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### Human: Medtronic's Lead Integrity Alert (LIA) software algorithm is useful for detecting abnormal parameters across various ICD-lead families . However, its utility in assessment of the Biotronik Linox™ family of high-voltage (HV) leads is unknown . Does lead Integrity Alert be Useful for Assessment of Performance of Biotronik Linox Leads?### Assistant A positive LIA trigger in Biotronik Linox ICD-leads is highly predictive of lead failure. LIA is useful in ongoing surveillance of lead performance.
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### Human: The Ethical Committee approved the study . Patients provided written informed consent and received a whole breast workup . Lesions were assessed by BI-RADS, Tsukuba score (TS) and strain ratio (SR) Does elastography complement Ultrasound as Principle Modality in Breast Lesion Assessment?### Assistant Besides morphologic features revealed by US, elastic properties of breast lesions obtained by RTE can be exploited for diagnostic breast imaging.
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### Human: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a protein convertase that posttranslationally promotes the degradation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in hepatocytes . In boys, plasma PCSK9 decreased with age, whereas the inverse was true for girls . Is plasma PCSK9 associated with age , sex , and multiple metabolic markers in a population-based sample of children and adolescents?### Assistant PCSK9 is associated with age, sex, and multiple metabolic markers in youth. A novel finding is that PCSK9 is associated with fasting insulinemia, which suggests that PCSK9 could play a role in the development of dyslipidemia associated with the metabolic syndrome. .
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### Human: NAC chaperone activity is considered necessary to retroviral Gag functions, but so far, NAC activity has only been confirmed for HIV-1 and RSV Gag polyproteins . The nucleocapsid (NC) domain of Gag is proposed to be crucial for interactions with nucleic acids . The major function of matrix (MA) domain is targeting and binding Gag to the plasma membrane . Does the matrix domain contribute to the nucleic acid chaperone activity of HIV-2 Gag?### Assistant We present that contrary to HIV-1 MA, HIV-2 MA displays NAC activity and we propose that MA domain may enhance the activity of HIV-2 GagΔp6. The role of the MA domain in the NAC activity of Gag may differ significantly between HIV-1 and HIV-2. The HIV-2 NC and MA interactions with RNA are not equivalent. Even though both NC and MA can facilitate tRNA(Lys3) annealing, MA does not participate in RNA dimerization in vitro. Our data on HIV-2 indicate that the role of the MA domain in the NAC activity of Gag differs not only between, but also within, retroviral genera.
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### Human: The ability of RPE to phagocytose rod outer segments decreased as a function of aging of Bruch's membrane . Phagocytic activity was quantified by flow cytometry of harvested cells . Does bruch 's membrane aging decrease phagocytosis of outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium?### Assistant Aging of human Bruch's membrane decreases rod outer segment phagocytosis by ARPE-19. This effect can be mimicked by nonenzymatic nitration of extracellular matrix in vitro. Our observations may have implications for understanding the role of aging changes within Bruch's membrane on pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration and other disorders.
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### Human: Leukotriene B4 is a potent inflammatory lipid mediator that binds to LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) Ligation of BLT1 by LTB 4 plays an important role in the recruitment of effector memory CD8+ T cells into the airways of sensitized and challenged mice . Effector memory memory T cells were generated from ovalbumin(257-264)-primed mononuclear cells from OT-1 mice in the presence of IL-2 . Do corticosteroids enhance CD8+ T cell-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic inflammation by upregulating leukotriene B4 receptor 1?### Assistant Corticosteroids upregulate BLT1 on effector memory CD8+ T cells and related signaling pathways and potentiate allergic airway inflammation and AHR induced by these cells.
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### Human: CXCR4 (X4) HIV-1 tropism has been associated with severe immunodeficiency . We investigated the temporal changes in the genotype-predicted tropism frequency and the phylogenetic relationships between the R5 and non-R5 clades . Is the temporal increase in HIV-1 non-R5 tropism frequency among newly diagnosed patients from northern Poland associated with clustered transmissions?### Assistant R5 tropism predominates among the treatment of naive individuals, but the increases in the frequency of non-R5 tropic variants may limit the clinical efficacy of the co-receptor inhibitors. The rising prevalence of non-R5 HIV-1 may indicate transmission of X4 clades.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to determine whether prehospital intubation (ETI) and chest tube placement is unnecessarily time consuming in severely injured patients . A retrospective, multicentre study including all adult patients (ISS ≥9; 2002-7) of the Trauma Registry of the German Society of Trauma Surgery . The BA collective (ETi performed in the ED, but chest tubing on scene) was excluded from the study because of the small sample size . Does prehospital endotracheal intubation and chest tubing prolong the overall resuscitation time of severely injured patients : a retrospective , multicentre study of the Trauma Registry of the German Society of Trauma Surgery?### Assistant In a physician-based emergency medical service, prehospital ETI and chest tube placement do not prolong the total TRT of severely injured patients.
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### Human: A protein complex consisting of hMre11, hRad50, and Nbs1 (MRN) has been identified as a critical component in repair of DNA DSBs . The study investigates whether the expression of a truncated form of NBS1 interrupts the function of the MRN complex and therefore enhances cisplatin-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity . Does mutant Nbs1 enhance cisplatin-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity in head and neck cancer?### Assistant Expression of mutant Nbs1 significantly increases cisplatin-induced DNA DSBs and cytotoxicity. The increase in double-strand DNA damage corresponds to the level of cytotoxicity in the different treatment groups and suggests that tumor chemosensitization occurs through augmentation of DNA DSBs.
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### Human: Atrial fibrillation arises in 20-30% of patients with sick sinus syndrome, increasing the risk of systemic embolization and mortality . The aim of this study was to examine the clinical determinants of development of paroxysmal atrial fibillation before implantation of a pacemaker . Does atrial size independently correlate with the development of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with sick sinus syndrome?### Assistant The left atrial size independently correlates with the development of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in sick sinus syndrome patients before pacemaker implantation.
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### Human: The goal of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the T2-relaxation time of hepatic parenchyma and the histologic grade of liver fibrosis . 123 patients with hepatitis C underwent both routine, clinical liver MRI and biopsy within a 6-month period, between July 1999 and January 2010 . A phantom was prepared using serial dilutions of dextran coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles . Is t2 relaxation time related to liver fibrosis severity?### Assistant The finding of increased T2 with liver fibrosis may relate to inflammation that may be an alternative or adjunct to other noninvasive MR imaging based approaches for assessing liver fibrosis.
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### Human: Medication adherence was calculated as proportion of days covered for filled prescriptions . Rates of medication nonadherence were 28.8% for beta-blockers, 21.6% for ACE inhibitors, 26.0% for statins . Is medication nonadherence associated with a broad range of adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease?### Assistant Nonadherence to cardioprotective medications is common in clinical practice and associated with a broad range of adverse outcomes. These findings suggest that medication nonadherence should be a target for quality improvement interventions to maximize the outcomes of patients with CAD.
