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4036791
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prazepam
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Prazepam
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Prazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is responsible for the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Indications
Prazepam is indicated for the short-term treatment of anxiety. After short-term therapy, the dose is usually gradually tapered-off to reduce or avoid any withdrawal or rebound effects. Desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite, has a very long half-life of 29 to 224 hours, which contributes to the therapeutic effects of prazepam.
Side effects
Side effects of prazepam are less profound than with other benzodiazepines. Excessive drowsiness and with longer-term use, drug dependence, are the most common side effects of prazepam. Side effects such as fatigue or "feeling spacey" can also occur but less commonly than with other benzodiazepines. Other side effects include feebleness, clumsiness or lethargy, clouded thinking and mental slowness.
Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal
Tolerance and dependence can develop with long-term use of prazepam, and upon cessation or reduction in dosage, then a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome may occur with symptoms such as tremulousness, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation, tachycardia and sweating. In severe cases, hallucinations, psychosis and seizures can occur. Withdrawal-related psychosis is generally unresponsive to antipsychotic mediations. The risk and severity of the withdrawal syndrome increases the higher the dose and the longer prazepam is taken for. Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal problems may be less severe than with other benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. It may be because tolerance is slower to develop with prazepam than with other benzodiazepines. Abrupt or over-rapid discontinuation of prazepam after long-term use, even at low dosage, may result in a protracted withdrawal syndrome.
Benzodiazepines can induce serious problems of addiction, which is one of the main reasons for their use being restricted to short-term use. A survey in Senegal found that the majority of doctors believed that their training in this area was generally poor. Recommendations for national authorities to take urgent action regarding the rational use of benzodiazepines. Another study in Dakar found that almost one-fifth of doctors ignored prescription guidelines regarding short-term use of benzodiazepines, and almost three-quarters of doctors regarded their training and knowledge of benzodiazepines to be inadequate. More training regarding benzodiazepines has been recommended for doctors.
Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Mechanism of action
Prazepam exerts its therapeutic effects primarily via modulating the benzodiazepine receptor which in turn enhances GABA function in the brain. Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has anticonvulsant properties, but its anticonvulsant properties are not as potent as other benzodiazepines when tested in animal studies.
Pharmacokinetics
Prazepam is metabolised into descyclopropylmethylprazepam (also known as desmethyldiazepam) and 3-hydroxyprazepam which is further metabolised into oxazepam. Prazepam is a prodrug for descyclopropylmethylprazepam/desmethyldiazepam (also known as norprazepam or nordazepam) which is responsible for most of the therapeutic activity of prazepam rather than prazepam itself.
Interactions
Prazepam may interact with cimetidine. Alcohol in combination with prazepam increases the adverse effects, particularly performance impairing side effects and drowsiness.
Overdose
The symptoms of an overdose of prazepam include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. Overdoses in children typically result in more severe symptoms of overdose.
Abuse potential
Prazepam like other benzodiazepines has abuse potential and can be habit forming. However, its abuse potential may be lower than other benzodiazepines because it has a slow onset of action.
Toxicity
Animal studies have found prazepam taken during pregnancy results in delayed growth and causes reproductive abnormalities.
Trade names
Common trade names include Centrac, Centrax, Demetrin, Lysanxia, Mono Demetrin, Pozapam, Prasepine, Prazene, Reapam and Trepidan. Trade names vary depending on the country; Austria: Demetrin, Belgium: Lysanxia, France: Lysanxia, Germany: Demetrin; Mono Demetrin, Greece: Centrac, Ireland: Centrax, Italy: Prazene; Trepidan, Macedonia: Demetrin, Prazepam, Netherlands: Reapam, Portugal: Demetrin, South Africa: Demetrin, Switzerland: Demetrin, Thailand: Pozapam; Prasepine.
See also
Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepine dependence
Long-term effects of benzodiazepines
References
External links
Inchem – Prazepam
Benzodiazepines
Lactams
Chloroarenes
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
Cyclopropyl compounds
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4036798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Auburn
|
Electoral district of Auburn
|
Auburn is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It is currently represented by Lynda Voltz, after the 2019 election.
Auburn includes the suburbs of Auburn, Berala, Lidcombe, Newington, Rookwood, Silverwater, South Granville, Sydney Olympic Park, Wentworth Point and parts of Chester Hill, Guildford, Merrylands and Regents Park.
Members
History
Auburn was created in 1927. It has been held by the Labor Party for its entire existence, and for most of that time has been one of Labor's safest seats in New South Wales. It is considered a part of Labor's heartland in Western Sydney.
Auburn was once represented by former Premier, Jack Lang, and later by his son, Chris Lang. The seat was once vacant for four months; between December, 1955 and March, 1956; as a result of the death of Edgar Dring. A by-election was not held, given the relatively short amount of time left until the 1956 New South Wales state election.
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Constituencies established in 1927
1927 establishments in Australia
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4036803
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20Agricultural%20Research%20Station
|
Avondale Agricultural Research Station
|
Avondale Agricultural Research Station or Avondale Discovery Farm is one of thirteen research farms and stations operated by Western Australia's Department of Agriculture and Food. In addition to its research, Avondale has historical buildings, a farming equipment museum and operates as an agriculture education centre specialising in introducing primary school children to farming, and teaching of its history in Western Australia.
Avondale is situated on land where the Dale River joins the Avon River northwest of Beverley. It is located on land originally granted to the first Governor of Western Australia, Captain (later Admiral Sir) James Stirling and Captain Mark Currie RN in 1836. These grants were combined in 1849 and with additional land purchases they became known as Avondale Estate, expanding to in excess of .
On 4 April 1924 the remaining of Avondale were passed on to the Department of Agriculture and Food. Initially Avondale continued its involvement with the Group Settlement Scheme, it was not until 1926 that research activities commenced. During the 1930s it was to be the laboratory for Dr Harold Bennetts successful research into Bacillus ovitoxicus. As part of Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations a machinery museum was built and the other buildings were restored to original condition.
Today, Avondale is managed by the National Trust of Western Australia and is open to the public at varying times throughout the year.
Early farm years
In November 1835, an expedition led by Governor James Stirling joined another party led by the Surveyor General John Septimus Roe in King George Sound. Roe had made arrangement for both parties to return to the Swan River Colony via an alternative route. The route was intended to join the settlements of King George Sound, York and the Swan River Colony along with the newly established settlement of Williams. This expedition passed through the area of Avondale sighting the Dale River and a granite hill that Roe name Bald Hill on 27 December. Bald Hill was to become the primary reference point for surveying the region.
In 1836, the surveyor Thomas Watson returned to area and used Bald Hill as the principal trigonometric reference. Watson was to map out a number of lots in the area including the western boundary for Beverley town site. Two of the lots surveyed were Avon location 14 with , and Avon location K with ; location 14 was given to Captain Mark Currie, Fremantle Harbour Master, while location K was given to Stirling. Stirling as Governor and Currie as harbour master were not paid salaries by the colony but given land grants as compensation for their services. In 1978, surveyors using current equipment were engaged to determine the exact location of these original holdings, and commented on the remarkable accuracy of Watson's survey 142 years before.
Currie sold his grant of land to a Nicholas Carey in September 1838 for £330. Carey entered into a lease agreement in December with Governor Stirling for his grant, which included Carey purchasing the property at the end of the lease for £750 in 1846. Carey also purchased to west of location 14 he also received an additional grant of land in 1849. With all the land in the vee formed by the Avon River and the Dale River the property was now in size and was named Avondale Estate. During the late 1840s Carey moved to Guernsey leaving Avondale to be operated by an unknown caretaker.
Upon Carey's death in March 1889, Avondale was inherited by his 16-year-old grand nephew William Herbert deLisle. deLisle arrived and took up residence there in 1893, and assumed the land title in 1894. Avondale had been a pastoral property until deLisle's arrival, over the next ten years sections of the estate were sold off to fund its development. During this period, the house was expanded and the stable built, which included 20 horse stalls with hollow walls and an overhead loft. The hollow walls enable feed from the loft to gravitate directly to the feed bins in each stall.
The remaining were sold to William James Butcher and Charles John Hunt Butcher in 1904. The brothers purchased adjoining properties adding which enlarged Avondale to . In 1908 they offered to sell Avondale to the Western Australian Government for £5/10/- per acre. The Government countered with an offer of £5/5/- per acre, which was accepted. Avondale was purchased in March 1910 under the Agricultural Land Purchase act for a total of £51,494/12/6, equivalent to approximately A$5,500,000 in 2006.
1910 to 1924
Even though the Butcher brothers' farming operations continued until January 1911, the government began preparations for subdivision. John Hall was sent to Avondale in April 1910 to locate all improvements and draw subdivision lines following existing fencing where possible. His arrival sparked considerable controversy, because not only had he set up camp on the golf course but the golf club also had leased of Avondale that joined the edge of town. Investigations found that the lease was terminated when the land was sold.
Hall divided Avondale into nine substantial size farms whose boundaries have remained unchanged since, the that had been occupied by the golf course was made into small lots which have since been further subdivided. Lands Department accountants calculated that the sale of the lots would return £8,768/3/3 after expenses, and the estate was gazetted and land made available on 21 December 1910. Of the nine substantial lots only four were taken up as settlers were unable to pay the £6 per acre price. Lot 1 was taken up by George Hancock, the father of mining magnate Lang Hancock, and George's brother Richard took up Lot 2. Lot 13 was taken up by G.W. Isbister, and Lot 4 was taken up by former Premier Sir Newton Moore, who then proceeded to London with the plans. As Agent General Newton was to offer to prospective settlers lots at Avondale, although a number telegram inquiries to ascertain availability of lots at Avondale were sent, there is no record any lots being allocated in London.
As none of the remaining 5 substantial lots had been taken up by November 1911, it was suggested that 4 of those remaining be used for an Agricultural College with the Lands Department responsible for continuing to farm the remaining lots. This left one lot known as Drumclyer available, in 1914 a Dowerin farmer tried to lease Drumclyer after losing his property there from drought, but was unable to negotiate an acceptable rate. In December, the Hancock brothers had abandoned lots 1 & 2, Isbister had also abandoned Lot 13, although it is not known exactly when, leaving only the of Lot 4 in private hands. With the outbreak of World War I the Agricultural College plans were abandoned as well.
Near the end of 1916, the Beverley community requested that Avondale be subdivided into 20 lots for returning soldiers. It was also suggested that Avondale be a nursery where soldiers are given small allotments and those that succeed are then given larger grants elsewhere in the state. In July 1918, it was decided that Avondale would have 6 lots made available for servicemen from the Beverley area and that which included the area around the homestead was to remain under control of the Lands Department.
Department of Agriculture
The original homestead block faced an uncertain future for many years, until it was given to the Department of Agriculture in 1924. Initially intended for the production of pure seed wheat and oats, very little was produced for several years. Avondale was used as an assembly and holding ground for dairy cattle, prior to them being sent to group settlers in the state's South West. During this period, the silo was built with a capacity of 100 tonnes; the silo is now heritage listed.
The local farming community raised concerns about cattle being unsuitable for the area, while the concerns were not immediately addressed Avondale was turned towards seed production and research. The first research began in 1926; this was in the application of superphosphate its alternatives and the timing of application. Initial results were published in the Journal of Agriculture in 1927.
Research
A Braxy-like disease originated in the Beverley-York region in 1915. Over the next 15 years it spread across most of the state's farming districts. Flock losses generally were around 5% though there were reported cases of 30% loss. In 1918 Professor Dakin of the University of Western Australia identified the disease as a toxaemia of bacterial origin but was unable to establish the source.
Dr Harold Bennetts was appointed the state's first veterinary pathologist in May 1925. Bennetts commenced an immediate investigation into the disease, using alleyways and open space around the department's city offices to house the sheep needed for the research. In 1930 a field laboratory was built at Avondale; a flock of 1000 sheep were purchased to enable feed experiments. In 1931 Bennetts had identified Bacillus ovitoxicus as the cause of the disease. With this knowledge he was able to develop the infectious enterotoxaemia vaccine; for his efforts Bennetts received a CBE.
The sheep populations that were required by Bennetts at Avondale also afforded additional research opportunities. From 1931 for several years experiments were conducted with the object of determining how to best produce prime export lambs. This investigated various breeds and cross breeds determining that cross-bred ewes where significantly more productive than pure-bred Merinos.
In 1934, Bennetts teamed with state botanist Charles Gardner to study the toxic effect of native plants species on sheep. Gardner would collect the plants and supply them fresh to Bennetts who would then feed them to the sheep. They confirmed 24 species of plants as being poisonous, most which were from the native pea genera Gastrolobium and Oxylobium. Based on this and later research, Gardner and Bennetts published The Toxic Plants of Western Australia in 1956. During 1935, investigations into the effects of castrating male lambs with either mechanical pincers compared to using a knife, both of these methods have since been replaced with rubber elastrator rings. The experiment on 499 sheep concluded that no significant differences were observable in respect of mortality, maturity rates and meat quality.
Dr Eric Underwood began his research at Avondale in the mid-1930s also utilising the sheep flocks. Underwood's initial research was into the effects of sulfur on wool growth, he followed that research with investigations into botulism in sheep during 1935. These experiments were the first of many by Underwood over the next 30 years. During the 1940s he studied the nutritional value of hay and pasture for sheep, the ongoing results from these Studies in Cereal Hay production in Western Australia were published in the Journal of Agriculture.
During World War II, Avondale farm provided research into farming of linseed and flax in Western Australia, although it was not the most suitable location for growing either. Three varieties of Linseed were trialled: Riga Crown, an early maturing variety, Italian also early maturing and Walsh, a mid-season maturing variety. It was discovered that all were susceptible to cutworm with greater damage occurring later in the season; early trails of the insecticide DDT was said to show promising results in combating this.
Other efforts
In 1942 there was some pioneering in the development and use of contour banks, the equipment required a team 4 horses or two Clydesdales, a teamster and two labourers. Through the 1950s Avondale had monitored its sheep flocks as part of the research into Dwalganup strain of clover as a livestock feed and its effect on ewe fertility. On into the 1960s and 1970s Avondale was involved with the breeding and trial of various cereal crops for use within Western Australia. Since the early 1980s Avondale has focused on environmental and sustainable farming along with farm income supplemental alternatives like marron farming.
Avondale like most Western Australian farms utilised horses and Clydesdales in particular for pulling farming equipment. Farm economics of the 1930s meant that the Clydesdales weren't retired to enjoy the governments grassy paddocks. In 1937 a letter to the Agricultural minister details the disposal of horses that were no longer useful;
The letter details how the Perth Zoo is responsible for the freight and that the Minister had approved the transaction. Many Clydesdales were to follow the first two bay mares with the consignment note description "for lions food, freight payable by consignee". This practice continued until well into the 1950s until tractors replaced the use of horses in farming. Since the opening of the museum in 1978 Avondale again utilised Clydesdales for demonstrations of the old equipment these horse are sold as pets once they are incapable of working.
1976 to present
In 1976, as part of the preparations for Western Australia's 1979 sesquicentennial celebrations, the Department of Agriculture decided to restore the historic Avondale farm to its original state to display the achievements of Western Australian farmers. In response to the announcement, farmers from around the state responded generously with donations of old machinery and equipment. Most of this machinery was restored by Department of Agriculture mechanics. In 1978 an invitation to visit and open Avondale's agricultural displays was sent to Prince Charles, this was accepted and on 16 March 1979 Avondale was officially opened with commemorative tree planting near the entrance to the farm.
The farm continues its research into improving farming and farm practices under Western Australian conditions. Avondale's displays are open to the public with picnic facilities available, included in the displays are the original homestead, the stables complete with Clydesdales and a machinery shed. There is also road maintained around the farm with information boards on each paddock explaining its current usage.
See also
Agricultural science
Agriculture
References
External links
Avondale Discovery Farm Website – Beverley Tourist Bureau
Department of Agriculture and Food Website
Heritage Council of Western Australia – Register of Heritage Places Assessment Documentation
Agriculture museums in Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Beverley
Science and technology in Western Australia
Wheatbelt (Western Australia)
Museums in Western Australia
National Trust of Western Australia
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4036804
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Ballina
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Electoral district of Ballina
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Ballina is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.
History
Ballina was originally created in 1894, when the three-member electorate of Richmond was divided into Richmond, Lismore and Ballina. In 1904, Ballina was replaced by Byron. In 1988, a recreated Ballina and Murwillumbah replaced Byron.
The 2004 redistribution of electoral districts estimated that the electoral district would have 47,246 electors on 29 April 2007. At the 2007 election it encompassed all of Ballina Shire (including Ballina, Alstonville, Lennox Head and Wollongbar) and most of the populated areas of Byron Shire (including Byron Bay, Mullumbimby, Ocean Shores, Suffolk Park, Brunswick Heads, South Golden Beach and Bangalow).
The 2013 NSW state electoral redistribution once again changed the boundaries of the electorate, so at the next election it would comprise the entire shires of Ballina and Byron.
The won the seat of Ballina at the 2015 state election, bringing their lower house representation to three seats. It became the first rural seat in any Australian parliament outside Tasmania to be won by the Greens.
Members for Ballina
Election results
References
External links
Electoral districts of New South Wales
Ballina, New South Wales
Ballina Shire
Byron Bay, New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1988 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1988
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4036805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnfield%20College
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Barnfield College
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Barnfield College is the largest further education college in Bedfordshire, England, with two campuses in Luton.
Campus locations
New Bedford Road Campus, New Bedford Road, Luton, LU2 7BF
Technology Campus, Enterprise Way, Luton, LU3 4BU
Faculty areas
Faculty of Business Enterprise and Retail
Business and Management
Hospitality and Catering
Accountancy
Higher Education
Faculty of Creative Arts
Art and Design
Hairdressing
Media and Communications
Beauty and Holistic Therapy
Performing Arts and Music
Fashion and Textiles
Higher Education
Faculty of Technology
Construction Trades
Plumbing
Electrical
Computing
Engineering
Networking
Motor Vehicle
Higher Education
Faculty of Care, Public Services, Sport and Leisure
Child Care
Public Services
Health and Social Care/HE
Sport and Fitness
Travel and Tourism
Dental
Higher Education/Access
Faculty of Skills Development
Additional and Learning Support
Functional Skills
Language Skills
History
Origin
In 1958, Luton Technical School moved to a new building off Barnfield Avenue, and the name of the school was changed to Barnfield Secondary Technical School. With the introduction of comprehensive schools in Luton in 1967, it became Barnfield High School. The number of pupils declined; in 1968 parts of the building were taken over for teaching hairdressing and dressmaking; and in 1970 the College of Further Education took over the whole building.
In 2003, Barnfield College became the first general further education college to be awarded Beacon status.
Barnfield Federation
Peter Birkett was appointed as principal in 2005, and the College became the first further education college in Britain to sponsor an academy school (Barnfield South Academy and Barnfield West Academy). By 2007, the Barnfield Federation included a nursery, primary and secondary schools and a college. In 2010, it opened one of the first studio schools in Britain (Barnfield Skills Academy). The Federation was also the first to launch a 14-18 Law & Accountancy Academy for students who would like to follow a career as an Accountant or Lawyer.
As of October 2013, the federation was under investigation by the Department for Education and the Skills Funding Agency. A key element of the investigation focussed on a £915,000 funding claim for students that did not study at the college. The outcomes of the investigations were jointly announced on 28 February 2014 by multiple news sources, which summarised reports from the Further Education Commissioner, the Skills Funding Agency and the Education Funding Agency.
In July 2014 it was announced that the schools would be split from Barnfield College to form their own multi-academy trust. The college would then focus on further and higher education provision. In 2015 the schools split from Barnfield and formed the Shared Learning Trust.
Merger with West Herts College
At the end of January 2019, the college legally became part of West Herts College, although it has continued to operate under the name of Barnfield College.
Notable alumni
Rankin, portrait photographer & director
Glyn Dillon, graphic artist and costume designer
References
Further education colleges in Bedfordshire
Further education in Luton
Educational institutions established in 1968
Learning and Skills Beacons
1968 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Luton
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4036806
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Bankstown
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Electoral district of Bankstown
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Bankstown is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales in Sydney's West. It has historically been one of the safest seats in New South Wales. It is currently represented by Tania Mihailuk.
Bankstown includes the suburbs of Bankstown, Bass Hill, Birrong, Chester Hill, Condell Park, Georges Hall, Lansdowne, Potts Hill, Punchbowl, Regents Park, Revesby, Sefton, Villawood, Yagoona.
Members for Bankstown
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
City of Canterbury-Bankstown
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4036808
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Barwon
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Electoral district of Barwon
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Barwon is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Roy Butler of the Shooters Fishers and Farmers Party.
Covering roughly 44% of the land mass of New South Wales, Barwon is by far the state's largest electoral district. It includes the local government areas of Bourke Shire, Brewarrina Shire, Narrabri Shire, Walgett Shire, Warrumbungle Shire, Coonamble Shire, Gilgandra Shire, Warren Shire, Bogan Shire, Lachlan Shire, Cobar Shire, Central Darling Shire, the City of Broken Hill as well as the large Unincorporated Far West Region surrounding Broken Hill.
History
Barwon was originally created in 1894, when it along with Moree, replaced Gwydir. In 1904, with the downsizing of the Legislative Assembly after Federation, Gwydir was recreated and Moree and Barwon were abolished. In 1927, with the breakup of the three-member Electoral district of Namoi, it was recreated.
Originally a marginal seat that traded hands between the Labor Party and the conservative parties, it was considered a safe seat for the National Party who held it without interruption from 1950 until 2019, when it was won by the Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party.
Members for Barwon
Election results
References
Electoral districts of New South Wales
1894 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1894
1904 disestablishments in Australia
Constituencies disestablished in 1904
1927 establishments in Australia
Constituencies established in 1927
North West Slopes
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4036813
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathos%20kai%20sophos
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Agathos kai sophos
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Agathos kai sophos () is a phrase coined by Plato, which literally means "good and wise" in Greek. The Athenians used this phrase to describe the qualities of an honest man.
Plato apparently derived this phrase from an earlier kalos kagathos—literally, "beautiful and good". The Greeks believed that external beauty (kalos) was associated with inner beauty, morality and virtue, suggesting that a beautiful face was the outward expression of a beautiful soul. To avoid this association, which often led to confusion, Plato reinvented the expression as agathos kai sophos, separating external beauty from the beauty of the soul.
See also
Philotimon
References
Platonism
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4036831
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Petchey
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Mark Petchey
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Mark Rodney James Petchey (born 1 August 1970) is a former tennis player from England, who turned professional in 1988.
He now works as a tennis commentator and analyst for Amazon Prime, ITV, the BBC, the Tennis Channel and others.
Personal life
Petchey was educated at Forest School, a private school in north-east London.
His first coach was his father, Rod.
Mark married Michelle on 5 July 1996 in Warwickshire: they have two daughters, Nicole and Myah.
Tennis career
Juniors
Junior Slam results:
Australian Open: -
French Open: 1R (1988)
Wimbledon: 2R (1988)
US Open: 3R (1987)
Pro tour
The right-hander won one doubles title (Nottingham in 1996) in his career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 80 in August 1994, winning 3 Challenger events. His best performance in a Grand Slam came in the 1997 Wimbledon Championships. He defeated Ján Krošlák and Tommy Haas before losing to Boris Becker in the third round.
As a coach
He coached Silvija Talaja to the world's Top 20 and Tina Pisnik to the Top 30.
He was also coach to Andy Murray whom he coached to the Top 50.
Career finals
Doubles (1 win, 1 loss)
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
English male tennis players
People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow
People from Loughton
English tennis coaches
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London
Tennis commentators
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4036833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian%20Simmen
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Gian Simmen
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Gian Simmen (born 19 February 1977) is a Swiss snowboarder. In Snowboarding at the 1998 Winter Olympics, Simmen won Gold in Men's Halfpipe. He competed at the 1998, 2002, and the 2006 Olympics Winter games.
References
External links
FIS-Ski.com - FIS Competition Results
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Olympic gold medalists for Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1977 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
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4036866
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira%20%28disambiguation%29
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Eira (disambiguation)
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Eira can refer to:
Places
Eira, a district in Helsinki, Finland
Eira Hospital, a hospital in the district of Helsinki, Finland
Eira River, a river in Nesset, Møre og Romsdal, Norway
Eira (Messenia), a town of ancient Messenia, Greece
Eira, Messenia, a municipal unit in Messenia, Greece
City of Glen Eira, a local government area in Victoria, Australia
People
Eira, a Sami family name in North Sami area, mainly in North Norway and North Finland.
Eira, a female name originating from the Norse goddess Eir
Eira, a female name in Wales also meaning "snow" in the Welsh language
Eira, a Sanskrit female name pronounced 'ih-RAH', meaning "the earth" and a name of the Goddess Saraswati, Goddess of Wisdom
Berit Marie Eira (born 1968), Norwegian Sami reindeer owner and politician
Maaria Eira (1924—1999), Finnish opera singer and actress
Sandra Andersen Eira (born 1986), Norwegian Sami politician
Animals
Tayra (Eira barbara), a carnivorous mammal that is the only member of its genus
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4036874
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar-and-elbow
|
Collar-and-elbow
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Collar-and-elbow wrestling (Irish: Coiléar agus Uille or Brollaidheacht) is a style of jacket wrestling native to Ireland. Historically it has also been practised in regions of the world with large Irish diaspora populations, such as the United States and Australia.
History
Origins in Ireland
Wrestling as a competitive sport has been recorded in Ireland as far back as the second millennium BC, when it featured as one of the many athletic contests held during the annual Tailteann Games. The mythical hero Cúchulainn boasted of his prowess in both hurling and wrestling, and was on one occasion enraged by an undead spectre mockingly suggesting that his skill in the latter area had been highly exaggerated. Carved depictions of two figures in a recognisable wrestling clinch appear on the Market High Cross of Kells and the ruins of a church at Kilteel (both 9th century AD), and wrestling matches were common features of country fairs until at least the 18th century.
These wrestling contests were occasionally violent affairs. Participants could be and were frequently injured, sometimes fatally so, as in the case of a contest between one Thomas Costello (known locally as "Tumaus Loidher" - Thomas the Strong) and an unnamed champion in which Costello ostensibly squeezed on his opponent's harness so powerfully that it broke the man's spine. There appear to have been little or no attempts to moderate these violent aspects of wrestling from a legal point of view; as historian Edward MacLysaght noted in his account of the match, as the participant in a sporting contest Costello had little to fear in terms of official retribution.
These accounts of early Irish wrestling matches all describe participants taking a diverse range of grips on their opponents - from clutching at any available limb in the time of Cúchulainn, to a backhold-style clinch on the carvings at Kells and Kilteel, to both hands holding a belt in the match between Thomas Costello and his ill-fated opponent. However, by the 18th century a new form of grip had established itself as the favoured hold: right hand grabbing the opponent's collar, left hand grabbing the sleeve of their jacket at the elbow. This position, and all its associated techniques and strategies, was to quickly emerge as the dominant framework under which Irish wrestling matches were contested.
Collar and Elbow in Ireland
In the 19th century, Collar and Elbow wrestling was one of the most widely practised sporting activities in the country - "the chief physical sport of the male population from childhood to mature manhood". Bouts took place between local champions and challengers on a parish level, and those between the most well-known and skilled wrestlers could draw thousands of spectators from across neighbouring counties. Although it was primarily referred to by its English name, Collar and Elbow is known to have had at least two names in Irish: "Coiléar agus Uille" (a literal translation of Collar and Elbow) and "brollaidheacht". The latter derives from the term for the front of a shirt ("brollach léine") and thus "brollaidheacht" could be translated as "collaring" - a reference to the grip that wrestlers were required to take on each other's jackets.
Victory was determined by a "fall", the definition of which differed from county to county. In Kildare a wrestler was deemed to have won if he made his opponent touch the ground with any single part of his body above the knees, whereas in Dublin he was required to make three points of his opponent's body touch the ground (usually both shoulders and a hip, or both hips and a shoulder). A significant difference between Collar and Elbow as it was practised in Ireland and the United States is that, in its Irish incarnation, shin-kicking was routinely permitted. This, coupled with the fact that many participants wore heavy work boots, resulted in a level of injury among Irish wrestlers not usually seen among their US counterparts. Shins were frequently "gored and/or bruised" after a match, and on rare occasions outright broken.
Admirers of the style nonetheless lauded its "eminently scientific and picturesque" virtues. In particular, they claimed that, since the opening stance prevented the "bull-like charges, flying tackles, or other onrushes" common in other wrestling styles, Collar and Elbow encouraged participants to develop "deftness, balance, and leverage allied with strength, [which permitted] a man to win by means of skill instead of sheer might and weight".
Collar and Elbow in the United States
As levels of Irish emigration to the United States steadily increased throughout the 17th–19th centuries, so too did the presence of the Irish cultural traditions they brought with them - including their wrestling style. New England in general, and Vermont in particular, emerged as an early stronghold of Collar and Elbow after it had been introduced by immigrants largely from County Kildare. During the US Civil War, Vermont regiments introduced the style to other units in the Army of the Potomac, and in that way it acquired immense popularity among men from other regions of the United States who might otherwise never have encountered it. By the time the Civil War ended, Collar and Elbow had emerged as one of the most common rulesets under which wrestling bouts were contested nationwide.
Bouts drew large and enthusiastic crowds across the country, and purses of several hundred dollars were routinely offered for championship contests. Vermont continued to remain a significant force in the Collar and Elbow world throughout, with two of the style's most notable 19th-century practitioners, Henry Moses Dufur and John McMahon, hailing from Franklin County. Practitioners of Collar and Elbow in general were colloquially referred to as "scufflers" (occasionally "trippers" in reference to the leg-centric strategies they employed), and a Collar and Elbow bout itself as "scuffling" or a "scuffling bee".
Rules
Initially, Collar and Elbow bouts in both Ireland and the United States were governed by unwritten, often improvised codes of conduct rather than any kind of codified rules. An early attempt to standardise the competitive rules of the style was made in advance of a tournament that was scheduled to be held in St. Albans, Vermont in 1856. The tournament was ultimately cancelled due to "an epidemic of disease" in the region, however, and no record of the proposed ruleset exists. It was almost two decades later before the first widely accepted set of rules was published. These were compiled by legendary Collar and Elbow champion Henry Moses Dufur, and as such came to be colloquially known as the Dufur Rules. Among other things, they stated that wrestlers had to compete while wearing a suitably sturdy jacket, and banned the wearing of heavy footwear.
The Dufur rules were closely followed by the Ed James rules, published as part of a general manual of sporting rules and regulations in 1873. These were largely the same as the Dufur rules, and specified the clear conditions for victory - a wrestler had to throw his opponent flat on his back, similar to the concept of ippon in judo. The Ed James rules were to act as the agreed-upon standard for the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts held in the United States during its 19th-century heyday:
Even in so-called "mixed wrestling" bouts where men would compete against each other in consecutive rounds under different rulesets (e.g. Catch-as-Catch-Can, Greco-Roman, and Collar and Elbow), they would specifically be required to don jackets for the Collar and Elbow rounds.
Jackets and Harness
Although there are accounts of bouts being held in which the combatants were shirtless - particularly in rural areas during the summer months - in its standardised competitive form Collar and Elbow required both participants to wear jackets or heavy shirts that could be gripped and used to set up throwing techniques. A similar requirement exists in other Celtic styles like Cornish wrestling and Breton Gouren. At wrestling events in Dublin, a common method of issuing a challenge was to place a jacket in the centre of the ring and wait for a contender to step in and put it on.
In Ireland - and in the early days in the United States - there were no standardised requirements for the durability or the length of the jacket. This occasionally led to disputes between prospective opponents when one party believed that the other's attire provided him with an unfair advantage, such as the one that occurred between Patrick Cullen and Paddy Dunne in which Dunne alleged that Cullen's long cavalry officer's coat would prevent him from seeing and defending against his leg techniques. Contests were occasionally even called off mid-bout when a jacket ripped or was otherwise unable to bear the rigours of a prolonged wrestling match. The Dufur rules of the 19th century were the first to specifically state that any jacket used for a Collar and Elbow bout had to be "tight-fitting, with strongly sewn seams". This prescription was mirrored in the Ed James rules, which also elaborated that the jacket should not reach below the wrestler's hips so that their leg attacks would be freely visible.
Subsequently, a dedicated leather harness was developed to act as a potential substitute for the jacket. The invention of the harness is attributed to Homer Lane, a three-time national Collar and Elbow champion of the United States. It saw somewhat frequent use in both the US and Canada, but in general the majority of Collar and Elbow bouts continued to be held using the requisite durable jackets.
Techniques
Since both combatants' hands were fixed in place on each other's jackets, Collar and Elbow came to be distinguished by its volume and variety of leg techniques. Scufflers would circle each other throwing rapid-fire combinations of trips, taps, kicks, and sweeps in an attempt to off-balance their opponent and send him crashing to the ground - an extended exchange of attack and defense that one historian described as "footsparring". Observers of Collar and Elbow bouts frequently remarked upon this aspect of the style, with one journalist proposing that a Collar and Elbow match between two skilled participants was really "a fist fight with the feet".
Although wrestlers' grips were fixed in place, they were nonetheless free to push, pull, and twist their opponent using their arms, and ultimately any form of takedown was permitted as long as the person executing it maintained his collar-and-elbow grips while doing so. One of the more dramatic takedowns was the flying mare - described as an explosive, high-impact throw that would send the victim's feet flying up over his head. In catch wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestling this is usually depicted as something akin to ippon seoi nage, but since the gripping requirements in Collar and Elbow would have rendered it impossible to grab an opponent's arm with both hands, it is more probable that, in its Collar and Elbow incarnation, the flying mare would have more closely resembled morote seoi nage instead.
The following techniques were listed in a 1900 dictionary of sporting terms published by the Irish Department of Education (An Roinn Oideachais).
Caitheamh thar gualainn, flying mare
Cor ailt, cor mughdhoirn (múrnáin), ankle throw (similar to Sasae tsurikomi ashi)
Cor coise, tripping throw
Cor cromáin, hip throw
Cor glúine, knee throw
Cor ioscaide, back-knee trip (similar to Osoto otoshi or Osoto gari)
Cor sála, back-heel (similar to Kosoto gake)
Cros-chor ailt (múrnáin), cross-ankle trip (similar to Tai otoshi)
Cros-más, cross-buttock throw (similar to Harai goshi)
Glac-coise, leg-lock
Glas coise, hank (similar to Ōuchi gari)
Lúbaim, hook
Más, buttock throw (similar to Tsurikomi goshi)
Snaidim, click (similar to Kosoto gari)
Tuisleadh, trip
Decline
By the early 20th century, Collar and Elbow had all but disappeared from Ireland. Writing in the Leinster Leader newspaper in 1907, local historian John Ennis directly attributed this to two significant factors - the Great Famine that resulted in the deaths of over 1 million people and the "unnatural exodus" of 1 million more seeking a better way of life, and the colonial-era Coercion Acts that limited any kind of gatherings in public space. The demographic and cultural devastation of the former coupled with the oppressive restrictions of the latter resulted in an environment in which Ireland's native wrestling style simply could not be practised, ultimately leading to it fading from everyday life entirely.
An additional significant factor was the lack of any independent, centralised sporting organisation to promote the style. A book published in 1908 by An Chomhairle Náisiúnta (The National Council), referring to both wrestling and handball, noted that "although both these pastimes have been on the Gaelic programme since its first appearance, neither has ever received any official encouragement. Yet both are games in which Gaels have excelled[…] That such a wide area and so popular and meritorious a branch of athletics should have received only nominal recognition is only another instance of how partial and halting has been the management of Gaelic athletic affairs." Individual efforts were made to promote Collar and Elbow bouts in Dublin in 1906, but these were "spontaneous and isolated", and the sport was entirely omitted from the largest government-organised athletics event of the period - the short-lived modern revival of the Tailteann Games held after the Irish Civil War. No records exist of any Collar and Elbow bouts being held in Ireland after the early 20th century.
In the United States, the growing popularity of other grappling styles like catch wrestling and Greco-Roman resulted in Collar and Elbow being practised less and less. The final contest for the Collar and Elbow championship of America - held between James H. McLoughlin and John McMahon - took place in 1878, with McMahon winning with two falls out of three. By 1890, Collar and Elbow was already being referred to as an "old time" sport, and by the early 20th century newspaper accounts of wrestling matches were referring to "the ancient days when collar-and-elbow was the rule".
Purported Legacy in Collegiate Wrestling
In his 1959 book Magnificent Scufflers, author Charles Morrow Wilson proposed that, even after Collar and Elbow had vanished as a standalone style, it continued to exert an influence on the strategies and techniques used in American collegiate wrestling. He specifically highlighted the "foot and leg plays, beginning with foot trips, the heel blocks, and the forward leg trips and working upwards to hip rolls" as "obvious but not deliberate borrowings from Collar and Elbow", and attributed them to the technical innovations introduced by Oklahoma coach Edward C. Gallagher. It should however be noted that neither of Gallagher's self-penned technique manuals, Amateur Wrestling (1925) and Wrestling (1939), mention Collar and Elbow in any way (apart from a lone reference where the term "collar and elbow" is used to describe a single collar tie).
