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inproceedings
xue-kulick-2003-automatic
Automatic predicate argument structure analysis of the {P}enn {C}hinese Treebank
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-papers.55/
Xue, Nianwen and Kulick, Seth
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: Papers
null
Recent work in machine translation and information extraction has demonstrated the utility of a level that represents the predicate-argument structure. It would be especially useful for machine translation to have two such Proposition Banks, one for each language under consideration. A Proposition Bank for English has been developed over the last few years, and we describe here our development of a tool for facilitating the development of a Chinese Proposition Bank. We also discuss some issues specific to the Chinese Treebank that complicate the matter of mapping syntactic representation to a predicate-argument level, and report on some preliminary evaluation of the accuracy of the semantic tagging tool.
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92,857
inproceedings
yamada-etal-2003-improving
Improving translation models by applying asymmetric learning
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-papers.56/
Yamada, Setsuo and Nagata, Masaaki and Yamada, Kenji
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: Papers
null
The statistical Machine Translation Model has two components: a language model and a translation model. This paper describes how to improve the quality of the translation model by using the common word pairs extracted by two asymmetric learning approaches. One set of word pairs is extracted by Viterbi alignment using a translation model, the other set is extracted by Viterbi alignment using another translation model created by reversing the languages. The common word pairs are extracted as the same word pairs in the two sets of word pairs. We conducted experiments using English and Japanese. Our method improves the quality of a original translation model by 5.7{\%}. The experiments also show that the proposed learning method improves the word alignment quality independent of the training domain and the translation model. Moreover, we show that common word pairs are almost as useful as regular dictionary entries for training purposes.
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92,858
inproceedings
zajac-etal-2003-customizing
Customizing complex lexical entries for high-quality {MT}
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-papers.57/
Zajac, R{\'e}mi and Lange, Elke and Yang, Jin
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: Papers
null
The customization of Machine Translation systems concentrates, for the most part, on MT dictionaries. In this paper, we focus on the customization of complex lexical entries that involve various types of lexical collocations, such as sub-categorization frames. We describe methods and tools that leverage existing parsers and other MT dictionaries for customization of MT dictionaries. This customization process is applied on large-scale customization of several commercial MT systems, including English to Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.
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null
92,859
inproceedings
byrne-etal-2003-johns
The {J}ohns {H}opkins {U}niversity 2003 {C}hinese-{E}nglish machine translation system
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.3/
Byrne, W. and Khudanpur, S. and Kim, W. and Kumar, S. and Pecina, P. and Virga, P. and Xu, P. and Yarowsky, D.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
We describe a Chinese to English Machine Translation system developed at the Johns Hopkins University for the NIST 2003 MT evaluation. The system is based on a Weighted Finite State Transducer implementation of the alignment template translation model for statistical machine translation. The baseline MT system was trained using 100,000 sentence pairs selected from a static bitext training collection. Information retrieval techniques were then used to create specific training collections for each document to be translated. This document-specific training set included bitext and name entities that were then added to the baseline system by augmenting the library of alignment templates. We report translation performance of baseline and IR-based systems on two NIST MT evaluation test sets.
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92,862
inproceedings
costa-panissod-2003-systran
{SYSTRAN} Review Manager
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.4/
Costa, Jean-C{\'e}dric and Panissod, Christiane
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
The SYSTRAN Review Manager (SRM) is one of the components that comprise the SYSTRAN Linguistics Platform (SLP), a comprehensive enterprise solution for managing MT customization and localization projects. The SRM is a productivity tool used for the review, quality assessment and maintenance of linguistic resources combined with a SYSTRAN solution. The SRM is used in-house by SYSTRAN`s development team and is also licensed to corporate customers as it addresses leading linguistic challenges, such as terminology and homographs, which makes it a key component of the QA process. Extremely flexible, the SRM adapts to localization and MT customization projects from small to large-scale. Its Web-based interface and multi-user architecture enable a centralized and efficient work environment for local and geographically disbursed individual users and teams. Users segment a given corpus to fluidly review and evaluate translations, as well as identify the typology of errors. Corpus metrics, terminology extraction and detailed reporting capabilities facilitate prioritizing tasks, resulting in immediate focus on those issues that significantly impact MT quality. Data and statistics are tracked throughout the customization process and are always available for regression tests and overall project management. This environment is highly conducive to increased productivity and efficient QA in the MT customization effort.
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null
92,863
inproceedings
gervais-2003-multitrans
{M}ulti{T}rans system presentation: translation support and language management solutions
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.6/
Gervais, Dan
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
MultiTrans is a translation support and language management solution that is based on a multilingual full-text repository of previously translated content. It has helped global organizations and language-industry professionals to improve translation productivity and quality for all types of content. Unlike traditional translation memory tools, which are based on a database of isolated whole sentences, MultiTrans makes vast collections of legacyfull-text translations searchable fortext stringsof any length in their full usage context. MultiTrans' interactive research agent automates and aggregates the search process, providing users with the most relevant information, maximizing language resource reuse.
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92,865
inproceedings
goto-etal-2003-multi
A multi-language translation example browser
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.7/
Goto, Isao and Kato, Naoto and Uratani, Noriyoshi and Ehara, Terumasa and Kumano, Tadashi and Tanaka, Hideki
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
This paper describes a Multi-language Translation Example Browser, a type of translation memory system. The system is able to retrieve translation examples from bilingual news databases, which consist of news transcripts of past broadcasts. We put a Japanese-English system to practical use and undertook trial operations of a system of eight language-pairs.
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92,866
inproceedings
habash-dorr-2003-catvar
{C}at{V}ar: a database of categorial variations for {E}nglish
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.9/
Habash, Nizar and Dorr, Bonnie
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
We present a new large-scale database called {\textquotedblleft}CatVar{\textquotedblright} (Habash and Dorr, 2003) which contains categorial variations of English lexemes. Due to the prevalence of cross-language categorial variation in multilingual applications, our categorial-variation resource may serve as an integral part of a diverse range of natural language applications. Thus, the research reported herein overlaps heavily with that of the machine-translation, lexicon-construction, and information-retrieval communities. We demonstrate this database, embedded in a graphical interface; we also show a GUI for user input of corrections to the database.
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92,868
inproceedings
makita-etal-2003-system
A system for {J}apanese/{E}nglish/{K}orean multilingual patent retrieval
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.10/
Makita, Mitsuharu and Higuchi, Shigeto and Fujii, Atsushi and Ishikawa, Tetsuya
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
In response to growing needs for cross-lingual patent retrieval, we propose PRIME (Patent Retrieval In Multilingual Environment system), in which users can retrieve and browse patents in foreign languages only by their native language. PRIME translates a query in the user language into the target language, retrieves patents relevant to the query, and translates retrieved patents into the user language. To update a translation dictionary, PRIME automatically extracts new translations from parallel patent corpora. In the current implementation, trilingual (J/E/K) patent retrieval is available. We describe the system design and its evaluation.
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92,869
inproceedings
murata-etal-2003-implementation
Implementation of collaborative translation environment {\textquoteleft}Yakushite Net'
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.11/
Murata, Toshiki and Kitamura, Mihoko and Fukui, Tsuyoshi and Sukehiro, Tatsuya
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
This paper describes an implementation of Collaborative Translation Environment {\textquoteleft}Yakushite Net'. In {\textquoteleft}Yakushite Net', Internet users collaborate in enhancing the dictionaries of their specialty fields, and the system thus improves and expands its accuracy and areas of translations. In the course of realization of this system, we encountered several technical challenges. We would like to first explain those challenges, and then the solutions to them. Our future plan will also be explained at the end.
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92,870
inproceedings
nozay-rinsche-2003-ltc
{LTC} Communicator
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.12/
Nozay, Philippe and Rinsche, Adriane
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
Combining machine translation (MT), translation memory (TM), XML, and an automation server, the LTC Communicator enables help desk systems to handle multilingual data by providing automatic translation on the fly. The system has been designed to deliver machine-translated questions/answers (trouble tickets/solutions) at an intelligible level. The modular architecture combining automation servers and workflow management gives flexibility and reliability to the overall system. The web server architecture allows remote access and easy integration with existing help desk systems. A trial was funded within the framework of the EU project IMPACT.
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92,871
inproceedings
sinha-jain-2003-anglahindi
{A}ngla{H}indi: an {E}nglish to {H}indi machine-aided translation system
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.15/
Sinha, R. M. K. and Jain, A.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
This paper presents a system overview of an English to Hindi Machine-Aided Translation System named AnglaHindi. Its beta-version has been made available on the internet for free translation at \url{http://anglahindi.iitk.ac.in} AnglaHindi is an English to Hindi version of the ANGLABHARTI translation methodology developed by the author for translation from English to all Indian languages. Anglabharti is a pseudo-interlingual rule-based translation methodology. AnglaHindi, besides using the rule-bases, uses example-base and statistics to obtain more acceptable and accurate translation for frequently encountered noun and verb phrasals. This way a limited hybridization of rule-based and example-based approaches has been incorporated.
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null
null
92,874
inproceedings
valderrabanos-etal-2003-transtype2
{T}rans{T}ype2 - a new paradigm for translation automation
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.16/
Valderr{\'a}banos, Antonio S. and Esteban, Jos{\'e} and Iraola, Luis
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
The aim of TransType2 (TT2) is to develop a new kind of Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) system that will help solve a very pressing social problem: how to meet the growing demand for high-quality translation. To date, translation technology has not been able to keep pace with the demand for high-quality translation. The innovative solution proposed by TT2 is to embed a data driven Machine Translation (MT) engine within an interactive translation environment. In this way, the system combines the best of two paradigms: the CAT paradigm, in which the human translator ensures high-quality output; and the MT paradigm, in which the machine ensures significant productivity gains.
