polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

mladova-etal-2008-sentence

From Sentence to Discourse: Building an Annotation Scheme for Discourse Based on {P}rague Dependency Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1050/

Mladov{\'a}, Lucie and Zik{\'a}nov{\'a}, {\v{S}}{\'a}rka and Haji{\v{c}}ov{\'a}, Eva

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The present paper reports on a preparatory research for building a language corpus annotation scenario capturing the discourse relations in Czech. We primarily focus on the description of the syntactically motivated relations in discourse, basing our findings on the theoretical background of the Prague Dependency Treebank 2.0 and the Penn Discourse Treebank 2. Our aim is to revisit the present-day syntactico-semantic (tectogrammatical) annotation in the Prague Dependency Treebank, extend it for the purposes of a sentence-boundary-crossing representation and eventually to design a new, discourse level of annotation. In this paper, we propose a feasible process of such a transfer, comparing the possibilities the Praguian dependency-based approach offers with the Penn discourse annotation based primarily on the analysis and classification of discourse connectives.

null

83,438

inproceedings

day-etal-2008-corpus

A Corpus for Cross-Document Co-reference

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1051/

Day, David and Hitzeman, Janet and Wick, Michael and Crouch, Keith and Poesio, Massimo

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes a newly created text corpus of news articles that has been annotated for cross-document co-reference. Being able to robustly resolve references to entities across document boundaries will provide a useful capability for a variety of tasks, ranging from practical information retrieval applications to challenging research in information extraction and natural language understanding. This annotated corpus is intended to encourage the development of systems that can more accurately address this problem. A manual annotation tool was developed that allowed the complete corpus to be searched for likely co-referring entity mentions. This corpus of 257K words links mentions of co-referent people, locations and organizations (subject to some additional constraints). Each of the documents had already been annotated for within-document co-reference by the LDC as part of the ACE series of evaluations. The annotation process was bootstrapped with a string-matching-based linking procedure, and we report on some of initial experimentation with the data. The cross-document linking information will be made publicly available.

null

83,439

inproceedings

toral-etal-2008-named

Named Entity {W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1052/

Toral, Antonio and Mu{\~n}oz, Rafael and Monachini, Monica

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents the automatic extension of Princeton WordNet with Named Entities (NEs). This new resource is called Named Entity WordNet. Our method maps the noun is-a hierarchy of WordNet to Wikipedia categories, identifies the NEs present in the latter and extracts different information from them such as written variants, definitions, etc. This information is inserted into a NE repository. A module that converts from this generic repository to the WordNet specific format has been developed. The paper explores different aspects of our methodology such as the treatment of polysemous terms, the identification of hyponyms within the Wikipedia categorization system, the identification of Wikipedia articles which are NEs and the design of a NE repository compliant with the LMF ISO standard. So far, this procedure enriches WordNet with 310,742 NEs and 381,043 instance of relations.

null

83,440

inproceedings

mota-grishman-2008-ne

Is this {NE} tagger getting old?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1053/

Mota, Cristina and Grishman, Ralph

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper focuses on the influence of changing the text time frame on the performance of a named entity tagger. We followed a twofold approach to investigate this subject: on the one hand, we analyzed a corpus that spans 8 years, and, on the other hand, we assessed the performance of a name tagger trained and tested on that corpus. We created 8 samples from the corpus, each drawn from the articles for a particular year. In terms of corpus analysis, we calculated the corpus similarity and names shared between samples. To see the effect on tagger performance, we implemented a semi-supervised name tagger based on co-training; then, we trained and tested our tagger on those samples. We observed that corpus similarity, names shared between samples, and tagger performance all decay as the time gap between the samples increases. Furthermore, we observed that the corpus similarity and names shared correlate with the tagger F-measure. These results show that named entity recognition systems may become obsolete in a short period of time.

null

83,441

inproceedings

farber-etal-2008-improving

Improving {NER} in {A}rabic Using a Morphological Tagger

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1054/

Farber, Benjamin and Freitag, Dayne and Habash, Nizar and Rambow, Owen

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We discuss a named entity recognition system for Arabic, and show how we incorporated the information provided by MADA, a full morphological tagger which uses a morphological analyzer. Surprisingly, the relevant features used are the capitalization of the English gloss chosen by the tagger, and the fact that an analysis is returned (that a word is not OOV to the morphological analyzer). The use of the tagger also improves over a third system which just uses a morphological analyzer, yielding a 14{\textbackslash}{\%} reduction in error over the baseline. We conduct a thorough error analysis to identify sources of success and failure among the variations, and show that by combining the systems in simple ways we can significantly influence the precision-recall trade-off.

null

83,442

inproceedings

busemann-zhang-2008-identifying

Identifying Foreign Person Names in {C}hinese Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1055/

Busemann, Stephan and Zhang, Yajing

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Foreign name expressions written in Chinese characters are difficult to recognize since the sequence of characters represents the Chinese pronunciation of the name. This paper suggests that known English or German person names can reliably be identified on the basis of the similarity between the Chinese and the foreign pronunciation. In addition to locating a person name in the text and learning that it is foreign, the corresponding foreign name is identified, thus gaining precious additional information for cross-lingual applications. This idea is implemented as a statistical module into the rule-based shallow parsing system SProUT, forming the HyFex system. The statistical component is invoked if a sequence of trigger characters is found that may correspond to a foreign name. Their phonetic Pinyin representation is produced and compared to the phonetic representations (SAMPA) of given foreign names, which are generated by the MARY TTS system for German and English pronunciations. This comparison is achieved by a hand-crafted metric that assigns costs to specific edit operations. The person name corresponding to the SAMPA representation with the lowest costs attached is returned as the most similar result, if a threshold is not exceeded. Our evaluation on publicly available data shows competitive results.

null

83,443

inproceedings

pasca-2008-low

Low-Complexity Heuristics for Deriving Fine-Grained Classes of Named Entities from Web Textual Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1056/

Pa{\c{s}}ca, Marius

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We introduce a low-complexity method for acquiring fine-grained classes of named entities from the Web. The method exploits the large amounts of textual data available on the Web, while avoiding the use of any expensive text processing techniques or tools. The quality of the extracted classes is encouraging with respect to both the precision of the sets of named entities acquired within various classes, and the labels assigned to the sets of named entities.

null

83,444

inproceedings

li-etal-2008-annotation

Annotation Guidelines for {C}hinese-{K}orean Word Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1057/

Li, Jin-Ji and Kim, Dong-Il and Lee, Jong-Hyeok

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

For a language pair such as Chinese and Korean that belong to entirely different language families in terms of typology and genealogy, finding the correspondences is quite obscure in word alignment. We present annotation guidelines for Chinese-Korean word alignment through contrastive analysis of morpho-syntactic encodings. We discuss the differences in verbal systems that cause most of linking obscurities in annotation process. Systematic comparison of verbal systems is conducted by analyzing morpho-syntactic encodings. The viewpoint of grammatical category allows us to define consistent and systematic instructions for linguistically distant languages such as Chinese and Korean. The scope of our guidelines is limited to the alignment between Chinese and Korean, but the instruction methods exemplified in this paper are also applicable in developing systematic and comprehensible alignment guidelines for other languages having such different linguistic phenomena.

null

83,445

inproceedings

bojar-etal-2008-czeng

{C}z{E}ng 0.7: Parallel Corpus with Community-Supplied Translations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1058/

Bojar, Ond{\v{r}}ej and Jan{\'i}{\v{c}}ek, Miroslav and {\v{Z}}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v{e}}k and {\v{C}}e{\v{s}}ka, Pavel and Be{\v{n}}a, Peter

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes CzEng 0.7, a new release of Czech-English parallel corpus freely available for research and educational purposes. We provide basic statistics of the corpus and focus on data produced by a community of volunteers. Anonymous contributors manually correct the output of a machine translation (MT) system, generating on average 2000 sentences a month, 70{\%} of which are indeed correct translations. We compare the utility of community-supplied and of professionally translated training data for a baseline English-to-Czech MT system.

null

83,446

inproceedings

clark-etal-2008-toward

Toward Active Learning in Data Selection: Automatic Discovery of Language Features During Elicitation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1059/

Clark, Jonathan and Frederking, Robert and Levin, Lori

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Data Selection has emerged as a common issue in language technologies. We define Data Selection as the choosing of a subset of training data that is most effective for a given task. This paper describes deductive feature detection, one component of a data selection system for machine translation. Feature detection determines whether features such as tense, number, and person are expressed in a language. The database of the The World Atlas of Language Structures provides a gold standard against which to evaluate feature detection. The discovered features can be used as input to a Navigator, which uses active learning to determine which piece of language data is the most important to acquire next.

null

83,447

inproceedings

mohler-mihalcea-2008-babylon

Babylon Parallel Text Builder: Gathering Parallel Texts for Low-Density Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1060/

Mohler, Michael and Mihalcea, Rada

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes Babylon, a system that attempts to overcome the shortage of parallel texts in low-density languages by supplementing existing parallel texts with texts gathered automatically from the Web. In addition to the identification of entire Web pages, we also propose a new feature specifically designed to find parallel text chunks within a single document. Experiments carried out on the Quechua-Spanish language pair show that the system is successful in automatically identifying a significant amount of parallel texts on the Web. Evaluations of a machine translation system trained on this corpus indicate that the Web-gathered parallel texts can supplement manually compiled parallel texts and perform significantly better than the manually compiled texts when tested on other Web-gathered data.

null

83,448

inproceedings

huynh-etal-2008-sectra

{SECT}ra{\_}w.1: an Online Collaborative System for Evaluating, Post-editing and Presenting {MT} Translation Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1061/

Huynh, Cong-Phap and Boitet, Christian and Blanchon, Herv{\'e}

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

SECTra{\_}w is a web-oriented system mainly dedicated to the evaluation of MT systems. After importing a source corpus, and possibly reference translations, one can call various MT systems, store their results, and have a collection of human judges perform subjective evaluation online (fluidity, adequacy). It is also possible to perform objective, task-oriented evaluation by letting humans post-edit the MT results, using a web translation editor, and measuring an edit distance and/or the post-editing time. The post-edited results can be added to the set of reference translations, or constitute it if there were no references. SECTra{\_}w makes it possible to show not only tables of figures as results of an evaluation campaign, but also the real data (source, MT outputs, references, post-edited outputs), and to make the post-edition effort sensible by transforming the trace of the edit distance computation in an intuitive presentation, much like a revision presentation in Word. The system is written in java under Xwiki and uses the Ajax technique. It can handle large, multilingual and multimedia corpora: EuroParl, BTEC, ERIM (bilingual interpreted dialogues with audio and text), Unesco-B@bel, and a test corpus by France Telecom have been loaded together and used in tests.