Modern revival
In August 2019, a series of Collar and Elbow bouts were held in Heidelberg, Germany. The ruleset for these bouts included several modifications to ensure compatibility with a modern tournament format. Most notably, individual bouts were limited to a maximum of 5 minutes' duration, in contrast to historical Collar and Elbow bouts which were entirely open-ended and routinely lasted several hours.
Subsequently, matches based on the same modern ruleset have been held in the United States.
See also
Catch wrestling
Cumberland and Westmorland wrestling
Cornish wrestling
Folk wrestling
Gouren
Judo
Scottish Backhold
Shin-kicking
Footnotes
Folk wrestling styles
Sports originating in Ireland
European martial arts
Wrestling in Ireland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois%20Duncan
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Lois Duncan
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Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer, novelist, poet, and journalist. She is best known for her young-adult novels, and has been credited by historians as a pioneering figure in the development of young-adult fiction, particularly in the genres of horror, thriller, and suspense.
The daughter of professional photographers Lois and Joseph Janney Steinmetz, Duncan began writing at a young age, publishing two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry. Several of her novels, including Hotel for Dogs (1971), I Know What You Did Last Summer (1973), Summer of Fear (1976), and the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin (1978), have been adapted into films.
In addition to her novels and children's books, Duncan published several collections of poetry and nonfiction, including Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), which detailed the 1989 unsolved murder of Duncan's teenaged daughter, Kaitlyn. She received the 1992 Margaret Edwards Award from the American Library Association for her contribution to writing for teens. After her daughter's murder, Duncan distanced herself from the thriller and horror genres, shifting her focus to picture books and novels aimed for young children. Her last published work, a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013.
Early life
Lois Duncan Steinmetz was born on April 28, 1934, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first child of Lois Duncan (née Foley) and Joseph Janney Steinmetz. Duncan had one younger brother, William Janney "Billy" Steinmetz. Both of Duncan's parents were professional magazine photographers, who took photos for the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.
She spent her early life in Pennsylvania, relocating in her late childhood to Sarasota, Florida, where her parents resumed their employment as circus photographers. In Florida, she spent her youth among circus performers, including The Doll Family. Her experience growing up in this environment eventually served as the basis of her picture books The Circus Comes Home (1993) and Song of the Circus (2002).
Duncan described herself as a "shy, fat little girl," a "bookworm and dreamer", who spent her childhood playing in the woods. Duncan cited The Princess and the Goblin and The Wizard of Oz and Mary Poppins series among her favorite novels as a child. She started writing and submitting manuscripts to magazines at age 10, and sold her first story at the age of 13. At age 15, Duncan was photographed by her father posed at Siesta Key, and the photo appeared on the cover of the July 9, 1949, issue of Collier's magazine.
She graduated from Sarasota High School in 1952. The following autumn, she enrolled at Duke University, but dropped out in 1953 to start a family with Joseph Cardozo, a fellow student she had met at the university.
Career
Early publications
After dropping out of college, Duncan continued to write and publish magazine articles; she wrote over 300 articles published in magazines such as Ladies' Home Journal, Redbook, McCall's, Good Housekeeping, and Reader's Digest. She published her first novel, Love Song for Joyce, in 1958 under the pen name Lois Kerry, followed by Debutante Hill in 1959; the latter was initially rejected for a literary prize because it featured an adolescent character drinking a beer.
In 1962, Duncan moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico, with her children after divorcing her first husband, Joseph Cardozo, and supported herself writing greeting cards and fictional confessionals for pulp magazines. In 1966, she published the novel Ransom, detailing a group of students held captive on a school bus, which earned her an Edgar Allan Poe Award nomination, as well as marking her shift from romance to more suspense-oriented works.
In the early 1970s, Duncan was hired to teach journalism at the University of New Mexico. "I was hired on a fluke," Duncan recalled in a 2011 interview: Her friend, who was the chair of the journalism department, hired her as a replacement based on her experience writing for magazines, despite the fact that she did not have a degree. While teaching, Duncan enrolled in classes at the university, earning her Bachelor of Arts in English in 1977.
In 1970, she published the historical novel Peggy, chronicling the life of Peggy Shippen, followed by the 1971 children's book Hotel for Dogs, which was later adapted as a 2009 film of the same name starring Emma Roberts.
Suspense and horror novels
Influenced by her own interest in the supernatural and speculative fiction, Duncan wrote various suspense and horror novels aimed for teenagers. Some of her works have been adapted for the screen, the most infamous example being the 1997 film I Know What You Did Last Summer, adapted from her 1973 novel of the same title, an adaptation she was not fond of due to her daughter's murder the prior decade. After the publication of I Know What You Did Last Summer, Duncan wrote Down a Dark Hall (1974), a Gothic novel following four students at an isolated and mysterious boarding school. In 1976, she published the supernatural horror novel Summer of Fear, which was also adapted into a 1978 film by director Wes Craven.
In 1978, Duncan published the controversial Killing Mr. Griffin, a novel that details three high-school students' murder of their English teacher. Critic Margery Fisher noted Duncan's "unreserved" approach to writing the novel, in language she described as both "harsh and literal." Richard Peck of The New York Times also praised the novel, writing: "Duncan breaks some new ground in a novel without sex, drugs, or black leather jackets, but the taboo she tampers with is far more potent and pervasive: the unleashed fury of the permissively reared against any assault on their egos and authority ... The value of the book lies in the twisted logic of the teenagers and how easily they can justify anything." Killing Mr. Griffin was one of Duncan's major critical successes, and was selected as an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults that year.
In the 1980s, Duncan would publish several more horror novels with supernatural themes, including Stranger with My Face (1981), about a teenage girl's experiences with astral projection, and The Third Eye (1984), also with psychic themes. In 1985, she wrote another suspense novel, Locked in Time.
Later works
In 1988 and 1989, Duncan published the thriller novels The Twisted Window and Don't Look Behind You, respectively. From 1987 to 1989, Duncan wrote several picture books for young children, some paired with audio CDs of songs for children, including Songs from Dreamland, Dream Songs from Yesterday, Our Beautiful Day, and The Story of Christmas.
After the murder of her youngest daughter, Kaitlyn, in 1989, she only wrote one more horror novel, a supernatural thriller titled Gallows Hill (1997). The murder of Duncan's daughter marked a shift in her writing, and she spent the remainder of her career writing thematically lighter material, mainly children's chapter and picture books. In 1992, she published Who Killed My Daughter?, a nonfiction account of her daughter's unsolved murder.
In the 2000s, Duncan wrote two sequels to Hotel for Dogs: News for Dogs (2009) and Movie for Dogs (2010), both children's novels. She also published her second collection of poetry in 2007, titled Seasons of the Heart. Her final book, a nonfiction sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? titled One to the Wolves, was published in 2013 with a foreword by Ann Rule.
Beginning in 2010, 10 of Duncan's most successful teen novels were updated for a new generation and re-released in paperback with modern cover designs. For the new editions, Duncan gave characters updated wardrobes, more contemporary dialogue, and access to technologies such as cell phones.
Personal life
Duncan had three children with her first husband, Joseph Cardozo: daughters Robin and Kerry, and son Brett. Her first marriage ended in divorce in 1962. In 1965, she married Donald Arquette, an electrical engineer; they had two children: son Donald, Jr., and daughter Kaitlyn. Her three oldest children all took her second husband's name.
In 1989, the youngest of Duncan's children, Kaitlyn Arquette, was murdered in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Who Killed My Daughter? relates fact and conjecture about the case, which appeared to be a random act of violence. Duncan had said that her "dream is to write a sequel to Who Killed My Daughter? to give our family's true-life horror story a closure. Of course, for that to be possible, Kait's case must be solved." Duncan also founded a research center to help investigate cold cases, which later became the nonprofit Resource Center for Victims of Violent Deaths. After her daughter's death, Duncan began writing children's picture books, saying that she could no longer write about young women in life-threatening situations.
On August 23, 2021, Albuquerque Police Chief Harold Medina announced that a suspect was picked up in July on unrelated charges. Paul Apodaca had confessed to Arquette's murder, as well as two other murders around the same time, one of which was the murder by stabbing of Althea Oakley, a University of New Mexico student. On February 21, 2022, Apodaca was indicted in the murder of Arquette.
Death
On June 15, 2016, at the age of 82, Duncan died at her home in Bradenton, Florida, of undisclosed causes. Her husband, Donald Arquette Sr., noted that Duncan had suffered a series of strokes in the years prior.
Honors and legacy
Duncan is credited by many critics and journalists as a pioneering figure of young-adult fiction, particularly the teen suspense and horror genres, and has been dubbed the "queen of teen thrillers." As noted by Emily Langer of The Washington Post, Duncan often "plucked her characters from normalcy and placed them in extraordinary, often dark circumstances," in contrast to her contemporaries such as Beverly Cleary, Judy Blume, and Robert Cormier.
The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work for "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature". Duncan won the annual award in 1992 and the Young Adult Librarians now name six books published from 1966 to 1987, the autobiographical Chapters and five novels: Ransom, I Know What You Did Last Summer, Summer of Fear, Killing Mr. Griffin, and The Twisted Window. The citation observes, "Whether accepting responsibility for the death of an English teacher or admitting to their responsibility for a hit-and-run accident, Duncan's characters face a universal truth—your actions are important and you are responsible for them."
In 2014, Duncan was awarded the Grand Master award from the Mystery Writers of America alongside James Ellroy in New York City.
Works
Anthologies edited
Night Terrors (1996)
Trapped! (1998)
On the Edge (2000)
Audiobooks
Dream Songs from Yesterday (1987), Silver Moon Prod.
Songs from Dreamland (1988), Random House; ill. Kay Chorao
Our Beautiful Day (1988), Silver Moon Prod.
The Story of Christmas (1989), Silver Moon Prod.
Psychics in Action (1993), Silver Moon Prod.
Novels
† As Lois Kerry
‡ Works that have been adapted into films
Nonfiction
How to Write and Sell Your Personal Experiences (1979), Writer's Digest Books
Chapters: My Growth as a Writer (1982), Little, Brown and Co.
Who Killed My Daughter? (1992), Delacorte
Psychic Connections (1995), Duncan and William Roll
One to the Wolves (2013) sequel to Who Killed My Daughter
Picture and chapter books
The Littlest One in the Family (1959), illustrated by Suzanne K. Larsen
Silly Mother (1962), The Dial Press, ill. Larsen
Giving Away Suzanne (1962), Dodd, Mead & Co.; ill. Leonard Weisgard
The Terrible Tales of Happy Days School (1983), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Friso Henstra
Horses of Dreamland (1985), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Donna Diamond
Wonder Kid Meets the Evil Lunch Snatcher (1988), Little, Brown and Co.; ill. Margaret Sanfilippo
The Birthday Moon (1989), Viking; ill. Susan Davis
The Circus Comes Home (1993), Doubleday; photos by Duncan's father Joseph Steinmetz
The Magic of Spider Woman (1996), Scholastic; ill. Shonto Begay
The Longest Hair in the World (1999), Dragonfly; ill. Jon Macintosh
I Walk at Night (2000), Viking; ill. Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher
Song of the Circus (2002), Philomel; ill. Meg Cundiff
Poetry collections
From Spring to Spring (1983), Westminster John Knox Pr.
Seasons of the Heart (2007)
Film adaptations
Theatrical
TV
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Profiles
Lois Duncan at Teens@Random (publisher Random House)
Research resources
Lois Duncan at DMOZ
1934 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American women writers
American children's writers
American women children's writers
American women novelists
American writers of young adult literature
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
Novelists from Florida
Novelists from Pennsylvania
People from Sarasota, Florida
Sarasota High School alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
University of New Mexico faculty
Women writers of young adult literature
Writers from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Writers from Philadelphia
American women academics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Javadi
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Ali Javadi
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Ali Javadi (born 1953) is an Iranian political Communist activist living in exile.
He is one of the main founders and theoreticians of the Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran. In December 2006, while Javadi was part of the Central Committee for the Worker-Communist party of Iran, he helped establish a faction called "The Worker-Communism Unity." Later, Javadi quit the Worker-Communist party of Iran and worked on developing the aforementioned Worker-Communism Unity party of Iran.
Because of his political activism on various radio and television stations, Javadi is a well-known figure among Iranian communists opposed to the Islamic Republic.
Currently, Javadi is Secretary of the Worker-Communism Unity Party's Central Committee.
He is also both the current head of the Marx Society and current director of the “Center for Prosecuting Islamic Republic officials for their crimes against People.”
Life
Return to Iran and forming “Spark Communist Committee”
In response to rising social tension in Iran, Javadi and a group of his friends put their education on hold and returned to Iran during the summer of 1977— only a few months before the Islamic Revolution.
During the social movement in Iran, Javadi and his friends formed the “Spark Communist Committee” which had close political ties to a similar group called “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” He joined social and worker protests first against Muhammad Reza Shah and then against Ruhollah Khomeini's newly found regime. To protect his identity, Javadi used the pseudonym “Reza”.
During this time, Javadi got to know Javad Ghaedi, a member of the “Alliance for the Struggle of the Working Class Cause.” With Ghaedi's help, Javadi wrote his first piece called “Councils: Germinal bases of Revolutionary Government”.
Knowing Mansoor Hekmat and joining CMU
After studying “Iranian Revolution and the Role of the Proletariat (Theses)” (an early work of Mansoor Hekmat and Hamid Taghvaee), Javadi and the “Spark Communist Committee” became attracted to a group named “Sahand Circle." After Sahand Circle formed its
"Communist Militias Union” (CMU), Javadi and his peers joined it.
Also during this period, Ali Javadi befriended Mansoor Hekmat who was then using the pseudonym “Bahram”. Javadi first met Hekmat in a behind-the-curtain-meeting featuring Hekmat, Gholam Keshavarz, Javad Ghaedi, and a delegate from the group called “Armdadasdane Zahmatkeshane Khorasan”.
After joining the CMU, Ali participated in worker movements in the east and southeast of Tehran. At the same time, Javadi was officially working as a technician for the “Organization of the Expanding and Reconstructing of Iranian Industry”.
On June 20, 1981, a day associated with the 30 Khordad Event, Javadi took to the streets of Tehran. In a fortunate turn of events, Javadi survived the ensuing persecution.
Following the violent repression of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Javadi lost his connection with the CMU and put his political activities on hiatus.
Return to the U.S. and working with CPI
In 1984, Javadi used forged documents to flee from Iran to Europe. Then from Europe, Javadi went to the United States where he continued his higher education studies in the state of Texas. It was during this time that the Communist Party of Iran (CPI) was formed and Ali joined the party. After a while, Javadi became responsible for coordinating some CPI activities in the United States.
Joining and leaving WPI
When a “Worker Communism Faction” was forming in CPI, he joined this Faction and at this time, with the advice of Mansoor Hekmat, he became the Advisor to Politburo of CPI.
After the Worker-Communist Party of Iran was formed, he was among the first to join it and he was a member of the WPI Central Committee from the very beginning.
Ali Javadi was one of the first contributors to “Radio International” and he was responsible for the Television Activities (NewChannel) of the Worker-Communist party of Iran, which was the first Persian satellite channel with a Communist alternative at the time. He was also a member of the editorial board or director of “Anternasional” (means: International), a paper in Persian.
With the recommendation of Mansoor Hekmat, Javadi started publishing an original quarterly magazine in 1999 called “Porsesh”, which translates to "Question" in English.
In September 2003, Javadi launched a television program called “For a better world” to promote WPI's agenda. “Channel One” broadcasts this program several hours a week.
Later and with the establishment of “New Channel”, he became the first director of New Channel later he left this position.
Later, he was involved in discussions inside of Worker-Communist party of Iran and built a faction named the Worker-Communism Faction of the main Party and was still a part of the party till the faction decided to leave the main party and build its own party, called Worker-Communism Unity Party of Iran, he is one of the leaders which include; Him, Azar Majedi, Siavash Daneshvar.
Akhare Hafte
For many months, Javadi published a political periodical called Akhare Hafte in Persian, which translates to "The Weekend" in English. In addition to covering current events, he often wrote about his personal life.
References
External links
Official web site (Mainly in Persian)
Official web site of Worker-Communism unity party of Iran (Mainly in Persian)
Living people
1953 births
Communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communist Party of Iran politicians
Worker-communism Unity Party of Iran politicians
Iranian communists
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4036895
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20III%2C%20Elector%20Palatine
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Louis III, Elector Palatine
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Louis III () (23 January 1378 – 30 December 1436), was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach in 1410–1436.
Biography
Louis III was the third son of King Rupert of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Nuremberg. During his father's campaign in Italy 1401-1402 Louis served as imperial vicar. He succeeded his father in 1410 as Elector of the Palatinate but did not run for the German crown. The Palatinate was divided between the four of Rupert's surviving sons. As oldest surviving son and new Prince-Elector Louis III received the main part, John received Palatinate-Neumarkt, Stephen received Palatinate-Simmern and Otto received Palatinate-Mosbach.
Louis III was a member of the Parakeet Society and of the League of Constance. Highly cultured and religious he was a patron of the Heidelberg University. Louis III acted as vicar for Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and was his bearer during the Council of Constance. As such Louis later also executed the sentences against Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague. He also arrested Antipope John XXIII in 1415.
Louis III returned very sick from a pilgrimage in 1427 into the Holy Land which he had organized after the death of his son Ruprecht. From 1430 onwards he was almost blind and in 1435 deprived of power by his wife and her advisors. In the following year he died, in Heidelberg, and was succeeded by his son Louis IV.
Family and children
Louis III was married twice. Firstly, he married on 6 July 1402 Blanche of England (1392 – 21 May 1409), daughter of King Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun. They had one son Ruprecht (22 May 1406 – 20 May 1426). This marriage brought the Palatine Crown into the hands of the Wittelsbach.
Secondly, he married on 30 November 1417 Matilda of Savoy, daughter of Amadeo, Prince of Achaea. They had five children:
Mathilde (7 March 1419 – 1 October 1482), married:
in 1434 to Count Louis I of Württemberg
in 1452 to Duke Albrecht VI of Austria
Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1 January 1424 – 13 August 1449)
Frederick I, Elector Palatine (1 August 1425 – 12 December 1476)
Rupprecht (27 February 1427 – 26 July 1480), Prince-elector archbishop of Cologne
Margarete (ca. 1428 – 23 November 1466), a nun at Liebenau monastery
References
Sources
External links
genealogie-mittelalter.de
Biography
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhine
Wittelsbach, Louis III, Elector Palatine of the Rhin
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate
Burials at the Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
Sons of kings
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4036898
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueli%20Kestenholz
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Ueli Kestenholz
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Ueli Kestenholz (born 10 May 1975) is a Swiss snowboarder and Speedriding pioneer.
Kestenholz was Snowboard World Champion in 2000 and 2001. He won the first ever Olympic Medal in Snowboarding: Bronze at the 1998 Winter Olympics (Giant Slalom). He's a two times Gold medalist/Winner at the Winter X-Games in Boardercross/BoarderX.
After his third Olympic Games of Torino 2006, Ueli quit the Worldcup circuit to focus 100% on Freeriding. Besides Freeriding on a Snowboard, he became one of the pioneers of Speedriding/Speedflying in Switzerland. Together with Mathias Roten they created Playgravity, an award winning multisport-movie, showing their amazing speedriding-descent of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau in one day. In May 2009 he did a speedriding first descent of the famous Matterhorn.
External links
http://www.kestenholz.com
http://www.playgravity.com
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1975 births
Living people
Olympic medalists in snowboarding
Medalists at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
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4036904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPC-5CN
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TPC-5CN
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TPC-5CN or Trans-Pacific Cable 5 Cable Network is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking Japan, Guam, Hawaii and mainland United States.
It has landing points in:
Ninomiya, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
Bandon, Coos County, Oregon, United States
San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo County, California, United States
Keawaula/Yokohama Beach, Wai'anae, Honolulu County, Oahu, Hawaii, United States
Tumon Bay, Tumon, Tamuning, Guam
Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
It has a transmission capacity of 5 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of 22,500 km. It started operation on 31 December 1996.
External links
References
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
Japan–United States relations
1996 establishments in California
1996 establishments in Oregon
1996 establishments in Guam
1996 establishments in Hawaii
1996 establishments in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morley%20Winograd
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Morley Winograd
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Morley Winograd is an American author and speaker. He serves as Senior Fellow at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School’s Center on Communication Leadership and Policy. With Michael D. Hais, he is a Principal of Mike & Morley and the co-author of "Millennial Momentum: How A New Generation Is Remaking America" (Rutgers University Press: 2011) and "Millennial Makeover: MySpace, YouTube and the Future of American Politics" (Rutgers University Press: 2008). He is also a fellow with NDN, a Democratic think tank.
He was appointed as the Senior Policy Advisor to Vice President Al Gore. and Director of the National Partnership for Reinventing Government in December 1997. Winograd left his post in January, 2001 to return to Southern California.
Winograd served as Chairman of the Michigan Democratic Party from 1973 to 1980. In 1988, Winograd also chaired Al Gore's presidential primary campaign in Michigan. As a member of the Democratic Leadership Council, in 1991, Winograd served as Parliamentarian at the National Convention in Cleveland, Ohio.
In 1996, together with Dudley Buffa, he helped co-found the Institute for the New California (INC), a think tank devoted to aligning that state's governing systems with requirements for the information age. Winograd is co-author with Buffa of Taking Control: Politics in the Information Age (published in 1996). Taking Control analyzes the political ramifications that technology has on the way Americans live, work and govern themselves.
Winograd began his career in 1979 in the telecommunications industry with the Michigan Bell company. He was responsible for propelling the success of small business customers in the Western region as the Sales Vice President for AT&T's Western Region Commercial Markets. Winograd is also responsible for the creation of the AT&T University of Sales Excellence Program. This sales program won national recognition in Peter Block's book, Stewardship (1993), as well as Stan Davis and Jim Botkin's book, The Monster Under the Bed (1994).
Winograd resides in Southern California.
Education
Winograd graduated from the University of Michigan with a Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration.
References
References
Fast Company. (1996). How knowledge workers vote. Retrieved February 8, 2006, from
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/05/vote.html
Living people
California Democrats
Al Gore
Ross School of Business alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Law%20%28Singapore%29
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Ministry of Law (Singapore)
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The Ministry of Law (MinLaw; ; ; ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore responsible for the advancement in access to justice, the rule of law, the economy and society through policy, law and services.
Organisational structure
The Ministry of Law comprises
Headquarters (HQ)
Four departments (Insolvency and Public Trustee's Office, Legal Aid Bureau, Anti-Money Laundering / Countering the Financing of Terrorism Division, and Community Mediation Unit, the last of which oversees the Community Mediation Centres located at The Treasury and at the Subordinate Courts of Singapore)
Three boards and tribunals (Appeals Board for Land Acquisitions, Land Surveyors Board and Copyright Tribunal)
Two statutory boards (Intellectual Property Office of Singapore and Singapore Land Authority)
Ministers
The Ministry is headed by the Minister for Law, who is appointed as part of the Cabinet of Singapore. The incumbent minister is K. Shanmugam.
See also
Justice ministry
Politics of Singapore
References
External links
Official website of the Ministry of Law
Singapore Government Directory Interactive — Ministry of Law
Law
Singapore, Law
Singapore
1964 establishments in Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29
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Kilmarnock (UK Parliament constituency)
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Kilmarnock was a county constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 to 1983. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
The constituency included the area of the former parliamentary burgh of Kilmarnock. The parliamentary burgh had been, previously, a component of the Kilmarnock Burghs constituency.
Prominent Members for this seat included long-serving Scottish Secretary Willie Ross, and senior judge Craigie Mason Aitchison
Boundaries
1918 to 1950
The constituency was created by the Representation of the People Act 1918 as one of four constituencies covering the county of Ayr and the county of Bute. Of the other three constituencies, two were county constituencies: Bute and Northern Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. The third, Ayr Burghs, was a district of burghs constituency. All four constituencies were entirely within the boundaries of the two counties.
The Kilmarnock constituency consisted of "The county district of Kilmarnock, inclusive of all burghs situated therein except insofar as included in the Ayr District of Burghs."
The counties of Ayr and Bute had been covered, previously, by the five constituencies of Ayr Burghs, Buteshire, Kilmarnock Burghs, North Ayrshire and South Ayrshire. Two of these, Ayr Burghs and Kilmarnock Burghs, had included areas (parliamentary burghs) outside the two counties.
1950 to 1974
Constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1950, creating five constituencies to cover the counties of Ayr and Bute. Ayr Burghs was abolished and two new county constituencies, Ayr and Central Ayrshire, were created. Part of the Kilmarnock constituency was transferred to the new Central Ayrshire constituency.
1974 to 1975
In 1974, the boundary between the Kilmarnock and Ayrshire Central constituencies was redrawn to enlarge Kilmarnock.
1975 to 1983
In 1975, under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, local government counties were abolished and replaced by a system of regions and districts. The areas of the counties of Ayr and Bute were merged into the Strathclyde region and, thus, the Kilmarnock constituency became one of a number covering the region. Eight years were to elapse before new constituency boundaries took account of new local government boundaries.
In 1983 the Kilmarnock constituency was merged into the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
See also
Kilmarnock
1929 Kilmarnock by-election
1933 Kilmarnock by-election
1946 Kilmarnock by-election
Former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
References
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983
Politics of Kilmarnock
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Man%20in%20Paris
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Our Man in Paris
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Our Man in Paris is a 1963 jazz album by saxophonist Dexter Gordon. The album's title refers to where the recording was made, Gordon (who had moved to Copenhagen a year earlier) teaming up with fellow expatriates Bud Powell and Kenny Clarke, both Parisian residents, and native Parisian Pierre Michelot. Powell, Clarke and Michelot, under the name The Three Bosses, had played together often in Paris since Powell moved there in 1959.
The album was remastered by Rudy Van Gelder in 2003 and released as part of Blue Note's RVG Edition series.
Music
The original intention was for the pianist on the recording to be Kenny Drew and for the music to be new compositions by Gordon. However, the actual pianist used was Bud Powell, who would not play new music, so jazz standards were chosen during the rehearsal. The two tracks added to the CD release were originally issued by Blue Note on Bud Powell's Alternate Takes in 1985.
Critical reception
The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave it a maximum four-star rating and added it to the core collection, commenting that Gordon's playing on "A Night in Tunisia" "is one of his finest performances on record" and concluding that the album is "a classic". The review of the 2003 remastered version in The Guardian was similarly positive, stating that it is "one of the all-time classics".
Track listing
"Scrapple from the Apple" (Charlie Parker) – 7:22
"Willow Weep for Me" (Ann Ronell) – 8:47
"Broadway" (Billy Bird, Teddy McRae, Henri Woode) – 6:44
"Stairway to the Stars" (Matty Malneck, Mitchell Parish, Frank Signorelli) – 6:57
"A Night in Tunisia" (Dizzy Gillespie, Frank Paparelli) – 8:15
Bonus tracks on CD reissue
"Our Love is Here to Stay" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) – 5:39
"Like Someone in Love" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) – 6:19
Personnel
Musicians
Dexter Gordon – tenor saxophone (except track 7)
Bud Powell – piano
Pierre Michelot – bass
Kenny Clarke – drums
Production
Francis Wolff – production and cover photography
Reid Miles – cover design
Claude Ermelin – recording engineering
Ron McMaster – digital transfer engineering
References
External links
1963 albums
Blue Note Records albums
Dexter Gordon albums
Albums produced by Francis Wolff
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4036969
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Eriksplan
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Sankt Eriksplan
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Sankt Eriksplan is a square in the district of Vasastaden in Stockholm, Sweden.
History
Saint Erik's Plaza was called so after King Erik IX who is the patron saint of Stockholm and depicted in the city's coat of arms.
Sankt Eriksplan metro station was opened in 1952 and is on the green line between Odenplan and Fridhemsplan.
Popular venues close to Sankt Eriksplan include Filadelfiakyrkan ('the Philadelphia Church') which offers frequent concerts. Nearby is the riverside park of Karlberg Palace () which was built in 1630. It is in sight of the Military Academy Karlberg which was inaugurated in 1792. Sankt Eriksplan is a popular and expensive residential area, with apartment prices being among the most expensive in Stockholm.
In 2017, Low Roar released a song named after the metro station, "St. Eriksplan".
References
Squares in Stockholm
Odonyms referring to religion
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4036972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna%20Mezzogiorno
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Giovanna Mezzogiorno
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Giovanna Mezzogiorno (; born 9 November 1974) is an Italian theatre and film actress.
Early life
Mezzogiorno was born in Rome, 9 November 1974, a daughter of actors Vittorio Mezzogiorno and Cecilia Sacchi. She grew up watching her parents on set. At first, she wanted to become a ballerina, and she studied dancing for 13 years. After her father's death when she was 19, Mezzogiorno moved to Paris, where she attended the stages by Arianne Mnouchkine and worked for two years at the Peter Brook Workshop. She made her stage debut with the role of Ofelia in Qui est là, based on Shakespeare's Hamlet. The play toured various European cities. She received the Premio Coppola-Prati 1996, the jury was presided over by theatre critic Franco Quadri. One year later, she made her film debut in Il viaggio della sposa (The Bride's Journey), written by and starring Sergio Rubini. Mezzogiorno was awarded the Targa d'Argento as the New Talent in Italian Cinema, she was also given the Grolla d'oro, and the Globo d'Oro by the Foreign Press Association and the Premio Flaiano as Best Actress of the 1997 - 1998 season.
Career
In 1998, she starred in the film Del perduto amore directed by Michele Placido, with Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Sergio Rubini (she was awarded the Nastro d'Argento, the Ciak d'Oro and Premio Pasinetti as best actress in a starring role) and, for the Italian National Television Network RaiDue, in a film made-for-TV Più leggero non basta ("A lighter burden to bear") in the role of a young girl with muscular dystrophy, directed by Elisabetta Lodoli with Stefano Accorsi.
In 1999, she played the role of Silvia, daughter of Enzo Tortora by whose mistaken conviction the film was inspired. The film Un uomo perbene with Michele Placido and Mariangela Melato, was directed by Maurizio Zaccaro. In that same year, she worked in Asini, directed by Antonello Grimaldi, with celebrated Italian comedian Claudio Bisio.
In 2000, she travelled between Prague and Paris for work in the TV miniseries Les Miserables, directed by Josée Dayan, with Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich. She worked in Denmark in Nobel, directed by Fabio Carpi, with Héctor Alterio. In Italy, she worked with Puglielli in Tutta la conoscenza del mondo ("All There Is to Know"), and then, L'ultimo bacio ("The Last Kiss") directed by Gabriele Muccino with Stefano Accorsi and Stefania Sandrelli (winning the Premio Flaiano). With the success of this last movie Giovanna become really famous in Italy.
In 2001, she worked in the film Malefemmene with Ángela Molina and directed by Fabio Conversi, in the role of Francesca, who was imprisoned following a judicial error and came into contact with the reality of friendship and attachment which she had never imagined possible. She also worked on Stai con me, with Adriano Giannini and directed by Livia Giampalmo, in the role of a mother of twins.
In 2002, she worked on the set of Ilaria Alpi - Il più crudele dei giorni, in the role of the protagonist, directed by Ferdinando Vicentini Orgnani (the film tells the tragic and dark story of the Italian TV journalist killed in Mogadiscio). She also starred in France in the Holocaust-period TV drama Entrusted, directed by Giacomo Battiato, with Klaus Maria Brandauer, Thomas Brodie-Sangster and Steven Moyer, based on Loup Duran's best-seller. In Italy, she starred in the film La finestra di fronte ("Facing windows") directed by Ferzan Özpetek, costarring Massimo Girotti and Raoul Bova. This film, critically acclaimed and a box office success, earned her a lot of awards: the David di Donatello, the Ciak d’Oro, the Nastro d'Argento, the Globo d'oro by the Foreign Press, the Flaiano Award, the Karlovy Vary Award as "Best Actress in a Leading Role".
Lately, she starred in the film L’amore ritorna, directed by Sergio Rubini, costarring Fabrizio Bentivoglio and Margherita Buy. She was also working in France, on the set of her first comedy: Au secours, j'ai 30 ans, directed by Marie-Anne Chazel, with Pierre Palmade.
Then, in 2004, Giovanna worked in the TV movie Virginia (La monaca di Monza), directed by Alberto Sironi. She then returned to the theatre, working with the director Piero Maccarinelli in 4.48 Psicosi, written by Sarah Kane.
In 2005, La bestia nel cuore ("Don't Tell"), directed by Cristina Comencini, was an Academy Award candidate for Best Foreign Language Film and earned Giovanna one of the most important international prizes for an actress: the Coppa Volpi, previously won by Shirley MacLaine, Gong Li, Isabelle Huppert, Catherine Deneuve and Sophia Loren.
Then in 2006, she acted in AD Project, a sci-fi thriller by Eros Puglielli, and acted in "Lezioni di Volo" ("Flying Lessons") by Francesca Archibugi.
In 2007, she became Leila, a sexy thief, in the black comedy Notturno Bus ("Night Bus"), directed by Davide Marengo and starring Valerio Mastandrea and Ennio Fantastichini.
She travelled to Colombia to become Fermina Daza, the principal female character from Love in the Time of Cholera based on the book written by Nobel Prize winner Gabriel García Márquez and directed by Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral).
After two films shot in 2008, Sono Viva and Palermo Shooting by Wim Wenders, in 2009 she achieved great international success with Vincere by Marco Bellocchio, selected for the official competition in Cannes and a solid candidate for the final award.
She has voiced and produced a documentary to celebrate the career of her father Vittorio, 15 years after his sudden death in 1994.
She was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2010. In January 2011, she was rewarded with the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress 2010 for her role in Vincere.
In 2017, she appeared in a role of Adriana in a film called Napoli velata.
She has two sons, Leone and Zeno, born 26 August 2011.
Personal Life
On the set of the film Lighter is not Enough (1998) she met Stefano Accorsi, who became her partner for a long time. On the set of Vincere she met the driver Alessio Fugolo, whom she married in 2009 in Griante with a civil ceremony. She has two children with him.
Filmography
References
External links
Saverio Ferragina press agent
1974 births
Living people
20th-century Italian actresses
21st-century Italian actresses
Actresses from Rome
David di Donatello winners
Italian film actresses
Italian stage actresses
Nastro d'Argento winners
Volpi Cup for Best Actress winners
People of Campanian descent
People of Venetian descent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable%20tourism
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Sustainable tourism
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Sustainable tourism is a concept that covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences and addressing the needs of host communities. Sustainable tourism should embrace concerns for environmental protection, social equity, and the quality of life, cultural diversity, and a dynamic, viable economy delivering jobs and prosperity for all. It has its roots in sustainable development and there can be some confusion as to what "sustainable tourism" means. There is now broad consensus that tourism should be sustainable. In fact, all forms of tourism have the potential to be sustainable if planned, developed and managed properly. Tourist development organizations are promoting sustainable tourism practices in order to mitigate negative effects caused by the growing impact of tourism, for example its environmental impacts.
The United Nations World Tourism Organization emphasized these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as part of the Sustainable Development Goals, through programs like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017. There is a direct link between sustainable tourism and several of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tourism for SDGs focuses on how SDG 8 ("decent work and economic growth"), SDG 12 ("responsible consumption and production") and SDG 14 ("life below water") implicate tourism in creating a sustainable economy. Improvements are expected to be gained from suitable management aspects and including sustainable tourism as part of a broader sustainable development strategy.
Definition
Sustainable tourism is "an exceedingly complex concept with varied definitions due to different interpretations of the meaning and use of the concept". It has its roots in sustainable development, a term that is "open to wide interpretation". This can lead to some confusion as to what sustainable tourism means.
A definition of sustainable tourism from 2020 is: "Tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth’s life-support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends."
Sustainable tourism covers the complete tourism experience, including concern for economic, social and environmental issues as well as attention to improving tourists' experiences. The concept of sustainable tourism aims to reduce the negative effects of tourism activities. This has become almost universally accepted as a desirable and politically appropriate approach to tourism development.
Background
Global goals
The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), is the custodian agency to monitor the targets of Sustainable Development Goal 8 ("decent work and economic growth") that are related to tourism. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a "blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all". Given the dramatic increase in tourism, the report strongly promotes responsible tourism. Even though some countries and sectors in the industry are creating initiatives for tourism in addressing the SDGs, knowledge sharing, finance and policy for sustainable tourism are not fully addressing the needs of stakeholders.
The SDGs include targets on tourism and sustainable tourism in several goals:
Target 8.9 of SDG 8 (Decent work and economic growth) states: "By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products".
Target 12.b of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) is formulated as "Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products." UNWTO is the custodian agency for this target.
Target 14.7 of SDG 14 (Life below Water) is to: "By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism".
Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism
According to the UNWTO, "Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes." Global economists forecast continuing international tourism growth, the amount depending on the location. As one of the world's largest and fastest-growing industries, this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitats and Indigenous cultures. Mass tourism is the organized movement of large numbers of tourists to popular destinations such as theme parks, national parks, beaches or cruise ships. Mass tourism uses standardized packaged leisure products and experiences packaged to accommodate large number of tourists at the same time.