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null
null
92,875
inproceedings
wehrli-2003-translation
Translation of words in context
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-systems.17/
Wehrli, Eric
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit IX: System Presentations
null
TWiC is an on-line word and expression translation syste m which uses a powerful parser to (i) properly identify the relevant lexical units, (ii) retrieve the base form of the selected word and (iii) recognize the presence of a multiword expression (compound, idiom, collocation) the selected word may be part of. The conjunction of state-of-the-art natural language parsing, multiword expression identification and large bilingual databases provides a powerful and effective tool for people who want to read on-line material in a foreign language which they are not completely fluent in. A full prototype version of TWiC has been completed for the English-French pair of languages.
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92,876
inproceedings
dichy-farghaly-2003-roots
Roots {\&} patterns vs. stems plus grammar-lexis specifications: on what basis should a multilingual database centred on {A}rabic be built?
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.5/
Dichy, Joseph and Farghaly, Ali
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
Machine translation engines draw on various types of databases. This paper is concerned with Arabic as a source or target language, and focuses on lexical databases. The non-concatenative nature of Arabic morphology, the complex structure of Arabic word-forms, and the general use of vowel-free writing present a real challenge to NLP developers. We show here how and why a stem-grounded lexical database, the items of which are associated with grammar-lexis specifications {--} as opposed to a root-{\&}-pattern database {--}, is motivated both linguistically and with regards to efficiency, economy and modularity. Arguments in favour of databases relying on stems associated with grammar-lexis specifications (such as DIINAR.1 or the Arabic dB under development at SYSTRAN), rather than on roots and patterns, are the following: (a) The latter include huge numbers of rule-generated word-forms, which do not actually appear in the language. (b) Rule-generated lemmas {--} as opposed to existing ones {--} are widely under-specified with regards to grammar-lexis relations. (c) In a Semitic language such as Arabic, the mapping of grammar-lexis specifications that need to be associated with every lexical entry of the database is decisive. (d) These specifications can only be included in a stem-based dB. Points (a) to (d) are crucial and in the context of machine translation involving Arabic.
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92,883
inproceedings
farghaly-senellart-2003-inductive
Inductive coding of the {A}rabic lexicon
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.6/
Farghaly, Ali and Senellart, Jean
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
SYSTRAN started the design and the development of Arabic, Farsi and Urdu to English machine translation systems in July 2002. This paper describes the methodology and implementation adopted for dictionary building and morphological analysis. SYSTRAN`s IntuitiveCoding{\textregistered} technology (ICT) for facilitates the creation, update, and maintenance of Arabic, Farsi and Urdu lexical entries, is more modular and less costly. ICT for Arabic, Farsi, and Urdu requires the implementation of stem-based lexical entries, the authentic scripts for each language, a statistical Arabic stem-guesser, and separate declarative modules for internal and external morphology.
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null
null
92,884
inproceedings
fissaha-haller-2003-application
Application of corpus-based techniques to {A}mharic texts
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.7/
Fissaha, Sisay and Haller, Johann
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
A number of corpus-based techniques have been used in the development of natural language processing application. One area in which these techniques have extensively been applied is lexical development. The current work is being undertaken in the context of a machine translation project in which lexical development activities constitute a significant portion of the overall task. In the first part, we applied corpus-based techniques to the extraction of collocations from Amharic text corpus. Analysis of the output reveals important collocations that can usefully be incorporated in the lexicon. This is especially true for the extraction of idiomatic expressions. The patterns of idiom formation which are observed in a small manually collected data enabled extraction of large set of idioms which otherwise may be difficult or impossible to recognize. Furthermore, preliminary results of other corpus-based techniques, that is, clustering and classification, that are currently being under investigation are presented. The results show that clustering performed no better than the frequency base line whereas classification showed a clear performance improvement over the frequency base line. This in turn suggests the need to carry out further experiments using large sets of data and more contextual information.
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null
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92,885
inproceedings
haddad-yaseen-2003-towards
Towards semantic composition of {A}rabic: a {\ensuremath{\lambda}}-{DRT} based approach
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.8/
Haddad, Bassam and Yaseen, Mustafa
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
This paper addresses issues related to employing logic-based semantic composition as a meaning representation for Arabic within a unification-based syntax-semantics interface. Since semantic representation has to be compositional on the level of semantic processing {\ensuremath{\lambda}}-calculus based on Discourse Representation Theory can be utilized as a helpful and practical technique for the semantic construction of ARABIC in Arabic understanding systems. As ARABIC computational linguistics is also short of feature-based compositional syntax-semantics interfaces we hope that this approach might be a further motivation to redirect research to modern semantic construction techniques for developing an adequate model of semantic processing for Arabic and even no existing formal theory is capable to provide a complete and consistent account of all phenomena involved in Arabic semantic processing.
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null
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92,886
inproceedings
itai-segal-2003-corpus
A corpus based morphological analyzer for unvocalized modern {H}ebrew
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.9/
Itai, Alon and Segal, Erel
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
Most words in Modern Hebrew texts are morphologically ambiguous. We describe a method for finding the correct morphological analysis of each word in a Modern Hebrew text. The program first uses a small tagged corpus to estimate the probability of each possible analysis of each word regardless of its context and chooses the most probable analysis. It then applies automatically learned rules to correct the analysis of each word according to its neighbors. Finally, it uses a simple syntactical analyzer to further correct the analysis, thus combining statistical methods with rule-based syntactic analysis. It is shown that this combination greatly improves the accuracy of the morphological analysis{---}achieving up to 96.2{\%} accuracy.
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null
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92,887
inproceedings
othman-etal-2003-chart
A chart parser for analyzing modern standard {A}rabic sentence
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.10/
Othman, Eman and Shaalan, Khaled and Rafea, Ahmed
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
The parsing of Arabic sentence is a necessary prerequisite for many natural language processing applications such as machine translation and information retrieval. In this paper we report our attempt to develop an efficient chart parser for Analyzing Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) sentence. From a practical point of view, the parser is able to satisfy syntactic constraints reducing parsing ambiguity. Lexical semantic features are also used to disambiguate the sentence structure. We explain also an Arabic morphological analyzer based on ATN technique. Both the Arabic parser and the Arabic morphological analyzer are implemented in Prolog. The linguistic rules were acquired from a set of sentences from MSA sentence in the Agriculture domain.
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92,888
inproceedings
schafer-yarowsky-2003-two
A two-level syntax-based approach to {A}rabic-{E}nglish statistical machine translation
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.11/
Schafer, Charles and Yarowsky, David
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
We formulate an original model for statistical machine translation (SMT) inspired by characteristics of the Arabic-English translation task. Our approach incorporates part-of-speech tags and linguistically motivated phrase chunks in a 2-level shallow syntactic model of reordering. We implement and evaluate this model, showing it to have advantageous properties and to be competitive with an existing SMT baseline. We also describe cross-categorial lexical translation coercion, an interesting component and side-effect of our approach. Finally, we discuss the novel implementation of decoding for this model which saves much development work by constructing finite-state machine (FSM) representations of translation probability distributions and using generic FSM operations for search. Algorithmic details, examples and results focus on Arabic, and the paper includes discussion on the issues and challenges of Arabic statistical machine translation.
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null
null
92,889
inproceedings
wintner-yona-2003-resources
Resources for processing Israeli {H}ebrew
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-semit.12/
Wintner, Shuly and Yona, Shlomo
Workshop on Machine Translation for Semitic languages: issues and approaches
null
We describe work in progress whose main objective is to create a collection of resources and tools for processing Hebrew. These resources include corpora of written texts, some of them annotated in various degrees of detail; tools for collecting, expanding and maintaining corpora; tools for annotation; lexicons, both monolingual and bilingual; a rule-based, linguistically motivated morphological analyzer and generator; and a WordNet for Hebrew. We emphasize the methodological issue of well-defined standards for the resources to be developed. The design of the resources guarantees their reusability, such that the output of one system can naturally be the input to another.
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92,890
inproceedings
belam-2003-buying
Buying up to falling down
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.1/
Belam, Judith
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
A course in machine-assisted translation at final-year undergraduate level is the subject of the paper. The course includes a workshop session during which students compile a list of post-editing guidelines to make a text suitable for use in a clearly defined situation, and the paper describes this workshop and considers its place in the course and its future development. Issues of teaching MT to language learners are discussed.
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92,891
inproceedings
forcada-2003-45
A 45-hour computers in translation course
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.2/
Forcada, Mikel L.
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
This paper describes how a 45-hour Computers in Translation course is actually taught to 3rd-year translation students at the University of Alacant; the course described started in year 1995{--}1996 and has undergone substantial redesign until its present form. It is hoped that this description may be of use to instructors who are forced to teach a similar subject in such as small slot of time and need some design guidelines.
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92,892
inproceedings
mitamura-etal-2003-teaching
Teaching machine translation in a graduate language technologies program
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.4/
Mitamura, Teruko and Nyberg, Eric and Frederking, Robert
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
This paper describes a graduate-level machine translation (MT) course taught at the Language Technologies Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. Most of the students in the course have a background in computer science. We discuss what we teach (the course syllabus), and how we teach it (lectures, homeworks, and projects). The course has evolved steadily over the past several years to incorporate refinements in the set of course topics, how they are taught, and how students {\textquotedblleft}learn by doing{\textquotedblright}. The course syllabus has also evolved in response to changes in the field of MT and the role that MT plays in various social contexts.
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92,894
inproceedings
robichaud-lhomme-2003-teaching
Teaching the automation of the translation process to future translators
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.5/
Robichaud, Beno{\^i}t and L{'}Homme, Marie-Claude
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
This paper describes the approach used for introducing CAT tools and MT systems into a course offered in translation curricula at the Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al (Canada). It focuses on the automation of the translation process and presents various strategies that have been developed to help students progressively acquire the knowledge necessary to understand and undertake the tasks involved in the automation of translation. We begin with very basic principles and techniques, and move towards complex processes of advanced CAT and revision tools, including ultimately MT systems. As we will see, teaching concepts related to MT serves both as a wrap-up for the subjects dealt with during the semester and a way to highlight the tasks involved in the transfer phase of translation.
