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By R.R. Langham Carter
Lucas was promoted lieutenant on 25th January, 1853, and when Sir George Russell Clerk was appointed Commissioner of the Orange River Sovereignty in April Lucas, who was a friend of a son of Sir George’s, was placed in command of the escort. He may have remained in Bloemfontein until the territory was ceded to the Boers on 23rd February 1854, after which Clerk returned to the Cape.
Lucas reached the rank of captain on 1st July, 1859. Probably by reason of his wartime experiences he now suffered severely from rheumatism and had to retire on half-pay on 1st March, 1862, finally selling his commission two years later. Near the end of his life he stayed in France (probably at a spa to take the mineral waters for his rheumatism) and died at St. Etienne in 1879.
Lucas was an excellent artist and twenty-one of his sketches are reproduced in his book Pen and Pencil Reminiscences of a Campaign in South Africa which was published in London in 1861. A sketch entitled “We’re all a nodding” shows a very weary patrol returning to camp from a reconnaissance. A mysterious white figure, clad in a civilian white suit, is depicted riding among the uniformed soldiers. He is smoking a cheroot and seems much less tired than his military companions. And a similar white figure appears in a sketch entitled “The patrol encamped”. I wondered who this strangely garbed personage could be and what on earth he was doing in the thick of the fighting.
In another of his books, Camp Life and Sport in South Africa (1878), Lucas mentions very few people by name, all of them brother officers, and these only briefly. Yet he gives a great deal of space to another individual who was only a visitor to South Africa and whom he can have known for a comparatively short time.
“One of my pleasantest recollections of Cape Town is connected with a visit that I paid to my friend Major A-, whose acquaintance I had previously made on the frontier. He was an old and distinguished soldier in the Indian Horse Artillery, well known not only for his wit and bonhomie but as a highly educated scientific man, whose contributions to the military journals had got him a high reputation in India .... He was one of the three persons taken captive by the Chinese in their first war with England and was, with Captain and Mrs Douglas, his companions in captivity, carried up the country. They were cooped up in bamboo cages and, after a prolonged durance, were restored to liberty only at the conclusion of hostilities .... The major was an enormous man, a good six feet high and weighing some twenty stone, with a huge red beard, a deep rich voice and a sagacious massive face, brimming over with jollity. He had a habit when not otherwise employed of pacing restlessly backward and forward to the full extent of his long saloon which was connected by folding doors and having at either end a table with a bottle of sherry at one end and a bottle of port at the other .... Imagine this enormous man fortifying himself with a glass of sherry at number one table, varied by a glass of port at number two when he reached the other end, and rolling forth one continuous stream of anecdote, fun and wisdom. He had travelled some hundreds of miles up the frontier for the purpose of making himself acquainted with the ins and outs of Kaffir warfare. Nothing could be imagined more incongruous than the presence of this stout warrior, habited in his free and easy civilian clothes, totally unarmed, puffing away at the invariable cheroot, with a binocular slung over his ample shoulders, while we were skirmishing in the bush. After his return from the campaign he had taken a pretty cottage ornée at the charming village of Wynberg. Here he was waited upon by his Indian servant Nyder who was a superb cook. His master was always calling out for brandy-pawnee* to which he applied himself as a sort of interlude between the pauses at number one and number two tables. In the courtyard of a temple (in China) he turned his artistical talent (for he was a most accomplished artist) to account by painting portraits of the Mandarins.”
(*Brandy and water in the Urdu language of India.)
The white clad figure, then, was Major A—. He was evidently a remarkable person. No doubt the author’s reason for anonymity in this single instance was his reference to the major’s fondness for liquor. But the disguise can soon be penetrated. For a perusal of an account of the first Opium War reveals that he was in fact a Major Anstruther. And after that it was not difficult to trace his whole career. For, whatever his drinking habits, Anstruther rose high in the Army, received obituaries in the Times and the Annual Register and became the subject of articles in the Dictionary of National Biography and Boase’s Modern English Biography
Philip Anstruther was a Scotsman. He was born on 12th September, 1807, and was the second son of Sir Alexander Anstruther (1769-1819) of Thirdpart House in Fifeshire and Sarah, daughter of Thomas Prendergast of Cloane and widow of Captain W. Selby of the East India Company. He was educated at Westminster School. His father had been Recorder of Bombay and an earlier relative had been Chief Justice of Bengal. So it was natural that he too served in India. He was commissioned lieutenant in the Madras Horse Artillery on 19th June, 1824, and reached Cape Town in the Sophia en route to his first posting on 17th December in that year.
As Lucas has told us, Anstruther was a prolific writer and his first recorded book, A Proposal to increase the Strength of the Indian Army was published in 1839. He was promoted captain on 10th November, 1839, and his Memoir recommending a light eighteen-pounder gun was published in the year following. The first Opium War broke out in July, 1840. Anstruther sailed to China in command of the detachment of Madras Artillery but was taken prisoner on 16th September. H.M.S. Kate had stranded on a sandbank on the previous day and Lieutenant Douglas R.N. and his pregnant wife and some of the crew had been captured. They and Anstruther were put in bamboo cages and moved to Ningpo where they were later transferred to cells in the local prison. When British forces advanced on Ningpo in October 1841 the Chinese released their prisoners and abandoned the town. Anstruther was fit enough to be able to go out to meet the troops and to guide them into the city. Lucas was wrong in writing that he was freed only at the end of the war for in fact he remained in command of his detachment until hostilities came to an end in the following year. Anstruther had become so attached to his cage that he took it back with him to Madras where it was displayed in a museum for many years. He wrote an account of the war in a journal which I have been unable to trace and on 24th December, 1842, he was made a commander of the Order of the Bath for his China services.
He was granted overseas leave in 1851. He may have known the Cape well already. Sir Robert, the Chief Justice, had spent several weeks in Cape Town in 1798 (and had been entertained there by an old Scottish friend, Lady Anne Barnard). Philip’s brother was also serving in India and they and their parents had all probably had periods in Cape Town on their voyages while ships were repaired and stores embarked. And many of his brother officers had spent leaves at the Cape. And he may have obtained his leave specifically to study the Frontier War which had begun in December 1850. At any rate he chose the Cape for his furlough. He sailed from Madras in the Duke of Bedford East Indiaman (720 tons. Captain R. Thornhill) on 15th March and arrived in Simon’s Bay on 30th May and soon made his way to the theatre of war.
He served as a volunteer with the Cape Mounted Riflemen for about a year and received the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Harry Smith.
After his stay in Wynberg he returned to India during 1852. The second Anglo-Burmese War had started in October, 1851. This lasted until June, 1853, and he took part in its latter stages and remained in the garrison there until 1854.
Anstruther was promoted major-general on 4th November, 1858. He published his last book, The Theory of Gunnery, in 1871 and died at Pitcorthie in his native country of Fife on 18th February, 1884. Lucas wrote that he was an accomplished artist and could have known this only from seeing some of Anstruther’s Frontier War sketches. It is greatly to be hoped that his sketches and his account of the war can be traced. The author of the book on the Opium War confirms that Anstruther was a man of fine physique and had a red beard, and adds that he was reputed to be the ugliest man in the whole Army. All things considered, it is not surprising that he never married.
His nephew Philip Robert Anstruther saw a lot of action in a short time in South Africa. A major in the 94th Regiment of Foot, he fought at Ulundi in the Zulu War in 1879 and, later in the year against, Chief Sekhukhune in the Transvaal. When war with the Transvaal Republicans broke out in 1880 he was severely wounded in a skirmish near Bronkhorstspruit and died of his wounds on 26th December.
Return to Journal Index OR Society's Home pageSouth African Military History Society / email@example.com
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Aspen Institute Offers Strategies to Boost Youth-Sports Participation
In a report released Monday, the Washington-based Aspen Institute offered an eight-prong strategy to boost sports participation among all youths, including the encouragement of sport sampling, the reintroduction of free play, and an emphasis on injury prevention.