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### Human: Genotypes at the locus of the glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic 2 gene (G6PC2) are known to affect regulation of fasting glycaemia . We determined the genotype of patients with monogenic diabetes and glucokinase gene mutations (GCK-MODY) and correlated the genotypes with HbA(1c) levels . Is hbA1c-based diabetes diagnosis among patients with glucokinase mutation ( GCK-MODY ) affected by a genetic variant of glucose-6-phosphatase ( G6PC2 )?### Assistant Variation at the rs560887 locus of G6PC2 is associated with worse glycated haemoglobin levels in individuals with GCK mutations; GG homozygotes are more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for diabetes based on HbA(1c) level.
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### Human: Oleic acid, a representative unsaturated fatty acid, has been shown to be a useful reagent to induce these cellular alternations, however, the detailed mechanism still remains to be elucidated . The downstream mediator of oleic acid-treatment was identified in the epidermal keratinocyte . Do epimorphin-derived peptide antagonists remedy epidermal parakeratosis triggered by unsaturated fatty acid?### Assistant The effects of unsaturated fatty acid are attributed to the overstimulation of epimorphin signaling and suggest the epimorphin antagonist as a possible therapeutic agent for acne and hyperkeratotic skin disease.
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### Human: Human recombinant decay-accelerating factor (DAF) reduces tissue damage in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock . Administration of DAF significantly reduced intestinal and lung tissue damage . DAF treatment improved hemorrhage-induced hyperkalemia . Does decay-accelerating factor mitigate controlled hemorrhage-instigated intestinal and lung tissue damage and hyperkalemia in swine?### Assistant DAF treatment decreased tissue complement activation and deposition in hemorrhaged animals and attenuated tissue damage at 200 minutes after treatment. The observed beneficial effects of DAF treatment on tissue injury after 20 minutes of severe hypotension presents an attractive model of small volume resuscitation, particularly in situations with a restrictive medical logistical footprint such as far-forward access to first responders in the battlefield or in remote rural or mountainous environments.
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### Human: Four peripheral blood markers were evaluated in 50 patients diagnosed with UCRC at the time of patients' first visit to the hospital . Each was scored +1 or 0 for that marker . Is new Prognostic Indicator Useful for Predicting the Survival of Patients with Unresectable Advanced Colorectal Cancer?### Assistant Our prognostic score is useful in selecting patients with UCRC who will survive.
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### Human: ALDO potentiates the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) in rats . The experiments were performed in a stasis-induced venous thrombosis model in male Wistar, normotensive rats . Valsartan (VAL; 10mg/kg), a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, was administered in a single bolus injection before ALDO infusion . AT1 blockade with valsaran significantly reduced ALDO-induced throm bosis expressed as a reduced thrombus mass (p<0.05 vs ALDO) and diminished the incidence of throm Is the acute prothrombotic effect of aldosterone in rats partially mediated via angiotensin II receptor type 1?### Assistant ALDO prothrombotic action is partially mediated via AT1 receptor in the mechanism involving enhanced platelet activation, induced coagulation, impaired fibrinolysis and reduced NO bioavailability.
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### Human: Cyclosporin had an acute hypertensive effect while having no effect on sodium excretion or renal function . The earliest renal effect of the drug was on water handling . Does cyclosporin-induced hypertension precede renal dysfunction and sodium retention in man?### Assistant Our findings contradict previous data and currently held views regarding the pathogenesis of cyclosporin-induced hypertension. In particular, we have demonstrated that hypertension precedes any measurable change in renal haemodynamic parameters and occurs without apparent overall alterations in renal sodium excretion. We have also found that an antidiuresis is a very early renal effect of cyclosporin.
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### Human: A cross-sectional study was performed in Bogotá, Colombia, during 2006 in 263 males from the Colombian Air Force . NAFLD was detected in 26.6% (n=70) of the subjects . Thirty four individuals had complete MS criteria (48.5%) NAFLd was associated with higher insulin levels (11.0±5.1) Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with insulin resistance in a young Hispanic population?### Assistant These results suggest that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance and extrahepatic adiposity in nondiabetic young Hispanic population.
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### Human: Tempe extract showed a high antibacterial activity against B. cereus ATCC 14579 based on optical density and viable count measurements . This growth inhibition was manifested by a 4 log CFU ml(-1) reduction, within the first 15 min of exposure . Tempe extracts also rapidly inactivated B. Cereus spores upon germination . Do soya bean tempe extracts show antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus cells and spores?### Assistant During fermentation of soya beans with Rhizopus, compounds are released with extensive antibacterial activity against B. cereus cells and spores.
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### Human: Chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine (CHSS)-impregnated catheters have been found to decrease the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and central venous catheter (CVC)-related costs . Are chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine-impregnated venous catheters efficient even at subclavian sites without tracheostomy?### Assistant The use of CHSS-impregnated catheters is an effective and efficient measure for the prevention of CRBSI even at subclavian venous access sites without the presence of tracheostomy.
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### Human: SiHa cervical cancer cells were transfected with two doses of intracellular active Notch . Moderate Notch activation contributed to increased viability and anchorage independent growth . High levels of Notch led to a change in AP-1 complex composition, from cJun/cFos to cJun-Fra1 dimers . Is the functional role of Notch signaling in HPV-mediated transformation dose-dependent and linked to AP-1 alterations?### Assistant The functional role of Notch in HPV-mediated transformation is dosage dependent and correlated to a change in AP-1.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to assess the differential influence of thoracic and lumbar epidural anaesthesia and analgesia (EAA) on blood lactate levels and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as parameters of global oxygen supply/demand ratio . Lactate, ScvO 2 and PDR(ICG) were measured postoperatively on the ICU . Does thoracic but not lumbar epidural anaesthesia increase liver blood flow after major abdominal surgery?### Assistant Liver perfusion was increased with thoracic but not lumbar EAA after major abdominal surgery in most patients. PDR(ICG) allows assessment of individual changes of liver blood flow due to therapeutic intervention, for example, EAA.
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### Human: Diabetes education is critical to optimum diabetes care . Despite the significant clinical and personal rewards offered by diabetes education, programmes are underused . A systematic search of the following databases was conducted for the period from 2005-2015 . Choose reasons why patients referred to diabetes education programmes to attend : a systematic review?### Assistant New and innovative methods of delivering diabetes education are required which address the needs of people with diabetes whilst maintaining quality and efficiency. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to explore the impact of normoxic and hypoxic cell-culture conditions on the expression and secretion of adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)-derived paracrine molecules . The effect of hypoCM on cardiomyocytes proliferation and migration was assessed . A rat model of myocardial infarct (MI) was established to test the therapeutic effect of HypoCM in vivo . Does hypoxic adipose mesenchymal stem cells derived conditioned medium protect myocardial infarct in rat?### Assistant These findings suggest that ADMSCs promote rat MI via hypoxia-enhanced paracrine.
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### Human: The scald (III degrees TBS 10-15%) was caused by exposing these area to hot water at 90 degrees C for 40 seconds . Every rabbit was injected CPZ (25 mg/kg) three times . The concentration in blood was shown two times higher than after subeschar injection . Do [ Experimental studies on the pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone ( CPZ ) injection under burn eschar ]?### Assistant CPZ injection in subeschar region was the best route of treatment and prevention of subeschar infection.