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92,895
inproceedings
somers-2003-prolog
{P}rolog models of classical approaches to {MT}
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.6/
Somers, Harold
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
This paper describes a number of {\textquotedblleft}toy{\textquotedblright} MT systems written in Prolog, designed as programming exercises and illustrations of various approaches to MT. The systems include a dumb word-for-word system, DCG-based {\textquotedblleft}transfer{\textquotedblright} system, an interlingua-based system with an LFG-like interface structure, a first-generation-like Russian-English system, an interactive system, and an implementation based on early example-based MT.
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92,896
inproceedings
vertan-hahn-2003-specification
Specification and evaluation of machine translation toy systems - criteria for laboratory assignments
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.7/
Vertan, Cristina and von Hahn, Walther
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
Implementation of machine translation {\textquotedblleft}toy{\textquotedblright} systems is a good practical exercise especially for computer science students. Our aim in a series of courses on MT in 2002 was to make students familiar both with typical problems of Machine Translation in particular and natural language processing in general, as well as with software implementation. In order to simulate a software implementation proc- ess as realistic as possible, we introduced more than 20 evaluation criteria to be filled by the students when they evaluated their own products. The criteria go far beyond such {\textquotedblleft}toy{\textquotedblright} systems, but they should demonstrate the students, what a real software evaluation means, and which are the particularities of Machine Translation Evaluation.
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92,897
inproceedings
way-gough-2003-teaching
Teaching and assessing empirical approaches to machine translation
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-tttt.8/
Way, Andy and Gough, Nano
Workshop on Teaching Translation Technologies and Tools
null
Empirical methods in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Translation (MT) have become mainstream in the research field. Accordingly, it is important that the tools and techniques in these paradigms be taught to potential future researchers and developers in University courses. While many dedicated courses on Statistical NLP can be found, there are few, if any courses on Empirical Approaches to MT. This paper presents the development and assessment of one such course as taught to final year undergraduates taking a degree in NLP.
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null
92,898
inproceedings
farwell-helmreich-2003-pragmatics
Pragmatics-based translation and {MT} evaluation
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-eval.3/
Farwell, David and Helmreich, Stephen
Workshop on Systemizing MT Evaluation
null
In this paper the authors wish to present a view of translation equivalence related to a pragmatics-based approach to machine translation. We will argue that current evaluation methods which assume that there is a predictable correspondence between language forms cannot adequately account for this view. We will then describe a method for objectively determining the relative equivalence of two texts. However, given the need for both an open world assumption and non-monotonic inferencing, such a method cannot be realistically implemented and therefore certain ``classic'' evaluation strategies will continue to be preferable as practical methods of evaluation.
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92,901
inproceedings
forsbom-2003-training
Training a super model look-alike
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-eval.4/
Forsbom, Eva
Workshop on Systemizing MT Evaluation
null
Two string comparison measures, edit distance and n-gram co-occurrence, are tested for automatic evaluation of translation quality, where the quality is compared to one or several reference translations. The measures are tested in combination for diagnostic evaluation on segments. Both measures have been used for evaluation of translation quality before, but for another evaluation purpose (performance) and with another granularity (system). Preliminary experiments showed that the measures are not portable without redefinitions, so two new measures are defined, WAFT and NEVA. The new measures could be applied for both purposes and granularities.
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null
92,902
inproceedings
reeder-white-2003-granularity
Granularity in {MT} evaluation
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-eval.5/
Reeder, Florence and White, John
Workshop on Systemizing MT Evaluation
null
This paper looks at granularity issues in machine translation evaluation. We start with work by (White, 2001) who examined the correlation between intelligibility and fidelity at the document level. His work showed that intelligibility and fidelity do not correlate well at the document level. These dissimilarities lead to our investigation of evaluation granularity. In particular, we revisit the intelligibility and fidelity relationship at the corpus level. We expect these to support certain assumptions in both evaluations as well as indicate issues germane to future evaluations.
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null
92,903
inproceedings
tate-etal-2003-task
Task-based {MT} evaluation: tackling software, experimental design, {\&} statistical models.
null
sep # " 23-27"
2003
New Orleans, USA
null
https://aclanthology.org/2003.mtsummit-eval.6/
Tate, Calandra and Lee, Sooyon and Voss, Clare R.
Workshop on Systemizing MT Evaluation
null
Even with recent, renewed attention to MT evaluation{---}due in part to n-gram-based metrics (Papineni et al., 2001; Doddington, 2002) and the extensive, online catalogue of MT metrics on the ISLE project (Hovy et al., 2001, 2003), few reports involving task-based metrics have surfaced. This paper presents our work on three parts of task-based MT evaluation: (i) software to track and record users' task performance via a browser, run from a desktop computer or remotely over the web, (ii) factorial experimental design with replicate observations to compare the MT engines, based on the accuracy of users' task responses, and (iii) the use of chi-squared and generalized linear models (GLMs) to permit finer-grained data analyses. We report on the experimental results of a six-way document categorization task, used for the evaluation of three Korean-English MT engines. The statistical models of the probabilities of correct responses yield an ordering of the MT engines, with one engine having a statistically significant lead over the other two. Future research will involve testing user performance on linguistically more complex tasks, as well as extending our initial GLMs with the documents' Bleu scores as variables, to test the scores as independent predictors of task results.
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null
92,904
inproceedings
b-anaya-kosseim-2003-generation
Generation of natural responses through syntactic patterns
Daille, B{\'e}atrice and Morin, Emmanuel
jun
2003
Batz-sur-Mer, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2003.jeptalnrecital-poster.1/
B. Anaya, Glenda and Kosseim, Leila
Actes de la 10{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
297--302
The goal of Question-Answering (QA) systems is to find short and factual answers to opendomain questions by searching a large collection of documents. The subject of this research is to formulate complete and natural answer-sentences to questions, given the short answer. The answer-sentences are meant to be self-sufficient; that is, they should contain enough context to be understood without needing the original question. Generating such sentences is important in question-answering as they can be used to enhance existing QA systems to provide answers to the user in a more natural way and to provide a pattern to actually extract the answer from the document collection.
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null
null
92,934
inproceedings
jimenez-pettenaro-2003-using
Using decision trees to learn lexical information in a linguistics-based {NLP} system
Daille, B{\'e}atrice and Morin, Emmanuel
jun
2003
Batz-sur-Mer, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2003.jeptalnrecital-poster.13/
Jim{\'e}nez, Marisa and Pettenaro, Martine
Actes de la 10{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
373--378
This paper describes the use of decision trees to learn lexical information for the enrichment of our natural language processing (NLP) system. Our approach to lexical learning differs from other approaches in the field in that our machine learning techniques exploit a deep knowledge understanding system. After the introduction we present the overall architecture of our lexical learning module. In the following sections we present a showcase of lexical learning using decision trees: we learn verbs that take a human subject in Spanish and French.
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null
null
null
null
null
92,946
inproceedings
thanopoulos-etal-2003-text
Text Tokenization for Knowledge-free Automatic Extraction of Lexical Similarities
Daille, B{\'e}atrice and Morin, Emmanuel
jun
2003
Batz-sur-Mer, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2003.jeptalnrecital-poster.17/
Thanopoulos, Aristomenis and Fakotakis, Nikos and Kokkinakis, George
Actes de la 10{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
397--402
Previous studies on automatic extraction of lexical similarities have considered as semantic unit of text the word. However, the theory of contextual lexical semantics implies that larger segments of text, namely non-compositional multiwords, are more appropriate for this role. We experimentally tested the applicability of this notion applying automatic collocation extraction to identify and merge such multiwords prior to the similarity estimation process. Employing an automatic WordNet-based comparative evaluation scheme along with a manual evaluation procedure, we ascertain improvement of the extracted similarity relations.
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null
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null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
null
92,950
inproceedings
genereux-2002-example
An Example-Based Semantic Parser for Natural Language
Pierrel, Jean-Marie
jun
2002
Nancy, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2002.jeptalnrecital-poster.4/
G{\'e}n{\'e}reux, Michel
Actes de la 9{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
338--343
This paper presents a method for guiding semantic parsers based on a statistical model. The parser is example driven, that is, it learns how to interpret a new utterance by looking at some examples. It is mainly predicated on the idea that similarities exist between contexts in which individual parsing actions take place. Those similarities are then used to compute the degree of certainty of a particular parse. The treatment of word order and the disambiguation of meanings can therefore be learned.
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null
null
null
null
null
94,180
inproceedings
chappelier-etal-2002-polynomial
Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars: Characterization and New Examples
Pierrel, Jean-Marie
jun
2002
Nancy, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2002.jeptalnrecital-poster.7/
Chappelier, Jean-C{\'e}dric and Rajman, Martin and Rozenknop, Antoine
Actes de la 9{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
357--362
Polynomial Tree Substitution Grammars, a subclass of STSGs for which finding the most probable parse is no longer NP-hard but polynomial, are defined and characterized in terms of general properties on the elementary trees in the grammar. Various sufficient and easy to compute properties for a STSG to be polynomial are presented. The min-max selection principle is shown to be one such sufficient property. In addition, another, new, instance of a sufficient property, based on lexical heads, is presented. The performances of both models are evaluated on several corpora.
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null
null
null
null
null
94,183
inproceedings
fairon-williamson-2002-automatic
Automatic Item Text Generation in Educational Assessment
Pierrel, Jean-Marie
jun
2002
Nancy, France
ATALA
https://aclanthology.org/2002.jeptalnrecital-poster.13/
Fairon, C{\'e}drick and Williamson, David M.