According to the report, fewer than half of children ages 6 to 11 engaged in the recommended 60-plus minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity most days of the week, and fewer children are participating in team sports, too. The report cited statistics from the Sports & Fitness Industry Association (SFIA), which found 40 percent of children played team sports regularly in 2013, down from 44.5 percent in 2008. While 58.6 percent of children in that age group took part in team sports even once during the year back in 2008, just 52.2 percent did in 2013, per SFIA data provided to the Aspen Institute.
What's preventing youths from participating in sports? Household income, for one. According to SFIA data, 30 percent of children from wealthier homes (with an annual income of $100,000 or more) participate in sports, compared to just 16 percent of children from homes with an income of $25,000 or less. Income isn't the only hurdle to clear in terms of youth-sports participation, however. The institute cited a lack of facilities, rising time demands, safety concerns and a lack of available sporting options as other potential concerns worth addressing.
Accordingly, the report highlights eight promising strategies that could help promote physical activity and youth-sports participation among all children:
- Asking for children's input in terms of what they want from sports
- The reintroduction of unstructured (or "free") play
- Encouraging children to sample different sports instead of specializing early
- Revitalizing recreational ("in-town") sports leagues
- Thinking small in terms of creating more places to play
- Designing developmentally appropriate programs and frameworks
- Training and credentialing all youth-sports coaches
- Emphasizing injury prevention, especially in regard to concussions
The report then walks through how different types of stakeholders can put these suggestions into place, from community recreation groups to national sport organizations, from parents to educators, too. The institute calls upon schools to commit to providing recess, daily physical education, and intramural sports, along with opening up facilities during non-school hours via shared-use agreements.
"Sport participation has been a tool of public health for more than a century," said ESPN.com's Tom Farrey, executive director of the Aspen Institute's Sports & Society Program, in a statement. "But we're morphing into a nation of sport haves and sport have-nots, with children from low-income families and other vulnerable populations facing the greatest barriers to participation. The report creates a platform that stakeholders from across sectors can use to get all children active through sports."
In a blog post accompanying the report's release, Farrey concedes "the pathway to getting kids off the couch, without running them into the ground, will be rocky at times." Though the Aspen Institute anticipates debates regarding certain youth-sports issues, Farrey and Co. call upon all stakeholders to adopt "a commitment to developing solutions that, above all, serve children and communities."
Though childhood-obesity rates have leveled off over the past decade, the United States isn't out of the woods in terms of promoting healthy living to children and teens. According to a Sept. 2014 report from the Trust for America's Health and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, at least 15 percent of high schoolers in seven states were considered obese in 2013.
By promoting physical literacy to all children at an early age—that is, the "ability, confidence, and desire to be physically active for life"—the Aspen Institute hopes to nip childhood obesity and its related costs in the bud. As the report suggests, a wide swath of stakeholders must buy in for that to happen.
Want all the latest K-12 sports news? Follow @SchooledinSport on Twitter.
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Since I didn’t learn about Austria in the 18th century, when I went to school and particularly not about the musical scene it’s crucial to brush up on history to know about the circumstances of the artist and the time they lived in. If you are in Vienna, they have a great museum called Haus der Musik, but otherwise you can check Wikipedia for information about the work.
Since we now continue with the second movement of the Haffner Symphony which you can download here, we notice that he employs what we in film scoring would called his C orchestra. The first movement contained the greatest instrumentation and was therefore his A orchestra, and we will see that the third movement is somewhere in between.
Check out this recording of the piece*:
* This recording has the alternative version of Vln1’s bar 2 as they play 32nd-triplets instead of 16th-triplets
This movement is largely a string movement with all the winds acting as chordal substance. Already from the first page, you’ll notice that the bass line is formed in low strings alone, rhythmic movement in second violins and all the ‘reverbed’ harmony – the blend of it – is in the winds. Try condense some of the passages of the winds, and see how they support the three elements of the string section.
Talking about string positions last time, check out how this chord on bar 5 of the first violins
Fits nicely on the three highest strings in first position.
On page 28 (bar 17) the winds pause and leave the strings to themselves. Listen to the recording for the effect it has. Sort of like turning off the reverb and leaving the strings dry.
A nice little touch is the first violins starting staccato, and then continuing ordinary to give the A drone a sense of glue when the band checks in.
Notice how without any dynamic marking, Mozart makes every downbeat of the second violins and violas part heavy by tying the first notes and prolonging the vowel of the phrase – so to speak.
Try to play these to lines on the piano, and see how they interact, support and harmonize each other.
even though the key signature tells us where to trill to, the parenthetical note helps for sight-reading and in more modern pieces, where key is not obvious. Another bonus is that you can actually trill greater distances this way and in both directions.
Things to look for in this movement:
- When do the winds break up and play solo?
- When are the winds rhythmically active and why?
- When is the bassoon part of the rhythm section?
- Strings: Reducing surface noise when recording live strings (gearslutz.com)
- The Grown Person’s Guide to the Orchestra: Strings (wqxr.org)
- Another hat-tip and standing ovation to the Philadelphia Orchestra (trophos.wordpress.com)
- 101 Strings Orchestra on Grooveshark (grooveshark.com)
- Clint Mansell: from Pop Will Eat Itself to Hollywood royalty (guardian.co.uk)
- From Bow To Baton: Violinist Joshua Bell Conducts Beethoven (wnyc.org)
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The most recent study on gender bias tells us that gender bias is still present throughout the scientific community. Women get the short end of the stick when it comes to many things in society. The social constructs of everyday life make the simplest goals to reach for the average male almost impossible for a female to reach. Either that or it is a feasible goal that women just aren’t that interested in. Women in science have always taken a role that was in the back ground rather than a lead role. Such as, being a lab assistant to a male scientist. But it wasn’t always the women’s choice that caused them to be in these lower positions. When women are placed in a situation where they are compared to other men in regards to who is best fit for a job, acceptance to a grad program, or into a research program they are at more of a disadvantage than the male due to society’s very skewed views on women in the workplace and academic setting. When a man is interviewed he is seen as intelligent, a leader, hard working, inquisitive, and his whole appearance and demeanor screams I’m best fit for this position. Women can possess these same qualities, but there is always that doubt that society will have against women being in high positions. Even if the woman gets the position she won’t be given the same respect, or pay as the man would. Which gives us a possible reason as to why women are not as involved In the scientific community. The problem has nothing to do with their education background at all women received 70 percent of bachelor’s degrees in life sciences but only hold 38 percent of assistant professor ships and 24 percent of professorships. So will women ever get the chance to have just as much of an equal opportunity as men in the scientific community there is really no telling. Women over time have become more active in the scientific community. We have advanced from only a completely male dominated field to a field that is now intermixed with women as well. But not just white men and white women people of all races.
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Languages differ not only in regard to the number and nature of the arguments displaying verbal person marking (see Chapter 102), but also in the alignment of the person markers. The term alignment may be intuitively understood as reflecting how the two arguments of the transitive verb, the agentive argument (A) and the more patient-like argument (P), align with the sole argument of the intransitive verb, the S. In Map 100A the alignments of verbal person markers are represented by the following six values:
|Go to map|
|Neutral alignment (no verbal person marking)||84|
Neutral alignment corresponds to absence of verbal person marking.
By accusative alignment is understood a common treatment of the S and A and a different treatment of the P, as in (1) from Tawala (Oceanic; Papua New Guinea), where the S and A markers are prefixes and the Pmarkers are suffixes.
‘He denied him.’
‘He will go.’
Observe that the form of the third person singular marker is i- for both the A in (1a) and the S in (1b), but –ya for the P in (1a).
In ergative alignment, by contrast, it is the S and P that are treated alike, while the A is treated in another way. This is illustrated in (2) from Konjo (Western Malayo-Polynesian; South Sulawesi).