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### Human: EuroSCORE is a simple risk model able to predict early and late mortality after cardiac surgery . Recent data suggest this score may also predict early clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) Data regarding EuroSCore usefulness to predict late outcome after PCI in unselected patients are lacking . Does euroSCORE predict long-term mortality of unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions?### Assistant EuroSCORE risk model can be efficiently utilized to predict late mortality in consecutive, unselected, patients undergoing PCI.
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### Human: A total of 60 patients were included in this study within 2 to 3 days after meniscus repair . No patients with concomitant ligament reconstruction or cartilage repair surgery were included . Patients were seen for follow-up at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years . The Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Tegner function score, pain assessment, and patient satisfaction were used . Is free rehabilitation safe after isolated meniscus repair : a prospective randomized trial comparing free with restricted rehabilitation regimens?### Assistant Free rehabilitation after meniscus repair is safe and does not entail increased failure rates compared with restricted rehabilitation. Subjective and functional outcomes at 1- and 2-year follow-up were not affected by rehabilitation regimen. Clinical outcomes in patients with repair failure who underwent subsequent partial meniscectomy were poorer than in those with healed meniscus repairs. A concern is the 30% overall lack of healing for patients with isolated meniscus lesions repaired with the all-inside technique.
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### Human: The most common reasons reported for discontinuing breastfeeding were mother's preference (39%) and low milk supply (21%) Women who were younger, were less educated, were non-Hispanic black, were unmarried, and had no prior breastfeeding experience were the most likely to discontinue breastfeeding due to mother's preferences . Reasons for discontinuation were assessed in relation to participant characteristics and weaning age . Do self-reported reasons for breastfeeding cessation among low-income women enrolled in a peer counseling breastfeeding support program?### Assistant Peer counselors are in a unique position to offer breastfeeding education and encouragement and may be able to use evidence presented here to anticipate specified concerns either prenatally or postpartum, to prevent early breastfeeding discontinuation.
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### Human: Phorometric findings have been observed to change with stress . We test the hypothesis that postnearwork phorias predict symptoms that have been theorized to result from nearwork-induced visual stress . Do nearpoint phorias after nearwork predict ADHD symptoms in college students?### Assistant Phorias postnearwork, but not prenearwork, predicted self-reported ADHD-related symptoms in college students. These results link binocular imbalance immediately after sustained nearwork to symptoms theorized to result from nearwork-induced visual stress.
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### Human: In the general population, aortic arch calcification (AAC) can predict cardiovascular mortality . We conducted a prospective study to investigate factors associated with AAC in hemodialysis patients and examined its prognostic value in long-term outcome . High-grade calcification was associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality . Does calcification of the aortic arch predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients?### Assistant Calcification of the aortic arch detected in plain chest radiography was an important determinant of cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. The presence and severity of AAC predicted long-term survival.
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### Human: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in the arterial intima plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis . Under physiologic conditions, several mechanisms protect LDL against oxidation . Conditions of acute phase response, including acute myocardial infarction, may be expected to result in increased susceptibility of serum lipids to oxidation . Is acute myocardial infarction associated with increased susceptibility of serum lipids to copper-induced peroxidation in vitro?### Assistant Acute MI is associated with an increased susceptibility of serum lipids to oxidation in vitro. This propensity for oxidation may reflect enhanced in vivo formation of free radicals and/or reduced efficiency of defense mechanisms. Both these possibilities may carry detrimental effects on the course, complications, and prognosis of the patients after acute MI.
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### Human: Grey matter volume loss is a central characteristic of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) The aim of this study is to measure the effect of diagnosis and ACE on GM volume in a sample of patients with BD or SCZ compared with healthy controls (HC) We studied 206 depressed BD patients, 96 SCZ patients and 136 healthy subjects . Do adverse childhood experiences influence the detrimental effect of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia on cortico-limbic grey matter volumes?### Assistant The three diagnostic groups differ for age and education, previous and current medications, and treatment periods.
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### Human: The relative contributions of administered oestrogen and progestin to protection of the post-menopausal skeleton remain unclear . We have compared the effect on spinal bone mineral density of continuous combined oestgen/medroxyprogesterone therapy with that of unopposed oestrogens . Does medroxyprogesterone acetate enhance the spinal bone mineral density response to oestrogen in late post-menopausal women?### Assistant In osteoporotic post-menopausal women, one year of continuous combined oestrogen/medroxyprogesterone therapy is associated with a 65% greater increment in spinal bone mineral density than is observed in response to unopposed oestrogen. The prescription of combined oestrogen/progestin therapy should be considered in osteoporotic post-menopausal women who have undergone hysterectomy, in order to maximize the skeletal protection provided by hormone replacement therapy.
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### Human: A prospective serological study was carried out on consecutive adult adult pneumonia patients from July 1987 to July 1988 . Acute and convalescent sera were tested in batches for antibodies against Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, C. pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Coxiella burnetii (phase-2 antigen) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (IgG and IgM) Do 'Atypical ' bacteria are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalised adults?### Assistant 'Atypical' bacteria, especially C. pneumoniae, are a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults in South Africa. This is the first demonstration of an aetiological role of C. pneumoniae in this country. We confirmed the finding of other studies that there are no clinical, radiographic or laboratory features characteristic of 'atypical' bacterial infection in hospitalised patients. This has major implications for therapy, as these organisms respond to erythromycin and tetracyclines, but not to beta-lactam antibiotics.
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### Human: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a major neurotransmitter of the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves . It is unknown whether CGRP protects against EPCs senescence . Does calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibit angiotensin II-induced endothelial progenitor cells senescence through up-regulation of klotho expression?### Assistant The results suggest that CGRP can counteract Ang II-induced EPCs senescence through down-regulating the expression of NADPH oxidase and reactive oxygen species production and increasing the production of klotho.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of maternal vitC status on fetal and placental development in guinea pigs . Twenty pregnant Dunkin Hartley guinea pig were randomized into four groups to receive diets either sufficient (918 mg/kg CTRL) or deficient (100mg/kg DEF) in vitC . Does maternal vitamin C deficiency during pregnancy result in transient fetal and placental growth retardation in guinea pigs?### Assistant Although no clinical differences between CTRL and DEF pups were observed at GD56, the present data suggest that vitC plays a role in early fetal development. Although no clinical differences between CTRL and DEF pups were observed at GD56, the present data suggest that vitC plays a role in early fetal development. Low maternal vitC intake during pregnancy may compromise maternal weight gain, placental function and intrauterine development.
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### Human: Four patients (10 plug cartilages) were examined three times by T2 mapping at 1, 3, and 6 months using a 3.0 Tesla MR scan system . Quantitative mean (full-thickness) T2 values were calculated in the transplanted area and control cartilage . Does [ Quantitative T2 mapping evaluate the repaired articular cartilage ]?### Assistant T2 mapping provides a useful tool for monitoring the biochemical development of the transplanted cartilage and can be used to evaluate the cartilage repair noninvasively.