Related similar concepts
Responsible tourism
While "sustainable tourism" is a concept, the term "responsible tourism" refers to the behaviors and practices that can lead to sustainable tourism. All stakeholders are responsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in. Both service providers and purchasers or consumers are held accountable. Being responsible demands “thinking” by using planning and development frameworks that are properly grounded in ethical thinking around what is good and right for communities, the natural world and tourists.
According to the Center for Responsible Tourism, responsible tourism is "tourism that maximizes the benefits to local communities, minimizes negative social or environmental impacts, and helps local people conserve fragile cultures and habitats or species." Responsible tourism incorporates not only being responsible for interactions with the physical environment, but also of the economic and social interactions. While different groups will see responsibility in different ways, the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail improvements in tourism. This would include ethical thinking around what is "good" and "right" for local communities and the natural world, as well as for tourists. Responsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world.
Responsible tourism has also been critiqued. Studies have shown that the degree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contingent upon their engagement socially. Meaning, tourist behaviors will fluctuate depending on the range of social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in. A study regarding responsible tourists behavior concludes that it is not only a personal behavior of tourists that shape outcomes, but also a reflection of mechanisms put in place by governments. Other research has put into question the promise that tourism, even responsible tourism, is inline with UN Sustainable Development Goals given the difficulties in measuring such impact. Some argue that it actually detracts attention from the wider issues surrounding tourism that are in need of regulation, such as the number of visitors and environmental impact.
Ecotourism
Criticism
Many critics view the extractive nature of "sustainable tourism" as an oxymoron, as it is fundamentally unable to continue indefinitely. True and perfect sustainability is likely impossible in all but the most favorable circumstances, as the interests of equity, economy, and ecology often conflict with one another and require tradeoffs. It is a reality that many things are done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits. There is often alienation of local populations from the tourists. Such cases highlight that sustainable tourism covers a wide spectrum from "very weak" to "very strong" when the degree of anthropocentricism and exploitation of human and natural resources is taken into account.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders of sustainable tourism can include organizations as well as individuals. A stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted by development positively or negatively. Stakeholder involvement reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops.
Governments and good governance
The government plays an important role in encouraging sustainable tourism whether it be through marketing, information services, education, and advice through public-private collaborations. However, the values and ulterior motives of governments often need to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism. One important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive or remote area or an area new to tourism is that of carrying capacity. This is the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate over time without damaging the environment or culture of the surrounding area. This can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values.
Scholars have pointed out that partnerships "incrementally nudge governance towards greater inclusion of diverse stakeholders". Partnerships refer to cooperation between private, public and civil society actors. Its purpose is to implement sustainability policies. Governance is essential in developing partnership initiatives.
Good governance principles for National Parks and protected areas management include legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability and fairness.
Non-governmental organizations
Non-governmental organizations are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism. Their roles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research. University research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning. Such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of Cát Bà National Park in Vietnam.
Dive resort operators in Bunaken National Park, Indonesia, play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively, such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture.
Large conventions, meetings and other major organized events drive the travel, tourism, and hospitality industry. Cities and convention centers compete to attract such commerce, commerce which has heavy impacts on resource use and the environment. Major sporting events, such as the Olympic Games, present special problems regarding environmental burdens and degradation. But burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant.
Green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry. More environmentally aware organizations, corporations, and government agencies are now seeking more sustainable event practices, greener hotels, restaurants and convention venues, and more energy-efficient or climate-neutral travel and ground transportation. However, the convention trip not taken can be the most sustainable option: "With most international conferences having hundreds if not thousands of participants, and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane, conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air-travel-related GHG emissions could be made. ... This does not mean non-attendance" (Reay, 2004), since modern Internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio/visual participation. For example, by 2003 Access Grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences. A particular example is the large American Geophysical Union's annual meeting, which has used live streaming for several years. This provides live streams and recordings of keynotes, named lectures, and oral sessions, and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers. Following the live-stream, the recording of each session is posted online within 24 hours.
Some convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host. One example is the Moscone Center in San Francisco, which has a very aggressive recycling program, a large solar power system, and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency.
Local Communities
Local communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development, job creation, and infrastructure development. Tourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations, which can raise the standard of living in destination communities. Sustainable tourism operators commit themselves to creating jobs for local community members. An increase in tourism revenue to an area acts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure. As tourist demands increase in a destination, a more robust infrastructure is needed to support the needs of both the tourism industry and the local community. A 2009 study of rural operators throughout the province of British Columbia, Canada found "an overall strong 'pro-sustainability' attitude among respondents. Dominant barriers identified were lack of available money to invest, lack of incentive programs, other business priorities, and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products, with the most common recommendation being the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable."
International organizations
The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices, promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles, and building demand for sustainable travel. GSTC launched the GSTC Criteria, a global standard for sustainable travel and tourism, which includes criteria and performance indicators for destinations, tour operators and hotels. The GSTC Criteria serve as the international standard for certification agencies (the organizations that would inspect a tourism product, and certify them as a sustainable company).
Sustainable transport and mobility
Tourism can be related to travel for leisure, business and visiting friends and relatives and can also include means of transportation related to tourism. Without travel there is no tourism, so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable transport. Two relevant considerations are tourism's reliance on fossil fuels and tourism's effect on climate change. 72 percent of tourism's CO2 emissions come from transportation, 24 percent from accommodations, and 4 percent from local activities. Aviation accounts for 55% of those transportation CO2 emissions (or 40% of tourism's total). However, when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions, of condensation trails and induced cirrus clouds, aviation alone could account for up to 75% of tourism's climate impact.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) considers an annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of 2 percent per year through 2050 to be realistic. However, both Airbus and Boeing expect the passenger-kilometers of air transport to increase by about 5 percent yearly through at least 2020, overwhelming any efficiency gains. By 2050, with other economic sectors having greatly reduced their CO2 emissions, tourism is likely to be generating 40 percent of global carbon emissions. The main cause is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists, which for many years has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of trips taken. "Sustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable, and aviation lies at the heart of this issue."
The European Tourism Manifesto has also called for an acceleration in the development of cycling infrastructure to boost local clean energy travel. Deployment of non-motorized infrastructures and the re-use of abandoned transport infrastructure (such as disused railways) for cycling and walking has been proposed. Connectivity between these non-motorized routes (greenways, cycle routes) and main attractions nearby (i.e. Natura2000 sites, UNESCO sites, etc.) has also been requested. It has also called for sufficient and predictable rail infrastructure funding, and a focus on digital multimodal practices, including end-to-end ticketing (such as Interrail), all of which are in-line with the EU’s modal shift goal.
Global tourism accounts for about eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions. This percentage takes into account airline transportation as well as other significant environmental and social impacts that are not always beneficial to local communities and their economies.
Challenges
Displacement and resettlement
In places where there was no tourism prior to tourism companies' arrival, displacement and resettlement of local communities is a common issue. For example, the Maasai tribes in Tanzania have been a victim of this problem. After the second World War, conservationists moved into the areas where the Maasai tribes lived, with the intent to make such areas accessible to tourists and to preserve the areas' natural beauty and ecology. This was often achieved through establishing national parks and conservation areas. It has been claimed that Maasai activities did not threaten the wildlife and the knowledge was blurred by "colonial disdain" and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife. As the Maasai have been displaced, the area within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) has been adapted to allow easier access for tourists through the construction of campsites and tracks, as well as the removal of stone objects such as stones for souvenirs.
Environmental impacts
Improvements
Management aspects
Promotion of sustainable tourism practices are often connected to the management of tourist locations by locals or the community. This form of tourism is based on the premise that the people living next to a resource are the ones best suited to protecting it. This means that the tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members, and certainly with their consent and support. Sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes. Locals run the businesses and are responsible for promoting the conservation messages to protect their environment.
Community-based sustainable tourism (CBST) associates the success of the sustainability of the ecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods. A salient feature of CBST is that local knowledge is usually utilized alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models. This allows the participation of locals at the management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of the environment.
The use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations. Environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project. It has also been noted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community.
However, recent research has found that economic linkages generated by CBST may only be sporadic, and that the linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas. This means that CBST may only have small-scale positive effects for these communities.
Partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities are not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups, i.e. true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit. In Honduras, such a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the World Bank and officials from the Institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of 5-star hotels near various ecotourism destinations. But another operating approach in the region by USAID and APROECOH (an ecotourism association) promotes community-based efforts which have trained many local Hondurans. Grassroot organizations were more successful in Honduras.
As part of a development strategy
Developing countries are especially interested in international tourism, and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunities, small business development, and increased in payments of foreign exchange. Many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the fact that this increases a countries dependency on imported products, foreign investments and expatriate skills. This classic 'trickle down' financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses.
It has been said that the economic benefits of large-scale tourism are not doubted but that the backpacker or budget traveler sector is often neglected as a potential growth sector by developing countries governments. This sector brings significant non-economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in this sector. "Aiming 'low' builds upon the skills of the local population, promotes self-reliance, and develops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders, all signs of empowerment" and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation.
In the 1990s, international tourism was seen as an import potential growth sector for many countries, particularly in developing countries as many of the world's most beautiful and 'untouched' places are located in developing countries. Prior to the 1960s studies tended to assume that the extension of the tourism industry to LEDCs was a good thing. In the 1970s this changed as academics started to take a much more negative view on tourism's consequences, particularly criticizing the industry as an effective contributor towards development. International tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security.
Tourism is seen as a resilient industry and bounces back quickly after severe setbacks, like natural disasters, September 11th attacks and COVID-19. Many call for more attention to "lessons learned" from these setbacks to improve mitigation measures that could be taken in advance.
Trends
Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic
Due to COVID-19, an unprecedented decrease of 65% took place in international tourist numbers in first half of 2020 as compared to 2019. Countries around the world closed their borders and introduced travel restrictions in response to the pandemic. The situation is expected to gradually improve in 2021 depending upon lifting of travel restrictions, availability of COVID-19 vaccine and return of traveler confidence.
Furthermore, the current corona pandemic has made many sustainability challenges of tourism clearer. Therefore sustainable tourism scholars call for a transformation of tourism. They state that the corona pandemic has created a window of opportunity, in which we can shift towards more sustainable practices and rethink our systems. The system we have in place now, cannot be sustained in its current form. The constant aim for economic growth goes at the expense of Earth´s ecosystems, wildlife and our own well-being. The gap between rich and poor is growing every year, and the pandemic has spurred this even further. Our current systems are often in place for the few, leaving the many behind. This is no different for the global and local tourism systems. Therefore, tourism scholars argue we should learn from the pandemic. “COVID-19 provides striking lessons to the tourism industry, policy makers and tourism researchers about the effects of global change. The challenge is now to collectively learn from this global tragedy to accelerate the transformation of sustainable tourism”.
Technology is seen as a partial solution to the disruptive impacts of pandemics like COVID-19. Scholars argue that "surrogate tourism" will allow tourists to remain home while employing local guides at the destination to facilitate personalized, interactive, real-time tours (PIRTs). While these options will not take the place of conventional travel experience, there is a market for PIRTS especially for persons with disabilities and the elderly, and for the "sustainable citizen who wishes to minimize their impact on the planet".
History
Historically, the movement toward sustainable tourism through responsible tourism emerged following the environmental awareness that rose out of the 1960s and 70s amidst a growing phenomenon of “mass tourism”. In 1973, the European Travel Commission initiated a multilateral effort to advance environmentally sound tourism and development. The South African national tourism policy (1996) used the term "responsible tourism" and mentioned the well-being of the local community as a main factor. In 2014, the Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism focused on the role of business in promoting responsible tourism. While further research is needed to understand the impacts of responsible tourism, a study conducted in 2017 found that well-managed responsible tourism practices were beneficial to local communities.
Examples
Forest tourism
The Haliburton Sustainable Forest in central Ontario, Canada is a sustainably managed and privately owned 100,000 forest that supports both tourism and the logging industry. Based on a 100-year plan for sustaining the forest, the Haliburton Sustainable Forest has sources of income with tourism and logging that contribute to the long-term stability of the local economy and to the health of the forest. In just over four decades the forest has been transformed from a run-down forestry holding to a flourishing, multi-use operation with benefits to owners, employees and the public at large as well as the environment.
Sustainable touristic cities
In 2019 Machu Picchu in Peru was "recognized as Latin America’s first 100% sustainable city through the management of its waste".
Organizations
Biosphere Tourism is an organization that certifies industry players who are able to balance sociocultural, economic and ecological factors within a tourism destination. The TreadRight Foundation (The Travel Corporation's not-for-profit foundation) has been recognized in 2019 by the UNWTO’s annual awards for its pioneering work in sustainability.
See also
BEST Education Network
International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
Mohonk Agreement
World Tourism Day
Overtourism
References
External links
International Centre for Responsible Tourism
Linking Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Tourism at World Heritage Sites
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development
African Fair Tourism & Trade Organisation
Cape Town Declaration on Responsible Tourism
Global Sustainable Tourism Council
Economy and the environment
Types of tourism
Articles containing video clips
Sustainability
Sustainable development
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4036986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Incredible%20Shrinking%20Fireman
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The Incredible Shrinking Fireman
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The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game for the ZX Spectrum released by Mastertronic in 1986. It was programmed by Andy Mitchell with art by David Kidd.
Gameplay
The Incredible Shrinking Fireman is a platform game in which the player moves the titular fireman through a series of flip-screen rooms attempting to avoid enemies and search for pieces of a Stretching Rack, to return him to full size. In keeping with other Mastertronic platform games of the era, such as the Magic Knight series, the character must pick up and use various objects encountered on the way to complete the game. Possession of certain objects provides access to alternate travel routes (such as moving up through the ceiling).
Reception
References
External links
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Incredible Shrinking Fireman, The
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Platform games
Video games about size change
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4036995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic%20Christ
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Caustic Christ
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Caustic Christ was an American crusty hardcore punk band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. They were on Havoc Records. The band is composed of vocalist GenEric Christ, guitarist Bill Christ, bassist Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien, and drummer Archie Punker.
History
In late 2000, guitarist Bill Chamberlain (of Mankind?, The Pist, and React) quit React and moved from Connecticut to Pittsburgh to start a band with guitarist/vocalist Eric Good and bassist Corey Lyons of Aus-Rotten. Together with drummer Ron Wingrove, they began to practice in Corey, Eric, and Bill's basement; played local shows and a few weekend tours; and recorded a demo. During that time, Aus-Rotten broke up and Chamberlain also formed Behind Enemy Lines with former Aus-Rotten vocalist Dave Trenga.
In the spring of 2001, Wingrove was struck by a pickup truck while riding his bike in Pittsburgh and sustained brain damage. This left him unable to play drums for some time, and the band decided to replace him. Wingrove would later return to his hometown of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, where he would participate in several bands. After a hiatus, drummer Greg Mairs (Submachine, Short Dark Strangers) joined the band. This was supposed to be a temporary solution while the band found another, less busy, drummer, but Mairs remained and became an integral part of the band.
With Mairs, Caustic Christ recorded their first seven-inch record, which was released on Havoc Records, as were all of their subsequent releases. They toured the United States extensively with bands like Subhumans and Municipal Waste and were interviewed in Maximum RocknRoll, HeartattaCk, Suburban Voice, and numerous other punk zines. In 2006, they toured Europe. Local favorites, the band performed frequently at Mr. Roboto Project, a venue then in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania.
Caustic Christ disbanded following their last show, on May 5, 2009.. However, in 2015, the band reunited to play two shows as part of the annual Skull Fest in Pittsburgh. And in 2016, the band played a benefit in Richmond, Virginia, for the family of Brandon Ferrell alongside Municipal Waste, Career Suicide, Night Birds, Blood Pressure, and a reunited Double Negative.
Releases
Caustic Christ 7" (Havoc Records, 2001)
Can't Relate LP (Havoc Records, 2003)
Government Job 7" (Havoc Records, 2004)
Public Service/Jodie Foster limited tour single (Havoc Records, 2005)
Lycanthropy LP (Havoc Records, 2006)
Splits and compilations
Go Down Fighting, Come Up Smiling CD compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2001)
Split 7" with Intense Youth (Behold The Youthquake Records, 2002)
Split 7" with R.A.M.B.O. (Busted Heads Records, 2003)
Dark Thoughts compilation (Rabid Dogs Records, 2003)
Half Life - Under The Knife covers compilation 7" (Moo Cow Records, 2004)
Revolved Back To Failure cassette compilation (Hardtravelin' Records, 2005)
Members
The Mistaken Ukla Von Upenstien - Bass
GenEric Christ - Vocals
Bill Christ - Guitar
Archie Punker - Drums
References
External links
Havoc Records Label site.
Caustic Christ MySpace Page
Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania
Musical groups from Pittsburgh
American crust and d-beat groups
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4037004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesselring
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Kesselring
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Kesselring is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Kesselring (1885–1960), German field marshal
Joseph Kesselring (1902–1967), American playwright
German-language surnames
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4037009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Myres
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John Myres
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Sir John Linton Myres Kt OBE FBA FRAI (3 July 1869 in Preston – 6 March 1954 in Oxford) was a British archaeologist and academic, who conducted excavations in Cyprus in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Life
He was the son of the Rev. William Miles Myres and his wife, Jane Linton, and was educated at Winchester College. He graduated B.A. at New College, Oxford in 1892. At the same year he was a Craven Fellow at the British School at Athens with which he excavated at the Minoan sanctuary of Petsofas. Myres became the first Wykeham Professor of Ancient History, at the University of Oxford, in 1910, having been Gladstone Professor of Greek and Lecturer in Ancient Geography, University of Liverpool from 1907. He contributed to the British Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series that was published during the Second World War, and to the noted 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1910–1911).
Myers was also a member of the Folklore Society and served as its President between 1924 and 1926. Later he became president of the Royal Anthropological Institute between 1928 and 1931. And finally president of the Hellenic Society between 1935-1938. Additionally, he was the founder of the journal Man and its first editor from 1901-1903. His work in Cyprus spanned several decades, with the German archaeologist Max Ohnefalsch-Richter he published the first catalogue of the Cyprus Museum. In 1894 he participated in the excavations of the British Museum at Amathus, he also excavated for the British School at Athens, with the support of the Cyprus Exploration Fund, various sites such as the Bronze Age site of Ayia Paraskevi, Kalopsida, Laxia tou Riou and Kition. Myres gave his share of the finds to the University of Oxford where it forms the core of the Cypriot collection of the Ashmolean Museum . Myres Archive is located at the Ashmolean Museum. Additionally, he conducted excavations at Lapithos in 1913 with Leonard Halford Dudley Buxton. Furthermore in 1914 he published a handbook of the Cesnola collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. He was an advisor during the drafting of the 1935 Antiquities Law and the setting up of the Department of Antiquities.
According to Robert Ranulph Marett,
He was a major influence on the British-Australian archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
At Oxford Myres worked for the Director of Naval Intelligence.
Works
Excavations in Cyprus in 1894 (1897)
Copper and Bronze in Cyprus and South-East Europe (1898)
A catalogue of the Cyprus museum, with a chronicle of excavations undertaken since the British occupation, and introductory notes on Cypriote archaeology (1899)
Notes on the History of the Kabyle Pottery (1902)
Sarcophagus from Amathus, Sarcophagus from Golgi (1909-1911)
The value of ancient history (1910)
The Dawn of History (New York/London: Holt/Williams and Norgate, 1911)
Herodotus : Outline Analysis of Books I-Vl] (Oxford: Hart [printer, 1912).
Handbook of the Cesnola collection of antiquities from Cyprus (1914)
Notes on the ‘Prison of Saint Catharine’ at Salamis in Cyprus (1915)
The influence of anthropology on the course of political science (1916)
The Political Ideas of the Greeks (1927)
Who were the Greeks? (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1930), Sather Lectures
The Early Pot-Fabrics of Asia Minor (1930)
The Cretan Labyrinth: A Retrospect of Aegean Research (1933)
The Amathus Bowl: A Long-Lost Masterpiece of Oriental Engraving (1933)
A Modern 'Kernos' Vessel from Tiflis (1937)
A 'Kernos,' or Ring-Vase, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts (1939)
Excavations in Cyprus, 1913 (1940-1945)
Concentric Circle Ornament on Vessels of Wood from the Taurus (1952)
Herodotus, Father of History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953)
References
External links
Article on Myers at the Pitt Rivers Museum
1869 births
Writers from Preston, Lancashire
1954 deaths
British archaeologists
Wykeham Professors of Ancient History
Prehistorians
Victoria Medal recipients
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Presidents of the Folklore Society
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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4037024
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Rosa
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Hermann Rosa
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Hermann Rosa (* November 2, 1911, Pirna; † October 5, 1981, Munich) was a German sculptor and architect.
Biography
Born as the son of a stonemason Hermann Rosa in Pirna, he grew up with six siblings on the castle Oberpolitz. He visited a Stone Mason's College in Saubsdorf (today Supíkovice). During the years of 1934 - 1938 he was a disciple of Professor Drahonovsky at the Art College in Prague. After this he became a student of Professor Karl Albiker at the Dresden Academy of Art in the years of 1939 - 1946 (although there were several interruptions in between).
Works
1937 Pferdegruppe composition
1947 Wassertägerin (bronze)
1948/49 Eva, portrait (bronze)
1949 Eva, act (bronze)
1950 Flucht (Flight), relief (bronze)
1951 Sinnende (bronze)
1952 Liebespaar (Lovers) (bronze)
1952 Stürzender Engel (bronze)
1952 Auferstehung (Resurrection), Relief (bronze)
1953 Sitzende (bronze)
1953 Stehende mit Ast (bronze)
1953/54 Adalbert Stifter, portrait after death mask (bronze)
1954 Eva, abstract (bronze)
1954 Schmerzensmann (bronze)
1954 Adalbert Stifter, bust, memorial in Fürth (Bavaria) (bronze)
1955 Käfer (Beetle), after Franz Kafka (bronze)
1955/56 Flüchtlinge, relief two-parts (bronze)
1970 - 1981 Ludwig Spegel, portrait (bronze)
1972 - 1981 Self-portrait (bronze)
1977 - 1981 Blitz, fountain Augsburg- Hochzoll (bronze)
His studios
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 9, Munich-Freimann
1954 - 1959 Studio Wallnerstreet 12, Munich-Freimann
1960 - 1968 Studio Osterwaldstreet, Munich-Schwabing
External links
Atelier ROSA Osterwaldstrasse 89 - Englischer garden in Munich
1911 births
1981 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
20th-century sculptors
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4037035
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial%20locomotion
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Terrestrial locomotion
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Terrestrial locomotion has evolved as animals adapted from aquatic to terrestrial environments. Locomotion on land raises different problems than that in water, with reduced friction being replaced by the increased effects of gravity.
As viewed from evolutionary taxonomy, there are three basic forms of animal locomotion in the terrestrial environment:
legged – moving by using appendages
limbless locomotion – moving without legs, primarily using the body itself as a propulsive structure.
rolling – rotating the body over the substrate
Some terrains and terrestrial surfaces permit or demand alternative locomotive styles. A sliding component to locomotion becomes possible on slippery surfaces (such as ice and snow), where location is aided by potential energy, or on loose surfaces (such as sand or scree), where friction is low but purchase (traction) is difficult. Humans, especially, have adapted to sliding over terrestrial snowpack and terrestrial ice by means of ice skates, snow skis, and toboggans.
Aquatic animals adapted to polar climates, such as ice seals and penguins also take advantage of the slipperiness of ice and snow as part of their locomotion repertoire. Beavers are known to take advantage of a mud slick known as a "beaver slide" over a short distance when passing from land into a lake or pond. Human locomotion in mud is improved through the use of cleats. Some snakes use an unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. Animals caught in terrestrial mudflows are subject to involuntary locomotion; this may be beneficial to the distribution of species with limited locomotive range under their own power. There is less opportunity for passive locomotion on land than by sea or air, though parasitism (hitchhiking) is available toward this end, as in all other habitats.
Many species of monkeys and apes use a form of arboreal locomotion known as brachiation, with forelimbs as the prime mover. Some elements of the gymnastic sport of uneven bars resemble brachiation, but most adult humans do not have the upper body strength required to sustain brachiation. Many other species of arboreal animal with tails will incorporate their tails into the locomotion repertoire, if only as a minor component of their suspensory behaviors.
Locomotion on irregular, steep surfaces require agility and dynamic balance known as sure-footedness. Mountain goats are famed for navigating vertiginous mountainsides where the least misstep could lead to a fatal fall.
Many species of animals must sometimes locomote while safely conveying their young. Most often this task is performed by adult females. Some species are specially adapted to conveying their young without occupying their limbs, such as marsupials with their special pouch. In other species, the young are carried on the mother's back, and the offspring have instinctual clinging behaviours. Many species incorporate specialized transportation behaviours as a component of their locomotion repertoire, such as the dung beetle when rolling a ball of dung, which combines both rolling and limb-based elements.
The remainder of this article focuses on the anatomical and physiological distinctions involving terrestrial locomotion from the taxonomic perspective.
Legged locomotion
Movement on appendages is the most common form of terrestrial locomotion, it is the basic form of locomotion of two major groups with many terrestrial members, the vertebrates and the arthropods. Important aspects of legged locomotion are posture (the way the body is supported by the legs), the number of legs, and the functional structure of the leg and foot. There are also many gaits, ways of moving the legs to locomote, such as walking, running, or jumping.
Posture
Appendages can be used for movement in a lot of ways: the posture, the way the body is supported by the legs, is an important aspect. There are three main ways in which vertebrates support themselves with their legs – sprawling, semi-erect, and fully erect. Some animals may use different postures in different circumstances, depending on the posture's mechanical advantages. There is no detectable difference in energetic cost between stances.
The "sprawling" posture is the most primitive, and is the original limb posture from which the others evolved. The upper limbs are typically held horizontally, while the lower limbs are vertical, though upper limb angle may be substantially increased in large animals. The body may drag along the ground, as in salamanders, or may be substantially elevated, as in monitor lizards. This posture is typically associated with trotting gaits, and the body flexes from side-to-side during movement to increase step length. All limbed reptiles and salamanders use this posture, as does the platypus and several species of frogs that walk. Unusual examples can be found among amphibious fish, such as the mudskipper, which drag themselves across land on their sturdy fins. Among the invertebrates, most arthropods – which includes the most diverse group of animals, the insects – have a stance best described as sprawling. There is also anecdotal evidence that some octopus species (such as the genus Pinnoctopus) can also drag themselves across land a short distance by hauling their body along by their tentacles (for example to pursue prey between rockpools) – there may be video evidence of this. The semi-erect posture is more accurately interpreted as an extremely elevated sprawling posture. This mode of locomotion is typically found in large lizards such as monitor lizards and tegus.
Mammals and birds typically have a fully erect posture, though each evolved it independently. In these groups the legs are placed beneath the body. This is often linked with the evolution of endothermy, as it avoids Carrier's constraint and thus allows prolonged periods of activity. The fully erect stance is not necessarily the "most-evolved" stance; evidence suggests that crocodilians evolved a semi-erect stance in their forelimbs from ancestors with fully erect stance as a result of adapting to a mostly aquatic lifestyle, though their hindlimbs are still held fully erect. For example, the mesozoic prehistoric crocodilian Erpetosuchus is believed to have had a fully erect stance and been terrestrial.
Number of legs
The number of locomotory appendages varies much between animals, and sometimes the same animal may use different numbers of its legs in different circumstances. The best contender for unipedal movement is the springtail, which while normally hexapedal, hurls itself away from danger using its furcula, a tail-like forked rod that can be rapidly unfurled from the underside of its body.
A number of species move and stand on two legs, that is, they are bipedal. The group that is exclusively bipedal is the birds, which have either an alternating or a hopping gait. There are also a number of bipedal mammals. Most of these move by hopping – including the macropods such as kangaroos and various jumping rodents. Only a few mammals such as humans and the ground pangolin commonly show an alternating bipedal gait. In humans, alternating bipedalism is characterized by a bobbing motion, which is due to the utilization of gravity when falling forward. This form of bipedalism has demonstrated significant energy savings. Cockroaches and some lizards may also run on their two hind legs.
With the exception of the birds, terrestrial vertebrate groups with legs are mostly quadrupedal – the mammals, reptiles, and the amphibians usually move on four legs. There are many quadrupedal gaits.
The most diverse group of animals on earth, the insects, are included in a larger taxon known as hexapods, most of which are hexapedal, walking and standing on six legs. Exceptions among the insects include praying mantises and water scorpions, which are quadrupeds with their front two legs modified for grasping, some butterflies such as the Lycaenidae (blues and hairstreaks) which use only four legs, and some kinds of insect larvae that may have no legs (e.g., maggots), or additional prolegs (e.g., caterpillars).
Spiders and many of their relatives move on eight legs – they are octopedal. However, some creatures move on many more legs. Terrestrial crustaceans may have a fair number – woodlice having fourteen legs. Also, as previously mentioned, some insect larvae such as caterpillars and sawfly larvae have up to five (caterpillars) or nine (sawflies) additional fleshy prolegs in addition to the six legs normal for insects.
Some species of invertebrate have even more legs, the unusual velvet worm having stubby legs under the length of its body, with around several dozen pairs of legs. Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, with typically around 50 legs, but some species have over 200. The terrestrial animals with the most legs are the millipedes. They have two pairs of legs per body segment, with common species having between 80 and 400 legs overall – with the rare species Illacme plenipes having up to 750 legs.
Animals with many legs typically move them in metachronal rhythm, which gives the appearance of waves of motion travelling forward or backward along their rows of legs. Millipedes, caterpillars, and some small centipedes move with the leg waves travelling forward as they walk, while larger centipedes move with the leg waves travelling backward.
Leg and foot structure
The legs of tetrapods, the main group of terrestrial vertebrates (which also includes amphibious fish), have internal bones, with externally attached muscles for movement, and the basic form has three key joints: the shoulder joint, the knee joint, and the ankle joint, at which the foot is attached. Within this form there is much variation in structure and shape. An alternative form of vertebrate 'leg' to the tetrapod leg is the fins found on amphibious fish. Also a few tetrapods, such as the macropods, have adapted their tails as additional locomotory appendages.
The fundamental form of the vertebrate foot has five digits, however some animals have fused digits, giving them less, and some early fishapods had more; Acanthostega had eight toes. Only ichthyosaurs evolved more than 5 digits within tetrapods, while their transition from land to water again (limb terminations were becoming flippers). Feet have evolved many forms depending on the animal's needs. One key variation is where on the foot the animal's weight is placed. Some vertebrates: amphibians, reptiles, and some mammals such as humans, bears, and rodents, are plantigrade. This means the weight of the body is placed on the heel of the foot, giving it strength and stability. Most mammals, such as cats and dogs are digitigrade, walking on their toes, giving them what many people mistake as a “backward knee”, which is really their ankle. The extension of the joint helps store momentum and acts as a spring, allowing digitigrade creatures more speed. Digitigrade mammals are also often adept at quiet movement. Birds are also digitigrade. Hooved mammals are known as ungulates, walking on the fused tips of their fingers and toes. This can vary from odd-toed ungulates, such as horses, pigs, and a few wild African ungulates, to even-toed ungulates, such as cows, deer, and goats.
Mammals whose limbs have adapted to grab objects have what are called prehensile limbs. This term can be attributed to front limbs as well as tails for animals such as monkeys and some rodents. All animals that have prehensile front limbs are plantigrade, even if their ankle joint looks extended (squirrels are a good example).
Among terrestrial invertebrates there are a number of leg forms. The arthropod legs are jointed and supported by hard external armor, with the muscles attached to the internal surface of this exoskeleton. The other group of legged terrestrial invertebrates, the velvet worms, have soft stumpy legs supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. The prolegs that some caterpillars have in addition to their six more-standard arthropod legs have a similar form to those of velvet worms, and suggest a distant shared ancestry.
Gaits
Animals show a vast range of gaits, the order that they place and lift their appendages in locomotion. Gaits can be grouped into categories according to their patterns of support sequence. For quadrupeds, there are three main categories: walking gaits, running gaits, and leaping gaits. In one system (relating to horses), there are 60 discrete patterns: 37 walking gaits, 14 running gaits, and 9 leaping gaits.
Walking is the most common gait, where some feet are on the ground at any given time, and found in almost all legged animals. In an informal sense, running is considered to occur when at some points in the stride all feet are off the ground in a moment of suspension. Technically, however, moments of suspension occur in both running gaits (such as trot) and leaping gaits (such as canter and gallop). Gaits involving one or more moments of suspension can be found in many animals, and compared to walking they are faster but more energetically costly forms of locomotion.
Animals will use different gaits for different speeds, terrain, and situations. For example, horses show four natural gaits, the slowest horse gait is the walk, then there are three faster gaits which, from slowest to fastest, are the trot, the canter, and the gallop. Animals may also have unusual gaits that are used occasionally, such as for moving sideways or backwards. For example, the main human gaits are bipedal walking and running, but they employ many other gaits occasionally, including a four-legged crawl in tight spaces.
In walking, and for many animals running, the motion of legs on either side of the body alternates, i.e. is out of phase. Other animals, such as a horse when galloping, or an inchworm, alternate between their front and back legs.
In saltation (hopping) all legs move together, instead of alternating. As a main means of locomotion, this is usually found in bipeds, or semi-bipeds. Among the mammals saltation is commonly used among kangaroos and their relatives, jerboas, springhares, kangaroo rats, hopping mice, gerbils, and sportive lemurs. Certain tendons in the hind legs of kangaroos are very elastic, allowing kangaroos to effectively bounce along conserving energy from hop to hop, making saltation a very energy efficient way to move around in their nutrient poor environment. Saltation is also used by many small birds, frogs, fleas, crickets, grasshoppers, and water fleas (a small planktonic crustacean).
Most animals move in the direction of their head. However, there are some exceptions. Crabs move sideways, and naked mole rats, which live in tight tunnels and can move backward or forward with equal facility. Crayfish can move backward much faster than they can move forward.
Gait analysis is the study of gait in humans and other animals. This may involve videoing subjects with markers on particular anatomical landmarks and measuring the forces of their footfall using floor transducers (strain gauges). Skin electrodes may also be used to measure muscle activity.
Limbless locomotion
There are a number of terrestrial and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals, due to lack of appendages, use their bodies to generate propulsive force. These movements are sometimes referred to as "slithering" or "crawling", although neither are formally used in the scientific literature and the latter term is also used for some animals moving on all four limbs. All limbless animals come from cold-blooded groups; there are no endothermic limbless animals, i.e. there are no limbless birds or mammals.
Lower body surface
Where the foot is important to the legged mammal, for limbless animals the underside of the body is important. Some animals such as snakes or legless lizards move on their smooth dry underside. Other animals have various features that aid movement. Molluscs such as slugs and snails move on a layer of mucus that is secreted from their underside, reducing friction and protecting from injury when moving over sharp objects. Earthworms have small bristles (setae) that hook into the substrate and help them move. Some animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of the body allowing two anchor movement.
Type of movement
Some limbless animals, such as leeches, have suction cups on either end of their body, which allow them to move by anchoring the rear end and then moving forward the front end, which is then anchored and then the back end is pulled in, and so on. This is known as two-anchor movement. A legged animal, the inchworm, also moves like this, clasping with appendages at either end of its body.
Limbless animals can also move using pedal locomotory waves, rippling the underside of the body. This is the main method used by molluscs such as slugs and snails, and also large flatworms, some other worms, and even earless seals. The waves may move in the opposite direction to motion, known as retrograde waves, or in the same direction as motion, known as direct waves. Earthworms move by retrograde waves alternatively swelling and contracting down the length of their body, the swollen sections being held in place using setae. Aquatic molluscs such as limpets, which are sometimes out of the water, tend to move using retrograde waves. However, terrestrial molluscs such as slugs and snails tend to use direct waves. Lugworms and seals also use direct waves.
Most snakes move using lateral undulation where a lateral wave travels down the snake's body in the opposite direction to the snake's motion and pushes the snake off irregularities in the ground. This mode of locomotion requires these irregularities to function. Another form of locomotion, rectilinear locomotion, is used at times by some snakes, especially large ones such as pythons and boa. Here large scales on the underside of the body, known as scutes are used to push backwards and downwards. This is effective on a flat surface and is used for slow, silent movement, such as when stalking prey. Snakes use concertina locomotion for moving slowly in tunnels, here the snake alternates in bracing parts of its body on it surrounds. Finally the caenophidian snakes use the fast and unusual method of movement known as sidewinding on sand or loose soil. The snake cycles through throwing the front part of its body in the direction of motion and bringing the back part of its body into line crosswise.
Rolling
Although animals have never evolved wheels for locomotion, a small number of animals will move at times by rolling their whole body. Rolling animals can be divided into those that roll under the force of gravity or wind and those that roll using their own power.
Gravity or wind assisted
The web-toed salamander, a salamander, lives on steep hills in the Sierra Nevada mountains. When disturbed or startled it coils itself up into a ball, often causing it to roll downhill.
