patrickbdevaney/mia9 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 6.44k
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 31 25 of 26
22. Sweet, W.; Park, J. From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from
sea level rise. Earth’s Future 2014, 2, 579–600, doi:10.1002/2014EF000272.
23. Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 1974, 19, 716–723,
doi:10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.
24. USGS. Measuring and Mapping the Topography of the Florida Everglades for Ecosystem Restoration, FS-021-03;
March 2003. Available online: https://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/021-03/factsheet02103-Desmond.pdf
(accessed on 25 July 2017).
25. Byrd, R.H.; Lu, P.; Nocedal, J.; Zhu, C. A limited memory algorithm or bound constrained optimization.
SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 1995, 16, 1190–1208.
26. Ross, M.S.; Gaiser, E.E.; Meeder, J.F.; Lewin, M.T. Multi–Taxon Analysis of the “White Zone”, a Common
Ecotonal Feature of South Florida Coastal Wetlands. In Linkages Between Ecosystems in the South Florida
Hydroscape: The River of Grass Continues; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001; pp. 205–238.
27. Dausman, A.; Langevin, C.D. Movement of the Saltwater Interface in the Surficial Aquifer System in Response to
Hydrologic Stresses and Water-Management Practices, Broward County, Florida; USGS Scientific Investigations
Report 2004-5256; 2005. Available online: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5256/ (accessed on 25 July 2017).
28. Hanson, S.; Nicholls, R.; Ranger, N.; Hallegatte, S.; Corfee-Morlot, J.; Herweijer, C.; Chateau, J. A global
ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Clim. Chang. 2011, 104, 89–111,
doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9977-4.
29. Hutchison, J.; Manica, A.; Swetnam, R.; Balmford, A.; Spalding, M. Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove
Forest Biomass. Conserv. Lett. 2014, 7, 233–240, doi:10.1111/conl.12060.
30. Wanless, H.; Parkinson, R.; Tedesco, L. Sea level control on stability of Everglades wetlands. In Everglades:
The Ecosystem and Its Restoration; Davis, S.M., Ogden, J.C., Eds.; St. Lucie Press: Delray Beach, FL, USA, 1997;
pp. 199–223.
31. National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA). Sea Level Change, Observations from Space; 2017.
Available online: https://sealevel.nasa.gov/ (accessed on 10 July 2017).
32. Fuller, D.O.; Wang, Y. Recent Trends in Satellite Vegetation Index Observations Indicate Decreasing
Vegetation Biomass in the Southeastern Saline Everglades Wetlands. Wetlands 2014, 34, 67–77,
doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0483-0.
33. Doyle, T.W. Predicting Future Mangrove Forest Migration in the Everglades under Rising Sea Level; USGS Fact
Sheet FS-030-03, U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey, March 2003. Available online:
https://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/030-03.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).
34. Park, J.; Stabenau, E. South Florida sea level rise projections, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park
Service, South Florida Natural Resources Center: Homestead, Florida, USA. High projection: http://nps.
maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=b61db3e154104ea486528c031390066c. Low projection:
http://nps.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=87e87e094680431eab085a18adb36836
(accessed on 27 July 2017).
35. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Tidal Datums; 2016. Available online:
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html (accessed on 25 July 2017).
36. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Procedures to Evaluate Sea Level Change: Impacts, Responses and
Adaptation; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Washington, DC, USA. Technical Letter No. 1100-2-1,
30 June 2014. Available online: http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/
EngineerTechnicalLetters/ETL_1100-2-1.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).
37. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Tidal Datums and Their Applications, Special
Publication NOS CO-OPS 1; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service Center
for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, 2001; p. 111. Available online: http://tidesandcurrents.
noaa.gov/publications/tidal_datums_and_their_applications.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).
38. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Vaca Key Tidal Datums; 2016. Available online:
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datums.html?id=8723970 (accessed on 25 July 2017).
39. Gyory, J.; Rowe, E.; Mariano, A.; Ryan, E. The Florida Current; Ocean Surface Currents. The Rosenstiel School
of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1992. Available online: http://oceancurrents.rsmas.
miami.edu/atlantic/florida.html (accessed on 25 July 2017).
40. Montgomery, R.B. Fluctuations in Monthly Sea Level on Eastern U. S. Coast as Related to Dynamics of
Western North Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res. 1938, 1, 165–185.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 31 26 of 26
41. Rahmstorf, S.; Box, J.; Feulner, G.; Mann, M.; Robinson, A.; Rutherford, S.; Schaffernicht, E. Exceptional
twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2015, 5, 475–480,
doi:10.1038/nclimate2554.
42. Smith, T.J., III; Anderson, G.H.; Balentine, K.; Tiling, G.; Ward, G.A.; Whelan, K.R.T. Cumulative Impacts of
Hurricanes on Florida Mangrove Ecosystems: Sediment Deposition, Storm Surges and Vegetation. Wetlands
2009, 29, 24–34, doi:10.1672/08-40.1.
43. Whelan, K.R.T.; Smith, T.J.; Anderson, G.H.; Ouellette, M.L. Hurricane Wilma’s impact on overall soil
elevation and zones within the soil profile in a mangrove forest. Wetlands 2009, 29, 16–23.
44. Needham, H.F.; Keim, B.D.; Satharaj, D.; Shafer, M. A Global Database of Tropical Storm Surges. EOS Trans.
2013, 94, 213–214.
45. Park, J.; Obeysekera, J.; Irizarry, M.; Trimble, P. Storm Surge Projections and Implications for Water
Management in South Florida. Clim. Chang. 2011, 107, 109–128, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0079-8.