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### Human: Elderly people living in residential care facilities are more likely to fall . The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction accuracy of the Downton fall risk index among older people . The accuracy of predictions did not improve when applying a fall definition in which falls were excluded . Does prediction of fall among older people in residential care facilities by the Downton index?### Assistant Already after 3 months, the Downton fall risk index appears to be a useful tool for predicting falls, irrespective of their cause, among older people in residential care facilities.
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### Human: The possible involvement of claudin-1 (CL-1), one of the major tight junctional proteins (TJPs), was investigated in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer . Adenocarcinoma tissue and paired normal mucosa specimens were resected from surgical specimens of patients . The expression of CL-1 at the mRNA and protein levels was analyzed in 41 cases . Is claudin-1 protein a major factor involved in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer?### Assistant CL-1 plays a pivotal role in cell morphology and behavior in the colonic epithelium. CL-1 protein may therefore be one of the major factors involved in the tumorigenesis of CRC.
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### Human: Allicin, the main biologically active compound derived from garlic, has been shown to exert various anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic activities in in vitro and in . vitro studies . PD related neuronal injury is associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction . Study found allicin significantly enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis and prevented fragmentation of mitochondrial network after 6-OHDA treatment . Does allicin protect PC12 Cells Against 6-OHDA-Induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics?### Assistant In summary, our data strongly suggested that allicin treatment can exert protective effects against PD related neuronal injury through inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction with dynamic changes.
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### Human: 473 patients with a birth weight under 1500 g were included in a prospective observational study for adverse events that included cardiorespiratory events, local reactions and fever . Apnea appeared significantly more often in children who were younger at the time of immunization . Do very low birth weight infants have only few adverse events after timely immunization?### Assistant Timely vaccination of premature infants with a birth weight under 1500 g is safe, but the occurrence of cardiorespiratory events is related to earlier gestational week.
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### Human: Blood was collected from all dogs directly into collection tubes containing 3.2 or 3.8% citrate . Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and fibrinogen concentration were measured by use of 3 clot-detection assay systems . Does effect of citrate concentration on coagulation test result in dogs?### Assistant Citrate concentration does not significantly affect results of most coagulation assays, regardless of assay system. The aPTT was mildly influenced by the citrate concentration, although this was animal-, instrument-, and reagent-dependent. The choice of 3.2 or 3.8% citrate as an anticoagulant for coagulation tests has minimal influence on assay results in healthy dogs or dogs with hereditary hemostatic disorders.
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### Human: Lamotrigine is effective in the treatment of persons with bipolar disorder . It is also effective in reducing the effects of ketamine in humans . It also decreases the perceptual abnormalities produced by ketamine . Does lamotrigine prevent ketamine but not amphetamine-induced deficits in prepulse inhibition in mice?### Assistant In conclusion, lamotrigine can increase PPI on its own and prevent ketamine-induced, but not amphetamine-induced, disruptions of PPI. These results suggest that lamotrigine may exert its effects on PPI through the glutamatergic system.
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### Human: Saccadic eye movements are used to rapidly align the fovea with the image of objects of interest in peripheral vision . In children there is a high preponderance of quick latency but poorly planned saccades that consistently fall short of the target goal . Do the human frontal oculomotor cortical areas contribute asymmetrically to motor planning in a gap saccade task?### Assistant Taken together, the results are consistent with a direction-dependent role of the FEF and left SEF in delaying the release of saccadic eye movements until they have been fully planned.
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### Human: The vat gene mutant strain of APEC-O1 did not affect the growth and resistance to environment stress . Inactivation of the APEC gene resulted in enhanced motility, diminished agglutination, decreased biofilm formation and attenuated virulence . Does [ Vacuolating autotransporter toxin affect biological characteristics and pathogenicity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli ]?### Assistant These data indicated that Vat affect the motility, agglutination, biofilm formation and virulence of APEC-O1, which help us to understand the role of the Vat in the APEC pathogenicity.
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### Human: Study involved 300 patients with SCCE who underwent either EMR or ESD from March 1994 to July 2007 . Patients underwent endoscopic resection and then were followed by periodic endoscopy for 8 to 174 months (mean 65 months) Disease-free survival was significantly better with ESD . Is endoscopic submucosal dissection superior to conventional endoscopic resection as a curative treatment for early squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus ( with video )?### Assistant The study's retrospective nature prevents definitive conclusions.
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### Human: Microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization identified a microamplification harboring a single gene (CACNA1E) at 1q25.3 in 6 of 76 (7.9%) Wilms' tumors . Overexpression of the gene was associated with DNA copy number and tumor relapse . Does amplification and overexpression of CACNA1E correlate with relapse in favorable histology Wilms ' tumors?### Assistant These data identify a unique genetic aberration with direct clinical relevance in Wilms' tumor relapse and provide evidence for a potential novel mechanism of treatment resistance in these tumors.
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### Human: A rodent model of liver disease sharing these phenotypic features would assist in the study of underlying mechanisms and testing of theraphetic drugs . Bile duct ligation caused sarcopenia, liver, cardiovascular and renal dysfunction whereas CCl4 mice demonstrated no clinical abnormalities . Plasma eicosanoid levels were elevated in patients with acute or chronic liver failure (AoCLF) Do bile duct-ligated mice exhibit multiple phenotypic similarities to acute decompensation patients despite histological differences?### Assistant We conclude that BDL mice and rats are not simply models of cholestatic liver injury but may be used to study mechanisms underlying poor outcome from infection in AD and have identified elevated NO as a potential mediator of depressed leucocyte trafficking.
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### Human: Few studies have focused on factors affecting outcome in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) treated with thalidomide-based therapy . We investigated factors affecting response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) We analyzed demographics and disease-related characteristics to search for factors affecting responses, PFS, and OS . The factors that remained significantly associated with a longer OS were normal sCRP level (P = .005) and response to therapy > or = VGPR . Is serum C-reactive protein at diagnosis and response to therapy the most powerful factor predicting outcome of multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide/ anthracycline-based therapy?### Assistant Serum C-reactive protein before therapy and response after therapy are the only factors useful in identifying patients benefiting from anthracycline/thalidomide-based therapy.
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### Human: Previous work has identified prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as a potential antigen for T-cell recognition . One vaccination strategy that is being pursued in the clinic utilizes peptide-pulsed peripheral blood mononuclear cells . Is the HLA-A2-restricted PSMA peptide LLHETDSAV poorly immunogenic in patients with metastatic prostate cancer?### Assistant Our results suggest that the PSMA peptide LLHETDSAV is poorly immunogenic in humans and that alternative prostate cancer antigens should be pursued.
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### Human: Polyanions, including RNA and glycosaminoglycans have been identified as factors that contribute to the propagation, transmission and pathogenesis of prion disease . Recent studies have suggested that the contribution of these cofactors to prion propagation may be species specific . Does glycosaminoglycan sulphation affect the seeded misfolding of a mutant prion protein?### Assistant Cofactor requirements for PrP(res) formation are host species and prion strain specific and affected by disease associated mutations of the prion protein. This may explain both species and strain dependent propagation characteristics and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of familial prion disease. It further highlights the challenge of designing effective therapeutics against a disease which effects a range of mammalian species, caused by range of aetiologies and prion strains.