‘Amir hit my dog.’
Note that the 3rd person markers of the P in (2a) and of the S in (2b) are the same and are distinct from that of the A in (2a).
In active alignment there are two patterns of identification of the S: sometimes it is treated like the A and sometimes like the P, depending on a range of semantic factors such as eventhood, performance/effect, instigation, control and significant affectedness (Mithun 1991). A language manifesting active alignment of verbal person forms is Koasati (Muskogean; Louisiana).
‘I can dig a well.’
‘(He says) I sing.’
‘He hit me on the back.’
‘I will drown.’
Observe that the form of the 1st person singular S marker in (3b) is the same as that of the A marker in (3a), while the form of the S in (3d) is the same as that of the P in (3c).
In tripartite alignment each of the three arguments S, A and P is treated differently. Tripartite verbal person marking is rare, and when it occurs it is manifested only for part of the person paradigm. For instance, in Yukulta (Tangkic; Queensland, Australia) it is exhibited only by second person singular and all first person forms.
‘I’m trying to go.’
‘I’ll chop the wood.’
Finally, in hierarchical alignment the treatment of the A and P is dependent on their relative ranking on the referential and/or ontological hierarchies. Whichever argument is the higher ranking receives special treatment, the details of which vary from language to language. The following example is from Plains Cree (Algonquian ; Canada), in which person marking is determined by the hierarchy 2 > 1 > 3.
‘You see me.’
‘I see you.’
‘They see you.’
We see in (5) that the second person is always marked by a prefix (ki- ) irrespective of whether its referent is in A function as in (5a) or in P function as in (5b-c). In Cree, as in many other languages which have hierarchical verbal person marking, if the higher ranking argument is a P rather than an A, a special inverse marker occurs on the verb, iti in (5b) and ikw in (5c). As we see in (5a), Cree also has a special marker for when the A outranks the P, called a direct marker. This is rather unusual.
In the examples of the various types of alignments given above, all three constituents, the S, A and P, were overtly marked. However, this need not be the case. For instance, accusative alignment may involve overt marking of the S and A and no marking of the P, or, alternatively, overt marking of the P and no marking of the S and A. The same in principle holds for the other types of alignment.
While in many languages the verbal person markers always manifest one type of alignment, in others several alignments may be observed. Such splits in alignment may involve two or more non-neutral alignments, or a non-neutral alignment and neutral alignment. Since the term neutral alignment is interpreted here as meaning absence of verbal person marking, these two types of splits have been treated differently. Languages displaying splits involving two or more non-neutral alignments - for instance, accusative and ergative, or active and accusative, or ergative and tripartite - have all been classified in terms of value 6, split alignment. Internal splits in alignment involving combinations of neutral and non-neutral alignment, on the other hand, have been grouped under the non-neutral alignment (thus ignoring the neutral alignment).
Both types of splits in alignment, those involving non-neutral alignments and those involving a non-neutral and a neutral alignment, may be conditioned by a range of factors. One of the factors which commonly determines alignment is person. Quite often the alignment of the first and second person differs from that of the third. For example, in many languages with active alignment, this alignment is confined to the first and second person while the third person displays neutral alignment. This is in fact the case in, mentioned above, Koasati as well as in Amuesha (Arawakan; Peru), Tlingit (Na-Dene; British Columbia) and Wichita (Caddoan; Oklahoma). The converse situation, neutral alignment of the first and second person and non-neutral of the third, is also attested, but only rarely. In Trumai (isolate; Upper Xingu, Brazil) there is ergative alignment in the third person, with S and P marked by means of a verbal enclitic e(n), but no marking of either first or second person. Compare (6a-b) with (6c-d).
‘I called him.’
‘I went out.’
‘That one called me.’
A similar split of first and second person as opposed to third person involving neutral and non-neutral alignment, though this time accusative rather than ergative, is also found in a restricted way in English. Note that the –s marking of the verb in (S)he come-s and (S)he like-s apples is a manifestation of accusative verbal alignment restricted to the third person.
Person splits involving two non-neutral alignments are also to be found. One case in point is, mentioned above, Yukulta, in which the first person singular and nonsingular and the second person singular display tripartite alignment, contrasting with the accusative alignment of the second person non-singular and third person.
Another common factor influencing the alignment of verbal person marking is tense and aspect. For instance, in Itzaj (Mayan; Guatemala) the verbal person markers align ergatively in the completive aspect and in dependent clauses, but accusatively in the non-completive aspect. Still other factors which may influence alignment include mood, polarity, humanness, animacy, definiteness, word order and main vs. subordinate clause status. Typically such factores distinguish between non-neutral and neutral alignment. Thus, for example, Estonian, Manambu (Sepik; Papua New Guinea), Sentani (Sentani family; Papua, Indonesia) and Tariana (North Arawakan; Brazil) have non-neutral alignment in positive clauses but neutral in negative ones. In Ika (Chibchan; northeastern Colombia), Koegu (Surmic, Nilo-Saharan; Ethiopia) and Siuslaw (Siuslawan; Oregon) the normal non-neutral alignment contrasts with neutral alignment in imperatives. And in the following languages there is neutral alignment in relative clauses but non-neutral in main clauses: Barasano (Tucanoan; Colombia and Brazil), Gimira (Omotic, Afro-Asiatic; Ethiopia), West Greenlandic (Eskimo), Kobon (Trans-New Guinea; Papua New Guinea), Limbu (Kiranti, Tibeto-Burman; Nepal), and Turkish (Cristofaro 2003). As these examples suggest, the neutral alignment tends to occur in non-declaratives, negatives or subordinate clauses, the non-neutral in main, positive declarative clauses. Occasionally, however, the reverse is the case. For instance, in Nivkh (isolate; Sakhalin Island, v) accusative alignment is confined to imperatives. The classification of the alignments of verbal person markers depicted in Map 100A is based only on the alignments found in main, positive, declarative clauses.
The most common alignment of verbal person markers is accusative. It occurs in around 55% of the languages in the sample. It is not only the dominant alignment overall but also in every major geographical area. The next most common alignment is neutral, occurring in just over one fifth of the languages in the sample. Neutral alignment is found mainly in West Africa, the Caucasus, and South and Southeast Asia. The frequency of each of the other alignment types in the sample is under ten per cent, with split alignment being the most common (8%) and hierarchical the least (3%).
The vast majority of the split alignments involve ergative/accusative splits. Such splits are not characteristic of any particular area or areas. They are, however, more common in areas with languages manifesting some form of (unsplit) ergative alignment, be it of verbal person forms or of free pronouns (see Chapters 98-99). Ergative alignment of verbal person forms is attested mainly in South America, Southeast Asia (Taiwan, Sulawesi and the Philippines) and Mesoamerica (the Mayan languages). It is also found in Eurasia in several Caucasian languages and in Basque, as well as in the north of North America, where the Eskimo-Aleut languages are spoken. Ergative alignment of verbal person markers is absent in New Guinea, Australia and the Pacific. One does, however, encounter sporadic instances of split accusative/ergative alignment in these areas. The area virtually devoid of ergativity is Africa. Turning to active alignment, most instances of active alignment come from the Americas. Active alignment also occurs in Southeast Asia and New Guinea. It is not attested in Australia or Africa nor, apart from the isolate language Ket, in Eurasia. Hierarchical alignment, like active, features primarily in the languages of the Americas. The only other area in which it is in evidence, more than just sporadically, is among the Tibetan languages of India and Nepal.
The above data on the distribution of the alignment of verbal person forms correspond closely to the data presented in Nichols (1992) based on a smaller sample of 174 languages.
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What is Depression?
Depression is a diagnosed medical condition that can be determined by an evaluation with a GP or other qualified mental health professional. It consists of certain symptoms that are recognizable and have been evident for a set period of time. Some of these symptoms are related to mood, sleep, appetite, energy levels, mental concentration, and loss of interest in activities. If you suspect you may have depression to this degree, it is best to consult your GP in the first instance.