null

83,449

inproceedings

arehart-etal-2008-adjudicator

Adjudicator Agreement and System Rankings for Person Name Search

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1062/

Arehart, Mark and Wolf, Chris and Miller, Keith J.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We have analyzed system rankings for person name search algorithms using a data set for which several versions of ground truth were developed by employing different means of resolving adjudicator conflicts. Thirteen algorithms were ranked by F-score, using bootstrap resampling for significance testing, on a dataset containing 70,000 romanized names from various cultures. We found some disagreement among the four adjudicators, with kappa ranging from 0.57 to 0.78. Truth sets based on a single adjudicator, and on the intersection or union of positive adjudications produced sizeable variability in scoring sensitivity - and to a lesser degree rank order - compared to the consensus truth set. However, results on truth sets constructed by randomly choosing an adjudicator for each item were highly consistent with the consensus. The implication is that an evaluation where one adjudicator has judged each item is nearly as good as a more expensive and labor-intensive one where multiple adjudicators have judged each item and conflicts are resolved through voting.

null

83,450

inproceedings

de-oliveira-etal-2008-evaluating

Evaluating Summaries Automatically - A system Proposal

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1063/

de Oliveira, Paulo C F and Torrens, Edson Wilson and Cidral, Alexandre and Schossland, Sidney and Bittencourt, Evandro

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We propose in this paper an automatic evaluation procedure based on a metric which could provide summary evaluation without human assistance. Our system includes two metrics, which are presented and discussed. The first metric is based on a known and powerful statistical test, the X2 goodness-of-fit test, and has been used in several applications. The second metric is derived from three common metrics used to evaluate Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems, namely precision, recall and f-measure. The combination of these two metrics is intended to allow one to assess the quality of summaries quickly, cheaply and without the need of human intervention, minimizing though, the role of subjective judgment and bias.

null

83,451

inproceedings

poibeau-messiant-2008-still

Do we Still Need Gold Standards for Evaluation?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1064/

Poibeau, Thierry and Messiant, C{\'e}dric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The availability of a huge mass of textual data in electronic format has increased the need for fast and accurate techniques for textual data processing. Machine learning and statistical approaches have been increasingly used in NLP since a decade, mainly because they are quick, versatile and efficient. However, despite this evolution of the field, evaluation still rely (most of the time) on a comparison between the output of a probabilistic or statistical system on the one hand, and a non-statistic, most of the time hand-crafted, gold standard on the other hand. In this paper, we take the example of the acquisition of subcategorization frames from corpora as a practical example. Our study is motivated by the fact that, even if a gold standard is an invaluable resource for evaluation, a gold standard is always partial and does not really show how accurate and useful results are.

null

83,452

inproceedings

spyns-etal-2008-dutch

The {D}utch-{F}lemish Comprehensive Approach to {HLT} Stimulation and Innovation: {STEVIN}, {HLT} Agency and beyond

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1065/

Spyns, Peter and D{'}Halleweyn, Elisabeth and Cucchiarini, Catia

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper shows how a research and industry stimulation programme on human language technologies (HLT) for Dutch can be enhanced with more specific innovation policy aspects to support the take-up by the HLT industry in the Netherlands and Flanders. Important to note is the distinction between the HLT programme itself (called STEVIN) with its specific related committees and actions and the overall policy instruments (HLT Agency, HLT steering board?) that try to span the entire domain of HLT for Dutch and have a more permanent character. The establishment of a pricing committee and a PR {\&} communication working group is explained as a consequence of adopting the notion of innovation system as a theoretical framework. It means that a stronger emphasis is put on improving knowledge transfer and exchange amongst actors in the field. Therefore, the focus at the programme management level is shifting from the projects research activities producing results to gathering the results, making them available at a certain cost and advertising them through the appropriate channels to the appropriate potential customers. Our conclusion is that this policy stimulates the transfer from academia to industry though it is too soon for an in-depth assessment of the STEVIN programme and other HLT innovation policy instruments.

null

83,453

inproceedings

cieri-liberman-2008-15

15 Years of Language Resource Creation and Sharing: a Progress Report on {LDC} Activities

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1066/

Cieri, Christopher and Liberman, Mark

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper, the fifth in a series of biennial progress reports, reviews the activities of the Linguistic Data Consortium with particular emphasis on general trends in the language resource landscape and on changes that distinguish the two years since LDCs last report at LREC from the preceding 8 years. After providing a perspective on the current landscape of language resources, the paper goes on to describe our vision of the role of LDC within the research communities it serves before sketching briefly specific publications and resources creations projects that have been the focus our attention since the last report.

null

83,454

inproceedings

singh-etal-2008-estimating

Estimating the Resource Adaption Cost from a Resource Rich Language to a Similar Resource Poor Language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1067/

Singh, Anil Kumar and Pala, Kiran and Surana, Harshit

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Developing resources which can be used for Natural Language Processing is an extremely difficult task for any language, but is even more so for less privileged (or less computerized) languages. One way to overcome this difficulty is to adapt the resources of a linguistically close resource rich language. In this paper we discuss how the cost of such adaption can be estimated using subjective and objective measures of linguistic similarity for allocating financial resources, time, manpower etc. Since this is the first work of its kind, the method described in this paper should be seen as only a preliminary method, indicative of how better methods can be developed. Corpora of several less computerized languages had to be collected for the work described in the paper, which was difficult because for many of these varieties there is not much electronic data available. Even if it is, it is in non-standard encodings, which means that we had to build encoding converters for these varieties. The varieties we have focused on are some of the varieties spoken in the South Asian region.

null

83,455

inproceedings

mapelli-etal-2008-latest

Latest Developments in {ELRA}`s Services

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1068/

Mapelli, Val{\'e}rie and Arranz, Victoria and Mazo, H{\'e}l{\`e}ne and Choukri, Khalid

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the latest developments in ELRAs services within the field of Language Resources (LR). These developments focus on 4 main groups of activities: the identification and distribution of Language Resources; the production of LRs; the evaluation of Human Language Technology (HLT), and the dissemination of information in the field. ELRAs initial work on the distribution of language resources has evolved throughout the years, currently covering a much wider range of activities that have been considered crucial for the current needs of the R{\&}D community and the good health of the LR world. Regarding distribution, considerable work has been done on a broader identification, which does not only consider resources to be immediately negotiated for distribution but which aims to inform on all available resources. This has been the seed for the Universal Catalogue. Furthermore, a Catalogue of LRs with favourable conditions for R{\&}D has also been created. Moreover, the different activities in what regards identification on demand, production within different frameworks, evaluation of language technologies and participation in evaluation campaigns, as well as our very specific focus on information dissemination are described in detail in this paper.

null

83,456

inproceedings

peters-etal-2008-research

From Research to Application in Multilingual Information Access: the Contribution of Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1069/

Peters, Carol and Braschler, Martin and Di Nunzio, Giorgio and Ferro, Nicola and Gonzalo, Julio and Sanderson, Mark

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The importance of evaluation in promoting research and development in the information retrieval and natural language processing domains has long been recognised but is this sufficient? In many areas there is still a considerable gap between the results achieved by the research community and their implementation in commercial applications. This is particularly true for the cross-language or multilingual retrieval areas. Despite the strong demand for and interest in multilingual IR functionality, there are still very few operational systems on offer. The Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) is now taking steps aimed at changing this situation. The paper provides a critical assessment of the main results achieved by CLEF so far and discusses plans now underway to extend its activities in order to have a more direct impact on the application sector.

null

83,457

inproceedings

piao-etal-2008-clustering

Clustering Related Terms with Definitions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1070/

Piao, Scott and McNaught, John and Ananiadou, Sophia

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

It is a challenging task to match similar or related terms/expressions in NLP and Text Mining applications. Two typical areas in need for such work are terminology and ontology constructions, where terms and concepts are extracted and organized into certain structures with various semantic relations. In the EU BOOTSTrep Project we test various techniques for matching terms that can assist human domain experts in building and enriching ontologies. This paper reports on a work in which we evaluated a text comparing and clustering tool for this task. Particularly, we explore the feasibility of matching related terms with their definitions. Ontology terms, such as Gene Ontology terms, are often assigned with detailed definitions, which provide a fundamental information source for detecting relations between terms. Here we focus on the exploitation of term definitions for the term matching task. Our experiment shows that the tool is capable of grouping many related terms using their definitions.

null

83,458

inproceedings

nguyen-etal-2008-challenges

Challenges in Pronoun Resolution System for Biomedical Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1071/

Nguyen, Ngan and Kim, Jin-Dong and Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents our findings on the feasibility of doing pronoun resolution for biomedical texts, in comparison with conducting pronoun resolution for the newswire domain. In our experiments, we built a simple machine learning-based pronoun resolution system, and evaluated the system on three different corpora: MUC, ACE, and GENIA. Comparative statistics not only reveal the noticeable issues in constructing an effective pronoun resolution system for a new domain, but also provides a comprehensive view of those corpora often used for this task.

null

83,459

inproceedings

haddow-alex-2008-exploiting

Exploiting Multiply Annotated Corpora in Biomedical Information Extraction Tasks

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1072/

Haddow, Barry and Alex, Beatrice

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper discusses the problem of utilising multiply annotated data in training biomedical information extraction systems. Two corpora, annotated with entities and relations, and containing a number of multiply annotated documents, are used to train named entity recognition and relation extraction systems. Several methods of automatically combining the multiple annotations to produce a single annotation are compared, but none produces better results than simply picking one of the annotated versions at random. It is also shown that adding extra singly annotated documents produces faster performance gains than adding extra multiply annotated documents.

null

83,460

inproceedings

tateisi-etal-2008-genia

{GENIA}-{GR}: a Grammatical Relation Corpus for Parser Evaluation in the Biomedical Domain

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1073/

Tateisi, Yuka and Miyao, Yusuke and Sagae, Kenji and Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report the construction of a corpus for parser evaluation in the biomedical domain. A 50-abstract subset (492 sentences) of the GENIA corpus (Kim et al., 2003) is annotated with labeled head-dependent relations using the grammatical relations (GR) evaluation scheme (Carroll et al., 1998) ,which has been used for parser evaluation in the newswire domain.

null

83,461

inproceedings

wang-grover-2008-learning

Learning the Species of Biomedical Named Entities from Annotated Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1074/

Wang, Xinglong and Grover, Claire

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In biomedical articles, terms with the same surface forms are often used to refer to different entities across a number of model organisms, in which case determining the species becomes crucial to term identification systems that ground terms to specific database identifiers. This paper describes a rule-based system that extracts species indicating words, such as human or murine, which can be used to decide the species of the nearby entity terms, and a machine-learning species disambiguation system that was developed on manually species-annotated corpora. Performance of both systems were evaluated on gold-standard datasets, where the machine-learning system yielded better overall results.

null

83,462

inproceedings

veale-hao-2008-acquiring

Acquiring Naturalistic Concept Descriptions from the Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1075/