The pebble toad (Oreophrynella nigra) lives atop tepui in the Guiana highlands of South America. When threatened, often by tarantulas, it rolls into ball, and typically being on an incline, rolls away under gravity like a loose pebble.
Namib wheeling spiders (Carparachne spp.), found in the Namib desert, will actively roll down sand dunes. This action can be used to successfully escape predators such as the Pompilidae tarantula wasps, which lay their eggs in a paralyzed spider for their larvae to feed on when they hatch. The spiders flip their body sideways and then cartwheel over their bent legs. The rotation is fast, the golden wheel spider (Carparachne aureoflava) moving up to 20 revolutions per second, moving the spider at 1 metre per second.
Coastal tiger beetle larvae when threatened can flick themselves into the air and curl their bodies to form a wheels, which the wind blows, often uphill, as far as 25 m and as fast as . The also may have some ability to steer themselves in this state.
Pangolins, a type of mammal covered in thick scales, roll into a tight ball when threatened. Pangolins have been reported to roll away from danger, by both gravity and self-powered methods. A pangolin in hill country in Sumatra, to flee from the researcher, ran to the edge of a slope and curled into a ball to roll down the slope, crashing through the vegetation, and covering an estimated 30 metres or more in 10 seconds.
Self-powered
Caterpillars of the mother-of-pearl moth, Pleuroptya ruralis, when attacked, will touch their heads to their tails and roll backwards, up to 5 revolutions at about 40 cm per second, which is about 40 times its normal speed.
Nannosquilla decemspinosa, a species of long-bodied, short-legged mantis shrimp, lives in shallow sandy areas along the Pacific coast of Central and South America. When stranded by a low tide the 3 cm stomatopod lies on its back and performs backwards somersaults over and over. The animal moves up to 2 meters at a time by rolling 20–40 times, with speeds of around 72 revolutions per minute. That is 1.5 body lengths per second (3.5 cm/s). Researchers estimate that the stomatopod acts as a true wheel around 40% of the time during this series of rolls. The remaining 60% of the time it has to "jumpstart" a roll by using its body to thrust itself upwards and forwards.
Pangolins have also been reported to roll away from danger by self-powered methods. Witnessed by a lion researcher in the Serengeti in Africa, a group of lions surrounded a pangolin, but could not get purchase on it when it rolled into a ball, and so the lions sat around it waiting and dozing. Surrounded by lions, it would unroll itself slightly and give itself a push to roll some distance, until by doing this multiple times it could get far enough away from the lions to be safe. Moving like this would allow a pangolin to cover distance while still remaining in a protective armoured ball.
Moroccan flic-flac spiders, if provoked or threatened, can escape by doubling their normal walking speed using forward or backward flips similar to acrobatic flic-flac movements.
Limits and extremes
The fastest terrestrial animal is the cheetah, which can attain maximal sprint speeds of approximately 104 km/h (64 mph). The fastest running lizard is the black iguana, which has been recorded moving at speed of up to 34.9 km/h (21.7 mph).
See also
Animal locomotion
Aquatic locomotion
Comparative foot morphology
Locomotion in space
Robot locomotion
Role of skin in locomotion
Terrestrial
Undulatory locomotion
Walking fish
References
Bibliography
External links
Adaptations of running animals
Crocodile stance
Tetrapod stance
Lecture on crawling (slithering) at Berkeley
Animation of earthworm movement by a propagating retrograde wave
Zoology
Articles containing video clips
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4037036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20choice%20theory%20%28criminology%29
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Rational choice theory (criminology)
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In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that humans are reasoning actors who weigh means and ends, costs and benefits, in order to make a rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in thinking about situational crime prevention.
The rational choice theory has sprung from older and more experimental collections of hypotheses surrounding what has been essentially, the empirical findings from many scientific investigations into the workings of human nature. The conceiving and semblance of these social models which are hugely applicable to the methodology expressed through the function of microeconomics within society are also similarly placed to demonstrate that a sizable amount of data is collated using behavioural techniques which are tweaked and made adjustable in order to ensure compatibility with the spontaneous motivational drives displayed by the consumer.
Elements
The theory is related to earlier drift theory (David Matza, Delinquency and Drift, 1964) where people use the techniques of neutralization to drift in and out of delinquent behaviour, and systematic crime theory (an aspect of social disorganization theory developed by the Chicago School), where Edwin Sutherland proposed that the failure of families and extended kin groups expands the realm of relationships no longer controlled by the community, and undermines governmental controls. This leads to persistent "systematic" crime and delinquency. He also believed that such disorganization causes and reinforces the cultural traditions and cultural conflicts that support antisocial activity. The systematic quality of the behaviour was a reference to repetitive, patterned or organized offending as opposed to random events. He depicted the law-abiding culture as dominant and more extensive than alternative criminogenic cultural views and capable of overcoming systematic crime if organized for that purpose. In a similar vein, developed the routine activity theory which focuses on the characteristics of crime rather than the characteristics of the offender. This is one of the main theories of environmental criminology as an aspect of crime prevention theory. It states that for a crime to occur, three elements must be present, i.e. there must be:
an available and suitable target;
a motivated offender; and
no authority figure to prevent the crime from happening.
Routine activity theory relates the pattern of offending to the everyday patterns of social interaction. Between 1960 and 1980, women left the home to work which led to social disorganization, i.e. the routine of leaving the home unattended and without an authority figure increased probability of criminal activity. The theory is supplemented by the crime triangle or the problem analysis triangle which is used in the analysis both of a crime problem by reference to the three parameters of victim, location, and offender, and of an intervention strategy by reference to the parameters of target/victim, location and absence of a capable guardian with the latter helping to think more constructively about responses as well as analysis. The theory avoids speculation about the source of the offenders’ motivation, which distinguishes it immediately from most other criminological theories.
Support for theory
Many features of rational choice perspective make it particularly suitable to serve as a criminological “metatheory” with a broad role in the explanation for a variety of criminological phenomena. Since rational choice can explain many different components; it is broad enough to be applied not only to crime but everyday life circumstances. Studies involve offenders being interviewed on motives, methods and target choices. Research involves burglars (Walsh, 1980; Maguire 1982; Cromwell et al., 1991) bank and commercial robbers (New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 1987; Nugent et al., 1989) and offenders using violence (Morrison and O’ Donnell, 1996). The rational choice perspective has provided a framework under which to organize such information so that individual studies produce more general benefits.
Rational choice theory insists that crime is calculated and deliberate. All criminals are rational actors who practice conscious decision making, that simultaneously work towards gaining the maximum benefits of their present situation. Another aspect of rational choice theory is the fact that many offenders make decisions based on bounded/limited rationality.
Bounded/limited rationality
Ideas of limited rationality emphasize the extent to which individuals and groups simplify a decision because of the difficulties of anticipating or considering all alternatives and all information. Bounded rationality relates to two aspects, one part arising from cognitive limitations and the other from extremes in emotional arousal. Sometimes emotional arousal at the moment of a crime can be acute, therefore would be offenders find themselves out of control, and rational considerations are far less salient.
Crime therefore can be influenced by opportunity. Opportunity of a crime can be related to cost benefits, socioeconomic status, risk of detection, dependent on situational context, type of offence and access to external benefits. In addition, opportunities are dependent on the individual’s current surroundings and consequential factors. This theory better explains instrumental crimes rather than expressive crimes. Instrumental crimes involve planning and weighing the risks with a rational mind. An example of an instrumental crime can include: tax evasion, traffic violations, drinking and driving, corporate crime, larceny and sexual assault. On the other hand, expressive crime includes crimes involving emotion and lack of rational thinking without being concerned of future consequences. Expressive crimes can include: non pre-meditated murder such as manslaughter, and assault. As a result, punishment is only effective in deterring instrumental crime rather than expressive crime.
In 2000, O’Grady et al. performed a study which examined the illegal sale of tobacco products to underage youth. With the use of a rational mind merchants and clerks weigh out the cost benefits and risk factors which are involved in selling cigarettes to underage youth. Due to the minimal risk of police patrol after 5pm, merchants and clerks felt a diminished sense of risk, therefore allowing them to sell their products illegally to underage youth.
According to the three main critiques of rational choice theory include:
Assumes that all individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions
The theory does not explain why the burden of responsibility is excused from young offenders as opposed to adult offenders
This theory contradicts the Canadian Criminal Justice System. This theory does not support the idea that all individuals are rational actors because of cognitive inability. An example of individuals who lack a rational mind include those who are Not Criminally Responsible on Account Due to Mental Disorder (NCRMD).
Routine activity theory
Routine activity theory is a sub-field of rational choice criminology, developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen.
Routine activity theory says that crime is normal and depends on the opportunities available. If a target is not protected enough, if it is worth the reward, crime will happen. Crime does not need hardened offenders, super-predators, convicted felons or wicked people, just an opportunity.
The basic premise of routine activity theory is that most crimes are petty theft and unreported to the police. Crime is not spectacular or dramatic. It is mundane and happens all the time.
Another premise is that crime is relatively unaffected by social causes such as poverty, inequality, unemployment. For instance, after World War II, the economy of Western countries was booming, and the welfare states were expanding. Crime rose significantly. According to Felson and Cohen, this is because the prosperity of contemporary society offers so much opportunities of crime: there is much more to steal.
Routine activity theory is controversial among sociologists who believe in the social causes of crime. But several types of crime are very well explained by routine activity theory:
copyright infringement related to peer-to-peer file sharing
employee theft (internal theft)
corporate crime
Situational crime prevention
The main creation of the rational choice theory was to aide and give focus to situational crime prevention. Situational crime prevention comprises opportunity-reducing measures that are directed at highly specific forms of crime; involves management, design or manipulation of the immediate environment systematically and permanently; makes crime more difficult and risky or less rewarding and excusable as judged by a wide range of offenders. Rather than simply responding to crime after the fact, recent attention to crime prevention has focused on specific ways in which to modify the physical and social environment.
Changes to the physical environment have included such measures as better streetscape and building design, improved lighting in public spaces, installations of deadlocks and alarms, property marking and identification, and traffic calming and creation of green belts. Attempts have been made to extend the range of surveillance of local neighborhood activities, involving such measures as establishment of neighborhood watch committees, employment of private security guards in residences and businesses, antiracist/antifascist organizations and community watch committees to prevent police harassment.
Directing enhanced citizen participation programs are not crime-centered would include for example sports and recreation programs, needle exchange programs and AIDS counseling, local employment initiatives funded by government grants and campaigns against poverty and unemployment.
Emotions
It is argued that there are three important roles of emotions within a rational choice theory of crime. First the people’s state of emotionality is an important context on which rational conduct rests. Second is the “sneaky thrill” of minor property crime also might operate more generally such that the anticipated emotional consequences of criminal conduct is one of the benefits or utilities (“thrills”) that are weighed in the process of rational decision making. Third as a sizable amount of research can attest, the anticipated emotional costs associated with criminal behavior might serve to effectively reduce the likelihood of such behavior. Emotions are a central part of the psychological process of motivation as they heighten the saliency of certain desires, wants, and outcomes and thus energize people to pursue them. Too little emotional intensity and performance suffers from insufficient physical and mental arousal, while too much emotional intensity causes the person to be so aroused that thinking and physical self-control become disorganized. If an offender gets angry easily it is highly probable they won’t think twice about assaulting someone than an individual who is level headed. Negative emotions can hinder rationality thus leading one to use bounded/limited rationality or make an impulsive move towards a criminal action.
Notes
References
Criminology
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4037037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraina%20Mischol
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Seraina Mischol
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Seraina Mischol (born 1 December 1981) is a Swiss cross-country skier, who competed between 1999 and 2011.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
Home page
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Living people
1981 births
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4037038
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%20Lon
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Mang Lon
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Mang Lon, Manglon, Manglun, Manglön, or Mang Lön a state in the northern Shan states of Myanmar, was formerly the chief state of the Wa people. It is a mountainous territory, including the valleys of the Salween and its tributary the Nam Hka. It had an approximate area of 7770 km² and its estimated population in 1911 was 40,000.
Mang Lon state extended from about 21° 30′ to 23° N., or for 100 miles, along the river Salween, which divided the state into East and West Mang Lon. The inhabitants of East Manglon were Was, while West Manglon was mostly inhabited by Shan people.
History
Nothing is known about the history of Manglon before the nineteenth century. The area had been a kingdom named Jambularattha according to legend.
The first Sawbwa of Manglon was Ta Ang, a Wa leader who became tributary to Hsenwi State in 1814, retaining his hold over the territory. The eastern part of the state was often raided by Wa chiefs of the neighbouring independent Wa States.
The capital, Takut, was located NE of Pangyang and was perched on a hilltop 6000 feet above sea level. The Sawbwa was a Wa who adopted the style of the Shan rulers. He had control over two substates, Mot Hai to the north and Maw Hpa to the south. The Wa of Mang Lon had given up headhunting, and many professed Buddhism.
Traditionally the adjacent Wa States had been administered by a Sawbwa, a Shan hereditary chief who resided in Mang Lon. In the second half of the 19th century the British authorities in Burma judged the Wa territory remote and of difficult access and, excepting Mang Lon, they left the Wa States without administration, its border with China undefined. That situation suited the Wa well, for throughout their history they had consistently preferred being left alone.
There were few Wa in West Mang Lon, where Shans formed the chief population, but there were Palaungs, Chinese and Yanglam, besides Lahu. The bulk of the population in East Mang Lon was Wa, but there were Shans in the valley areas. Both portions were very hilly; the only flat land being along the banks of streams in the valleys, and here the Shans were settled. There were prosperous settlements and bazaars at Nawng Hkam and Mong Kao in West Mang Lon.
Rulers
The rulers of Manglon bore the title of Saopha. Between 1870 and 1892 the state was divided into East and West Manglön.
Saophas
1814 - 1822 Hsö Hkam (Ta Awng) (d. 1822)
1822 - 1852 Sao Hkun Sang (Khun Sing) (d. 1852)
1852 - 1853 Uyaraza (Upayaza) (d. 1854)
1853 - 1860 Naw Hpa (Nawpha) (d. 1860)
1860 - 1919 Sao Tön Hsang (Tun Sang) (b. 1831 - d. 1919) (1870-1892, in East Manglön)
1870 - 1877 Hsang Kyaw (in West Manglön)
1877 - 1892 Sao Maha (in West Manglön)
1919 - 1952 Sao Man Laik
1919 - 1946 Sao Hka Nan -Regent (b. 1892 - d. 1946)
See also
List of rulers of Shan states
Wa people
Wa State
References
Wa people
Shan States
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4037041
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pummel
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Pummel
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Pummel may refer to:
strike (attack) someone in sports, combat, and some martial arts
PUMMEL! miniatures tabletop and wargame light rules system
Pummel (album), of 1995 by punk rock band All
See also
Pommel (disambiguation)
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4037051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20agencies%20of%20the%20government%20of%20Kerala
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List of agencies of the government of Kerala
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Autonomous bodies, cultural and other institutions
Agency for Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK)
Alappuzha Canal Management Society
Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT)
Co-Operative Academy of Professional Education (CAPE)
Energy Management Centre (EMC)
Food Craft Institute - Kerala, under the Dept. of Tourism
Information Kerala Mission (IKM)
Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS)
Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology
Institute of Land Management
Institute of Management in Government
Kerala Aviation Training Centre
Kerala Books and Publications Society
Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion (K-BIP)
Kerala Council for Historic Research
Kerala Folklore Akademi
Kerala Forest Research Institute
Kerala Government Medical Officers Association (KGMOA)
Kerala Health Research Welfare Society
Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation
Kerala Industrial Revitalisation Fund Board
Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment
Kerala Institute of Local Administration
Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS)
Kerala Kalamandalam
Kerala Lalithakala Akademi
Kerala Police
Kerala Press Academy
Kerala Rural Development and Marketing Society
Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency
Kerala Sahitya Akademi
Kerala State Science and Technology Museum
Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment
The Kerala State Higher Education Council (KSHEC), Science and Technology Museum Campus, Vikas Bhavan PO, Thiruvananthapuram
Kerala State Information Technology Mission
Kerala State Institute of Children’s Literature
Kerala State Nirmathi Kendra
Kerala State Pharmacy Council
Kerala State Planning Board
Kerala State Pollution Control Board
Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre
Kerala State Social Welfare Advisory Board
Kerala State Veterinary Council
Kerala State Youth Welfare Board
Kerala Wakf Board
Kerala Water Authority
LBS Centre for Science and Technology
Malabar Botanical Garden Society
Malabar Cancer Centre, Thalassery
Medical Council and Nursing Council
Multi Purpose Cultural Complex Society
Nava Kerala Mission
National Institute of Speech and Hearing (NISH)
National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, (NATPAC)
People’s Action for Development (Kerala)
Public Sector Restructuring and Internal Audit Board
Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram
Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram
Sophisticated Test and Instrumentation Centre
State Advisory Contract Labour Board
State Agricultural Prices Board
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
State Institute of Encyclopedic Publications
State Institute of Language
State Institute of Rural Development (SIRD)
State Resource Centre, Kerala
Thenmala Eco Tourism Promotion Society
Theerapatham Urban Development Project, Thiruvananthapuram
Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute, Palode
Vasthuvidya Gurukulam
Welfare fund boards
Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Agricultural Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Bamboo, Kattuvally and Pandanus Leaf Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Fishermen Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Handloom Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Tailoring Workers Welfare Fund Board
Kerala Toddy Wrkers Welfare Fund Board
Universities
A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University
Cochin University of Science and Technology
Kannur University
Kerala Agricultural University
Kerala University of Health Sciences
Mahatma Gandhi University
Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit
University of Calicut
University of Kerala
References
State Government Organizations
Lists of government agencies in India
Public sector in Kerala
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4037062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APCN
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APCN
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APCN or Asia-Pacific Cable Network is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking nine Asian countries.
It has landing points in:
Petchaburi, Thailand
Mersing, Malaysia
Changi, Singapore
Ancol, Indonesia
Lantau, Hong Kong
Batangas, Philippines
Toucheng, Taiwan
Busan, Korea
Miyazaki, Japan
It has a transmission capacity of 5 Gbit/s, and a total cable length of approximately 12,000 km. It started operations in 1997.
See also
APCN 2
List of international submarine communications cables
Cable landing point
Sources
Submarine communications cables in the Pacific Ocean
1997 establishments in Asia
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4037068
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20International
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Radio International
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Radio International (in Persian: رادیو انترناسیونال) was a radio station in Persian which acted against the current Islamic Republic of Iran. Although it represented itself as “independent”, it is a de facto organ of the Worker-communist Party of Iran.
The slogan of Radio International was “Voice of Liberty, Voice of Worker, Voice of Truth, and Voice of Humanity”.
This radio was broadcasting from Sweden and covers all of Iran, even though it was obviously banned in Iran.
The director of radio was Siavash Daneshvar and some notable staff include Sima Bahari, Sadegh Zandi, and Soosan Saberi.
International broadcasters
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4037080
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakwal
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Malakwal
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Malakwal () is a city in Mandi Bahauddin District, Punjab, Pakistan.
History
In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin. In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.
After the formation of the Sikh Empire in 1801, Malakwal was invaded and occupied by Sikhs. During the period of British rule, Malakwal increased in population and importance.
The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslims refugees from India settled down here.
City information
Malakwal lies on the south/east bank of river Jhelum and is sandwiched between River Jehlam and Lower Jehlam Canal. It is a tehsil and sub-divisional headquarter of Mandi Bahauddin District of province Punjab, Pakistan. It is located approximately 200 km far away from Islamabad in a southeast direction which is the country's capital and 35 km from its district headquarters Mandi Bahauddin. It has a moderate climate. During the peak of a summer day, the temperature rises to 40 °C, and falls to 2 °C in the months of December and January.
Malakwal is situated on Shahpur Mandi Bahauddin highway.
Malakwal has a railway station that is also a junction. There are boys' and girls' degree colleges available for both boys and girls.
Bar Musa, Gojra, Miana Gondal, Rukkan and Busal are the big towns of Malakwal Tehsil. Bar Musa is a famous town in this tehsil.
Malakwal is also known for the Daffer forest and Mona Depot, an Army remount for horses, this Mona Depot was named after the village Mona
BEAUTI OF THE MALAKWAL CITY
1.victoria Bridge almost 3 km on river jahlam between malakwal and kheorra
2.Damny khezar park on the bank of river jahlam
3.Nawaz sharif park on lower jahlam chanal on MANDI TO MALAKWAL ROAD
4.one of the biggest railway platform station 5 platform 10 trean stand at same time and demand crass railline on this station workshop of railways is famous also
5.Malakwal is link with drictley zela jhelam jela chakwal zela sargodha and M. B. Din
6.Famous Dargha Haji sekh Ahmad wali sarkar Malakwal city . Sheran wali sarkar Malakwal city. Syed MojAli shah sarkar 9 chak gurbaksh pora Malakwal.
Anmol saharf Malakwal city.
Bhegam sharif Malakwal city.
Darbar baba berri ali sarkar daferjangal
7.one of the biggest forest of Pakistan name dafar jangal
References
http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/MANDI%20BAHAUDDIN_SUMMARY.pdf
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/pakistan-distr-admin.php?adm2id=71903
Cities and towns in Mandi Bahauddin District
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4037083
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avondale%20Estate
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Avondale Estate
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Avondale Estate may refer to:
the Avondale Agricultural Research Station in Western Australia, formerly known as Avondale Estate
Avondale Estates, Georgia, a city in DeKalb County, Georgia, United States
Avondale Estate in Cooranbong, New South Wales, Australia
Avondale Estates in Parkland County, Alberta, Canada
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4037084
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash%20Daneshvar
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Siavash Daneshvar
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Siavash Daneshvar is an Iranian communist political activist and one a member of Central Committee and Permanent Council of Political Bureau of Worker-communist Unity Party. He was also the Director of Radio International. The radio which was broadcast on Iran for years and represented Worker-Communist Party of Iran. Daneshvar lives and works in Sweden.
References
Living people
Worker-communism Unity Party of Iran politicians
Iranian communists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
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4037111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence%20Rochat
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Laurence Rochat
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Laurence Rochat (born 1 August 1979) is a Swiss cross-country skier who has competed since 1996. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City and had her best individual finish with a 15th place in the Individual sprint at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Rochat's best finish at the Nordic skiing World Championships was a 12th in the 30 km event in 2005. She also has nineteen victories at various levels in her career since 1998.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
1 medal – (1 bronze)
World Championships
a. Cancelled due to extremely cold weather.
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Swiss female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
Olympic cross-country skiers of Switzerland
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
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4037112
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende%20Regency
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Ende Regency
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Ende Regency is a regency on the island of Flores, within East Nusa Tenggara Province of Indonesia. The capital is the town of Ende. The regency covers an area of 1,946.29 km2, and it had a population of 260,605 at the 2010 Census and 270,763 at the 2020 Census.
The Kelimutu National Park which contains the well-known tourist attraction of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured lakes is in Ende Regency.
Administration
The regency is divided into twenty-one districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of villages (rural desa and urban kelurahan) in each district, and its post code.
the
Note: (a) a new district created since 2010 by splitting of existing neighbouring districts. (b) the 2010 Census population of the new Lepembuso Kelisoke District is included with the figure for the districts from which it was split.
References
External links
Regencies of East Nusa Tenggara
Flores Island (Indonesia)
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4037113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20%28grappling%29
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Transition (grappling)
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A transition in grappling is a move from one grappling hold or grappling position to another. The process is called transitioning and is one of the most important aspects of ground grappling, as it allows the combatant performing the transition to advance in positioning, for instance by using a sweep, or to attempt pinning holds or submission holds.
In judo, the term is also used to refer to the skillful transition between standing phase and the ground phase.
References
Eng, Lawrence. Grappling: Fact and Fiction. www.cjas.org. URL last accessed February 11, 2006.
Grappling
Martial art techniques
Wrestling
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4037114
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawa%20languages
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Yawa languages
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The Yawa languages, also known as Yapen languages, are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa (or Yava) and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language (and thus a language isolate). They are spoken on central Yapen Island and nearby islets, in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian Papua, which they share with the Austronesian Yapen languages.
Yawa proper had 6000 speakers in 1987. Saweru has been variously reported to be partially intelligible with other dialects of Yawa and to be considered a dialect of Yawa by its speakers, and to be too divergent for intelligibility and to be perceived as a separate language. It is moribund, spoken by 150 people out of an ethnic group of 300.
Classification
C. L. Voorhoeve tentatively linked Yawa with the East Geelvink Bay languages in his Geelvink Bay proposal. However, the relationship would be a distant one at best, and Mark Donohue felt in 2001 that Yawa had not been shown to be related to any other language. Reesink (2005) notes resemblances with East Bird's Head languages. Recently Malcolm Ross made a tentative proposal that Yawa might be part of an Extended West Papuan language phylum. The pronominal resemblances are most apparent when comparing proto-Yawa to the East Bird's Head language Meax:
{| class=wikitable
|-
! !! I !! thou !! s/he !! you
|-
| Proto-Yawa || *rei || *uein || *wepi || *waya
|-
| Meax || didif || bua || ofa || iwa
|}
d~r, b~w, we~o, p~f are all common sound correspondences.
Ethnologue (2009, 2013) takes this a step further, and placed Yawa within West Papuan itself.
Foley (2018) classifies Yawa separately as an independent language family.
Typological overview
Yawa languages are split intransitive languages, which are typologically highly uncommon in New Guinea.
Unlike the Sepik languages, Taiap, and other languages of northern New Guinea, masculine rather than feminine is the unmarked gender, whereas Taiap and the Sepik languages treat feminine as the default unmarked gender. In Yawa languages, feminine is delegated mostly for animate nouns with obvious female sexual characteristics.
Basic vocabulary
Basic vocabulary of the Yapen languages Yawa and Saweru listed in Foley (2018):
{|
|+ Yapen family basic vocabulary
! gloss !! Yawa !! Saweru
|-
| ‘bird’ || insani/ani || aani
|-
| ‘blood’ || mavu || maandi
|-
| ‘bone’ || pae || yai(yae)
|-
| ‘breast’ || ukam || inawam
|-
| ‘ear’ || amarikoam || nama(komu)
|-
| ‘eat’ || raiʃ || andai
|-
| ‘egg’ || kami || aanimpenam
|-
| ‘eye’ || ami || name
|-
| ‘fire’ || tanam || naona
|-
| ‘go’ || poto || ta
|-
| ‘ground’ || kakopa || kakofa
|-
| ‘hair’ || akarivuiny || neyaribiri
|-
| ‘hear’ || ranaun || nau
|-
| ‘leg’ || ajo || inayo
|-
| ‘louse’ || eme || emo
|-
| ‘man’ || anya || rama
|-
| ‘moon’ || embae || emba
|-
| ‘name’ || tame || inatama
|-
| ‘one’ || ntabo || baintawe
|-
| ‘path, road’ || unandi || nar
|-
| ‘see’ || raen || eni
|-
| ‘stone’ || oraman || toman
|-
| ‘sun’ || uma || uma
|-
| ‘tongue’ || aunan || nawanana
|-
| ‘tooth’ || atomokan || natu
|-
| ‘tree’ || nyoe mot || nawao
|-
| ‘two’ || jirum, rurum || wai dinu
|-
| ‘water’ || mana || manaa
|-
| ‘woman’ || wanya || ruama
|}
The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yawa
|-
| head
| akari
|-
| hair
| bwin
|-
| eye
| nami
|-
| tooth
| atu
|-
| leg
| najo
|-
| louse
| eme
|-
| dog
| make
|-
| pig
| bugwe
|-
| bird
| insane
|-
| egg
| kami
|-
| blood
| madi
|-
| bone
| pae
|-
| skin
| kea
|-
| tree
| nyo
|-
| man
| ana
|-
| sun
| uma
|-
| water
| karu (?)
|-
| fire
| tanam
|-
| stone
| oram
|-
| name
| tam
|-
| eat
| rais
|-
| one
| utabo
|-
| two
| jiru
|}
References
Further reading
Gasser, Emily. 2017. Papuan-Austronesian Language Contact on Yapen Island: A Preliminary Account. NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia, no.62, p. 101-155.
West Papuan languages
Languages of western New Guinea
Papua (province) culture
Language families
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4037118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20New%20Zealanders
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European New Zealanders
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European New Zealanders, also known by the Māori-language loanword Pākehā, are New Zealanders of European descent. Most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with significantly smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans, Poles (historically noted as German due to Partitions of Poland), French, Dutch, Croats and other South Slavs, Greeks, and Scandinavians.
Statistics New Zealand maintains the national classification standard for ethnicity. European is one of the six top-level ethnic groups, alongside Māori, Pacific (Pasifika), Asian, Middle Eastern/Latin American/African (MELAA), and Other. Within the top-level European group are two second-level ethnic groups, New Zealand European and Other European. New Zealand European consists of New Zealanders of European descent, while Other European consists of migrant European ethnic groups. Other Europeans also includes some people of indirect European descent, including Americans, Canadians, South Africans and Australians.
According to the 2018 New Zealand census, 3,372,708 people (70.2%) identified as European, with 3,013,440 people (64%) identifying as New Zealand European.
History
British Captain James Cook sailed to New Zealand in 1769 prior to him was Dutch man Abel Tasman in 1642. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the Bay of Islands area from 1809. Some of the early visitors stayed and lived with Māori tribes as Pākehā Māori. Often whalers and traders married Māori women of high status which served to cement trade and political alliances as well as bringing wealth and prestige to the tribe. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori which included a total of about 200 runaway convicts and seamen. The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later.
In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island. Violence against European shipping (mainly due to mutual cultural misunderstandings), the ongoing musket wars between Māori tribes (due to the recent relatively sudden introduction of firearms into the Māori world), cultural barriers and the lack of an established European law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s the average missionary would claim that many Māori were nominally Christian; many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars had been freed, and cannibalism had been largely stamped out. By this time many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write in their native language and to a lesser extent English.
1840 onwards
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish), France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, and Canada.
In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty of Waitangi with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at Akaroa and land purchases by the New Zealand Company in 1839. British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. Some would later argue that the proclamation of sovereignty was in direct conflict with the treaty which in its Māori version had guaranteed sovereignty (Rangatiratanga) to the Māori who signed it. By the end of the 1850s the European and Māori populations were of a similar size as immigration and natural increase boosted European numbers.
Following the formalising of British sovereignty, the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The Otago Association actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the Canterbury Association recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region. In the 1860s most migrants settled in the South Island due to gold discoveries and the availability of flat grass covered land for pastoral farming. The low number of Māori (about 2,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that The North Island again became an attractive destination.
In the 1870s the MP Julius Vogel borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.
Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but British and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years.
Demographics
There were 3,297,864 people identifying as being part of the European ethnic group at the 2018 New Zealand census, making up 70.2% of New Zealand's population. This is an increase of 328,473 people (11.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 688,275 people (26.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,614,807 males and 1,683,054 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.959 males per female. The median age was 41.4 years, with 621,552 people (18.8%) aged under 15 years, 606,366 (18.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,456,794 (44.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 613,149 (18.6%) aged 65 or older.
In terms of population distribution, 71.6% of Europeans live in the North Island and 28.4% live in the South Island. The Waimakariri District has the highest concentration of Europeans at 92.9%, followed by the Tasman District (92.6%) and the Grey District (92.2%). The Ōtara-Papatoetoe local board area in Auckland has the lowest concentration at 16.6%, followed by the Māngere-Ōtāhuhu local board area (19.1%) and the Manurewa local board area (29.2%). The Wairoa District has the lowest concentration of European people outside Auckland at 47.5%.
The first general Census of New Zealand population was taken November- December 1851. Subsequent censuses were taken in 1858, 1861, 1864, 1867, 1871, 1874, 1878 and 1881 and thereafter at five-yearly intervals until 1926. The table shows the ethnic composition of New Zealand population at each census since the early twentieth century. Europeans are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 Census.
The 2006 Census counted 2,609,592 European New Zealanders. Most census reports do not separate European New Zealanders from the broader European ethnic category, which was the largest broad ethnic category in the 2006 Census. Europeans comprised 67.6 percent of respondents in 2006 compared with 80.1 percent in the 2001 census.
The apparent drop in this figure was due to Statistics New Zealand's acceptance of 'New Zealander' as a distinct response to the ethnicity question and their placement of it within the "Other" ethnic category, along with an email campaign asking people to give it as their ethnicity in the 2006 Census.
In previous censuses, these responses were counted belonging to the European New Zealanders group, and Statistics New Zealand plans to return to this approach for the 2011 Census. Eleven percent of respondents identified as New Zealanders in the 2006 Census (or as something similar, e.g. "Kiwi"), well above the trend observed in previous censuses, and higher than the percentage seen in other surveys that year.
In April 2009, Statistics New Zealand announced a review of their official ethnicity standard, citing this debate as a reason, and a draft report was released for public comment. In response, the New Zealand Herald opined that the decision to leave the question unchanged in 2011 and rely on public information efforts was "rather too hopeful", and advocated a return to something like the 1986 approach. This asked people which of several identities "apply to you", instead of the more recent question "What ethnic group do you belong to?"
nfd - not further defined (insufficient data to classify the response further)
nec - not elsewhere classified (no classification exists for the response)
Alternative terms
Pākehā
The term Pākehā (or Pakeha), the etymology of which is unclear, is used interchangeably with European New Zealanders. The 1996 census used the wording "New Zealand European (Pākehā)" in the ethnicity question, however the word Pākehā was subsequently removed after what Statistics New Zealand called a "significant adverse reaction" to its use to identify ethnicity. In 2013, the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study carried out by The University of Auckland found no evidence that the word was derogatory, 14% of the overall respondents to the survey chose the option Pākehā to describe themselves with the remainder preferring New Zealander, New Zealand European or simply Kiwi.
Palagi
The term "Palagi", pronounced Palangi, is Samoan in origin and is used in similar ways to Pākehā, usually by people of Samoan or other Pacific Island descent.
British and Irish New Zealanders
The 2006 New Zealand census reported citizens who self-identified as British (27,192), English (44,202), Scottish (15,039), Irish (12,651), Welsh (3,771) and Celtic (1,506); those who identify as belonging to a British ethnic group are mainly immigrants from the United Kingdom and Ireland. Historically, a sense of 'Britishness' has figured prominently in the identity of many New Zealanders. As late as the 1950s it was common for New Zealanders to refer to themselves as British, such as when Prime Minister Keith Holyoake described Sir Edmund Hillary's successful ascent of Mount Everest as "[putting] the British race and New Zealand on top of the world". New Zealand passports described nationals as "British Subject and New Zealand Citizen" until 1974, when this was changed to "New Zealand Citizen".
While a broader "European" ethnic grouping predominates political discourse in New Zealand today, the vast majority of New Zealand Europeans are of full or partial British ancestry, and some continue to self-identity as such. Others see the term as better describing previous generations; for instance, journalist Colin James referred to "we ex-British New Zealanders" in a 2005 speech. Nonetheless, it remains a relatively uncontroversial descriptor of ethnic origin amongst the wider population.
Politics
Colonial period
As the earliest colonists of New Zealand, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws often because many had been involved in government back in England.
National founders
The lineage of most of the national founders of New Zealand was British (especially English) such as:
James Busby (from Scotland with English and Scottish parents) drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and, with William Hobson, co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi.
Captain William Hobson (from Waterford, Ireland) is the principal author of the Treaty of Waitangi and the first governor of New Zealand.
Various other founders of New Zealand have also been unofficially recognised:
Captain James Cook, the Englishman who voyaged to, and claimed New Zealand for the crown
Captain Arthur Phillip (Englishman), first governor of New South Wales, founder of the first colony with nominal authority over all of Australia east of the 135th meridian, including all of New Zealand bar the southernmost part of South Island.
Sir George Grey (English and Irish parents), the third governor of New Zealand and the eleventh New Zealand Prime Minister.
Henry Sewell (English parents), the first New Zealand Prime Minister.
Culture
The culture of New Zealand is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of New Zealand, the diverse input of Māori and other Pacific people, the British colonisation of New Zealand that began in 1840, and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration that followed. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language, the common law, the Westminster system of government, Christianity (Anglicanism) as the once dominant religion, and the popularity of British sports such as rugby and cricket; all of which are part of the heritage that has shaped modern New Zealand.
Distinctive identity
European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. The experiences of European New Zealanders have endured in New Zealand music, cinema and literature. The early Pākehā settlers and later organised European settlers identifies themselves as the nationality of their former nations—typically British. Historian Fiona Barker states, "New Zealanders saw their country as playing a special role as a loyal member of the British Empire, and for a long time New Zealand aspired to be a ‘Britain of the South’." However, by the mid-20th century a distinctive identity had cemented.
Michael King, a leading writer and historian on identity, discussed the concept of distinct European New Zealander practices and imaginations in his books: Being Pākehā (1985) and Being Pākehā Now (1999), and the edited collection, Pakeha: The Quest for Identity in New Zealand (1991), conceptualising as New Zealand's "second indigenous" culture. By contrast, Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki described Pākehā as "the people who define themselves by what they are not. Who want to forget their origins, their history, their cultural inheritance – who want Maori, likewise, to deny their origins so that we can all start off afresh."