Additionally, sometimes we use the term "depressed" to mean something slightly different than a medical condition, something less severe. In fact we may hear people say "I feel depressed" when they are really just having a bad day, or they have had an unpleasant experience that they are having trouble coping with. It is therefore important to know what is meant when someone uses the term "depressed".
We all experience difficult events, and we may even have an emotional reaction which results in having depression-like symptoms for a short period of time. When experiencing these feelings, it can be useful to talk with somebody you trust and to express yourself, including sharing how you feel. This can often help you feel better and get support during a difficult circumstance.
Getting Professional help
Yet, if your depressive symptoms continue and you are concerned, or others close to you are concerned, then it is good to seek professional help. As suggested, a GP can evaluate you, and he/she may also recommend counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy to help with the depressive symptoms.
There is Hope
Talking about your problems can be helpful and there are good counsellors and therapists available who can guide you through difficult times, and can help you if feelings of depression continue. Dirk Hansen provides counselling for depression in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire - click here for more information. Seek help early on, as there are ways to find relief from these symptoms, and to develop your strength to cope with adversity.
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August 5, 2011
One of my most favourite quotes has been attributed to Nelson Mandela. However, when I searched the Internet to get the exact quote, I discovered that Nelson Mandela did not ever utter these words. Rather, Marianne Williamson wrote these words in her book, A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of “A Course in Miracles”. This is one of the greatest benefits of the Internet: to be able to verify the truth behind statements and claims that we hear or read.
Of course, because of the Internet, we have a huge increase in false statements and claims being made. We need to exercise caution before accepting these claims and statements as absolute truth. And, we can easily accomplish that by using a search engine like Google. Simply by searching for the information that is being claimed as “truth,” we will find other variations. If there are too many statements that do not support the one we are searching, we can assume the information we have is wrong.
On the other hand, finding one source that supports what we believe to be true does not necessarily mean that it is. We do need to look for more than one source in order to accept it as truth. Just as I had to in order to find the truth behind my favourite quote.
Misinformation about famous sayings and quotes is easily found in books and on the Internet. One book tries to set the record straight. They Never Said It, by Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George, contains quotes that are incorrectly attributed to famous people. Either the people quoted never did say what many claim they did. Or, the origin of a famous saying has been attributed to the wrong person. They Never Said It explains the truth behind these sayings and quotations.
Many inaccuracies are harmless. As in the famous quote that many said George Washington, considered the “Father of America,” uttered when he was a small boy: “I cannot tell a lie.” According to They Never Said It, the entire story about George Washington making this statement to his father when asked who chopped down the cherry tree is false.
Sometimes the meaning of the quote changes completely in the retelling. Another example from They Never Said It explains that Sam Goldwyn, a Hollywood movie producer, was given credit for saying, “A verbal contract isn’t worth the paper it’s written on.” This is opposite to what he actually said, which was, “His verbal contract is worth more than the paper it’s written on.” This type of misinformation may cause serious problems between individuals and between groups of people. This type of misinformation requires diligent research to ensure the wrong information does not continue.
It’s also important to ensure that we know who actually said what we are quoting. If something is negative, then claiming that the wrong person made the statement could be harmful to that person. On the other hand, crediting the wrong person for a positive quote is not fair to the person who did actually make the statement.
For example, the famous line, “Elementary, my dear Watson,” is claimed as being a common statement made by the character Sherlock Holmes in the novels and short stories written by A. Conan Doyle. In fact, this statement never appeared in any of the books written by A. Conan Doyle. A British actor, Basil Rathbone, who played Sherlock Holmes in the Hollywood movies appearing in the 1930’s and the 1940’s is the one who actually uttered the phrase.
And, bringing us back to my favourite quote, Marianne Williamson does not get the recognition she deserves for her beautiful words if we continue to attach these words to Nelson Mandela:
“Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness, that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented, and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn’t serve the world. There’s nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won’t feel insecure around you. We are all meant to shine, as children do. We are born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It’s not just in some of us, it’s in everyone. And as we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others.”
Marianne Williamson’s book, A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of “A Course in Miracles,” was published by HarperCollins in 1992.
Paul F. Boller, Jr. and John George’s book, They Never Said It, was published by Oxford University Press in 1989.
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What is healthy living?
“Healthy living” to most people means both physical and mental health are in balance or functioning well together. In many instances, physical and mental health are closely linked, so a change (good or bad) in one directly affects the other. Consequently, some of the tips will include suggestions for emotional and mental “healthy living.”
This article is designed to give tips to readers about how they can improve or augment actions in their life to have a healthy lifestyle; it is not meant to be all-inclusive but will include major components that are considered to be parts of a lifestyle that lead to good health. In addition to the tips about what people should do for healthy living, the article will mention some of the tips about avoiding actions (the don’ts) that lead to unhealthy living.
Healthy eating (diet and nutrition)
All humans have to eat food for the growth and maintenance of a healthy body, but we humans have different nutrition requirements as infants, children (kids), teenagers, young adults, adults, and seniors. For example, infants may require feeding every 4 hours until they gradually age and begin to take in more solid foods. Eventually, they develop into the more normal pattern of eating three times per day as young kids. However, as most parents know, kids, teenagers, and young adults often snack between meals. Snacking is often not limited to these age groups because adults and seniors often do the same.
Tips for everyday healthy eating:
- Eat three healthy meals a day (breakfast, lunch, and dinner); it is important to remember that dinner does not have to be the largest meal.
- The bulk of food consumption should consist of healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat milk products.
- Incorporate lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts (with emphasis on beans and nuts) into a healthy diet.
- Choose foods that are low in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars; look at the labels because the first listed items on the labels comprise the highest concentrations of ingredients.
- Control portion sizes; eat the smallest portion that can satisfy hunger and then stop eating.
- Healthy snacks are OK in moderation and should consist of items like fruit, whole grains, or nuts to satisfy hunger and not cause excessive weight gain.
- Avoid sodas and sugar-enhanced drinks because of the excessive calories in the sodas and sugar drinks; diet drinks may not be a good choice as they make some people hungrier and increase food consumption.
- Avoid eating a large meal before sleeping to decrease gastroesophageal reflux and weight gain.
- If a person is angry or depressed, eating will not solve these situations and may make the underlying problems worse.
- Avoid rewarding children with sugary snacks; such a pattern may become a lifelong habit for people.
- Avoid heavy meals in the summer months, especially during hot days.
- A vegetarian lifestyle has been promoted for a healthy lifestyle and weight loss; vegetarians should check with their physicians to be sure they are getting enough vitamins, minerals, and iron in their diet.
- Cooking foods (above 165 F) destroys the most harmful bacteria and other pathogens; if you choose to eat uncooked foods like fruits or vegetables, they should be thoroughly washed with running treated (safe to drink) tap water right before eating.
- Avoid eating raw or undercooked meats of any type.
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A few days ago I was taking some colleagues on a tour around our library and archive collections. This is a popular option for staff (both old and new), as they get to see into bits of the building which are usually off-limits, and we never turn down an opportunity to show off the collections! In the rare books room, I reached up for one of my favourite items – Regiomontanus’ almanac.
Having taken several tours recently during which I found myself unable to answer not-actually-very-difficult questions, I’ve decided I need to do a bit more research into a number of things, and Regiomontanus seemed as good a place to start as any as although this is something I regularly show visitors, I know embarrassingly little about the book.