Veale, Tony and Hao, Yanfen

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Many of the beliefs that one uses to reason about everyday entities and events are neither strictly true or even logically consistent. Rather, people appear to rely on a large body of folk knowledge in the form of stereotypical associations, clich{\'e}s and other kinds of naturalistic descriptions, many of which express views of the world that are second-hand, overly-simplified and, in some cases, non-literal to the point of being poetic. These descriptions pervade our language yet one rarely finds them in authoritative linguistic resources like dictionaries and encyclopaedias. We describe here how such naturalistic descriptions can be harvested from the web in the guise of explicit similes and related text patterns, and empirically demonstrate that these descriptions do broadly capture the way people see the world, at least from the perspective of category organization in an ontology.

null

83,463

inproceedings

heid-weller-2008-tools

Tools for Collocation Extraction: Preferences for Active vs. Passive

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1076/

Heid, Ulrich and Weller, Marion

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present and partially evaluate procedures for the extraction of noun+verb collocation candidates from German text corpora, along with their morphosyntactic preferences, especially for the active vs. passive voice. We start from tokenized, tagged, lemmatized and chunked text, and we use extraction patterns formulated in the CQP corpus query language. We discuss the results of a precision evaluation, on administrative texts from the European Union: we find a considerable amount of specialized collocations, as well as general ones and complex predicates; overall the precision is considerably higher than that of a statistical extractor used as a baseline.

null

83,464

inproceedings

broda-etal-2008-corpus

Corpus-based Semantic Relatedness for the Construction of {P}olish {W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1078/

Broda, Bartosz and Derwojedowa, Magdalena and Piasecki, Maciej and Szpakowicz, Stanislaw

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The construction of a wordnet, a labour-intensive enterprise, can be significantly assisted by automatic grouping of lexical material and discovery of lexical semantic relations. The objective is to ensure high quality of automatically acquired results before they are presented for lexicographers approval. We discuss a software tool that suggests synset members using a measure of semantic relatedness with a given verb or adjective; this extends previous work on nominal synsets in Polish WordNet. Syntactically-motivated constraints are deployed on a large morphologically annotated corpus of Polish. Evaluation has been performed via the WordNet-Based Similarity Test and additionally supported by human raters. A lexicographer also manually assessed a suitable sample of suggestions. The results compare favourably with other known methods of acquiring semantic relations.

null

83,466

inproceedings

begum-etal-2008-developing

Developing Verb Frames for {H}indi

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1079/

Begum, Rafiya and Husain, Samar and Bai, Lakshmi and Sharma, Dipti Misra

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper introduces an ongoing work on developing verb frames for Hindi. Verb frames capture syntactic commonalities of semantically related verbs. The main objective of this work is to create a linguistic resource which will prove to be indispensable for various NLP applications. We also hope this resource to help us better understand Hindi verbs. We motivate the basic verb argument structure using relations as introduced by Panini. We show the methodology used in preparing these frames and the criteria followed for classifying Hindi verbs.

null

83,467

inproceedings

forbes-riley-etal-2008-uncertainty

Uncertainty Corpus: Resource to Study User Affect in Complex Spoken Dialogue Systems

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1080/

Forbes-Riley, Kate and Litman, Diane and Silliman, Scott and Purandare, Amruta

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present a corpus of spoken dialogues between students and an adaptive Wizard-of-Oz tutoring system, in which student uncertainty was manually annotated in real-time. We detail the corpus contents, including speech files, transcripts, annotations, and log files, and we discuss possible future uses by the computational linguistics community as a novel resource for studying naturally occurring user affect and adaptation in complex spoken dialogue systems.

null

83,468

inproceedings

gnjatovic-roesner-2008-role

On the Role of the {NIMITEK} Corpus in Developing an Emotion Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1081/

Gnjatovi{\'c}, Milan and Roesner, Dietmar

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper reports on the creation of the multimodal NIMITEK corpus of affected behavior in human-machine interaction and its role in the development of the NIMITEK prototype system. The NIMITEK prototype system is a spoken dialogue system for supporting users while they solve problems in a graphics system. The central feature of the system is adaptive dialogue management. The system dynamically defines a dialogue strategy according to the current state of the interaction (including also the emotional state of the user). Particular emphasis is devoted to the level of naturalness of interaction. We discuss that a higher level of naturalness can be achieved by combining a habitable natural language interface and an appropriate dialogue strategy. The role of the NIMITEK multimodal corpus in achieving these requirements is twofold: (1) in developing the model of attentional state on the level of users commands that facilitates processing of flexibly formulated commands, and (2) in defining the dialogue strategy that takes the emotional state of the user into account. Finally, we sketch the implemented prototype system and describe the incorporated dialogue management module. Whereas the prototype system itself is task-specific, the described underlying concepts are intended to be task-independent.

null

83,469

inproceedings

scherer-etal-2008-emotion

Emotion Recognition from Speech: Stress Experiment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1082/

Scherer, Stefan and Hofmann, Hansj{\"org and Lampmann, Malte and Pfeil, Martin and Rhinow, Steffen and Schwenker, Friedhelm and Palm, G{\"unther

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The goal of this work is to introduce an architecture to automatically detect the amount of stress in the speech signal close to real time. For this an experimental setup to record speech rich in vocabulary and containing different stress levels is presented. Additionally, an experiment explaining the labeling process with a thorough analysis of the labeled data is presented. Fifteen subjects were asked to play an air controller simulation that gradually induced more stress by becoming more difficult to control. During this game the subjects were asked to answer questions, which were then labeled by a different set of subjects in order to receive a subjective target value for each of the answers. A recurrent neural network was used to measure the amount of stress contained in the utterances after training. The neural network estimated the amount of stress at a frequency of 25 Hz and outperformed the human baseline.

null

83,470

inproceedings

charonnat-etal-2008-automatic

Automatic Phone Segmentation of Expressive Speech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1083/

Charonnat, Laure and Vidal, Ga{\"elle and Boeffard, Olivier

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In order to improve the flexibility and the precision of an automatic phone segmentation system for a type of expressive speech, the dubbing into French of fiction movies, we developed both the phonetic labeling process and the alignment process. The automatic labelling system relies on an automatic grapheme-to-phoneme conversion including all the variants of the phonetic chain and on HMM modeling. In this article, we will distinguish three sets of phone models: a set of context independent models, a set of left and right context dependant models and finally a mixing of the two that combines phone and triphone models according to the precision of alignment obtained for each phonetic broad-class. The three models are evaluated on a test corpus. On the one hand we notice a little decrease in the score of phonetic labelling mainly due to pauses insertions, but on the other hand the mixed set of models gives the best results for the score of precision of the alignment.

null

83,471

inproceedings

fek-etal-2008-multimodal

Multimodal Spontaneous Expressive Speech Corpus for {H}ungarian

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1084/

F{\'e}k, M{\'a}rk and Audibert, Nicolas and Szab{\'o}, J{\'a}nos and Rilliard, Albert and N{\'e}meth, G{\'e}za and Auberg{\'e}, V{\'e}ronique

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

A Hungarian multimodal spontaneous expressive speech corpus was recorded following the methodology of a similar French corpus. The method relied on a Wizard of Oz scenario-based induction of varying affective states. The subjects were interacting with a supposedly voice-recognition driven computer application using simple command words. Audio and video signals were captured for the 7 recorded subjects. After the experiment, the subjects watched the video recording of their session and labelled the recorded corpus themselves, freely describing the evolution of their affective states. The obtained labels were later classified into one of the following broad emotional categories: satisfaction, dislike, stress, or other. A listening test was performed by 25 na{\"ive listeners in order to validate the category labels originating from the self-labelling. For 52 of the 149 stimuli, listeners judgements of the emotional content were in agreement with the labels. The result of the listening test was compared with an earlier test validating a part of the French corpus. While the French test had a higher success ratio, validating the labels of 79 tested stimuli, out of the 193, the stimuli validated by the two tests can form the basis of cross linguistic comparison experiments.

null

83,472

inproceedings

lin-hauptmann-2008-vox

Vox Populi Annotation: Measuring Intensity of Ideological Perspectives by Aggregating Group Judgments

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1085/

Lin, Wei-Hao and Hauptmann, Alexander

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Polarizing discussions about political and social issues are common in mass media. Annotations on the degree to which a sentence expresses an ideological perspective can be valuable for evaluating computer programs that can automatically identify strongly biased sentences, but such annotations remain scarce. We annotated the intensity of ideological perspectives expressed in 250 sentences by aggregating judgments from 18 annotators. We proposed methods of determining the number of annotators and assessing reliability, and showed the annotations were highly consistent across different annotator groups.

null

83,473

inproceedings

banea-etal-2008-bootstrapping

A Bootstrapping Method for Building Subjectivity Lexicons for Languages with Scarce Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1086/

Banea, Carmen and Mihalcea, Rada and Wiebe, Janyce

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper introduces a method for creating a subjectivity lexicon for languages with scarce resources. The method is able to build a subjectivity lexicon by using a small seed set of subjective words, an online dictionary, and a small raw corpus, coupled with a bootstrapping process that ranks new candidate words based on a similarity measure. Experiments performed with a rule-based sentence level subjectivity classifier show an 18{\%} absolute improvement in F-measure as compared to previously proposed semi-supervised methods.

null

83,474

inproceedings

ruppenhofer-etal-2008-finding

Finding the Sources and Targets of Subjective Expressions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1087/

Ruppenhofer, Josef and Somasundaran, Swapna and Wiebe, Janyce

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

As many popular text genres such as blogs or news contain opinions by multiple sources and about multiple targets, finding the sources and targets of subjective expressions becomes an important sub-task for automatic opinion analysis systems. We argue that while automatic semantic role labeling systems (ASRL) have an important contribution to make, they cannot solve the problem for all cases. Based on the experience of manually annotating opinions, sources, and targets in various genres, we present linguistic phenomena that require knowledge beyond that of ASRL systems. In particular, we address issues relating to the attribution of opinions to sources; sources and targets that are realized as zero-forms; and inferred opinions. We also discuss in some depth that for arguing attitudes we need to be able to recover propositions and not only argued-about entities. A recurrent theme of the discussion is that close attention to specific discourse contexts is needed to identify sources and targets correctly.

null

83,475

inproceedings

stoyanov-cardie-2008-annotating

Annotating Topics of Opinions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1088/

Stoyanov, Veselin and Cardie, Claire

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Fine-grained subjectivity analysis has been the subject of much recent research attention. As a result, the field has gained a number of working definitions, technical approaches and manually annotated corpora that cover many facets of subjectivity. Little work has been done, however, on one aspect of fine-grained opinions - the specification and identification of opinion topics. In particular, due to the difficulty of manual opinion topic annotation, no general-purpose opinion corpus with information about topics of fine-grained opinions currently exists. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the manual annotation of opinion topics and use it to annotate a portion of an existing general-purpose opinion corpus with opinion topic information. Inter-annotator agreement results according to a number of metrics suggest that the annotations are reliable.

null

83,476

inproceedings

xie-etal-2008-extracting

From Extracting to Abstracting: Generating Quasi-abstractive Summaries

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1089/

Xie, Zhuli and Di Eugenio, Barbara and Nelson, Peter C.