Where identity is located, commonly New Zealand kitsch and symbols from marketing such as the Chesdale Cheese men are used as signifiers, and might more appropriately be called "Kiwiana".
Language
New Zealand English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout New Zealand. Having an official status in the Constitution, New Zealand English is the one of the country's official languages and is the first language of the majority of the population.
New Zealand English began to diverge from British English after the English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It arose from the intermingling of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English. New Zealand English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, register, grammar and spelling.
The earliest form of New Zealand English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New Zealand. This first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The New Zealand-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England. The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech.
The most commonly spoken European languages other than English in New Zealand are French and German.
Music
Another area of cultural influence are New Zealand Patriotic songs:
"God Defend New Zealand" is a national anthem of New Zealand - Created by the Irish-born composer Thomas Bracken, the song was first performed in 1876, and was sung in New Zealand as a patriotic song. It has equal status with "God Save the King" but "God Defend New Zealand" is more commonly used. It did not gain its status as an official anthem until 1977, following a petition to Parliament asking "God Defend New Zealand" to be made the national anthem in 1976.
"God Save the King" (or "God Save the Queen") - New Zealand's other official national anthem, and was the sole national anthem until 1977. "God Save the King/Queen" is also the national anthem of the United Kingdom and was adopted in 1745. It is now most often played only when the sovereign, Governor-General or other member of the Royal Family is present, or in other situations where a royal anthem would be used, or on some occasions such as Anzac Day.
Architecture
Scottish architect Sir Basil Spence provided the original conceptual design of the Beehive in 1964. The detailed architectural design was undertaken by the New Zealand government architect Fergus Sheppard, and structural design of the building was undertaken by the Ministry of Works. The Beehive was built in stages between 1969 and 1979. W. M. Angus constructed the first stage - the podium, underground car park and basement for a national civil defence centre, and Gibson O'Connor constructed the ten floors of the remainder of the building. Bellamy's restaurant moved into the building in the summer of 1975–76 and Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand, unveiled a plaque in the reception hall in February 1977. The Prime Minister, Robert Muldoon, formally opened the building in May 1977. The government moved into the upper floors in 1979. The annex facing Museum Street was completed in 1981. In July 2015, Heritage New Zealand declared the Beehive "of outstanding heritage significance for its central role in the governance of New Zealand".
Many of the more imposing structures in and around Dunedin and Christchurch were built in the latter part of the 19th century as a result of the economic boom following the Central Otago Gold Rush. A common style for these landmarks is the use of dark basalt blocks and facings of cream-coloured Oamaru stone, a form of limestone mined at Weston in North Otago. Notable buildings in this style include Dunedin Railway Station, the University of Otago Registry Building, Christchurch Arts Centre, Knox Church, Dunedin, ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, Christ's College, Christchurch, Garrison Hall, Dunedin, parts of the Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings and Otago Boys' High School.
Place names in New Zealand of European origin
There are many places in New Zealand named after people and places in Europe, especially the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, and the Netherlands as a result of the many English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Dutch and other European settlers and explorers. These include the name "New Zealand" itself, as described below, along with several notable cities and regions:
New Zealand – In 1645 Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand.
Auckland – Both the city and region, as well as the former province, are named after George Eden, Earl of Auckland, whose title comes from the town of West Auckland, in County Durham, England
Canterbury – the region, and former province, are named after Canterbury, England.
Christchurch – the original name of the city, "Christ Church", was decided prior to the ships' arrival, at the Association's first meeting, on 27 March 1848. The exact basis for the name is not known. It has been suggested that it is named for Christchurch, in Dorset, England; for Canterbury Cathedral; or in honour of Christ Church, Oxford. The last explanation is the one generally accepted.
Dunedin – comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital.
New Plymouth – named for Plymouth, England
Wellington – Both the city and region, as well as the former province, are named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, whose title comes from the town of Wellington, Somerset, in England.
Small pockets of settlers from other European countries add to the identity and place names of specific New Zealand regions, most notably the Scandinavian-inspired place names of Dannevirke and Norsewood in southern Hawke's Bay.
Prime Ministers
All of the ancestors of the forty Prime Ministers of New Zealand were European and Anglo-Celtic (English, Scottish, Northern Irish, Welsh, or Irish). Some ancestors of three Prime Ministers did not originate from Britain or Ireland: some of the ancestors of David Lange were Germans, some of the ancestors of Julius Vogel and Francis Bell were European Jews, and some of John Key's ancestors were Jewish Austrian migrants (his mother's side).
Henry Sewell (English)
William Fox (English)
Edward Stafford (Scottish)
Alfred Domett (English)
Frederick Whitaker (English)
Frederick Weld (English)
George Waterhouse (Cornish)
Julius Vogel (English-Jewish)
Daniel Pollen (Irish)
Harry Atkinson (English)
George Grey (English, Irish)
John Hall (English)
Robert Stout (Scottish)
John Ballance (Irish, Scotch-Irish)
Richard Seddon (English)
William Hall-Jones (English)
Joseph Ward (Irish)
Thomas Mackenzie (Scottish)
William Massey (Scotch-Irish)
Francis Bell (English-Jewish)
Gordon Coates (English)
George Forbes (Scottish)
Michael Joseph Savage (Irish)
Peter Fraser (Scottish)
Sidney Holland (English)
Keith Holyoake (English)
Walter Nash (English)
Jack Marshall (Scottish)
Norman Kirk (Scottish)
Bill Rowling (English)
Robert Muldoon (Irish)
David Lange (German)
Geoffrey Palmer (English)
Mike Moore (English)
Jim Bolger (Irish)
Jenny Shipley (English)
Helen Clark (Irish)
John Key (English, Austrian-Jewish)
Bill English (Irish, English)
Jacinda Ardern (English, Scottish)
See also
Pākehā
Demographics of New Zealand
Immigration to New Zealand
Europeans in Oceania
European Australians
European Americans
European Canadians
Italian New Zealanders
Greek New Zealanders
Notes
References
External links
Stats NZ site
Ethnic groups in New Zealand
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4037122
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland%20Poc%20Fada%20Championship
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All-Ireland Poc Fada Championship
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The All-Ireland Poc Fada Hurling & Camogie Championships is an annual tournament testing the skills of Ireland's best hurlers and camogie players. Poc Fada is Irish for "long puck". The championships are sponsored by Martin Donnelly (who has been a sponsor since 1996).
The All Ireland Poc Fada Finals have taken place on the Saturday of the Irish August Bank Holiday each year since 2005. In 2018 the All Ireland Hurling Championship was restructured, with the 2019 Finals taking place on Saturday 3 August.
The Senior Hurling Final starts at An Fhána Mór, Annaverna, County Louth. Competitors must puck (hit) a sliotar with a hurley to the top of Annaverna Mountain (An Céide), and onwards to Carn an Mhadaidh. After a short break they continue down to An Gabhlán, before finishing back at the start of the course. The whole course measures .
Tournaments
Seniors Final – An Corn Setanta (The Setanta Cup)
The 12 competitors competing in this category qualify as the 4 Provincial champions, the 4 Provincial runners-up, the current champion, the 2013 "All Star" goalkeeper and 2 invitationals. In the past competitors have come from USA, Europe and South Africa.
An Corn Setanta ("The Sliotar Cup") is awarded to the player who takes the lowest number of pucks. Ties are broken by the distance by which the player's last puck crosses the finish line.
Comórtas Beirte (Pairs) – An Corn Cualigne (The Cooley Cup) & An Corn Craobh Rua (The Red Branch Cup)
Shared between the pairing drawn prior to the competition as the Pair returning the fewest combined pucks for the course. Record holders still to be clarified! This competition has now been discontinued.
Camogie Final – (The Camogie Poc Fada Cup)
There are 7 competitors in the Ladies event, although if there is an invitational place/wildcard on offer there may be 8. Presently the current champion, the 4 Provincial qualifiers, a qualifier from Co. Louth and a qualifier from Co. Armagh, the latter 2 counties being the hosts. In the past, the invitational/wildcard has gone to the London Cumann.
The U16 Boys Final – An Corn Sean Og Mac Seáin (The Sean Og Mac Seáin Cup)
There are currently only 4 participants in this event, 1 from each of the 4 provincial qualifiers. If the situation occurs where the winner of the All Ireland final is eligible to compete at the same age group the following year he will be asked to return and defend his All Ireland title. To date this has happened twice when the 2011 Under 16 champion (Cillian Kiely of Offaly) successfully retained the All Ireland title in 2012. This feat was repeated by his brother Cathal, the 2016 champion, who also retained his title in 2017.
History
The tournament was founded in 1960 by Fr. Pól Mac Sheáin and the Naomh Moninne club based in Fatima, Dundalk, Louth, with the first All Ireland event taking place in 1961 Limerick man Vincent Godfrey the first winner, out of 16 hurlers invited. The competition went off the calendar after 1969 before returning in 1981 with 12 competitors.
The concept of the competition originates in the Irish legend of "Táin Bó Cuailgne" when Cúchulainn, who as the boy Setanta set out from his home at Dún Dealgan to the King's court at Emain Macha hitting his sliotar before him and running ahead to catch it.
In 2001 the Poc Fada was held at Dundalk Stadium (Dundalk Racecourse) due to foot-and-mouth disease on the Cooley Peninsula, doing two laps of the circuit (2 miles 880 yards / 4,023 metres). The 2005 tournament was won by Albert Shanahan of Limerick, with international soccer player Niall Quinn (who played for Dublin in the All-Ireland minor final of 1983) also competing.
Almost all of the winners have been from the traditional hurling counties, but Dinny Donnelly (Meath), Gerry Goodwin (Tyrone), Colin Byrne (Wicklow), Paul Dunne (Louth), Mary Henry (Westmeath), 2009 champion Gerry Fallon (Roscommon) and the 2010 champion Graham Clarke (Down) have been the exceptions. The record currently stands at 48 pucks (an average of 104 metres per puck), achieved by Brendan Cummins (Tipperary) in 2004. The current record for the Camogie course is held by Patricia Jackman of Waterford when in 2013 she completed the course in 27 pocs and 7 metres (over the end line). Traditionally the most successful competitors have generally been goalkeepers, owing to the need for goalkeepers to puck the ball far up the field in a game of hurling but increasingly there are more "outfield" Hurlers and Camogs out qualifying their goalkeeping contemporaries at county and provincial final level.
Poc Fada Hall of Fame
Roll of Honour
Poc Fada Seniors
§ short course 2001 – took place at the Dundalk Racecourse (two and a half-mile) due to foot-and-mouth disease.
§ Less mountainous course 2012 – The Senior Men's competition was played over the "Lower" course due to the prevailing weather conditions on Finals' Day. They started at the 2.14 km course start line pucking to "An Gábhlan" and back to the start line where they turned and repeated the course for a second time. The course distance was 4.24 km.
Camogie Poc Fada since 2004
Uses a shorter course of just 2 stages from "An Fhana Mór" to "An Gabhlan" and back, a distance of 2.14 km (1.33 miles). The current record for the Camogie course is held by Patricia Jackman of Waterford when in 2013 she completed the course in 27 pocs and 7 metres (over the end line). Lyndsey Condell of Carlow's record stood from 2008 until 2013 when she completed the course in 28 pocs and 67 metres (over the end line) – Scoresheet not available online but has been verified. Catriona Daly (Galway) finishing 2nd to Patricia in 2013 with 28 pocs and 17.5m is in third place. Mary Henry of Westmeath in fourth place with 28 pocs and 4 metres (over the end line) in 2006.
Boys (Under 16)
Uses the same course as the Camogie finalists.
Girls U16 Camogie Poc Fada since 2015
Uses the same course as the Camogie finalists.
References
An Poc Fada.net – The Poc Fada portal for News, History, Pictures and Results
The Poc Fada on gaa.ie
GAA Poc Fada
External links
The Poc Fada on gaa.ie
GAA Poc Fada on Facebook
GAA Poc Fada on Twitter
MD My Club Shop GAA Poc Fada Official Sponsor
An Poc Fada.net – The Poc Fada portal for News, History, Pictures and Results
All-Ireland Hurling Championships
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4037124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn%20Sterger
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Jenn Sterger
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Jennifer Lynette Sterger (born November 29, 1983) is an American model, television personality, and former online columnist for Sports Illustrated. She has worked as the "Gameday Host" for the New York Jets and was a co-host of the Versus sports news show The Daily Line. She has worked for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a backstage interviewer.
Career
Discovery
Sterger was born in Miami and attended Gaither High School near Tampa before attending Florida State University (FSU). Sterger and Catherine Perry (who later gained fame in WWE under the ringname Lana) were among a group of friends called the FSU Cowgirls, known for wearing skimpy clothing and cowboy hats to football games. She first came to attention when she was shown during a 2005 Florida State–Miami football game televised on ABC Sports. On seeing the shot, announcer Brent Musburger commented on-air that "1,500 red-blooded Americans just decided to apply to Florida State."
Modeling and acting
Sterger has posed in Maxim and Playboy magazines and was a spokesperson for Dr Pepper and Sprint. Sterger was featured on the E!: Entertainment Television show Byte Me: 20 Hottest Women of the Web that originally aired in March 2008, where she was #19 on their list.
In 2009, Sterger had her breast implants removed, stating that they had served their purpose for her career, and that she was tired of being stereotyped.
Sports journalism
After contributing two articles to Sports Illustrated, Sterger wrote a Wednesday feature on SI.com's "Scorecard Daily." In August 2008, the New York Jets hired her to be the "Gameday Host" for the team.
Sterger was a regular segment host on the ABC show Race to March Madness. The nationally televised weekly show highlighted the best teams in NCAA men's basketball and how the season was shaping up prior to the tournament. She hosted a weekly segment where she visited a top school's campus and interviewed players, coaches and fans of the respective teams.
After seven months on the air, Versus cancelled The Daily Line, a show she co-hosted, as of November 4, 2010. In 2011, Sterger worked as a reporter on specials for Fuel TV. In 2012 she moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.
As of 2019, she has begun working at All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as an on-air personality conducting event updates and pre & post fight interviews with wrestlers.
Allegations against Brett Favre
In October 2010, reports surfaced on the website Deadspin that during the 2008 NFL season, quarterback Brett Favre was alleged to have sent Sterger suggestive text messages and voicemails asking her to come to his hotel room, and explicit photos of himself. At this time, he was the quarterback for the New York Jets while she was a sideline reporter for the team. The league said its sole focus was on whether Favre violated workplace conduct policy, not to "make judgments about the appropriateness of personal relationships." Favre admitted to sending voicemails, but not images to Sterger. He was later fined $50,000 for "failure to cooperate" with the investigation. The NFL stated that it "could not conclude" that Favre had violated the personal conduct policy, and that there was not sufficient evidence to establish if Favre had sent the photos.
Personal life
On December 23, 2016, Sterger became engaged to baseball player Cody Decker. On January 19, 2018, Sterger married Decker.
References
External links
Sterger's official site
Sterger's official blog
1983 births
American Internet celebrities
Florida State University alumni
Gaither High School alumni
Living people
Professional wrestling announcers
Writers from Miami
Writers from Tampa, Florida
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4037128
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indestructible%21
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Indestructible!
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Indestructible! is a 2006 studio album by the American jazz singer Anita O'Day. It was O'Day's final recording.
Indestructible! was O'Day's first album in thirteen years on her record label, Kayo Stereophonics, and was recorded between February 2004 and November 2005 at the Maid's Room, New York City. Musical arrangements and piano were by John Colianni.
O'Day died seven months after the album was released.
Track listing
"Blue Skies" (Irving Berlin) – 2:58
"This Can't Be Love" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 3:16
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (Bill Austin, Louis Jordan) – 4:01
"All of Me" (Gerald Marks, Seymour Simons) – 3:10
"A Slip of the Lip" (Mercer Ellington, Luther Henderson) – 2:39
"Pennies from Heaven" (Johnny Burke, Arthur Johnston) – 2:33
"Gimme a Pigfoot (And a Bottle of Beer)" (Coot Grant, Wesley Wilson) – 3:30
"Them There Eyes" (Maceo Pinkard, Doris Tauber, William Tracey) – 3:10
"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea" (Berlin) – 2:54
"My Little Suede Shoes" (Charlie Parker) – 3:30
"The Nearness of You" (Hoagy Carmichael, Ned Washington) – 5:25
References
2006 albums
Anita O'Day albums
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4037130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferd%27nand
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Ferd'nand
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Ferd'nand was a Danish pantomime comic notable for its lack of word balloons and captions and its longevity (over seven decades). It was first published in 1937 and is still published regularly in several countries around the globe.
Background
Ferd'nand was first published in 1937 by the Presse-Illustrations-Bureau of Copenhagen. Created by Henning Dahl Mikkelsen, Ferd'nand features the adventures of the title character, his unnamed wife, unnamed son and family dog. Like Carl Anderson's Henry and Otto Soglow's The Little King, there is no dialogue in the strip, although there is the rare exception. While the characters usually speak via the occasional set of exclamation points or question marks, Ferd'nand has been seen to say "Africa," "Paris," and even with a word balloon, "Ok, James." This enabled the strip to achieve a wide distribution throughout Europe and, starting November 10, 1947, in the United States via United Feature Syndicate. Since Ferd'nand is pantomime, translation is not a problem, so the strip has been published in 30 countries.
Author
Mikkelsen, or "Mik" as he preferred to be known, moved to the United States in 1946, becoming a citizen in 1954. Mikkelsen turned over the strip to others, including Frank Thomas (no relation to Disney's Frank Thomas) for a time from 1955 until the mid-1960s. He then drew it until his death in 1982, after which Al Plastino, drew it until 1989. Plastino's strips were signed "Al + Mik".
Henrik Rehr, a Danish illustrator and painter, took over the strip in 1989, and was the final author. Rehr's strips are signed "Rehr.Mik".
Characters and story
The main character, presumably named Ferd'nand, is a round, mustachioed, middle-aged father and husband, recognized by his conical hat. Ferd'nand's son sports a similar hat, while his wife and dog are rather unremarkable in appearance. Ferd'nand's father also appeared in one strip, looking and being dressed like his son except for the white hair and mustache and wearing eyeglasses.
Unlike most strips, Ferd'nand lacks basic continuity or any cast of recurring characters other than the immediate Ferd'nand family. Ferd'nand himself has been seen working in nearly every occupation and in any location imaginable. Similarly, each strip stands alone; no story spans multiple strips. This lends a rather fantasy-like, ephemeral air to the strip.
Films
Two Ferd'nand animated cartoons were produced, both directed by H. Dahl Mikkelsen:
Ferd'nand på fisketur (Ferd'nand's fishing trip) (1944)
Ferd'nand på bjørnejagt (Ferd'nand's bear hunting) (1945)
End
New entries of "Ferd'nand" are no longer being published. The strip ended its run on January 8, 2012 (although Yahoo has now re-dated that strip May 6, 2012).
References
External links
Ferd'nand at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016.
Danish comic strips
Fictional Danish people
Gag-a-day comics
Pantomime comics
1937 comics debuts
2012 comics endings
Comics characters introduced in 1937
Male characters in comics
Comics adapted into films
Comics adapted into animated series
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4037135
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ende%2C%20East%20Nusa%20Tenggara
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Ende, East Nusa Tenggara
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Ende is the seat capital of the Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara province of Indonesia. Ende is located on the southern coast of Flores Island. The town had a population of 87,269 residents at the 2020 census, divided administratively between four districts of the regency – Ende Seletan, Ende Timur, Ende Tengah and Ende Utara.
History
Ende was the site of a kingdom that existed around the end of 18th century. The people of the area therefore known as Lio-Ende people. For many decades Ende has been a center of government, trade, education, and political activities.
Rebellion against the Dutch was led by a certain Nipa Do known as the wars of Watu Api and Mari Longa (1916-1917). In 1934, the nationalist leader, Sukarno, who later became Indonesia's first president was exiled to eastern Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government.
Attractions
The Bung Karno Museum is the old house occupied by Sukarno during his years of exile in Ende. Most of the old furniture are still there. While he was exiled in Ende, Sukarno wrote and held several plays, together with Tonel Kelimutu Theatre Group. Among the plays were Rendorua Ola Nggera Nusa (Rendo that stirred the archipelago) and Doctor Satan, a revision on the story of Dr. Frankenstein.
Near the football field in Ende stands a big breadfruit tree. Under the tree, Sukarno often sat, working on political ideas to lead Indonesia to independence. Those reflections contributed to the opening of Pancasila concept, which is now the state philosophy of Indonesia. From here Pancasila was born. Today, the Pancasila Birth Monument stands on this place. During a visit to Ende in June 2013, Vice President Boediono spoke of the importance of the idea of Pancasila for Indonesia and officiated over a ceremony to open a monument to the work of Sukarno in Ende.
Another attraction is Christ the King Cathedral, which is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ende.
The well-known tourist spot of Mount Kelimutu with three coloured volcanic lakes is about to the east of Ende.
While in Ende there is an opportunity to tryout the local type of coffee “Kopi End”'. Coffee beans and ginger toasted together and brewed as normal.
Transportation
The town is served by H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport or Ende airport.
Climate
Ende has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a long dry season and short wet season.
See also
Ende language (Indonesia)
Li'o language
References
External links
Populated places in East Nusa Tenggara
Flores Island (Indonesia)
Regency seats of East Nusa Tenggara
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4037146
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20NASCAR%20Busch%20Series
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1999 NASCAR Busch Series
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The 1999 NASCAR Busch Series began on February 13 and ended on November 13. Dale Earnhardt Jr. of Dale Earnhardt, Inc. won the season points championship for the second year in a row.
Teams and drivers
List of full-time teams at the start of 1999.
Races
NAPA Auto Parts 300
The NAPA Auto Parts 300 was held February 13 at Daytona International Speedway. Ken Schrader was the polesitter. On the last lap, Casey Atwood was tapped by Andy Hillenburg into the outside retaining wall. Atwood continued to go across the tri-oval on his roof. Atwood flipped 4 times, but emerged from his Chevrolet unscathed. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
1-Randy LaJoie
32-Jeff Green
18-Andy Hillenburg
17-Matt Kenseth
8-Bobby Hillin Jr.
45-Adam Petty
99-Kevin Lepage
37-Kevin Grubb
9-Jeff Burton
90-Brad Loney
Failed to qualify: Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Derrike Cope (#61), Kelly Denton (#75), Morgan Shepherd (#07), Wayne Grubb (#83), Jeff Krogh (#56), Mike Garvey (#09), Skip Smith (#67), Shane Hall (#43), Mark Krogh (#80), Mike Stefanik (#05), Mark Day (#16), Blaise Alexander (#20), Ed Berrier (#77), Hermie Sadler (#72), Freddie Query (#68), Jeff McClure (#13), Brett Bodine (#54), Jim Bown (#51), Joe Bessey (#6), Lance Hooper (#23), Loy Allen Jr. (#78)
Alltel 200
The Alltel 200 was held February 20 at North Carolina Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. was the polesitter. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
9-Jeff Burton
60-Mark Martin
17-Matt Kenseth
1-Randy LaJoie
27-Casey Atwood
34-Mike McLaughlin
98-Elton Sawyer
64-Geoff Bodine
66-Todd Bodine
36-Tim Fedewa
Failed to qualify: Adam Petty (#45), Freddie Query (#68), Brad Loney (#90), David Green (#41), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Philip Morris (#01), Jeff Green (#32), Mario Gosselin (#58), Dick Trickle (#5), Jeff Finley (#25), Bryan Wall (#73), Mike Skinner (#19), Bobby Labonte (#44), Jimmy Kitchens (#22)
Sam's Town 300
The Sam's Town 300 was held March 6 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Mark Martin was the pole sitter. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
87-Joe Nemechek
9-Jeff Burton
24-Jeff Gordon
12-Jimmy Spencer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
47-Elliott Sadler
32-Jeff Green
99-Kevin Lepage
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Casey Atwood (#27), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Brad Loney (#90), Mike Dillon (#59), Ted Musgrave (#29), Joe Buford (#7), Larry Pearson (#00), Jeff Finley (#25), Shane Hall (#43), Ed Berrier (#77), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Kevin Grubb (#37), Freddie Query (#68), Wayne Grubb (#83), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Bryan Wall (#73), Hermie Sadler (#72), Eric Jones (#70), Morgan Shepherd (#07), Mark Krogh (#80), Jerry Glanville (#81), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95)
Yellow Freight 300
The Yellow Freight 300 was held March 13 at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Dave Blaney was the polesitter. The race came under controversy when winner Mike Skinner was disqualified and the win was given to Blaney. But after a further review, NASCAR reversed its decision and re-awarded the victory to Skinner. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
19-Mike Skinner
93-Dave Blaney
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
99-Kevin Lepage
66-Todd Bodine
60-Mark Martin
64-Geoff Bodine
98-Elton Sawyer
38-Glenn Allen Jr.
50-Mark Green
Failed to qualify: Andy Kirby (#28), Tim Fedewa (#36), Freddie Query (#68), Hermie Sadler (#72), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Jeff Finley (#25), Shane Hall (#43), Brad Loney (#90), Jeff Fuller (#89), J. D. Gibbs (#18), Kevin Grubb (#37), Mark Day (#16)
Diamond Hill Plywood 200
The Diamond Hill Plywood 200 was held March 20 at Darlington Raceway. Mark Martin was the polesitter. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
98-Elton Sawyer
10-Phil Parsons
44-Terry Labonte
99-Kevin Lepage
9-Jeff Burton
41-David Green
36-Tim Fedewa
21-Michael Waltrip
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Jim Bown (#51), Lyndon Amick (#35), Andy Kirby (#28), Jeff Finley (#25), Freddie Query (#68), Mark Krogh (#80), Kerry Earnhardt (#40), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Kevin Grubb (#37) Bobby Labonte (#18)
Coca-Cola 300
The Coca-Cola 300 was held March 27 at Texas Motor Speedway. Dave Blaney won the pole. The race was shortened to 163 laps due to rain. The race was broadcast on CBS and switched to TNN midway through the race.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
9-Jeff Burton
32-Jeff Green
34-Mike McLaughlin
11-Kenny Irwin Jr.
57-Jason Keller
15-Ken Schrader
93-Dave Blaney
19-Mike Skinner
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Failed to qualify: Ed Berrier (#77), Andy Kirby (#28), Sterling Marlin (#42), Dick Trickle (#5), Jimmy Spencer (#12), Philip Morris (#01), Steve Park (#83), Shane Hall (#43), Stanton Barrett (#40), Brad Loney (#90), Jason Jarrett (#33), Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Mark Day (#16), Joe Buford (#7), Kenny Wallace (#25), Mark Krogh (#80), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95)
BellSouth Mobility 320
The BellSouth Mobility 320 was held April 3 at Nashville Speedway USA. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on CBS.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
27-Casey Atwood
57-Jason Keller
87-Joe Nemechek
66-Todd Bodine
4-Jeff Purvis
34-Mike McLaughlin
98-Elton Sawyer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
10-Phil Parsons
Failed to qualify: J. D. Gibbs (#18), Freddie Query (#68), Scot Walters (#83), Lyndon Amick (#35), Shane Hall (#43), Brad Baker (#7), Chad Chaffin (#84), Donnie Moran (#58), Mark Day (#16), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Chris Cook (#65)
Moore's Snacks 250
The Moore's Snacks 250 was held April 10 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
57-Jason Keller
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
98-Elton Sawyer
44-Terry Labonte
66-Todd Bodine
25-Kenny Wallace
37-Kevin Grubb
14-Sterling Marlin
36-Tim Fedewa
61-Tony Roper
Failed to qualify: Ted Christopher (#13), Freddie Query (#68), Gary Bradberry (#86), Jason Jarrett (#33), Hermie Sadler (#72), Kelly Denton (#75), Curtis Markham (#83), Elliott Sadler (#47)
Touchstone Energy 300
The Touchstone Energy 300 was held April 24 at Talladega Superspeedway. Ken Schrader won the pole. The Big One happened midway in the race, with pole-sitter Schrader crashing and erupting in flames in Turn 1, also taking many other cars out. Schrader was uninjured. Terry Labonte would just barely edge Joe Nemechek in the closest finish of NASCAR Busch Series history. The race was broadcast on ABC.
Top ten results
44-Terry Labonte
87-Joe Nemechek
4-Jeff Purvis
17-Matt Kenseth
35-Lyndon Amick
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
00-Larry Pearson
27-Casey Atwood
1-Randy LaJoie
41-David Green
Failed to qualify: Andy Kirby (#28), Mark Martin (#60), Loy Allen (#78), Hermie Sadler (#72), Skip Smith (#67), Joe Bessey (#6), Stevie Reeves (#25), Freddie Query (#68)
This was the first Busch Series race in which veteran driver Mark Martin had failed to qualify for since February 1993.
Elton Sawyer entered this race with a microscopic 1 point lead in Busch Series standings, but due to engine troubles just 15 laps into the race, Sawyer had to drop out of the race, causing him to drop from first in points to third with a 114-point deficit to new standings leader Dale Earnhardt Jr.
Auto Club 300
The Auto Club 300 was held May 1 at California Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on ABC and switched to ESPN2 except on the West Coast with 9 laps to go due to the race running into ABC's broadcasting window of the 125th Kentucky Derby.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
9-Jeff Burton
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
45-Adam Petty
47-Elliott Sadler
36-Tim Fedewa
98-Elton Sawyer
21-Michael Waltrip
35-Lyndon Amick
77-Ed Berrier
Failed to qualify: Jimmy Kitchens (#22), Stevie Reeves (#25), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Curtis Markham (#83), Jerry Glanville (#81), Brett Bodine (#54), Shane Hall (#43), Andy Kirby (#28), Sterling Marlin (#42), Ward Burton (#02)
Busch 200
The Busch 200 was held May 8 at New Hampshire International Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
98-Elton Sawyer
32-Jeff Green
4-Jeff Purvis
1-Randy LaJoie
27-Casey Atwood
57-Jason Keller
72-Hermie Sadler
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
77-Ed Berrier
This was Elton Sawyer's last career NASCAR victory.
Failed to qualify: Bobby Dotter (#08), Wayne Grubb (#83), Joe Bessey (#6), Bryan Wall (#73)
Hardee's 250
The Hardee's 250 was held May 14 at Richmond International Raceway. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
9-Jeff Burton
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
15-Ken Schrader
25-Kenny Wallace
21-Michael Waltrip
4-Jeff Purvis
93-Dave Blaney
Failed to qualify: R. D. Smith (#79), Ted Christopher (#13), Geoff Bodine (#64), Terry Labonte (#44), Chad Chaffin (#84), Philip Morris (#01), Brad Baker (#7), Andy Kirby (#28), Brad Loney (#90), Freddie Query (#68), Jeff Finley (#65), Jason Rudd (#81), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#95), Johnny Benson (#33)
First Union 200
The First Union 200 was held May 23 at Nazareth Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was shortened to 168 laps due to darkness. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
36-Tim Fedewa
93-Dave Blaney
45-Adam Petty
4-Jeff Purvis
32-Jeff Green
13-Ted Christopher
10-Phil Parsons
53-Hank Parker Jr.
Failed to qualify: Wayne Grubb (#83), Joey McCarthy (#41), Chad Chaffin (#84), J. D. Gibbs (#8N), Andy Kirby (#28), Bryan Wall (#77N), Dennis Demers (#86N), Mike Olsen (#61N)
Carquest Auto Parts 300
The Carquest Auto Parts 300 was held May 29 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. David Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
17-Matt Kenseth
9-Jeff Burton
21-Michael Waltrip
54-Brett Bodine
63-Chuck Bown
98-Elton Sawyer
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
Failed to qualify: Terry Labonte (#44), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Jerry Nadeau (#90), Geoff Bodine (#64), Mike Wallace (#33), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Philip Morris (#01), Jeff Fuller (#89), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Tony Roper (#61), Larry Pearson (#00), Ed Berrier (#77), Mike Dillon (#59), Jim Bown (#65), Steve Grissom (#22), Lyndon Amick (#35), Andy Kirby (#28), Nathan Buttke (#30), Joe Buford (#7), Jeff Krogh (#56), Jimmy Kitchens (#55), Doug Reid III (#97)
MBNA Platinum 200
The MBNA Platinum 200 was held June 5 at Dover International Speedway. Dick Trickle won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
02-Ward Burton
66-Todd Bodine
41-David Green
5-Dick Trickle
37-Kevin Grubb
32-Jeff Green
93-Dave Blaney
98-Elton Sawyer
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Andy Santerre (#47), Jerry Glanville (#81), Brad Loney (#90), Hermie Sadler (#72), Joey McCarthy (#41), John Preston (#12), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Lyndon Amick (#35)
Textilease/Medique 300
The Textilease/Medique 300 was held June 12 at South Boston Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. This was the last career NASCAR race for Chuck Bown and Larry Pearson. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
32-Jeff Green
53-Hank Parker Jr.
4-Jeff Purvis
36-Tim Fedewa
17-Matt Kenseth
01-Philip Morris
61-Tony Roper
74-Tony Raines
27-Casey Atwood
Failed to qualify: Greg Marlowe (#92), Jeff Krogh (#56), R. D. Smith (#79), Curtis Markham (#33), Andy Santerre (#47), Stanton Barrett (#40), Shane Hall (#43), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Ed Berrier (#77), Andy Kirby (#28)
Lysol 200
The Lysol 200 was held June 27 at Watkins Glen International. Ron Fellows won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
87-Ron Fellows
34-Mike McLaughlin
12-Jack Baldwin
57-Jason Keller
40-Butch Miller
59-Mike Dillon
93-Dave Blaney
66-Todd Bodine
53-Hank Parker Jr.
Failed to qualify: Jeff Krogh (#56), Eric Bodine (#21N), Stacy Compton (#28), J. D. Gibbs (#8N), Louis Rettenmeier (#59N), Ted Christopher (#13)
DieHard 250
The DieHard 250 was held July 4 at The Milwaukee Mile. Casey Atwood won the pole. During the final practice for this race, Jeff Krogh crashed and suffered near-fatal injuries. He has since recovered, although he has not run a NASCAR race since. This was Casey Atwood's first career Busch Series victory as he moved Jeff Green out of the way on the final turn of the final lap. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
27-Casey Atwood
32-Jeff Green
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
38-Glenn Allen Jr.
17-Matt Kenseth
93-Dave Blaney
92-Jimmie Johnson
66-Todd Bodine
5-Dick Trickle
61-Tony Roper
Failed to qualify: Mario Gosselin (#15), Bobby Dotter (#08), Rick Beebe (#82), Dennis Setzer (#11), Stacy Compton (#19), Jerry Glanville (#81), Mel Walen (#58), Brad Loney (#90)
Myrtle Beach 250
The Myrtle Beach 250 was held July 17 at Myrtle Beach Speedway. Dale Earnhardt Jr. won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
1-Randy LaJoie
17-Matt Kenseth
43-Shane Hall
90-Brad Loney
66-Todd Bodine
98-Elton Sawyer
57-Jason Keller
10-Phil Parsons
4-Jeff Purvis
Failed to qualify: Philip Morris (#01), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Chad Chaffin (#84), Mark Green (#50), Andy Santerre (#47), Curtis Markham (#72), Adam Petty (#45), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#63), Mario Gosselin (#58), Greg Marlowe (#92), Andy Kirby (#28), Kevin Grubb (#37), Ed Spencer III (#12), R. D. Smith (#79)
NAPA Autocare 250
The NAPA Autocare 250 was held July 24 at Pikes Peak International Raceway. Dave Blaney won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
47-Andy Santerre
36-Tim Fedewa
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
4-Jeff Purvis
5-Dick Trickle
17-Matt Kenseth
98-Elton Sawyer
27-Casey Atwood
10-Phil Parsons
Failed to qualify: Scott Gaylord (#52), Jerry Glanville (#81), Chad Chaffin (#16)
Carquest Auto Parts 250
The Carquest Auto Parts 250 was held July 31 at Gateway International Raceway. Casey Atwood won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
1-Randy LaJoie
87-Joe Nemechek
32-Jeff Green
57-Jason Keller
17-Matt Kenseth
27-Casey Atwood
93-Dave Blaney
34-Mike McLaughlin
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Gary Bradberry (#28), Ted Smokstad (#19), Eric Jones (#70), Gus Wasson (#96), Mel Walen (#58), Lyndon Amick (#35)
Kroger 200 presented by Fifth Third Bank
The Kroger 200 was held August 6 at Indianapolis Raceway Park. Jason Keller won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
57-Jason Keller
66-Todd Bodine
32-Jeff Green
17-Matt Kenseth
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
4-Jeff Purvis
36-Tim Fedewa
98-Elton Sawyer
40-Butch Miller
74-Tony Raines
Failed to qualify: Brad Baker (#7), Brad Loney (#90), Tony Roper (#61), D.J. Hoelzle (#55), Greg Marlowe (#92), Gus Wasson (#96)
NAPA 200
The NAPA 200 was held August 21 at Michigan International Speedway. Dave Blaney won the pole. During a practice session for this race, Ernie Irvan crashed in turn 4 and suffered serious injuries. This forced him into early retirement. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
24-Jeff Gordon
93-Dave Blaney
02-Ward Burton
60-Mark Martin
21-Michael Waltrip
9-Jeff Burton
12-Jimmy Spencer
77-Kevin Lepage
4-Jeff Purvis
Failed to qualify: Curtis Markham (#72), Ted Musgrave (#82), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Phil Parsons (#10), Tony Roper (#61), Tim Fedewa (#36), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Butch Miller (#40), Wayne Grubb (#83), Greg Sacks (#90), Ricky Craven (#47), Chad Chaffin (#16), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Ernie Irvan (#84), Gus Wasson (#96), Ted Christopher (#13), Matt Hutter (#99)
Food City 250
The Food City 250 was held August 27 at Bristol Motor Speedway. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
17-Matt Kenseth
21-Michael Waltrip
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
14-Sterling Marlin
66-Todd Bodine
25-Kenny Wallace
98-Elton Sawyer
44-Terry Labonte
93-Dave Blaney
8-Bobby Hillin Jr.
