades ago, when the Second Sino-Japanese War was still going on, Hu worked in an inn under the name Hu Amao. One day he picked up two silver coins engraved with dragons and took them in possession, without knowing that they actually belonged to a traitor. One day a friend of the inn owner Tao Ajiu came and stayed in the inn. The inner owner and Hu collaborated to put him in trouble so that they could grab his valuables.
As the police were tracking down the traitor, they found the two silver coins under Tao's pillow. Tao could not prove his innocence but plunged to his death. Hu was so horrified that he could never forget Tao's dead face as reflected in a mirror. At midnight Hu escaped with the inn owner, who wanted to kill Hu but was instead injured badly. Seeing that Hu was so panicked, Sun asked him to tell her what happened, but Hu did not utter a word.
On the second night Hu made his way to Sun's partition, where he heard a terrible voice calling his old name. Hu was so scared that he fell and fainted.
When Hu recovered consciousness he was suspicious of Sun. He made an excuse to send her out and investigated into the matter. Finally he found that it was all Sun's plot and locked her up in the basement. Knowing that she could conceal no more, Sun admitted that she had approached Hu in revenge for her father, Tao. Furious at her plot, Hu wanted to kill her but Uncle Fan, the inn owner, appeared and fought with him. Eventually both men die, leaving Sun lost in her thoughts in front of the mirror.
Cast
Lin Dai as Sun Yuxia
Kwan Shan as Hu Zian
External links
1967 films
Hong Kong horror films
Shaw Brothers Studio films
1960s Mandarin-language films
1967 horror films
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4026450
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20People%27s%20Assembly
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National People's Assembly
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National People's Assembly may refer to:
National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau, the unicameral legislative body of Guinea-Bissau
National People's Assembly of Thailand, an citizens' assembly in Thailand concerned with electing members of the Constitution Drafting Assembly
People's National Assembly, the lower house of the Algerian parliament
See also
National Assembly, a legislature or house of a bicameral legislature in some countries
People's Assembly (disambiguation)
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4026451
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Daufresne
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Xavier Daufresne
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Xavier Daufresne (born 24 December 1968 in Lasne) is a former tennis player from Belgium.
Daufresne turned professional in 1988. He did not win any Grand Prix tennis or ATP Tour titles (in either singles or doubles) during his career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 21 March 1994, when he was ranked World No. 109.
External links
1968 births
Living people
Belgian male tennis players
People from Lasne
Sportspeople from Walloon Brabant
20th-century Belgian people
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4026453
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming%20unit
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Colony-forming unit
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In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU, cfu or Cfu) is a unit which estimates the number of microbial cells (bacteria, fungi, viruses etc.) in a sample that are viable, able to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions. Counting with colony-forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts only viable cells, in contrast with microscopic examination which counts all cells, living or dead. The visual appearance of a colony in a cell culture requires significant growth, and when counting colonies, it is uncertain if the colony arose from one cell or a group of cells. Expressing results as colony-forming units reflects this uncertainty.
Theory
The purpose of plate counting is to estimate the number of cells present based on their ability to give rise to colonies under specific conditions of nutrient medium, temperature and time. Theoretically, one viable cell can give rise to a colony through replication. However, solitary cells are the exception in nature, and most likely the progenitor of the colony was a mass of cells deposited together. In addition, many bacteria grow in chains (e.g. Streptococcus) or clumps (e.g., Staphylococcus). Estimation of microbial numbers by CFU will, in most cases, undercount the number of living cells present in a sample for these reasons. This is because the counting of CFU assumes that every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell.
The plate count is linear for E. coli over the range of 30 to 300 CFU on a standard sized Petri dish. Therefore, to ensure that a sample will yield CFU in this range requires dilution of the sample and plating of several dilutions. Typically, ten-fold dilutions are used, and the dilution series is plated in replicates of 2 or 3 over the chosen range of dilutions. Often 100µl are plated but also larger amounts up to 1ml are used. Higher plating volumes increase drying times but often don't result in higher accuracy, since additional dilution steps may be needed. The CFU/plate is read from a plate in the linear range, and then the CFU/g (or CFU/mL) of the original is deduced mathematically, factoring in the amount plated and its dilution factor (e.g. CLSI VET01S).
An advantage to this method is that different microbial species may give rise to colonies that are clearly different from each other, both microscopically and macroscopically. The colony morphology can be of great use in the identification of the microorganism present.
A prior understanding of the microscopic anatomy of the organism can give a better understanding of how the observed CFU/mL relates to the number of viable cells per milliliter. Alternatively it is possible to decrease the average number of cells per CFU in some cases by vortexing the sample before conducting the dilution. However many microorganisms are delicate and would suffer a decrease in the proportion of cells that are viable when placed in a vortex.
Log notation
Concentrations of colony-forming units can be expressed using logarithmic notation, where the value shown is the base 10 logarithm of the concentration. This allows the log reduction of a decontamination process to be computed as a simple subtraction.
Uses
Colony-forming units are used to quantify results in many microbiological plating and counting methods, including:
The Pour Plate method wherein the sample is suspended in a Petri dish using molten agar cooled to approximately 40–45 °C (just above the point of solidification to minimize heat-induced cell death). After the nutrient agar solidifies the plate is incubated.
The Spread Plate method wherein the sample (in a small volume) is spread across the surface of a nutrient agar plate and allowed to dry before incubation for counting.
The Membrane Filter method wherein the sample is filtered through a membrane filter, then the filter placed on the surface of a nutrient agar plate (bacteria side up). During incubation nutrients leach up through the filter to support the growing cells. As the surface area of most filters is less than that of a standard Petri dish, the linear range of the plate count will be less.
The Miles and Misra Methods or drop-plate method wherein a very small aliquot (usually about 10 microliters) of sample from each dilution in series is dropped onto a Petri dish. The drop dish must be read while the colonies are very small to prevent the loss of CFU as they grow together.
However, with the techniques that require the use of an agar plate, no fluid solution can be used because the purity of the specimen cannot be unidentified and it is not possible to count the cells one by one in the liquid.
Tools for counting colonies
Counting colonies is traditionally performed manually using a pen and a click-counter. This is generally a straightforward task, but can become very laborious and time-consuming when many plates have to be enumerated. Alternatively semi-automatic (software) and automatic (hardware + software) solutions can be used.
Software for counting CFUs
Colonies can be enumerated from pictures of plates using software tools. The experimenters would generally take a picture of each plate they need to count and then analyse all the pictures (this can be done with a simple digital camera or even a webcam). Since it takes less than 10 seconds to take a single picture, as opposed to several minutes to count CFU manually, this approach generally saves a lot of time. In addition, it is more objective and allows extraction of other variables such as the size and colour of the colonies.
OpenCFU is a free and open-source program designed to optimise user friendliness, speed and robustness. It offers a wide range of filters and control as well as a modern user interface. OpenCFU is written in C++ and uses OpenCV for image analysis.
NICE is a program written in MATLAB that provides an easy way to count colonies from images.
ImageJ and CellProfiler: Some ImageJ macros and plugins and some CellProfiler pipelines can be used to count colonies. This often requires the user to change the code in order to achieve an efficient work-flow, but can prove useful and flexible. One main issue is the absence of specific GUI which can make the interaction with the processing algorithms tedious.
In addition to software based on traditional desktop computers, apps for both Android and iOS devices are available for semi-automated and automated colony counting. The integrated camera is used to take pictures of the agar plate and either an internal or an external algorithm is used to process the picture data and to estimate the number of colonies.
Automated systems
Many of the automated systems are used to counteract human error as many of the research techniques done by humans counting individual cells have a high chance of error involved. Due to the fact that researchers regularly manually count the cells with the assistance of a transmitted light, this error prone technique can have a significant effect on the calculated concentration in the main liquid medium when the cells are in low numbers.
Completely automated systems are also available from some biotechnology manufacturers. They are generally expensive and not as flexible as standalone software since the hardware and software are designed to work together for a specific set-up.
Alternatively, some automatic systems use the spiral plating paradigm.
Some of the automated systems such as the systems from MATLAB allow the cells to be counted without having to stain them. This lets the colonies to be reused for other experiments without the risk of killing the microorganisms with stains. However, a disadvantage to these automated systems is that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between the microorganisms with dust or scratches on blood agar plates because both the dust and scratches can create a highly diverse combination of shapes and appearances.
Alternative units
Instead of colony-forming units, the parameters Most Probable Number (MPN) and Modified Fishman Units (MFU) can be used. The Most Probable Number method counts viable cells and is useful when enumerating low concentrations of cells or enumerating microbes in products where particulates make plate counting impractical. Modified Fishman Units take into account bacteria which are viable, but non-culturable.
See also
Cell counting
Growth medium
Miles and Misra method
Most probable number
Replica plating
Viral plaque
References
Further reading
Microbiology terms
Biostatistics
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4026463
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa%20Bergman
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Teresa Bergman
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Teresa Anne Bergman (born 1986) is a New Zealand-born singer-songwriter-guitarist based in Berlin since 2009. She finished fifth on New Zealand Idol in 2005. Bergman has released two studio albums, Bird of a Feather (2014) and Apart (2019).
Biography
Teresa Anne Bergman was born in Lower Hutt and grew up in neighbouring Wellington with two siblings. While a student at Chilton Saint James School she was taught by her father, Les, and was recorded on a CD, Take Note (1997), which included fellow students performing. She was a busker on the streets of Wellington and sang in a barbershop quartet from the age of 14. In 2004 she was the dux in her final year of secondary school at Sacred Heart College, where her mother, Judith, was a mathematics teacher. Also in that year she finished in the top 20 for the Play It Strange secondary schools songwriting competition with her track, "There You Go", which was recorded for the related CD.
From July to September 2005 Bergman was a contestant on the second season of New Zealand Idol. She originally missed out on a place in the Final 10 but was brought back for the Wildcard Special and received the last position into the finals and was eliminated after reaching the top 5. She graduated from Victoria University of Wellington with a Bachelor of Arts in anthropology and German language in 2007.
In 2008 she travelled to Breslau, Poland to study social sciences, then moved to Leipzig, Germany and has been based in Berlin, initially as a busker, from 2009. In October 2011 she issued a self-titled six-trsck extended play via local label, Musszo Records. Zitty (a Berlin magazine) journalist Joe Metzroff rated her as the best busker in the city in 2012. He described, "her crystal clear voice" as she presented "her songs [which] are self-written, full of soul, without being tearful."
Bergman released her debut studio album, Bird of a Feather, in November 2014 via Musszo Records. She returned to Wellington in December to promote the album. In the following month she travelled to Melbourne to busk and perform shows, and then went back to Berlin. Sirens of Stages writer described how she "has created an eclectic stylistic fusion of acoustic-folk, funk and jazz... From soaring heights to soul dripping depths, the dynamism of [her] music and live performances is infectious."
Her second album, Apart, was issued in September 2019 via Jazzhaus Records. It was co-produced with Sebastian Adam; while her backing band both in the studio and on tour were Pier Ciaccio on drums, Tobias Kabiersch on bass guitar and Matt Paull on keyboards. Herbert of We Got Music observed, "[it] is extremely complex and very groovy, a pop-soul album at its best. After just a few bars, the listener realizes: A fantastic singer and composer is at work here - with good songwriting, a good dose of soul, lots of energy and her own personality and charisma." During October and November she toured Germany in support of its release.
New Zealand Idol performances (2005)
Discography
Studio albums
Bird of a Feather (14 November 2014) – Musszo Records
Apart (27 September 2019) – Jazzhaus Records
Extended plays
Teresa Bergman (1 October 2011) – Musszo Records
Singles
"Tui Sings Blue" (March 2017) – KTF Records/Musszo Records
References
External links
"NZ Idol" Bio retrieved from the original on 27 December 2005, accessed 4 January 2021
1986 births
21st-century New Zealand women singers
Living people
New Zealand women singer-songwriters
New Zealand expatriates in Germany
People educated at Sacred Heart College, Lower Hutt
People from Wellington City
Victoria University of Wellington alumni
People educated at Chilton Saint James School
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4026465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health
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Franciscan Health
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Franciscan Health is the name under which the Franciscan Alliance, Inc., a Catholic healthcare system, operates. It operates eleven hospitals serving Indiana and one hospital in Illinois and employs over 18,000 full- and part-time employees. Franciscan Alliance is under the sponsorship of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration, Inc.
History
Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel founded the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration in 1863 in Olpe, Germany. Drawn to the ideals of Francis of Assissi, Mother Theresia cared for poor and neglected children and for persons in need of healthcare. In 1875, she sent sisters to Indiana where the mission grew to include hospitals, schools, orphanages and homes for the aged. St. Elizabeth Hospital, now Franciscan Health Lafayette Central in Lafayette, was the first facility founded by the sisters in America. In 1931 the sisters divided into eastern and western provinces, the eastern centered at Mishawaka, Indiana.
In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc. All related healthcare activities were consolidated into this corporation with a separate board and management staff. In 1986, the corporate offices were moved to their current location on the provincialate grounds in Mishawaka.
In November 2010, Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc., changed its name to Franciscan Alliance, Inc. In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance renamed its healthcare facilities using “Franciscan Health” and location, rather than the names of saints.
Franciscan Alliance Inc. v. Burwell
The group joined with eight states in filing a lawsuit against the federal government to vacate portions of Section 1557 of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which provided protections from discrimination on the basis of gender identity or reproductive choices. They alleged the rule compelled them "to provide gender transition services and abortion services against their religious beliefs and medical judgment".
Facilities
Healthcare facilities
Franciscan Health Carmel — Carmel, Indiana (founded 2012)
Franciscan Health Crawfordsville — Crawfordsville, Indiana (founded 1902)
Franciscan Health Crown Point — Crown Point, Indiana (founded 1974)
Franciscan Health Dyer — Dyer, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Hammond — Hammond, Indiana (founded 1898)
Franciscan Health Indianapolis — Indianapolis, Indiana (founded 1995)
Franciscan Health Lafayette East — Lafayette, Indiana (founded 2010)
Franciscan Health Michigan City — Michigan City, Indiana (founded 1903)
Franciscan Health Mooresville — Mooresville, Indiana (founded 1881)
Franciscan Health Munster — Munster, Indiana (founded 1994)
Franciscan Health Olympia Fields — Olympia Fields, Illinois (founded 1978)
Franciscan Health Rensselaer — Rensselaer, Indiana (founded 1917)
Support facilities
Franciscan Health Information Services — Beech Grove, Indiana
Tonn & Blank Construction — Michigan City, Indiana
Corporate office
The corporate office for Franciscan Health is located at 1515 West Dragoon Trail in Mishawaka, Indiana.
References
External links
Franciscan Health website
Health care companies based in Indiana
Health care companies established in 1974
American companies established in 1974
1974 establishments in Indiana
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4026480
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Wainwright
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Harry Wainwright
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Harry Smith Wainwright (16 November 1864 – 19 September 1925) was an English railway engineer, and was the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway from 1899 to 1913. He is best known for a series of simple but competent locomotives produced under his direction at the company's Ashford railway works in the early years of the twentieth century. Many of these survived in service until the end of steam traction in Britain in 1968, and are regarded as some of the most elegant designs of the period.
Biography
Wainwright was born at Worcester on 16 November 1864, the third son of William Wainwright.
In 1896, he was appointed Carriage & Wagon Superintendent of the South Eastern Railway (SER), in succession to his father.
On 1 January 1899, the SER entered into a working union with the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR); their respective Locomotive Superintendents, James Stirling and William Kirtley, both retired, and the newly formed South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR) decided to combine the locomotive, carriage and wagon departments of the two railways, and appoint Wainwright as the Locomotive, Carriage and Wagon Superintendent. Robert Surtees, the former LCDR Chief Draughtsman, became Chief Draughtsman of the SECR.
Wainwright retired on 30 November 1913.
Wainwright died on 19 September 1925.
Locomotives
The first locomotives to be placed in service by the SECR under Wainwright's supervision were not of his design. Until new standard designs could be prepared, which would be acceptable on both the SER and LCDR sections of the SECR, it was necessary to fulfil immediate locomotive requirements in other ways. Existing locomotive orders were allowed to stand; further orders were placed for existing designs (in some cases design modifications were made); and locomotives built to the designs of an entirely different company were purchased from a manufacturer's unsold stock.
Five 4-4-0 express passenger engines of Kirtley's M3 class, which had been introduced on the LCDR in 1891, were built at Longhedge between May 1899 and May 1901. Two of these were the balance of an outstanding LCDR order; the remainder formed part of an order for ten placed by the SECR, of which seven were later cancelled.
Five 4-4-0 express passenger engines of Stirling's B class, which had been introduced on the SER in 1898, were built at Ashford in June and July 1899.
Five 0-6-0 goods engines of Stirling's O class, which had been introduced on the SER in 1878, were built at Ashford in August and September 1899.
The locomotive manufacturer Neilson, Reid and Company had built ten 4-4-0 express passenger engines in late 1899 to the design of William Pickersgill for the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR) where they formed Class V. After the GNoSR decided that only five were required, Neilson's were left with the remainder on their hands, and were asked by the GNoSR to sell them for the best possible price. They were offered to the SECR, which agreed to take the five engines which the GNoSR did not need, subject to certain modifications being made. They were delivered to the SECR in January and February 1900, where they formed the G class.
Fifteen 0-4-4T suburban passenger engines, the R1 class (based on Kirtley's R class of 1891) were built by Sharp, Stewart & Co in November and December 1900.
The first designs which credited Wainwright as designer began to appear in 1900. In almost all cases, the actual design work was supervised by Surtees, with Wainwright specifying broad requirements and also deciding the finish and livery.
The C class of 0-6-0 goods engines comprised 109 locomotives built between 1900 and 1908, of which 15 each were built by the contractors Neilson, Reid and Sharp, Stewart; the remainder were built by the SECR, 60 at Ashford and 9 at Longhedge.
The D class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 51 locomotives built between 1901 and 1907, of which 30 were built by four different contractors, and 21 were built by the SECR at Ashford.
The H class of 0-4-4T suburban passenger engines comprised 64 locomotives built at Ashford between 1904 and 1909, with a final two completed in 1915 after Wainwright's retirement.
Eight steam railcars were bought from Kitson & Co. in 1905-6 for use on local passenger services.
The E class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 26 locomotives built at Ashford between 1905 and 1909.
The P class of 0-6-0T local passenger engines comprised eight locomotives built at Ashford in 1909-10.
The J class of 0-6-4T passenger engines comprised five locomotives built at Ashford in 1913.
The L class of 4-4-0 express passenger engines comprised 22 locomotives built by contractors in 1914. Although the specification was drawn up by Wainwright, and the design work supervised by Surtees, the order was not placed until after Wainwright's retirement; his successor, Richard Maunsell, specified some design changes. 12 came from Beyer, Peacock & Co., whilst the other ten were built in Berlin by A. Borsig; these were delivered before the outbreak of war on 3 August 1914, but were not paid for until May 1920.
Patents
GB190322276, published 28 April 1904, Improved draught producing and spark arresting apparatus for locomotive engines
GB190718258 (with Walter Reuben Preston), published 6 August 1908, Improvements in means for securing doors or flaps of railway trucks, horse boxes or the like
Notes
References
Simmons, Jack and Biddle, Gordon (Eds) (1997) The Oxford companion to British railway history : from 1602 to the 1990s, Oxford University Press,
1864 births
1925 deaths
Engineers from Worcester, England
Locomotive builders and designers
English railway mechanical engineers
South Eastern and Chatham Railway people
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4026495
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskresenie
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Voskresenie
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The Voskresenie (Resurrection or Sunday) was a left-leaning, quasi-Masonic sect, which existed in Petrograd between 1918 and 1928. The group, which consisted of philosophers, professionals, and members of the Religious Philosophical Society, sought to support the Bolsheviks' economic policy but oppose their atheistic culture, and in so doing to 'renew humanity and the construction of communism' (as seen in Brandist 2002, p. 28).
