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And it gets worse as the Moon now starts to mess things up too.
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As the Moon is a pretty massive thing, it pulls on Earth.
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Both objects orbit their common center of gravity that lies around 4,700 kilometers off to the side of Earth's core.
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In practice, this means that as the Moon orbits Earth, it's jerking Earth around a bit, enough to make it jiggle.
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Okay, so you're standing on the surface of a rotating planet that is jiggling around the Sun in an elliptical orbit that changes a bit every year.
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But who's to say the Earth is right?
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From the perspective of the Sun, the plane of the Solar System is arbitrary.
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It's defined as the plane the Earth orbits in because that is convenient for us.
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In reality, the other planets are just a little bit inclined with respect to our plane.
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From their point of view, we're the ones with a slightly bent orbit.
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But this isn't it.
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The Solar System as a whole is orbiting the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
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If we look at the Milky Way, we can clearly make out a galactic plane in which the Solar System orbits the center every 230 million years.
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But of course, it's not that simple.
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First of all, the plane of the Solar System is not aligned with the plane of the galaxy.
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Just like the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun on their own planes, so do all the stars orbiting the galactic center.
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The Solar System as a whole is tilted about 60 degrees towards the galactic plane, speeding through space at almost a million kilometers per hour.
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Someone in the center of the galaxy would see the orbits of the planets moving through space in a helix shape,
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This orientation in space means that sometimes the planets are sort of in front of the Sun as it orbits around the galactic core.
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Let's just look at this for a moment.
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There is a strange and eerie beauty about how our planets and the Sun move through space.
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Do you feel a bit dizzy?
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It gets worse.
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This is still not the whole story because the mass of the galactic disk is constantly pulling on the Solar System too.
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Like a drunk dolphin, we're diving down and shooting up hundreds of light-years through the galactic plane ten times every orbit along arcs thousands of light-years long.
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We haven't mapped this motion out completely as it takes the Solar System tens of millions of years to go up and back once, and well, humanity is not that old.
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Let's look at your relative position again.
|
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At this point, the frame of reference becomes a bit arbitrary and pointless because of the nature of the universe at this scale.
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The Milky Way is part of a galaxy group that appears to be part of greater structures like the Laniakea Supercluster,
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Someone looking right at us from that far away will only see the end of greatness.
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All stuff appears homogeneous, the same everywhere.
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Just like with empty space, when everything looks the same, who's to say anyone's view is better than anyone else's?
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We've reached the end of our little exercise in cosmic humidity.
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Let's make the journey backwards again, from the indescribably large to the really large to our galactic home to our galaxy,
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If this is all a bit much, don't feel bad.
|
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The scale of the universe is brain-crushing, and trying to keep track of how everything is oriented or decide where the best up and down is, is hard.
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But it doesn't really matter, because it doesn't change where you are.
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You're already in the best spot you possibly could be, right here, right now.
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For all you care, nothing can stop you from being right at the center of your own little universe.
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This is exactly the sort of thing that Shopify is determined to support, and you can build your own thing with it.
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It does that all the time.
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The vast majority of cancer cells you develop will be killed without you ever noticing, which is an incredibly hard job because of what cancer cells are.
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What is cancer and how does your body kill it all the time?
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Cancer is when corrupted cells multiply uncontrollably.
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It can emerge from basically every type of cell in your body, so there's not just a single type of cancer, but hundreds.
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Some grow slowly, others are aggressive, some can be treated effectively, others are deadly.
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In a sense, a cell that becomes cancer turns into something ancient and something new.
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Over billions of years, evolution has molded cells to survive and thrive in a hostile environment, fighting for space and resources.
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But cooperation requires sacrifices.
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For a multicellular being to stay healthy, the well-being of the collective has to matter more than the survival of the individual cell.
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Cancer cells stop being part of the collective and become individuals again.
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Your body can handle a few rogue cells, but some cancer cells divide again and again,
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Despite the harm they cause, cancer cells are not evil.
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They don't want to hurt you, they don't want anything.
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Cells are protein robots that just follow their programming, which unfortunately has been corrupted.
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In a nutshell, your cells have a nucleus filled with DNA.
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It consists of genes, instructions for how to build proteins, and when to make each one.
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These building instructions are copied and transferred to ribosomes, where they're used to make proteins.
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What kind of proteins your cells make determine what they can do.
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The important thing here is that a corrupt gene means you get a corrupt protein, which will get important later.
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Your DNA gets a tiny bit corrupted.
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It mutates tens of thousands of times each day.
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Almost all of these mutations are fixed very quickly, or are not problematic.
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Still, over time, as your cells make copies of themselves, damage is accumulating.
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Imagine having to make copies from copies from copies for decades.
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Maybe one day a hair got on the scanner, or a corner got frayed.
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Each new mistake becomes part of the new copies, and all the copies that follow.
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You can increase DNA damage by doing things like smoking, drinking alcohol, by being obese, breathing in asbestos, by not using sunscreen, or contracting a virus like HPV.
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But the simplest way to damage DNA and get cancer is to be alive long enough.
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For many cancer cases, there is no cause other than bad luck.
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We are simplifying, but roughly there are three categories of genes that need to be corrupted so cancer can arise.
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The first key mutation is in the appropriately named tumor suppressor genes, or TSGs.
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These genes are a bunch of things.
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For one, they produce control mechanisms that continuously scan your DNA for mistakes and copying errors, and fix them right away.
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And then they keep normal cells from multiplying recklessly.
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If TSGs become damaged, your cells basically forget how to repair themselves, and can reproduce unchecked.
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The second crucial mutation can happen in your oncogenes.
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When oncogenes are turned on, the cell is told to multiply rapidly.
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They were super active when you were inside your mother's womb.
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To turn a single original cell into trillions in months, it needs to divide and grow rapidly.
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These rapid growth genes are turned off when there's enough of you.
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When your oncogenes get corrupted, they basically turn on again.
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[
{
"end": 33,
"label": "状语",
"start": 0,
"token_end": 4,
"token_start": 0
},
{
"end": 39,
"label": "主语",
"start": 35,
"token_end": 6,
"token_start": 6
},
{
"end": 49,
"label": "状语",
"start": 40,
"token_end": 7,
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},
{
"end": 57,
"label": "动词成语",
"start": 50,
"token_end": 9,
"token_start": 8
},
{
"end": 63,
"label": "状语",
"start": 58,
"token_end": 10,
"token_start": 10
}
] |
[
"When",
"your",
"oncogenes",
"get",
"corrupted",
",",
"they",
"basically",
"turn",
"on",
"again",
"."
] |
[
13,
14,
14,
14,
14,
0,
1,
13,
31,
32,
13,
0
] |
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