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we investigate quasi-abstractive summaries, a new type of machine-generated summaries that do not use whole sentences, but only fragments from the source. Quasi-abstractive summaries aim at bridging the gap between human-written abstracts and extractive summaries. We present an approach that learns how to identify sets of sentences, where each set contains fragments that can be used to produce one sentence in the abstract; and then uses these sets to produce the abstract itself. Our experiments show very promising results. Importantly, we obtain our best results when the summary generation is anchored by the most salient Noun Phrases predicted from the text to be summarized.

null

83,477

inproceedings

viethen-etal-2008-controlling

Controlling Redundancy in Referring Expressions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1090/

Viethen, Jette and Dale, Robert and Krahmer, Emiel and Theune, Mari{\"et and Touset, Pascal

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Krahmer et al.s (2003) graph-based framework provides an elegant and flexible approach to the generation of referring expressions. In this paper, we present the first reported study that systematically investigates how to tune the parameters of the graph-based framework on the basis of a corpus of human-generated descriptions. We focus in particular on replicating the redundant nature of human referring expressions, whereby properties not strictly necessary for identifying a referent are nonetheless included in descriptions. We show how statistics derived from the corpus data can be integrated to boost the frameworks performance over a non-stochastic baseline.

null

83,478

inproceedings

poesio-artstein-2008-anaphoric

Anaphoric Annotation in the {ARRAU} Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1091/

Poesio, Massimo and Artstein, Ron

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Arrau is a new corpus annotated for anaphoric relations, with information about agreement and explicit representation of multiple antecedents for ambiguous anaphoric expressions and discourse antecedents for expressions which refer to abstract entities such as events, actions and plans. The corpus contains texts from different genres: task-oriented dialogues from the Trains-91 and Trains-93 corpus, narratives from the English Pear Stories corpus, newspaper articles from the Wall Street Journal portion of the Penn Treebank, and mixed text from the Gnome corpus.

null

83,479

inproceedings

mueller-etal-2008-knowledge

Knowledge Sources for Bridging Resolution in Multi-Party Dialog

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1092/

Mueller, Mark-Christoph and Mieskes, Margot and Strube, Michael

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we investigate the coverage of the two knowledge sources WordNet and Wikipedia for the task of bridging resolution. We report on an annotation experiment which yielded pairs of bridging anaphors and their antecedents in spoken multi-party dialog. Manual inspection of the two knowledge sources showed that, with some interesting exceptions, Wikipedia is superior to WordNet when it comes to the coverage of information necessary to resolve the bridging anaphors in our data set. We further describe a simple procedure for the automatic extraction of the required knowledge from Wikipedia by means of an API, and discuss some of the implications of the procedures performance.

null

83,480

inproceedings

prasad-etal-2008-penn

The {P}enn {D}iscourse {T}ree{B}ank 2.0.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1093/

Prasad, Rashmi and Dinesh, Nikhil and Lee, Alan and Miltsakaki, Eleni and Robaldo, Livio and Joshi, Aravind and Webber, Bonnie

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present the second version of the Penn Discourse Treebank, PDTB-2.0, describing its lexically-grounded annotations of discourse relations and their two abstract object arguments over the 1 million word Wall Street Journal corpus. We describe all aspects of the annotation, including (a) the argument structure of discourse relations, (b) the sense annotation of the relations, and (c) the attribution of discourse relations and each of their arguments. We list the differences between PDTB-1.0 and PDTB-2.0. We present representative statistics for several aspects of the annotation in the corpus.

null

83,481

inproceedings

hendrickx-etal-2008-coreference

A Coreference Corpus and Resolution System for {D}utch

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1094/

Hendrickx, Iris and Bouma, Gosse and Coppens, Frederik and Daelemans, Walter and Hoste, Veronique and Kloosterman, Geert and Mineur, Anne-Marie and Van Der Vloet, Joeri and Verschelde, Jean-Luc

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present the main outcomes of the COREA project: a corpus annotated with coreferential relations and a coreference resolution system for Dutch. In the project we developed annotation guidelines for coreference resolution for Dutch and annotated a corpus of 135K tokens. We discuss these guidelines, the annotation tool, and the inter-annotator agreement. We also show a visualization of the annotated relations. The standard approach to evaluate a coreference resolution system is to compare the predictions of the system to a hand-annotated gold standard test set (cross-validation). A more practically oriented evaluation is to test the usefulness of coreference relation information in an NLP application. We run experiments with an Information Extraction module for the medical domain, and measure the performance of this module with and without the coreference relation information. We present the results of both this application-oriented evaluation of our system and of a standard cross-validation evaluation. In a separate experiment we also evaluate the effect of coreference information produced by a simple rule-based coreference module in a Question Answering application.

null

83,482

inproceedings

baker-brew-2008-statistical

Statistical Identification of {E}nglish Loanwords in {K}orean Using Automatically Generated Training Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1095/

Baker, Kirk and Brew, Chris

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes an accurate, extensible method for automatically classifying unknown foreign words that requires minimal monolingual resources and no bilingual training data (which is often difficult to obtain for an arbitrary language pair). We use a small set of phonologically-based transliteration rules to generate a potentially unlimited amount of pseudo-data that can be used to train a classifier to distinguish etymological classes of actual words. We ran a series of experiments on identifying English loanwords in Korean, in order to explore the consequences of using pseudo-data in place of the original training data. Results show that a sufficient quantity of automatically generated training data, even produced by fairly low precision transliteration rules, can be used to train a classifier that performs within 0.3{\%} of one trained on actual English loanwords (96{\%} accuracy).

null

83,483

inproceedings

trandabat-husarciuc-2008-romanian

{R}omanian Semantic Role Resource

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1096/

Trandab{\u{a}}{\c{t}}, Diana and Husarciuc, Maria

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Semantic databases are a stable starting point in developing knowledge based systems. Since creating language resources demands many temporal, financial and human resources, a possible solution could be the import of a resource annotation from one language to another. This paper presents the creation of a semantic role database for Romanian, starting from the English FrameNet semantic resource. The intuition behind the importing program is that most of the frames defined in the English FN are likely to be valid cross-lingual, since semantic frames express conceptual structures, language independent at the deep structure level. The surface realization, the surface level, is realized according to each language syntactic constraints. In the paper we present the advantages of choosing to import the English FrameNet annotation, instead of annotating a new corpus. We also take into account the mismatches encountered in the validation process. The rules created to manage particular situations are used to improve the import program. We believe the information and argumentations in this paper could be of interest for those who wish develop FrameNet-like systems for other languages.

null

83,484

inproceedings

lenci-etal-2008-unsupervised

Unsupervised Acquisition of Verb Subcategorization Frames from Shallow-Parsed Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1097/

Lenci, Alessandro and McGillivray, Barbara and Montemagni, Simonetta and Pirrelli, Vito

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we reported experiments of unsupervised automatic acquisition of Italian and English verb subcategorization frames (SCFs) from general and domain corpora. The proposed technique operates on syntactically shallow-parsed corpora on the basis of a limited number of search heuristics not relying on any previous lexico-syntactic knowledge about SCFs. Although preliminary, reported results are in line with state-of-the-art lexical acquisition systems. The issue of whether verbs sharing similar SCFs distributions happen to share similar semantic properties as well was also explored by clustering verbs that share frames with the same distribution using the Minimum Description Length Principle (MDL). First experiments in this direction were carried out on Italian verbs with encouraging results.

null

83,485

inproceedings

kawahara-uchimoto-2008-method

A Method for Automatically Constructing Case Frames for {E}nglish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1098/

Kawahara, Daisuke and Uchimoto, Kiyotaka

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Case frames are an important knowledge base for a variety of natural language processing (NLP) systems. For the practical use of these systems in the real world, wide-coverage case frames are required. In order to acquire such large-scale case frames, in this paper, we automatically compile case frames from a large corpus. The resultant case frames that are compiled from the English Gigaword corpus contain 9,300 verb entries. The case frames include most examples of normal usage, and are ready to be used in numerous NLP analyzers and applications.

null

83,486

inproceedings

bel-etal-2008-automatic

Automatic Acquisition for low frequency lexical items

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1099/

Bel, N{\'u}ria and Espeja, Sergio and Marimon, Montserrat

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper addresses a specific case of the task of lexical acquisition understood as the induction of information about the linguistic characteristics of lexical items on the basis of information gathered from their occurrences in texts. Most of the recent works in the area of lexical acquisition have used methods that take as much textual data as possible as source of evidence, but their performance decreases notably when only few occurrences of a word are available. The importance of covering such low frequency items lies in the fact that a large quantity of the words in any particular collection of texts will be occurring few times, if not just once. Our work proposes to compensate the lack of information resorting to linguistic knowledge on the characteristics of lexical classes. This knowledge, obtained from a lexical typology, is formulated probabilistically to be used in a Bayesian method to maximize the information gathered from single occurrences as to predict the full set of characteristics of the word. Our results show that our method achieves better results than others for the treatment of low frequency items.

null

83,487

inproceedings

toledano-etal-2008-biosec

{B}io{S}ec Multimodal Biometric Database in Text-Dependent Speaker Recognition

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1100/

Toledano, Doroteo and Hernandez-Lopez, Daniel and Esteve-Elizalde, Cristina and Fierrez, Julian and Ortega-Garcia, Javier and Ramos, Daniel and Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Joaquin

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we briefly describe the BioSec multimodal biometric database and analyze its use in automatic text-dependent speaker recognition research. The paper is structured into four parts: a short introduction to the problem of text-dependent speaker recognition; a brief review of other existing databases, including monomodal text-dependent speaker recognition databases and multimodal biometric recognition databases; a description of the BioSec database; and, finally, an experimental section in which speaker recognition results on some of these databases are presented and compared, using the same underlying speaker recognition technique in all cases.

null

83,488

inproceedings

luengo-etal-2008-text

Text Independent Speaker Identification in Multilingual Environments

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1101/

Luengo, Iker and Navas, Eva and Sainz, I{\~n}aki and Saratxaga, Ibon and Sanchez, Jon and Odriozola, Igor and Hernaez, Inma

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Speaker identification and verification systems have a poor performance when model training is done in one language while the testing is done in another. This situation is not unusual in multilingual environments, where people should be able to access the system in any language he or she prefers in each moment, without noticing a performance drop. In this work we study the possibility of using features derived from prosodic parameters in order to reinforce the language robustness of these systems. First the features properties in terms of language and session variability are studied, predicting an increase in the language robustness when frame-wise intonation and energy values are combined with traditional MFCC features. The experimental results confirm that these features provide an improvement in the speaker recognition rates under language-mismatch conditions. The whole study is carried out in the Basque Country, a bilingual region in which Basque and Spanish languages co-exist.