First gathering
In December 1917, several employees of the Imperial Public Library gathered at the flat of philosopher Georgy Fedotov to discuss the recent October Revolution and the manner with which the intelligentsia should respond to the social revolution. Continuing in traditions of the masonic Religious-Philosophic Society, which had been run by their mentors - Dmitry Merezhkovsky and his wife Zinaida Gippius - the group critically accepted the revolution, but urged that people be free to express their spiritual beliefs.
Leadership and themes
By March 1918, the circle included at least 18 formally recognised members. The leaders were Fedorov and Alexander Meyer, who argued for the union (smychka) of Christianity and social revolution (ibid.). The majority of participants of the circle were skeptical about the official position of the Russian Orthodox Church, believing that free development of Christian ideas within the Church was impossible. Meetings were held in the apartments of the Free Philosophical Association, though after they were closed in 1923, the meetings were held in the flats of K.A. Polovtsova (7 Maly Avenue of Petrogradskaya Side) and P.F. Smotritsky (18 Geslerovsky Lane); in 1917-28, no fewer than 150 people attended these meetings.
The main discussion themes included revolution and power, religion, and society. The painter Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin occasionally visited the circle's meetings, as did philologists M.M Bakhtin and Lev Pumpyansky, although Bakhtin and Pumpyansky appeared not to have any formal connection to the group (Hirschkop 1999: p. 168). In 1918, members of the circle issued a periodical, Free Voices, although it proved to be short lived, it was published only twice, having been discontinued after opposition from Merezhkovsky.
The name Voskresenie
By the end of 1919, the group officially assumed the name of Voskresenie, which is the Russian word both for "Sunday" and for "Resurrection". The name reflected their hopes to see the social revolution resurrect spiritual freedoms. By this time eleven people formed the core of Voskresenie, and they organized the fraternity "Christ and Freedom", which secretly convened on Tuesdays and discussed the possibility of facilitating the merger of social revolution and Christianity. The fraternity was disbanded in 1923, on account of disagreements between its members.
Disbanded
After Fedorov emigrated two years later, the society came to be dominated by Meyer, who used his charismatic aura and rhetorical skill to turn the circle into a sort of religious sect or masonic lodge. On 8 December 1928, when the society was about to mark its 10th anniversary, Meyer, Bakhtin, and (about 100) other individuals associated with Voskresenie were apprehended by the OGPU (Hirschkop 1999: p. 168). The subsequent trial resulted in the Voskresenie leaders being sentenced up to ten years in labour camps. Bakhtin was found guilty for his association with the circle and on 1929-07-22 he was sentenced to five years in Siberia. Approximately 70 people were sentenced by Decree of the Collegium of the Joint State Political Administration Board on 22 July 1929.
References
Craig Brandist (2002) The Bakhtin Circle: Philosophy, Culture and Politics, London, Pluto Press
Ken Hirschkop (1999) Mikhail Bakhtin: An Aesthetic for Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press
Анциферов Н. П. Из дум о былом: Воспоминания. М., 1992; Антонов В. В. Воскресенье Мейера и воскресники Назарова: Духов. поиски петрогр. интеллигенции 1920-х гг. // Невский архив: Ист.-краевед. сб. СПб., 1999. [Вып.] 4. С. 288-324. T. V. Morgacheva, I. A. Flige.
External links
A chapter on Voskresenie from Viktor Brachev's book Masons in Russia
Dmitry Likhachev's memoirs on Meyer
Biography of Meyer
Biography of Pumpiansky
Russian Revolution
Soviet culture
Russian philosophers
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4026496
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20J%C3%B6nsson%20%28tennis%29
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Lars Jönsson (tennis)
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Lars Jönsson (born 27 June 1970) is a former tennis player from Sweden, who turned professional in 1988. He did not win any ATP title (singles and/or doubles) during his career, best result was a singles final in Wellington. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 7 October 1991, when he became ranked 67th in the world.
Career finals
Singles (1 loss)
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Swedish male tennis players
Sportspeople from Gothenburg
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4026499
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Cake
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Jonathan Cake
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Jonathan James Cake (born 31 August 1967) is an English actor who has worked on various TV programmes and films. His notable screen roles include Jack Favell in Rebecca (1997), Oswald Mosley in Mosley (1997), Japheth in the NBC television film Noah's Ark (1999), Tyrannus in the ABC miniseries Empire (2005) and Det. Chuck Vance on the ABC drama series Desperate Housewives (2011–2012).
Early life
Cake was born in Worthing, Sussex. His father was a glassware importer and his mother a school administrator. He is the youngest of three sons.
When he was four years old, he was invited on stage during a traditional British pantomime for children. This exposure ignited his interest in the performing arts. By the age of eight, Jonathan had taken drama classes and took part in plays. As a teenager, he toured Britain with London's National Youth Theatre.
After leaving school, Cake studied English at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. He became a rugby player in college and graduated in 1989. He attended a two-year training programme at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, then trained with the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Career
In 1992, Jonathan Cake appeared in William Shakespeare's play As You Like It, a Royal Shakespeare Company production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon. He also performed the play at the Barbican Theatre in London in 1993. Also that year, he appeared in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Marlowe's Tamburlaine the Great. He then appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company in Wallenstein, The Odyssey and Beggar's Opera.
In 1995, Cake acted in the Shared Experience Theatre Company production of George Eliot's novel The Mill on the Floss at London's Lyric Theatre. Cake branched out to the screen when he landed a guest spot in the British TV comedy series Press Gang in 1993. He made his first television film appearance alongside Jasper Carrott and Ann Bryson in BBC's Carrott U Like in 1994 and broke into the film business the following year with a small role in the American film First Knight.
After appearing in episodes of Frank Stubbs Promotes and Goodnight Sweetheart, Cake was cast as Gareth in the BBC series Degrees of Error (1995), opposite Beth Goddard, Julian Glover and Phyllida Law. He then played Ewan in two episodes of the series Grange Hill (1996), Nat in two episodes of Cold Lazarus (1996), and Hattersley in the TV miniseries adaptation of Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1996). He was also cast in the TV films Nightlife (1996, with Katrin Cartlidge and Jane Horrocks), The Girl (1996) and the 1996 pilot episode of Wings (a planned remake of the American show of the same title, with Una Stubbs). Also in 1996, Cake was in True Blue, a British sports film based on the book True Blue: The Oxford Boat Race Mutiny by Daniel Topolski and Patrick Robinson, and in an episode of The Thin Blue Line.
Cake next worked in Cows (1997), played Jack Favell in the 1997 Anglo-German miniseries Rebecca, based on the 1938 novel of the same name by Daphne du Maurier, and portrayed Peter Templer in a TV miniseries adaptation of Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time (1997), which starred James Purefoy, Simon Russell Beale and Paul Rhys. He also guest starred in Jonathan Creek (1997). The next year, he starred in Mosley, which was based on the life of British fascist Oswald Mosley. He also portrayed Regan Montana in the TV film Diamond Girl and co-starred with Adrian Dunbar and Susan Vidler in the TV series The Jump (both 1998). The actor closed the decade portraying Japheth in the NBC TV film Noah's Ark (1999). He also worked with Maria Aitken and Leslie Grantham in the British TV film The Bench (1999).
In 2000, Cake played Andrew Pryce-Stevens in Honest. He revisited the stage with work in Baby Doll (2000), an adaptation of the film of the same name by Tennessee Williams, and was handed the Barclays Best Actor Award for his performance. The play performed first at the Royal National Theatre and then in London's West End.
Cake next appeared as Randolph Cleveland in an episode of Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible (2001), co-starred with Lara Belmont and Teresa Churcher in the television thriller The Swap (2002), starred as Jack Wellington in the short-lived Fox series The American Embassy (2002), and was cast as Andrea in the British film The One and Only (2002). Still in 2002, Cake made his Broadway debut in the leading role of Jason in the Euripides play Medea.
Cake appeared in the Canadian television film Riverworld (2003), portrayed Dr. Mengele in the Showtime TV film Out of the Ashes (2003), and portrayed John Christow in the 2004 episode "The Hollow" of Agatha Christie's Poirot. He starred as Jason Shepherd in the film Fallen (2004), appeared as Dr. Malcolm Bowers in an episode of NBC's Inconceivable called "Sex, Lies and Sonograms" (2005), and portrayed Alastair Campbell in the TV film The Government Inspector (2005). He was also cast as a gladiator named Tyrannus in the ABC historical TV series Empire, which ran from 28 June 2005 to 26 July 2005.
Cake played the recurring role of Roy in the ABC short-lived drama series Six Degrees (2006–07). He appeared in an episode of Extras called "Sir Ian McKellen" (2006) and played Marshall Crawford in the TV film The Mastersons of Manhattan (2007).
On stage, Cake played Father Flynn in John Patrick Shanley's play Doubt (2005) at the Pasadena Playhouse. He then performed in Coriolanus (2006) at London's Shakespeare's Globe, and was cast in Cymbeline (2007) at the Vivian Beaumont Theater in New York City.
In 2008, Cake played Rex Mottram in Brideshead Revisited. He had a two episode role in Law & Order: Criminal Intent. The next year, he appeared as Bishop in the ABC TV film Captain Cook's Extraordinary Atlas, starring Jodelle Ferland, Charlie McDermott and Hal Holbrook. He played Cole Barker in two episodes of the NBC series Chuck called "Chuck Versus the Beefcake" and "Chuck Versus the Lethal Weapon". Cake appeared as Marcus Woll in the Law & Order episodes "Boy Gone Astray" and "For the Defense".
In 2010, Cake teamed up with Pedro Miguel Arce in the American film Krews, by Hilbert Hakim. The same year, he also played Mark Easterbrook in the TV film Marple: The Pale Horse, starring Julia McKenzie as Miss Marple. Cake is currently appearing as Mark Antony in the Royal Shakespeare Company's latest production of Antony and Cleopatra. In 2017 he played the Duke in the Theatre for a New Audience production of Measure for Measure
In 2021, Cake had a recurring role on Stargirl as Shade.
Personal life
On 24 September 2004, Cake married American actress Julianne Nicholson in Italy. The couple have two children: a son Ignatius Cake, born September 2007, and a daughter, Phoebe Margaret Cake, born 30 April 2009. Cake was previously engaged to British actress Olivia Williams; the relationship ended after seven years.
Filmography
References
External links
jonathancakefansite
1967 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
People from Worthing
Male actors from Sussex
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
National Youth Theatre members
Theatre World Award winners
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4026512
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian%20Gate%20and%20Chapel
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Iberian Gate and Chapel
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Resurrection Gate ( Voskresenskie vorota, also called Иверские ворота Iverskie vorota, or Iberian Gate) is the only existing gate of the Kitai-gorod in Moscow. It connects the north-western end of Red Square with Manege Square and gives its name to nearby Voskresenskaya Square (Resurrection Square). The gate adjoins the ornate building of the Moscow City Hall to the east and the State Historical Museum to the west. Just in front of the chapel is a bronze plaque marking kilometre zero of the Russian highway system.
Resurrection Gate
The first stone gate leading to Red Square was erected in 1535, when the Kitai-gorod wall was being reconstructed in brick. When the structure was rebuilt in 1680, the double passage was surmounted with two-storey chambers crowned by two octagonal hipped roofs similar to the Kremlin towers. An Icon of the Resurrection was placed on the gate facing towards Red Square, from which the gate derives its name.
Until 1731, the chambers above the gate were shared by the neighbouring Mint and the Central Drug Store. After Mikhail Lomonosov founded the Moscow University in the latter structure, the university press moved into the gate chambers. Nikolay Novikov, who ran the press in the late 18th century, turned the second storey into his headquarters.
Iveron Chapel
Since 1669, the wooden chapel in front of the gate (facing away from Red Square) has housed a replica of the miracle-working icon of Panaghia Portaitissa ("keeper of the gate"), the prototype of which is preserved in the Georgian Iveron monastery on Mount Athos. Hence, the name Iversky (that is, "Iberian") that stuck both to the chapel and the gate. In 1781, the Nikolo-Perervinsky Monastery constructed a new brick chapel on the spot. The star-splattered cupola of the structure was topped with a statue of an angel bearing a cross.
According to a popular custom, everyone heading for Red Square or the Kremlin visited the chapel to pay homage at the shrine, before entering through the gate. Beggars and outlaws would pray there next to the highest royalty and even the Tsar himself. It was there that the rebel Emelyan Pugachev asked the Russian people for forgiveness a few hours before his execution. The ever-overcrowded chapel, with candles burning day and night, figures in works by Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Bunin, Marina Tsvetayeva, and H.G. Wells, to name only a few.
Destruction and rebuilding
In 1931, the Resurrection Gate and the chapel were demolished in order to make room for heavy military vehicles driving through Red Square during military parades. Both structures were completely rebuilt in 1994-1995, and a new icon of the Iveron Theotokos was painted on Mount Athos to replace the original.
References
External links
The Resurrection Gate and the Iberian Chapel
Closer view of the restored gate and chapel (photo)
Gates in Russia
Chapels in Russia
Churches in Moscow
Kilometre-zero markers
Kitay-Gorod
Neoclassical architecture in Russia
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Russia
Red Square
Neoclassical church buildings in Russia
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4026536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research
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Journal of Geophysical Research
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The Journal of Geophysical Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It is the flagship journal of the American Geophysical Union. It contains original research on the physical, chemical, and biological processes that contribute to the understanding of the Earth, Sun, and Solar System. It has seven sections: A (Space Physics), B (Solid Earth), C (Oceans), D (Atmospheres), E (Planets), F (Earth Surface), and G (Biogeosciences). All current and back issues are available online for subscribers.
History
The journal was originally founded under the name Terrestrial Magnetism by the American Geophysical Union's president Louis Agricola Bauer in 1896. It was renamed to Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity in 1899 and in 1948 it acquired its current name. In 1980, three specialized sections were established: A: Space Physics, B: Solid Earth, and C: Oceans. Subsequently, further sections have been added: D: Atmospheres in 1984, E: Planets in 1991, F: Earth Surface in 2003, and G: Biogeosciences in 2005.
Sections
The scopes of the current seven sections, published as separate issues, are:
A: Space Physics covers aeronomy and magnetospheric physics, planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres, interplanetary and external solar physics, cosmic rays, and heliospheric physics.
B: Solid Earth focuses on the physics and chemistry of the solid Earth and the liquid core of the Earth, geomagnetism, paleomagnetism, marine geology/geophysics, chemistry and physics of minerals, rocks, volcanology, seismology, geodesy, gravity, and tectonophysics.
C: Oceans covers physical, biological, and chemical oceanography.
D: Atmospheres covers atmospheric properties and processes, including the interaction of the atmosphere with other components of the Earth system.
E: Planets covers the geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheres, biology, and dynamics of the planets, satellites, asteroids, rings, comets, and meteorites; planetary origins; and planetary detection. Studies of the Earth are included when they concern exogenic effects or the comparison of the Earth to other planets.
F: Earth Surface focuses on the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the form and function of the surface of the solid Earth over all temporal and spatial scales, including fluvial, eolian, and coastal sediment transport; hillslope mass movements; glacial and periglacial activity; weathering and pedogenesis; and surface manifestations of volcanism and tectonism.
G: Biogeosciences focuses on the interface between biology and the geosciences and attempts to understand the functions of the Earth system across multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Each of the sections has one or more editors who are appointed by and serve at the pleasure of the President of the American Geophysical Union for terms of three to four years. Each editor can in turn appoint associate editors.
According to the Editor-in-Chief of JGR-Space Physics, "With the switch to Wiley, the separate sections of JGR were given distinct ISSN numbers. This means that in a couple of years, each section of JGR will have its own Impact Factor."
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed by GEOBASE, GeoRef, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and several CSA indexes. It published 2995 articles in 2010. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 3.303, ranking it 15th out of 165 journals in the category "Geosciences, Multidisciplinary". Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres was also the 6th most cited publication on climate change between 1999 and 2009.
Notable articles
Among the most highly cited papers in the Journal of Geophysical Research (with over 1000 citations each) are:
See also
List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences
References
External links
Journal of Geophysical Research at Internet Archive
English-language journals
Publications established in 1896
American Geophysical Union academic journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals
Academic journal series
Monthly journals
Earth and atmospheric sciences journals
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4026539
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick%20%28album%29
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Thick (album)
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Thick is an album by the fusion jazz band Tribal Tech released in 1999. As a contrast to Tribal Tech's previous recordings, the album features less compositional material and is based largely on improvisation.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Scott Henderson, Gary Willis, Scott Kinsey and Kirk Covington.
"Sheik of Encino" – 6:50
"Party at Kinsey's" – 3:56
"Jalapeño" – 5:42
"Clinic Troll" – 3:43
"Thick" – 11:15
"You May Remember Me" – 4:45
"Slick" – 5:14
"Somewhat Later" – 2:46
"What Has He Had?" – 6:52#
"A THIQUE man NAMED MILAN" - 5:55
Personnel
Scott Henderson - guitar
Gary Willis - bass
Scott Kinsey - keyboards
Kirk Covington - drums
References
1999 albums
Tribal Tech albums
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4026540
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglinda
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Oglinda
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Oglinda ("The Mirror"), also known as Începutul adevărului ("The Beginning of Truth"), is a controversial 1993 film by Romanian director Sergiu Nicolaescu. It depicts Romania during World War II, focusing on the Royal Coup that toppled Ion Antonescu, the Axis-allied Conducător and authoritarian Prime Minister.
Cast
Ion Siminie as Ion Antonescu
Adrian Vâlcu as Michael I of Romania
Gheorghe Dinică as Mihai Antonescu
Ştefan Radoff as Iuliu Maniu
George Constantin as Andrey Vyshinsky
Sergiu Nicolaescu as Johannes Frießner
Reactions
The film was criticized as being apologetic of Antonescu, whom it portrays as a martyr figure, without mention being made of his complicity in the Holocaust (see Holocaust in Romania). Oglinda is also sympathetic to Antonescu's Nazi German ally Adolf Hitler, who is depicted as a calm and wise politician. Nicolaescu himself claims that journalist Octavian Paler labeled it a "fascist film".
The film was also criticized for several other errors. Historian and former public servant Neagu Djuvara, who in 1944 represented Antonescu's government to Stockholm, where he contacted the Soviet Union representative Alexandra Kollontai and unsuccessfully negotiated an armistice, rejected the film's allusive take on these events, which claimed that Romania's special requests had been ignored by their counterparts, and called it "a lie". According to Sergiu Nicolaescu, former Romanian King Michael I, the main decision factor behind Antonescu's deposition, objected to his character being depicted as a heavy smoker. Speaking in 2008, Djuvara criticized Oglinda in its entirety for mystification, while expressing similar reserves in respect to Nicolaescu's 2008 project, a biographical film on Michael's ancestor Carol I (Carol I - Un destin).
Nicolaescu's 1993 production received negative assessments from several film critics. As part of his commentary on Nicolaescu's entire filmography, beginning with films he produced under the communist regime, Valerian Sava depicted Nicolaescu as an untalented director caught in a "megalomaniac trance", and deemed Oglinda "a rudimentary historical reenactment". A similar overview was provided by Angelo Mitchievici, who described "the honor of a dueler", a cliché which he believed was characteristic of Oglinda as well as its predecessors Mihai Viteazul and Nemuritorii.