It is one of the earliest items in our book collection as we think it was printed in or around 1474 – exciting for a bibliohistorical geek like me as this is very early stuff (Gutenberg began printing with moveable type around 1450) – and came to the Royal Society as part of the Norfolk donation. More excitingly for the casual observer, it has some lovely hand-drawn pictures of zodiac symbols and phases of the moon, and a (still operational!) moveable paper dial for performing your own calculations:
As is so often the way when you start to think about a particular thing, Regiomontanus suddenly seemed to be cropping up everywhere! Although I don’t think he appears in our new exhibition, he would certainly have been familiar with some of its astronomical content. He even popped up on Twitter, via a link to a fascinating blog post about his role in founding the “first ever printing house dedicated to the printing and publishing of scientific books … in Nürnberg in 1471”.
This detail was particularly interesting as the almanac in our collection was printed in Nuremberg approximately three years after Regiomontanus founded his press there – it hadn’t occurred to me before that he might have printed his own work (though looking at the catalogue record it seems that an earlier Royal Society librarian had realised this).
In addition to a handful of other early printed works, we also have a modern facing-page facsimile and translation of Regiomontanus’ work On Triangles – really helpful for those of us whose Latin doesn’t stretch to trigonometry, and the edition also provides some really interesting textual and biographical information too (and some great reproductions of woodcuts).
As is also often the way when I set out to research something, I ended up going off on all sorts of tangents. For example, did you know that the first significant biographical account of Regiomontanus was published by Peter Gassendus in 1651 (we have a copy of the 2nd edition of 1655)? Or that there is a Regiomontanus crater on the moon? Or that Columbus wowed the native Americans by predicting a solar eclipse based on Regiomontanus’ work? Furthermore, he was born on 6 June 1436, so he even qualifies as an addition to our ongoing series of birthday posts! And in spite of my repeatedly referring to him as such, Regiomontanus was not even his name, but was apparently coined some years after his death – in his lifetime he would have answered to Johannes Müller von Königsberg, Johannes der Königsberger, or Joannes de Monte Regio.
Come my next tour, I wonder how much of this I’ll actually remember?
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Nowadays there are a variety of different toys in toy stores. But as parents, it’s up to you to decide what toys you want your kids to play with. As for me, I choose for my baby to play with classic, organic, wooden toys.
Before we get into the details of traditional wooden toys, lets quickly touch on how children, specifically toddlers, learn best:
- Stimulating parent-child interactions
- Environments filled with language
- Toys or practical life activities that are engaging and encourage sensorial learning.
So, what are the benefits of traditional wooden toys?
Educational and Inspiring
Children learn and express themselves through play. Educational toys can help them develop important abilities, discover who they are and find out what they like. For example, children can experiment with physics by building different structures with classic wooden blocks or learn about geometry by manipulating the toys to create their own geometric patterns.
Waldorf toys can help children learning through play by engaging head, heart and hands with natural wooden, eco-friendly and handmade toys.
Natural and Non-toxic
We make sure that our products, as well as our production processes, are safe, non-toxic and eco-friendly. Our toys are made of high-quality, natural beech wood and are produced entirely in Europe and Eastern Europe.
Safe for babies and toddlers
Safety is our top priority. Our organic toys are uniquely designed for little explorers, knowing that everything ends up in their little mouths. For example, organic baby toys are the best wooden toys for toddlers. They are handmade with love by our talented craftsmen. Wooden toys usually do not have any sharp ends or edges, especially those that are manufactured by the top craftsman, which means that your children will not be able to hurt themselves while playing with them.
Wooden toys are sturdy and durable, often lasting for a very long time. They can be passed down from child to child making them a great investment for large families.
Wooden toys are trendy in their own right. In fact, they have been trendy for decades, if not centuries. Your grandparents and great-grandparents were learning with wooden toys when they were young and your grandchildren and great-grandchildren can also learn with wooden toys.
When children play with wooden toys, they supply all the voices, alarms, and other sound effects, rather than listening to the toy. This allows children to be in control of what they do with the toys and to keep their minds clear as they think through different scenarios or solve problems.
Improve hand-eye coordination
Because of their more basic shapes, wooden toys also help children build hand-eye coordination. Activities such as building towers out of wooden blocks, carefully placing the pieces so the towers don’t topple over, or threading a string through a series of wooden beads, require children to pay attention to distance and placement.
Not only wooden toys will not pollute your home with chemicals, but they also won’t pollute your home with a lot of noise. While this lack of noise keeps kids from being distracted, it also provides parents with the quiet they so often need during the day.
Wooden toys come with their own aesthetic appeal. Those with bright colors can add a bit of positive energy to the learning process, even if they’re just sitting on a shelf.
We can also say that wooden toys have a pleasant weight with natural textures. This allows the child to be a sensorial learner and creates a very enjoyable and tactile experience.
Traditional classic wooden toys have been around for centuries and they have many advantages compared to the flashy modern plastic versions.
So many beautiful wooden toys available for sale, but why not take a look at some of the wooden toys on our website poppybabyco.com? Connect with us and you will get 10% off.
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posted by Allee .
Four identical charges (+4.0 uC each) are brought from infinity and fixed to a straight line. The charges are located 0.33m apart. Determine the electric potential energy of this group.
Add up the work required to bring the charges into their places, one at a time.
Let the charge separation for adjacent charges be a = 0.33 m
The Coulomb constant is k, and each charge is Q = 4*10^-6 C
First charge: work = 0
Second charge: work = kQ/a
Third charge: work = kQ/a + kQ/(2a)
Fourth charge: work = kQ/a + kQ/(2a) + kQ/(3a)
Add them for the total potential energy
PE = (13/3) kQ/a
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A comparison of the ionosphere of Venus under different solar wind conditions. The yellow lines indicate the solar magnetic field lines as they interact with the ionosphere.
When the solar wind's dynamic pressure is normal (left image) the ionosphere is confined to a region 150-300 km above the planet's day side. Positively charged particles (ions) travel quite quickly across the day-night terminator to create a similar ionosphere on the planet's night side.
When the solar wind pressure drops to a very low level (right image), the ionosphere expands to a higher altitude above the day side of Venus and weaker magnetic fields are created above the terminator. As a result, the region across which ions are able to travel from the day side to the night side becomes larger. This makes it easier for ions to flow across the terminator. Although the weaker pressure of the solar wind reduces the speed at which the ions travel toward the night side, the first effect outweighs the second, enabling the ionosphere to expand in the planet's wake. Observations from Venus Express show that the night-side ionosphere moved outward to at least 15,000 km from Venus' center over a period of only a few hours, creating a long, comet-like tail.
Illustration credit: ESA/Wei et al (2012)
Note: For more information, see The Tail of Venus and the Weak Solar Wind and Comet-Like Ionosphere at Venus.
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Table tennis scoring rules
Learn about the scoring system in table tennis.
Singles matches will be won by winning the best of seven games.
Team matches consist of four singles matches and one doubles match, each played over the best of five games.
Games are won by the first player/team to score 11 points while winning by two. If there is a 10-10 tie, the game is won by the first player/team to score two points more than the opposition. In the last possible game of a match, the players/teams change ends when either player/team has scored five points.
A point can be won on every serve.
In determining the server for points, after the initial serve is determined by a coin toss, the receiving player/team becomes the serving player/team after two points have been scored. This rotation continues until the end of the game, or until a game is tied at 10, at which point players/team alternate service after every point. The player or pair who served first in a game receives first in the next game of the match. In doubles, after each game, the serving rotation changes so the players receive from the server they did not receive from in the previous game.
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Determining the Equation of a Circle
Date: 05/12/2000 at 00:07:47 From: Cody Subject: Equations on a coordinate plane Which of the following equations describes the set of all points (x,y) in the coordinate plane that are a distance of 5 from the point (-3,4)? a. (x+3) + (y-4) = 5 b. (x-3) + (y+4) = 5 c. (x+3)^2 + (y-4)^2 = 5 d. (x+3)^2 + (y-4)^2 = 25 e. (x-3)^2 + (y+4)^2 = 25 I think the answer is (a) because none of the other answers work out (I think). Is this correct? Why?