Actes de la 9{\`e}me conf{\'e}rence sur le Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles. Posters
394--400
We present an automatic text generation system (ATG) developed for the generation of natural language text for automatically produced test items. This ATG has been developed to work with an automatic item generation system for analytical reasoning items for use in tests with high-stakes outcomes (such as college admissions decisions). As such, the development and implementation of this ATG is couched in the context and goals of automated item generation for educational assessment.
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null
null
94,189
inproceedings
carbonell-etal-2002-automatic
Automatic rule learning for resource-limited {MT}
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.1/
Carbonell, Jaime and Probst, Katharina and Peterson, Erik and Monson, Christian and Lavie, Alon and Brown, Ralf and Levin, Lori
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
1--10
Machine Translation of minority languages presents unique challenges, including the paucity of bilingual training data and the unavailability of linguistically-trained speakers. This paper focuses on a machine learning approach to transfer-based MT, where data in the form of translations and lexical alignments are elicited from bilingual speakers, and a seeded version-space learning algorithm formulates and refines transfer rules. A rule-generalization lattice is defined based on LFG-style f-structures, permitting generalization operators in the search for the most general rules consistent with the elicited data. The paper presents these methods and illustrates examples.
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null
null
94,229
inproceedings
carl-etal-2002-toward
Toward a hybrid integrated translation environment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.2/
Carl, Michael and Way, Andy and Sch{\"aler, Reinhard
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
11--20
In this paper we present a model for the future use of Machine Translation (MT) and Computer Assisted Translation. In order to accommodate the future needs in middle value translations, we discuss a number of MT techniques and architectures. We anticipate a hybrid environment that integrates data- and rule-driven approaches where translations will be routed through the available translation options and consumers will receive accurate information on the quality, pricing and time implications of their translation choice.
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null
null
94,230
inproceedings
chuang-etal-2002-adaptive
Adaptive bilingual sentence alignment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.3/
Chuang, Thomas C. and You, G.N. and Chang, Jason
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
21--30
We present a new approach to the problem of aligning English and Chinese sentences in a bilingual corpus based on adaptive learning. While using length information alone produces surprisingly good results for aligning bilingual French and English sentences with success rates well over 95{\%}, it does not fair as well for the alignment of English and Chinese sentences. The crux of the problem lies in greater variability of lengths and match types of the matched sentences. We propose to cope with such variability via a two-pass scheme under which model parameters can be learned from the data at hand. Experiments show that under the approach bilingual English-Chinese texts can be aligned effectively across diverse domains, genres and translation directions with accuracy rates approaching 99{\%}.
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null
94,231
inproceedings
dorr-etal-2002-duster
{DUST}er: a method for unraveling cross-language divergences for statistical word-level alignment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.4/
Dorr, Bonnie and Pearl, Lisa and Hwa, Rebecca and Habash, Nizar
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
31--43
The frequent occurrence of divergenceS{---}structural differences between languages{---}presents a great challenge for statistical word-level alignment. In this paper, we introduce DUSTer, a method for systematically identifying common divergence types and transforming an English sentence structure to bear a closer resemblance to that of another language. Our ultimate goal is to enable more accurate alignment and projection of dependency trees in another language without requiring any training on dependency-tree data in that language. We present an empirical analysis comparing the complexities of performing word-level alignments with and without divergence handling. Our results suggest that our approach facilitates word-level alignment, particularly for sentence pairs containing divergences.
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94,232
inproceedings
foster-etal-2002-text
Text prediction with fuzzy alignment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.5/
Foster, George and Langlais, Philippe and Lapalme, Guy
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
44--53
Text prediction is a form of interactive machine translation that is well suited to skilled translators. In recent work it has been shown that simple statistical translation models can be applied within a usermodeling framework to improve translator productivity by over 10{\%} in simulated results. For the sake of efficiency in making real-time predictions, these models ignore the alignment relation between source and target texts. In this paper we introduce a new model that captures fuzzy alignments in a very simple way, and show that it gives modest improvements in predictive performance without significantly increasing the time required to generate predictions.
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94,233
inproceedings
garcia-varea-etal-2002-efficient
Efficient integration of maximum entropy lexicon models within the training of statistical alignment models
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.6/
Garc{\'i}a-Varea, Ismael and Och, Franz J. and Ney, Hermann and Casacuberta, Francisco
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
54--63
Maximum entropy (ME) models have been successfully applied to many natural language problems. In this paper, we show how to integrate ME models efficiently within a maximum likelihood training scheme of statistical machine translation models. Specifically, we define a set of context-dependent ME lexicon models and we present how to perform an efficient training of these ME models within the conventional expectation-maximization (EM) training of statistical translation models. Experimental results are also given in order to demonstrate how these ME models improve the results obtained with the traditional translation models. The results are presented by means of alignment quality comparing the resulting alignments with manually annotated reference alignments.
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94,234
inproceedings
gdaniec-manandise-2002-using
Using word formation rules to extend {MT} lexicons
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.7/
Gdaniec, Claudia and Manandise, Esm{\'e}
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
64--73
In the IBM LMT Machine Translation (MT) system, a built-in strategy provides lexical coverage of a particular subset of words that are not listed in its bilingual lexicons. The recognition and coding of these words and their transfer generation is based on a set of derivational morphological rules. A new utility extends unfound words of this type in an LMT-compatible format in an auxiliary bilingual lexical file to be subsequently merged into the core lexicons. What characterizes this approach is the use of morphological, semantic, and syntactic features for both analysis and transfer. The auxiliary lexical file (ALF) has to be revised before a merge into the core lexicons. This utility integrates a linguistics-based analysis and transfer rules with a corpus-based method of verifying or falsifying linguistic hypotheses against extensive document translation, which in addition yields statistics on frequencies of occurrence as well as local context.
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94,235
inproceedings
gough-etal-2002-example
Example-based machine translation via the Web
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.8/
Gough, Nano and Way, Andy and Hearne, Mary
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
74--83
One of the limitations of translation memory systems is that the smallest translation units currently accessible are aligned sentential pairs. We propose an example-based machine translation system which uses a {\textquoteleft}phrasal lexicon' in addition to the aligned sentences in its database. These phrases are extracted from the Penn Treebank using the Marker Hypothesis as a constraint on segmentation. They are then translated by three on-line machine translation (MT) systems, and a number of linguistic resources are automatically constructed which are used in the translation of new input. We perform two experiments on testsets of sentences and noun phrases to demonstrate the effectiveness of our system. In so doing, we obtain insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the selected on-line MT systems. Finally, like many example-based machine translation systems, our approach also suffers from the problem of {\textquoteleft}boundary friction'. Where the quality of resulting translations is compromised as a result, we use a novel, post hoc validation procedure via the World Wide Web to correct imperfect translations prior to their being output to the user.
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94,236
inproceedings
habash-dorr-2002-handling
Handling translation divergences: combining statistical and symbolic techniques in generation-heavy machine translation
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.9/
Habash, Nizar and Dorr, Bonnie
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
84--93
This paper describes a novel approach to handling translation divergences in a Generation-Heavy Hybrid Machine Translation (GHMT) system. The translation divergence problem is usually reserved for Transfer and Interlingual MT because it requires a large combination of complex lexical and structural mappings. A major requirement of these approaches is the accessibility of large amounts of explicit symmetric knowledge for both source and target languages. This limitation renders Transfer and Interlingual approaches ineffective in the face of structurally-divergent language pairs with asymmetric resources. GHMT addresses the more common form of this problem, source-poor/targetrich, by fully exploiting symbolic and statistical target-language resources. This non-interlingual non-transfer approach is accomplished by using target-language lexical semantics, categorial variations and subcategorization frames to overgenerate multiple lexico-structural variations from a target-glossed syntactic dependency of the source-language sentence. The symbolic overgeneration, which accounts for different possible translation divergences, is constrained by a statistical target-language model.
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94,237
inproceedings
kim-etal-2002-korean
{K}orean-{C}hinese machine translation based on verb patterns
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.10/
Kim, Changhyun and Hong, Munpyo and Huang, Yinxia and Kim, Young Kil and Yang, Sung Il and Seo, Young Ae and Choi, Sung-Kwon
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
94--103
This paper describes our ongoing project {\textquotedblleft}Korean-Chinese Machine Translation System{\textquotedblright}. The main knowledge of our system is verb patterns. Each verb can have several meanings and each meaning of a verb is represented by a verb pattern. A verb pattern consists of a source language pattern part for the analysis and the corresponding target language pattern part for the generation. Each pattern part, according to the degree of generality, contains lexical or semantic information for the arguments or adjuncts of each verb meaning. In this approach, accurate analysis can directly lead to natural and correct generation. Furthermore as the transfer mainly depends upon verb patterns, the translation rate is expected to go higher, as the size of verb pattern grows larger.
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94,238
inproceedings
langlais-simard-2002-merging
Merging example-based and statistical machine translation: an experiment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.11/
Langlais, Philippe and Simard, Michel
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
104--113
Despite the exciting work accomplished over the past decade in the field of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), we are still far from the point of being able to say that machine translation fully meets the needs of real-life users. In a previous study [6], we have shown how a SMT engine could benefit from terminological resources, especially when translating texts very different from those used to train the system. In the present paper, we discuss the opening of SMT to examples automatically extracted from a Translation Memory (TM). We report results on a fair-sized translation task using the database of a commercial bilingual concordancer.
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94,239
inproceedings
lee-2002-classification
Classification approach to word selection in machine translation
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.12/
Lee, Hyo-Kyung
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
114--123
We present a classification approach to building a English-Korean machine translation (MT) system. We attempt to build a word-based MT system from scratch using a set of parallel documents, online dictionary queries, and monolingual documents on the web. In our approach, MT problem is decomposed into two sub-problems {---} word selection problem and word ordering problem of the selected words. In this paper, we will focus on the word selection problem and discuss some preliminary results.