null

83,489

inproceedings

cieri-etal-2008-bridging

Bridging the Gap between Linguists and Technology Developers: Large-Scale, Sociolinguistic Annotation for Dialect and Speaker Recognition

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1103/

Cieri, Christopher and Strassel, Stephanie and Glenn, Meghan and Schwartz, Reva and Shen, Wade and Campbell, Joseph

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recent years have seen increased interest within the speaker recognition community in high-level features including, for example, lexical choice, idiomatic expressions or syntactic structures. The promise of speaker recognition in forensic applications drives development toward systems robust to channel differences by selecting features inherently robust to channel difference. Within the language recognition community, there is growing interest in differentiating not only languages but also mutually intelligible dialects of a single language. Decades of research in dialectology suggest that high-level features can enable systems to cluster speakers according to the dialects they speak. The Phanotics (Phonetic Annotation of Typicality in Conversational Speech) project seeks to identify high-level features characteristic of American dialects, annotate a corpus for these features, use the data to dialect recognition systems and also use the categorization to create better models for speaker recognition. The data, once published, should be useful to other developers of speaker and dialect recognition systems and to dialectologists and sociolinguists. We expect the methods will generalize well beyond the speakers, dialects, and languages discussed here and should, if successful, provide a model for how linguists and technology developers can collaborate in the future for the benefit of both groups and toward a deeper understanding of how languages vary and change.

null

83,491

inproceedings

brandschain-etal-2008-speaker

Speaker Recognition: Building the Mixer 4 and 5 Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1104/

Brandschain, Linda and Cieri, Christopher and Graff, David and Neely, Abby and Walker, Kevin

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The original Mixer corpus was designed to satisfy developing commercial and forensic needs. The resulting Mixer corpora, Phases 1 through 5, have evolved to support and increasing variety of research tasks, including multilingual and cross-channel recognition. The Mixer Phases 4 and 5 corpora feature a wider variety of channels and greater variation in the situations under which the speech is recorded. This paper focuses on the plans, progress and results of Mixer 4 and 5.

null

83,492

inproceedings

ide-etal-2008-masc

{MASC}: the Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus of {A}merican {E}nglish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1105/

Ide, Nancy and Baker, Collin and Fellbaum, Christiane and Fillmore, Charles and Passonneau, Rebecca

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

To answer the critical need for sharable, reusable annotated resources with rich linguistic annotations, we are developing a Manually Annotated Sub-Corpus (MASC) including texts from diverse genres and manual annotations or manually-validated annotations for multiple levels, including WordNet senses and FrameNet frames and frame elements, both of which have become significant resources in the international computational linguistics community. To derive maximal benefit from the semantic information provided by these resources, the MASC will also include manually-validated shallow parses and named entities, which will enable linking WordNet senses and FrameNet frames within the same sentences into more complex semantic structures and, because named entities will often be the role fillers of FrameNet frames, enrich the semantic and pragmatic information derivable from the sub-corpus. All MASC annotations will be published with detailed inter-annotator agreement measures. The MASC and its annotations will be freely downloadable from the ANC website, thus providing maximum accessibility for researchers from around the globe.

null

83,493

inproceedings

huang-etal-2008-quality

Quality Assurance of Automatic Annotation of Very Large Corpora: a Study based on heterogeneous Tagging System

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1106/

Huang, Chu-Ren and Lee, Lung-Hao and Qu, Wei-guang and Hong, Jia-Fei and Yu, Shiwen

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We propose a set of heuristics for improving annotation quality of very large corpora efficiently. The Xinhua News portion of the Chinese Gigaword Corpus was tagged independently with both the Peking University ICL tagset and the Academia Sinica CKIP tagset. The corpus-based POS tags mapping will serve as the basis of the possible contrast in grammatical systems between PRC and Taiwan. And it can serve as the basic model for mapping between the CKIP and ICL tagging systems for any data.

null

83,494

inproceedings

cardie-etal-2008-erulemaking

An e{R}ulemaking Corpus: Identifying Substantive Issues in Public Comments

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1107/

Cardie, Claire and Farina, Cynthia and Rawding, Matt and Aijaz, Adil

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe the creation of a corpus that supports a real-world hierarchical text categorization task in the domain of electronic rulemaking (eRulemaking). Features of the task and of the eRulemaking domain engender both a non-traditional text categorization corpus and a correspondingly difficult machine learning task. Interannotator agreement results are presented for a group of six annotators. We also briefly describe the results of experiments that apply standard and hierarchical text categorization techniques to the eRulemaking data sets. The corpus is the first in a series of related sentence-level text categorization corpora to be developed in the eRulemaking domain.

null

83,495

inproceedings

boguraev-neff-2008-navigating

Navigating through Dense Annotation Spaces

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1108/

Boguraev, Branimir and Neff, Mary

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Pattern matching, or querying, over annotations is a general purpose paradigm for inspecting, navigating, mining, and transforming annotation repositories - the common representation basis for modern pipelined text-processing frameworks. Configurability of such frameworks and expressiveness of feature structure-based annotation schemes account for the high density of some such annotation repositories. This particular characteristic makes challenging the design of a pattern matching engine, capable of interpreting (or imposing) flat patterns over an arbitrarily dense annotation lattice. We present an approach where a finite state device carries out the application of (compiled) grammars over what is, in effect, a linearized projection of a unique route through the lattice; a route derived by a mix of static pattern (grammar) analysis and interpretation of navigational directives within the extended grammar formalism. Our approach achieves a mix of finite state scanning and lattice traversal for expressive and efficient pattern matching in dense annotations stores.

null

83,496

inproceedings

guthrie-etal-2008-unsupervised

An Unsupervised Probabilistic Approach for the Detection of Outliers in Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1109/

Guthrie, David and Guthrie, Louise and Wilks, Yorick

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Many applications of computational linguistics are greatly influenced by the quality of corpora available and as automatically generated corpora continue to play an increasingly common role, it is essential that we not overlook the importance of well-constructed and homogeneous corpora. This paper describes an automatic approach to improving the homogeneity of corpora using an unsupervised method of statistical outlier detection to find documents and segments that do not belong in a corpus. We consider collections of corpora that are homogeneous with respect to topic (i.e. about the same subject), or genre (written for the same audience or from the same source) and use a combination of stylistic and lexical features of the texts to automatically identify pieces of text in these collections that break the homogeneity. These pieces of text that are significantly different from the rest of the corpus are likely to be errors that are out of place and should be removed from the corpus before it is used for other tasks. We evaluate our techniques by running extensive experiments over large artificially constructed corpora that each contain single pieces of text from a different topic, author, or genre than the rest of the collection and measure the accuracy of identifying these pieces of text without the use of training data. We show that when these pieces of text are reasonably large (1,000 words) we can reliably identify them in a corpus.

null

83,497

inproceedings

carl-2008-using

Using Log-linear Models for Tuning Machine Translation Output

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1110/

Carl, Michael

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe a set of experiments to explore statistical techniques for ranking and selecting the best translations in a graph of translation hypotheses. In a previous paper (Carl, 2007) we have described how the graph of hypotheses is generated through shallow transfer and chunk permutation rules, where nodes consist of vectors representing morpho-syntactic properties of words and phrases. This paper describes a number of methods to train statistical feature functions from some of the vectors components. The feature functions are trained off-line on different types of text and their log-linear combination is then used to retrieve the best translation paths in the graph. We compare two language modelling toolkits, the CMU and the SRI toolkit and arrive at three results: 1) models of lemma-based feature functions produce better results than token-based models, 2) adding PoS-tag feature function to the lemma models improves the output and 3) weights for lexical translations are suited if the training material is similar to the texts to be translated.

null

83,498

inproceedings

babych-etal-2008-generalising

Generalising Lexical Translation Strategies for {MT} Using Comparable Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1111/

Babych, Bogdan and Sharoff, Serge and Hartley, Anthony

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report on an on-going research project aimed at increasing the range of translation equivalents which can be automatically discovered by MT systems. The methodology is based on semi-supervised learning of indirect translation strategies from large comparable corpora and applying them in run-time to generate novel, previously unseen translation equivalents. This approach is different from methods based on parallel resources, which currently can reuse only individual translation equivalents. Instead it models translation strategies which generalise individual equivalents and can successfully generate an open class of new translation solutions. The task of the project is integration of the developed technology into open-source MT systems.

null

83,499

inproceedings

itagaki-aikawa-2008-post

Post-{MT} Term Swapper: Supplementing a Statistical Machine Translation System with a User Dictionary

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1112/

Itagaki, Masaki and Aikawa, Takako

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

A statistical machine translation (SMT) system requires homogeneous training data in order to get domain-sensitive (or context-sensitive) terminology translations. If the data contains various domains, it is difficult for an SMT to learn context-sensitive terminology mappings probabilistically. Yet, terminology translation accuracy is an important issue for MT users. This paper explores an approach to tackle this terminology translation problem for an SMT. We propose a way to identify terminology translations from MT output and automatically swap them with user-defined translations. Our approach is simple and can be applied to any type of MT system. We call our prototype Term Swapper. Term Swapper allows MT users to draw on their own dictionaries without affecting any parts of the MT output except for the terminology translation(s) in question. Using an SMT developed at Microsoft Research, called MSR-MT (Quirk et al., (2005); Menezes {\&} Quirk (2005)), we conducted initial experiments to investigate the coverage rate of Term Swapper and its impact on the overall quality of MT output. The results from our experiments show high coverage and positive impact on the overall MT quality.

null

83,500

inproceedings

sanchis-sanchez-2008-using

Using Parsed Corpora for Estimating Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1113/

Sanchis, Germ{\'a}n and S{\'a}nchez, Joan Andreu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

An important problem when using Stochastic Inversion Transduction Grammars is their computational cost. More specifically, when dealing with corpora such as Europarl. only one iteration of the estimation algorithm becomes prohibitive. In this work, we apply a reduction of the cost by taking profit of the bracketing information in parsed corpora and show machine translation results obtained with a bracketed Europarl corpus, yielding interresting improvements when increasing the number of non-terminal symbols.

null

83,501

inproceedings

fishel-kaalep-2008-experiments

Experiments on Processing Overlapping Parallel Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1114/

Fishel, Mark and Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The number and sizes of parallel corpora keep growing, which makes it necessary to have automatic methods of processing them: combining, checking and improving corpora quality, etc. We here introduce a method which enables performing many of these by exploiting overlapping parallel corpora. The method finds the correspondence between sentence pairs in two corpora: first the corresponding language parts of the corpora are aligned and then the two resulting alignments are compared. The method takes into consideration slight differences in the source documents, different levels of segmentation of the input corpora, encoding differences and other aspects of the task. The paper describes two experiments conducted to test the method. In the first experiment, the Estonian-English part of the JRC-Acquis corpus was combined with another corpus of legislation texts. In the second experiment alternatively aligned versions of the JRC-Acquis are compared to each other with the example of all language pairs between English, Estonian and Latvian. Several additional conclusions about the corpora can be drawn from the results. The method proves to be effective for several parallel corpora processing tasks.