Nicolaescu defended his film, claiming that its critics were "afraid to look in the face of history." He referred to Oglinda as "real history, without any form of restriction", and "the first and only Romanian political film." He also maintained that Corneliu Coposu, a first-hand witness to the events, applauded the film upon its premiere.
References
External links
Films directed by Sergiu Nicolaescu
Political drama films
World War II films
1990s Romanian-language films
1993 films
1993 drama films
Romanian historical films
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4026564
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Stafford
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Grant Stafford
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Grant Stafford (born 27 May 1971) is a former tennis player from South Africa.
Turning professional in 1990, Stafford won five doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking on the ATP Tour of World No. 53 in January 1994.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 title)
ATP career finals
Singles: 3 (3 runner-ups)
Doubles: 6 (5 titles, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals
Singles: 5 (3–2)
Doubles: 12 (6–6)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
1971 births
Living people
South African people of British descent
Tennis players from Johannesburg
South African male tennis players
South African people of English descent
US Open (tennis) junior champions
White South African people
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles
African Games medalists in tennis
African Games gold medalists for South Africa
Competitors at the 1995 All-Africa Games
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4026569
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Grave
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La Grave
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La Grave (; ) is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France.
It is a small ski resort in the French Alps, dominated by La Meije (3982 m). It was the birthplace of Nicolas de Nicolay; adventurer and Geographer Ordinary to Henry II of France.
Skiing
The area is unpisted and although patrolled, has no formal avalanche control. The area is dangerous to ski unless supported by a guide, including much glacier travel at the very top.
La Grave is visited by off-piste and extreme skiers. The vertical drop totals 2,150 metres, although it is possible to ski below the resort to the road and increase the vertical descent to 2,300 metres.
Mechanical access to the mountain is limited to a closed, two-stage, pulse gondola system. The first lift starts at 1,450 metres, runs through one intermediate station (known as P1 at 1,800 metres) then terminates at Peyrou d'Amont (2,400 metres). The second stage of the gondola runs directly from Peyrou d'Amont to the Col des Ruillans (3,200 metres). The top of the gondola then allows access to button lift (which is the world's only fully suspended surface lift) to reach the top of the Girose Glacier (3550m). The Girose Glacier can also be reached from the resort of Les Deux Alpes on the other side, although this entails a one to two kilometre walk.
There are two main routes of descent. To the skier's right of the gondola station at the Col des Ruillans are 'Les Vallons de La Meije', a variation of which leads to the Trifides couloirs, and ultimately to the valley bottom and the Romanche River. Skiers can also make leftwards traverses to return to Peyrou d'Amont or P1 to avoid skiing the lower section which can be rocky or even grassy meadows in poor snow conditions.
To the skier's left from the Col des Ruillans is known as the Chancel route (also accessible from the Girose Glacier) which leads to several couloirs (the Banane, Patou, Couloir du Lac) around the Lac de Puyvachier and the Refuge Evariste Chancel. Below this point skiers can either traverse right to return to P1 or descend directly to the valley floor and village of Les Fréaux via the steep Fréaux Couloir.
Alternative descents include various routes to the south of the highest point of the lifts (the Dome de Lauze, at the top of the T-bar) in the Vallon du Diable. These lead to the village of St Christophe en Oisans from which alternative transport must be arranged in order to return to La Grave or to join the Deux Alpes lift system and return via the top of the Girose Glacier. There are several direct routes from the top of the Girose Glacier to the valley such as Chirouse and Orcières; these involve complex routefinding and sometimes abseils. Other routes include the Pan du Rideau and Y-Couloir, reached via a walk from the top of the first T-bar; they involve a steep ski down onto the Glacier du Rateau then rejoin the Vallons de La Meije.
In April 2006 Doug Coombs died while trying to save a friend in the Couloir de Polichinelle.
There are restaurants at Peyrou d'Amont and the Col des Ruillans, and food is served at the Refuge Evariste Chancel. Beds at both the Refuge and in a sleeping space in the Col des Ruillans restaurant.
The lease on the cable car is due to expire in 2017. As of 2015, no one had shown interest in taking over the cable car.
Ice climbing
La Grave is also a location for ice climbing. The valley receives little sun in winter and icefalls form on the valley sides. Climbing routes range from under 100 to over 300 metres long and are climbed in a number of pitches. Routes range from easy La Gorge II/3 to hard Diabolobite II/5+.
Population
See also
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department
References
External links
Official site
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Ski resorts in France
Hautes-Alpes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
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4026578
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahya%20Rahim%20Safavi
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Yahya Rahim Safavi
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Yahya "Rahim" Safavi (, born 1952) is an Iranian military commander who served as the chief commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.
Early life
Safavi was born in 1952 in the city of Isfahan, Iran.
Career
Safavi was one of the leaders of the Iran–Iraq War. During the US-led invasion of Afghanistan, he played a key role in the uprising in Herat in November 2001, where American, Iranian and Northern Alliance troops supported a local uprising against the Taliban.
He served as the deputy commander of Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps until 1997 when he was appointed its commander, replacing Mohsen Rezaee in 1997.
He was replaced as commander of the IRGC by Mohammad Ali Jafari, former director of the Strategic Studies Center of the IRGC on 1 September 2007. Then he was appointed by the Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei as his special military advisor.
Asset freeze
On 24 December 2006, Rahim Safavi was listed in United Nations Security Council Resolution 1737 asking for his assets (among others') to be frozen because of alleged involvements in Iranian nuclear and ballistic missile programmes.
See also
List of Iranian two-star generals since 1979
References
1952 births
Living people
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps personnel of the Iran–Iraq War
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps major generals
Recipients of the Order of Fath
University of Tabriz alumni
People from Isfahan Province
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4026588
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20567%20%28New%20Jersey%29
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County Route 567 (New Jersey)
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County Route 567 (CR 567) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Amwell Road (CR 514) in Hillsborough Township to Union Avenue (Route 28) in Raritan Borough.
Route description
CR 567 begins at an intersection with CR 514 in Hillsborough Township, heading north on two-lane undivided River Road (also known as Neshanic Station Road). The road runs through wooded areas before heading along the east bank of the South Branch Raritan River, intersecting CR 667 and passing under Norfolk Southern's Lehigh Line. The route runs near farms as it crosses the river and enters Branchburg Township. At this point, CR 567 intersects CR 667 again and becomes Pleasant Run Road before making a northeast turn onto South Branch Road, with CR 628 continuing northwest along Pleasant Run Road. Residential development increases as the route continues northeast and passes the Neshanic Valley Golf Course. CR 567 begins to run closer to the South Branch Raritan River again as it reaches a junction with CR 620. CR 567 passes north through some farm fields before turning northeast at an intersection with CR 646.
A short distance later, the route turns east onto Old York Road, with CR 637 heading west on that road to an intersection with US 202. CR 567 enters residential areas and crosses the North Branch Raritan River into Bridgewater Township. It parallels the Raritan River to the north as it continues into Raritan and becomes Somerset Avenue. In Raritan, CR 567 turns north onto First Avenue, with CR 626 continuing east on Somerset Avenue. The route crosses under New Jersey Transit’s Raritan Valley Line before reaching the US 202 intersection. Past US 202, CR 567 passes more homes before ending at Route 28.
History
When it was first assigned, CR 567 formerly continued north from its present terminus at Route 28 along Country Club Road to US 22 in Bridgewater Township.
In Neshanic Station, CR 567 was originally routed over the South Branch Raritan River on the Neshanic Station Lenticular Truss Bridge (Elm Street Bridge). It traveled west on Elm Street, northwest on Maple Avenue, and north on Pleasant Run Road until rejoining its present alignment. Its current routing in the area was formed when a new bridge was built in 1979 north of Neshanic Station. The old route through Neshanic Station became Somerset County Route 667.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
567
567
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4026592
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain%20Centre%20for%20Studies%20and%20Research
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Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research
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The Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research (BCSR) was a think tank established in 1981, with the mission to serve the Bahraini community by conducting applied research, particularly of a contractual type, and to offer consultancies to leaders and decision makers in both the public and the private sectors. Since the inauguration of the Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research, the Centre has been determined to disseminate information on critical issues and problems which affect the growth, prosperity, and development of the Kingdom of Bahrain, using professional and scientific research methodologies. It was dissolved in 2010 after a royal decree was issued.
Work
According to the goals of the Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research, the Centre undertakes strategic and scientific research, including surveys, observational studies, and experiments for local or external organizations, which are funded either by the Centre or from outside organizations on a contractual basis.
The BCSR has continuously sought to encourage, direct, and support the efforts of researchers in the scientific and technical fields. This has been achieved through several programmes, the most notable being the Crown Prince's Award for Scientific Research, which supports young researchers and offers both academic and financial recognition for work in the fields of the natural sciences, engineering, health sciences, and social sciences. The government of Bahrain has also fully supported and taken a keen interest in the work of the Centre.
History
Crown Prince of Bahrain, Shaikh Salman was appointed Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research (BCSR) in 1995.
The BCSR was dissolved in mid-2010 with a royal decree.
See also
Derasat
References
External links
Bahrain Centre for Studies and Research dead link
http://www.tradearabia.com/news/EDU_181972.html
1981 establishments in Bahrain
2010 disestablishments in Bahrain
Think tanks established in 1981
Think tanks disestablished in 2010
Think tanks based in Bahrain
Research institutes in Bahrain
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4026595
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20documentary
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Nature documentary
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A nature documentary or wildlife documentary is a genre of documentary film or series about animals, plants, or other non-human living creatures, usually concentrating on video taken in their natural habitat but also often including footage of trained and captive animals. Sometimes they are about wildlife or ecosystems in relationship to human beings. Such programmes are most frequently made for television, particularly for public broadcasting channels, but some are also made for the cinema medium. The proliferation of this genre occurred almost simultaneously alongside the production of similar television series.
History
In cinema
Robert J. Flaherty's 1922 film Nanook of the North is typically cited as the first feature-length documentary. Decades later, Walt Disney Productions pioneered the serial theatrical release of nature-documentaries with its production of the True-Life Adventures series, a collection of fourteen full length and short subject nature films from 1948 to 1960. Prominent among those were The Living Desert (1953) and The Vanishing Prairie (1954), both written and directed by James Algar.
The first full-length nature-documentary films pioneering colour underwater cinematography were the Italian film Sesto Continente (The Sixth Continent) and the French film Le Monde du silence (The Silent World). Directed by Folco Quilici Sesto Continente was shot in 1952 and first exhibited to Italian audiences in 1954. The Silent World, shot in 1954 and 1955 by Jacques Cousteau and Louis Malle, was first released in 1956.
Many other nature-documentary films followed in subsequent years, such as those made by Nicolas Vanier (The Last Trapper, 2004), Luc Jacquet (March of the Penguins, 2005), and Alastair Fothergill (African Cats, 2011), among others.
In television
In 1954, the BBC started airing Zoo Quest, featuring David Attenborough. Other early nature documentaries include Fur and Feathers shown on CBC from 1955 to 1956 and hosted by Ian McTaggart-Cowan., and Look, a studio-based BBC magazine-program with filmed inserts, hosted by Sir Peter Scott from 1955 to 1981. The first 50-minute weekly documentary series, The World About Us, began on BBC2 in 1967 with a color installment from the French filmmaker Haroun Tazieff, called "Volcano". Around 1982, the series changed its title to The Natural World, which the BBC Natural History Unit in Bristol continues to produce . In 1961, Anglia Television produced the first of the award-winning Survival series.
Between 1974 and 1980, the Spanish nature documentary television series El Hombre y la Tierra (The Man and the Earth), produced by TVE and presented by naturalist Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente used 35 mm film, which posed significant logistic and technical challenges at the time. The show gained international recognition.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, several other television companies round the world set up their own specialized natural-history departments, including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Melbourne, Australia and TVNZ's unit in Dunedin, New Zealand — both still in existence, the latter having changed its name to "NHNZ". ITV's contribution to the genre, Survival, became a prolific series of single films. It was eventually axed when the network introduced a controversial new schedule which many commentators have criticized as "dumbing down".
Wildlife and natural history films have boomed in popularity and have become one of modern society's most important sources of information about the natural world. Yet film and television critics and scholars have largely ignored them.
The BBC television series Walking With, narrated by Kenneth Branagh, used computer-generated imagery (CGI) and animatronics to film prehistoric life in a similar manner to other nature documentaries. The shows (Walking with Dinosaurs, Walking with Beasts, and Walking with Monsters) had three spinoffs, two of which featured Nigel Marven: Chased by Dinosaurs and Sea Monsters: A Walking with Dinosaurs Trilogy. Robert Winston presented Walking with Cavemen.
Content
Overview
Most nature documentary films or television series focus on a particular species, ecosystem, or scientific idea (such as evolution). Although most take a scientific and educational approach, some anthropomorphise their subjects or present animals purely for the viewer's pleasure. In a few instances, they are in presented in ethnographic film formats and contain stories that involve humans and their relationships with the natural world, as in Nanook of the North (1922), The Story of the Weeping Camel (2003), and Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life (1925).
Although almost all have a human presenter, the role varies widely, ranging from explanatory voice-overs to extensive interaction or even confrontation with animals.
Most nature documentaries are made for television and are usually of 45 to 50 minutes duration, but some are made as full-length cinematic presentations.
Such films include:
Among the Great Apes with Michelle Yeoh (2009)
Animals Are Beautiful People (1974)
Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness (1927)
Coral Reef Adventure (2003)
The Cove (2009)
Encounters at the End of the World (2007)
Grizzly Man (2005)
The Last Paradises: On the Track of Rare Animals (1967)
The Leopard Son (1996)
The Living Desert (1953)
March of the Penguins (2005)
Microcosmos (1996)
Sharkwater (2006)
Serengeti Shall Not Die (1959)
The Silent World (1956)
The Story of the Weeping Camel (2003)
Grass: A Nation's Battle for Life (1925)
The Vanishing Prairie (1954)
The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill (2003)
White Wilderness (1958)
Winged Migration (2001)
In addition, the BBC's The Blue Planet and Planet Earth series have both been adapted by BBC Worldwide and Greenlight Media for theatrical release.
In some cases, nature documentaries are produced in the short subject form and are subsequently screened in theaters or broadcast on television. Often they are about the relationship between humans and nature. Notable examples include:
Agafia's Taiga Life (2013)
Grand Canyon (1958)
In Beaver Valley (1950)
The Land (1942) 45-minute documentary made for the U.S. Department of Agriculture
The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)
The River (1938)
Seal Island (1948)
Every two years the Wildscreen Trust, of Bristol in the UK presents the Panda Awards for nature documentaries.
Criticism
The "naturalness" of nature documentaries has been disputed. Some, particularly those involving animals, have included footage of staged events that appear "natural" while actually contrived by filmmakers or occurring in captivity. In a famous example, Walt Disney's White Wilderness (1958), lemmings were herded to their deaths from a cliff by the filmmakers. Examples also occur in modern nature documentaries, such as Hidden Kingdoms (2014) and Blue Planet II (2017), indicating that such practices are still routine. Due to the difficulties of recording sounds on locations, it is common for nature documentary makers to record sounds in post-production using Foley and to use sound effect libraries. Compositing and computer-generated imagery are also sometimes used to construct shots. Wild animals are often filmed over weeks or months, so the footage must be condensed to form a narrative that appears to take place over a short space of time. Such narratives are also constructed to be as compelling as possible—rather than necessarily as a reflection of reality—and make frequent use of voice-overs, combined with emotional and intense music to maximise the audience's engagement with the content. One common technique is to follow the "story" of one particular animal, encouraging the audience to form an emotional connection with the subject and to root for their survival when they encounter a predator. In 1984, David Attenborough stated:There is precious little that is natural … in any film. You distort speed if you want to show things like plants growing, or look in detail at the way an animal moves. You distort light levels. You distort distribution, in the sense that you see dozens of different species in a jungle within a few minutes, so that the places seem to be teeming with life. You distort size by using close-up lenses. And you distort sound. What the filmmaker is trying to do is to convey a particular experience. … The viewer has to trust in the good faith of the filmmaker.Nature documentaries have been criticized for leaving viewers with the impression that wild animals survived and thrived after encounters with predators, even when they sustain potentially life-threatening injuries. They also cut away from particularly violent encounters, or attempt to downplay the suffering endured by the individual animal, by appealing to concepts such as the "balance of nature" and "the good of the herd".
Notable nature documentary filmmakers
Among the many notable filmmakers, scientists, and presenters who have contributed to the medium include:
James Algar
Sir David Attenborough
Gordon Buchanan
Richard Brock
Jacques Cousteau
Jeff Corwin
Gerald Durrell
Alastair Fothergill
Robert Flaherty
Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente
Bernhard Grzimek
Tim Haines
Judy Irving
Steve Irwin
Hugo van Lawick
Jasper James
Nigel Marven
Greg MacGillivray
Ian McTaggart-Cowan
Desmond Morris
Neil Nightingale
Marlin Perkins
Coyote Peterson
Cotee Peterson
Jacques Perrin
Louie Psihoyos
Eugen Schuhmacher
Heinz Sielmann
Marty Stouffer
Mark Strickson
David Suzuki
Valmik Thapar
List of notable nature documentary series
Sir David Attenborough
Sir David Attenborough's contributions to conservation are widely regarded, and his television programs have been seen by millions of people throughout the world. Series narrated and/or presented by him include:
Zoo Quest (1954–1964)Life on Earth (1979), 13 episodesThe Living Planet (1984), 12 episodesThe Trials of Life (1990), 12 episodesLife in the Freezer (1993), 6 episodesThe Private Life of Plants (1995), 6 episodesThe Life of Birds (1998), 10 episodesThe Blue Planet (2001), 8 episodesThe Life of Mammals (2002), 10 episodesLife in the Undergrowth (2005), 5 episodesPlanet Earth (2006), 11 episodesLife in Cold Blood (2008), 5 episodesLife (2009), 10 episodes
Nature's Great Events (2009)Frozen Planet (2011), 7 episodesKingdom of Plants 3D (2012), 3 episodesDavid Attenborough's Conquest of the Skies 3D (2015), 3 episodes + ExtraPlanet Earth II (2016), 6 episodesBlue Planet II (2017), 7 episodesOur Planet (2019), 8 episodesSeven Worlds, One Planet (2019), 7 episodesThe Green Planet (2022), 5 episodesPrehistoric Planet (2022), 5 episodes
Steve Irwin
Steve Irwin's documentaries, based on wildlife conservation and environmentalism, aired on Discovery Channel, and Animal Planet. The series comprises: The Crocodile Hunter (1992–2004), 74 episodesThe Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course (2002), MovieThe Crocodile Hunter's Croc Files (1999), 52 episodesTen Deadliest Snakes in the World (2001)The Crocodile Hunter Diaries (2001–2003), 30 episodesNew Breed Vets (2005), 6 episodesOcean's Deadliest (2006)
other notable documentary
In addition to those listed above, the following is a sampling of the genre:
Andes to Amazon (2000)
Animal Atlas (2004–)
Ark on the Move (1982)
Banded Brothers (2010)
The Bear Family & Me (2011)
Big Cat Week (2013)
British Isles – A Natural History (2004)
Corwin's Quest: Animal Planet 2005.