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94,240
inproceedings
menezes-2002-better
Better contextual translation using machine learning
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.13/
Menezes, Arul
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
124--134
One of the problems facing translation systems that automatically extract transfer mappings (rules or examples) from bilingual corpora is the trade-off between contextual specificity and general applicability of the mappings, which typically results in conflicting mappings without distinguishing context. We present a machine-learning approach to choosing between such mappings, using classifiers that, in effect, selectively expand the context for these mappings using features available in a linguistic representation of the source language input. We show that using these classifiers in our machine translation system significantly improves the quality of the translated output. Additionally, the set of distinguishing features selected by the classifiers provides insight into the relative importance of the various linguistic features in choosing the correct contextual translation.
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94,241
inproceedings
moore-2002-fast
Fast and accurate sentence alignment of bilingual corpora
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.14/
Moore, Robert C.
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
135--144
We present a new method for aligning sentences with their translations in a parallel bilingual corpus. Previous approaches have generally been based either on sentence length or word correspondences. Sentence-length-based methods are relatively fast and fairly accurate. Word-correspondence-based methods are generally more accurate but much slower, and usually depend on cognates or a bilingual lexicon. Our method adapts and combines these approaches, achieving high accuracy at a modest computational cost, and requiring no knowledge of the languages or the corpus beyond division into words and sentences.
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94,242
inproceedings
nyberg-etal-2002-deriving
Deriving semantic knowledge from descriptive texts using an {MT} system
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.15/
Nyberg, Eric and Mitamura, Teruko and Baker, Kathryn and Svoboda, David and Peterson, Brian and Williams, Jennifer
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
145--154
This paper describes the results of a feasibility study which focused on deriving semantic networks from descriptive texts using controlled language. The KANT system [3,6] was used to analyze input paragraphs, producing sentence-level interlingua representations. The interlinguas were merged to construct a paragraph-level representation, which was used to create a semantic network in Conceptual Graph (CG) [1] format. The interlinguas are also translated (using the KANTOO generator) into OWL statements for entry into the Ontology Works electrical power factbase [9]. The system was extended to allow simple querying in natural language.
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94,243
inproceedings
soricut-etal-2002-using
Using a large monolingual corpus to improve translation accuracy
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.16/
Soricut, Radu and Knight, Kevin and Marcu, Daniel
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
155--164
The existence of a phrase in a large monolingual corpus is very useful information, and so is its frequency. We introduce an alternative approach to automatic translation of phrases/sentences that operationalizes this observation. We use a statistical machine translation system to produce alternative translations and a large monolingual corpus to (re)rank these translations. Our results show that this combination yields better translations, especially when translating out-of-domain phrases/sentences. Our approach can be also used to automatically construct parallel corpora from monolingual resources.
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94,244
inproceedings
utsuro-etal-2002-semi
Semi-automatic compilation of bilingual lexcion entries from cross-lingually relevant news articles on {WWW} news sites
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.17/
Utsuro, Takehito and Horiuchi, Takashi and Chiba, Yasunobu and Hamamoto, Takeshi
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
165--176
For the purpose of overcoming resource scarcity bottleneck in corpus-based translation knowledge acquisition research, this paper takes an approach of semi-automatically acquiring domain specific translation knowledge from the collection of bilingual news articles on WWW news sites. This paper presents results of applying standard co-occurrence frequency based techniques of estimating bilingual term correspondences from parallel corpora to relevant article pairs automatically collected from WWW news sites. The experimental evaluation results are very encouraging and it is proved that many useful bilingual term correspondences can be efficiently discovered with little human intervention from relevant article pairs on WWW news sites.
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94,245
inproceedings
weerasinghe-2002-bootstrapping
Bootstrapping the lexicon building process for machine translation between {\textquoteleft}new' languages
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-papers.18/
Weerasinghe, Ruvan
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: Technical Papers
177--186
The cumulative effort over the past few decades that have gone into developing linguistic resources for tasks ranging from machine readable dictionaries to translation systems is enormous. Such effort is prohibitively expensive for languages outside the (largely) European family. The possibility of building such resources automatically by accessing electronic corpora of such languages are therefore of great interest to those involved in studying these {\textquoteleft}new' - {\textquoteleft}lesser known' languages. The main stumbling block to applying these data driven techniques directly is that most of them require large corpora rarely available for such {\textquoteleft}new' languages. This paper describes an attempt at setting up a bootstrapping agenda to exploit the scarce corpus resources that may be available at the outset to a researcher concerned with such languages. In particular it reports on results of an experiment to use state-of-the-art data-driven techniques for building linguistic resources for Sinhala - a non-European language with virtually no electronic resources.
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94,246
inproceedings
clarke-etal-2002-report
A report on the experiences of implementing an {MT} system for use in a commercial environment
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-studies.1/
Clarke, Anthony and Maier, Elisabeth and Stadler, Hans-Udo
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies
187--194
This paper describes the process of implementing a machine translation system (MT system) and the problems and pitfalls encountered within this process at CLS Corporate Language Services AG, a language solutions provider for the Swiss financial services industry, in particular UBS AG and Zurich Financial Services. The implementation was based on the perceived requirements of large organizations, which is why the focus was more on practical rather than academic aspects. The paper can be roughly divided into three parts: (1) definition of the implementation process, co-ordination and execution, (2) implementation plan and customer/user management, (3) monitoring of the MT system and related maintenance after going live.
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94,247
inproceedings
morland-2002-getting
Getting the message in: a global company`s experience with the new generation of low-cost,high-performance machine translation systems
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-studies.2/
Morland, Vernon
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies
195--206
Most large companies are very good at {\textquotedblleft}getting the message out{\textquotedblright} {--}publishing reams of announcements and documentation to their employees and customers. More challenging by far is {\textquotedblleft}getting the message in{\textquotedblright} {--} ensuring that these messages are read, understood, and acted upon by the recipients. This paper describes NCR Corporation`s experience with the selection and implementation of a machine translation (MT) system in the Global Learning division of Human Resources. The author summarizes NCR{\textquoteleft}s vision for the use of MT, the competitive {\textquotedblleft}fly-off{\textquotedblright} evaluation process he conducted in the spring of 2000, the current MT production environment, and the reactions of the MT users. Although the vision is not yet fulfilled, progress is being made. The author describes NCR`s plans to extend its current MT architecture to provide real-time translation of web pages and other intranet resources.
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94,248
inproceedings
rychtyckyj-2002-assessment
An assessment of machine translation for vehicle assembly process planning at {F}ord {M}otor {C}ompany
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-studies.3/
Rychtyckyj, Nestor
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: User Studies
207--215
For over ten years, Ford Vehicle Operations has utilized an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system to assist in the creation and maintenance of process build instructions for our vehicle assembly plants. This system, known as the Direct Labor Management System, utilizes a restricted subset of English called Standard Language as a tool for the writing of process build instructions for the North American plants. The expansion of DLMS beyond North America as part of the Global Study Process Allocation System (GSPAS) required us to develop a method to translate these build instructions from English to other languages. This Machine Translation process, developed in conjunction with SYSTRAN, has allowed us to develop a system to automatically translate vehicle assembly build instructions for our plants in Europe and South America.
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94,249
inproceedings
abir-etal-2002-fluent
Fluent Machines' {E}li{MT} system
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.1/
Abir, Eli and Klein, Steve and Miller, David and Steinbaum, Michael
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
216--219
This paper presents a generalized description of the characteristics and implications of two processes that enable Fluent Machines' machine translation system, called EliMT (a term coined by Dr. Jamie Carbonell after the system`s inventor, Eli Abir). These two processes are (1) an automated cross-language database builder and (2) an n-gram connector.
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94,250
inproceedings
akers-2002-logomedia
{L}ogo{M}edia {TRANSLATE},Version 2.0
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.2/
Akers, Glenn A.
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
220--223
LogoMedia Corporation offers a new multilingual machine translation system {--} LogoMedia Translate {--} based upon smaller applications, called {\textquotedblleft}applets{\textquotedblright}, designed to perform a small group of related tasks and to provide services to other applets. Working together, applets provide comprehensive solutions that are more effective, easier to implement, and less costly to maintain. Version 2, released in 2002, provides a single set of cooperating user interfaces and translation engines from 6 vendors for English to and from Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) Japanese, Korean, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian.
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94,251
inproceedings
bender-2002-natural
Natural intelligence in a machine translation system
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.3/
Bender, Howard J.
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
224--228
Any-Language Communications has developed a novel semantics-oriented pre-market prototype system, based on the Theory of Universal Grammar, that uses the innate relationships of the words in a sensible sentence (the natural intelligence) to determine the true contextual meaning of all the words. The system is built on a class/category structure of language concepts and includes a weighted inheritance system, a number language word conversion, and a tailored genetic algorithm to select the best of the possible word meanings. By incorporating all of the language information within the dictionaries, the same semantic processing code is used to interpret any language. This approach is suitable for machine translation (MT), sophisticated text mining, and artificial intelligence applications. An MT system has been tested with English, French, German, Hindi, and Russian. Sentences for each of those languages have been successfully interpreted and proper translations generated.
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94,252
inproceedings
blekhman-etal-2002-new
A new family of the {PARS} translation systems
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.5/
Blekhman, Michael and Kursin, Andrei and Rakova, Alia
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
232--236
This paper presents a description of the well-known family of machine translation systems, PARS. PARS was developed in the USSR as long ago as in 1989, and, since then, it has passed a difficult way from a mainframe-based, somewhat bulky system to a modern PC-oriented product. At the same time, we understand but well that, as any machine translation software, PARS is not artificial intelligence, and it is only capable of generating what is called {\textquotedblleft}draft translation{\textquotedblright}. It is certainly useful, but can by no means be considered a kind of substitution for a human translator whenever high-quality translation is required.