Date: 05/12/2000 at 12:00:30 From: Doctor Rob Subject: Re: Equations on a coordinate plane Thanks for writing to Ask Dr. Math, Cody. No, (a) is not the correct answer. Try x = 1000, y = -994, which is much farther from (-3,4) than 5 units. Besides, equations of degree 1 represent lines, which stretch off to infinity. The set of points described forms a circle with center (-3,4) and radius 5. One point on that circle has coordinates (-3-5,4) = (-8,4), which is 5 units from (-3,4) in the negative-x direction. Try these coordinates in each equation to see which one is satisfied. - Doctor Rob, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2013 The Math Forum
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A study from a multi-state air quality agency suggests that there may be a huge economic incentive to enacting a clean fuels standard (CFS) and pursuing low-carbon fuels in the Northeast.
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) organization issued a report showing the economic benefits of requiring a 10 percent reduction in carbon pollution from all fuels over the next 10 years.
The study, "Economic Analysis of a Program to Promote Clean Transportation Fuels in the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Region," which made economic projections for 11 states from Maine to Maryland and the District of Columbia, calls a CFS “a fuel-neutral, market-based program” that “would allow all fuels to compete based on their greenhouse gas impacts and costs.”
NESCAUM also advocates pursuing low carbon fuels which “would reduce carbon emissions and those of other harmful pollutants, enhance energy independence and reduce vulnerability to price swings in imported petroleum, and create jobs in the region.”
The report claims that by the tenth year, there would be significant job creation and increased economic output as a result of a CFS. The standard would only limit pollution levels from common fuels, and not try to regulate which fuels are actually used, explains Nathanael Greene with the NRDC.
In terms of numbers, the study argues that by the tenth year:
- Employment increases by 9,490 to 50,700 jobs. Gross regional product, a measure of the states’ economic output, increases by 2.1 billion to 4.9 billion.
- Household disposable income increases by 1 billion to 3.3 billion.
- Gasoline and diesel demand drops 12 to 29 percent.
- Carbon pollution from transportation is cut by 5 to 9 percent.
The New York Times reports that the standards suggested in the NESCAUM plan are similar to ones already in place in California.
This news comes when several Republican presidential candidates are lambasting organizations like the EPA and arguing that increased government regulation won't promote growth in an already stagnant economy. In June, presidential candidate Rep. Michele Bachmann (R-Minn.) suggested that the EPA should be renamed “the job-killing organization of America.”
Writing for Earth & Industry, Zachary Shahan writes that green R&D in the automotive industry and increases in fuel standards have already created 155,000 jobs across the country, according to a joint report by the NRDC, the United Auto Workers Union and the National Wildlife Federation.
Shahan says that another report found increased investment and the higher fuel standards announced by President Obama last month are projected to create an additional 150,000 jobs in the next decade.
CORRECTION: NESCAUM's study used an economic model that made projections for 11 states and D.C., but the organization's membership is limited to the states listed on its website, and not D.C. as previously stated.
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What is Kinesiology?
Get Immediate Answers To Your Health Questions.
Kinesiology is a non-invasive, holistic approach to health and well being. Your body’s natural inclination is to be healthy. Based on the concept of internal energy fundamental to traditional Chinese medicine, Kinesiology uses muscle monitoring, or muscle testing, to discover areas of stress/imbalance in the body systems and identify ways to bring you back into a healthy balance.
Kinesiology: A Holistic Approach to Health
Discover the Roots of any Issue
Kinesiology views the body as a functional organism, rather than a series of separate parts. It focuses on unifying body, mind and spirit. It addresses the links between the body, emotions, and biochemical stress. Instead of focusing on symptoms and diagnosis, it asks specific questions to discover the body’s priority to reconnect, and what is ready to shift to a healthier balance.
Because it addresses the root causes of any issue rather than symptoms, Kinesiology can discover and treat imbalances that are often overlooked by other therapies. It can help restore your health more quickly, permanently, and less invasively than many other therapies. Kinesiology can provide information on energy blockages, organ functions, nutritional deficiencies, food sensitivities, and other areas.
History of Kinesiology
Kinesiology has its roots in the early 1960’s, conceived and developed by American chiropractor Dr. George Goodheart, who explored the relationship between internal organs, acupuncture meridians, and skeletal muscles.
This work is called Applied Kinesiology or Energy Kinesiology.
How it Works
Kinesiology uses muscle testing to indicate the roots of your health issues. Kinesiology can answer questions about the meridians, organ systems, and link them to emotional sources. Using the body’s own feedback mechanism between the nervous system and the skeletal muscles, Kinesiology is an effective method to receive specific personal indications without pharmaceuticals or invasive medical tests.
What to Expect in a Session
Srijana will ask about your history and your objectives for the treatment. You will lie on a treatment table fully clothed, while Srijana touches your wrist lightly to ascertain the priorities for your treatment. When she finds a combination of points, she will explain the therapy, so you understand how it relates to your health. Your session will finish with a discussion of the shifts that took place, any homework, lifestyle factors, or follow-up suggested. Most clients find they feel deeply relaxed after a session.
Srijana uses a high level of skill and sensitivity to read the energy and the flow of a therapy session. With a very light touch on the client’s wrist, she can discern a great deal of information. The many ways that Srijana uses Kinesiology include Food and Nutrient Sensitivity Testing with electronically imprinted vials to indicate optimum diet. She uses it to locate and treat activation points in the meridians. She also uses it to indicate possible causes and treatment options for Insomnia, Adrenal fatigue, GERD, Hypertension, Anxiety, Depression, and more.
Kinesiology can be done in a personal consultation with Srijana. It may be included as a part of another single session, if it is a priority for your healing.
“Srijana’s transformational energy medicine is unique in that she listens directly to the body wisdom to find the most important underlying health issues to address. Ideal for chronic, unresolved physical and emotional problems, Srijana’s healing systems can discover and rebalance functions that conventional therapies tend to overlook.” Adam B.
About Srijana aka Jane Barthelemy, MBA, CBP, CRM, LAP, Author
Jane’s transformational healing aligns the body to spirit. Srijana is a Certified BodyTalk practitioner, Licensed Accunect Chinese Medicine practitioner, Certified 3rd degree Usui Reiki Master, Certified MogaDao Qigong Guide, MogaDao Sacred Sexuality Instructor, MBA. She is the author of two books on healthy diet: Paleo Desserts, and Good Morning Paleo, published by Da Capo Press. She also teaches Qigong, Taiji, Meditation, Food and Lifestyle classes in Santa Fe, NM.
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narrator of Night
and the stand-in for the memoir’s
author, Elie Wiesel. Night
traces Eliezer’s psychological
journey, as the Holocaust robs him of his faith in God and exposes
him to the deepest inhumanity of which man is capable. Despite many tests
of his humanity, however, Eliezer maintains his devotion to his
father. It is important to note that we learn Eliezer’s last name
only in passing, and that it is never repeated. His story—which
parallels Wiesel’s own biography—is intensely personal, but it is
also representative of the experiences of hundreds of thousands
of Jewish teenagers.
in-depth analysis of Eliezer.
though he is the only character other than Eliezer who is present
throughout the memoir, Eliezer’s father is named only once, at the
end of Night.
Shlomo is respected by the entire
Jewish community of Sighet, and by his son as well. He and Eliezer
desperately try to remain together throughout their concentration camp ordeal.
Moshe the Beadle
Eliezer’s teacher of Jewish mysticism, Moshe is
a poor Jew who lives in Sighet. He is deported before the rest of
the Sighet Jews but escapes and returns to tell the town what the
Nazis are doing to the Jews. Tragically, the community takes Moshe
for a lunatic.
in-depth analysis of Moshe the Beadle.
Jewish Holocaust victim who gradually loses his faith in God as
a result of his experiences in the concentration camp.
A Jewish woman from Sighet who is deported in the
same cattle car as Eliezer. Madame Schächter is taken for a madwoman
when, every night, she screams that she sees furnaces in the distance.