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### Human: Parkinsonian (PD) patients undergo cyclic antero-posterior and medio-lateral transfers of the centre of foot pressure . This event might be potentially exploited for improving gait in these patients . Does alternate rhythmic vibratory stimulation of trunk muscles affect walking cadence and velocity in Parkinson 's disease?### Assistant Alternate ES vibration enhances gait velocity in PD. The stronger effect of ES over leg muscle vibration might depend on the relevance of the proprioceptive inflow from the trunk muscles and on the absence of adverse effects on the support base width.
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### Human: Magnesium deficiency is thought to be a risk factor for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis and complications . We investigated the prognostic impact of Mg serum levels with respect to the occurrence of neurological events in patients with advanced atheroscleric disease . We prospectively studied 323 patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication . Does low serum magnesium predict neurological events in patients with advanced atherosclerosis?### Assistant Low Mg serum levels indicate an increased risk for neurological events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease, favoring Mg substitution therapy in those patients with advanced atherosclerosis.
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### Human: The antimicrobial properties and toxicity of Euphorbia plant latex should make it a hostile environment to microbes . However, when specimens from Euphorbian spp. were propagated in tissue culture, microbial growth was observed routinely . Is euphorbia plant latex inhabited by diverse microbial communities?### Assistant Our results suggest that Euphorbia plant latex, a putatively hostile antimicrobial environment, unexpectedly supports diverse bacterial and fungal communities. The ecological roles of these microorganisms and potential interactions with their host plants are unknown and warrant further research.
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### Human: IpsA is a LacI-type transcriptional regulator conserved among Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria . IpsA triggers myo-inositol formation by activating ino1, which encodes inositol phosphate synthase . Is ipsA , a novel LacI-type regulator , required for inositol-derived lipid formation in Corynebacteria and Mycobacteria?### Assistant This characterization of IpsA function and of its regulon sheds light on the complex transcriptional control of cell wall biogenesis in the mycolata taxon and generates novel targets for drug development.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether cyclosporine A (CsA)-based Graft vs. Host Disease (GvHD) prophylaxis with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) instead of MMF or methotrexate (MTX) reduces GvHD incidence and lowers gastrointestinal (GI-) toxicities . Does enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium containing GvHD prophylaxis reduce GvHD rate after allogeneic HSCT?### Assistant This data support the hypothesis that replacement of MMF or MTX by EC-MPS reduces GvHD rates after HSCT. This appears not to be due to a reduced GI-toxicity of EC-MPS.
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### Human: Study included 160 patients with IBS, 40 patients with other gastrointestinal diseases, and 50 healthy individuals (controls) Patients were observed for 4 weeks, placed on an elimination diet (without cow's milk and derivatives, wheat, egg, tomato, and chocolate) and kept a diet diary . Those who reported improvements after the elimination diet period were then diagnosed with FH, based on the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenge . Do fecal assays detect hypersensitivity to cow 's milk protein and gluten in adults with irritable bowel syndrome?### Assistant Twenty-five percent of patients with IBS have FH. These patients had increased levels of fecal ECP and tryptase, indicating that they might cause inflammation in patients with IBS. Fecal assays for ECP could be used to identify FH in patients with IBS.
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### Human: In 2004, the Kenya Medical Research Institute and the US Army Medical Research Unit--Kenya surveyed adults in Samburu, Malindi, and Busia districts to determine socioeconomic risk factors for infection . Sociodemographic, health, and antimalarial data were collected along with blood for malaria testing . Are literacy and recent history of diarrhoea predictive of Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Kenyan adults?### Assistant While district of residence was the variable most highly predictive for parasitaemia among Kenyan adults surveyed, both a recent history of diarrhoeal illness and literacy were at least marginally statistically significant predictors.
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### Human: AKI is a serious early complications in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) that signifcantly increases mortality rates compared to patients without AKI . The early diagnosis of AKI during its treatable phases can improve outcomes for this group of patients . Is urine NGAL useful in the clinical evaluation of renal function in the early course of acute pancreatitis?### Assistant The measurement of NGAL levels, particularly in urine, is simple, easy to interpret, routinely available, and clinically useful in the assessment of dynamic changes in kidney function for patients with AP.
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### Human: Many falls occur during walking when the base of support is narrowest in the mediolateral (ML) direction . Good lateral harmonic stability in gait may be important for minimising fall risk in older people . Traditional ML harmonic ratio may be sub-optimal measure of gait quality because of insufficient frequency resolution . Is good lateral harmonic stability combined with adequate gait speed required for low fall risk in older people?### Assistant The findings indicate that good lateral harmonic stability interacts with adequate gait speed and, when coincident, are associated with reduced fall risk in older people. Future research could examine whether interventions focusing on enhancing both gait speed and lateral stability can reduce fall risk and whether these combined gait measures can remotely predict deteriorating health using wearable technology.
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### Human: The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise, whether continuous (CE) or intermittent (completed in either two (IE 2) or three (IE 3) exercise sessions) alters reverse cholesterol transport or low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size . The IE 3 group had significant increases in HDL(2)-C at 24 (39%) and 48h post-exercise by 66% . Does continuous and intermittent walking alter HDL ( 2 ) -C and LCATa?### Assistant The results of this study indicate that whether the exercise is continuous or intermittent, keeping calorie expenditure the same, causes significant changes in the HDL(2)-C subfraction, which was augmented by an increase in LCATa.
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### Human: Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administered 20 h prior to the first saline conditioning trial diminished subsequent drug- and stressor-primed reinstatement of the extinguished CPP . Does rottlerin impair the formation and maintenance of psychostimulant-supported memory?### Assistant These results suggest that systemic rottlerin treatment may impair the formation of COC- and MA-supported memory. Importantly, such a treatment may advance our understanding of the underlying mechanism through which extinction training resulted in the "forgetting" of the COC- and MA-supported memory.
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### Human: The 2007-2009 financial crisis strongly emphasized the need to define new ways and measures to study and assess the stock market dynamics . The S&P500 dynamics during 4/1999-4/2010 is investigated in terms of the index cohesive force (ICF) The stiff state is also marked by strong effect of the market index on the stock-stock correlations as well as bursts of high stock correlations reminiscence of epileptic brain activity . Does index cohesive force analysis reveal that the US market became prone to systemic collapses since 2002?### Assistant The market dynamical states, stability and transition between economic states was studies using new quantitative measures. Doing so shed new light on the origin and nature of the current crisis. The new approach is likely to be applicable to other classes of complex systems from gene networks to the human brain.
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### Human: X-rays of American white children (5-14 years of age) with simple hypodontia were compared to a comparable group with all teeth present (n=206) Tooth formation was decidedly more frequently asymmetric in those with hypodentia . Is bilateral asymmetry of tooth formation elevated in children with simple hypodontia?### Assistant Increased asymmetry suggests a breakdown in the rigour of developmental timing in cases with simple hypodontia. In concert with increased frequencies of other growth issues in such cases, such as side differences in size and morphology, hypodontia is best viewed as a symptom of an anatomically broad relaxation of developmental canalization between homologous structures, not an isolated dental feature.