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94,254
inproceedings
dolan-etal-2002-msr
{MSR}-{MT}: the {M}icrosoft research machine translation system
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.6/
Dolan, Willaim B. and Pinkham, Jessie and Richardson, Stephen D.
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
237--239
MSR-MT is an advanced research MT prototype that combines rule-based and statistical techniques with example-based transfer. This hybrid, large-scale system is capable of learning all its knowledge of lexical and phrasal translations directly from data. MSR-MT has undergone rigorous evaluation showing that, trained on a corpus of technical data similar to the test corpus, its output surpasses the quality of best-of-breed commercial MT systems.
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94,255
inproceedings
lavie-etal-2002-nespole
The {NESPOLE}! speech-to-speech translation system
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.7/
Lavie, Alon and Levin, Lori and Frederking, Robert and Pianesi, Fabio
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
240--243
NESPOLE! is a speech-to-speech machine translation research system designed to provide fully functional speech-to-speech capabilities within real-world settings of common users involved in e-commerce applications. The project is funded jointly by the European Commission and the US NSF. The NESPOLE! system uses a client-server architecture to allow a common user, who is browsing web-pages on the internet, to connect seamlessly in real-time to an agent of the service provider, using a video-conferencing channel and with speech-to-speech translation services mediating the conversation. Shared web pages and annotated images supported via a Whiteboard application are available to enhance the communication.
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94,256
inproceedings
montgomery-li-2002-approaches
Approaches to spoken translation
Richardson, Stephen D.
oct # " 8-12"
2002
Tiburon, USA
Springer
https://aclanthology.org/2002.amta-systems.9/
Montgomery, Christine A. and Li, Naicong
Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas: System Descriptions
248--252
The paper discusses a number of important issues in speech-to-speech translation, including the key issue of level of integration of all components of such systems, based on our experience in the field since 1990. Section 1 discusses dimensions of the spoken translation problem, while current and near term approaches to spoken translation are treated in Sections 2 and 3. Section 2 describes our current expectation-based, speaker-independent, two-way translation systems, and Section 3 presents the advanced translation engine under development for handling spontaneous dialogs.
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94,258
inproceedings
aikawa-etal-2001-generation
Generation for multilingual {MT}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.2/
Aikawa, Takako and Melero, Maite and Schwartz, Lee and Wu, Andi
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper presents an overview of the broad-coverage, application-independent natural language generation component of the NLP system being developed at Microsoft Research. It demonstrates how this component functions within a multilingual Machine Translation system (MSR-MT), using the languages that we are currently working on (English, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese). Section 1 provides a system description of MSR-MT. Section 2 focuses on the generation component and its set of core rules. Section 3 describes an additional layer of generation rules with examples that address issues specific to MT. Section 4 presents evaluation results in the context of MSR-MT. Section 5 addresses generation issues outside of MT.
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94,852
inproceedings
akiba-etal-2001-using
Using multiple edit distances to automatically rank machine translation output
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.3/
Akiba, Yasuhiro and Imamura, Kenji and Sumita, Eiichiro
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper addresses the challenging problem of automatically evaluating output from machine translation (MT) systems in order to support the developers of these systems. Conventional approaches to the problem include methods that automatically assign a rank such as A, B, C, or D to MT output according to a single edit distance between this output and a correct translation example. The single edit distance can be differently designed, but changing its design makes assigning a certain rank more accurate, but another rank less accurate. This inhibits improving accuracy of rank assignment. To overcome this obstacle, this paper proposes an automatic ranking method that, by using multiple edit distances, encodes machine-translated sentences with a rank assigned by humans into multi-dimensional vectors from which a classifier of ranks is learned in the form of a decision tree (DT). The proposed method assigns a rank to MT output through the learned DT. The proposed method is evaluated using transcribed texts of real conversations in the travel arrangement domain. Experimental results show that the proposed method is more accurate than the single-edit-distance-based ranking methods, in both closed and open tests. Moreover, the proposed method could estimate MT quality within 3{\%} error in some cases.
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94,853
inproceedings
alonso-etal-2001-collapsing
Collapsing morphological information in lexical databases for {NLP} applications
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.4/
Alonso, Juan A. and Fanlo, Ram{\'o}n and Llorens, Albert
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The morphology of inflectional languages poses specific problems in the processing of morphological alternations. Regular alternations at morpheme boundaries can be elegantly captured by the use of rule formalisms based on the two-level morphology model. Stem alternations and completely irregular alternations at morpheme boundaries, however, need to be captured in some way in the lexicon. This paper presents four possible solutions to the problem and makes a claim in favor of one of them. The proposed approach makes use of feature bundles that contain the necessary linguistic information to uniquely identify allomorphic variations of stems in the lexicon. The proposal is an improvement in that it simplifies the representation of allomorphic variations in the lexicon by avoiding duplication of stem allomorphs to capture cross-combination of several morphosyntactic features in stem+flex sequences.
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94,854
inproceedings
aramaki-etal-2001-finding
Finding translation correspondences from parallel parsed corpus for example-based translation
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.5/
Aramaki, Eiji and Kurohashi, Sadao and Sato, Satoshi and Watanabe, Hideo
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes a system for finding phrasal translation correspondences from parallel parsed corpus that are collections paired English and Japanese sentences. First, the system finds phrasal correspondences by Japanese-English translation dictionary consultation. Then, the system finds correspondences in remaining phrases by using sentences dependency structures and the balance of all correspondences. The method is based on an assumption that in parallel corpus most fragments in a source sentence have corresponding fragments in a target sentence.
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null
94,855
inproceedings
aymerich-2001-generation
Generation of noun-noun compounds in the {S}panish-{E}nglish machine translation system {SPANAM}{\textregistered}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.6/
Aymerich, Julia
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The translation of Spanish Noun + preposition + Noun (NPN) constructions into English Noun-Noun (NN) compounds in many cases produces output with a higher level of fluency than if the NPN ordering is preserved. However, overgeneration of NN compounds can be dangerous because it may introduce ambiguity in the translation. This paper presents the strategy implemented in SPANAM to address this issue. The strategy involves dictionary coding of key words and expressions that allow or prohibit NN formation as well as an algorithm that generates NN compounds automatically when no dictionary coding is present. Certain conditions specified in the algorithm may also override the dictionary coding. The strategy makes use of syntactic and lexical information. No semantic coding is required. The last step in the strategy involves post-editing macros that allow the posteditor to quickly create or undo NN compounds if SPANAM did not generate the desired result.
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94,856
inproceedings
barrutieta-etal-2001-gross
Gross-grained {RST} through {XML} metadata for multilingual document generation
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.7/
Barrutieta, Guillermo and Abaitua, Joseba and D{\'i}az, Josuha
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
We present an RST-based discourse annotation proposal used in the construction of a trial multilingual XML-tagged corpus of teaching material in Basque, English and Spanish. The corpus feeds an experimental multilingual document generation system for the web. The main contributions of this paper are an implementation of RST through XML metadata and the adoption of gross-grained RST to avoid non-isomorphism in multilingual corpora.
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94,857
inproceedings
bernardi-etal-2001-taste
A taste of {MALT}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.8/
Bernardi, Ulrike and Gieselmann, Petra and McLaughlin, Steve
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Globalisation is bringing translation and multilingual information processing to areas where it was previously unknown or relatively unimportant. Today, translation is not only important for reaching global audiences, it is becoming an indispensable component inside other systems and workflows. MALT (Modular Architecture for Linguistic Tools) represents a fresh approach to a relatively new problem; how to provide translation capabilities plus any other vital linguistic tools and components inside a common framework, possibly together with other external applications. MALT`s modular structure and multi-tier architecture simplify integration into complex workflow scenarios, and the functional separation in the MALT interface permits new components to be added extremely quickly. The applications and components running under MALT can be accessed locally, in a network environment or as engines of a distributed client-server system such as DTS.
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94,858
inproceedings
bond-etal-2001-design
Design and construction of a machine-tractable {J}apanese-{M}alay dictionary
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.10/
Bond, Francis and Sulong, Ruhaida Binti and Yamazaki, Takefumi and Ogura, Kentaro
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
We present a method for combining two bilingual dictionaries to make a third, using one language as a pivot. In this case we combine a Japanese-English dictionary with a Malay-English dictionary, to produce a Japanese-Malay dictionary suitable for use in a machine translation system. Our method differs from previous methods in its use of semantic classes to rank translation equivalents: word pairs with compatible semantic classes are preferred to those with dissimilar classes. We also experiment with the use of two pivot languages. We have made a prototype dictionary of over 75,000 pairs.
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null
94,860
inproceedings
brundage-2001-machine
Machine translation - evolution not revolution
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.11/
Brundage, Jennifer A
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The continuous trend towards globalization means that even the most modern of industries must constantly re-evaluate its strategies and adapt to new technologies. This not only involves living up to the demands set by the product life cycles but also to find solutions satisfying additional internal needs. As a long-time supporter of MT and TM technology, SAP has shown that it can make productive use of competitive, commercial NLP products. As a first step, an integrated solution using TM together with MT was targeted. Having implemented different solutions for two types of documentation, the focus is now on not merely to integrate other technologies (e.g. terminology mining or controlled language) but to provide a uniform solution for processing any type of text. This involves not only supporting the needs of technical writers and translators but of all employees in their multilingual working environment.
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94,861
inproceedings
callison-burch-flournoy-2001-program
A program for automatically selecting the best output from multiple machine translation engines
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.12/
Callison-Burch, Chris and Flournoy, Raymond S.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes a program that automatically selects the best translation from a set of translations produced by multiple commercial machine translation engines. The program is simplified by assuming that the most fluent item in the set is the best translation. Fluency is determined using a trigram language model. Results are provided illustrating how well the program performs for human ranked data as compared to each of its constituent engines.