null

83,502

inproceedings

foster-van-genabith-2008-parser

Parser Evaluation and the {BNC}: Evaluating 4 constituency parsers with 3 metrics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1115/

Foster, Jennifer and van Genabith, Josef

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We evaluate discriminative parse reranking and parser self-training on a new English test set using four versions of the Charniak parser and a variety of parser evaluation metrics. The new test set consists of 1,000 hand-corrected British National Corpus parse trees. We directly evaluate parser output using both the Parseval and the Leaf Ancestor metrics. We also convert the hand-corrected and parser output phrase structure trees to dependency trees using a state-of-the-art functional tag labeller and constituent-to-dependency conversion tool, and then calculate label accuracy, unlabelled attachment and labelled attachment scores over the dependency structures. We find that reranking leads to a performance improvement on the new test set (albeit a modest one). We find that self-training using BNC data leads to significantly better results. However, it is not clear how effective self-training is when the training material comes from the North American News Corpus.

null

83,503

inproceedings

paroubek-etal-2008-easy

{EASY}, Evaluation of Parsers of {F}rench: what are the Results?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1116/

Paroubek, Patrick and Robba, Isabelle and Vilnat, Anne and Ayache, Christelle

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents EASY, which has been the first campaign evaluating syntactic parsers on all the common syntactic phenomena and a large set of dependency relations. The language analyzed was French. During this campaign, an annotation scheme has been elaborated with the different actors: participants and corpus providers; then a corpus made of several syntactic materials has been built and annotated: it reflects a great variety of linguistic styles (from literature to oral transcriptions, and from newspapers to medical texts). Both corpus and annotation scheme are here briefly presented. Moreover, evaluation measures are explained and detailed results are given. The results of the 15 parsers coming from 12 teams are analyzed. To conclude, a first experiment aiming to combine the outputs of the different systems is shown.

null

83,504

inproceedings

tannier-muller-2008-evaluation

Evaluation Metrics for Automatic Temporal Annotation of Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1117/

Tannier, Xavier and Muller, Philippe

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recent years have seen increasing attention in temporal processing of texts as well as a lot of standardization effort of temporal information in natural language. A central part of this information lies in the temporal relations between events described in a text, when their precise times or dates are not known. Reliable human annotation of such information is difficult, and automatic comparisons must follow procedures beyond mere precision-recall of local pieces of information, since a coherent picture can only be considered at a global level. We address the problem of evaluation metrics of such information, aiming at fair comparisons between systems, by proposing some measures taking into account the globality of a text.

null

83,505

inproceedings

grothe-etal-2008-comparative

A Comparative Study on Language Identification Methods

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1118/

Grothe, Lena and De Luca, Ernesto William and N{\"urnberger, Andreas

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present two experiments conducted for comparison of different language identification algorithms. Short words-, frequent words- and n-gram-based approaches are considered and combined with the Ad-Hoc Ranking classification method. The language identification process can be subdivided into two main steps: first a document model is generated for the document and a language model for the language; second the language of the document is determined on the basis of the language model and is added to the document as additional information. In this work we present our evaluation results and discuss the importance of a dynamic value for the out-of-place measure.

null

83,506

inproceedings

villemonte-de-la-clergerie-etal-2008-passage

{PASSAGE}: from {F}rench Parser Evaluation to Large Sized Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1119/

Villemonte de la Clergerie, {\'E}ric and Hamon, Olivier and Mostefa, Djamel and Ayache, Christelle and Paroubek, Patrick and Vilnat, Anne

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present the PASSAGE project which aims at building automatically a French Treebank of large size by combining the output of several parsers, using the EASY annotation scheme. We present also the results of the of the first evaluation campaign of the project and the preliminary results we have obtained with our ROVER procedure for combining parsers automatically.

null

83,507

inproceedings

kolar-svec-2008-structural

Structural Metadata Annotation of Speech Corpora: Comparing Broadcast News and Broadcast Conversations

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1120/

Kol{\'a}{\v{r}}, J{\'a}chym and {\v{S}}vec, Jan

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Structural metadata extraction (MDE) research aims to develop techniques for automatic conversion of raw speech recognition output to forms that are more useful to humans and to downstream automatic processes. It may be achieved by inserting boundaries of syntactic/semantic units to the flow of speech, labeling non-content words like filled pauses and discourse markers for optional removal, and identifying sections of disfluent speech. This paper compares two Czech MDE speech corpora, one in the domain of broadcast news and the other in the domain of broadcast conversations. A variety of statistics about fillers, edit disfluencies, and syntactic/semantic units are presented. In addition, it is reported that disfluent portions of speech show differences in the distribution of parts of speech (POS) of their content in comparison with the general POS distribution. The two Czech corpora are not only compared with each other, but also with available numbers relating to English MDE corpora of broadcast news and telephone conversations.

null

83,508

inproceedings

jongtaveesataporn-etal-2008-thai

{T}hai Broadcast News Corpus Construction and Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1121/

Jongtaveesataporn, Markpong and Wutiwiwatchai, Chai and Iwano, Koji and Furui, Sadaoki

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Large speech and text corpora are crucial to the development of a state-of-the-art speech recognition system. This paper reports on the construction and evaluation of the first Thai broadcast news speech and text corpora. Specifications and conventions used in the transcription process are described in the paper. The speech corpus contains about 17 hours of speech data while the text corpus was transcribed from around 35 hours of television broadcast news. The characteristics of the corpus were analyzed and shown in the paper. The speech corpus was split according to the evaluation focus condition used in the DARPA Hub-4 evaluation. An 18K-word Thai speech recognition system was setup to test with this speech corpus as a preliminary experiment. Acoustic model adaptations were performed to improve the system performance. The best system yielded a word error rate of about 20{\%} for clean and planned speech, and below 30{\%} for the overall condition.

null

83,509

inproceedings

amdal-etal-2008-rundkast

{RUNDKAST}: an Annotated {N}orwegian Broadcast News Speech Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1122/

Amdal, Ingunn and Strand, Ole Morten and Almberg, J{\o}rn and Svendsen, Torbj{\o}rn

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the Norwegian broadcast news speech corpus RUNDKAST. The corpus contains recordings of approximately 77 hours of broadcast news shows from the Norwegian broadcasting company NRK. The corpus covers both read and spontaneous speech as well as spontaneous dialogues and multipart discussions, including frequent occurrences of non-speech material (e.g. music, jingles). The recordings have large variations in speaking styles, dialect use and recording/transmission quality. RUNDKAST has been annotated for research in speech technology. The entire corpus has been manually segmented and transcribed using hierarchical levels. A subset of one hour of read and spontaneous speech from 10 different speakers has been manually annotated using broad phonetic labels. We provide a description of the database content, the annotation tools and strategies, and the conventions used for the different levels of annotation. A corpus of this kind has up to this point not been available for Norwegian, but is considered a necessary part of the infrastructure for language technology research in Norway. The RUNDKAST corpus is planned to be included in a future national Norwegian language resource bank.

null

83,510

inproceedings

seng-etal-2008-first

First Broadcast News Transcription System for {K}hmer Language

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1123/

Seng, Sopheap and Sam, Sethserey and Besacier, Laurent and Bigi, Brigitte and Castelli, Eric

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper we present an overview on the development of a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system for Khmer, the official language of Cambodia, spoken by more than 15 million people. As an under-resourced language, develop a LVCSR system for Khmer is a challenging task. We describe our methodologies for quick language data collection and processing for language modeling and acoustic modeling. For language modeling, we investigate the use of word and sub-word as basic modeling unit in order to see the potential of sub-word units in the case of unsegmented language like Khmer. Grapheme-based acoustic modeling is used to quickly build our Khmer language acoustic model. Furthermore, the approaches and tools used for the development of our system are documented and made publicly available on the web. We hope this will contribute to accelerate the development of LVCSR system for a new language, especially for under-resource languages of developing countries where resources and expertise are limited.

null

83,511

inproceedings

bendahman-etal-2008-quick

Quick Rich Transcriptions of {A}rabic Broadcast News Speech Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1124/

Bendahman, Chomicha and Glenn, Meghan and Mostefa, Djamel and Paulsson, Niklas and Strassel, Stephanie

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the collect and transcription of a large set of Arabic broadcast news speech data. A total of more than 2000 hours of data was transcribed. The transcription factor for transcribing the broadcast news data has been reduced using a method such as Quick Rich Transcription (QRTR) as well as reducing the number of quality controls performed on the data. The data was collected from several Arabic TV and radio sources and from both Modern Standard Arabic and dialectal Arabic. The orthographic transcriptions included segmentation, speaker turns, topics, sentence unit types and a minimal noise mark-up. The transcripts were produced as a part of the GALE project.

null

83,512

inproceedings

spohr-2008-general

A General Methodology for Mapping {E}uro{W}ord{N}ets to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1125/

Spohr, Dennis

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents a general methodology to mapping EuroWordNets (Vossen, 1998) to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO; Niles and Pease (2001)), and we show its application to the French EuroWordNet. The process makes use of existing work on mapping Princeton WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998) to SUMO (Niles and Pease, 2003). After a general discussion of the usefulness of our approach, we provide details on the procedure of mapping individual EuroWordNet synsets to SUMO conceptual classes, and discuss issues arising from a fully automatic mapping. In addition to this, we present a quantitative analysis of the thus created semantic resource and discuss how the accuracy in determining the correct SUMO class for a particular EuroWordNet synset might be improved. Finally, we briefly hint at how such resources may be used, e.g. in order to extract selectional preferences of verbal predicates with respect to the ontological categories of their syntactic arguments.

null

83,513

inproceedings

sekine-2008-extended

Extended Named Entity Ontology with Attribute Information

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1126/

Sekine, Satoshi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Named Entities (NE) are regarded as an important type of semantic knowledge in many natural language processing (NLP) applications. Originally, a limited number of NE categories were proposed. In MUC, it was 7 categories - people, organization, location, time, date, money and percentage expressions. However, it was noticed that such a limited number of NE categories is too small for many applications. The author has proposed Extended Named Entity (ENE), which has about 200 categories (Sekine and Nobata 04). During the development of ENE, we noticed that many ENE categories have specific attributes, and those provide very important information for the entities. For example, rivers have attributes like source location, outflow, and length. Some such information is essential to knowing about the river, while the name is only a label which can be used to refer to the river. Also, such attributes are important information for many NLP applications. In this paper, we report on the design of a set of attributes for ENE categories. We used a bottom up approach to creating the knowledge using a Japanese encyclopedia, which contains abundant descriptions of ENE instances.