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### Human: Studies have revealed the ability of clinicopathologic parameters and gene expression to predict HCC prognosis . There has been little systematic effort to compare the two types of predictors or combine them in a comprehensive model . Tumor and adjacent non-tumor liver tissues were collected from 272 ethnic Chinese HCC patients who received curative surgery . Do clinicopathologic and gene expression parameters predict liver cancer prognosis?### Assistant When applied individually, clinicopathologic parameters and gene expression offered similar predictive power for HCC prognosis. In contrast, a combination of the two types of data dramatically improved the power to predict HCC prognosis. Our results also provided a framework for understanding the impact of gene expression on the processes of tumorigenesis and clinical outcome.
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### Human: The aim of the work was to verify the applicability of quality goals based on biological variation . We evaluated the performance of the laboratories participating in two Italian EQAS . The results were obtained during 2007 for 27 components in the regional scheme of Lombardy and in the national scheme of Prolarit . Does comparison of the results from two different External Quality Assessment Schemes support the utility of robust quality specifications?### Assistant Due to the different performance shown in the two programs, objective analytical goals based on biological variability constitute the optimal solution.
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### Human: The study aims to verify the predictive value of positive poppy seed and morphine sIgE assays results . None of the 22 patients demonstrated objective or subjective symptoms on provocation with morphine and/or codeine . Are igE to Poppy Seed and Morphine Useful Tools to Diagnose Opiate Allergy?### Assistant Positive sIgE results to poppy seed and morphine are not per se predictive for genuine opiate allergy and should not be used in isolation to diagnose morphine or codeine allergy. To avoid overdiagnosis, for the time being, we propose to supplement serological diagnosis with an oral provocation test. Whether BAT might help to discriminate between clinical reactivity and sensitization remains to be confirmed in larger collaborative studies.
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### Human: Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin [60 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)] or the vehicle (0.9% NaCl) and studied 3 weeks later . The diabetic and control rats had similar mean arterial pressure (MAP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) Noradrenaline (NA) increased in vivo left ventricular contractility (LV +dP/dt), MAP and TPR in both groups . Does inhibition of iNOS augment cardiovascular action of noradrenaline in streptozotocin-induced diabetes?### Assistant Activation of iNOS contributes to depressed cardiovascular contractile function to NA at the acute phase of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Selective inhibition of iNOS partially restored cardiovascular responses to NA.
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### Human: This study was designed to determine the prognostic value of immunohistochemical tumor marker expression in a population of patients with node-negative esophageal cancer treated with complete resection alone . A panel of 10 tumor markers were chosen for immunohistsic analysis . Multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between cancer-specific death and the following variables: low-level P-GP expression (p = 0.004), high-level expression of p53, and low-levels expression of transforming growth factor-alpha . Is tumor marker expression predictive of survival in patients with esophageal cancer?### Assistant This study supports the prognostic value of immunohistochemical tumor markers, specifically the expression pattern of P-gp, p53, and transforming growth factor-alpha, in patients with esophageal carcinoma treated with complete resection alone.
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### Human: Cryptic species are two or more distinct but morphologically similar species that were classified as a single species . During the past two decades we observed an exponential growth of publications on cryptic species . It has been proposed that their distribution is non-random across taxa and biomes . Are cryptic animal species homogeneously distributed among taxa and biogeographical regions?### Assistant This indicates that morphological stasis represents an evolutionary constant and that cryptic metazoan diversity does predictably affect estimates of earth's animal diversity. Our findings have direct theoretical and practical consequences for a number of prevailing biological questions with regard to global biodiversity estimates, conservation efforts and global taxonomic initiatives.
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### Human: DLL4 expression and microvessel density (MVD) were detected by immunohistochemistry in 51 human high-grade malignant glioma tissue samples . The vessel maturation index (VMI) was calculated as the percentage of a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)-positive vessels in relation to the amount of CD31-positive vessels . Does delta-like ligand 4 correlate with endothelial proliferation and vessel maturation in human malignant glioma?### Assistant DLL4 may be an important regulator for vessel proliferation and maturation in human high-grade malignant gliomas.
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### Human: Symptoms, endoscopy, and histology were assessed in 46 patients using Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI) Patients with pouchitis had significantly higher mean total PDAI scores . 25% of patients with symptoms suggestive of pouchitis did not meet the PDAi diagnostic criteria for pouchitis . Are endoscopic and histologic evaluation together with symptom assessment required to diagnose pouchitis?### Assistant The symptom, endoscopy, and histology scores each contribute to the PDAI and appear to be independent of each other. Symptoms alone do not reliably diagnose pouchitis.
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### Human: The rapid respiration rate of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fruits (bolls) produces a concentrated CO2 microenvironment around the bolls and bracts . Arguably, this microenvironment has existed for at least 1·1 million years since the appearance of tetraploid cotton . Are cotton bracts adapted to a microenvironment of concentrated CO2 produced by rapid fruit respiration?### Assistant These results agree with the theoretical prediction that adaptation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 requires increased RuBP regeneration. Cotton bracts are readily available material for studying adaption to elevated CO2.
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### Human: The aim of this study was to investigate whether risk factors for embolism would promote thrombus formation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) The beta-TG level was higher in NVAF patients than in control subjects . Only NVAF (OR, 10.30; 95% CI, 5.67 to 18.72) emerged as a predictor of elevated levels of beta- TG . Is prothrombotic activity increased in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and risk factors for embolism?### Assistant NVAF patients whose conditions were complicated with risk factors for embolism could be in the prothrombotic state. Advanced age is a strong predictor of the prothrombotic state in NVAF patients.
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### Human: Sunlight and air temperature are environmental parameters with considerable influence upon autoimmunity . Their impact on idiopathic bullous pemphigoid (BP) was studied in a prospective series of 27 patients . Skin involvement and the onset of disease showed an immediate and cumulative pattern of response to sunlight . Do sunlight and air temperature affect autoantibody activity and skin involvement of bullous pemphigoid?### Assistant This study verifies previous sporadic clinical and experimental data concerning the influence of environmental factors on BP. Accordingly, preventive measures against exposure to sunlight and high temperature are recommended.
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### Human: Apo H mRNA levels and protein content were measured in hepatic and adipose tissue (subcutaneous and visceral) samples obtained during bariatric surgery . APOH plasma levels were significantly associated with triglycerides (p<0.001), all the components of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (p) and RBP4 levels . ApOH was higher in type 2 diabetic patients with MS (p=0.003) and with clinical evidence of macrovascular disease . Is aPOH increased in the plasma and liver of type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome?### Assistant APOH plasma concentrations are strongly associated to MS alterations and vascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients and could be considered as a clinical marker of cardiovascular risk. The enhanced APOH levels in these patients are due to an increased liver synthesis. If APOH plays a major causal role in macrovascular lesions associated to diabetes and MS need further studies.