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94,862
inproceedings
calzolari-etal-2001-isle
The {ISLE} in the ocean. Transatlantic standards for multilingual lexicons (with an eye to machine translation)
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.13/
Calzolari, Nicoletta and Lenci, Alessandro and Zampolli, Antonio and Bel, Nuria and Villegas, Marta and Thurmair, Gregor
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The ISLE project is a continuation of the long standing EAGLES initiative, carried out under the Human Language Technology (HLT) programme in collaboration between American and European groups in the framework of the EU-US International Research Co-operation, supported by NSF and EC. In this paper we concentrate on the current position of the ISLE Computational Lexicon Working Group (CLWG), whose activities aim at defining a general schema for a multilingual lexical entry (MILE), as the basis for a standard framework for multilingual computational lexicons. The needs and features of existing Machine Translation systems provide the main reference points for the process of consensual definition of the MILE. The overall structure of the MILE will be illustrated with particular attention to some of the issues raised for multilingual lexicons by the need of expressing complex transfer conditions among translation equivalents
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94,863
inproceedings
canals-marote-etal-2001-spanish
The {S}panish{\ensuremath{<}}{\ensuremath{>}}{C}atalan machine translation system inter{NOSTRUM}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.14/
Canals-Marote, R. and Esteve-Guill{\'e}n, A. and Garrido-Alenda, A. and Guardiola-Savall, M. I. and Iturraspe-Bellver, A. and Montserrat-Buendia, S. and Ortiz-Rojas, S. and Pastor-Pina, H. and P{\'e}rez-Ant{\'o}n, P. M. and Forcada, M. L.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes interNOSTRUM, a Spanish3Catalan machine translation system currently under development that achieves great speed through the use of finite-state technologies (so that it may be integrated with internet browsing) and a reasonable accuracy using an advanced morphological transfer strategy (to produce fast translation drafts ready for light postedition).
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94,864
inproceedings
darwin-2001-trial
Trial and error: an evaluation project on {J}apanese {\ensuremath{<}}{\ensuremath{>}} {E}nglish {MT} output quality
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.15/
Darwin, Maki
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes a small-scale but organized attempt to evaluate output quality of several Japanese MT systems. The project also served as the first experiment of the implementation of the in-house MT evaluation guidelines created in 2000. Since time was limited and the budget was not infinite, it was launched with the following compact components: Five people; 300 source sentences per language pair; and 160 hours per evaluator. The quantitative results showed noteworthy phenomena. Although the test materials had been presented in a way that evaluators could not identify the performance of any particular system, the results were quite consistent. The scoring ratio that the two E-to-J evaluators employed was almost identical, while that of the J-to-E evaluators was similar. This indicates that high-quality output has universal appeal. Additionally, the evaluators noted that stronger systems, regardless of language pair, tended to be superior in source sentence analysis, target sentence arrangement, word choice, and lexicon entries whereas weaker systems tended to be inferior in these areas. As for language-pair comparison, the results indicate that English-to-Japanese systems may require more improvement than their counterparts, judging from the scores given and the number of unfound words recorded.
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94,865
inproceedings
dillinger-2001-dictionary
Dictionary development workflow for {MT}: design and management
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.16/
Dillinger, Mike
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
An important part of the development of any machine translation system is the creation of lexical resources. We describe an analysis of the dictionary development workflow and supporting tools currently in use and under development at Logos. This workflow identifies the component processes of: setting goals, locating and acquiring lexical resources, transforming the resources to a common format, classifying and routing entries for special processing, importing entries, and verifying their adequacy in translation. Our approach has been to emphasize the tools necessary to support increased automation and use of resources available in electronic formats, in the context of a systematic workflow design.
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94,866
inproceedings
diz-gamallo-2001-importance
The importance of {MT} for the survival of minority languages: {S}panish-{G}alician {MT} system
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.17/
Diz Gamallo, In{\'e}s
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Our society is coming through a lot of changes that are connected, basically, with information. Maybe those languages that are present in this challenge will survive, and languages that will not meet those changes will dissapear. The Linguistics section of the Centro Ram{\'o}n Pi{\~n}eiro para a Investigaci{\'o}n en Humanidades (CRP) is devoted to the development of basic language resources for Galician for trying to solve the gap existing in computational resources and to made it possible for Galician to be present in the new information society. The aim of this paper is to explain how we have developed a Spanish-Galician Machine Translation system, what tools we have made use of, which difficulties we have found in our task and what are the final results of the project.
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94,867
inproceedings
franco-sabaris-etal-2001-multilingual
Multilingual authoring through an artificial language
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.19/
Franco Sabar{\'i}s, Marcos and Rojas Alonso, Jos{\'e} Luis and Dafonte, C. and Arcay, B.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Nowadays, there is a growing need for dissemination of documents in several languages. Machine translation is usually regarded as a possible solution for this, but so far it cannot provide acceptable translations of unedited texts. Several methods which involve human participation in computerized processes of translation have been proposed, but none has given really satisfactory results (except in some restricted contexts). In the UTL (Universal Translation Language) project, which we present here, we propose a new approach to multilingualization, based on the usage of an artificial unambiguous human language in which the human translator writes the source text, and then gives it to the machine to translate into other languages. The nature of this constructed language, which is optimized for this role, ensures the high quality of the results rendered by the computer.
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null
null
null
null
94,869
inproceedings
fuji-etal-2001-evaluation
Evaluation method for determining groups of users who find {MT} {\textquotedblleft}useful{\textquotedblright}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.20/
Fuji, M. and Hatanaka, N. and Ito, E. and Kamei, S. and Kumai, H. and Sukehiro, T. and Yoshimi, T. and Isahara, H.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes an evaluation experiment designed to determine groups of subjects who prefer reading MT outputs to reading the original text. Our approach can be applied to any language pairs, but we will explain the methodology by taking English to Japanese translation as an example. In the case of E-J MT, it can be assumed that main users are Japanese and that most of them have some knowledge of English. It is often the case, in the case of E-J MT systems, that those people who are comfortable with reading English do not find E-J MT outputs useful, and in many cases, they would rather prefer reading the original English text. On the other hand, E- J MT outputs prove to be useful to those who find it hard to read the original English texts. We have used the reading comprehension part of the Test Of English for International Communication (TOEIC) to determine the threshold English ability level, dividing these two user groups.
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94,870
inproceedings
gamon-etal-2001-using
Using machine learning for system-internal evaluation of transferred linguistic representations
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.21/
Gamon, Michael and Suzuki, Hisami and Corston-Oliver, Simon
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
We present an automated, system-internal evaluation technique for linguistic representations in a large-scale, multilingual MT system. We use machine-learned classifiers to recognize the differences between linguistic representations generated from transfer in an MT context from representations that are produced by ``native'' analysis of the target language. In the MT scenario, convergence of the two is the desired result. Holding the feature set and the learning algorithm constant, the accuracy of the classifiers provides a measure of the overall difference between the two sets of linguistic representations: classifiers with higher accuracy correspond to more pronounced differences between representations. More importantly, the classifiers yield the basis for error-analysis by providing a ranking of the importance of linguistic features. The more salient a linguistic criterion is in discriminating transferred representations from ``native'' representations, the more work will be needed in order to get closer to the goal of producing native-like MT. We present results from using this approach on the Microsoft MT system and discuss its advantages and possible extensions.
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null
null
94,871
inproceedings
garcia-varea-casacuberta-2001-search
Search algorithms for statistical machine translation based on dynamic programming and pruning techniques
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.22/
Garc{\'i}a-Varea, Ismael and Casacuberta, Francisco
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The increasing interest in the statistical approach to Machine Translation is due to the development of effective algorithms for training the probabilistic models proposed so far. However, one of the open problems with statistical machine translation is the design of efficient algorithms for translating a given input string. For some interesting models, only (good) approximate solutions can be found. Recently, a dynamic programming-like algorithm for the IBM-Model 2 has been proposed which is based on an iterative process of refinement solutions. A new dynamic programming-like algorithm is proposed here to deal with more complex IBM models (models 3 to 5). The computational cost of the algorithm is reduced by using an alignment-based pruning technique. Experimental results with the so-called {\textquotedblleft}Tourist Task{\textquotedblright} are also presented.
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null
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null
null
94,872
inproceedings
gawronska-2001-polverbnet
{P}ol{V}erb{N}et: an experimental database for {P}olish verbs
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.23/
Gawronska, Barbara
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The semantics of verbs implies, as is known, a great number of difficulties, when it is to be represented in a computational lexicon. The Slavic languages are especially challenging in respect of this task because of the huge complexity of verbs, where the stems are combined with prefixes indicating aspect and Aktionsart. The current paper describes an approach to build PolVerbNet, a database for Polish verbs, considering the internal structure of the aspect-Aktionsart system. PolVerbNet is thus implemented in a larger English-Polish MT-system, which incorporates WordNet. We report our translation procedure and the system`s performance is evaluated and discussed.
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null
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null
null
null
94,873
inproceedings
gdaniec-etal-2001-derivational
Derivational morphology to the rescue: how it can help resolve unfound words in {MT}
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.24/
Gdaniec, Claudia and Manandise, Esm{\'e} and McCord, Michael C.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Machine Translation (MT) systems that process unrestricted text should be able to deal with words that are not found in the MT lexicon. Without some kind of recognition, the parse may be incomplete, there is no transfer for the unfound word, and tests for transfers for surrounding words will often fail, resulting in poor translation. Interestingly, not much has been published on unfound- word guessing in the context of MT although such work has been going on for other applications. In our work on the IBM MT system, we implemented a far-reaching strategy for recognizing unfound words based on rules of word formation and for generating transfers. What distinguishes our approach from others is the use of semantic and syntactic features for both analysis and transfer, a scoring system to assign levels of confidence to possible word structures, and the creation of transfers in the transformation component. We also successfully applied rules of derivational morphological analysis to non-derived unfound words.