She proves to be a prophetess, however, as the trains soon arrive
at the crematoria of Auschwitz.
young musician whom Eliezer meets in Auschwitz. Juliek reappears
late in the memoir, when Eliezer hears him playing the violin after
the death march to Gleiwitz.
Tibi and Yosi
brothers with whom Eliezer becomes friendly in Buna. Tibi and Yosi
are Zionists. Along with Eliezer, they make a plan to move to Palestine
after the war.
Dr. Josef Mengele
When he arrives at Auschwitz, Eliezer encounters
the historically infamous Dr. Mengele. Mengele was the cruel doctor
who presided over the selection of arrivals at Auschwitz/Birkenau.
Known as the “Angel of Death,” Mengele’s words sentenced countless
prisoners to death in the gas chambers. He also directed horrific
experiments on human subjects at the camp.
Kapo (a prisoner conscripted by the Nazis to police other prisoners)
at the electrical equipment warehouse in Buna. Despite the fact
that they also faced the cruelty of the Nazis, many Kapos were as cruel
to the prisoners as the Germans. During moments of insane rage,
Idek beats Eliezer.
foreman at Buna. Franek notices Eliezer’s gold tooth and gets a
dentist in the camp to pry it out with a rusty spoon.
devout Jewish prisoner whose son abandons him in one of many instances
of a son behaving cruelly toward his father.
Eliezer prays that he will never behave as Rabbi Eliahou’s son behaves.
of Eliezer’s fellow prisoners. Zalman is trampled to death during
the run to Gleiwitz.
father’s friend from Buna. In the cattle car to Buchenwald, Katz
saves Eliezer’s life from an unidentified assailant.
relative from Antwerp, Belgium, whom he and his father encounter
in Auschwitz. Trying to bolster his spirit, Eliezer lies to Stein
and tells him that his family is still alive and healthy.
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Skin cancer is a common form of cancer affecting millions of people worldwide. As the largest organ in our body, the skin is exposed to various environmental factors, including harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Let’s explore the symptoms and prevention strategies for skin cancer, so you can protect your skin and reduce the risk of developing this potentially life-threatening disease.
Types of Skin Cancer
Skin cancer is classified into different types, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. BCC and SCC are the most common types, often caused by prolonged sun exposure, while melanoma is more aggressive and can metastasize if not detected early. Knowing the characteristics of each type and understanding their potential symptoms can help in early identification and timely intervention.
Recognizing the symptoms of skin cancer and attending preventive appointments is crucial for early detection and successful treatment. Some signs to look out for include changes in the appearance of moles or birthmarks, the development of new growths, sores that don’t heal, itching or bleeding lesions, and alterations in skin coloration. Regularly examining your skin and seeking medical attention if you notice any abnormalities can significantly improve the chances of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
Preventing skin cancer is essential, and several strategies can help reduce the risk of its development. These strategies include:
Sun Protection: Protecting your skin from harmful UV radiation is vital. Limit sun exposure, especially during peak hours (10 am to 4 pm), and seek shade when outdoors. Wear protective clothing, including wide-brimmed hats and long-sleeved shirts, and use sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30, applying it generously and frequently.
Avoid Tanning Beds: Artificial tanning beds emit UV radiation, which can be just as harmful to your skin. Avoid using tanning beds, as they increase the risk of skin cancer.
Regular Skin Examinations: Perform self-examinations to monitor your skin for any changes or irregularities. Additionally, schedule regular professional skin exams with your Avance Care primary care provider or a dermatologist, particularly if you have a family history of skin cancer or other risk factors.
Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration keeps your skin healthy and resilient. Drink an adequate amount of water daily to maintain optimal skin health.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to overall skin health. Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants. Quit smoking, as smoking can accelerate the aging process and increase the risk of developing skin cancer.
Be Mindful of Medications: Some medications can increase your skin’s sensitivity to the sun. Consult with your healthcare provider to understand any potential side effects and take necessary precautions.
Early Detection and Professional Assistance
Early detection plays a crucial role in successful skin cancer treatment. Regularly examine your skin, paying close attention to any changes or suspicious growths. If you notice anything unusual, promptly consult your doctor. They will perform a comprehensive examination, potentially conduct a biopsy, and recommend appropriate treatment options if needed.
Skin cancer is a serious condition that requires attention and proactive measures. By understanding the symptoms and implementing preventive strategies, you can significantly reduce the risk of developing this disease. Regular self-examinations, sun protection, healthy lifestyle choices, and seeking professional assistance for early detection are essential steps toward maintaining healthy skin and a lower risk of skin cancer. Remember, your skin is a valuable asset, and taking care of it today will contribute to a healthier future.
This article is for information purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice from or consultation with your healthcare provider.
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EU’s de facto leader has proved again why it is called the most economically illiterate country in the EU. Although the European Union, which consists of 27 countries from all over the continent, is a political and economic union, the EU’s economic policies have constantly come under scrutiny from the top economists in the world.
The EU is often criticized for its economically illiterate approach to policy-making, which has led to mismanagement of resources and an inability to foster economic growth in its member states.
To be specific, Germany, the de facto leader of the EU, has been especially criticized for its economic illiteracy.
The EU, led by Germany, has agreed to set tight restrictions on the amount of debt that other EU members can incur despite being one of the richest nations in Europe. This policy will be detrimental to countries such as Italy, France, and Greece, which have seen economic stagnation and rising unemployment as a result of their inability to borrow money.
Germany, being the quasi-head of the EU, is forcing other EU countries to follow the rule of a debt-to-GDP ratio of 60%, which prevents many countries from expanding their economies. For example, Italy’s debt-to-GDP ratio is currently over 130%, whereas Germany’s is below 60%; this means that Germany is preventing Italy from accessing the funds it needs to stimulate growth.
Read More: Nordic countries are going nuclear and Germany is losing its marbles over it
Moreover, the EU’s economic policies are not beneficial to all countries. For example, Germany’s economy is largely export-driven, and it has benefited from the EU’s free trade policies. However, countries like Italy and France, which are more reliant on domestic consumption, have suffered due to the EU’s focus on free trade. This has caused further economic disparities within the EU and contributed to economic illiteracy.
Furthermore, Germany has been reluctant to support fiscal stimulus measures for Eurozone countries, preferring instead to rely on monetary policy to manage the economy. This lack of fiscal discipline has put a strain on the EU’s economy, exacerbating existing economic disparities between member states. It is clear that the EU economically illiterate policies are a major threat to the future of Europe.
It is clear that the EU’s economically illiterate policies have created an unequal landscape for its member states, with Germany’s unwillingness to embrace fiscal stimulus and austerity having dire consequences. It is time for the EU to rethink its policies and take a more responsible approach to ensuring the economic health of its member states.
The rigid adherence to austerity has hampered growth and created an unequal landscape for its member states. Hence, we can say that Germany’s unwillingness to embrace fiscal stimulus and its insistence on austerity for its neighbors have made it the most economically illiterate member of the EU.
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In addition to reading some cool graphic novels, eighth graders had a movement break this week—they ran around their houses searching for cardboard to recycle, thick pens, and scissors. The scavenger hunt was part of the popular graphic novel unit; students used these items to turn their personal Zoom feeds into frames for graphic novels.
This eighth-grade writing class is just another example of how Nueva teachers are thinking outside the box to add a splash of excitement and fun to remote learning. The graphic novel unit uses the Canvas platform, and our eighth graders are enjoying a different form of storytelling.
“I am really excited for the graphic novel unit,” said eighth grader Ariane Y. “I have always loved comics and graphic novels, but often they weren’t considered ‘real literature’ by other people. However, I know that just as much, if not more, work goes into writing and creating these pieces of art. I’m just really happy that I will finally have a place to discuss the intricacies of graphic novels with other people.”