c 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Journal of
Marine Science
and Engineering
Article
South Florida’s Encroachment of the Sea and
Environmental Transformation over the 21st Century
Joseph Park 1,*
ID , Erik Stabenau 1 ID , Jed Redwine 2 ID and Kevin Kotun 1
1 Physical Resources, South Florida Natural Resources Center, National Park Service, Homestead, FL 33030,
USA; Erik_Stabenau@nps.gov (E.S.); Kevin_Kotun@nps.gov (K.K.)
2 Biological Resources, South Florida Natural Resources Center, National Park Service, Homestead, FL 33030,
USA; Jed_Redwine@nps.gov
* Correspondence: Joseph_Park@nps.gov; Tel.: +1-305-224-4250
Received: 12 April 2017; Accepted: 18 July 2017; Published: 28 July 2017
Abstract: South Florida encompasses a dynamic confluence of urban and natural ecosystems strongly
connected to ocean and freshwater hydrologic forcings. Low land elevation, flat topography and
highly transmissive aquifers place both communities at the nexus of environmental and ecological
transformation driven by rising sea level. Based on a local sea level rise projection, we examine
regional inundation impacts and employ hydrographic records in Florida Bay and the southern
Everglades to assess water level exceedance dynamics and landscape-relevant tipping points. Intrinsic
mode functions of water levels across the coastal interface are used to gauge the relative influence and
time-varying transformation potential of estuarine and freshwater marshes into a marine-dominated
environment with the introduction of a Marsh-to-Ocean transformation index (MOI).
Keywords: South Florida; sea level rise; inundation; coastal impacts; water level exceedance
1. Introduction
Sea level rise is not evenly distributed around the globe, and the response of a regional coastline
is highly dependent on local natural and human settings [1]. This is particularly evident at the
southern end of the Florida peninsula where low elevations and exceedingly flat topography provide

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 31 25 of 26

22. Sweet, W.; Park, J. From the extreme to the mean: Acceleration and tipping points of coastal inundation from

sea level rise. Earth’s Future 2014, 2, 579–600, doi:10.1002/2014EF000272.

23. Akaike, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 1974, 19, 716–723,

doi:10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.

24. USGS. Measuring and Mapping the Topography of the Florida Everglades for Ecosystem Restoration, FS-021-03;

March 2003. Available online: https://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/fs/021-03/factsheet02103-Desmond.pdf

(accessed on 25 July 2017).

25. Byrd, R.H.; Lu, P.; Nocedal, J.; Zhu, C. A limited memory algorithm or bound constrained optimization.

SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 1995, 16, 1190–1208.

26. Ross, M.S.; Gaiser, E.E.; Meeder, J.F.; Lewin, M.T. Multi–Taxon Analysis of the “White Zone”, a Common

Ecotonal Feature of South Florida Coastal Wetlands. In Linkages Between Ecosystems in the South Florida

Hydroscape: The River of Grass Continues; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2001; pp. 205–238.

27. Dausman, A.; Langevin, C.D. Movement of the Saltwater Interface in the Surficial Aquifer System in Response to

Hydrologic Stresses and Water-Management Practices, Broward County, Florida; USGS Scientific Investigations

Report 2004-5256; 2005. Available online: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5256/ (accessed on 25 July 2017).

28. Hanson, S.; Nicholls, R.; Ranger, N.; Hallegatte, S.; Corfee-Morlot, J.; Herweijer, C.; Chateau, J. A global

ranking of port cities with high exposure to climate extremes. Clim. Chang. 2011, 104, 89–111,

doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9977-4.

29. Hutchison, J.; Manica, A.; Swetnam, R.; Balmford, A.; Spalding, M. Predicting Global Patterns in Mangrove

Forest Biomass. Conserv. Lett. 2014, 7, 233–240, doi:10.1111/conl.12060.

30. Wanless, H.; Parkinson, R.; Tedesco, L. Sea level control on stability of Everglades wetlands. In Everglades:

The Ecosystem and Its Restoration; Davis, S.M., Ogden, J.C., Eds.; St. Lucie Press: Delray Beach, FL, USA, 1997;

pp. 199–223.

31. National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA). Sea Level Change, Observations from Space; 2017.

Available online: https://sealevel.nasa.gov/ (accessed on 10 July 2017).

32. Fuller, D.O.; Wang, Y. Recent Trends in Satellite Vegetation Index Observations Indicate Decreasing

Vegetation Biomass in the Southeastern Saline Everglades Wetlands. Wetlands 2014, 34, 67–77,

doi:10.1007/s13157-013-0483-0.