Failed to qualify: Steve Grissom (#22), Kevin Lepage (#99), Tony Roper (#61), Hermie Sadler (#33), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Bobby Hamilton Jr. (#63), Butch Miller (#40), Glenn Allen Jr. (#38), Hank Parker Jr. (#53), Carl Long (#95), Kelly Denton (#75), Kerry Earnhardt (#76)
Dura Lube 200
The Dura Lube 200 was held September 4 at Darlington Raceway. Ward Burton won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN2.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
93-Dave Blaney
17-Matt Kenseth
02-Ward Burton
87-Joe Nemechek
25-Kenny Wallace
9-Jeff Burton
4-Jeff Purvis
14-Sterling Marlin
66-Todd Bodine
Failed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#33), Ted Musgrave (#40), Kevin Harvick (#2), Terry Labonte (#44), Greg Sacks (#90), Curtis Markham (#72), Andy Santerre (#47), Lyndon Amick (#88), Ed Berrier (#55), Kerry Earnhardt (#7), Tom Hubert (#15)
Autolite Platinum 250
The Autolite Platinum 250 was held September 10 at Richmond International Raceway. Jeff Burton won the pole. The race was broadcast on ESPN.
Top ten results
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
60-Mark Martin
12-Jimmy Spencer
25-Kenny Wallace
37-Kevin Grubb
35-Elliott Sadler
41-David Green
4-Jeff Purvis
77-Chad Chaffin
57-Jason Keller
Failed to qualify: Michael Waltrip (#21), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Brett Bodine (#54), Brad Loney (#90), Michael Ritch (#55), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Philip Morris (#01), Hut Stricklin (#38), Ted Christopher (#13), R. D. Smith (#79), Jason Rudd (#81), Jimmy Kitchens (#7), Jason White (#28), Mario Gosselin (#58), Hal Goodson (#39), Hank Parker Jr. (#53)
MBNA Gold 200
The MBNA Gold 200 was held September 25 at Dover International Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
27-Casey Atwood
1-Randy LaJoie
32-Jeff Green
74-Tony Raines
11-Kenny Irwin Jr.
25-Kenny Wallace
46-David Green
10-Phil Parsons
34-Mike McLaughlin
00-Buckshot Jones
Failed to qualify: Jason Leffler (#18), Kelly Denton (#75), Lance Hooper (#23), Rich Bickle (#63), Joey McCarthy (#41), Michael Ritch (#55), Ted Christopher (#13), Jimmy Kitchens (#7), Ken Alexander (#03)
All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300
The All Pro Bumper to Bumper 300 was held October 9 at Lowe's Motor Speedway. Matt Kenseth won the pole. The race was broadcast on TBS.
Top ten results
21-Michael Waltrip
24-Jeff Gordon
34-Mike McLaughlin
12-Jimmy Spencer
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
02-Ward Burton
17-Matt Kenseth
87-Joe Nemechek
66-Todd Bodine
19-Mike Skinner
Failed to qualify: Brett Bodine (#54), Hermie Sadler (#47), Curtis Markham (#72), Kelly Denton (#75), Rich Bickle (#91), Robert Pressley (#61), Ken Schrader (#15), Bobby Hillin Jr. (#8), Chad Chaffin (#77), Kenny Irwin Jr. (#11), Derrike Cope (#89), Ed Berrier (#78), Mike Garvey (#09), Elliott Sadler (#35), Morgan Shepherd (#7), Wayne Grubb (#83), Joe Buford (#95), Kevin Schwantz (#65), Gary Bradberry (#86), Adam Petty (#45)
Kmart 200
The Kmart 200 was held October 23 at North Carolina Speedway. Mark Martin won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
60-Mark Martin
32-Jeff Green
93-Dave Blaney
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
33-Johnny Benson
25-Kenny Wallace
57-Jason Keller
41-David Green
61-Morgan Shepherd
Failed to qualify: Hut Stricklin (#38), Ken Schrader (#15), Sterling Marlin (#14), Rich Bickle (#91), Lance Hooper (#23), Jimmy Hensley (#83), Mike Borkowski (#02), Hermie Sadler (#47), Johnny Chapman (#73), Greg Biffle (#19), Ed Berrier (#63), Kelly Moore (#48), Mike Laughlin Jr. (#94), Philip Morris (#01)
Sam's Town 250
The inaugural Sam's Town 250 was held October 30 at Memphis Motorsports Park. Jeff Green won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
32-Jeff Green
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
98-Elton Sawyer
66-Todd Bodine
45-Adam Petty
5-Dick Trickle
34-Mike McLaughlin
37-Kevin Grubb
36-Tim Fedewa
35-Lyndon Amick
Failed to qualify: J. D. Gibbs (#42), Jimmy Spencer (#12), Jimmy Morales (#82), Kenny Wallace (#25), Brad Baker (#7), Ricky Hendrick (#24), Joe Buford (#67), Brian Smith (#76), R. D. Smith (#13), Kevin Lepage (#99), Sean Studer (#68), Ron Young (#71), Kelly Moore (#48), Kevin Ray (#95), Mike Garvey (#09), Kelly Denton (#75)
Outback Steakhouse 200
The inaugural Outback Steakhouse 200 was held November 6 at Phoenix International Raceway. Ken Schrader won the pole. The race was broadcast on TNN.
Top ten results
24-Jeff Gordon
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
12-Jimmy Spencer
9-Jeff Burton
25-Kenny Wallace
31-Ron Hornaday Jr.
15-Ken Schrader
17-Matt Kenseth
66-Todd Bodine
00-Buckshot Jones
Failed to qualify: Joe Nemechek (#87), Bobby Hamilton (#80), Jimmy Hensley (#83), Greg Sacks (#90), Jimmy Morales (#14), Dave Steele (#82), Damon Lusk (#70)
First win for Gordon-Evernham Motorsports. This was also the only win with Ray Evernham as co-owner. Evernham would sell his half of the team at seasons end to go develop his own team with Dodge for the 2001 Winston Cup season. Rick Hendrick bought Evernham's share and the team was renamed to JG Motorsports for 2000.
HotWheels.com 300
The HotWheels.com 300 was held November 13 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Hut Stricklin won the pole. The race was broadcast on NBC, NBC's first Busch Series telecast.
Top ten results
87-Joe Nemechek
3-Dale Earnhardt Jr.
12-Jimmy Spencer
53-Hank Parker Jr.
32-Jeff Green
99-Kevin Lepage
41-David Green
9-Jeff Burton
22-Bobby Hamilton Jr.
02-Ward Burton
Failed to qualify: Mike Garvey (#09), Greg Sacks (#90), Ron Young (#71), Ted Christopher (#28), John Preston (#89), Bobby Hamilton (#80), Morgan Shepherd (#76), Barry Bodine (#6), Steve Park (#84), Wayne Grubb (#83), Mark Green (#50), Sean Studer (#68), Joe Buford (#7), Jimmy Morales (#82), Randy MacDonald (#54), Curtis Markham (#63), Andy Santerre (#44), Kevin Grubb (#37), Johnny Chapman (#73), Derek Gilcrest (#15)
Full Drivers' Championship
(key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by owner's points. * – Most laps led.
Rookie of the Year
The winner of the 1999 rookie battle was Tony Raines, a former American Speed Association champion. He had three top-ten finishes en route to a twelfth-place finish in points. Hank Parker Jr. was the runner-up, while fourth-generation driver and preseason favorite Adam Petty struggled with consistency and finished third. Bobby Hamilton Jr. and Tony Roper spent the season bouncing from ride to ride, and were unable to make a strong threat for the award. Kelly Denton, Philip Morris, Kerry Earnhardt, and Skip Smith all declared for the ROTY award, but could not mount a full-season attempt.
See also
1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
1999 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series
External links
Busch Series Standings and Statistics for 1999
NASCAR Xfinity Series seasons
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4037149
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Kolev
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Ivan Kolev
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Ivan Kolev may refer to:
Ivan Kolev (footballer, born 1930) (1930–2005), Bulgarian footballer, 1956 Olympics bronze medalist
Ivan Kolev (footballer, born 1995), Bulgarian footballer
Ivan Kolev (football manager) (born 1957), Bulgarian football manager
Ivan Kolev (wrestler) (born 1951), Bulgarian wrestler, 1976 Olympics bronze medalist
Ivan Kolev (general) (1863–1917), Bulgarian general during WWI
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4037152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Call%20Me%20Bruce%3F
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They Call Me Bruce?
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They Call Me Bruce? (also known as They Call Me Bruce) is a 1982 American action comedy film directed by Elliott Hong, written by David B. Randolph and starring Johnny Yune and Margaux Hemingway.
The film was followed by a sequel, They Still Call Me Bruce (1987), which also starred Johnny Yune.
Plot
The film opens with a young boy running to meet his grandfather (played by Yune), who lies dying on his bed. The young boy sadly explains that he could not find the medicine required to cure his grandfather's ailment and wonders aloud who will take care of him after his grandfather dies. His dying grandfather attempts to reassure the young boy and explains that he should go to America. He further explains that when he was younger and working as a merchant marine, he met "the most beautiful girl" in America and tells the young boy that if he goes there, she will take very good care of him. As the young boy is asking how to find her, his grandfather dies and the film fades to black.
When it fades back in, quite some time has passed and the young boy, who is now an adult, has arrived in America and has begun working as a chef, catering to some gangsters in California. The gangsters, who call the man "Bruce" due to his resemblance to the famed martial artist Bruce Lee, are having trouble keeping their "boss of bosses" happy and are trying to come up with the perfect solution to distributing cocaine to all of their clients throughout the United States. Some previous attempts at moving the drug have resulted in busts and the boss of bosses is not happy.
Through a series of misunderstandings, Bruce makes it into the local newspaper as a hero, having thwarted an attempted robbery at the local market. Bruce's boss, Lil' Pete, sees the newspaper and quickly devises a plan, putting Bruce in control of moving the cocaine across the country and using Freddy, a stooge associated with the drug lords, as Bruce's limousine chauffeur. He convinces Bruce (who already wants to go to New York City to find the lady of whom his grandfather spoke) that he should drive to New York, not fly, as flying would rob him of seeing the beautiful countryside. Bruce agrees, and the rest of the film follows an unknowing Bruce delivering what he thinks to be Chinese flour to associates of the gangsters across the country, and the interactions he has with the people on this trip.
Cast
Releases
The film was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Film Ventures International and Canada in November 1982. Despite never being in more than 325 theaters, the film was a surprise success and grossed $16,894,678 at the box office.
Home video
A DVD of the film was released on April 29, 2003 by Madacy Entertainment, with some minor changes. Various scenes were cut to adhere to the standards of a PG rating, one of which was the removal of a short scene of nudity involving a woman disrobing while Bruce is in a hot tub.
A 25th-Anniversary DVD edition of They Call Me Bruce? was released on June 30, 2009, by Liberation Entertainment. The film is a high-quality transfer from a newly discovered 35 mm print, which the studio calls "pristine", and also restores the scenes that were cut from the original DVD release.
References
External links
1982 films
1982 martial arts films
1980s action comedy films
1980s parody films
American action comedy films
Films set in California
Films about immigration to the United States
Immigration in fiction
Chinese-American films
Korean-American films
Cultural depictions of Bruce Lee
Asian-American action films
1982 comedy films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
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4037158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG%20plc
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SIG plc
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SIG plc is a British-based international supplier of insulation, roofing, commercial interiors and specialist construction products. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange.
History
The company was founded by Ernest Adsetts in 1957 Sheffield as Sheffield Insulations Limited. His son Norman Adsetts joined the firm in 1966, becoming managing director in 1970, and then chairman in 1985. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1989, when it became Sheffield Insulations Group plc. The company expanded rapidly in the start of the 1990s, acquiring Ceilings Distribution Ltd, a supplier in the United Kingdom of ceilings products, in 1990, Freeman Group, a large British insulation distributor, and Isokauf in Germany in 1994 and Komfort Systems, a supplier of partition systems for offices, in 1995.
The company was renamed SIG plc in 1995. Norman Adsetts retired the following year. Acquisitions in the end of the 1990s included WKT and Golinski of Germany in 1996, and Asphaltic, a major roofing supplier in the United Kingdom, CP Supplies and Branton Industries and Distribution International in the United States in 1997. In 2000, the company bought Nouwens Group in the Netherlands, and in 2001, it bought Capco, suppliers of interiors, roofing and insulation in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This was followed in 2002 by the acquisition of AM Proos and Clydesdale Roofing Supplies. In 2002, David Williams was appointed Chief Executive.
In 2004, the company bought Orion Trent Insulation, another distributor for the United Kingdom, with Leaderflush Shapland (formerly LS Group), a manufacturer of door sets for hospitals following in 2005. It bought Wodan and WIG in Poland, and exited the United States in 2006. The acquisition of Lariviere came in 2007, allowing the company to enter the French roofing market.
In 2007, General Fixings, based in Bristol, was acquired. Also in 2007, SIG moved into the refractory business, by purchasing MacGregor and Moir, one of the United Kingdom and Europe's leading specialists of high temperature insulation and refractory solutions. In 2008 it bought Air Trade Centre International B.V., a Dutch air conditioning business.
In 2008, David Williams retired, with Chris Davies taking his place as Chief Executive. In further management changes, Stuart Mitchell was appointed as CEO in March 2013, Meinie Oldersma took over the role in March 2017 and Steve Francis became CEO in April 2020.
Operations
The company serves a wide range of markets across the building, construction, off site manufacturing and process sectors, from premises throughout Europe and the Middle East.
References
External links
Official site
Building materials companies of the United Kingdom
Business services companies established in 1956
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
1956 establishments in England
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4037159
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Name%20Is%20Bruce
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My Name Is Bruce
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My Name Is Bruce is a 2007 American comedy horror film directed, co-produced by, and starring B-movie cult actor Bruce Campbell. The film was written by Mark Verheiden. It had a theatrical release in October 2008, followed by DVD and Blu-ray releases on February 10, 2009.
Although Sam Raimi, with whom Bruce frequently collaborates, is not involved with this production, much of the film is in the vein of the Evil Dead series. Ted Raimi (Sam's brother), also a frequent collaborator, appears in this film.
Campbell has shown several minutes of the movie during some of his campus lectures, as well as a few public screenings, including showings at the sixth annual Ashland Independent Film Festival, CineVegas and the 11th annual East Lansing Film Festival. A trailer was released for the film, as well, and is available on various websites. A screening was held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema. Tickets for the show sold out in less than two minutes, breaking the previous Alamo ticket sellout record, which was also set by a Bruce Campbell appearance at the theater in 1998.
Plot
In the mining town of Gold Lick, Oregon, Jeff (Taylor Sharpe), a young fan of B-movie actor Bruce Campbell, and his friend Clayton (Logan Martin) go out to a cemetery to meet two girls, Big Debbie (Ariel Badenhop) and Little Debbie (Ali Akay). Jeff removes a medallion off the mausoleum, unleashing the Chinese god of the dead, Guan Di (James Peck), who kills Clayton and the Debbies while Jeff flees.
Meanwhile, Bruce Campbell is finishing filming for the fictional Cave Alien II, and is promised a birthday surprise from his agent, Mills Toddner (Ted Raimi). Bruce meets Jeff, who kidnaps Campbell and takes him to Gold Lick in hopes that his hero can save the town from Guan Di. Upon arrival, Bruce assumes this is his birthday surprise from Mills, and thinks it is all a movie, despite a lack of cameras and a script, and agrees to "help". He learns about Guan Di in the town's hall, and during a dinner party, Bruce gets on the good side of Jeff's mother, Kelly (Grace Thorsen), who had initially been irritated by Bruce's behavior.
After gearing up at Gold Lick's gun shop, Bruce and many citizens of Gold Lick go out into the woods to take on Guan Di, which Bruce still thinks is part of a movie. Bruce then finds out that it is all real and flees Gold Lick, angering the townspeople, disappointing Kelly, and upsetting Jeff. As part of a running gag, an Italian painter (also played by Ted Raimi) constantly repaints the population sign every time someone dies, including himself. Bruce returns to his caravan to find that everyone, including his own dog, hates him a lot. He has a restraining order placed upon him by his ex-wife, Cheryl (Ellen Sandweiss), and finds that his "surprise birthday present" from Mills was just a singing prostitute named Kasey (Janelle Farber). Bruce is then called by Jeff, who informs him that he is going to take on Guan Di alone in spite of Bruce's retreat.
Kasey takes Bruce back to Gold Lick, where he is treated with contempt and tries to reconcile with Kelly. To rescue Jeff, they both drive to the old cemetery, in which they set up dynamite at the mausoleum and try to lure Guan Di inside with one of Jeff's cardboard cut-outs of Bruce, for which Guan Di does not fall. After kissing Kelly, Bruce decides to sacrifice himself (with bean curd playing a significant role in luring Guan Di) and the dynamite is blown up. He emerges from the debris alive, and hangs the medallion back onto the mausoleum wall to ease the spirit. Guan Di then also comes back to life, and at the last minute, as revealed, the whole scenario was a movie. Bruce argues with Ted Raimi about the cliche ending and turns it into a happy ending, which involves Bruce and Kelly married, living in a nice house with their son, Jeff, who is accepted into Harvard University. After the movie ends, Bruce asks, "What could be a better ending than that?", after which Guan Di appears and attacks Bruce.
Cast
Bruce Campbell as Faux Bruce Campbell
Ted Raimi as Mills Toddner / Wing / Ted the Sign Painter
Ben McCain as the Mayor
Ellen Sandweiss as Cheryl
Dan Hicks as Dirt Farmer
Butch McCain as the Sheriff/Farmer
Grace Thorsen as Kelly Graham
Taylor Sharpe as Jeff
Timothy Patrick Quill as Frank
Logan Martin as Clayton
Ali Akay as Little Debbie
Ariel Badenhop as Big Debbie
Janelle Farber as Kasey
James Peck as Guan-Di / Cavealien Monster
Jen Brown as Petra
Mike Estes as Fan #2
Adam Boyd as "Tiny"
Release
Over a year's gap occurred between the film's earliest screenings and its wider release in October 2008. Dark Horse Comics' Mike Richardson commented on this:
"'Some people maybe thought the film fell out or that there was something wrong with it,' Richardson says, touching on Bruce's slow journey getting before wide audiences. It was roughly a year ago that it screened to CineVegas film fest attendees. 'We did our shoot, put it in the can and the studio that financed it liked it so much they gave us more money to do a second shoot. We beefed it up so it could go into the theaters.'"
For the week of November 12, 2008, My Name is Bruce took in $18,777 from its showing at the Sunshine Theater in New York.
Reception
Reviews on My Name is Bruce were mixed, earning a Rotten Tomatoes approval rating of 40%, the consensus being "My Name Is Bruce succeeds or fails based entirely upon the viewer's opinion of Bruce Campbell, an unreasonable burden for even the most accomplished actor.".
One positive review came from Nick Rogers of Suite101.com, saying, "My Name is Bruce won't give you sugar, baby. Not on its budget. But Splenda works fine as a substitute for this Kool-Aid, which Campbell knows fans will happily drink. A little bit of purposefully lousy filmmaking winds up going a long way." One negative review came from Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed, calling it "Smug, silly, and forgettable, this vanity project wants to be the next cult hit, but really is just another vehicle for Bruce Campbell."
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 10, 2009.
Sequel
Richardson said that a sequel, titled My Name is Still Bruce, is in the works. Dark Horse Entertainment and Image Entertainment will distribute both films. The title for the second film has since been changed to Bruce vs. Frankenstein.
In a message sent in January, 2010, to Ain't It Cool News, Campbell officially announced the sequel, stating that "principal photography begins this fall in Oregon." In April, Ted Raimi confirmed that he would be involved with the project. Campbell declared himself the director, saying, "no one will volunteer, so it's me."
Adaptation
In September 2008, Dark Horse Comics published a single-issue comic-book adaptation of the movie. The script was adapted by Milton Freewater, Jr., and the art was by Cliff Richards.
References
External links
My Name Is Bruce on DVD UK Film and Bruce Information.
2007 films
2007 horror films
2007 comedy horror films
American comedy horror films
Films directed by Bruce Campbell
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Oregon
Dark Horse Entertainment films
Parodies of horror
Films based on Dark Horse Comics
2007 comedy films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
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4037162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyakken%20Uchida
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Hyakken Uchida
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was a Japanese author and academic.
Biography
Uchida was born in Okayama to a family of sake brewers whose business later went bankrupt. His real name is Eizo Uchida (内田 榮造 Uchida Eizō). He became a pupil of Natsume Sōseki in 1911. He graduated from Tokyo University (Tokyo Imperial University) in 1914. He became professor of German at Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1916. He later taught at Hosei University (Tokyo). He is the main subject of Akira Kurosawa's last film, . His novel, is the inspiration for the film, Zigeunerweisen. He is the author of more than fifteen volumes of writings including , and . In Japan he is well known as a passionate railfan and he made some works on railway travel. Though a great literary figure in Japan, he currently only has one book translated into English: Realm of the Dead (冥途 Meido). That volume also includes the collection Triumphal Entry into Ryojun (). "Small Round Things", a translated excerpt from another collection, Jottings from the Goblins' Garden (), appeared in the JAL inflight magazine Skyward in January 2006. He had two sons and three daughters.
Bibliography
Novels
(Realm of the Dead) (1922)
(1934)
(The first appearance of the Tokyo Nikki in .) (1939)
(The first appearance of the Nanzanju in .) (1939)
(The first appearance of the Yanagi Kenkō no Shōkan in .) (1941)
(1950)
(The first appearance of the Sarasāte no ban in .） (1951)
(1952–1956)
Essays
(1933)
(1933)
(1934)
(1941)
(1946)
(1951)
(1957)
(1971)
Children's literature
(1934)
Diary
(1935)
(1937)
(1955)
Haiku
(1934)
(1943)
Film
, Toho, 1939), starring Roppa Furukawa.
(Toho, 1980), directed by Seijun Suzuki, starring Yoshio Harada, original novel Sarasāte no ban.
(Daiei, 1993), directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Tatsuo Matsumura.
Notes
See also
Madadayo
External links
Hyakken Uchida's grave
Hyakken Uchida at J'Lit Books from Japan
Synopsis of Realm of the Dead (Meido) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)
1889 births
1971 deaths
People from Okayama
Japanese writers
University of Tokyo alumni
Hosei University faculty
Japanese haiku poets
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4037169
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfeld
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Belfeld
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Belfeld () is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venlo, and lies about 8 km southwest of the city center of Venlo, between the river Meuse and the border with Germany.
In 2001, Belfeld had 4856 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 1.59 km², and contained 1937 residences.
In 2001 Belfeld was merged into the municipality of Venlo.
References
Boroughs of Venlo
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
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4037172
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemelen
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Bemelen
|
Bemelen (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten, and lies about 5 km east of Maastricht.
The village was first mentioned in 1096 as Bemele. The etymology is unknown. Bemelen is a village on the eastern flank of the Maas along the Roman road from Maastricht to Aachen. Until 1794, it was a heerlijkheid of the in Maastricht.
The Catholic St Laurentius Church is a single aisled church. The tower has 12th century elements. The church was replaced in 1845 by a neoclassical building.
Bemelen was home to 138 people in 1840. Until 1982, Bemelen was a separate municipality, after which it became part of the municipality Margraten, which fused with municipality Eijsden in 2011 to form Eijsden-Margraten.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten
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4037180
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Arg%C3%BCello%20Barreto
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Leonardo Argüello Barreto
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Leonardo Argüello Barreto (29 August 1875 – 15 December 1947) was a Nicaraguan politician who, after several attempts, became the President of Nicaragua in 1947. He served from 1 May to 27 May 1947. His older brother was the noted poet Santiago Arguello Barreto.
A member of the Nationalist Liberal Party, his presidency was cut short by a Coup d'état orchestrated by the Commander of the National Guard, General Anastasio Somoza García.
Life and political race
Leonardo Argüello was born in León, Nicaragua. Working as a doctor in Leon, he entered Liberal Party politics in 1912. He participated in the Constitutionalist War of 1926. He served as President of the lower chamber of the National Congress of Nicaragua, and as Minister of Public Education, Interior and Foreign Affairs.
He was also a writer and diplomat. In the elections of 1936, he ran for president and lost to General Somoza. To the surprise of many, Somoza proposed that Argüello should be the candidate for the Liberal Party in the elections of 1947, and did not run for president himself. The elections were widely believed to be rigged, and one of the conditions for Argüello’s victory was reputedly the maintenance of Somoza as Commander-in-Chief of the National Guard.
Presidency of the Republic
On 1 May 1947, during his inauguration before the Congress of the Republic, Argüello made a speech in opposition to the wishes of Gen. Somoza. In a part of his message he said:
I will not be, by the way, a simple figurehead.
From that day on, disputes arose between Dr. Argüello and Gen. Somoza. The excesses of the National Guard were denounced for the first time. The government published a list of the properties acquired by Somoza during his presidency. There were even rumours that president Argüello, without taking into account the Commander of the National Guard, had attempted to ally with factions of the military who were dissatisfied with Somoza, in particular with the young Aguirre Baca brothers, Francisco and Horacio. Nicaraguans found it ironic that until May 1, 1947, the date of Arguello’s becoming President, Francisco Aguirre had been President Somoza’s most trusted and feared military aid and confidant. These acts by Arguello and Francisco Aguirre infuriated Somoza, who hoped to have the absolute control of the country. The very same Congress that heard Arguello’s Ignaugural Address, declared him unable to govern three weeks later.
Exile and coup d'état
On 26 May 1947 general Somoza led a coup d'état against the government, accusing it of conspiring to remove him as commander of the National Guard. The Congress declared that Argüello was unable to govern and removed him of the position, accusing him of attempting to undermine army discipline. The Assembly nominated Benjamín Lacayo, a puppet of Somoza, to succeed Argüello.
Arguello fled to the Embassy of Mexico, after less than 4 weeks into his mandate. He remained there 6 months, until finally moving to Mexico without resigning the position of President of the Republic. The Aguirre Baca brothers, from their part, took up diplomatic refuge at the Embassy of Panama, and fled to that country, before finally moving to Caracas, Venezuela, then finally settling in the United States.
President Arguello died of an illness shortly after arriving in Mexico City on 15 December 1947. He is buried in Mexico City.
He was a cousin of María Argüello Manning, wife of Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa, 63rd President of Nicaragua.
References
1875 births
1947 deaths
People from León, Nicaragua
Nicaraguan people of Spanish descent
Nationalist Liberal Party politicians
Presidents of Nicaragua
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Nicaragua)
Leaders ousted by a coup
Burials in Mexico
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4037183
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringe
|
Beringe
|
Beringe (; is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Peel en Maas, and lies about 15 km west of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1447 as to Bieringen, and means "settlement of the people of Bero (person)".
The St Josef Church was built in 1928. On 15 November 1944, the tower was blown up and collapsed on the nave. The church was restored in 1951, and a new tower was built in 1952.
Beringe was home to 330 people in 1840.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas
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4037189
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%201980%20squads
|
UEFA Euro 1980 squads
|
These are the teams for the 1980 European Football Championship tournament in Italy, that took place between 11 June and 22 June 1980. The players' listed ages is their actual age on the tournament's opening day (11 June 1980).
Group 1
Czechoslovakia
Manager: Jozef Vengloš
Greece
Manager: Alketas Panagoulias
Netherlands
Manager: Jan Zwartkruis
West Germany
Manager: Jupp Derwall
Group 2
Belgium
Manager: Guy Thys
England
Manager: Ron Greenwood
Italy
Manager: Enzo Bearzot
Spain
Manager: Ladislao Kubala
External links
European Championship 1980 - Final Tournament - Full Details RSSSF.com
Squads
1980
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4037190
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEDIPS
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AEDIPS
|
AEDIPS, the Association of Educational Development and Improvement Professionals in Scotland is an association that supports the development of education in Scotland, with a particular focus on entitlement and quality.
Formerly known as the AEAS (the Association of Educational Advisers in Scotland), AEDIPS updated its constitution and its name in 2005 to reflect the changing roles of professionals working in the areas of quality improvement, curriculum, and professional development in Scottish education today.
AEDIPS acts as a forum for the approximate five hundred educational professionals now supporting schools in all sectors of education in the areas of improvement, curriculum, and professional development in local authorities in Scotland.
Membership of AEDIPS is open to permanent staff, secondees, consultants, and former improvement and development professionals who may have moved on from local authority work but wish to keep up with educational developments in Scotland.
External links
AEDIPS website
Educational administration
Educational organisations based in Scotland
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4037201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljungberg
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Ljungberg
|
Ljungberg is a Swedish surname derived from ljung (heather) and berg (mountain). Youngberg is an Americanized variant of the name.
Notable persons with this name include:
Annika Ljungberg, Swedish singer
Birger Ljungberg (1884–1967), Norwegian Minister of Defense
Bo Ljungberg, Swedish pole vaulter
Einar Texas Ljungberg (1880-1974), Swedish politician
Freddie Ljungberg, Swedish footballer
Hanna Ljungberg, Swedish footballer
Jon Ljungberg, Canadian television personality
Lars Ljungberg, Swedish musician and bass guitarist of The Ark
Mikael Ljungberg (1970-2004), Swedish wrestler
Mikael Ljungberg (curler) (born 1961), Swedish curler
Sven Ljungberg, Swedish visual artist
See also
Thomas Ljungbergh (born 1963), Swedish ice hockey player
Ljungberg Museum in Ljungby, Sweden
References
Swedish-language surnames
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4037204
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetskaya%20%28lake%29
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Sovetskaya (lake)
|
Sovetskaya Lake is a liquid subglacial lake found buried under the Antarctic ice sheet, below Sovetskaya Research Station. It covers about .
See also
Lake Vostok (the largest subglacial lake in Antarctica)
90 Degrees East
Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)
References
Underground lakes
Subglacial lakes
Lakes of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
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4037208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitterswijck
|
Blitterswijck
|
Blitterswijck (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venray, and lies about 20 km north of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1242 as "Willem van Blitterswijck", and means "settlement of Blicter (person)". Blitterswijck developed along the Maas near a castle. In 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Castle Blitterswijck probably dated from the 14th century. In 1670, it was restored and redesigned in 1806. The castle was destroyed in 1944 and only ruins remain.
The Catholic Onze Lieve Vrouwe Church is a double aisled church and dated from around 1500. In 1944, it was severely damaged. The nave was restored between 1950 and 1951. In 1953,a larger tower was added. The Dutch Reformed church is an aisleless church founded by Barones Mackay in 1828.
Blitterswijck was home to 444 people in 1840. The village was severely damaged by war in 1944.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Venray
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4037225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90%20Degrees%20East
|
90 Degrees East
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90 Degrees East, also known as 90°E Lake, is a lake in Antarctica. With a surface area of about , it is the second-largest known subglacial lake in Antarctica, after Lake Vostok. 90 Degrees East was discovered in January 2006, along with Sovetskaya. It is named after the 90th meridian east, on which it lies.
See also
Lake Vostok
Sovetskaya (lake)
References
Lakes of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
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4037233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgharen
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Borgharen
|
Borgharen (; ) is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Maastricht, and lies about 3 km north of Maastricht. Until 1970, it was a separate municipality.
In 2001, Borgharen had 1814 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.34 km², and contained 732 residences.
People from Borgharen
Paul Panhuysen (1934–2015), composer
Johan de Vree (1938-2017), Dutch political scientist
References
External links
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Neighbourhoods of Maastricht
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4037238
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racey
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Racey
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Racey are a British pop group, formed in 1976 in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England, by Clive Wilson and Phil Fursdon. They achieved success in the late 1970s and early 1980s, with hits such as "Lay Your Love on Me" and "Some Girls". Their 1979 song "Kitty" was an international hit in 1981 for Toni Basil when she reworked it into "Mickey".
Career
The original line-up featured Richard Gower (born 1955, Hackney, London, England; vocals, keyboards, piano, guitar), Phil Fursdon (guitar, vocals), Pete Miller (bass, vocals) and Clive Wilson (drums, percussion, vocals). After early success in their local pub circuit, they came to the attention of Mickie Most. Racey's first single, "Baby It's You", was penned by Smokie members Chris Norman and Pete Spencer, and released in 1978. Their second single, "Lay Your Love on Me", was the group's first hit single, peaking at No.3 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1978 through to early 1979. Their third single, "Some Girls", was also written by Mike Chapman and reached No.2 in the UK charts. ("Some Girls" was later recorded by Barry Manilow for his 1982 "Here Comes the Night" album.)
The band parted company with Chinn and Chapman after the album was released and, although they continued to play and tour, they released only a few more singles, which did not match their previous successes. The only album they made with the original line-up was their 1979 debut Smash and Grab. The band's hits were either written and/or produced by Mike Chapman and Nicky Chinn.
The band formally split in 1985.
In 1990, Racey reformed after Wilson and Fursdon were approached to play at a Fourth of July party. Miller died of cancer on 6 May 2003. Several albums and CDs, with re-recordings of the original hits as well as new material, are available from both of the present-day versions of the group.
In August 2021, the band released "It's a Glorious Day".
Discography
Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Singles
References
External links
English pop music groups
English glam rock groups
English new wave musical groups
People from Weston-super-Mare
Rak Records artists
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 1985
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4037239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekend
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Boekend
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Boekend (; ; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venlo, and lies about 4 km west of the city center.
In 2001, Boekend had 328 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.1 km², and contained 122 residences.
References
Boroughs of Venlo
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
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4037243
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholtz
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Bocholtz
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Bocholtz (; Ripuarian: is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Simpelveld, and lies about 7 km southwest of Kerkrade. Until 1982, it was a separate municipality.
History
Bocholtz dates back to the Roman era. A Roman villa was found in the Vlengendaal, a street of Bocholtz, in 1911. A farmer plowing his land found a Roman sarcophagus in October 2003.
Architecture and buildings
Castle De Bongard
The Castle De Bongard dates from the 16th century. The current building only represents 1/4 of the original building. The rest was destroyed during the invasion by the French during the Napoleonic Wars.
Hoeve Overhuizen
Hoeve Overhuizen is a fortified farm with roots dating back as far as the 13th century.
From 2015 Rabobank moves in after redecorating the interior of the building to make it their regional headquarters.
Church
The James the Greater Church was built between 1869 and 1873 by architect Pierre Cuypers. Construction workers expanding the church in 1953 found the remains of a building from the late medieval period on the same site. The patron saint of the church is St. James, son of Zebedee.
Regional language
Bocholtz is part of the Netherlands and therefore the official language is Dutch. A lot of people also speak Bocholtzer, a Southeast Limburgish dialect that is linguistically Ripuarian but commonly perceived as a Limburgish dialect.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Simpelveld
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4037245
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linford%20Christie%20Stadium
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Linford Christie Stadium
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The Linford Christie Stadium is an athletics stadium in Wormwood Scrubs, West London, England.
The venue first opened as the West London Stadium in 1967. It initially had a cinder running track, which was upgraded to a synthetic surface in 1973. In 1993 the stadium was renamed after Olympic 100 metres gold medallist Linford Christie, who often trained at the venue with the Thames Valley Harriers.
The stadium was redeveloped further between 2004 and 2006, when additional facilities for sports including football, rugby and hockey were installed. The work was funded by London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, the Football Foundation, Chelsea F.C. and Barclays. Chelsea players John Terry and Shaun Wright-Phillips attended the re-opening. The video for "So Many Roads" by Example was filmed here in 2007.
References
External links
UK Running Track Directory page
Athletics venues in London
Sport in Hammersmith and Fulham
Sports venues completed in 1967
1967 establishments in England
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4037246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukoul
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Boukoul
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Boukoul is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Roermond, and is situated about 5 km northeast of Roermond.
The village was first mentioned in 1463 as "opter Buyeckulen". The etymology is unclear.
Boukoul was home to 322 people in 1840. Hillenraad Castle was built in the 17th century as a manor house. It received its current shape in 1767. In 1935, a church was built in Boukoul. In 1945, several days before liberation, the tower was blown up by the Germans. It was restored in 1947.
Boukoul used to be part of the municipality of Swalmen. In 2007, it became part of the municipality of Roermond.