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null
null
null
null
null
null
null
94,874
inproceedings
guessoum-zantout-2001-semi
Semi-automatic evaluation of the grammatical coverage of machine translation systems
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.25/
Guessoum, A. and Zantout, R.
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
In this paper we present a methodology for automating the evaluation of the grammatical coverage of machine translation (MT) systems. The methodology is based on the importance of unfolded grammatical structures, which represent the most basic syntactic pattern for a sentence in a given language. A database of unfolded grammatical structures is built to evaluate the parser of any NLP or MT system. The evaluation results in an overall measure called the grammatical coverage. The results of implementing the above approach on three English-to-Arabic commercial MT systems are presented.
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null
null
null
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null
null
null
94,875
inproceedings
hartley-etal-2001-agile
{AGILE} - a system for multilingual generation of technical instructions
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.27/
Hartley, Anthony and Scott, Donia and Bateman, John and Dochev, Danail
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper presents a multilingual Natural Language Generation system that produces technical instruction texts in Bulgarian, Czech and Russian. It generates several types of texts, common for software manuals, in two styles. We illustrate the system`s functionality with examples of its input and output behaviour. We discuss the criteria and procedures adopted for evaluating the system and summarise their results. The system embodies novel approaches to providing multilingual documentation, ranging from the re-use of a large-scale, broad coverage grammar of English in order to develop the lexico-grammatical resources necessary for the generation in the three target languages, through to the adoption of a {\textquoteleft}knowledge editing' approach to specifying the desired content of the texts to be generated independently of the target languages in which those texts finally appear.
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null
null
94,877
inproceedings
hashimoto-etal-2001-decision
Decision lists for determining adjective dependency in {J}apanese
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.28/
Hashimoto, Taiichi and Nishidate, Kosuke and Shirai, Kiyoaki and Tokunaga, Takenobu and Tanaka, Hozumi
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
In Japanese constructions of the form [N1 no Adj N2], the adjective Adj modifies either N1 or N2. Determing the semantic dependencies of adjective in such phrase is an important task for machine translation. This paper describes a method for determining the adjective dependency in such constructions using decision lists, and inducing decision lists from training contexts with correct semantic dependencies and without. Based on evaluation, our method is able to determine adjective dependency with an precision of about 94{\%}. We further analyze rules in the induced decision lists and examine effective features to determine the semantic dependencies of adjectives.
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null
null
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null
null
94,878
inproceedings
hayashi-etal-2001-alt
{ALT}-{J}/{C}: a prototype {J}apanese-to-{C}hinese automatic language translation system
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.29/
Hayashi, Minoru and Yamada, Setsuo and Kataoka, Akira and Yokoo, Akio
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes a prototype Japanese-to-Chinese automatic language translation system. ALT-J/C (Automatic Language Translator - Japanese-to-Chinese) is a semantic transfer based system, which is based on ALT-J/E (a Japanese-to-English system), but written to cope with Unicode. It is also designed to cope with constructions specific to Chinese. This system has the potential to become a framework for multilingual translation systems.
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null
null
null
null
null
94,879
inproceedings
izuha-2001-machine
Machine translation using bilingual term entries extracted from parallel texts
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.31/
Izuha, Tatsuya
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Patent summaries are machine-translated using bilingual term entries extracted from parallel texts for evaluation. The result shows that bilingual term entries extracted from 2,000 pairs of parallel texts which share a specific domain with the input texts introduce more improvements than a technical term dictionary with 38,000 entries which covers a broader domain. The result also shows that only 10 pairs of parallel texts found by similar document retrieval have comparable effects to the technical term dictionary, suggesting that parallel texts to be used do not need to be classified into fields prior to term extraction.
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null
null
94,881
inproceedings
jimenez-2001-generation
Generation of named entities
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.32/
Jim{\'e}nez, Marisa
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
In this paper we present an overview of an approach developed at Microsoft Research to generate strings for named entities such as places and dates. This approach uses abstract representations as input. We first provide an overview of our system to identify named entities in text. Next we present our approach to generate these entities from abstract representations, known as {\textquotedblleft}logical forms{\textquotedblright} in our system. We then focus on the generation of place names in Spanish. We discuss our technique to generate Spanish place names from a logical form where language-specific features, such as word order, or capitalization conventions do not exist. We finally present the details of a study that we carried out to help us make sound linguistic decisions in the generation of place names in Spanish.
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94,882
inproceedings
kang-lee-2001-ontology
Ontology-based word sense disambiguation using semi-automatically constructed ontology
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.33/
Kang, Sin-Jae and Lee, Jong-Hyeok
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
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This paper describes a method for disambiguating word senses by using semi-automatically constructed ontology. The ontology stores rich semantic constraints among 1,110 concepts, and enables a natural language processing system to resolve semantic ambiguities by making inferences with the concept network of the ontology. In order to acquire a reasonably practical ontology in limited time and with less manpower, we extend the existing Kadokawa thesaurus by inserting additional semantic relations into its hierarchy, which are classified as case relations and other semantic relations. The former can be obtained by converting valency information and case frames from previously-built electronic dictionaries used in machine translation. The latter can be acquired from concept co-occurrence information, which is extracted automatically from large corpora. In our practical machine translation system, our word sense disambiguation method achieved a 9.2{\%} improvement over methods which do not use an ontology for Korean translation.
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94,883
inproceedings
kilgarriff-tugwell-2001-wasp
{WASP}-Bench: an {MT} lexicographers' workstation supporting state-of-the-art lexical disambiguation
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.34/
Kilgarriff, Adam and Tugwell, David
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
Most MT lexicography is devoted to developing rules of the kind, {\textquotedblleft}in context C, translate source-language word S as target-language word T{\textquotedblright}. Very many such rules are required, producing them is laborious, and MT companies standardly spend large sums on it. We present the WASP-Bench, a lexicographer`s workstation for the rapid and semi-automatic development of such rule-sets. The WASP-Bench makes use of a large source-language corpus and state-of-the-art techniques for Word Sense Disambiguation. We show that the WSD accuracy is on a par with the best results published to date, with the advantage that the WASP-Bench, unlike other high- performance systems, does not require a sense-disambiguated training corpus as input. The WASP-Bench is designed to fit readily with MT companies' working practices, as it may be used for as many or as few source language words as present disambiguation problems for a given target.
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94,884
inproceedings
koh-etal-2001-test
A test suite for evaluation of {E}nglish-to-{K}orean machine translation systems
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.35/
Koh, Sungryong and Maeng, Jinee and Lee, Ji-Young and Chae, Young-Sook and Choi, Key-Sun
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper describes KORTERM`s test suite and their practicability. The test-sets have been being constructed on the basis of fine-grained classification of linguistic phenomena to evaluate the technical status of English-to-Korean MT systems systematically. They consist of about 5000 test-sets and are growing. Each test-set contains an English sentence, a model Korean translation, a linguistic phenomenon category, and a yes/no question about the linguistic phenomenon. Two commercial systems were evaluated with a yes/no test of prepared questions. Total accuracy rates of the two systems were different (50{\%} vs. 66{\%}). In addition, a comprehension test was carried out. We found that one system was more comprehensible than the other system. These results seem to show that our test suite is practicable.
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94,885
inproceedings
langlais-etal-2001-integrating
Integrating bilingual lexicons in a probabilistic translation assistant
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.36/
Langlais, Philippe and Foster, George and Lapalme, Guy
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
In this paper, we present a way to integrate bilingual lexicons into an operational probabilistic translation assistant (TransType). These lexicons could be any resource available to the translator (e.g. terminological lexicons) or any resource statistically derived from training material. We describe a bilingual lexicon acquisition process that we developped and we evaluate from a theoretical point of view its benefits to a translation completion task.
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94,886
inproceedings
leon-2001-spanam
{SPANAM}{\textregistered} and {ENGSPAN}{\textregistered} for Windows 2000: an {MT} pioneer keeps up with technology
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.37/
Le{\'o}n, Marjorie
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is proud to present the latest release of its fully automatic Spanish-to-English and English-to-Spanish machine translation systems. SPANAM and ENGSPAN have been ported to the 32-bit Windows platform. The bilingual graphical user interface provides easy access to all the features of the system. The translation engine can be accessed in three different ways: file translation from the desktop or word processing application, sentence translation from within the dictionary update module, or cut-and-paste translation using an ActiveX component. Any user can view all of PAHO`s dictionary entries (words, expressions, and rules), and dictionary coders can add new entries of every type and modify all but a small number of protected records. The system is designed to be used by translation professionals in an institutional setting. Administrative utilities include job accounting, dictionary update log, terminology import and export, and dictionary merge. Users can view and print side-by-side listings of source and target texts, lists of not-found words, and the parse of any sentence.
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94,887
inproceedings
lieske-etal-2001-open
The Open Lexicon Interchange Format ({OLIF}) comes of age
Maegaard, Bente
sep # " 18-22"
2001
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
null
https://aclanthology.org/2001.mtsummit-papers.39/
Lieske, Christian and McCormick, Susan and Thurmair, Gregor
Proceedings of Machine Translation Summit VIII
null
This paper summarizes the current status of version 2 of the Open Lexicon Interchange Format (OLIF). As a natural extension of the OLIF prototype (OLIF version 1), version 2 has been modified with respect to content and formalization (e.g., it is now XML-compliant). These enhancements now make it possible to use OLIF in a variety of Natural Language Processing applications and general language technology environments (e.g., terminology management systems). At the time of writing, several industrial partners of the OLIF Consortium had already started work on implementing OLIF support. Details on OLIF can be found on www.olif.net.
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94,889