null

83,514

inproceedings

suarez-figueroa-gomez-perez-2008-towards

Towards a Glossary of Activities in the Ontology Engineering Field

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1127/

Su{\'a}rez-Figueroa, Mari Carmen and G{\'o}mez-P{\'e}rez, Asunci{\'o}n

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The Semantic Web of the future will be characterized by using a very large number of ontologies embedded in ontology networks. It is important to provide strong methodological support for collaborative and context-sensitive development of networks of ontologies. This methodological support includes the identification and definition of which activities should be carried out when ontology networks are collaboratively built. In this paper we present the consensus reaching process followed within the NeOn consortium for the identification and definition of the activities involved in the ontology network development process. The consensus reaching process here presented produces as a result the NeOn Glossary of Activities. This work was conceived due to the lack of standardization in the Ontology Engineering terminology, which clearly contrasts with the Software Engineering field. Our future aim is to standardize the NeOn Glossary of Activities.

null

83,515

inproceedings

chen-etal-2008-chinese

{C}hinese Core Ontology Construction from a Bilingual Term Bank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1128/

Chen, Yirong and Lu, Qin and Li, Wenjie and Cui, Gaoying

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

A core ontology is a mid-level ontology which bridges the gap between an upper ontology and a domain ontology. Automatic Chinese core ontology construction can help quickly model domain knowledge. A graph based core ontology construction algorithm (COCA) is proposed to automatically construct a core ontology from an English-Chinese bilingual term bank. This algorithm computes the mapping strength from a selected Chinese term to WordNet synset with association to an upper-level SUMO concept. The strength is measured using a graph model integrated with several mapping features from multiple information sources. The features include multiple translation feature between Chinese core term and WordNet, extended string feature and Part-of-Speech feature. Evaluation of COCA repeated on an English-Chinese bilingual Term bank with more than 130K entries shows that the algorithm is improved in performance compared with our previous research and can better serve the semi-automatic construction of mid-level ontology.

null

83,516

inproceedings

kluck-huckstorf-2008-european

The {E}uropean Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies - a Multilingual Resource for Indexing, Retrieval, and Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1129/

Kluck, Michael and Huckstorf, Axel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The multilingual European Thesaurus on International Relations and Area Studies (European Thesaurus) is a special subject thesaurus for the field of international affairs. It is intended for use in libraries and documentation centres of academic institutions and international organizations. The European Thesaurus was established in a collaborative project involving a number of leading European research institutes on international politics. It integrates the controlled terminologies of several existing thesauri. The European Thesaurus comprises about 8,200 terms and proper names from the 24 subject areas covered by the thesaurus. Because of its multilinguality, the European Thesaurus can not only be used for indexing, retrieval and terminological reference, but serves also as a translation tool for the languages represented. The establishment of cross-concordances to related thesauri extends the range of application of the European Thesaurus even further. They enable the treatment of semantic heterogeneity within subject gateways. The European Thesaurus is available both in a seven-lingual print-version as well as in an eight-lingual online-version. To reflect the changes in terminology the European Thesau-rus is regularly being amended and modified. Further languages are going to be included.

null

83,517

inproceedings

tsunakawa-etal-2008-building-bilingual

Building Bilingual Lexicons using Lexical Translation Probabilities via Pivot Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1130/

Tsunakawa, Takashi and Okazaki, Naoaki and Tsujii, Jun{'}ichi

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper proposes a method of increasing the size of a bilingual lexicon obtained from two other bilingual lexicons via a pivot language. When we apply this approach, there are two main challenges, ambiguity and mismatch of terms; we target the latter problem by improving the utilization ratio of the bilingual lexicons. Given two bilingual lexicons between language pairs Lf-Lp and Lp-Le, we compute lexical translation probabilities of word pairs by using a statistical word-alignment model, and term decomposition/composition techniques. We compare three approaches to generate the bilingual lexicon: exact merging, word-based merging, and our proposed alignment-based merging. In our method, we combine lexical translation probabilities and a simple language model for estimating the probabilities of translation pairs. The experimental results show that our method could drastically improve the number of translation terms compared to the two methods mentioned above. Additionally, we evaluated and discussed the quality of the translation outputs.

null

83,518

inproceedings

chen-etal-2008-improving

Improving Statistical Machine Translation Efficiency by Triangulation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1131/

Chen, Yu and Eisele, Andreas and Kay, Martin

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In current phrase-based Statistical Machine Translation systems, more training data is generally better than less. However, a larger data set eventually introduces a larger model that enlarges the search space for the decoder, and consequently requires more time and more resources to translate. This paper describes an attempt to reduce the model size by filtering out the less probable entries based on testing correlation using additional training data in an intermediate third language. The central idea behind the approach is triangulation, the process of incorporating multilingual knowledge in a single system, which eventually utilizes parallel corpora available in more than two languages. We conducted experiments using Europarl corpus to evaluate our approach. The reduction of the model size can be up to 70{\%} while the translation quality is being preserved.

null

83,519

inproceedings

lavecchia-etal-2008-phrase

Phrase-Based Machine Translation based on Simulated Annealing

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1132/

Lavecchia, Caroline and Langlois, David and Sma{\"ili, Kamel

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In this paper, we propose a new phrase-based translation model based on inter-lingual triggers. The originality of our method is double. First we identify common source phrases. Then we use inter-lingual triggers in order to retrieve their translations. Furthermore, we consider the way of extracting phrase translations as an optimization issue. For that we use simulated annealing algorithm to find out the best phrase translations among all those determined by inter-lingual triggers. The best phrases are those which improve the translation quality in terms of Bleu score. Tests are achieved on movie subtitle corpora. They show that our phrase-based machine translation (PBMT) system outperforms a state-of-the-art PBMT system by almost 7 points.

null

83,520

inproceedings

carpuat-wu-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Context-Dependent Phrasal Translation Lexicons for Statistical Machine Translation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1133/

Carpuat, Marine and Wu, Dekai

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present new direct data analysis showing that dynamically-built context-dependent phrasal translation lexicons are more useful resources for phrase-based statistical machine translation (SMT) than conventional static phrasal translation lexicons, which ignore all contextual information. After several years of surprising negative results, recent work suggests that context-dependent phrasal translation lexicons are an appropriate framework to successfully incorporate Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) modeling into SMT. However, this approach has so far only been evaluated using automatic translation quality metrics, which are important, but aggregate many different factors. A direct analysis is still needed to understand how context-dependent phrasal translation lexicons impact translation quality, and whether the additional complexity they introduce is really necessary. In this paper, we focus on the impact of context-dependent translation lexicons on lexical choice in phrase-based SMT and show that context-dependent lexicons are more useful to a phrase-based SMT system than a conventional lexicon. A typical phrase-based SMT system makes use of more and longer phrases with context modeling, including phrases that were not seen very frequently in training. Even when the segmentation is identical, the context-dependent lexicons yield translations that match references more often than conventional lexicons.

null

83,521

inproceedings

hasan-ney-2008-multi

A Multi-Genre {SMT} System for {A}rabic to {F}rench

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1134/

Hasan, Sa{\v{s}}a and Ney, Hermann

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This work presents improvements of a large-scale Arabic to French statistical machine translation system over a period of three years. The development includes better preprocessing, more training data, additional genre-specific tuning for different domains, namely newswire text and broadcast news transcripts, and improved domain-dependent language models. Starting with an early prototype in 2005 that participated in the second CESTA evaluation, the system was further upgraded to achieve favorable BLEU scores of 44.8{\%} for the text and 41.1{\%} for the audio setting. These results are compared to a system based on the freely available Moses toolkit. We show significant gains both in terms of translation quality (up to +1.2{\%} BLEU absolute) and translation speed (up to 16 times faster) for comparable configuration settings.

null

83,522

inproceedings

delpech-saint-dizier-2008-investigating

Investigating the Structure of Procedural Texts for Answering How-to Questions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1135/

Delpech, Estelle and Saint-Dizier, Patrick

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper presents ongoing work dedicated to parsing the textual structure of procedural texts. We propose here a model for the intructional structure and criteria to identify its main components: titles, instructions, warnings and prerequisites. The main aim of this project, besides a contribution to text processing, is to be able to answer procedural questions (How-to? questions), where the answer is a well-formed portion of a text, not a small set of words as for factoid questions.

null

83,523

inproceedings

leturia-etal-2008-analysis

Analysis and Performance of Morphological Query Expansion and Language-Filtering Words on {B}asque Web Searching

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1136/

Leturia, Igor and Gurrutxaga, Antton and Areta, Nerea and Pociello, Eli

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Morphological query expansion and language-filtering words have proved to be valid methods when searching the web for content in Basque via APIs of commercial search engines, as the implementation of these methods in recent IR and web-as-corpus tools shows, but no real analysis has been carried out to ascertain the degree of improvement, apart from a comparison of recall and precision using a classical web search engine and measured in terms of hit counts. This paper deals with a more theoretical study that confirms the validity of the combination of both methods. We have measured the increase in recall obtained by morphological query expansion and the increase in precision and loss in recall produced by language-filtering-words, but not only by searching the web directly and looking at the hit counts which are not considered to be very reliable at best, but also using both a Basque web corpus and a classical lemmatised corpus, thus providing more exact quantitative results. Furthermore, we provide various corpora-extracted data to be used in the aforementioned methods, such as lists of the most frequent inflections and declinations (cases, persons, numbers, times, etc.) for each POS the most interesting word forms for a morphologically expanded query, or a list of the most used Basque words with their frequencies and document-frequencies the ones that should be used as language-filtering words.

null

83,524

inproceedings

roberts-hickl-2008-scaling

Scaling Answer Type Detection to Large Hierarchies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1137/

Roberts, Kirk and Hickl, Andrew

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper describes the creation of a state-of-the-art answer type detection system capable of recognizing more than 200 different expected answer types with greater than 85{\%} precision and recall. After describing how we constructed a new, multi-tiered answer type hierarchy from the set of entity types recognized by Language Computer Corporations CICEROLITE named entity recognition system, we describe how we used this hierarchy to annotate a new corpus of more than 10,000 English factoid questions. We show how an answer type detection system trained on this corpus can be used to enhance the accuracy of a state-of-the-art question-answering system (Hickl et al., 2007; Hickl et al., 2006b) by more than 7{\%} overall.

null

83,525

inproceedings

razmara-kosseim-2008-answering

Answering List Questions using Co-occurrence and Clustering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1138/

Razmara, Majid and Kosseim, Leila

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Although answering list questions is not a new research area, answering them automatically still remains a challenge. The median F-score of systems that participated in TREC 2007 Question Answering track is still very low (0.085) while 74{\%} of the questions had a median F-score of 0. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to answering list questions. This approach is based on the hypothesis that answer instances of a list question co-occur in the documents and sentences related to the topic of the question. We use a clustering method to group the candidate answers that co-occur more often. To pinpoint the right cluster, we use the target and the question keywords as spies to return the cluster that contains these keywords.