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### Human: Analysis of chromosomal sperm content by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using probes for chromosomes 1, 15, 16, 17, 18, X, and Y . Six male carriers of balanced chromosome rearrangements, one with normal sperm parameters and five with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia . Does fluorescence in situ hybridization sperm analysis of six translocation carriers provide evidence of an interchromosomal effect?### Assistant The observed interchromosomal effect seems to be translocation, patient, and chromosome dependent. Variable effects were observed, according to the chromosome studied. When we looked at patients carrying the same translocation, the level of disomy rate was variable and affected different chromosomes.
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### Human: The role of rapamycin in pancreas stem cells remains to be clearly elucidated . Herein we evaluated the effects of the drug on porcine neonatal pancreis cell clusters (NPCCs) The expressions of insulin, pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1, and NeuroD/Beta2 genes were down-regulated via rapamycine treatment . Does rapamycin suppress the expansion and differentiation of porcine neonatal pancreas cell clusters?### Assistant Here, we demonstrate that rapamycin treatment suppresses the expansion and differentiation of porcine NPCCs, and the alteration of Foxo1 and insulin-like growth factor-II gene expression might be the crucial factors.
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### Human: Patients with Crohn's disease (CD) often exposed to ionizing diagnostic radiation with inherent risks from protracted exposure . We analyzed 170 patients with CD (114 treated with anti-TNF and 56 treated with corticosteroid) Is anti-TNF therapy associated with a reduction in radiation exposure in patients with Crohn 's disease?### Assistant Anti-TNF but not corticosteroid therapy is associated with a significant reduction in diagnostic radiation exposure a year after treatment, which persisted after 3 years.
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### Human: ATM may regulate oxidative stress-induced signaling cascades involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-KappaB), a transcription factor that is upstream of a wide variety of stress-responsive genes . ATM gene knockdown with the use of an antisense oligonucleotide suppressed OGD-induced ATM protein expression . ATM knockdown also accentuated OGD's mitochondrial DNA damage and the activation of caspase-3 and caspases-8, leading to enhanced CEC death . Does aTM gene regulate oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced nuclear factor-kappaB DNA-binding activity and downstream apoptotic cascade in mouse cerebrovascular endothelial cells?### Assistant We conclude that ATM may play a cytoprotective role in OGD-induced CEC death via a NF-kappaB-dependent signaling pathway.
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### Human: INACTINE PEN110 chemistry is being used to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (RBCC) Does broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrate using INACTINE PEN110 chemistry?### Assistant The results from the study demonstrate for the first time that a pathogen-reduction technology for RBCC can achieve a broad-spectrum virucidal effect against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of virucidal activity of INACTINE PEN110, and equivalent kinetics of virus inactivation in RBCC prepared using different commercially available RBC storage solutions, demonstrate the robustness of this pathogen-reduction process.
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### Human: Between January 2000 and December 2006 a total of 387 patients with T1-2N0+ breast cancer were treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy, with and without hormone therapy and chemotherapy . Five-year local relapse-free survival rates were 97.3% ± 1.5% for patients who did not receive chemotherapy . Is interval between breast-conserving surgery and start of radiation therapy in early-stage breast cancer predictive of local recurrence : a single-institution experience?### Assistant In our study a delay in administering radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery was not associated with an increased risk of local relapse. Taking into account contrasting results of many published studies, a larger evaluation of this issue is warranted.
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### Human: Mucous cell metaplasia is considered the critical preneoplastic lesion for gastric cancer . Previous investigations have shown that infection of Helicobacter felis or acute parietal cell loss with the drug DMP-777 leads to the emergence of a type of metaplastic metaplia . We hypothesized that SPEM arises from proliferating cells in gland bases, either from a cryptic progenitor cell or by transdifferentiation of mature chief cells . Are mature chief cells cryptic progenitors for metaplasia in the stomach?### Assistant These studies provide direct evidence by lineage tracing that SPEM evolves from differentiated chief cells. Thus, mature gastric chief cells have the ability to act as cryptic progenitors and reacquire proliferative capacity within the context of mucosal injury and inflammation.
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### Human: The aberrant expression of microRNAs has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer . We aimed to investigate the mechanism of microRNAAs in the regulation of GC pathogenesis . Inhibition of miR-126 effectively reduced migration and invasion of GC cell lines . Does microRNA-126 regulate migration and invasion of gastric cancer by targeting CADM1?### Assistant Our study showed that miR-126, by down-regulation CADM1, enhances migration and invasion in GC cells.
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### Human: Nodules (n = 14) were examined with monoclonal antibodies recognizing the DC differentiation/activation markers CD83, CMRF44, and CD1a . Cells expressing CMRf44 were common in rheumatoid nodules, comprising 22% of nucleated cells versus 13% in synovial membranes . Are cells expressing dendritic cell markers present in the rheumatoid nodule?### Assistant Cells bearing DC markers are as frequent in the rheumatoid nodule as in the synovial lesions. A majority are "indeterminate" cells that are CD14 positive but a proportion are single stained putative DC. The lack of lymphoid collections containing DC and T and B lymphocytes in the nodule suggests that local presentation of antigen may not occur in the rheumatoid nodule, as is thought to be the case in synovial membranes containing lymphoid follicles. This difference could potentially be explained by different states of activation, and differentiation of DC within the 2 lesions.
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### Human: Study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare hemodynamic response in mesocorticolimbic structures after exposure to alcohol tastes . Results indicated that DRD4 VNTR >7 repeat individuals (DRD4.L) had significantly greater response to alcohol cues in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, and striatum . Is differential neural response to alcohol priming and alcohol taste cues associated with DRD4 VNTR and OPRM1 genotypes?### Assistant The DRD4 VNTR and OPRM1 A118G polymorphisms are associated with functional neural changes in mesocorticolimbic structures after exposure to alcohol cues. This provides evidence for the contributions of the DRD4 and OPRM1 genes in modulating neural activity in structures that are involved in the motivation to drink.
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### Human: 39 microscopy centres in Anantpur district and 34 in Nellore district (one per 100,000 population) each with a trained microscopist . Periodic follow-up sputum microscopy is performed for all tuberculosis (TB) patients on treatment . Results are recorded in a laboratory register . Is repeated sputum microscopy essential for monitoring tuberculosis treatment response?### Assistant The yield of a second on-the-spot sputum specimen is negligible, provided that the first smear is from an overnight specimen. From the data available, it is evident that repeated follow-up smears are not essential for documenting treatment outcome.
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### Human: The aim of this study is to make sure whether polymorphism Ala54Thr of gene Fatty Acid-Binding Protein 2 (FABP2) is associated with stroke risk in Hunan Han population of China . A total of 206 cerebral infarction (CI), 185 cerebral hemorrhage (CH) and 172 controls were enrolled in our study . Is polymorphism Ala54Thr of fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene associated with stroke risk in Han population of Hunan China?### Assistant Our study shows that Ala54Thr of FABP2 may be not associated with stroke risk but associated with plasma TG level of stroke patients for Hunan Han population of China.