33. Doyle, T.W. Predicting Future Mangrove Forest Migration in the Everglades under Rising Sea Level; USGS Fact

Sheet FS-030-03, U.S. Department of the Interior; U.S. Geological Survey, March 2003. Available online:

https://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/factshts/030-03.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).

34. Park, J.; Stabenau, E. South Florida sea level rise projections, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park

Service, South Florida Natural Resources Center: Homestead, Florida, USA. High projection: http://nps.

maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=b61db3e154104ea486528c031390066c. Low projection:

http://nps.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html?layers=87e87e094680431eab085a18adb36836

(accessed on 27 July 2017).

35. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Tidal Datums; 2016. Available online:

http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html (accessed on 25 July 2017).

36. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Procedures to Evaluate Sea Level Change: Impacts, Responses and

Adaptation; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Washington, DC, USA. Technical Letter No. 1100-2-1,

30 June 2014. Available online: http://www.publications.usace.army.mil/Portals/76/Publications/

EngineerTechnicalLetters/ETL_1100-2-1.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).

37. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Tidal Datums and Their Applications, Special

Publication NOS CO-OPS 1; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service Center

for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, 2001; p. 111. Available online: http://tidesandcurrents.

noaa.gov/publications/tidal_datums_and_their_applications.pdf (accessed on 25 July 2017).

38. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Vaca Key Tidal Datums; 2016. Available online:

http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datums.html?id=8723970 (accessed on 25 July 2017).

39. Gyory, J.; Rowe, E.; Mariano, A.; Ryan, E. The Florida Current; Ocean Surface Currents. The Rosenstiel School

of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 1992. Available online: http://oceancurrents.rsmas.

miami.edu/atlantic/florida.html (accessed on 25 July 2017).

40. Montgomery, R.B. Fluctuations in Monthly Sea Level on Eastern U. S. Coast as Related to Dynamics of

Western North Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res. 1938, 1, 165–185.

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2017, 5, 31 26 of 26

41. Rahmstorf, S.; Box, J.; Feulner, G.; Mann, M.; Robinson, A.; Rutherford, S.; Schaffernicht, E. Exceptional

twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2015, 5, 475–480,

doi:10.1038/nclimate2554.

42. Smith, T.J., III; Anderson, G.H.; Balentine, K.; Tiling, G.; Ward, G.A.; Whelan, K.R.T. Cumulative Impacts of

Hurricanes on Florida Mangrove Ecosystems: Sediment Deposition, Storm Surges and Vegetation. Wetlands

2009, 29, 24–34, doi:10.1672/08-40.1.

43. Whelan, K.R.T.; Smith, T.J.; Anderson, G.H.; Ouellette, M.L. Hurricane Wilma’s impact on overall soil

elevation and zones within the soil profile in a mangrove forest. Wetlands 2009, 29, 16–23.

44. Needham, H.F.; Keim, B.D.; Satharaj, D.; Shafer, M. A Global Database of Tropical Storm Surges. EOS Trans.

2013, 94, 213–214.

45. Park, J.; Obeysekera, J.; Irizarry, M.; Trimble, P. Storm Surge Projections and Implications for Water

Management in South Florida. Clim. Chang. 2011, 107, 109–128, doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0079-8.

c 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access

article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution

(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Journal of

Marine Science

and Engineering

Article

South Florida’s Encroachment of the Sea and

Environmental Transformation over the 21st Century

Joseph Park 1,*

ID , Erik Stabenau 1 ID , Jed Redwine 2 ID and Kevin Kotun 1

1 Physical Resources, South Florida Natural Resources Center, National Park Service, Homestead, FL 33030,

USA; Erik_Stabenau@nps.gov (E.S.); Kevin_Kotun@nps.gov (K.K.)

2 Biological Resources, South Florida Natural Resources Center, National Park Service, Homestead, FL 33030,

USA; Jed_Redwine@nps.gov

* Correspondence: Joseph_Park@nps.gov; Tel.: +1-305-224-4250

Received: 12 April 2017; Accepted: 18 July 2017; Published: 28 July 2017

Abstract: South Florida encompasses a dynamic confluence of urban and natural ecosystems strongly

connected to ocean and freshwater hydrologic forcings. Low land elevation, flat topography and

highly transmissive aquifers place both communities at the nexus of environmental and ecological

transformation driven by rising sea level. Based on a local sea level rise projection, we examine

regional inundation impacts and employ hydrographic records in Florida Bay and the southern

Everglades to assess water level exceedance dynamics and landscape-relevant tipping points. Intrinsic

mode functions of water levels across the coastal interface are used to gauge the relative influence and

time-varying transformation potential of estuarine and freshwater marshes into a marine-dominated

environment with the introduction of a Marsh-to-Ocean transformation index (MOI).

Keywords: South Florida; sea level rise; inundation; coastal impacts; water level exceedance

1. Introduction

Sea level rise is not evenly distributed around the globe, and the response of a regional coastline

is highly dependent on local natural and human settings [1]. This is particularly evident at the

southern end of the Florida peninsula where low elevations and exceedingly flat topography provide