Gallery
References
External links
Website Harmonie Amicitia Boukoul
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Roermond
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4037248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broekhuizen%2C%20Limburg
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Broekhuizen, Limburg
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Broekhuizen is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Horst aan de Maas, and lies about 14 km north of Venlo.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1246 as Iohanne de Bruchusen, and means "houses near swampy land". Broekhuizen developed on the Maas in the Early Middle Ages. It used to be part of the . In 1323, it became part of the Duchy of Guelders. In 1484, it became an independent parish. In 1648, it became part of the Spanish Netherlands. In 1713, it belonged to Prussia, and finally in 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The St Nicolaas is a single-aisled church which was built around 1500. After a fire in 1862, it was extensively restored between 1885 and 1886. It was damaged in 1944, and partially rebuilt between 1951 and 1952.
The Broekhuizen castle had been known to exist since the 13th century. A tower was built around 1473, and in 1732 a manor house was attached to the tower. The castle was restored in 1399, but was destroyed during the Battle of Broekhuizen in 1944. German fallschirmjäger had taken possession of the castle and were attacked by the British Army. The remains except for the cellar were later demolished in 1990.
Broekhuizen was home to 210 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 2001, when it was merged with Horst aan de Maas.
Gallery
References
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Horst aan de Maas
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4037252
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broekhuizenvorst
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Broekhuizenvorst
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Broekhuizenvorst is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Horst aan de Maas and lies at 18 km north of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1294 or 1295 as "apud Vorste", and means "not fenced off forest near Broekhuizen". Broekhuizen was added to distinguish from Grubbenvorst. Broekhuizenvorst developed on the Maas in the Early Middle Ages. It used to be part of the . In 1323, it became part of the Duchy of Guelders. In 1648, it became part of the Spanish Netherlands. In 1673, it became an independent parish. In 1713, it belonged to Prussia, and finally in 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Holy Name of Jesus Church is a short double aisled church. Its existence was already recorded in 1214. In the 13th century, the tower was added. It was enlarged in the 15th century. In 1944, the tower was blown up, and the church was rebuilt between 1948 and 1949.
Broekhuizenvorst was home to 436 people in 1840.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Horst aan de Maas
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4037254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buggenum
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Buggenum
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Buggenum (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It was a part of the municipality of Haelen until 2007, when it merged into the municipality of Leudal. It lies about 5 km north of Roermond.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1230 as Bugnem, and means "settlement of Buggo (person)". Buggenum developed in the Early Middle Ages along the Maas. It used to be part of the County of Horne and later became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. It became an independent heerlijkheid in 1679. Up to 1949, there was a ferry to Roermond near the village.
The Catholic St Allegundis Church is a three aisled church. The choir still dates from around 1400. The remainder was destroyed in 1944. The current church is Gothic Revival style was built between 1948 and 1949, and a tower was added in 1958.
Malborgh estate is a castle-like building with two corner towers. In 1470, it became owned by the St Elisabeth monastery. In 1798, it became private property and received its current shape in 1830.
Buggenum was home to 668 people in 1840. Buggenum was a separate municipality until 1942, when it was merged with Haelen.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
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4037258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadier%20en%20Keer
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Cadier en Keer
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Cadier en Keer (Limburgish: Keer) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten, and lies about 5 km east of Maastricht.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1266 as Cadirs. It has a double name, but it has always been a single village. The northern side of the road fell under Maastricht as Keer while the southern side fell under Dalhem as Cadier. In 1662, the village became part of the Dutch Republic.
The Catholic Exaltation Church is an aisleless church with detached tower. The tower has 12th century elements. The church was built between 1957 and 1958 in traditional style.
Blankenberg Castle was first mentioned in 1371. The current building dates from 1825. In 1904, it became a monastery of the French fraternity of Saint Blaise. The mission house was built in 1891. The originally buildings burnt down in 1954. It currently houses the Africa museum.
Cadier was a separate municipality until 1828. Cadier en Keer was a separate municipality between 1828 and 1982, when it was merged with Margraten. Cadier was home to 215 people in 1840 and Keer had 335 inhabitants. In 2011, the village became part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten.
Gallery
References
External links
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten
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4037265
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castenray
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Castenray
|
Castenray is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Venray, and lies about 17 km northwest of Venlo.
The village was first mentioned in 1409 as Casterloe. The etymology is unclear. Castenray was home to 211 people in 1840.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Venray
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4037266
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenrade
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Doenrade
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Doenrade is a village in the southern Dutch province of Limburg. Historically its name has also been spelled Dudenrode and Doenradt and was along a main trade route between Germany and southern Limburg. Until 1982 it was a part of the municipality of Oirsbeek but was transferred to the municipality of Schinnen. In 2019 that municipality merged with Onderbanken and Nuth to form Beekdaelen. It lies about 4 km southeast of Sittard and borders the town of Hillensberg to the north.
In 2010, Doenrade had 1,135 inhabitants. The area of the town is 4.6 km², and contained 460 households.
, which was built around 1117, is situated on the edge of the town and is a popular place to stay for tourists visiting Limburg as it has been turned into a hotel and restaurant. The towns rolling hills, bucolic pastureland, and historic buildings make it seems to visitors that they've stepped back in time.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Beekdaelen
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4037273
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckelrade
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Eckelrade
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Eckelrade () is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten, and situated about 8 km southeast of the town of Maastricht.
Traditions
This village holds a yearly contest in cherry stone spitting. Spectators are used to bringing an umbrella, when they visit the battlefield.
This village is one of the few that has been part of four municipalities at the same time and later one of two. (Until 1828 parts of it belonged to Gronsveld, to Breust, to Rijckholt and to Valkenburg. From 1828 until 1982 it was part of Sint Geertruid and of Gronsveld, whereas in the last mentioned year it completely became part of Margraten). But it is said that before 1828 a criminal could easily avoid apprehension by simply crossing the street, as there was little or no juridical co-ordination between the several municipalities the village then partly belonged to.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten
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4037278
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tause%20language
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Tause language
|
Tause, also known as Doa or Darha, is a poorly-known Papuan language of Indonesia spoken by approximately 500 people, mainly in Derapos village.
The Tause only made contact with the outside world in 1982.
The Tause language has been widely reported to be related to the neighboring Lakes Plain languages; however, this conclusion is based on little evidence. Ross (2005) placed Tause in his East Bird's Head – Sentani family, along with another language isolate and two small families, but this was motivated more by an attempt to spark further research than an actual claim of relationship. Usher (2018) classifies it as the most divergent of the West Lakes Plain languages.
References
Languages of western New Guinea
West Lakes Plain languages
Unclassified languages of New Guinea
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4037279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Jaquet
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Gilles Jaquet
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Gilles Jaquet (born 16 June 1974 in La Chaux-de-Fonds) is a Swiss snowboarder. Jaquet has competed since 1995 and was World Champion in 2001 (Giant Slalom) and 2002. He has also competed at three Olympic Games.
References
External links
Website of Gilles Jaquet
Swiss male snowboarders
Olympic snowboarders of Switzerland
Snowboarders at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Snowboarders at the 2006 Winter Olympics
1974 births
Living people
People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
Sportspeople from the canton of Neuchâtel
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4037281
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Star%20Cinema
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I Star Cinema
|
IStar Cinema Co., Ltd. (아이스타 시네마) (also known as IStar Cinema, Inc. and iStar Cinema) is a Korean entertainment company founded in May 2005. IStar Cinema is affiliate of Yuri International.
Its business sectors are management of celebrities, producing films and drama, and producing original soundtracks.
Related companies
Trifecta Entertainment
External links
IStar Cinema Official homepage (currently down)
Film production companies of South Korea
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4037283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egchel
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Egchel
|
Egchel is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Peel en Maas, and lies about 14 km north of Roermond.
The village was first mentioned in 1405 as Heynchen van Aygel. The etymology is unknown.
Egchel was home to 195 people in 1840. The Catholic St Jacobus de Meerdere Church was built in 1948.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas
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4037286
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20films%20produced%20back-to-back
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List of films produced back-to-back
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Sometimes, two or more films in a series are shot and produced "back-to-back", which means simultaneously or within a short space of time. This is usually done to eliminate the need to rebuild sets and re-hire actors for sequels, and maintain audience interest in the film series. Films produced this way usually have a well-planned pipeline, where the first film may be in post-production as the second is being shot.
While sometimes a trilogy such as The Lord of the Rings is shot with all three parts back-to-back, it is much more common for only two parts to be shot this way. Often, in a trilogy, the first film will be made on its own, and if it is a success, the remaining two parts will be produced back-to-back. This approach was pioneered by the second and third parts of the Sleepaway Camp trilogy, and has since been applied to the Back to the Future and The Matrix trilogies. Back to the Future Part II, and later, The Matrix Reloaded both ended with the words "To be concluded," a variant on the traditional "To be continued," and a trailer for their respective upcoming sequels.
The following is a list of films that have been produced this way:
List
Les Misérables - Parts 1, 2 and 3 (1934)
The Tiger of Eschnapur and The Indian Tomb (both 1938)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1943)
Roger la Honte and The Revenge of Roger (1946)
Mandrin (1947 and 1948)
The Battle of Stalingrad (1949)
I tre corsari (1952) and Jolanda, the Daughter of the Black Corsair (1953)
Stars Over Colombo (1953) and The Prisoner of the Maharaja (1954)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1954)
The Aztec Mummy (1957), The Curse of the Aztec Mummy, and The Robot vs. The Aztec Mummy (1958)<ref name="Hardy, Phil 1995">Hardy, Phil (1995). "The Overlook Film Encyclopedia Horror. Overlook Press. . Page 109</ref>
And Quiet Flows the Don (1958)
The Tiger of Eschnapur (1959) and The Indian Tomb (1959)
The Buddenbrooks (1959)
Mistress of the World (1960)
The Three Musketeers (1961)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1961)
Kali Yug: Goddess of Vengeance (1963) and The Mystery of the Indian Temple (1964)
Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Françoise (1964) and Anatomy of a Marriage: My Days with Jean-Marc (1964)
Der Schatz der Azteken (1965) and Die Pyramide des Sonnengottes (1965)
Wild, Wild Planet (1966), War of the Planets (1966), War Between the Planets (1966) and Snow Devils (1967)
War and Peace (1966 and 1967)
Die Nibelungen (1966 and 1967)
Kampf um Rom (1968 and 1969)
Red Lips Sadisterotica (1969) and Kiss Me Monster (1969)
The Emigrants (1971) and The New Land (1972)
The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974), shot as one film but split into two during post-production
1900 (1976)
Superman (1978) and Superman II (1980) (see also Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut, released 2006)
Petrovka, 38 (1980) and Ogaryova Street, Number 6 (1980), both films directed by Boris Grigoryev that were based on novels by Yulian Semyonov about Kostenko.
Trail of the Pink Panther (1982) and Curse of the Pink Panther (1983), parts of the Pink Panther series
The Outsiders (1983) and Rumble Fish (1983), both films directed by Francis Ford Coppola that were based on novels by S.E. Hinton.
Missing in Action (1984) and Missing in Action 2: The Beginning (1985), the second film was filmed first, but released later as a prequel
King Solomon's Mines (1985) and Allan Quatermain and the Lost City of Gold (1986)
Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources (both 1986)
Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers (1988) and III: Teenage Wasteland (1989), sequels to the 1983 film Sleepaway Camp
The Toxic Avenger Part II and The Toxic Avenger Part III: The Last Temptation of Toxie (both 1989) were filmed as one movie but was later re-edited into two
La Révolution française (1989)
Back to the Future Part II (1989) and Part III (1990), of the Back to the Future film series
Critters 3 and 4 (both 1991), two films of the Critters series
The Lost World and Return to the Lost World (both 1992)
Smoking/No Smoking (1993)
The Three Colours trilogy: Blue (1993), White (1994) and Red (1994)
Joan the Maiden (1994)
Blue in the Face (1995) was conceived and filmed completely ad libbed immediately following production of Smoke (1995)
Bullet to Beijing (1995) and Midnight in Saint Petersburg (1996)
Wishmaster 3: Beyond the Gates of Hell (2001) and Wishmaster: The Prophecy Fulfilled (2002)
The Lord of the Rings trilogy: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003)
The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions (both 2003), parts of the Matrix series
The Best of Youth (2003)
Dracula II: Ascension (2003) and Dracula III: Legacy (2005), both were filmed in 2002.
Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003) and Volume 2 (2004), which were originally shot as one film and later edited into two
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy and Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie (2004), the second being a direct-to-video effort assembled from deleted scenes and outtakes of the first
Ginger Snaps 2: Unleashed and Ginger Snaps Back: The Beginning (both 2004)
Hellraiser: Deader and Hellraiser: Hellworld (both 2005)
Return of the Living Dead: Necropolis and Rave to the Grave (both 2005), the fourth and fifth films in the Return of the Living Dead series
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) and At World's End (2007), the second and third films in the Pirates of the Caribbean series
Flags of Our Fathers and Letters From Iwo Jima (both 2006)
Arn – The Knight Templar (2007) and Arn – The Kingdom at Road's End (2008)
Che Part 1: The Argentine and Che Part 2: Guerilla (both 2008)
Anaconda 3: Offspring (2008) and Anacondas: Trail of Blood (2009)
Pulse 2: Afterlife and Pulse 3 (both 2008)
Feast II: Sloppy Seconds (2008) and Feast III: The Happy Finish (2009)
Mesrine (2008)
Shred (2008) and Revenge of the Boarding School Dropouts (2009)
The Girl Who Played with Fire and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (both 2009)
Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard (2009) and Arthur 3: The War of the Two Worlds (2010); the films were edited into Arthur and the Great Adventure (2010) for release in the United Kingdom
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and Part 2 (2011)
The 10 "chapters" of the Adams Apples film series (2011–2012)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011) and Part 2 (2012)
Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 1 and Part 2 were originally shot as a single film measuring a total of 319 minutes, but because of its over-five-hour length, it was divided into two parts (160 mins and 159 mins, respectively) for the Indian market.
Nymphomaniac (2013) was originally supposed to be only one complete entry; but, because of its over-five-hour length, Lars von Trier had to split the project into two separate films.
The Hobbit trilogy: An Unexpected Journey (2012), The Desolation of Smaug (2013) and The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and Part 2 (2015)
Baahubali: The Beginning (2015) and Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017)
Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019) as part of the conclusion of the Infinity Saga (the first 11 years) of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
K.G.F: Chapter 1 (2018) and K.G.F: Chapter 2 (2022)
To All the Boys: P.S. I Still Love You (2020) and To All the Boys: Always and Forever (2021)
The Kissing Booth 2 (2020) and The Kissing Booth 3 (2021)
After We Fell (2021) and After Ever Happy (2022)
Pushpa: The Rise (2021) and Pushpa 2: The Rule (TBA)
X and Pearl (both 2022)
Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), Avatar 3 (2024) alongside of footage for in Avatar 4 (2026) and for Avatar 5 (2028)
Avatar 4 (2026) and Avatar 5 (2028)
Avengers: The Kang Dynasty and Avengers: Secret Wars (both 2025)
Though not shot entirely back-to-back, the final scene of Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith was shot in Tunisia during the production of Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones in order to avoid another trip to Tunisia for a single scene.
See also
Back-to-back film production
List of films split into multiple parts
References
Back-to-back
Film production
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Townshend%2C%202nd%20Viscount%20Sydney
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John Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney
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John Thomas Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney of St Leonards (21 February 1764 – 20 January 1831) was a British peer and Member of Parliament.
Early life
Townshend was born on 21 February 1764. He was the eldest son of twelve children born to Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney of St Leonards and the former Elizabeth Powys (1736–1826). His mother was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Charlotte. Two of his brothers were also Members of Parliament, the Hon. Horatio George Powys Townshend and the Hon. William Augustus Townshend. Among his siblings were Hon Mary Elizabeth Townshend, who married John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham; Hon. Frances Townshend, who married George Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor; Hon Harriet Katherine Townshend, who married their second cousin Charles Montagu-Scott, 4th Duke of Buccleuch.
His paternal grandparents were Hon. Thomas Townshend MP (the second son of Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend and Hon. Elizabeth Pelham, the only surviving daughter and heiress of Thomas Pelham, 1st Baron Pelham) and the former Albinia Selwyn (daughter and heiress of Col. John Selwyn MP). His maternal grandparents were Richard Powys MP, of Hintlesham Hall, and the former Lady Mary Brudenell (the second daughter of George Brudenell, 3rd Earl of Cardigan).
From 1775 to 1781, he was educated at Eton School, followed by Clare College, Cambridge. He went on the Grand Tour in 1785.
Career
In 1786, he was elected to the Parliament of the United Kingdom as the Hon. John Townshend for Newport, Isle of Wight, sitting from 1786 to 1790. He then sat for Whitchurch from 1790 to 1800, where he was listed among opponents of repeal of the Test Act in Scotland in 1791. Townshend supported Pitt's administration, voting for his assessed taxes on 4 January 1798, and acting as ministerial teller on 20 June 1798. During his tenure, "he is not known to have uttered a syllable in the House." From 1784 to 1789, he served as the Under-Secretary of State for Home Affairs followed by a Lord of the Admiralty from 1789 to 1793. From 1793 to 1800, he was a Lord of the Treasury.
Upon the death of his father in 1800, he inherited his peerage and became a courtier. From 1800 to 1810, he was a Lord of the Bedchamber to George III, while also serving as a Ranger of Hyde Park and Ranger of St James's Park from 1807 to his death.
Personal life
He was twice married and both of his wives died in childbirth. His first marriage took place on 13 April 1790 to the Hon. Sophia Southwell, daughter of Sophia (née Campbell) Southwell and Edward Southwell, 20th Baron de Clifford. Before her death on 9 November 1795, they were the parents of two children together:
Hon. Sophia Mary Townshend (d. 1852), who married John Russell, third son of Lord William Russell (himself the third son of Francis Russell, Marquess of Tavistock), and was the mother of Edward Russell, 23rd Baron de Clifford, a Member of Parliament for Tavistock.
Mary Elizabeth Sydney (1794–1847), who married George James Cholmondeley (1752–1830). After his death, she married Charles Marsham, 2nd Earl of Romney.
He married a second time, to Lady Caroline Elizabeth Letitia Clements on 27 Mat 1802. Lady Caroline was the third daughter of Robert Clements, 1st Earl of Leitrim and the former Lady Elizabeth Skeffington (the eldest daughter, by his second wife, of Clotworthy Skeffington, 1st Earl of Massereene). Before her death on 9 August 1805, they were the parents of one child together:
John Robert Townshend, 1st Earl Sydney (1805–1890), who married Lady Emily Paget (1810–1893), eldest daughter of Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey.
Sydney died on 20 January 1831. His death was viewed by the family "as a great release from hopeless suffering". His titles and estate was inherited by his only son, John, who was created the first Earl Sydney, of Scadbury in the County of Kent on 27 February 1874. As John and his wife had no children, the Earldom, Viscountcy and Barony of Sydney became extinct on his death on 14 February 1890.
References
External links
John Thomas Townshend, 2nd Viscount Sydney (1764-1831), Ranger of Hyde Park and St James's Park at National Portrait Gallery, London.
1764 births
1831 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
British MPs 1796–1800
Lords of the Admiralty
Viscounts Sydney
John Townshend
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epen
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Epen
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Epen (; ) is a village in the southern part of the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem, and lies about 15 km southwest of Kerkrade. Epen is known for its timber framed houses and is part of the sightseeing tour the Mergellandroute.
The village was first mentioned in 1041 as "in villis ... Apine", and probably means "settlement near a river". Epen developed in the Early Middle Ages.
The Catholic St Paul Conversion Church is a single aisled church with a semi built-in tower with needle spire. The church was built between 1841 and 1842 and the tower was added between 1847 and 1848.
Epen was home to 443 people in 1840. After World War II, it started to developed as a tourist area.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Gulpen-Wittem
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4037300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsberg
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Etsberg
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Etsberg (Limburgish: Ètsberg) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Roerdalen, and lies about 9 km southeast of Roermond.
It was first mentioned between 1803 and 1820 as Etzenberg. The etymology is unclear. Unlike most hamlets, Etsberg has a dense triangular core. It was home to 234 people in 1840.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Roerdalen
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4037304
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20bluegrass
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Traditional bluegrass
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Traditional bluegrass, as the name implies, emphasizes the traditional elements of bluegrass music, and stands in contrast to progressive bluegrass. Traditional bluegrass musicians play folk songs, tunes with simple traditional chord progressions, and on acoustic instruments of a type that were played by bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys band in the late 1940s. Traditional bands may use their instruments in slightly different ways, for example by using multiple guitars or fiddles in a band.
In some traditional bluegrass bands, the guitar rarely takes the lead, instead acting as a rhythm instrument, one notable exception being gospel-based songs. Melodies and lyrics tend to be simple, often in the key of G, and a I-IV-V chord pattern is common. Although traditional bluegrass performers do not use electrically amplified instruments, as used in other forms of popular music, it is common practice to "mike" acoustic instruments during stage performances before larger audiences.
Bill Monroe's mandolin playing style and Kenny Baker's fiddling set the standard for traditional bluegrass musicians on those instruments. Earl Scruggs is recognized as the developer of bluegrass three finger style banjo playing.
There are ideological divisions even among traditional bluegrass bands. These divisions center on the longstanding debate about what constitutes "Bluegrass Music". A few traditional bluegrass musicians do not consider progressive bluegrass to truly be "bluegrass", some going so far as to suggest bluegrass must be styled directly after Bill Monroe's bands. However, stylistic divergences in traditional bluegrass generally center on which first generation bands from which contemporary musicians have drawn inspiration. Examples include bands who sing in the Stanley Brothers tradition: Roy Lee Centers, Larry Sparks, Sammy Adkins, The Fields Bros, The Wilson Brothers, The Gillis Brothers and various local bands across the country. Other bands followed Lester Flatt, such as Willis Spears, Curley Seckler and Karl Shifflett. Mac Wiseman's "crooning" style of Bluegrass engendered Hylo Brown and Sid Campbell. The Osborne Brothers have followers in Larry Stephenson as well as the Grascals. Frank Necessary, Blue Maggie and Hud Hadley were strongly influenced by Jimmy Martin.
See also
List of bluegrass music festivals
References
Bluegrass music
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4037305
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebroek
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Gebroek
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Gebroek () is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Echt-Susteren, and lies about 11 km north of Sittard.
The hamlet was first mentioned around 1700 as Broich, and means "swampy land". Gebroek was home to 150 people in 1840.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Echt-Susteren
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4037314
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames%20Valley%20Harriers
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Thames Valley Harriers
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Thames Valley Harriers (TVH) is an athletics club founded in 1887. It is based at the Linford Christie Stadium, in West London, England, and is named after member and Olympic 100 metres gold medallist Linford Christie.
In track and field, TVH competes in the Premiership Division of the National Athletics League as well as the Division 1 of the Southern Athletics League. In 2016 TVH's ladies team won the European Club Champions Cup.
The club also competes in road running and cross country at national, regional and county level. In recognition of the club's recent success - and TVH's record of strong contribution to its local community - England Athletics voted Thames Valley Harriers the top London Club for 2015.
History
Thames Valley Harriers is one of the UK's longest-established and most successful athletics clubs. It was founded in 1887
by seven aspiring cross-country runners who used the 'Peels' coffee house in Richmond Road, West London as a base for their training runs. Christened the East Twickenham Harriers, the club flourished and to reflect its widening horizons took the name Thames Valley Harriers on 14 November 1890.
TVH became a force both on the track and in endurance races. The 1908 Olympics at nearby White City Stadium increased the club's profile and a first Olympian was secured in 1936 when George Traynor competed in the long jump alongside Jesse Owens.
Other standout performers included Ken Norris who finished second in the 1954 world cross country championships and Ron Hopcroft who set world records for both the 50 and 100 miles. TVH was also the club where middle-distance coach Frank Horwill first developed his methods, including the creation of the British Milers Club in 1963.
TVH was a founding member of the British Athletics League in 1969 and enjoyed great success over the next two decades, winning the title three times and finishing in the top three on a total of 14 occasions, as well as achieving multiple wins in the Southern road relays and cross country championships.
This success provided the momentum for the club to build a new clubhouse at the West London Stadium by Wormwood Scrubs, which was completed in 1979. From this platform emerged TVH's greatest ever athlete – Linford Christie - who claimed a haul of international sprint medals including 1992 Olympic 100m gold in Barcelona. The West London Stadium was renamed the Linford Christie Stadium in his honour and he still serves as the Club President.
2021 saw the launch of a new National Athletics League, combining the former British Athletics League (BAL) for men and UK Women's Athletics League (UKWAL) into one competition. Thames Valley Harriers won all four of the club's matches to win the title.
Honours
National Athletics League
2021 Winners
British Athletics League (senior men)
First Place: 1970, 1971, 1994
Second Place: 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
Third Place: 1969, 1974, 1976, 1979, 1991, 1996
UK Women's Athletic League (senior women)
First Place: 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
Second Place: 2016
Third Place: 2014
European Club Champions Cup
First Place: 2016
Notable athletes
Olympians
References
External links
Official club website
Sports clubs established in 1887
Athletics clubs in London
Athletics clubs in England
1887 establishments in England
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4037325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamkova%20Hora%20%28Kyiv%29
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Zamkova Hora (Kyiv)
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Zamkova Hora hill (, literally Castle Hill) in Kyiv, Ukraine is a historical landmark in the center of the city. It is part of the city's geographic relief complex known as Kyiv Mountains (or Kyiv Hills). The place is called "Zamkova" because Vytautas the Great had his castle here. Other names: Khorevytsya, Kyselivka, Frolovska, Lysa Hora. Some important events of Ukrainian history took place on the hill.
According to some researchers, Zamkova Hora also has a mystical prehistory, supposedly being one of the lysi hory ("bald mountains") - the sites of the witch gatherings. Geographically, it is really "bald" (lacking trees) from several sides.
In the 18th century a cemetery was established on the hill (now abandoned).
It is now a small landscape park in Podil Raion still containing interesting grave monuments. Zamkova Hora is also one of two hills that border the Andriyivskyy Descent.
Reclaiming the mystical essence of the hill, local satanist groups have conducted their ceremonies there since late 1980s. Small ritual structures were covertly built on site.
See also
Lysa Hora (Kyiv)
Florovsky Convent
External links
Zamkovagora Project (named after the hill, aimed to study and preserve not only it, but also other landmarks of old Kyiv)
Former castles in Ukraine
History of Kyiv
Tourist attractions in Kyiv
Hills of Kyiv
European witchcraft
Former buildings and structures in Ukraine
Andriyivskyy Descent
Podilskyi District
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4037327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil%20Mito%C5%84
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Kamil Mitoń
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Kamil Mitoń (born 12 April 1984, in Kraków) is a Polish chess Grandmaster (2002).
In 1996, he won the World Chess U12 Championship, in Menorca.
He won the tournaments 2000 in Cannes/France and 2005 in Bajade de la Virgen (ahead of Kolev, Damljanovic, Fridman, Krivoshey, Spassov, Avrukh and others). In 2005 he tied for first with Magesh Chandran Panchanathan in the 33rd World Open, played in Philadelphia over the Independence Day weekend. In the same year he tied for 2nd–5th with Lazaro Bruzon, Zhang Pengxiang and Artyom Timofeev in the Samba Cup in Skanderborg. In December 2007, he came first in the 17th Magistral de Elgoibar tournament. In 2010 he tied for 1st–6th with Lázaro Bruzón, Bojan Kurajica, Yuri Gonzalez Vidal, Evgeny Gleizerov and Bartłomiej Heberla in the 4th Torneo Internacional de Ajedrez Ciudad de La Laguna and won the event on tie-break. In 2011, he tied for 1st–6th with Ivan Sokolov, Vladimir Baklan, Yuriy Kuzubov, Jon Ludvig Hammer and Illia Nyzhnyk in the MP Reykjavík Open.
In 2008 he played in the chess Olympiad in Dresden scoring 4 points in 8 games on the second board. In September 2010 he played for the Polish team at the Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk scoring 7.5 points out of 10 games.
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Polish chess players
World Youth Chess Champions
Sportspeople from Kraków
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4037331
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20Kober
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Alice Kober
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Alice Elizabeth Kober (December 23, 1906 – May 16, 1950) was an American classicist best known for her work on the decipherment of Linear B. Educated at Hunter College and Columbia University, Kober taught classics at Brooklyn College from 1930 until her death. In the 1940s, she published three major papers on the script, demonstrating evidence of inflection; her discovery allowed for the deduction of phonetic relationships between different signs without assigning them phonetic values, and would be a key step in the eventual decipherment of the script.
Early life and education
Alice Elizabeth Kober was born in New York on December 23, 1906 to the Hungarian immigrants Franz and Katharina Kober. The family lived in Yorkville, Manhattan, and Franz worked as a furniture upholsterer and later an apartment superintendent. She had one brother, William, two years younger. Kober studied at Hunter College High School, and in 1924 won a $100-per-year scholarship. She went on to attend Hunter College, where she majored in Latin or classics and graduated magna cum laude in 1928. It was during her undergraduate studies that Kober was first introduced to the Minoan scripts. After graduating, she began postgraduate study at Columbia University, simultaneously teaching in the Hunter College classics department. She was awarded an MA from Columbia in 1929, and a PhD in 1932, with her dissertation on "The Use of Color Terms in the Greek Poets, Including all the Poets from Homer to 146 BC except the Epigrammatists".
As a graduate student, Kober studied widely, taking classes in mathematics, chemistry, and astronomy as well as classics. After finishing her PhD, she gained experience in archaeology, taking part in fieldwork in Chaco Canyon organised by the University of New Mexico in 1936, and in Greece with the American School of Classical Studies in Athens in 1939. She studied a variety of languages. As well as mastering Greek, Latin, French, German, and Anglo-Saxon, she took courses in Sanskrit at the Linguistic Institute in 1941 and 1942, and at Yale from 1942 to 1945; she also took classes in Hittite, Old Persian, Tocharian, Old Irish, Akkadian, Sumerian, Chinese, and Basque. In late 1946, at the beginning of her Guggenheim Fellowship, she studied several languages of ancient Asia Minor, including Carian, Hattic, Hurrian, Lycian, and Lydian.
Career
From 1930 until her death in 1950, Kober taught at Brooklyn College. In 1936 she became assistant professor there; in 1950 she was promoted to associate professor. Brooklyn College was primarily a teaching rather than a research institution, and she taught a full course load, sharing an office with four others. From 1944, she also converted textbooks and exams into braille for all of Brooklyn College's blind students.
Kober was a member of many professional organisations, including the American Classical League, the Archaeological Institute of America – serving on the editorial board for the American Journal of Archaeology –, the American Philological Association, and the Linguistic Society of America. From the early 1940s, she was the faculty adviser to the Hunter College chapter of Eta Sigma Phi, an honor society for classics. In 1948, she was made a research associate of the University of Pennsylvania's museum.
Linear B
Kober never married, and is not known to have had any romantic relationships; aside from her teaching commitments, she dedicated her life to the decipherment of Linear B. She began work on the script in the early 1930s, though she did not lecture about or publish her work on it until the 1940s. Unlike other scholars at the time, who began their analysis of the script by attempting to identify the language that it encoded, Kober believed that any decipherment of Linear B must begin with the internal evidence of the Linear B tablets. She began her work on Linear B by analysing the individual characters on the tablets, compiling statistics about their frequency, the positions they appeared in, and the characters which they appeared alongside. Over the course of her work on the script, she filled 40 notebooks and – after the beginning of the Second World War made paper harder to come by – 180,000 index cards made from scrap paper with her research notes.
In 1945, Kober published the first of three major papers on Linear B, "Evidence of Inflection in the 'Chariot' Tablets of Knossos", proving the hypothesis, first suggested by Sir Arthur Evans, that it recorded an inflected language. In 1946 she published the second of her major papers on the script, "Inflection in Linear Class B", which expanded on the work in her 1945 paper. This paper, according to Maurice Pope her "most rigorous and most famous" work, would prove to be a crucial step in the eventual decipherment of Linear B. In it, Kober identified so-called bridging syllables, where the beginning of the syllable is part of the root of a word, and the end is part of the inflected suffix; this allowed for the identification of phonetic relationships between sets of Linear B signs.
Also in 1946, Kober was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, allowing her to take a year off from her teaching duties to work on Linear B full time. She traveled to England, spending five weeks at St. Hugh's College, Oxford, where she would have access to the entire collection of unpublished Linear B inscriptions discovered by Evans. Kober spent her time in Oxford copying these inscriptions by hand, so they could be analysed on her return to New York; where she had only previously had access to the approximately 200 already-published inscriptions, after her time at St. Hugh's she had copies of nearly 1800.
In September 1947, at the instigation of John Franklin Daniel, the editor of the American Journal of Archaeology, Kober began work on her third major paper on Linear B, summarizing the state of scholarship on the Minoan scripts; she submitted the finished manuscript in October 1947, and it was published in 1948. Building on her 1945 and 1946 papers, in this article Kober set forth a grid of ten Linear B characters, showing for each which other signs it shared a consonant or vowel with. In the late 1940s, she also began proofreading and typing up John Myres' manuscript of Scripta Minoa II. She returned to Oxford in 1948 to work with Myres on the preparation of the manuscript for publication, and agreed to assist with Scripta Minoa III, which was to cover Linear A.
Death and legacy
In July 1949, Kober fell ill and was hospitalised. She died on May 16, 1950, aged 43. There is no record of the cause of her illness in her correspondence, death certificate, or obituaries. According to her cousin, family rumor held that she died of stomach cancer. Kober left her archives to Emmett L. Bennett Jr., an American classicist with whom she had corresponded since 1948. They are held by the University of Texas at Austin.
Kober is remembered as an important contributor to the decipherment of Linear B. In an obituary in the journal Language, Adelaide Hahn wrote that "if and when this decipherment is ultimately achieved, surely her careful and faithful spade-work will be found to have played a part therein". This prediction would prove true: after Michael Ventris' decipherment of the script, his collaborator John Chadwick recognised her for laying the foundation, and described her contributions to the study of Linear B as "the most valuable" before Ventris' final solution.
Select bibliography
Notes
References
Works cited
External links
1906 births
1950 deaths
20th-century American people
20th-century American women
American classical scholars
American people of Hungarian descent
Brooklyn College faculty
Classical philologists
Columbia University alumni
Hunter College alumni
Hunter College High School alumni
Linguists
People from Yorkville, Manhattan
Women classical scholars
Women linguists
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4037340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%2C%20Netherlands
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Horn, Netherlands
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Horn is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Leudal, and lies about 5 km northwest of Roermond.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1102 as "Engelbertus de Hurne", and means "corner". Horn developed in the Early Middle Ages along the Maas. In 1102, a Heer of Horn existed. In 1450, it became the capital of the County of Horn. In 1614, Horn became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. In 1839, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Horn Castle is a located on an artificially enlarged hill surrounded by a dry moat. In the 13th century an irregular square motte-and-bailey castle with four corner towers was built probably on the site of an earlier castle. In the 15th century, the castle was enlarged. Two corner towers were demolished and a new tower was built above the gate. In 1615, it was damaged by war. During the 18th century, the castle started to deteriorate and was used as a farm. In 1798, the castle was restored and extended. It was lightly damaged by war in 1945, however the living quarters suffered a fire in 1948. Between 1954 and 1957, the castle was restored by .
The Catholic St Martinus Church is a three aisled church with detached tower. It was built between 1936 and 1937 as a replacement of the 1838. The tower was blown up in 1944, and rebuilt shortly after.
Horn was home to 797 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1991, when it was merged with Haelen. In 2007, it became part of the municipality of Leudal.
Notable people
Teunkie Van Der Sluijs, theatre director
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20American%20Mountain%20Rally
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Great American Mountain Rally
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Great American Mountain Rally (GAMR) was an automotive rally held in November in New England, United States. The course was 1500 miles long in harsh temperatures and cruel terrain. GAMR was possibly the first-ever US FIA-sanctioned rally.
In 1957, Saab 93 cars made headline news as three stock 93s entered into the competition and won first, third and fourth place in their class, as well as overall and team trophies.
Winners
1953
Manufacturer's team prize - Sunbeam
1954
Manufacturer's team prize - Sunbeam
1955
November 24–26
1 Kriplen-Richert (Porsche)
2 Blodgett-Rauch (Triumph TR2)
3 Bulck, W.-Bulck, E. (Austin-Healey)
1956
November 21-25
1 Lehmann-Brown (Saab)
2 Mackley-Hamlock (Renault)
3 Blackburn, D. and F. (Jaguar)
4 Young-Fendler (Volkswagen)
5 Hurtley, H. and A. (Triumph TR3)
6 Middle-Muskin (Saab)
7 Gatsonides-Blodgett (Triumph TR3)
1957
There has been no evidence discovered that the event ran through 1957; 1956 was the last year based upon all the documentation I have found. 1956 was the year that SAAB first came over and essentially swept the field.
Winner Bob Wehman and Louis Braun, USA - Saab 93
Manufacturer's team prize - SAAB
Rally competitions in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania%2023
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WrestleMania 23
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WrestleMania 23 was the 23rd annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brand divisions. The event took place on April 1, 2007, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. The event was the first WrestleMania at Ford Field and the second to take place in the Detroit metropolitan area (following WrestleMania III, which was held at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan). It was also the first WrestleMania to feature the ECW brand following its establishment as WWE's third brand in May 2006.
Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled for the event, which featured a supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event. The main event of the show, which was the main match on the Raw brand, was John Cena versus Shawn Michaels for the WWE Championship, in which Cena won. The predominant match on the SmackDown! brand was Batista versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship, in which The Undertaker was victorious. The primary match on the ECW brand saw ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley (representing Donald Trump) defeat Raw's Intercontinental Champion Umaga (representing Vince McMahon) in a match where either Trump or McMahon would be shaved bald if their wrestler lost. The match was billed as the "Battle of the Billionaires". Other featured matches included an eight-man tag team match between The ECW Originals and The New Breed and an eight-man interpromotional Money in the Bank ladder match.
Tickets for the event went on sale on November 11, 2006. The event set the all-time Ford Field attendance record of 80,103 people; people from all fifty U.S. states, twenty-four countries, and nine Canadian provinces attended the event. WrestleMania 23 grossed $5.38 million in ticket sales, breaking the previous record of $3.9 million held by WrestleMania X8. WWE estimated that $25 million was pumped into the Detroit economy. With about 1.2 million buys, the event, at the time, was the most bought WWE pay-per-view in history. 2012's WrestleMania XXVIII surpassed the event as the most bought WWE pay-per-view, receiving 1.21 million buys. WrestleMania 23 was also the fifth highest attended WrestleMania in history behind only WrestleMania 29 (which drew 80,676 fans), WrestleMania 35 (which drew 82,265 fans) WrestleMania III (which drew 93,173 fans), and WrestleMania 32 (which drew 101,763 fans).
Production
Background
WrestleMania is considered World Wrestling Entertainment's (WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It has become the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of WWE's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Four". WrestleMania 23 was scheduled to be held on April 1, 2007, at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. The event featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown!, and ECW brands. It was the first to feature ECW, a relaunch of the former Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that became a WWE brand in June 2006, subsequently also being the first to feature the ECW World Championship (although it was not defended at this event as the champion competed in a non-title match).
The set design for WrestleMania 23 began development in October 2006 after WWE set designer, Jason Robinson, first received the final logo for the event. Robinson and his team first surveyed Ford Field in July 2006 and began planning out the staging and lighting designs. After returning to the stadium in January 2007 for more site surveying, Robinson and his team finalized the set's design in February. The final design resulted in WrestleMania 23 having the largest set ever built for a WrestleMania event. It incorporated 414 LED video screens and automated lights, 10 spotlights, 56 searchlights, 50,000 ft of cable for pyrotechnics and other use, and 35 stage flamethrowers used to produce 30 ft high and 6 ft wide flames, all which gave the set a unique look for each performer's entrance and an expanded stage lighting element of 300 ft in width and 100 ft in height using the specialized stage lighting instruments. The ramp used to reach the ring from the entrance set was 187 ft in length.
Though it took three weeks to fully prepare Ford Field, set assembly began the week before WrestleMania 23 and was completed shortly before the day of the event. It took a week for three hundred staff members, unloading and working from forty semi-trucks, to build the set and assemble the event's lighting within Ford Field, far more than the usual forty hours, one hundred staff members, and fourteen semi-trucks required for the production of WWE's weekly television events. After the event concluded, it took around thirty hours to disassemble the set and lighting, also far more than the usual three hours required for WWE's weekly television events.
Storylines
WrestleMania 23 featured professional wrestling matches involving wrestlers from existing scripted feuds and storylines played out on WWE's television programs. Wrestlers portrayed faces (heroes) or heels (villains) as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a match or a series of matches.
The main staged rivalry heading into WrestleMania 23 was between WWE Chairman Vince McMahon and future 45th President of the United States Donald Trump. On the January 8 edition of Raw, Trump faced off against his real-life rival, Rosie O'Donnell. Trump won the contest, although local wrestlers portrayed Trump and O'Donnell. During McMahon's "Fan Appreciation Night" on the January 29 edition of Raw, Trump interrupted and dropped large sums of money into the arena. The following month, the two came up with a match for WrestleMania, where the stipulations for the match were that they each had to choose a representative to wrestle for them and the loser would have his head shaved bald. This match was then billed as the "Battle of the Billionaires". McMahon picked Umaga as his representative, while Trump picked Bobby Lashley. After successfully defending his ECW World Championship against Hardcore Holly in a Steel Cage match, a match in which the ring is surrounded by a steel cage on an edition of ECW on Sci Fi, Lashley charged at the cage, slammed through it, and landed atop of Umaga, who was at ringside. On the March 5 edition of Raw, Steve Austin was appointed as special guest referee for the "Battle of the Billionaires" match at WrestleMania 23. On the March 26 edition of Raw, McMahon faced off against Lashley in a No Disqualification match. In the match, several people interfered on McMahon's behalf, including Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, Chris Masters, Johnny Nitro, and Umaga. This interference allowed McMahon to win the bout.
The main rivalry on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Shawn Michaels over the WWE Championship. After The Undertaker, the winner of the 2007 Royal Rumble match, made his decision to face Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania, a match to determine the next challenger to the WWE Championship was announced. Michaels defeated Randy Orton and Edge in a Triple Threat match to win a chance to face Cena at WrestleMania. On an edition of Raw, Orton and Edge, who were tag team partners as Rated-RKO, attempted to attack Cena, but Michaels ran-in and attacked them with steel chairs. Before a scheduled tag team match between Rated-RKO and Cena and Michaels, Orton played a video that highlighted the past friendships that Michaels was involved in, before turning on the friend. In the match, Michaels nearly superkicked Cena after Orton moved. Due to a later disagreement, Edge left Orton and walked off backstage, which allowed Cena and Michaels to win the match. The following week, Michaels responded to the video set-up by Orton, and made comments regarding Cena.
After Michaels defeated Orton, Cena ran-down to the ring and saved Michaels from an attack by Edge and Orton. On the final Raw before WrestleMania, Cena and Michaels would team up to face Batista and Undertaker in a rematch from their match at No Way Out. Cena and Michaels looked set to win after performing a synchronized Five Knuckle Shuffle, but Michaels turned on Cena and superkicked him, which allowed Batista and Undertaker to win the match.
The main feud on the SmackDown! brand was between Batista and The Undertaker over the World Heavyweight Championship. Undertaker won the 2007 Royal Rumble match to earn a championship match against any one of WWE's three world championships (WWE, World Heavyweight, or ECW). On the February 5 episode of Raw, Undertaker chose to challenge Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship when he chokeslammed him at the center of the ring. In the weeks leading to WrestleMania 23, Batista and Undertaker partook in tag team matches. At the beginning of the feud, Batista claimed to have great respect for The Undertaker; however, after several attacks by The Undertaker, Batista claimed to have lost all respect for him especially at No Way Out when Batista gained some payback by delivering a Spinebuster to The Undertaker, allowing Raw's WWE Champion, John Cena and Shawn Michaels to deliver their signature moves on The Undertaker for the victory during their inter-promotional WrestleMania 23 tag team main event. On the final Raw before WrestleMania during a rematch between Cena and Michaels against Batista and Undertaker from No Way Out, Undertaker walked out of the match in response to Batista attacking him during the first encounter, leaving Batista to fight alone against Cena and Michaels. However, Batista and Undertaker would end up winning the match after Michaels betrayed Cena by hitting him with a superkick, which allowed Batista to pin Cena for the win.
The main feud on the ECW brand was between two teams of four; The ECW Originals and The New Breed. The feud mainly revolved around which team was the "dominant force" in the revived ECW brand. The two factions of four-faced off in several tag team matches throughout the weeks prior to the event. The New Breed seemed to have dominated for several weeks; however, ECW Originals leader, Rob Van Dam, defeated New Breed leader Elijah Burke in a singles match. ECW Original Tommy Dreamer issued the challenge to the New Breed for an eight-man tag team match at WrestleMania 23, which was accepted by Burke on behalf of The New Breed.
The last major feud involved eight men. Several weeks before WrestleMania 23, it was announced that the Money in the Bank ladder match would be held again, as it was in the last two years. This year, however, there would be eight men involved, rather than six the two previous years had. Throughout the weeks leading up to WrestleMania 23, qualifying matches took place on all three shows. On an edition of Raw, Edge, the winner of the match held in 2005, defeated Rob Van Dam, the winner of the match held in 2006, to earn the first spot in the match. The next night on ECW, another cross-brand match took place, with CM Punk defeating Johnny Nitro to qualify. On that week's SmackDown!, King Booker became the third man to qualify, defeating Kane in a Falls Count Anywhere match after The Great Khali interfered. On the next edition of Raw, Jeff Hardy pinned Shelton Benjamin in a match to become the fourth man to qualify. The next night on ECW, Mr. Kennedy defeated Sabu in an Extreme Rules match to earn the fifth spot. On the next SmackDown!, two qualifying matches took place, with Matt Hardy and Finlay winning their respective match to qualify when Matt Hardy defeated Joey Mercury and Finlay defeated WWE US Champion, Chris Benoit & Montel Vontavious Porter in the Triple threat qualification match. The final qualifying match took place on Raw between Carlito and Ric Flair. The match was deemed a no-contest after The Great Khali interfered and attacked both men. The following week, on Raw, Randy Orton defeated Flair and Carlito in an elimination match to become the final man to qualify. After Edge and Orton had split as a team, the two attempted to get the other taken out of the Money in the Bank ladder match. Both men failed, however, as Edge won a "last chance" battle royal to retain his spot and Orton won a match on ECW to retain his.
At No Way Out, WWE United States Champion Chris Benoit and the Hardy Boyz (Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy) defeated MNM (Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro) and Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP). After Benoit and MVP had some matches with the two in them (tag team and triple threat matches), MVP decided to start showing he was the "true" United States Champion. MVP would then have matches against the "champions" of other countries (including Luxembourg and Scotland, who in reality were jobbers), beating them within minutes. MVP then challenged Benoit for the title at WrestleMania 23.
Event
Pre-show
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, Ric Flair and Carlito faced Gregory Helms and Chavo Guerrero in a tag team lumberjack match. Flair and Carlito controlled the early part of the match until Helms threw Flair over the top rope. The lumberjacks attacked Flair before throwing him back into the ring. Helms and Guerrero continued to beat on Flair, but couldn't pin Flair. Guerrero tried to end it with his frog splash, but Flair moved. Guerrero tagged in Helms, but Flair tagged in Carlito. Carlito dominated Helms, leading to Guerrero coming in to help Helms, but Flair came in and fought Guerrero. Flair and Guerrero took each other out of the ring, and before the lumberjacks could throw them back in the ring, Carlito hit the Backstabber on Guerrero to pick up the win for himself and Flair.
The event officially began with Aretha Franklin singing a rendition of "America the Beautiful", reprising her role from twenty years earlier at WrestleMania III.
Preliminary matches
In the first match that aired, Edge, Randy Orton, Jeff Hardy, King Booker (with Queen Sharmell), Mr. Kennedy, Matt Hardy, Finlay, and CM Punk competed in the third annual Money in the Bank ladder match. The match featured many notable spots, including points where Edge performed the Spear on all the other opponents, followed by Orton doing the same by performing the RKO later in the match. Kennedy missed a Kenton Bomb, landing on a ladder, and received a Swanton Bomb from Jeff. Several dangerous ladders spots were also featured, including Orton performing an RKO on Punk off a ladder, and Booker performing a Book End to Orton off the ladder as well. Midway through the match, Jeff climbed a fifteen-foot-high ladder inside the ring and on his brother, Matt's urging, he performed a leg drop off of that ladder onto Edge, through another ladder bridged between the ring apron and the barricade. They were carried off on stretchers by the paramedics. Later, when Booker was about to retrieve the contract briefcase, Matt held Booker's wife, Sharmell as a hostage, threatening to perform a Twist of Fate on her. Booker went to her aid and received the Twist of Fate from Matt. Finlay fought Matt for some time in the ring, and also performed the Celtic Cross to Matt onto a ladder. Finlay's associate Hornswoggle emerged from under the ring and attempted to retrieve the briefcase for Finlay. He was stopped by Kennedy, who performed his Green Bay Plunge on Hornswoggle. Kennedy went on to win the match, only after knocking Punk off a ladder by hitting him with another ladder.
The next match was billed as a "SmackDown! versus Raw Interpromotional match". Raw's The Great Khali faced SmackDown!'s Kane. It was a short match but contained a notable spot. In homage to Hulk Hogan slamming André the Giant twenty years earlier at WrestleMania III, Kane picked up Khali for the first time and body-slammed him to the mat. The match ended with Khali pinning Kane after a Giant Chokeslam. After the match, Khali choked Kane out with Kane's chained hook, which was a reference to Kane's movie, See No Evil, where his character used the hook as a signature weapon.
A backstage segment was featured next, which involved Cryme Tyme persuading Eugene to dance with Extreme Expose instead he danced with Mae Young and The Fabulous Moolah, who were dressed as strippers as Cryme Tyme danced with Extreme Exposé. Also featured in the segment were WWE Legends Slick, Ricky Steamboat, Jimmy Hart, Irwin R. Schyster, Dusty Rhodes, Sgt. Slaughter, Howard Finkel, Gene Okerlund, Pat Patterson and Gerald Brisco, many of whom had not been seen on television in years until Farooq interrupted the festivities with his signature "DAMN!" catchphrase.
In the fourth match, Chris Benoit faced Montel Vontavious Porter for the United States Championship. The match started off with a chain of takedowns, holds, and reversals, with MVP keeping up with Benoit, even going for some submission holds. The match lasted almost ten minutes, with Benoit attempting to lock in some of his signature submission holds, but MVP successfully reversed them, including the Crippler Crossface. The two exchanged suplexes and holds until Benoit executed a Diving headbutt on MVP, which led to Benoit getting the pinfall victory to retain the WWE United States Championship. This was Chris Benoit's last Wrestlemania match
Main event matches
Long-time ring announcer Howard Finkel then introduced the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2007. The next match featured Batista defending the World Heavyweight Championship against The Undertaker. Undertaker's entrance was without pyro due to it prematurely igniting during an earlier match, catching part of the stage on fire, which was put out with fire extinguishers. The match started with Batista performing a Spear on Undertaker as the bell sounded. The match went back and forth, with both men countering each other and performing their finishers. Undertaker performed a Chokeslam, but Batista kicked out of the pinfall attempt. Undertaker was then able to perform a Last Ride to Batista for a near-fall. Midway through the match, Undertaker performed an Over The Top Rope Suicide Dive on Batista. At one point, Batista was able to perform a running powerslam on Undertaker through a broadcast table. Back in the ring, Batista executed a Spinebuster followed by a Batista Bomb for a near-fall. Undertaker then pinned Batista following a Tombstone piledriver to become the World Heavyweight Champion and emerge from WrestleMania with his winning streak intact. The Undertaker's win made him the first wrestler to have won both the World Heavyweight Championship and the WWE Championship at WrestleMania.
The ECW Originals (Rob Van Dam, Sabu, Tommy Dreamer, and The Sandman) took on The New Breed (Elijah Burke, Kevin Thorn, Marcus Cor Von, and Matt Striker) next. The match started off with Cor Von working over Sabu. That changed when Cor Von tagged Striker, who missed an elbow after whipping Sabu into the ropes, allowing Sandman to get tagged. Sandman dominated Striker, and eventually tagged Van Dam. Van Dam used also dominated Striker but was poked in the eye, allowing Striker to tag in Burke. Burke had early success, but Van Dam regained the advantage and tagged Sandman again. Sandman worked on Burke until tagging Dreamer. Dreamer also beat down Burke until Cor Von received a blind tag and hit Dreamer from behind. Cor Von attacked Dreamer relentlessly and went over and punched Sabu, which distracted the referee and allowed Dreamer to be triple-teamed by Thorn, Burke, and Striker. Cor Von tagged in Burke who almost pinned Dreamer. Thorn entered next and almost performed his finishing move called the Original Sin. Dreamer managed to escape but was unable to tag his partners. Thorn tagged in Cor Von again who also almost pinned Dreamer. Cor Von tagged Thorn again, and Thorn resumed the beat down on Dreamer. Thorn tagged Striker next, and Striker attempted a suplex that Dreamer blocked and Dreamer suplexed Striker instead. Striker did not try to tag his partners and tried to stop Dreamer, but Dreamer tagged in Sabu. Sabu began to manhandle Striker and executed a leg drop from the top rope. Van Dam was then tagged in. Burke broke up Van Dam's pin attempt, which led to all competitors entering the ring. While the referee was distracted, Ariel gave Striker a chair. But Van Dam gave Striker an Van Daminator when he kicked the chair into Striker's face. Van Dam pinned Striker after a Five-Star Frog Splash to win the match for The Originals.
The match that WWE billed as the "Battle of the Billionaires" was next, as Umaga (accompanied by Vince McMahon and his handler Armando Alejandro Estrada) fought Bobby Lashley (accompanied by Donald Trump). Stone Cold Steve Austin served as the special guest referee. Trump was attended to by Tara Connor. Midway through the match, Austin was attacked by Umaga, causing him to become incapacitated and was taken out of the match for several minutes. Shane McMahon, who attempted to replace him as the referee, called the match while being biased toward Umaga. After Umaga got a near-fall on Lashley, Austin pulled Shane out of the ring, gave him a Stunner, and went back to the ring. Umaga attempted a Samoan Spike on Austin, but he avoided it and Stunned Umaga. Lashley took the opportunity and speared Umaga, then pinned him to get the victory. After the match, Trump and Lashley shaved Vince's head bald, followed by Austin executing a Stunner on Trump.
The next match was Melina against Ashley in a Lumberjill Match for the WWE Women's Championship. The match was short, as Melina Bridge pinned Ashley to retain the title. After the match, the lumberjills began brawling in the ring.
The main event was John Cena against Shawn Michaels for the WWE Championship. After a back and forth match, the longest of the night, Cena applied the STF on Michaels, Michaels submitted and Cena retained the title.
Reception
The event received generally positive reviews. Canadian Online Explorer writers Dale Plummer and Nick Tylwalk rated the entire event 8 out of 10 stars, which was the same rating as the previous year's event. The lowest rated match on the card was Kane versus The Great Khali with a 0.5 out of a 10 star rating, the WWE Women's Championship match between Melina and Ashley was the second lowest rated match; it was rated 2 stars. The "Battle of the Billionaires" match was rated an 8 out of 10 stars. Batista versus The Undertaker for the World Heavyweight Championship match, one of the matches from the double main event, was rated 7.5 out of 10 stars. The main event match for the WWE Championship was rated a 9 out of 10 stars, and the Money in the Bank ladder match received the same rating. The attendance was reported to be 80,103 by numerous sources, a Ford Field record.
Aftermath
John Cena and Shawn Michaels continued their feud, with Michaels betraying Cena the night after WrestleMania on Raw. During the second of two battle royals, Michaels eliminated himself and Cena, resulting in The Hardys winning the World Tag Team Championship. On the Raw before Backlash, Cena and Michaels wrestled an almost hour long non-title match, which Michaels won.
Batista also continued his feud with The Undertaker, facing off against him in a Last Man Standing match the following month at Backlash. The match ended in a draw after both men failed to answer the ten count, therefore resulting in Undertaker retaining the title. The two faced each other in a Steel cage match on the May 11, 2007, edition of SmackDown!, which ended in a draw after both men escaped the cage at the same time. The feud ended when The Undertaker dropped the World Heavyweight Championship due to a legitimate injury. Edge, who won Kennedy's Money in the Bank contract in a match on Raw the previous Monday, cashed it in and defeated The Undertaker after the Steel cage match to win the title.
Bobby Lashley's feud with Vince McMahon continued for a further three months after the event. Vince, livid after being embarrassed at WrestleMania, vowed to destroy Lashley and take his ECW World Championship. At Backlash, Vince, his son Shane and Umaga teamed up a Three on one handicap match against Lashley, and after two Samoan Splashes by Umaga from the top rope, Vince pinned Lashley to win the ECW World Championship. The feud continued for a further two pay-per-views, with Lashley pinning Shane in a rematch from Backlash at Judgment Day, but Vince ruled that as he did not get pinned, Lashley did not win the title. At One Night Stand, Lashley finally defeated Vince in a Street Fight to reclaim the ECW World Championship.
The match between Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter expanded into a lengthy feud for the WWE United States Championship, resulting in Benoit retaining via pinfall at Backlash and MVP winning the title in a Two out of three falls match at Judgment Day, winning 2–0.
The feud between the ECW Originals and the New Breed continued, with the New Breed defeating the ECW Originals in an Extreme Rules match on the next edition of ECW. Sabu was released from the company shortly after WrestleMania, and The Sandman was drafted to Raw a few months later in the 2007 WWE Draft. Kevin Thorn left the New Breed shortly after WrestleMania and Marcus Cor Von was also released shortly thereafter. By this point, Elijah Burke and Matt Striker had ceased associating with one another, with Striker eventually being relegated to a manager role for Big Daddy V. In addition, Rob Van Dam left the company when his contract expired shortly after One Night Stand. As a result of all of this, the feud eventually puttered out and was rarely mentioned again.
Mr. Kennedy lost his Money in the Bank contract to Edge on the May 7 episode of Raw, after Edge defeated Kennedy in a match with the briefcase on the line. Kennedy would be only Money in the Bank contract holder to never cash in the briefcase until Otis in 2020. On the May 11, 2007, episode of SmackDown!, after the Undertaker retained the World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage match against Batista via a draw and was attacked by Mark Henry, Edge successfully cashed the contract in on a beaten-down Undertaker and won the World Heavyweight Championship for the first time in his career.
This was the last WrestleMania ever to be in 4:3 format until January 2008 when it went to high definition.
Sponsorship controversy
Rockford-Montgomery Labs, through their brand 360 OTC, was named as the official sponsor of the event. On January 19, 2008, WWE filed a lawsuit against the company alleging non-payment of the sponsorship funds. A similar lawsuit was also filed by NASCAR Cup Series team Bill Davis Racing, which had run WWE and WrestleMania 23 sponsorship as part of their sponsorship deal with 360 OTC.
Results
See also
Donald Trump's CNN bodyslam tweet
References
External links
The Official Website of WrestleMania 23
2007 in Michigan
Donald Trump in popular culture
Events in Detroit
WrestleMania
Professional wrestling in Detroit
2007 WWE pay-per-view events
April 2007 events in the United States
Professional wrestling in Michigan
no:WrestleMania#WrestleMania 23
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20Wood
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Molly Wood
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Molly Kristin Wood (born May 23, 1975) is an American venture capitalist, podcast host, and journalist.
Early life and education
Molly Wood was born in Helena, Montana on May 23, 1975. She graduated in May 1997 with a BA in journalism with a minor in French from the University of Montana. During her senior year she served as the editor of the weekly student newspaper, the Montana Kaimin. Upon graduation, she took a job as a reporter at the Missoulian. In July 1997, she joined the Associated Press, handling a variety of both general news and sports stories in the Western United States.
Career
Molly was the tech correspondent and backup host for the US public radio program Marketplace and its various spinoffs. She also co-hosted the podcast Make Me Smart with Kai Ryssdal. She has previously held positions as an executive editor at CNET.com as well as a writer for the Associated Press, MacHome Journal magazine, O'Reilly Media, and the deputy technology editor for the Business Day section of The New York Times. Wood hosted the Gadgettes podcast with Kelly Morrison, and "The Buzz Report", a technology video news column that was published weekly. She has appeared in mainstream media shows such as Live! With Regis and Kelly, American Public Media's Marketplace, and CNBC's On the Money and was the co-host of the Buzz Out Loud podcast with Tom Merritt, then Brian Tong, which ended in early 2012.
Wood is well known for being the host of CNET tech show Always On, in addition to her podcast It's a Thing, an effort reuniting her with former BOL co-host Tom Merritt. She is also a guest commentator for American Public Media's programs Marketplace and the Marketplace Morning Report. On October 7, 2013, Wood announced she would leave CNET at the end of that month in order to pursue independent projects. She took part in several panels at CES 2014. In January 2014, Wood announced via her personal blog that she would be joining The New York Times.
In March 2015, just over a year after joining the Times, she announced that she was leaving to report and serve as a Silicon Valley correspondent, along with occasional hosting, for American Public Media's Marketplace, a set of public radio programs about business and the economy. Together with Marketplace host Kai Ryssdal, Wood began hosting the Marketplace podcast Make Me Smart with Kai and Molly on November 28, 2016. On September 5, 2017, Wood began hosting the weekday Marketplace Tech program in addition to her role as correspondent with Marketplace. Between 2019 and 2020, she was also a regular contributor to the Ideas section of WIRED.
On November 3, 2021, Molly announced on Twitter that she would be leaving Marketplace to join Jason Calacanis's venture capital firm.
References
1975 births
American women podcasters
American podcasters
People from Helena, Montana
Living people
University of Montana alumni
21st-century American women
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%20Still%20Call%20Me%20Bruce
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They Still Call Me Bruce
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They Still Call Me Bruce is a 1987 American action comedy film directed by James Orr and Johnny Yune and starring the latter. It is a sequel to the 1982 film They Call Me Bruce?
Plot
The film begins with Bruce in Houston on a search for the American G.I. who helped Bruce when he was just a child in Korea. With little more than a name and a fuzzy memory of his hero, Bruce is determined to find G.I. Ernie Brown to thank and repay him with an antique Korean vase. After following a few dead-end leads, Bruce meets the students of a local karate studio, who introduce him to their martial-arts master, Master McLean. Thinking Bruce to be a karate master, McLean convinces Bruce to run the studio in his place while he takes care of some business. Bruce, accepting the role, dons a black belt and with his own goofy yet clever tricks convinces the students of his skills. While teaching, Bruce develops a bond with a young orphan and student, Billy, and eventually takes up a fatherly role and begins to mentor him.
During his free time, Bruce continues his search for Ernie Brown, which leads him to the massage parlor of the crime boss Mr. B. Before he can even meet with him, Bruce steps up in defense of Polly, one of the girls on Mr. B's payroll. Thwarting Mr. B's goon from harassing her, Bruce and Polly make a quick exit, Bruce unfortunately leaving his antique vase behind. The goons, fearful of the wrath of their boss, decide to give the vase to Mr. B as a gift in hopes his fury will be diminished. Upon seeing the vase, Mr. B develops a strange look as he exclaims that he has not seen a vase like it since the Korean War.
Bruce plays a game of hide and seek as the goons try their best to track down Polly, all the while in the background being followed by a detective investigating Mr. B. Many near misses and humorous situations occur, as Bruce and Polly evade the goons and try to recover the vase, including a dancer challenging Bruce's skills in a club to Bruce's misunderstanding and misusing of a gesture that he gives to a motorcycle gang, and even a mad bull that gives Bruce a ride into town. The climax begins when Mr. B's goons finally locate and kidnap Polly and knock over young Billy, causing him to hit his head and go into a coma.
With his young friend in a coma, Bruce sets out to find and rescue Polly, but he is discovered during his attempt and confronted by Mr. B. Upon hearing the goons' exaggerated claims of Bruce's skill, Mr. B makes Bruce a deal to pit Bruce against his champion fighter—the Executioner—with the agreement that if he wins, Polly and the vase will be returned. Bruce accepts the challenge and is soon in the ring, face to face with the massive and brutal Executioner. Of course, due to his lack of skill and the threat of Mr. B, Bruce is no match for the brutal fighter. At the last moment, though, Billy, having awakened from his coma and seeing Bruce fighting on television, wobbles to the ring and inspires his mentor to put on a sock and "Sock it to him". With this new determination, Bruce defeats the Executioner.
Mr. B, unhappy with Bruce's win, tries to go back on his deal, but is quickly surprised and arrested by the investigating detective.
Polly and Billy, joining Bruce in the ring, return his vase and congratulate Bruce on his victory. Much to their surprise, Bruce seems unhappy and he reveals the realization that Mr. B was his childhood hero Ernie Brown, but much to Bruce's surprise, the detective rushes into the ring, and calling Bruce by the name his hero gave him, announces he is actually the Ernie "Slim" Brown that Bruce had met as a child, but could not reveal this earlier due to being deep undercover. The reunion is sweet and swift; Bruce thanks him, gives him the vase, and the credits roll.
References
External links
1987 films
1980s action comedy films
Cultural depictions of Bruce Lee
Films set in Houston
Films shot in Houston
1980s parody films
Asian-American action films
Chinese-American films
Korean-American films
1987 comedy films
Films directed by James Orr (filmmaker)
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
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4037380
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altretamine
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Altretamine
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Altretamine (trade name Hexalen), also called hexamethylmelamine, is an antineoplastic agent. It was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1990.
Uses
It is indicated for use as a single agent in the palliative treatment of patients with persistent or recurrent ovarian cancer following first-line therapy with cisplatin and/or alkylating agent-based combination.
It is not considered a first-line treatment, but it can be useful as salvage therapy. It also has the advantage of being less toxic than other drugs used for treating refractory ovarian cancer.
Mechanism
The precise mechanism by which altretamine exerts its anti-cancer effect is unknown but it is classified by MeSH as an alkylating antineoplastic agent.
This unique structure is believed to damage tumor cells through the production of the weakly alkylating species formaldehyde, a product of CYP450-mediated N-demethylation. Administered orally, altretamine is extensively metabolized on first pass, producing primarily mono- and didemethylated metabolites. Additional demethylation reactions occur in tumor cells, releasing formaldehyde in situ before the drug is excreted in the urine. The carbinolamine (methylol) intermediates of CYP450-mediated metabolism also can generate electrophilic iminium species that are capable of reacting covalently with DNA guanine and cytosine residues as well as protein. Iminium-mediated DNA cross-linking and DNA-protein interstrand cross-linking, mediated through both the iminium intermediate and formaldehyde, have been demonstrated, although the significance of DNA cross-linking on altretamine antitumor activity is uncertain.
Side effects
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, anemia and peripheral sensory neuropathy.
Interactions
Combination with pyridoxine (vitamin B6) decreases neurotoxicity but has been found to reduce the effectiveness of an altretamine/cisplatin regime. MAO inhibitor can cause severe orthostatic hypotension when combined with altretamine; and cimetidine can increase its elimination half-life and toxicity.
See also
Triethylenemelamine
References
DNA replication inhibitors
Orphan drugs
Triazines
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4037383
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton%20West
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Clayton West
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Clayton West is a village in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 2,648 (2001 census) and 2,704 in 2008. It is southeast of Huddersfield and northwest of Barnsley.
History
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. The Industrial Revolution had brought a migration of the population to the Dearne Valley where abundant water was available for manufacturers, so people lived away from the church. Both Clayton West and Scissett had grown so rapidly that there were people still alive in 1873 that could remember the expansion. Although the parish of Scissett had been created in 1839, yet Clayton West remained as a part of High Hoyland.
By 1865 eleven coal mines existed in the Dearne Valley. The Clayton West village coal mine (pit), "Park Mill", closed in 1989, having been somewhat bypassed by the events of the UK miners strike (1984–85). Park Mill Colliery operated for over 100 years.
There is evidence of 700 years of mining in the adjacent village of Emley. Records from the 13th century indicate that monks from Byland Abbey mined and smelted iron ore. They mined using bell pits. A pit was sunk to a depth of 7 meters and worked outward from the bottom of the shaft. Pits dating back to the 16th century can be seen off Woodhouse Lane. Evidence of bell pits is also clearly visible in the woodlands around Duke Wood, down the hill from Cliffe Woods, in Clayton West. Joseph Norton was the owner of a number of mines around the 1870s which he used to mine to produce coal to power his textile mills located at Cuttlehurst and in Scissett. One of these was a mine in Duke Wood. This shaft still acts as an emergency exit and air vent for the privately owned "Flacks" mine, the only mine still operating in the village.
The village once had a railway station on a branch line, opening 1 September 1879, branching off the Penistone Line. However the station along with Skelmanthorpe was closed in January 1983. The Kirklees Light Railway now runs and operates trains from the former station.
Clayton West was occasionally used as a location for Britain's longest running comedy series Last of the Summer Wine, in which one of the village's former pubs, "The Shoulder of Mutton" in Church Lane, features prominently. The village lost its post office in 2010.
All Saints Church, on Church Lane, dates back to 1875 and is still in use today. It belongs to the Diocese of Wakefield. All Saints cost £2,300 to construct between 1872 and 1875. Half of the cost was met by the parish, the other half by WB Beaumont of Bretton Hall (later to be Baron Allendale), the church's patron and benefactor. All Saints can be seen from many places around the village, the only building with a spire, which houses one bell. The roof slates of the church were last replaced in the early 1980s, following a slate appeal when raffle tickets were sold to raise funds for the roof replacement, the spire was also repainted and reclad at this time. In 2019 the roof is again in need of major restoration.
Historical Listings
Clayton West is listed as Clayton [West] in the Domesday book and has been translated as meaning settlement on clayey soil. The settlement had a land value attributed to the Lord of £1 in 1066. Plough land is also listed as being two, with other resources listed as woodland, one half times one half leagues. The Lord in 1066 is stated to be Alsi, son of Karski. The Lord in 1086, following the conquest, was listed as Ilbert de Lacy (1045–1093) and is attributed as the builder of Pontefract Castle, who is also noted as the Tenant-in-Chief in 1086. The de Lacy family took part in the Norman Conquest of Briton and there is evidence that Ilbert fought at William's side at Hastings.
Listed as Clayton, West, the village featured in "A Topographical Dictionary of England" which was published by Samuel Lewis, London, 1848. In 1848 the village had 1440 residents and was described as being 1080 acres belonging to various owners. Mining was listed as the predominant industry, along with the production of silk and worsted goods for clothing. The account states that many large mills had been constructed in the village for this purpose.
In 1848 the four places of worship were listed.
Listed as CLAYTON (West), in John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–72). Clayton West is described as a township of the High Hoyland parish with hamlets of Cuttlehurst, Parkmill, Topitt and Spring-Grove. The village has a post office and comprises 1,098 acres, with real-estate worth £4, 371, £122 of which are in mines. The population is now listed as 1,532, with 325 houses. Woollen manufacture is again listed as a pre-dominant industry. Chapels are listed for independents (constructed in 1866) and Baptists.
Further information of the progressing village is delineated in Kelly's 1881 Directory of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It describes "Clayton West" as a township and large village. The manufacture of fancy woollens, as well as twine and flax spinning seems to be the prevalent industry of the village. The church of All Saints, constructed in 1875, is now listed along with Congregational, Baptist, New Connexion Methodist, Primitive Methodist and Wesleyan chapels. Kelly lists the charities for distribution as being £13 annually . Also mentioned is the un-denominational school (Kaye's First School) built by William and John Kaye esqs., which was erected in 1862, and in 1881 William Priestly was school master. Capt. Henry Savile is lord of the manor. The main landowners are listed as W. B. Beaumont esq., M.P. W. T. Spencer-Stanhope esq., J.P. John Kaye esq., J.P. and Thomas Norton esq. J.P. The area occupied by the village is now 1,140 acres with rateable value, £4,548. The population in 1871 was 1,531.
Textile Mills
One such mill, the Spring Grove Mill, still has buildings visible, just off the A636, opposite the Scissett swimming baths building. Locally is it still known as Beanlands Mill, named after the Beanland family who purchased the business in 1869 from Charles Walker for £8,500. The mill stopped operating as such in 1975, and the mill chimney has since been removed along with other buildings. Pictures of the Mill are available.
War Memorial
The village has an obelisk style war memorial, now situated at the junction of Church Lane with Holmfield Road. The memorial commemorates 37 people, 30 from the First World War, six from the Second World War and one from the Falklands War. The war memorial used to be located on the grass triangle at Hill Top.
Geography
Clayton West is located between the villages of High Hoyland, Scissett and Skelmanthorpe.
The river that runs through the village is called the River Dearne and was part of the 2007 United Kingdom floods.
Present day
It is in the parish of Clayton West and High Hoyland. An attractive stone-built village, there is also a little light industry and a number of new housing developments.
Facilities in the village include a village store and two pubs. It has a primary school and nursery called Kayes First and Nursery School, which was built in 1862, and was doubled in size in 1981. Kayes First and Nursery School consists of 202 children and 32 staff from Nursery to year 5 (2017 figures). The school is also part of a three tier schooling system with Scissett Middle School and Shelley College (formally Shelley High School).
It also has a Scout Group which offers access to a number of outdoor activities including archery, target shooting, kayaking and much more.
Flooding
In 2007 severe flooding of the river Dearne affected some 420 properties in Clayton West and Skelmanthorpe. Summer flooding has also occurred in the area in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2008. The textile industry history of the area has resulted in modern-day conversions of old textile mill to become residential accommodation. The valley floor also has a high density of residential properties making these areas more prone to flooding.
Future development
Plans, dated December 2016, are available detailing proposed developments by the Clayton West Development Company Ltd (CWDCL), who are promoting the development of green belt land at the north eastern edge of Clayton West.
See also
Listed buildings in Denby Dale
References
External links
Clayton West Scouts
The Clayton West Branch Line website
Villages in West Yorkshire
Denby Dale
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