Congo (2001)
Cousins (2000)
Dark Days in Monkey City (2009)
Earth: The Power of the Planet (2007)
Earthflight (2011)
Escape to Chimp Eden (2008)
Europe: A Natural History (2005)
The First Eden (1987)
The Future Is Wild (2002)
The Great Rift: Africa's Wild Heart (2010)
Ganges (2007)
Great Migrations (2010)
Going Wild with Jeff Corwin (Disney Channel, 1997–1999)
El Hombre y la Tierra (1974–1981)
How the Earth Was Made (2009)
How the Universe Works (2010, 2012, 2014)
The Human Animal (1994)
Human Planet (2011)
In the Womb (2005–2010)
Insectia (1999)
Inside Life (2009)
The Jeff Corwin Experience (2001–2003)
Journeys to the Ends of the Earth (1998)
King of the Jungle (Animal Planet, 2003–2004)
Land of the Tiger (1997)
Last Chance to See (2009)
Lemur Street (2007–2008)
The Living Edens (1997)
Madagascar (2011)
Meerkat Manor (2005)
The Most Extreme (2002)
Nature (1982–)
Natural World (1983–)
The Nature of Things (1960–)
Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin (ABC, 2011–14)
Oceans (2008)
Orangutan Diary (2009)
Orangutan Island (2007)
Penguin Island (2010)
Planet Earth: The Future (2006)
Really Wild Animals (1993–98)
Talking with Animals (2002)
The Really Wild Show (1986–2006)
River Monsters (2009)
Saving Planet Earth (2007)
Sea Rescue (2012–2018)
The Secret Life of Elephants (2009)
South Pacific (2009)
State of the Planet (2000)
The Stationary Ark (1975)
The Predators of the Wild (1992–1996)
Super Cats: A Nature Miniseries PBS (2018) – 3 Episodes
Supernatural: The Unseen Powers of Animals (2008)
Survival (1961)
Suzuki on Science (1971)
Weird Nature (2001)
Wild Africa (2001)
Wild Caribbean (2007)
Wild Down Under (2003)
Wild Kingdom (1963–1988)
Wild Russia (2009)
Yellowstone (2009)
Current production
In recent years, most traditional style 'blue chip' programming has become prohibitively expensive and are funded by a set of co-producers, usually a broadcaster (such as Animal Planet, National Geographic, or NHK) from one or several countries, a production company, and sometimes a distributor which then has the rights to sell the show into more territories than the original broadcaster.
Two recent examples of co-productions that were filmed by the BBC are Planet Earth II (2016) and Blue Planet II (2017).
Production companies are increasingly exploiting their filmed material, by making DVDs and Blu-rays for home viewing or educational purposes, or selling library footage to advertisers, museum exhibitors, and other documentary producers.
See also
List of documentary films
List of insect documentaries
Further reading
Bush, W. Stephen (1915) Wild Life in Films The Moving Picture World Vol 23 #10:1462-1463
Gregg Mitman: Reel Nature: America's Romance with Wildlife on Film (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classics), Paperback (Second Edition), Combined Academic Publishers, 2009,
Chris Palmer: Shooting in the Wild: An Insider's Account of Making Movies in the Animal Kingdom, Sierra Club Books, 2010,
References
External links
Light & Shadow Productions: German nature documentary company
"The Mysterious Bee" An award winning documentary about Honey Bees
Trouble in Lemur Land – a professional 50 minute HD film about illegal rosewood logging in Madagascar and the impact on the silky sifaka lemur
List of Nature Documentaries
Nature at BBC
Nature at PBS
TV/Radio Programmes at BBCOutdoors Country'', ca. 1957, Archives of Ontario YouTube Channel
Documentary film genres
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4026600
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia%20Luis-Bassa
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Natalia Luis-Bassa
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Natalia Luis-Bassa (born 13 July 1966, Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan conductor who lives and works in England, where she is Professor of Conducting at the Royal College of Music and Principal Guest Conductor of Oxford University Orchestra.
Background
Since winning the second prize at the Maazel-Vilar Conductor's Competition in New York City, she has worked both in the United Kingdom and abroad with orchestras including the Orquesta Sinfónica Venezuela, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Paragon Ensemble, Bombay Chamber Orchestra, Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra, Haffner Orchestra, Filamónica Nacional, Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra, the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra of Venezuela, Southbank Sinfonia and the National Children's Orchestra of Great Britain
Natalia studied Oboe with Lido Guarnieri.
She was the first female to receive a degree in Orchestral Conducting in her native country to read music at the University Institute of Musical Studies (IUDEM).
She was appointed music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica de Falcón and after some years she completed her studies at the Royal College of Music in London, holding the RCM Junior Fellowship in Opera Conducting for two years.
Natalia holds a master's degree from The University of Huddersfield where she is a part-time lecturer and has been appointed Elgar Ambassador.
In August 2008 Luis-Bassa appeared in the reality TV talent show-themed television series, Maestro on BBC Two, as a mentor to David Soul.
The Royal College of Music has appointed Natalia as a Professor of Conducting alongside Maestro Peter Stark.
Natalia also works with the National Children's Orchestra of Great Britain, conducting the London Regionals and runs the Conductor's Course. She also conducted the Main Orchestra playing Danzon No. 2 by Arturo Márquez in the Summer Concert of 2011, and again playing Sibelius Symphony 2 in 2014. She is renowned among the NCO for her flamboyant conducting.
Personal life
Her father, Germinal, was born in Barcelona, Spain. As a child, during the Spanish Civil War, he had to escape from Barcelona and went to France, the United States, Argentina and finally Venezuela where he married Lillian, a Venezuelan whose parents were Spanish. Both of them were opera and zarzuela lovers.
She is a graduate of the Royal College of Music in London.
She grew up in a house full of music with her two sisters. Luis-Bassa now lives in West Yorkshire, the "Last of the Summer Wine" county.
References
External links
Natalia Luis-Bassa's website
1966 births
Living people
Venezuelan conductors (music)
Venezuelan classical musicians
People from Caracas
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Women conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
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4026614
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Damm
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Martin Damm
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Martin Damm Sr. (born 1 August 1972) is a former professional tennis player from the Czech Republic. He is best known as a doubles player (his highest ranking being No. 5 in the world in April 2007). His highest singles ranking was No. 42 in August 1997. Damm won a total of 40 titles in doubles, including one Grand Slam title. He reached five singles finals. He played his last tournament in September 2011 at the US Open (with Radek Štěpánek) and lost to Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins 6–3, 6–3.
Personal life
Damm is married to Michaela Damm. They have two sons (Maxmillian Martin (born 1 February 2002) and Martin Jr. (born 30 September 2003)) and one daughter (Laura Michelle Damm (born 3 December 2007)). All were born in Bradenton, Florida.
Grand Slam finals
Men's Doubles: 3 (1–2)
Mixed Doubles: 1 (0–1)
Career finals
Doubles (40 wins, 24 losses)
ATP Tour and Challenger finals (5–12)
Doubles performance timeline
External links
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Liberec
Czech male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of the Czech Republic
Czech people of German descent
Tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Czechoslovak male tennis players
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4026621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Democratic%20Movement
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Orange Democratic Movement
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The Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) is a centre-left political party in Kenya. It is the successor of a grassroots people's movement which was formed during the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum campaign. This movement separated in August 2007 into the Orange Democratic Movement Party of Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement – Kenya (formerly the Orange Democratic MovementKenya, known as ODM–Kenya).
The name "orange" originates from the ballot cards in the referendum, in which the banana represented a "yes" vote, and the orange represented a "no" vote. Thus, the parties demonstrates that it supported a no vote in the 2005 referendum. The original linchpins of the ODM were Uhuru Kenyatta's KANU party and Raila Odinga's LDP. While Kenyatta left KANU, Odinga remained and now leads ODM.
2005 constitutional referendum
In the 2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum, the "no" vote, which the ODM campaigned for, won with 58.12% of Kenyans voting down the proposed constitution. Following this, President Mwai Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet. The response of the ODM was to say that this was a step in the right direction and to call for an immediate general election, claiming that the Kibaki regime, which had campaigned vigorously in favour of a yes vote in the referendum, had lost its mandate.
Kibaki's government resisted this; elections were not to be held until the last week of Kibaki's five-year constitutionally-mandated tenure. The ODM emerged as a major opposition party, along with KANU, and organized a number of rallies asking for elections and a new constitution. The ODM also protested against the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which opposed the referendum, being dropped from Kibaki's new cabinet.
2007 elections
After the 2002 elections, KANU was in opposition, while the LDP was a partner in the ruling NARC coalition until it was removed after the 2005 referendum. The LDP had supported no vote at the referendum, contrary to the policy of president Kibaki. Following their united stand in the referendum debate and responding to a threat by the newly formed Narc-Kenya party the leaders of KANU, LDP and some smaller parties decided to campaign jointly for the upcoming 2007 Kenya general election. They forming the Orange Democratic Movement, which was named after the symbol used to represent "no" in the referendum – an orange. An opportunist lawyer, Mugambi Imanyara, registered the name "Orange Democratic Movement" as a party before the coalition did, forcing them to use the name "Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya" instead.
As 2007 progressed the coalition proved unstable, with various factions defecting. Uhuru Kenyatta's KANU was the first, pulling out in July 2007 and endorsing President Kibaki's re-election, although some individual KANU politicians stayed with the ODM. Then, due to an internal rivalry between Kalonzo Musyoka and Raila Odinga, the ODM split into two factions in mid-August 2007. Raila's group, which also included Musalia Mudavadi, William Ruto, Joseph Nyagah and Najib Balala defected from ODM-Kenya and took over the ODM party registered by Mugambi Imanyara, while Kalonzo's group, led by himself and Dr. Julia Ojiambo remained in the original ODM-Kenya.
The two factions held their elections for presidential candidates on consecutive days at the Kasarani sports complex in Nairobi. On 31August 2007, Kalonzo Musyoka defeated Julia Ojiambo for the ODM–Kenya ticket, then on 1September Raila Odinga defeated Ruto, Mudavadi, Balala and Nyagah. There were allegations that some delegates voted in the nominations of both parties.
General election
Raila and Kalonzo then faced president Kibaki in the general election. The International Republican Institute described election day as "generally calm, organized, and transparent". Kibaki was declared winner of the elections in circumstances that were described as "highly questionable" by various observers. Samuel Kivuitu, chairman of the now disbanded Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) could not explain why votes from nearby constituencies had not reached the tallying centre in Nairobi while those from far-flung parts of the country were tallied on time. Many polling stations had more votes cast than the number of registered voters. Maragua constituency, a PNU stronghold, turnout was 115%.
The ODM disputed the results. Violence erupted in the country with ODM supporters in Kibera, Naivasha and Nakuru being targeted for attack by Mungiki-supporting gangs, allegedly backed by police. PNU supporters were also targeted for attack by ODM supporters. People from the Luo ethnic group were shot dead in Kisumu, Kibera and Nakuru in large numbers while many ethnic Kikuyu were killed in the Rift Valley.
The ODM won the largest number of seats with 99 in the 210 seat parliament. It also won three out of five by-elections in early 2008. No sooner had the by-elections been conducted in the constituencies of two ODM MPs who were killed at the beginning of the year than two more MPs died in an aircraft crash. Some ODM MPs whose elections were contested in court lost their seats.
Political Parties Act and party elections
Following the passing of the Political Parties Act months earlier, the ODM held its internal elections in late December 2008 with Prime Minister Raila Odinga emerging as party leader and Industrialisation Minister Henry Kosgey as party chairman. Due to agitation over regional and gender representation, some party posts had to be created on the day of the vote. Raila has since fallen out with William Ruto, Ababu Namwamba, Najib Balala, and Henry Kosgey among others.
2013 general election
In the lead up to the 2013 general elections, the ODM entered a coalition with FORD-Kenya and the Wiper Democratic Movement to support a single presidential candidate, known as the Coalition for Reforms and Democracy
Electoral history
Presidential elections
National Assembly elections
Senate elections
References
External links
ODM leader's personal site
ODM Official website
ODM Official Community Portal
ODM 2007 Manifesto
ODM 2007 Parliamentary Candidates
2005 establishments in Kenya
Civic nationalism
Liberal International
Liberal parties in Kenya
Political parties established in 2005
Political parties in Kenya
Social democratic parties in Africa
Social liberal parties
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4026636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VideoDance%20Festival%2C%20Greece
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VideoDance Festival, Greece
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VideoDance Festival started in 2000 in Athens and Thessaloniki as an international dance film festival, but soon it widened up to include more kinds of experiment on movement and the moving image.
The festival has counted 7 editions from 2000 to 2007 (not held in 2006).
About VideoDance Festival
VideoDance was a festival presenting the latest experiments on media and movement or, in other words, at the crossroads of visual arts, enhanced cinema and performing arts.
The screenings, the main festival axis, present a showcase of films from all over the world presented in thematic programmes. Non-narrative experimental films are being screened along with movement-based films.
As far as it concerns dance films, programming is focused on the special relationship between movement and the moving image, both when it is produced as a result of a choreography for the camera, and when it is produced by the filmmaker's look on the movement.
Special screenings present archival material on the history of movement and the moving image as it is preserved on film during the 20th century. Retrospectives like those on the works by Maya Deren (2003), Shirley Clarke (2004), or Ed Emshwiller give the Greek audience an opportunity to contact the first attempts of the experimental non-narrative cinema to use the movement as its main source.
The live media events zone includes video-performances, performances, live improvisation with sound and image, and other experimental art works involving media and performing arts.
During the festival video-installations related to the film programme themes are exhibited.
The festival takes place in Athens, and the film programme is screened in Thessaloniki right after that.
More about VideoDance Festival
Video Dance was funded and produced since 2000 by the International Thessaloniki Film Festival, one of the major film institutions in Greece, part of the Greek Ministry of Culture.
It was founded and curated by its artistic director, Christiana Galanopoulou.
The festival was non competitive and non-commercial. However, it supported and encouraged the production of dance films in Greece, through a funding scheme, project|exchange. 12 Greek dance films have been co-produced by VideoDance through this scheme.
The festival collaborated with several international dance film and film festivals, archives and cultural institutions and was a founding member of the Dance and Media Festivals International Network.
The festival was held in industrial spaces especially re-designed for VideoDance by young architects.
The last edition, VideoDance2007, was held in Athens and Thessaloniki in May 2007.
See also
International Thessaloniki Film Festival
Thessaloniki Documentary Festival
MIRfestival www.mirfestival.gr
References
External links
VideoDance - official website
- official website
Dance festivals in Greece
Film festivals in Greece
Recurring events established in 2000
Annual events in Thessaloniki
Annual events in Athens
Festivals in Thessaloniki
Festivals in Athens
Music in Thessaloniki
Music in Athens
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4026639
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina%20%281977%20film%29
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Aina (1977 film)
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Aina, () also known as The Mirror, is a 1977 Pakistani romantic drama film directed by Nazar-ul-Islam and starring Nadeem and Shabnam. Singers are Mehdi Hassan, Mehnaz, Nayyara Noor and Alamgir. The film was a major box-office success and was the longest-running Pakistani film at the cinemas. The movie is based on the 1973 Hindi movie Aa Gale Lag Jaa and went on to be remade in Hindi in 1985 as Pyar Jhukta Nahin.
Plot
Aina is a love story of two hearts and two souls but from two different social classes, one being a daughter of a business tycoon i.e. Rita (Shabnam) and one being a realistic, self-confident and a little bit arrogant poor young man, Iqbal (Nadeem). Rita is a leisure girl whereas Nadeem works as a hotel receptionist and they both fall in love. The entire movie is about how a rich girl and poor man fell in love and the struggles that comes after their marriage.
Cast
Shabnam as Rita
Nadeem Baig as Iqbal
Bahar Begum as Rita's mother
Shahzeb as Rita & Iqbal's son
Rehan as Seth Sahab (Rita's father)
Qavi Khan
Zarqa
Khalid Saleem Motta
Soundtrack
The film was a musical success as well and has trademark song visualizations from director Nazar-ul-Islam. The music was composed by Robin Ghosh, and the playback singers were Mehdi Hassan, Mehnaz, Alamgir, Nayyara Noor and Akhlaq Ahmed. The theme song is "" sung in a happy mood, sad mood and another song version sung by the child star at the climax of the movie.
Kabhi Mai Sochta Houn…by Mehdi Hassan
Wada Karo Saajna…by Mehnaz and Alamgir
Mujhe Dil Se Na Bhulana (happy version)…by Mehnaz and Alamgir
Haseen Wadion Se Yeh Pucho…by Akhlaq Ahmed and Nayyara Noor
Ruthey Ho Tum Tumko Kaisay Manaun Piya…by Nayyara Noor
Mujhe Dil Se Na Bhulana (sad version)…by Mehdi Hassan
Mujhe Dil Se Na Bhulana (child version)…by Nayyara Noor
Release and reception
Aina was released on 18 March 1977 in Pakistani cinemas. In Karachi, it was released on two main cinemas Bambino and Scala.
Aina is Pakistan's only Urdu film to have a crown jubilee (a mega-hit film) with a total running period of 401 weeks on all cinemas and 48 weeks on the main cinema in Karachi. The film had broken all the previous box office records and no Pakistani film has touched that record again till date.
Mushtaq Gazdar, a well-known film critic, in his book 'Pakistan Cinema 1947 - 1997', Oxford University Press, 1997 said:
"In Aina, Nazrul infused a romantic note through the songs using the elements of nature as tools to enhance their impact. His use of open spaces to create the mood of the scenes in contrast with the normal lip-sync presentation of songs greatly appealed to the audience."
This movie was so popular that it was shown in Karachi Cinemas for almost 8 consecutive years (401 consecutive weeks). The film ran to packed crowds in theaters across China as well. In the 1990s it was telecast in Bangladesh Television.
Awards
One of its songs "" sung by Mehdi Hassan won Nigar Award for the best song of the year 1977. In total the film won 12 awards:
Remakes and possible sequel
The 1998 Pakistani film Nikah, directed by Sangeeta, was loosely based on Aina. Another remake was made in 2013 with the same name, which starred Faisal Qureshi, Saba Qamar, directed by Sarmad Sultan Khoosat and produced by A & B Entertainment.
In April 2017, director Syed Noor announced a sequel to the film, tentatively known as Aina 2. Noor told The Express Tribune, "Of course, Aina 2 will further the story told in Aina with the original star cast members as well as some new faces. Also, we’re planning on filming it in Canada this time."
References
External links
1977 films
Pakistani musical films
1970s Urdu-language films
Nigar Award winners
Urdu films remade in other languages
Films scored by Robin Ghosh
1977 romantic drama films
Pakistani romantic drama films
1970s pregnancy films
Pakistani pregnancy films
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4026642
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20565%20%28New%20Jersey%29
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County Route 565 (New Jersey)
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County Route 565 (CR 565) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from U.S. Route 206 / Route 15 in Frankford Township to McAfee Glenwood Road (CR 517) in Vernon Township.
Route description
CR 565 begins at an intersection with US 206 and the northern terminus of Route 15 in Frankford Township, heading northeast on two-lane undivided Ross Corner-Sussex Road. The road runs through hilly areas of woods and farms with a few homes, continuing into Wantage Township. Here, the route intersects CR 637 before reaching a junction with CR 628. At this point, CR 565 turns southeast onto Compton Road while CR 628 continues northeast on Ross Corner-Sussex Road. The route turns northeast onto Lewisburg Road and reaches an intersection with Route 23. CR 565 turns east to form a concurrency with Route 23 on a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, passing a few businesses. Upon splitting from Route 23, CR 565 heads east on two-lane undivided Glenwood Road. The road makes a turn northeast into Vernon Township and intersects CR 667 and CR 641. In Vernon Township, CR 565 serves as a mountain pass between the summit of Pochuck Mountain and the ridge's lesser peak Glenwood Mountain. This stretch of roadway passes through areas of woods and residential neighborhoods and crosses the Appalachian Trail. The route reaches its northern terminus at CR 517 in the northern part of Vernon Township a short distance south of the New York border.