null

83,526

inproceedings

zesch-etal-2008-extracting

Extracting Lexical Semantic Knowledge from {W}ikipedia and {W}iktionary

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1139/

Zesch, Torsten and M{\"uller, Christof and Gurevych, Iryna

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Recently, collaboratively constructed resources such as Wikipedia and Wiktionary have been discovered as valuable lexical semantic knowledge bases with a high potential in diverse Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Collaborative knowledge bases however significantly differ from traditional linguistic knowledge bases in various respects, and this constitutes both an asset and an impediment for research in NLP. This paper addresses one such major impediment, namely the lack of suitable programmatic access mechanisms to the knowledge stored in these large semantic knowledge bases. We present two application programming interfaces for Wikipedia and Wiktionary which are especially designed for mining the rich lexical semantic information dispersed in the knowledge bases, and provide efficient and structured access to the available knowledge. As we believe them to be of general interest to the NLP community, we have made them freely available for research purposes.

null

83,527

inproceedings

sanders-etal-2008-odds

Odds of Successful Transfer of Low-Level Concepts: a Key Metric for Bidirectional Speech-to-Speech Machine Translation in {DARPA}`s {TRANSTAC} Program

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1140/

Sanders, Gregory and Bronsart, S{\'e}bastien and Condon, Sherri and Schlenoff, Craig

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The Spoken Language Communication and Translation System for Tactical Use (TRANSTAC) program is a Defense Advanced Research Agency (DARPA) program to create bidirectional speech-to-speech machine translation (MT) that will allow U.S. Soldiers and Marines, speaking only English, to communicate, in tactical situations, with civilian populations who speak only other languages (for example, Iraqi Arabic). A key metric for the program is the odds of successfully transferring low-level concepts, defined as the source-language content words. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has now carried out two large-scale evaluations of TRANSTAC systems, using that metric. In this paper we discuss the merits of that metric. It has proven to be quite informative. We describe exactly how we defined this metric and how we obtained values for it from panels of bilingual judges allowing others to do what we have done. We compare results on this metric to results on Likert-type judgments of semantic adequacy, from the same panels of bilingual judges, as well as to a suite of typical automated MT metrics (BLEU, TER, METEOR).

null

83,528

inproceedings

lamel-etal-2008-question

Question Answering on Speech Transcriptions: the {QAST} evaluation in {CLEF}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1141/

Lamel, Lori and Rosset, Sophie and Ayache, Christelle and Mostefa, Djamel and Turmo, Jordi and Comas, Pere

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This paper reports on the QAST track of CLEF aiming to evaluate Question Answering on Speech Transcriptions. Accessing information in spoken documents provides additional challenges to those of text-based QA, needing to address the characteristics of spoken language, as well as errors in the case of automatic transcriptions of spontaneous speech. The framework and results of the pilot QAst evaluation held as part of CLEF 2007 is described, illustrating some of the additional challenges posed by QA in spoken documents relative to written ones. The current plans for future multiple-language and multiple-task QAst evaluations are described.

null

83,529

inproceedings

heeren-etal-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of Spoken Document Retrieval for Historic Speech Collections

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1142/

Heeren, Willemijn and de Jong, Franciska and van der Werff, Laurens and Huijbregts, Marijn and Ordelman, Roeland

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The re-use of spoken word audio collections maintained by audiovisual archives is severely hindered by their generally limited access. The CHoral project, which is part of the CATCH program funded by the Dutch Research Council, aims to provide users of speech archives with online, instead of on-location, access to relevant fragments, instead of full documents. To meet this goal, a spoken document retrieval framework is being developed. In this paper the evaluation efforts undertaken so far to assess and improve various aspects of the framework are presented. These efforts include (i) evaluation of the automatically generated textual representations of the spoken word documents that enable word-based search, (ii) the development of measures to estimate the quality of the textual representations for use in information retrieval, and (iii) studies to establish the potential user groups of the to-be-developed technology, and the first versions of the user interface supporting online access to spoken word collections.

null

83,530

inproceedings

condon-etal-2008-applying

Applying Automated Metrics to Speech Translation Dialogs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1143/

Condon, Sherri and Phillips, Jon and Doran, Christy and Aberdeen, John and Parvaz, Dan and Oshika, Beatrice and Sanders, Greg and Schlenoff, Craig

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Over the past five years, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has funded development of speech translation systems for tactical applications. A key component of the research program has been extensive system evaluation, with dual objectives of assessing progress overall and comparing among systems. This paper describes the methods used to obtain BLEU, TER, and METEOR scores for two-way English-Iraqi Arabic systems. We compare the scores with measures based on human judgments and demonstrate the effects of normalization operations on BLEU scores. Issues that are highlighted include the quality of test data and differential results of applying automated metrics to Arabic vs. English.

null

83,531

inproceedings

mieskes-strube-2008-three

A Three-stage Disfluency Classifier for Multi Party Dialogues

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1144/

Mieskes, Margot and Strube, Michael

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We present work on a three-stage system to detect and classify disfluencies in multi party dialogues. The system consists of a regular expression based module and two machine learning based modules. The results are compared to other work on multi party dialogues and we show that our system outperforms previously reported ones.

null

83,532

inproceedings

gimenez-marquez-2008-towards

Towards Heterogeneous Automatic {MT} Error Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1145/

Gim{\'e}nez, Jes{\'u}s and M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'i}s

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

This work studies the viability of performing heterogeneous automatic MT error analyses. Error analysis is, undoubtly, one of the most crucial stages in the development cycle of an MT system. However, often not enough attention is paid to this process. The reason is that performing an accurate error analysis requires intensive human labor. In order to speed up the error analysis process, we suggest partially automatizing it by having automatic evaluation metrics play a more active role. For that purpose, we have compiled a large and heterogeneous set of features at different linguistic levels and at different levels of granularity. Through a practical case study, we show how these features provide an effective means of ellaborating interpretable and detailed automatic reports of translation quality.

null

83,533

inproceedings

babych-hartley-2008-sensitivity

Sensitivity of Automated {MT} Evaluation Metrics on Higher Quality {MT} Output: {BLEU} vs Task-Based Evaluation Methods

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1146/

Babych, Bogdan and Hartley, Anthony

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We report the results of our experiment on assessing the ability of automated MT evaluation metrics to remain sensitive to variations in MT quality as the average quality of the compared systems goes up. We compare two groups of metrics: those, which measure the proximity of MT output to some reference translation, and those which evaluate the performance of some automated process on degraded MT output. The experiment shows that proximity-based metrics (such as BLEU) loose sensitivity as the scores go up, but performance-based metrics (e.g., Named Entity recognition from MT output) remain sensitive across the scale. We suggest a model for explaining this result, which attributes stable sensitivity of performance-based metrics to measuring cumulative functional effect of different language levels, while proximity-based metrics measure structural matches on a lexical level and therefore miss higher-level errors that are more typical for better MT systems. Development of new automated metrics should take into account possible decline in sensitivity on higher-quality MT, which should be tested as part of meta-evaluation of the metrics.

null

83,534

inproceedings

przybocki-etal-2008-translation

Translation Adequacy and Preference Evaluation Tool ({TAP}-{ET})

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1147/

Przybocki, Mark and Peterson, Kay and Bronsart, S{\'e}bastien

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

Evaluation of Machine Translation (MT) technology is often tied to the requirement for tedious manual judgments of translation quality. While automated MT metrology continues to be an active area of research, a well known and often accepted standard metric is the manual human assessment of adequacy and fluency. There are several software packages that have been used to facilitate these judgments, but for the 2008 NIST Open MT Evaluation, NISTs Speech Group created an online software tool to accommodate the requirement for centralized data and distributed judges. This paper introduces the NIST TAP-ET application and reviews the reasoning underlying its design. Where available, analysis of data sets judged for Adequacy and Preference using the TAP-ET application will be presented. TAP-ET is freely available and ready to download, and contains a variety of customizable features.

null

83,535

inproceedings

orasan-chiorean-2008-evaluation

Evaluation of a Cross-lingual {R}omanian-{E}nglish Multi-document Summariser

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1148/

Or{\u{a}}san, Constantin and Chiorean, Oana Andreea

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

The rapid growth of the Internet means that more information is available than ever before. Multilingual multi-document summarisation offers a way to access this information even when it is not in a language spoken by the reader by extracting the gist from related documents and translating it automatically. This paper presents an experiment in which Maximal Marginal Relevance (MMR), a well known multi-document summarisation method, is used to produce summaries from Romanian news articles. A task-based evaluation performed on both the original summaries and on their automatically translated versions reveals that they still contain a significant portion of the important information from the original texts. However, direct evaluation of the automatically translated summaries shows that they are not very legible and this can put off some readers who want to find out more about a topic.

null

83,536

inproceedings

andersen-etal-2008-bnc

The {BNC} Parsed with {RASP}4{UIMA}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1149/

Andersen, {\O}istein E. and Nioche, Julien and Briscoe, Ted and Carroll, John

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We have integrated the RASP system with the UIMA framework (RASP4UIMA) and used this to parse the XML-encoded version of the British National Corpus (BNC). All original annotation is preserved, and parsing information, mainly in the form of grammatical relations, is added in an XML format. A few specific adaptations of the system to give better results with the BNC are discussed briefly. The RASP4UIMA system is publicly available and can be used to parse other corpora or document collections, and the final parsed version of the BNC will be deposited with the Oxford Text Archive.

null

83,537

inproceedings

uchimoto-den-2008-word

Word-level Dependency-structure Annotation to Corpus of Spontaneous {J}apanese and its Application

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1150/

Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Den, Yasuharu

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

In Japanese, the syntactic structure of a sentence is generally represented by the relationship between phrasal units, bunsetsus in Japanese, based on a dependency grammar. In many cases, the syntactic structure of a bunsetsu is not considered in syntactic structure annotation. This paper gives the criteria and definitions of dependency relationships between words in a bunsetsu and their applications. The target corpus for the word-level dependency annotation is a large spontaneous Japanese-speech corpus, the Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ). One application of word-level dependency relationships is to find basic units for constructing accent phrases.

null

83,538

inproceedings

deoskar-rooth-2008-induction

Induction of Treebank-Aligned Lexical Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Tapias, Daniel

may

2008

Marrakech, Morocco

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L08-1151/

Deoskar, Tejaswini and Rooth, Mats

Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`08)

null

We describe the induction of lexical resources from unannotated corpora that are aligned with treebank grammars, providing a systematic correspondence between features in the lexical resource and a treebank syntactic resource. We first describe a methodology based on parsing technology for augmenting a treebank database with linguistic features. A PCFG containing these features is created from the augmented treebank. We then use a procedure based on the inside-outside algorithm to learn lexical resources aligned with the treebank PCFG from large unannotated corpora. The method has been applied in creating a feature-annotated English treebank based on the Penn Treebank. The unsupervised estimation procedure gives a substantial error reduction (up to 31.6{\%}) on the task of learning the subcategorization preference of novel verbs that are not present in the annotated training sample.

null

83,539