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### Human: The study aimed to develop a gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction score predicting 28-day mortality for adult patients needing mechanical ventilation (MV) 377 adult patients from 40 ICUs with expected duration of MV for at least 6 h were prospectively studied . Absent bowel sounds and GI bleeding were the symptoms most significantly associated with mortality . Are gastrointestinal symptoms during the first week of intensive care associated with poor outcome : a prospective multicentre study?### Assistant An increasing number of GI symptoms independently predicts 28 day mortality with moderate accuracy. However, it was not possible to develop a GI dysfunction score, improving the performance of the SOFA score either due to data set limitations, definition problems, or possibly indicating that GI dysfunction is often secondary and not the primary cause of other organ failure.
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### Human: The objective is to determine if muscle MRI is useful for assessing neuropathy severity . Clinical, MRI and electromyography (EMG) examinations were performed in 17 patients with focal lower limb neuropathies . MRI amyotrophy was significantly increased in severe, chronic, and proximal neuropathynepathies along with fatty infiltration in chronic lesions . Are muscle MRI STIR signal intensity and atrophy correlated to focal lower limb neuropathy severity?### Assistant Muscle MRI atrophy and quantitative evaluation of signal intensity were correlated to MRC score in our study. Semiquantitative evaluation of muscle STIR signal was sensitive enough for detection of topography of the nerve lesion but was not suitable to assess severity. Muscle MRI could support EMG in chronic and proximal neuropathy, which showed poor sensitivity in these patients.
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### Human: Mixed hematopoietic chimerism has not been achieved in large animals using methods that are readily applicable to human recipients . Cardiac allografts transplanted into untreated recipients across similar minor antigen barriers were rejected within 44 days . Does mixed hematopoietic chimerism induce long-term tolerance to cardiac allografts in miniature swine?### Assistant Mixed hematopoietic chimerism, established in miniature swine using clinically relevant, non-myeloablative conditioning regimens, permits long-term cardiac allograft survival without chronic immunosuppressive therapy, significant vasculopathy, or graft-versus-host disease.
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### Human: MMP-13 deletion alone abrogated collagenolytic activity in lesions, indicating a predominant role for MMPs in this process . Analysis of aortic root sections indicated that lesions of MMP's/MMP-8/Mmp-13-deficient and MMP/13-Deficient mice accumulate more fibrillar collagen than those of mice . Does matrix metalloproteinase-13 predominate over matrix metalloproteinase-8 as the functional interstitial collagenase in mouse atheromata?### Assistant These results show that among MMP interstitial collagenases in mice, MMP-13 prevails over MMP-8 in collagen degradation in atheromata. These findings provide a rationale for the identification and selective targeting a predominant collagenase for modulating key aspects of plaque structure considered critical in clinical complications, although they do not translate directly to human lesions, which also contain MMP-1.
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### Human: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rotation direction change on MS onset and severity . MS onset was fastest when drum rotation direction changed . MS symptoms significantly affected were dizziness, stomach awareness, and nausea . Does rotation direction change hasten motion sickness onset in an optokinetic drum?### Assistant These results suggest that a lack of correlation between the sensed and expected effects of motion alone can lead to MS. These results cannot be accounted for by a lack of correlation between sensed and expected gravitational vertical given that these were held constant across conditions.
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### Human: Late onset asthma is associated with more severe disease and higher morbidity than in younger patients . Evidence on impact of patient age on diagnostic assessment of asthma in a specialist setting is sparse . Is the level of specialist assessment of adult asthma influenced by patient age?### Assistant A lower level of diagnostic assessment was observed already after the age of 35 years, indicating a risk for under diagnosis of asthma at an earlier patient age than previously thought.
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### Human: The goal of this study was to determine whether eosinophil-active cytokines, including IL-3, IL-5, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, are released into the lung 24 hours after segmental antigen challenge of ragweed allergic subjects . Subjects with allergic rhinitis were challenged with relatively high doses of . ragweed antigen (0.2 ragweed . antigen units/ml) Is eosinophil survival activity identified as interleukin-5 associated with eosinophil recruitment and degranulation and lung injury twenty-four hours after segmental antigen lung challenge?### Assistant We conclude that IL-5 is the most important constituent in ESA in the lung 24 hours after antigen challenge and that it correlates with eosinophil recruitment, degranulation, and lung injury.
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### Human: Fifteen untreated female patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 7 healthy female controls were infused with epinephrine (0.05 microg/kg/min) for about 20 min . Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were analyzed . Does infusion of epinephrine decrease serum levels of cortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?### Assistant Serum cortisol and 17OHP (cortisol precursor) were lower in patients with RA compared to controls despite similar ACTH levels. Simulation of an adrenomedullary stress response by epinephrine infusion decreased serum cortisol and 17OHP in patients but not in controls. Such a response may play an unfavorable role during a typical stress reaction in patients with RA that may lead to a more proinflammatory situation.
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### Human: A total of 75 patients with invasive bladder cancer underwent radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy . SNs were identified by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative dynamic lymphoscintsigraphy and blue dye detection . Of the 32 lymph node positive cases, of whom 13 had all lymph node metastases located only outside of the obturator spaces . Does intraoperative sentinel node detection improve nodal staging in invasive bladder cancer?### Assistant SN detection is feasible in invasive bladder cancer, although the false- negative rate was 19% in this study. Extended serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry revealed micrometastases in SNs in 9 patients and radio guided surgery after the completion of lymphadenectomy identified SNs in an additional 7. We believe that the technique that we used in this study improved nodal staging in these 16 of 65 patients (25%).
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### Human: Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Round Table criteria have been proposed for stroke studies . Stroke therapy academic industry Round Table has been proposed . We aimed to compare susceptibility to ischemia in hypertensive rats with those in normotensive controls in a rat model . Do spontaneously hypertensive rats display reduced microglial activation in response to ischemic stroke and lipopolysaccharide?### Assistant The SHRs showed significantly larger infarct volumes and more pronounced sensory-motor deficits, compared to the WKYRs at 24 h after the insult. However, both differences disappeared between 24 and 72 h. In SHRs, microglia were less susceptible to activation by lipopolysaccharide and there was a reduced microglial activation after induction of ischemic stroke. These quantitative and qualitative differences may be relevant for studying the efficacy of new treatments for stroke in accordance to the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Round Table criteria.
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### Human: Aim was to examine capacity of U46619 (a stable thromboxane A2 mimetic) to mediate release of endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from bovine aortic endothelial cells . Does activation of bovine endothelial thromboxane receptors trigger release of prostacyclin but not EDRF?### Assistant In contrast to bradykinin linked receptors on AG4762 endothelial cells, which are coupled to the release of both prostacyclin and EDRF, activation of thromboxane A2 receptors on these cells selectively triggers release of PGI2 but not EDRF. Further, based on the distinct effects of ionomycin and staurosporine, it appears that agonist stimulated PGI2 release from these cells is mediated predominantly by protein kinase C, rather than by rises in intracellular Ca2+. This observation contrasts with previously described mechanisms of PGI2 release from endothelium obtained from other sources.
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