History
A spur route, County Route 565 Spur, existed, which is now Sussex County Route 628.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
565
565
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4026647
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%20Prasad%20Bismil
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Ram Prasad Bismil
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Ram Prasad Bismil ( Hindi: राम प्रसाद "बिस्मिल") (11 June 1897 — 19 December 1927) was an Indian poet, writer, revolutionary and an Indian freedom fighter who participated in the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918, and the Kakori Conspiracy of 1925, and fought against British Raj. He also had a good command over Urdu and the Hindi languages and was an accomplished poet, composing in these languages using the pen names Ram, Agyat and Bismil, the latter through which he became famously known by. He was also a multilingual translator and his Hindi poem "Manipuri ki Pratigya" became very famous. Bismil was hanged on 19 December 1927 by the British for his revolutionary activities. He was associated with Arya Samaj where he got inspiration from Satyarth Prakash, a book written by Swami Dayanand Saraswati. He also had a confidential connection with Lala Har Dayal through his guru Swami Somdev, a preacher of Arya Samaj. Bismil was one of the founding members of the revolutionary organization Hindustan Republican Association. Bhagat Singh praised him as a great poet-writer of Urdu and Hindi, who had also translated the books Catherine from English and Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot from Bengali.
Early life
Ram Prasad Bismil was born on 11 June 1897 to Muralidhar Tomar and Moolmati in a Tomar Rajput family, who traced their roots to Barwai in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh, of Shahjahanpur district in erstwhile North-Western Provinces. He learned Hindi from his father at home and was sent to learn Urdu from a moulvi. He was admitted to an English-language school, despite his father's disapproval, and also joined the Arya Samaj in Shahjahanpur. Bismil showed a talent for writing patriotic poetry.
Contact with Somdev
As an 18-year-old student, Bismil read of the death sentence passed on Bhai Parmanand, a scholar and companion of Har Dayal. At that time he was regularly attending the Arya Samaj Temple at Shahjahanpur daily, where Swami Somdev, a friend of Paramanand, was staying. Angered by the sentence, Bismil composed a poem in Hindi titled Mera Janm (en: My Birth), which he showed to Somdev. This poem demonstrated a commitment to remove the British control over India.
Lucknow Congress
Bismil left school in the following year and travelled to Lucknow with some friends. The Naram Dal ("moderate faction" of the Indian National Congress) was not prepared to allow the Garam Dal to stage a grand welcome of Tilak in the city. They organised a group of youths and decided to publish a book in Hindi on the history of American independence, America Ki Swatantrata Ka Itihas, with the consent of Somdev. This book was published under the authorship of the fictitious Babu Harivans Sahai and its publisher's name was given as Somdev Siddhgopal Shukla. As soon as the book was published, the government of Uttar Pradesh proscribed its circulation within the state.
Mainpuri conspiracy
Bismil formed a revolutionary organisation called Matrivedi (Altar of Motherland) and contacted Genda Lal Dixit, a school teacher at Auraiya. Somdev arranged this, knowing that Bismil could be more effective in his mission if he had experienced people to support him. Dixit had contacts with some powerful dacoits of the state. Dixit wanted to utilise their power in the armed struggle against the British rulers. Like Bismil, Dixit had also formed an armed organisation of youths called Shivaji Samiti (named after Shivaji Maharaj). The pair organised youths from the Etawah, Mainpuri, Agra and Shahjahanpur districts of United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) to strengthen their organisations.
On 28 January 1918, Bismil published a pamphlet titled Deshvasiyon Ke Nam Sandesh (A Message to Countrymen), which he distributed along with his poem Mainpuri Ki Pratigya (Vow of Mainpuri). To collect funds for the party looting was undertaken on three occasions in 1918. Police searched for them in and around Mainpuri while they were selling books proscribed by the U.P. Government in the Delhi Congress of 1918. When police found them, Bismil absconded with the books unsold. When he was planning another looting between Delhi and Agra, a police team arrived and firing started from both the sides. Bismil jumped into the Yamuna and swam underwater. The police and his companions thought that he had died in the encounter. Dixit was arrested along with his other companions and was kept in Agra fort. From here, he fled to Delhi and lived in hiding. A criminal case was filed against them. The incident is known as the "Mainpuri Conspiracy". On 1 November 1919 the Judiciary Magistrate of Mainpuri B. S. Chris announced the judgement against all accused and declared Dixit and Bismil as absconders.
Underground activities by Bismil
From 1919 to 1920 Bismil remained inconspicuous, moving around various villages in Uttar Pradesh and producing several books. Among these was a collection of poems written by him and others, entitled Man Ki Lahar, while he also translated two works from Bengali (Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot and Yogik Sadhan) and fabricated Catherine or Swadhinta Ki Devi from an English text. He got all these books published through his own resources under Sushilmala – a series of publications except one Yogik Sadhan which was given to a publisher who absconded and could not be traced. These books have since been found. Another of Bismil's books, Kranti Geetanjali, was published in 1929 after his death and was proscribed by British Raj in 1931.
Formation of Hindustan Republican Association
In February 1920, when all the prisoners in the Manipuri conspiracy case were freed, Bismil returned home to Shahjahanpur, where he agreed with the official authorities that he would not participate in revolutionary activities. This statement of Ram Prasad was also recorded in vernacular before the court.
In 1921, Bismil was among the many people from Shahjahanpur who attended the Ahmedabad Congress. He had a seat on the dias, along with the senior congressman Prem Krishna Khanna, and the revolutionary Ashfaqulla Khan. Bismil played an active role in the Congress with Maulana Hasrat Mohani and got the most debated proposal of Poorna Swaraj passed in the General Body meeting of Congress. Mohandas K. Gandhi, who was not in the favour of this proposal became quite helpless before the overwhelming demand of youths. He returned to Shahjahanpur and mobilised the youths of United Province for non-co-operation with the Government. The people of U.P. were so much influenced by the furious speeches and verses of Bismil that they became hostile against British Raj. As per statement of Banarsi Lal (approver) made in the court – "Ram Prasad used to say that independence would not be achieved by means of non-violence."
In February 1922 some agitating farmers were killed in Chauri Chaura by the police. The police station of Chauri Chaura was attacked by the people and 22 policemen were burnt alive. Gandhi, without ascertaining the facts behind this incident, declared an immediate stop the non-co-operation movement without consulting any executive committee member of the Congress. Bismil and his group of youths strongly opposed Gandhi in the Gaya session of Indian National Congress (1922). When Gandhi refused to rescind his decision, its then-president Chittranjan Das resigned. In January 1923, the rich group of party formed a new Swaraj Party under the joint leadership of Moti Lal Nehru and Chittranjan Das, and the youth group formed a revolutionary party under the leadership of Bismil.
Yellow Paper constitution
With the consent of Lala Har Dayal, Bismil went to Allahabad where he drafted the constitution of the party in 1923 with the help of Sachindra Nath Sanyal and another revolutionary of Bengal, Dr. Jadugopal Mukherjee. The basic name and aims of the organisation were typed on a Yellow Paper and later on a subsequent Constitutional Committee Meeting was conducted on 3 October 1924 at Cawnpore in U.P. under the Chairmanship of Sachindra Nath Sanyal.
This meeting decided the name of the party would be the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). After a long discussion from others Bismil was declared there the District Organiser of Shahjahanpur and Chief of Arms Division. An additional responsibility of Provincial Organiser of United Province (Agra and Oudh) was also entrusted to him. Sachindra Nath Sanyal, was unanimously nominated as National Organiser and another senior member Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, was given the responsibility of Coordinator, Anushilan Samiti. After attending the meeting in Kanpur, both Sanyal and Chatterjee left the U.P. and proceeded to Bengal for further extension of the organisation.
Manifesto of H.R.A.
A pamphlet entitled as The Revolutionary was distributed throughout the United Province in India in the beginning of January 1925. Copies of this leaflet, referred to in the evidence as the "White Leaflet", were also found with some other alleged conspirators of Kakori Conspiracy as per judgement of the Chief Court of Oudh. A typed copy of this manifesto was found with Manmath Nath Gupta. It was nothing but the Manifesto of H.R.A. in the form of a four paged printed pamphlet on white paper which was circulated secretly by post and by hands in most of the districts of United Province and other parts of India.
This pamphlet bore no name of the printing press. The heading of the pamphlet was: "The Revolutionary" (An Organ of the Revolutionary Party of India). It was given first number and first issue of the publication. The date of its publication was given as 1 January 1925.
Kakori train robbery
Bismil executed a meticulous plan for looting the government treasury carried in a train at Kakori, near Lucknow in U.P. This historical event happened on 9 August 1925 and is known as the Kakori train robbery. Ten revolutionaries stopped the 8 Down Saharanpur-Lucknow passenger train at Kakori – a station just before the Lucknow Railway Junction. German-made Mauser C96 semi-automatic pistols were used in this action. Ashfaqulla Khan, the lieutenant of the HRA Chief Ram Prasad Bismil gave away his Mauser to Manmath Nath Gupta and engaged himself to break open the cash chest. Eagerly watching a new weapon in his hand, Manmath Nath Gupta fired the pistol and accidentally shot and killed passenger Ahmed Ali, who had gotten down from the train to see his wife in the ladies compartment.
More than 40 revolutionaries were arrested whereas only 10 persons had taken part in the decoity. Persons completely unrelated to the incident were also captured. However some of them were let off. The government-appointed Jagat Narain Mulla as public prosecutor at an incredible fee. Dr. Harkaran Nath Mishra (Barrister M.L.A.) and Dr. Mohan Lal Saxena (M.L.C.) were appointed as defence counsel. The defence committee was also formed to defend the accused. Govind Ballabh Pant, Chandra Bhanu Gupta and Kripa Shankar Hajela defended their case. The men were found guilty and subsequent appeals failed. On 16 September 1927, a final appeal for clemency was forwarded to the Privy Council in London but that also failed.
Following 18 months of legal process, Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Nath Lahiri were sentenced to death. Bismil was hanged on 19 December 1927 at Gorakhpur Jail, Ashfaqulla Khan at the Faizabad Jail and Thakur Roshan Singh at Naini Allahabad Jail. Lahiri had been hanged two days earlier at Gonda Jail.
Bismil's body was taken to the Rapti river for a Hindu cremation, and the site became known as Rajghat.
Literary works
Bismil published a pamphlet titled Deshvasiyon ke nam sandesh (en: A message to my countrymen). While living underground, he translated some of Bengali books viz. Bolshevikon Ki Kartoot (en: The Bolshevik's programme) and Yogik Sadhan (of Arvind Ghosh). Beside these a collection of poems Man Ki Lahar (en: A sally of mind) and Swadeshi Rang was also written by him. Another Swadhinta ki devi: Catherine was fabricated from an English book into Hindi. All of these were published by him in Sushil Mala series. Bismil wrote his autobiography while he was kept as condemned prisoner in Gorakhpur jail.
The autobiography of Ram Prasad Bismil was published under the cover title of Kakori ke shaheed by Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi in 1928 from Pratap Press, Cawnpore. A rough translation of this book was prepared by the Criminal Investigation Department of United Province in British India. Translated book was circulated as confidential document for official and police use throughout the country.
He immortalised the poem Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna, Man Ki Lahar and Swadeshi Rang as a war cry during the British Raj period in India. It was first published in journal "Sabah", published from Delhi.
Memorials
Shaheed Smarak Samiti of Shahjahanpur established a memorial at Khirni Bagh mohalla of Shahjahanpur city where Bismil was born in 1897 and named it "Amar Shaheed Ram Prasad Bismil Smarak". A statue made of white marble was inaugurated by the then Governor of Uttar Pradesh Motilal Vora on 18 December 1994 on the eve of the martyr's 69th death anniversary.
The Northern railway zone of Indian Railways built the Pt Ram Prasad Bismil railway station, from Shahajahanpur.
There is a memorial to the Kakori conspiracists at Kakori itself. It was inaugurated by the prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 19 December 1983.
The Government of India issued a multicoloured commemorative postal stamp on 19 December 1997 in Bismil's birth centenary year.
The government of Uttar Pradesh had named a park after him: Amar Shaheed Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Udyan is near Rampur Jagir village, where Bismil lived underground after the Mainpuri conspiracy case in 1919.
See also
Ashfaqullah Khan
Sukhdev Thapar
Chandrashekar Azad
Shivaram Rajguru
Bhagat Singh
References
Further reading
External links
Constitution of Hindustan Republican Association
Books of Ram Prasad Bismil in worldcat
Indian revolutionaries
Hindi-language poets
Hindi-language writers
Urdu-language poets from India
Indian male poets
1897 births
1927 deaths
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Executed revolutionaries
People from Shahjahanpur
People from Gorakhpur
20th-century executions by British India
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Executed Indian people
People executed by British India by hanging
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from Manipur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC%20tuner
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ATSC tuner
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An ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) tuner, often called an ATSC receiver or HDTV tuner, is a type of television tuner that allows reception of digital television (DTV) television channels that use ATSC standards, as transmitted by television stations in North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea. Such tuners are usually integrated into a television set, VCR, digital video recorder (DVR), or set-top box which provides audio/video output connectors of various types.
Another type of television tuner is a digital television adapter (DTA) with an analog passthrough.
Technical overview
The terms "tuner" and "receiver" are used loosely, and it is perhaps more appropriately called an ATSC receiver, with the tuner being part of the receiver (see Metonymy). The receiver generates the audio and video (AV) signals needed for television, and performs the following tasks: demodulation; error correction; MPEG transport stream demultiplexing; decompression; AV synchronization; and media reformatting to match what is optimal input for one's TV. Examples of media reformatting include: interlace to progressive scan or vice versa; picture resolutions; aspect ratio conversions (16:9 to or from 4:3); frame rate conversion; and image scaling. Zooming is an example of resolution change. It is commonly used to convert a low-resolution picture to a high-resolution display. This lets the user eliminate letterboxing or pillarboxing by stretching or cropping the picture. Some ATSC receivers, mostly those in HDTV TV sets, will stretch automatically, either by detecting black bars or by reading the Active Format Descriptor (AFD).
Operation
An ATSC tuner works by generating audio and video signals that are picked up from over-the-air broadcast television. ATSC tuners provide the following functions: selective tuning; demodulation; transport stream demultiplexing; decompression; error correction; analog-to-digital conversion; AV synchronization; and media reformatting to fit the specific type of TV screen optimally.
Selective tuning
Selective tuning is the process by which the radio frequency (RF) of the television channel is selected by a receiver from within a band of transmitted RF signals. The tuner usually performs the function of frequency-agile selection, along with rejection of unwanted out-of-band signals.
Demodulation
"Demodulation" means transforming the signal from the tuner into a signal that a TV set can use to produce images and sound without further consideration for the frequency at which it was transmitted. It is separation of a standard baseband signal from the RF carrier that was used to transmit it through the air (or down a coaxial cable or other long-distance medium.) ATSC as implemented in the US uses 8VSB modulation, which requires less power to transmit, as opposed to the also proposed COFDM modulation (used in European DVB-T, which is less prone to multipath distortion and therefore better received in mobile installations).
Transport stream
In the US, multiple digital signals are combined and then transmitted from one antenna source to create over the air broadcasts. By the reverse process (demultiplexing), an ATSC receiver first receives the combined MPEG transport stream and then decodes it to display one of its component signals on a TV set.
Decompression
Since digital signals that are broadcast over the air are compressed (packed smaller), once they are received by the ATSC tuner, these compressed packets of digital data are then decompressed (unpacked to their original size). The ATSC system uses lossy compression, so while the decompressed data size is the same as the original compressed data size, the data produced is not exactly the same as the original data fed into the system at the transmitting site, but it is close enough that most people will not notice a difference.
Error correction
Error correction is a technology that is used by the ATSC tuner to make sure that any data that is missing can be corrected. For instance, sometimes interference or a poor-quality signal will cause the loss of some data that the ATSC tuner receives. With error correction, the tuner has the ability to perform a number of checks and repair data so that a signal can be viewed on a TV set. Error correction works by adding some extra information to the signal before transmission that can be used upon reception to fill in gaps. Therefore, error correction has the opposite effect of compression—it increases the amount of data to transmit, rather than reducing it like compression does, and it improves the quality and robustness of the signal rather than reducing it. Compression removes redundant (and some non-redundant) data, while error correction adds some redundant data. The reason for using error correction rather than just using less compression and keeping the redundancy that was already there is that error correction systems are specially designed to get the maximum benefit out of a very small amount of redundant data, whereas the natural redundancy of the data doesn't do this job as efficiently, so with error correction the net amount of data needed is still smaller.
The ATSC standard (ATSC-E) has a subsection that allows broadcasters to add extra (and variable types) of error correction to their broadcast streams.
This error correction service is not mandatory in the US, nor is it mandatory in Canada.
It is not known how many HDTV receivers support this error correction standard.
For the transmission of HDTV at 720 or 1080, an extra 1% to 3% added error correction codes will help reduce some of ATSC's poorer performance with weak signals under adverse multipath conditions.
Reception is greatly reduced due to EMI in the shortwave to VHF and UHF bandwidth from nearby computers of all sorts [light], portable WiFi and Broadband internet [medium to strong], microwave ovens [burst while activated], cell phones and the towers they communicate with, and even power lines with electronic transmissions.
AV synchronization
AV synchronization is the coordination of audio and video signals being displayed on a digital TV in proper time. AV synchronization ensures that the audio does not lag behind the video that is being displayed on the TV set or vice versa, so that both audio and video are in sync.
Image reformatting
Media reformatting is extremely important because the formatting of images on TV sets differs significantly according to the technology employed. For instance, some televisions have an interlaced picture, whereas others have a progressive-scan picture. Different televisions have a different aspect ratio.
United States government mandates
The FCC has issued the following mandates for devices entering the US:
By July 1, 2005 all televisions with screen sizes over must include a built-in ATSC DTV tuner.
By March 1, 2006 all televisions with screen sizes over must include a built-in ATSC DTV tuner.
By March 1, 2007 all televisions regardless of screen size, and all interface devices that include a tuner (VCR, DVD player/recorder, DVR) must include a built-in ATSC DTV tuner.
Devices manufactured before these dates can still be sold without a built-in ATSC DTV tuner; the lack of digital tuners legally must be disclosed to consumers and most name-brand retailers have incurred FCC penalties for non-compliance with these requirements.
The current regulations are specified in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Analog TV broadcast switch-off
In early 2006 the US Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 became law, which calls for full-power over-the-air television stations to cease their analog broadcasts by February 17, 2009 (this cut-off date had been moved several times previously). On February 11, 2009, the mandatory DTV broadcast date was moved again to June 12, 2009, although stations were allowed to switch earlier. The delay enabled distribution of more coupons for purchase of converter boxes.
As of June 12, 2009, TVs and other equipment with legacy NTSC tuners are unable to receive over-the-air broadcasts from United States TV stations, unless the broadcast is from a repeater or low-power transmitter. However, Class-A stations shut down analog transmissions on September 1, 2015 followed by a complete shutdown of all low-power and repeater stations by July 13, 2021. Canada had a similar analog TV termination date set to September 1, 2011 (except in some remote northern regions).
It was feared that the US switch-off would cause millions of non-cable- and non-satellite-connected TV sets to "go dark". Viewers who did not upgrade, either to a television with a digital tuner or a set-top box, ended up losing their only source of television, unless they relied only upon the aforementioned non-full-power broadcasters. A Congressional bill authorized subsidized converter boxes in a way that allowed viewers to receive the new digital broadcasts on their old TVs. The transition proceeded with about 235,000 people requesting coupons after the June 12, 2009, transition date.
Two $40 coupons were made available per US address nominally from January 1, 2008, through March 31, 2009; each coupon could be used toward the purchase of one approved coupon-eligible converter box. The coupons expired 90 days after initial mailing and were not renewable. All households were eligible to receive coupons from the initial $990 million allocated, after which an additional $510 million in coupons was to be available to households that rely exclusively on over-the-air television reception. On January 4, 2009, the coupon program reached its US$1.34 billion ceiling and any further consumer requests were placed on a waiting list.
Canadian government mandates
In Canada, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) had set August 31, 2011, as the date on which over-the-air analog TV transmission service would cease in 31 major markets of the country, including all provincial capitals, plus Ottawa (the national capital), and most other major urban centers.
As of the end of 2008, there were 22 Canadian DTV transmitters on-air and all existing digital transitional television licenses explicitly proscribe, as a condition of license, the broadcast of more than fourteen hours a week of programming not already on the analogue service. Unlike in the United States, there is no plan to subsidise ATSC converter purchases and no requirement that newly imported receivers decode the digital signal. Canadian retailers are also not required to disclose the inability of new equipment to receive DTV. The Canadian market therefore has been flooded with obsolete new NTSC equipment which lawfully cannot be exported to the US. A limited number of ATSC receivers are in Canadian retail stores as high-definition television (HDTV) receivers. ATSC CECB converter boxes were first carried nationally in October 2008, with chains such as Best Buy and Home Hardware offering limited selection at higher prices than in the US with no government subsidies. ATSC tuners may also be present in most recently manufactured televisions, as well as DVD recorders, HDTV FTA receivers, and personal computer TV tuner cards.
As of the beginning of 2012, almost all Canadian broadcasters are broadcasting an ATSC signal, with a handful of exceptions granted for low-power and regional stations. These signals can be reliably tuned in most cities with a good indoor antenna and an ATSC tuner. US-based ATSC signals can be reliably tuned with an outdoor antenna and an ATSC tuner in Canadian markets within 60 miles of the US broadcast towers. These markets include Toronto (from Buffalo), Windsor (from Detroit and Toledo), Vancouver (from Seattle and Tacoma), Montreal (from Burlington and Plattsburgh), Ottawa (from Watertown and Plattsburgh), and Fredericton (from Presque Isle). Indoor antennas (both passive and amplified) are easier to install, but outdoor antennas are better at tuning stations from further distances.
Setup and operation
Most ATSC tuners have relatively simple on-screen menus, and automatically bring the user to a setup screen when turned on for the first time. This allows the user to pick the time zone and daylight-saving time mode (as all stations transmit time in UTC), and bandscan for stations. The scan "listens" on every channel from 2 to 69, and pauses when it detects a digital carrier wave. If it is able to decode the station, it reads its PSIP data, and adds its virtual channels to the channel map. If no PSIP is transmitted, the physical channel number is used, and each transport stream is enumerated according to its TSID (converted from hexadecimal), or starting sequentially at .1, .2, .3, and so forth, depending on the tuner.
Several TV stations are using or have used a temporary channel to send their DTV signals and, upon terminating analog transmission, move their digital transmission either back to their old analog channel, or to a third channel (sometimes the former analog of another local station), chosen in the digital channel election in the U.S. This requires all viewers to re-scan or manually add the new channel and possibly delete the old one. Doing a full re-scan will usually cause other channels to be dropped if they cannot be received at the moment the scan passes their physical channel, so this is typically undesirable, although many ATSC tuners only have this option. Some have an "easy-add" feature which does not delete what is already mapped in memory. Some allow the user to enter the physical channel and an unmapped subchannel, causing the tuner to search the physical channel. Depending on the tuner, this may or may not automatically add the station and its digital subchannels to the map, and/or to the user's "favorites". This may also leave the old "dead" channel mapping in place, so that there is the new 8.1, dead 8.1, new 8.2, dead 8.2, etc. In most cases, TV stations will not have the actual frequency they are currently using on their website. If the auto scan does not pick up the signal and the tuner has manual frequency scan capability try to get the actual frequency from the station engineer. This may allow one to stay on one frequency (channel) versus "scanning" (moving too quickly through) and allow one to make antenna adjustments while observing only a problematic channel.
Other errors which appear to be in the tuner are actually the result of incorrect data sent by one or more stations, often including missing electronic program guide data. Many ATSC tuners will remember EPG info for each station, but only for a few hours after viewing a channel on that station. Some will not remember at all (displaying only the required channel banner), while a very few others will store data for days (although this requires staying tuned to each station for more than a few seconds in order to receive the extended info). DirecTV receivers with ATSC tuners can download the guide at any time, while other TiVo units download guide data separately. TV Guide On Screen can also be used for this, but very few if any ATSC tuners include this (which requires downloading all guide data for all channels from one particular station). Stations sending the wrong time are also a major problem, as this can skew or ruin guide data for all stations until the correct time is received again from a different and correctly set station.
Manual tuning
Each digital OTA channel number is composed of a main number and a subchannel, for example 4.1, 4.2, etc. A dash is an alternate form of representation: 4–1, 4–2... The dot and dash are interchangeable; they both mean the same thing. The main channel numbers refer to the same radio frequencies as previously. However, now "virtual channel" (technically known as logical channel number) numbers are common. So, Channel 4 digital signals may now actually be broadcast on channel 43, or any other frequency. When the ATSC tuner does a channel scan, it finds the signal on channel 43, learns that this material is called "Channel 4", and remembers that mapping. The user can tune to "4", and the tuner will know to tune in 43. Before a scan is done, it may be possible to access the programs directly by manual tuning, by entering 43–1, 43–2... After the scan, the programs would usually be accessed by entering 4–1, 4-2 etc., but it may still be possible to also access them directly at 43 as long as it is also not the same as an already assigned channel. If stations change their broadcast frequencies, it may be possible to access the new frequencies directly as long as it is also not the same as an already assigned channel in which case it will go to that channel instead of the frequency, but the usual procedure is to re-scan all of the channels which will just assign multiple version of any overlapping channels.
See also
ATSC DVD recorders
Digital broadcasting
Digital switchover
Digital terrestrial television
High-definition television in the United States
QAM tuner
Tuner (radio)
Virtual channel
References
Bibliography
External links
The FCC's DTV information site
Patent and royalty info 2006-12-27
Enabling TV Tuner Technology for All-Digital Cable Networks
Tuner
Digital television
High-definition television
History of television
Set-top box
Television terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zallaq
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Zallaq
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Zallaq () is a village on the western coast of Bahrain.
Zallaq was the home to the Al-Dawasir, Al-Zeabi and Al-Gahtam and Al-Seddiqi tribes in Bahrain together with Budaiya and Hawar Islands. It is famous for the Jazaer Beach (also known as Zallaq Beach). The Al Areen Wildlife Park is also near the Jazaer Beach in Zallaq. The village has many fishing boats.
See also
Bahrain
References
External links
Photos of Zallaq
yeyeyeye
Populated places in Bahrain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20and%20South%20East%20Merit%20League
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London and South East Merit League
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The London and South East Merit League is a rugby league competition founded in 1965. It is also known as the London League (LL), London, South and East Merit League, London Amateur Rugby League (LARL) and London Merit League (LML).
It is now one of four feeder leagues for the Rugby League Conference (RLC). There is also a London Junior League for youth teams.
Structure
The merit system, which gives its unofficial name to the league as the London Merit League, came about as a way to accommodate the needs of as many of clubs as possible. The "merit table" system gives teams, freedom to arrange as many or few games amongst the other league participants as they wish. The results of fixtures worked out between the teams are compiled into a league table based on average scores. The top six teams then go through to a play-off system to determine the champion club. The London League participants also have the opportunity to arrange games with clubs participating in the RL Merit League or Midlands Rugby League.
History
When the Acton & Willesden and Streatham & Mitcham clubs joined the Rugby Football League in 1935, a number of supporters and rejected trialists formed a number of amateur teams in London. There was no amateur competition in London at that time but leading clubs were Acton Hornets, Park Royal Rangers, Hendon, Dagenham, and Harlesden All Blacks. None of these clubs survived the failure of the two professional clubs.
Amateur clubs were again formed in Morden, Brixton, Mitcham, Slough and Southampton; and a four-team Southern Amateur Rugby League took place in 1949–50 before folding. There was an attempt to revive the league in 1955, when a Mr Tim Wood, of Chigwell Row, Essex, wrote to the Rugby Football League to enquire about possible assistance.
In 1965 Gordon Anderton placed an advert in the London Evening Standard saying that anyone interested in starting a rugby league side should meet at a Hackney pub and from this about half a dozen enthusiasts began to train in the National Sports Centre at Crystal Palace. Brian Blessed was the first coach, training moved to Hackney marshes and within twelve months the London Amateur Rugby League Association was formed, with Eddie Waring as its first president. It was soon renamed the Southern Amateur Rugby League as teams from outside London joined.
Hackney expanded and as many players came from the Ealing area a second club formed using the council pitch at Gunnersbury Park that was also used by a rugby union team. Ealing also grew quickly and with many new players coming from the Hillingdon area a third team soon followed. In these early days 2nd Para Division at Aldershot also often fielded a team, when not on duty in Northern Ireland plus a team from Portsmouth University and then came Peckham who were based at Herne Hill Stadium. The stadium had been resurfaced to host the cycling world championships but unfortunately, a few months before the event the officials measured the track and found it was a metre short so no records would stand. The request to use the stadium for rugby league was an offer the council jumped at and as a result of playing at a relatively prestige stadium Peckham expanded and for many years was the premier team in the Southern League.
By 1981, there were enough teams competing to form a Second division and a Third division ran between 1984 and 1988. The league was rebranded the London Amateur Rugby League in 1986 to reflect the concentration of sides in the London area after outpost clubs Cheltenham, Aberavon, Hemel Hempstead, Milton Keynes and Wokingham (soon renamed Surrey Heath) all switched to the newly formed Midlands & South West League (MASWARLA) by its second season (Wokingham had been founder members). In 1995–96 there were two regionalised Second divisions due to the Eastern Counties League being absorbed into the London League and an influx of teams from South West England.
The Southern Conference League, founded in 1997, was the fore-runner of the Rugby League Conference. It included some of the top teams in the London Amateur Rugby League, focusing on clubs that either had or promised junior sections. As the best of the London League was gradually included into the Conference, the rest reformed as a summer merit league for new clubs, police / prison sides and second and third teams. The last winter season completed was 1998/99 and the first summer season was 2000.
The Gordon Anderton Memorial Trophy knock-out competition was established in 1997 and ran for two seasons. It was named after Gordon who ran the London League from 1965 to just before his death in the mid-90s.
The switched from the traditional winter season to a summer league in 2000 following the lead of the Super League which made the switch in 1996. The last winter London League season in 98/99 finished with only four teams still playing; London Colonials, South London Storm, London Skolars A and Metropolitan Police. The first London summer merit league started with eight teams.
From 2000 the London League Champions were determined via a play-off series culminating in a Grand Final. In 2011 the league was renamed London, South and East Merit League with teams joining from the East of England. In 2012 it became the London & South East Entrance League with the Eastern teams leaving to form the East Merit League.
Rugby League Conference Pyramid
National Conference League
Conference League South
South Premier
Eastern Men's League and London & South East Men's League
London, South and East Merit League
The London League is the lowest level on the Rugby League Conference pyramid for clubs in the South of England.
Participating teams
In 2013 the following teams have entered:
Barking & Dagenham Bulldogs
Beckenham Bears
Greenwich Admirals
Guildford Giants
Hammersmith Hills Hoists A
Newham Dockers
Mudchute Uncles
Southend Spartans
South West London Chargers A
Staines Titans
St Albans Centurions A
Thames Ditton Tigers
Weald Warriors A
Participating teams by season
2000: Crawley Jets 'A', Huntingdon Town, Newmarket, North London Skolars 'A', Oxford Cavaliers 'A', St Albans Centurions 'A', South London Storm 'A', West London Sharks 'A'
2001: Crawley Jets 'A', Finchley, Luton Vipers, Newmarket, North London Skolars 'A', St Albans Centurions 'A', St Ives, South London Storm 'A', West London Sharks 'A'
2002: Crawley Jets 'A', Finchley, Greenwich Admirals, Luton Vipers 'A', North London Skolars 'A', St Albans Centurions 'A', St Ives, South London Storm 'A', South Norfolk Saints, West London Sharks 'A'
2003: Essex Eels 'A', Feltham YOI, Finchley, Greenwich Admirals 'A', Kingston Warriors 'A', Luton Vipers 'A', Metropolitan Police, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, St Albans Centurions 'A', South London Storm 'B', West London Sharks 'A'
2004: 36th Engineering Regiment Maidstone, Bedford Tigers, Croydon Hurricanes, Dover Parachute Regiment, Feltham YOI, Greenwich Admirals 'A', Haringey Hornets, HMP The Mount, Ipswich Rhinos 'A', Kent Ravens, Kingston Warriors 'A', Luton Vipers 'A', Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, St Albans Centurions 'B', West London Sharks 'A'
2005: Broadstairs Bulldogs, Colchester Romans, Feltham YOI, Greenwich Admirals 'A', HMP The Mount, Ipswich Rhinos 'A', Kent Ravens, Metropolitan Police, West London Sharks 'A'
2006: Bedford Tigers 'A', Eastern Raiders, Feltham YOI, Kentish Tigers, Luton Vipers, Smallford Saints, South London Storm 'A', Southend Seaxes, West London Sharks 'A'
2007: Bedford Tigers 'A', Eastern Raiders, Farnborough Falcons, Feltham Eagles, Hadleigh Hawks, Hainault Bulldogs, Kent Ravens 'A', London Griffins, Metropolitan Police, Northampton Casuals, St Albans Centurions 'A', Smallford Saints, South London Storm 'A', Southampton Spitfires, Southgate Skolars, Southgate Skolars 'A', West London Sharks 'A'
2008: Bedford Tigers 'A', Eastern Raiders, Farnborough Falcons, Feltham Eagles, Hainault Bulldogs 'A', Hemel Stags 'A', Kent Ravens, London Griffins, Metropolitan Police, Norwich City Saxons, St Albans Centurions 'A', St Ives Roosters 'A', South London Storm 'A', Southampton Spitfires, Southgate Skolars, West London Sharks 'A'
2009: Bedford Tigers 'A', Greenwich Admirals 'A', Guildford Giants 'A', Hammersmith Hills Hoists, Hemel Stags 'A', St Albans Centurions 'A', St Mary's University, South London Storm 'A', Southgate Skolars, Sussex Merlins, West London Sharks 'A'
2010: Bedford Tigers 'A', Colchester Romans, Eastern Rhinos 'A', Feltham Eagles, Greenwich Admirals 'A', Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A', Hemel Stags 'A', Metropolitan Police, Phantoms, West London Sharks 'A'
2011: Bedford Tigers 'A', Fenland Foxes, Greenwich Admirals 'A', Guildford Giants 'A', Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A', Hemel Stags 'A', London Skolars 'A' (called up to Rugby League Conference mid-season), Mudchute Uncles, Phantoms RL, RAF Odiham, St Albans Centurions 'A', South London Storm 'A', Southampton Spitfires 'A', West Norfolk Wildcats
2012: Barking & Dagenham Bulldogs, Hammersmith Hills Hoists A, Mudchute Uncles, Newham Dockers, Weald Warriors, Weald Warriors 'A'
2013: Barking & Dagenham Bulldogs, Beckenham Bears, Greenwich Admirals, Guildford Giants 'A', Hammersmith Hills Hoists 'A', Mudchute Uncles, Newham Dockers, St Albans Centurions 'A', South West London Chargers 'A', Southend Spartans, Staines Titans, Thames Ditton Tigers, Weald Warriors 'A'
2014: Billericay Rangers, Eastern Rhinos 'A', Fleet Mustangs, Hammersmith Hills Hoists, London Skolars 'B', St Albans Centurions 'A', South West London Chargers 'B', Wests Warriors
2015: Croydon Hurricanes, Fleet Mustangs, Hemel Stags A, Invicta Panthers, Newham Dockers, Richmond Warriors, South West London Chargers A, The Bears A, Weald Warriors, Wests Warriors A
Teams joining the Rugby League Conference
Many of the foundation clubs of the Rugby League Conference (RLC) came from the London League and the league has continued to provide teams such as North London Skolars, Ipswich Rhinos, Cambridge Eagles, St Albans Centurions, South London Storm and Kingston Warriors.
Since adopting its current format the London League has provided fifteen teams to the RLC:-
2002 Luton Vipers
2003 Greenwich Admirals, London Skolars A, South London Storm A, South Norfolk Saints and St Ives Roosters
2004 St Albans Centurions A
2005 Haringey Hornets, Luton Vipers 'A' (who failed to complete the season) and Bedford Tigers
2006 Kent Ravens, Colchester Romans and Broadstairs Bulldogs
2008 Northampton Casuals and Hainault Bulldogs
2009 Hainault Bulldogs 'A' (failed to complete the season), Norwich City Saxons, Kent Ravens (again, failed to complete the season), Farnborough Falcons (failed to start the season) and Southampton Spitfires
2010 Hammersmith Hills Hoists, South London Storm A (again), St Albans Centurions A (again, failed to complete the season) and Sussex Merlins
2011 London Skolars A (called up to replace Hainault Bulldogs midseason)
NB: These are the years these clubs joined the RLC.
Winners
From 2000 the London League Champions were determined via a play-off series culminating in a Grand Final.
Second Division
1981/82 Peckham II
1982/83 Fulham Travellers
1983/84 Peckham II
1984/85 Fulham Travellers
1985/86 St Marys
1986/87 Fulham Amateurs
1987/88 St Marys
1988/89 Peckham II
1993/94 Brent Ealing II
1994/95 Brent Ealing II
1995/96 Basingstoke Beasts
1996/97 Bexleyheath
1997/98 Kingston
Third Division
1984/85 Peckham Pumas
1985/86 Bexleyheath
1986/87 Hornsey Lambs
1987/88 Fulham Amateurs
London League Bowl Winners
1984/85 Peckham 26 Bexleyheath 18
1985/86 West London Institute 30 Hornsey Lambs 5
1986/87 Hornsey Lambs 35 Hemel 0
1987/88 Surrey Heath 22 Ealing 10
1988/89 Peckham II 26 Streatham Celtic 12
1989/90 Ealing II 32 Essex Scimitars 10
1990/91 Peckham II 20 Met Police 10
1992/93 South London Warriors II 20 Cambridge 14
1993/94 Peckham 29 Met Police 10
1994/95 South London Warriors II 48 Cambridge Eagles 12
1995/96 Basingstoke Beasts 26 Brent Ealing II 14
1996/97 Reading Raiders
1997/98 St Albans Centurions 32 Hemel Stags 18
London League Cup
1969/70 Ealing 30 Hillingdon 5
1970/71 Ealing 18 Hillingdon 6
1971/72 Hillingdon 13 Portsmouth Poly 11
1972/73 Ealing 15 Hackney 7
1973/74 Ealing 17 Peckham 16
1974/75 Peckham 11 Hackney 7
1975/76 Peckham 27 Hornchurch 17
1976/77 Peckham 24 Ealing 12
1977/78 Peckham 19 Ealing 12
1978/79 Peckham 29–Ealing 0
1979/80 Peckham 27 Ealing 9
1980/81 Peckham 22 Ealing 15
1981/82 Ealing 28 Oxford University 14
1982/83 Peckham 18 London Colonials 13
1983/84 London Colonials 14 Ealing 4
1984/85 London Colonials 18 Peckham Pumas 10
1985/86 South London Warriors 72 St Marys 5
1986/87 South London Warriors 32 London Colonials 7
1987/88 London Colonials 28 St Marys 6
1988/89 South London Warriors 26 London Colonials 22
1989/90 South London Warriors 24 St Marys 6
1990/91 South London Warriors 14 London Colonials 10
1991/92 South London Warriors 20 Ealing 18
1992/93 St Marys 52 South London Warriors 38
1993/94 South London Warriors 30 Ealing 8
1994/95 South London Warriors 36 Brent Ealing 8
1995/96 Reading Raiders 32 Oxford University 18
1996/97 Reading Raiders 36 West London 8
1997/98 Reading Raiders 28 Met Police 18
1998/99 Reading Raiders 18 North London 10
2000 St Albans Centurions 'A' def South London Storm 'A'
Plate Winners
2004 Greenwich Admirals bt West London Sharks (title awarded to Greenwich by default)
2005 Kent Ravens 30 Feltham Eagles 18
2006 Feltham Eagles 50 Southend 18
2007 Feltham Eagles 72 Kent Ravens 'A' 10
2008 Metropolitan Police 24 Farnborough Falcons18
7s (Keith Macklin Trophy)
1970 Peckham ARLC
1971 Parachute Regiment
1972 ANZACs
7s (Ealing Plate)
1971 Portsmouth
1972 Peckham
Gordon Anderton memorial trophy
1997/98 Reading Raiders 28–24 South London Saints
1998/99 Reading Raiders 32–28 South London Saints
Southern Cup
1995 Hemel Stags def London Colonials
See also
British rugby league system
Rugby League Conference
Midlands Rugby League
RL Merit League
References
External links
Rugby League Conference
Rugby league in London
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4026677
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca%20Pozzi
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Gianluca Pozzi
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Gianluca Pozzi (born 17 June 1965) is a former tennis player from Italy, who turned professional in 1984.
Pozzi won one singles title (1991, Brisbane) and one doubles title (1991, Newport) during his career. The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 29 January 2001, when he became World No. 40.
During his career, Pozzi notably defeated Grand Slam champions Andre Agassi, Ivan Lendl, Marat Safin, Sergi Bruguera and Roger Federer. And in 2000 Pozzi, at the age of 35, memorably reached the Round of 16 on grass at Wimbledon, prompting Italian tennis journalist Dr. Giovanni Clerici to write that "Nonno" Gianluca ("Grandfather" Gianluca) had won a great victory there.
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
Doubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures Finals
Singles: 19 (10–9)
Doubles: 6 (2–4)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
1965 births
Living people
Italian male tennis players
Olympic tennis players of Italy
Sportspeople from Bari
Tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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4026705
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantites
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Pantites
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Pantites (died c. 470s BC) was a Spartan warrior, one of the Three Hundred sent to the Battle of Thermopylae. King Leonidas I ordered Pantites on an embassy to Thessaly, possibly to recruit allies for the coming battle. However, Pantites failed to return to Thermopylae in time for the battle, arriving after all of his fellow soldiers had been killed. When he returned to Sparta, he was shunned as a "trembler" and made an outcast. Unable to live with his disgrace, he hanged himself.
See also
Eurytus of Sparta
Aristodemus of Sparta
References
Ancient Spartan soldiers
5th-century BC Spartans
Battle of Thermopylae
Suicides by hanging in Greece
470s BC deaths
Military history of ancient Thessaly
Ambassadors in Greek Antiquity
Year of birth unknown
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4026713
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20563%20%28New%20Jersey%29
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County Route 563 (New Jersey)
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County Route 563 (CR 563) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from CR 629 (Ventnor Avenue) in Margate City, Atlantic County north to Route 72 in Woodland Township, Burlington County. In Atlantic County, the road runs through a mix of suburban and rural areas, passing through Northfield, Egg Harbor Township, and Egg Harbor City. North of Egg Harbor City into Burlington County, CR 563 runs through the heavily forested Pine Barrens. Between Margate and Northfield, CR 563 runs along the Downbeach Express, a toll bridge that is maintained by Ole Hansen & Sons, Inc.
The Margate Bridge was built in 1929 by Ole Hansen and privately maintained until being taken over by the Margate Bridge Company in 1963. It was renamed to the Downbeach Express in 2012. The portion of present-day CR 563 between U.S. Route 9 (US 9) and US 30 was legislated as a state highway called Route S43 in 1938, a spur of Route 43 (US 30). This was never built as a state highway. By 1946, all of current CR 563 had been built as a paved road. The CR 563 designation was assigned in 1952 with the creation of the 500-series county routes in New Jersey.
The Cardiff Circle at the north end of the US 40/US 322 concurrency in Egg Harbor Township was eliminated in 2002, while the Airport Circle at CR 646 near the Atlantic City International Airport underwent alterations in 2011 allowing Delilah Road motorists to pass straight through the circle, and future plans call for new ramps to pass over the circle as part of a project to connect the airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway.
Route description
CR 563 begins at an intersection with CR 629 in Margate City, Atlantic County, heading to the northwest on Jerome Avenue, a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The road continues through residential areas of Margate City before it comes to the toll plaza for the Downbeach Express, formerly known as the Margate Bridge and Causeway. This span, which stretches from Margate City to Northfield, is maintained by Ole Hansen & Sons, Inc., and tolls can be paid with cash or the Downbeach Express Pass, an automated toll collection system. E-ZPass is not accepted on the Downbeach Express. The toll for cars is $2.00 using cash and $1.40 using the Downbeach Express Pass. At this point, CR 563 narrows into a two-lane undivided road and turns west, entering Egg Harbor Township upon crossing the Beach Thorofare on a drawbridge. The road turns northwest into wetlands, crossing over several waterways. After passing a marina, the route runs through more wetlands before entering Northfield. Here, CR 563 becomes Mill Road and passes homes prior to a five-way intersection with CR 585 and CR 662. At this intersection, CR 563 turns north onto Tilton Road and runs through residential and commercial areas. Upon crossing US 9, the route widens back to a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and is lined with several businesses. The road crosses back into Egg Harbor Township, becoming a six-lane divided highway as it crosses CR 651 and has a ramp from the southbound direction to the Garden State Parkway. CR 563 becomes a four-lane undivided road as it crosses under the Garden State Parkway and comes to a ramp from the southbound Garden State Parkway to southbound CR 563. A short distance later, it comes to an intersection with US 40/US 322 (Black Horse Pike), where CR 563 makes a left turn to form a concurrency with that road.
Along the Black Horse Pike, the road continues north and passes to the east of the Harbor Square shopping center. CR 563 splits from US 40/US 322 by continuing north-northwest on Tilton Road, which is three lanes wide including a center left-turn lane. It runs through wooded areas of development as it crosses over the Atlantic City Expressway without an interchange. CR 563 intersects CR 646 and Amelia Earhart Boulevard, an access road to the Atlantic City International Airport at the former Airport Circle. Following the circle, the route narrows into a two-lane road as it passes through forests prior to running to the west of the Atlantic City International Airport. The road continues into Hamilton Township, where it has an intersection with CR 575. After this intersection, CR 563 enters wooded surroundings and crosses into Galloway Township. In this area, the road crosses over NJ Transit’s Atlantic City Line prior to an intersection with US 30 (White Horse Pike).
CR 563 heads northwest to form a concurrency with the four-lane undivided US 30, passing through the community of Cologne, where it crosses CR 614. The road continues through rural areas with some development before entering Egg Harbor City at the CR 674 junction. In Egg Harbor City, the road passes homes and businesses before coming to the northern terminus of Route 50 in the center of town. At this intersection, CR 563 splits from US 30 by heading northeast on two-lane undivided Philadelphia Avenue, which continues south as Route 50. The road passes through the downtown area before entering areas of homes. After crossing CR 561, the development along CR 563 decreases as it heads into heavily forested areas of the Pine Barrens and comes to a crossroads with CR 561 Alternate. Upon crossing Egg Harbor City Lake, CR 563 becomes Park Avenue West, Buffalo Avenue, and Egg Harbor-Green Bank Road. The road makes a turn to the north and crosses into Mullica Township. In Mullica Township, the route enters the residential community of Weekstown, where it curves west before heading north at the CR 643 junction. Upon leaving Weekstown, CR 563 turns northeast back into the Pine Barrens.
After crossing the Mullica River on a drawbridge, CR 563 enters Washington Township in Burlington County, where it becomes Chatsworth-Harrisville-New Gretna Road and continues northeast past homes. After heading east for a brief concurrency with CR 542, the route heads north into the Wharton State Forest, passing through rural areas for several miles. CR 563 intersects CR 679 before passing a few areas of homes. The road runs through more forests before heading into an area of cranberry bogs. CR 563 leaves the Wharton State Forest and enters Woodland Township, still in the Pine Barrens. In Woodland Township, the route comes to the residential community of Chatsworth. In the center of the community, CR 563 has a concurrency with CR 532. After running through Chatsworth, CR 563 passes through more forests before coming to its northern terminus at Route 72.
History
What is now CR 563 between Egg Harbor City and Green Bank originally existed as an unnumbered and unpaved road by 1927. The Margate Bridge between Margate City and Northfield was built in 1929 by Ole Hansen and was privately maintained by F. W. Schwiers & Company. This span would be purchased in 1963 by the Margate Bridge Company, owned by the Hansen and Capaldi families, after the original owners went bankrupt.
In 1938, a spur of Route 43 (US 30) called Route S43 was planned to follow the current alignment of CR 563 from Route 43 in Germania to Route 4 (now US 9) in Northfield; this road was never built as a state highway. By 1946, the entire current alignment of CR 563 was built as an unnumbered paved two-lane road. When the 500-series county routes were established in New Jersey in 1952, CR 563 was designated onto its current alignment. A spur route, CR 563 Spur, was also designated, which ran from CR 563 in Washington Township east to US 9 in New Gretna in Burlington County. This spur route was replaced with CR 679 by the 1990s. The Cardiff Circle at the north end of the US 40/US 322 concurrency in Egg Harbor Township was eliminated in a $3.7 million project completed in 2002. The Airport Circle at CR 646 was planned to be replaced with a regular roundabout due to a high accident rate at the current circle. The circle was removed in 2011, allowing CR 646 motorists to pass across through the circle, and future plans call for new ramps to pass over the circle as part of a project to connect the airport directly to the Atlantic City Expressway.
In 2003, an automated toll collection system was introduced along the Margate Bridge and Causeway known as the Quick Toll Card, which used a prepaid automated toll card. In 2012, the Margate Bridge and Causeway was renamed the Downbeach Express and a more efficient Downbeach Express Pass automated toll collection system was introduced.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
CR 563 pictures
563
563
563
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4026719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20App
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Austin App
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Austin Joseph App (24 May 1902 – 4 May 1984) was a German-American professor of medieval English literature who taught at the University of Scranton and La Salle University. App defended Nazi Germany during World War II. He is known for his work denying the Holocaust, and he has been called the first major American Holocaust denier.
Life and career
Born in Milwaukee to German immigrant parents who were farmers, he attended St. Francis Seminary near Milwaukee and graduated in 1923. He studied English Literature at the Catholic University of America and received the Ph.D. in 1929. He served as an instructor of English at that university from 1929 to 1935. From 1935 to 1942 he served as the head of the English Department at the University of Scranton, publishing widely in scholarly and popular journals. Among the latter, he often wrote for The Catholic Home Journal, Magnificat, Queen's Work, and The Victorian. By his own account, he was particularly devoted to the cultural value of good manners, well-developed public speaking, and chivalry.
App never married. He was a frequent public speaker. He wrote many letters to the editors of magazines and newspapers. He complained about the American declaration of war on Germany, and argued that without American intervention the Axis Powers would have won World War II. He blamed Jews and communists for Germany's postwar problems. Few of his letters were published.
In a manner of criticism typical for his generation, App often examined literary aesthetics according to categories of virtue and truth. In a collection of essays printed in 1948, he argued for a Christian interpretation of literature in chapters titled “Presenting Sin and Temptation in Literature” and “How to Judge a Novel Ethically.”
He became president of the Federation of American Citizens of German Descent in 1945, serving in this position for several years. In the 1950s, App often wrote articles for Conde McGinley's antisemitic journal Common Sense. He later founded The Boniface Press and served as an editor there. It was named after Saint Boniface, the Anglo-Saxon missionary who brought the faith to Germanic Europe. He served on the editorial advisory committee of the revisionist Journal of Historical Review from 1980 until his death.
Holocaust denial
App laid out eight axioms, or what he described as "incontrovertible assertions", about the Holocaust in his 1973 pamphlet The Six Million Swindle: Blackmailing the German People for Hard Marks With Fabricated Corpses, which denied the existence of gas chambers and tried to show it was impossible for six million Jews to have been killed.
In February 1976, App published an article "The Sudeten-German Tragedy" in Reason magazine, criticizing the post-World War II expulsion of the Sudeten Germans as "one of the worst mass atrocities in history." The article was later printed as a pamphlet.
App also published A Straight Look at the Third Reich, a defense of Nazi Germany, and The Curse of Anti-Anti-Semitism, arguing that the entire Jewish community is responsible for the death of Christ. App's work inspired the Institute for Historical Review, a Holocaust denial center in California, founded in 1978.
Selected works
Lancelot in English Literature: His Role and Character, doctoral dissertation, Catholic University of America, 1929.
Edwin Arlington Robinson’s Arthurian Poems, in: Thought 10.3 (1935), p.468-479.
History's Most Terrifying Peace. 1947.
Ravishing the Women of Conquered Europe. Pamphlet, 1948.
The Way to Creative Writing. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishers, 1954.
Making the Later Years Count. For a healthy, well-provided, blessed Old Age. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishers, 1960.
The Rooseveltian concentration camps for Japanese-Americans, 1942-46. Philadelphia: Boniface Press, 1967.
A straight look at the Third Reich: Hitler and National Socialism, how right? how wrong? Takoma Park, Maryland: Boniface Press, 1974.
The Six Million Swindle: Blackmailing the German People for Hard Marks with Fabricated Corpses. Takoma Park, Maryland: Boniface Press, 1973. Second edition printed in 1976.
The Curse of Anti-Anti-Semitism. 1976.
German-American Voice for Truth and Justice: Autobiography. Takoma Park, Maryland: Boniface Press, 1977.
The Sudeten-German Tragedy. Takoma Park, Maryland: Boniface Press, 1979-. Several volumes.
References
Sources
Autobiographical Speech held by App, accessed 27 Oct 2020.
1902 births
1984 deaths
American Holocaust deniers
American academics of English literature
American medievalists
University of Scranton faculty
Catholic University of America School of Arts and Sciences faculty
La Salle University faculty
Catholic University of America alumni
St. Francis Seminary (Wisconsin) alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
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4026726
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Goldstein%20%28tennis%29
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Paul Goldstein (tennis)
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Paul Herbert Goldstein (born August 4, 1976) is a retired tennis player from the United States, who turned professional in 1998. He announced his retirement from professional tennis in February 2008, as he was starting working with a clean energy company.
As a junior, he won the USTA Boys' 16s National Championship in 1992, and the USTA Boys' 18s National Championships in both 1993 and 1994. He then played college tennis at Stanford University, from which he graduated after a career in which he was named an All-American each of the four years he played, and the team won the national championship each year. He won the gold medal in singles at the 1999 Pan American Games.
The right-hander reached career-high ATP Tour rankings of World No. 58 in singles in April 2006, and World No. 40 in doubles in February 2007. He is now head coach of the Stanford Men's tennis team.
Early life
Goldstein was born Washington DC and raised in Rockville, Maryland, and is Jewish. He is the son of Clark Goldstein, a former national table tennis champion. He started playing when he was nine.
He won the USTA Boys' 16s National Championship in 1992, and the USTA Boys' 18s National Championships in both 1993 and 1994 (in 1994, defeating Jan-Michael Gambill). He also won the 1994 doubles championship with Scott Humphries.
He is a 1994 graduate of Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C., where he was a four-time Washington Post First Team All Met selection ('91–'94).
College career
Goldstein played college tennis at Stanford University and graduated in 1998 with a degree in human biology. He was an All-American each year, and the team won the national championship each year. In his senior year he was Pac-10 Player of the Year in 1998, after a 33–2 season in which he was team captain.
Pan American Games
Goldstein won the gold medal in singles at the 1999 Pan American Games defeating Cecil Mamiit.
Pro career
He had 26 USTA titles through November 2005.Paul Goldstein: Circuit Player of the Week
In January 1999 at the Australian Open he shocked world # 8 Greg Rusedski, 6–4, 6–7(11,) 7–6(5), 6–2. In June at Wimbledon he upset both world # 33 Jan Siemerink, 6–4, 5–7, 4–6, 6–2, 6–1, and # 17 Félix Mantilla, 6–2, 6–4, 6–7(5), 6–2. In August he upset world # 8 Àlex Corretja of Spain 7–6(11), 7–6(5), in Washington, D.C..
In February 2000 he defeated world # 17 Patrick Rafter of Australia 4–6, 6–1, 6–2, in Delray Beach, Florida.
In the 2005 US Open, Goldstein and Jim Thomas upset defending champions and #1 seeds Mark Knowles and Daniel Nestor in the first round, as well as Simon Aspelin and Todd Perry in the QFs, before losing to eventual champions Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan in the SFs. In the 2006 US Open, Goldstein and Thomas again defeated Knowles and Nestor (this time in the 3rd round).
Goldstein and Jim Thomas lost in the doubles finals of the 2006 SAP Open to 47-year-old John McEnroe and Jonas Björkman. They also were doubles finalists in two other ATP tournaments in 2006 (Indianapolis, won by Andy Roddick and Bobby Reynolds, and Tokyo, won by Ashley Fisher and Tripp Phillips).
In February 2006 he beat world # 18 Robby Ginepri 6–7(4), 6–3, 6–1, in Las Vegas, and in July he defeated world # 13 Lleyton Hewitt 6–4, 6–4 in Los Angeles. In the January Australian Open, he beat future champion Novak Djokovic in the first round 6–2, 1–6, 6–3, 6–2. Paul was easily defeated in the next round by Tommy Haas 0–6, 1–6, 2–6. Haas lost to Federer in 5 sets in the fourth round.
In January 2007 he defeated world # 21 Dominik Hrbatý of Slovakia 6–2, 7–6(4), in Adelaide, Australia. The next month he defeated world # 45 Julien Benneteau in Las Vegas, 6–1, 6–0. Despite losing in the first round of singles at the Tunica Resorts Challenger in May, he and Donald Young won the doubles final, defeating Pablo Cuevas and Horacio Zeballos 4–6, 6–1, 10–4.
Tennis exhibitions
Goldstein has participated in exhibition events for other tennis players and their charities, including Andy Roddick, Jim Thomas, and the Bryan brothers. On September 27, 2008, he participated in The Bryan Brothers' All-Star Tennis Smash in Thousand Oaks, California, initially playing doubles with Justin Gimblestob, and ending up playing singles with Andre Agassi (losing 7–5).
Post-retirement
Goldstein officially retired in February 2008 and began working with a clean energy company in the San Francisco Bay area. In 2004 he married his college sweetheart and partner of nine years, Abbie; it was she who persuaded him to play on during the 2007 season. They live in Menlo Park, California, with their three children.
In 2014, Goldstein became head coach of the Stanford Men's Tennis Team.
Halls of Fame
Goldstein was inducted into the ITA Collegiate Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013.
Goldstein was inducted into the North California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 2015.
ATP career finals
Doubles: 5 (5 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 20 (13–7)
Doubles: 20 (12–8)
Junior Grand Slam finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Performance timelineS
Singles
Doubles
See also
List of select Jewish tennis players
References
External links
Goldstein World Ranking History
Jewish Virtual Library bio
Jews in Sports bio
"Paul Goldstein: Circuit Player of the Week", 11/9/05
Jim Thomas (Goldstein's doubles partner) official website
Goldstein participating in 2008 tennis exhibition event
1976 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis players from San Francisco
Tennis players from Washington, D.C.
Tennis players at the 1999 Pan American Games
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
21st-century American Jews
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4026728
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley%20Cooper%20%28singer%29
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Ashley Cooper (singer)
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Ashley Cooper (born 23 February 1988) is a country singer from New Zealand.
Biography
Cooper was born in Cambridge, New Zealand. She was a contestant on the second series of New Zealand Idol. After being the third person to be eliminated out of the top ten on Idol, she released her first single "I Want You", which debuted at nineteen and eventually peaked at number nine. Most of the single's success can be based on the physical sales of the single, as well as airplay, which it received.
Cooper and songwriter Michael Tipping began working together in 2007, forming the duo 2am. They later changed the name to Michael & Ashley, and then to Cooper's Run. They were named New Zealand's Rising Stars and Horizon Winners at the New Zealand National Country Music Awards in 2009. In the same year, Cooper became the first New Zealander to sing at the Global Artist Showcase in Nashville. The duo also released the album "Missing Home".
In 2010 the duo won Duo/Group of the Year at the New Zealand National Country Music Awards. In 2011 the pair were the opening support act for country group Lady Antebellum at their Auckland concert.
Discography
(2005) "Dedicated to the One I Love", (with the finalists of NZ Idol) - #5 NZ
(2006) "I Want You" - #9 NZ
(2010) "Summertime"
References
External links
I Want You Official Music Video
1988 births
Living people
New Zealand Idol participants
People from Cambridge, New Zealand
21st-century New Zealand women singers
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4026749
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological%20Museum%20of%20Alicante
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Archaeological Museum of Alicante
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The Archaeological Museum of Alicante (, , abbreviated as MARQ) is an archaeological museum in Alicante, Spain. The museum won the European Museum of the Year Award in 2004, a few years after significant expansion and reallocation to renovated buildings of the antique hospital of San Juan de Dios. The museum houses eight galleries that use multimedia to allow visitors to interact with the lives of past residents of the region.
See also
List of museums in Spain
References
External links
Museum website
Alicante
Museums in Alicante
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Alicante
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4026756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20Assembly%20of%20Wallis%20and%20Futuna
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Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna
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The Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (French: Assemblée Territoriale; Wallisian and Futunan: Fono fakatelituale) is the legislature of Wallis and Futuna. It consists of 20 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies. The Assembly sits in Mata Utu, the capital of the territory.
History
The Assembly was established by article 11 of the 1961 statute which established Wallis and Futuna as an overseas territory.
Elections
The territorial assembly consists of 20 members, elected for a five-year term by proportional representation in multi-seat constituencies. ʻUvea has 13 seats — 6 for the Mua District, 4 for the Hahake District, and 3 for the Hihifo District. Futuna has 7 seats, 4 for the Alo District and 3 for Sigave. The electoral system uses a closed list, with voters voting for a single party. The seats are distributed in each constituency using the highest averages method.
Latest election
Powers and procedures
The powers and competencies of the assembly are a modified version of those originally granted to the Congress of New Caledonia. It meets twice a year with an administrative session in the middle of the year and a budgetary session at the end of the year, for a maximum duration of 45 days each. Extraordinary sessions, not exceeding 15 days, can also take place. Debates can take place in French, Wallisian or Futunian. Interpreters are present and the reports can be written in the three languages.
Presidents of the Territorial Assembly
The assembly is headed by a president elected every year by its members after the opening of the budgetary session.
References
External links
Official website
Government of Wallis and Futuna
Wallis and Futuna
Legislatures of Overseas France
Organizations based in Wallis and Futuna
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4026763
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Gad
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Toby Gad
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Tobias "Toby" Gad (born 28 March 1968) is a Los Angeles-based German music producer/songwriter, best known for co-writing John Legend's biggest hit, "All of Me," the fifth-highest certified single in RIAA history, and for co-writing and producing "Big Girls Don't Cry" by Fergie and "If I Were a Boy" by Beyoncé. Other notable works include "Skyscraper" for Demi Lovato, "Who You Are" for Jessie J, "Untouched" for The Veronicas, "A Year Without Rain" for Selena Gomez & the Scene, "Don't Hold Your Breath" for Nicole Scherzinger, "Love You More" for JLS, and "I Do" for Colbie Caillat.
In the third quarter of 2014, Gad was ranked the #3 songwriter in America by Billboard, behind Ryan Tedder and Pharrell Williams.
Biography
Childhood and early musical experience
Born into a musical family in Munich in 1968, Gad was influenced by both parents who were established figures in the Munich music scene with their group, The Jazz Kids. His Danish father is a clarinet player and a pilot. His German mother is a psychotherapist and composer/pianist who tours the UK and Europe with Brian Carrick's jazz band, the Algiers Stompers.
Gad was expected to study banjo and join the Jazz Kids, but he took to playing the piano instead. At age 7, he and his brother Jens had formed their own band, the Gad Rollers, and played original rock'n'roll compositions during intermissions of their parents' gigs.
Early career successes
Although too young to get into most clubs at age 13, Toby and Jens were no strangers to the live music scene in Munich. Weekly gigs in bars, concerts in open-air summer festivals and shows in legendary live clubs such as the Domicile spread the word, and Munich hit producer Tony Monn showed interest in the brothers. Monn handed over his state-of-the-art recording studio to Toby and Jens whenever he was out of town. Monn's generosity provided a learning environment for Toby and Jens to delve into songwriting and producing.
In 1986, when Frank Farian, a multi-platinum German producer (No Mercy, Boney M, Milli Vanilli) was looking for new talent, a mutual friend turned him on to the Gad brothers' material. The next day, the boys flew to Frankfurt and thus started a seven-year collaboration with Farian. One week later, they found three of their songs on Milli Vanilli's debut album, which later went multi-platinum.
Farian produced Toby and Jens' first album Q' as artists', which was followed by a live tour. Funk legend George Clinton would later hear the record and invited Toby and Jens to perform two songs on stage with his P-funk band.
Commercial breakthrough
In 1990, Toby Gad met Mauritian singer Jacqueline Nemorin. This became the beginning of a 10-year collaboration between the two. Together with Farian, Gad produced Nemorin's first album The Creole Dance on BMG.
In 1994, Gad signed on with manager Klaus Frers (Daydream Music Supervizing) and produced Nemorin's second album for EMI Europe. It was also Frers who moved the duo into music production for dozens of successful TV shows, commercials and movie soundtracks. Gad and Nemorin wrote and produced the title-song for the movie Neverending Story III, the music for two popular daily TV talk-shows that stayed on air for four years, and the single "The Magic of the Fall", which went on to win the BDA Gold Award in L.A. for best TV trailer concept. In 1998, Gad was hired by Spanish producer Rafael Perez to work on Enrique Iglesias' third album. That same year, Gad signed a deal with Joost Van Os, former head of Polygram.
Move to New York City
Following much success in his home country, Gad relocated to New York City, opening Strawberrybee studio in Midtown Manhattan. The album title song and hit single "Unspoken" of Christian platinum artist Jaci Velasquez, written by Gad, Madeline Stone and O.Hatch, managed to stay half a year in the Christian Billboard top 20 single charts and was re-released on the Billboard #2 album, WOW Greatest Hits 2004.
Meanwhile, Gad had several successes back overseas. "Damn I Think I Love You" stayed at #1 for seven weeks and became the most sold single of 2001 in the Netherlands. The #1 StarMaker album with two of Gad's songs went triple platinum. Sita's debut single "Happy" was at #1 for two weeks and remained in the top five for two months. The song was also released in the US on the Wild Thornberries soundtrack, followed by the #1 album of Sita.
Success in America
After 3 years in New York without any success, Gad was given the chance to work with MTV host Willa Ford. Their single "A Toast to Men" became a #40 radio single, appearing in the hit movie Barbershop 2.
Gad, with David and William Derella from DAS, worked out a co-publishing deal with Cherrylane Music Publishing and record deals for several of Gad's artists. In August 2005, Interscope Records released Texan teen Kaci Brown's album Instigator, entirely developed, produced and co-written by Gad. R&B group Fatty Koo has an album on Columbia Records on which every song is produced and co-written by Toby. He produced and co-wrote songs on the album of the Australian twins The Veronicas, who scored the biggest US newcomer record deal of the year on Warner Bros. Records/Sire Records and went double platinum in Australia.
Meleni and Gad co-wrote the song "Drop It On Me" on Ricky Martin's 2005 album Life. Another artist that Toby developed for years, Lola, released her single "No Strings" on Warner Bros. Records/Sobe, which spent 4 months on the Billboard Dance charts, peaking at #2.
In 2006, Gad opened a second studio with five interns, expanding his production company Strawberrybee Music and his publishing company, Gad Songs. Gad produced the entire Blue Note Records album of Elizabeth Withers, who starred in the Broadway musical The Color Purple, and contributed a song on Fergie's platinum-selling album The Dutchess. He also collaborated with then 13-year-old Emmy nominated actress/singer Keke Palmer on her 2007 debut album on Atlantic Records and produced a song for the second season of hit Disney sitcom Hannah Montana.
As an innovative producer and songwriter, Gad has been interviewed multiple times about how he writes and how he records and mixes using Logic Pro. He has been featured in Mix Magazine, the Recording Mag, Pro Sound and more.
In 2008, Gad and Fergie's "Big Girls Don't Cry" was Grammy nominated for Best Female Vocal Performance and won ASCAP 'Song of the Year'. The song twice broke the record for most airplay on US radio and spent a total of 21 weeks in various Billboard US charts at #1, including one week #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. Over 87 worldwide compilation albums feature the song. Gad scored his second worldwide #1 hit with Beyoncé's "If I Were a Boy", which Gad produced and co-wrote. "If I Were A Boy" reached #1 in nine countries and hit top-ten in over 20 countries around the world. Gad's third platinum number one hit was the indie-electro pop anthem "Untouched" by Aussie duo The Veronicas. The song sold platinum in the US and reached #1 in Ireland and Mexico.
Move to Los Angeles
In summer 2009, Gad relocated his recording studio to Los Angeles. The new studio, located in the Hollywood Hills, features several music production rooms and a video editing room. In Los Angeles, Gad continued collaborating with stars such as American Idol finalists Kris Allen, Allison Iraheta and Jessica Sanchez.
In 2009, Gad also launched his own record label, Kite Records, which is a collaboration between himself, David Sonenberg/DAS Management, and Island Def Jam Music Group as well as Gad Films which features exclusive behind the scenes footage of Gad working in the studio with stars such as Miley Cyrus and The Veronicas. In 2011, Gad co-wrote "All of Me" for John Legend, which, after three years of dormancy made its way to #1 on the Top 100 for three weeks and was certified 14 times platinum, making it the highest certified track in RIAA history (tied with "Despacito").
In 2014, Gad co-wrote 11 songs with Madonna for her album Rebel Heart, producing four of the songs.
In 2015, Gad executive produced and co-wrote much of Leona Lewis' fifth studio album, I Am. He co-wrote and produced Prince Royce's "Lucky One" on Double Vision, co-wrote John Newman's "I'm Not Your Man" from Revolve, and co-wrote and produced "First Heartbreak" for Grammy-nominated artist Tori Kelly's Unbreakable Smile. Gad also produced and co-wrote the international charity single "Love Song to the Earth" which featured a long list of popular artists, including Paul McCartney, Fergie, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Sean Paul, Nicole Scherzinger, and more. He also produced the 2015 album of Chloe Temtchine, Be Brave, which was described by the New York Post as "a moving collection of pop songs that document her struggle for survival, but also her recovery."
Single peak positions
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Entries
The following singles written and/or produced by Toby Gad charted on the Billboard Hot 100:
All Time Hits
The following singles appear on the US Billboard Year-End or All-Time Hits charts:
UK single peaks
The following singles charted inside the top 40 of the UK Download or UK Singles Chart:
"If I Were a Boy" by Beyonce - #1 (2008)
"Don't Hold Your Breath" by Nicole Scherzinger - #1 (2011)
"Big Girls Don't Cry" by Fergie - #2 (2007)
"All of Me" by John Legend - #2 (2013)
"Skyscraper" by Sam Bailey - #1 (2013)
"Love You More" by JLS - #1 (2010)
"Skyscraper" by Demi Lovato - #17 (2011)
"Who You Are" by Jessie J - #8 (2011)
"Untouched" by The Veronicas - #8 (2007)
"Living for Love" by Madonna - #26 (2014)
"Up" by James Morrison & Jessie J - #30 (2011)
"Fire Under My Feet" by Leona Lewis - #26 (2015)
RIAA certifications
Discography
References
External links
Profile, discogs.com
Profile, atlasmusicgroup.com
Profile, idolator.com
Profile, complex.com
Profile, ascap.com
Profile, observer.com
Speaker, ascap2012.sched.org
Atlantic Music Signs Grammy Award winner Toby Gad, broadwayworld.com
Toby Gad discography, board.thenext2shine.com
Toby Gad with new top releases, bmg.com
Toby Gad/John Legend interview, songwriteruniverse.com
Living people
1968 births
German songwriters
German emigrants to the United States
Musicians from Munich
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4026775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Powell
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Mark Powell
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Mark Powell may refer to:
Mark Powell (clothing designer) (born 1960), British fashion designer
Mark Powell (photographer) (born 1968), American photographer
Mark Powell (footballer) (born 1984), Australian footballer
Mark Powell (cricketer, born 1972), former English cricketer
Mark Powell (cricketer, born 1980), English cricketer for Northamptonshire, 2000–2004
Mark Powell (novelist) (born 1976), American novelist
Mark Allan Powell (born 1953), professor of theology
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4026777
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.%20Mustad%20%26%20Son
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O. Mustad & Son
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Mustad Fishing (O. Mustad & Søn A.S.) is a Norwegian company that manufactures and sells fishing tackle and accessories since 1877. The Mustad product range includes fish hooks, multifilament and monofilament fishing lines, fishing lures, fishing flies, fly hooks, terminal tackle and fishing apparel. The corporate headquarters are in Gjøvik, Norway.
Mustad Fishing Today
Mustad has expanded from their core business of manufacturing hooks and terminal tackle to a varied range of other fishing accessories.
Sales offices have been established in Miami, FL (USA), Singapore and Wuxi (China), and has production facilities in Norway, China, Singapore, Portugal, and Malaysia. Mustad's products are present in more than 160 countries.
The company was run by the 6th generation Mustad until the end of 2011, when Mustad was sold to the Norwegian-based investment company, NLI Utvikling (now ARD Group AS). In 2017, a majority of shares were then sold to Verdane Capital, another investment company.
History
Mustad can trace its roots back to 1832 in Vardal. Hans Schikkelstad (1789–1843), a farmer, established the factory "Brusveen Spiger- og Staltradfabrikk" for the production of nails, steel wire and various metal products. Later, Skikkelstad's son-in-law Ole Hovelsen Mustad (1810–84), took over the company with his son Hans Mustad (1837–1918) and changed its name to "O. Mustad" and later "O. Mustad & Søn". The company was headquartered in the small village of Gjøvik (Norway), an area with poor infrastructures where transportation was an obstacle to most type of supplies.
Growing to other markets
In spite of the negative conditions and the pessimistic visions of the Norwegian Department of Interior ("The difficulty in competing with foreign factories means that industry will never succeed in this country"), by 1860 Ole Mustad led his company to a primary position in the production of small metal products like fencing wire, nails, pins, fish hooks, horseshoe nails, shipbuilding nails, paper clips, thumb tacks and a series of other metallic wire-based products.
Over the years, Mustad was a crucial part of Gjøvik and the region as a large number of the population was involved with the company and its many products. In addition to products made of metal wire, Mustad tested the waters of many other markets. Ovens and waffle presses were in production for many years and are still found today. For over 100 years, Mustad also competed in the butter industry in Norway.
Finding focus
A key to the company's success was the efforts made by Mathias Topp, a carpenter turned inventor who designed and created a machine to create hooks automatically and quickly. His first successful machine produced hooks efficiently and quicker than ever before. Feeding wire into the machine led to a cut, bent, barbed, and pointed hook. Knowing the importance of this invention to the company, Topp and the Mustad family worked to keep the secret by, instead of ordering a patent, restricting workers from getting near the machines and signing non-disclosure agreements. By refining and industrializing the manual production of fish hooks in 1877, the company managed to become a global market leader in just a few years.
The Core of Gjøvik
The growth and successes of the 1870s were followed by recession, mirroring the overall European crisis. The stagnation of the building activities resulted in a decreasing demand for nails. Hans Mustad, who had taken the management over, experienced a very critical time which brought him to the suspension of all payments in 1879. Fear took hold of creditors and employees, as so many other companies had gone bankrupt in the same period. Employees continued working without payment for 2 years. They received "Mustad banknotes" instead: the notes acted as written acknowledgments from Mustad and were accepted by shops in Gjøvik. The whole debt including interests was paid back by July 1882 and all creditors got their check.
Since then, the company assumed wider responsibilities over employees and their families: children were provided schools and several recreational and welfare activities were offered. Hans Mustad's social disposition attracted attention of the press that started visiting the factory premises and its schools, band, choir, library and shop.
Wars
These years were also crucial for the international development of the company. The obstacles at the time were mainly protectionism and tariffs:
the decision was taken to start production within the international markets with the biggest potential. A nail factory was established in Finland in 1886, shortly followed by horseshoe nail factories in France (Duclair, 1891) and Sweden (Dalsland, 1898). Just before World War I, Europe consisted of five great powers (the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia), plus another two nations were large consumers of horseshoe nails (Italy and Spain). In 1913 Mustad was established in all of them with the exception of Russia. Localisation criteria for the plants were mainly the access to energy, raw materials and transportation.
The decentralized strategic approach proved very effective for Mustad when - after World War II - the company lost all its factories behind the iron curtain, including about 8,000 employees. The independent structures survived the war and grew rapidly to new successes.
In the second half of the 20th century Mustad has increasingly diversified its interests into many different businesses, mostly based upon metallic wire, but also expanding into food and machinery: paper clips (of which Mustad turned out 70 million pieces a year), mattress springs, zippers, screws, margarine (which was produced for over 100 years and discontinued only in 1996), machines for the paper industry and for the manufacturing of boxes.
Family ownership
After Hans Schikkelstad started the business, it was his son-in-law Ole Mustad who took over upon his death. With the help of his son Hans, Ole grew the business beyond nails and wire. From 1874 to the death of Ole, The two were co-owners of O. Mustad & Søn. Ole Mustad died in 1884, leaving his son as the single owner. Hans' five sons became co-owners in 1905. These were Ole Mustad Jr. (1870–1954), Hans Clarin Hovind Mustad (1871–1948), Halfdan Magnus Mustad (1874–1967), Wilhelm Martin Christie Mustad (1877–1961) and Nicolai Christian Mustad (1878–1970).
References
Manufacturing companies of Norway
Manufacturing companies established in 1832
Companies based in Oppland
Fishing equipment manufacturers
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4026812
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe%20Fleurian
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Jean-Philippe Fleurian
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Jean-Philippe Fleurian (born 11 September 1965) is a former tennis player from France, who turned professional in 1985. In his career, he won one doubles title (1996, Marseille). The right-hander reached his highest ranking on the ATP Tour on 30 April 1990, when he became world No. 37. He now is retired and has two daughters.
Fleurian is today a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 70 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organization.
ATP career finals
Singles: 2 (2 runner-ups)
Doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 10 (6–4)
Doubles: 14 (8–6)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
External links
French male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
Living people
Tennis players from Paris
1965 births
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