“By moving the discussion into the online sphere, we aim to provide opportunities for students to reimagine engagement with text and with each other,” said humanities teacher Cynthia Kosut. “Each graphic novel was selected because of its potential to enrich and deepen students’ understanding of the spring semester’s unifying theme: cultural identity.”
Class time is devoted to understanding the graphic novel genre. Students are exploring profound cultural stories, including They Called Us Enemy, New Orleans After the Deluge, and Boxers and Saints, to name a few.
“I’m excited to read my graphic novel (I Was Their American Dream) because the author has an unusual ethnic background that is similar to my own,” noted eighth grader Julia S. “I’m hoping I’ll be able to empathize with the story and share my relationship to it with others in my group.”
“With the graphic novel unit, we hope our students will have a worthwhile introduction to the functionality of Canvas and an opportunity to practice the close reading skills required by the graphic novel genre within the context of our interdisciplinary unit on cultural identity,” said writing teacher Jennifer Perry. “We also are hopeful that the two novel aspects of the unit—working with students outside of their gem and language groups and participating in asynchronous, text-based discussions—will provide added incentive and allure for our students."
"In the classroom, Jennifer and I are really proud of the way that the students are coming to grips with Canvas, the learning management system in Upper School, which will get them ready for high school while working on their independent readings of graphic novels and self-chosen classic novels,” added eighth-grade writing teacher Judith Worrall. “We are using Scott McCloud’s Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comic, Manga, and Graphic Novels as the lens through which we explore their individual and group choices of books.”
There have been three discussion posts the students will explore over the new few weeks. The first one this week focused on digital citizenship and the difference between online and brick-and-mortar classrooms, which is applicable to our present situation. The other two discussions will examine the process of analyzing a graphic novel as if it were a more traditional novel.
“I would have never expected that I would be reading graphic novels in writing class,” said eighth grader Santi C. “I also really like the fact that I get to work with people who are not in my gem/language groups. It’s nice to interact with other people so I can get to know them better!”
“I’m so excited about this unit because it gives me an opportunity to work with people I’d like to get to know better, but don’t have any classes with,” agreed eighth grader Mirabelle H. “I also like how we are able to continue our discussions of this unit through remote learning.”
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Lu Tung- a Buddhist monk in 733-804, was considered the God of tea because he created a Treatise on Tea.” In the treatise he spoke of the many tea delights and the preparation of tea. He described details of tea plantations and the way of processing the tea. Tea in that day was considered a highly esteemed art on the level of painting, poetry and caligraphy. He dedicated himself to tea with a magnificent passion and wrote the following song-
To honor tea, I blocked my gate with leafy boughs,
Lest the noisy crowd disturb me,
and I took my translucent cup
To prepare the tea and savor it in solitude.
The first cup moistened my lips and throat,
The second banished my loneliness.
The third lifted the heaviness that oppressed my mind from
so much study.
The fourth brought a light perspiration that dispersed through
my pores all of life’s afflictions.
The fifth purified me.
The sixth opened the kingdom of the Immortals to me.
The seventh-ah, would that I drink more!
I perceived nothing more than the soft breath of wind that
swelled my sleeves.
Transported by that sweet breeze, I attained the heavens.
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| 0.963004 | 265 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Crarae Glen Garden
Herbert Spady, M.D.
Some gardens require years of labor and expense in site preparation. Others are blessed with appropriate natural sites. Crarae Glen Garden is one of those favored by a site of natural beauty.
The garden is located on the west side of Loch Fyne, a long arm of the channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland, and to the east of highlands reaching about 1500 feet. It is somewhat protected from the vigorous north Atlantic gales by the peninsula and several off shore islands to the west. Through its midst flows a stream in a narrow secluded valley. To put it in the dialect, "a burn through a glen to Loch Fyne."
The soil is a thin acid loam overlying rock and clay. Away from the glen itself are areas of deep mineralized peat ideally suited for rhododendrons and other acid loving plants. The glen looks somewhat to the south. The rainfall is some 76 inches yearly, scattered through the year eliminating the necessity for artificial irrigation.
The climate is mild with winter temperature seldom below 15 degrees F. Although the climate is not quite as mild as that of the more westerly locations of Arran and Gigha. Lack of sun and summer heat makes the site ideal for plants from cool climates. The garden site has proven to be favorable for plants from the South Island of New Zealand, Chile, Tasmania, the Himalayas and parts of China, Japan and the United States.
There is a long garden history dating back to about 1904. Around the house, now occupied by Sir Ilay Campbell and Lady Campbell, Sir Ilay's grandmother began the early plantings. No doubt her interest in plants was stimulated by her nephew, plant explorer, Reginald Farrer. Surviving from those early plantings are Eucryphia cordifolia, Osmanthus delavayi, Osmarea burkwoodii, Rhododendron falconeri and Cercidiphyllum japonicum. The Rhododendron falconeri, a large venerable specimen, still performs yearly with great cream trusses. Dwarf conifers planted by her are no longer dwarf.
| General view upstream from
below the top bridge.
Photo by Sir Ilay Campbell
| The gorge,
Photo by Sir Ilay Campbell
The Glen Garden began to take shape after 1925 when the property passed to the then Captain George Campbell. Sir George Campbell is credited with originally having no concept of the ultimate size and scope of the garden. He is described as clearing the land and planting it with interesting material as it became available to him. The source of his plants was largely from surplus seeds and seedlings from friends who subscribed to the plant hunting expeditions of the time. When possible he planted multiple plants in drifts creating naturalistic effects and expanses of autumn color with Sorbus, Acer, Liliodendron, Prunus, Cotoneaster and Berberis. His two golden rules: "Never plant too close, but allow room for natural development" and "Always try to ensure that the plants look natural in their setting" resulted in a garden today perceived as landscaped by a professional.
Sir George's interests centered about trees, especially rare conifers. The garden includes fine specimens of Pinus koreana, Abies koriensis, Saxgotha conspicua and Tsuga mertensiana. The dark green of the conifers contrasts dramatically with the bright spring flowering rhododendrons and later the autumn golds, oranges and scarlets of leaves and the berries of rowans, cotoneasters and berberis. In 1965 Davidian named R. succothii after him, Sir George Campbell, Baronet of Succoth, in honor of the great plantsman that he was.
Sir George was little concerned with collecting difficult to grow plants or concerned about the conformity of his plants to species descriptions. As a result the garden presents fine displays of hybrids of R. lacteum x R. macabeanum from seed collected at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. There is a superb group of R. wardii hybrids with cream flowers blotched with purple. The R. lacteum hybrids are now tree-like specimens thirty years old covering themselves with huge yellow trusses in late April. Throughout the year they display an interesting foliage.
Amongst the hybrids, 'Brocade' is particularly striking with its pale pink drooping trusses. 'John Holms', a R. barbatum hybrid, which flowers in April, is so hardy that open flowers go unharmed through quite a few degrees of frost. It is very like R. barbatum in style and flower, although it lacks the lovely cinnamon colored bark. 'Loderi King George' is a large effective specimen. 'Tally Ho', flowering in June and even into July, is much admired as it sweeps down from the path to the burn on the eastern side of the Inner Circle path. 'Arthur Osbom' is a splendid late flowerer. It holds its deep crimson flowers well into August. In addition to the unnamed seedlings in the garden there are about one hundred named hybrid clones.
Some early species rhododendrons resulted from seed obtained mostly from Exbury. These plants of R. cinnabarinum (Roylei Group), R. arboreum, R. decorum and R. rubiginosum are situated in the area where the burn exits from the glen near the house. There are about one hundred species represented throughout garden with several clones of many. There is a particularly fine form of R. zaleucum. A large planting of R. strigillosum is very effective in the early season. R. rubiginosum, of which there are several groups, is particularly striking in late April. Later, large drifts of R. yunnanense and R. davidsonianum come into their own. One especially rare species in the garden is R. temenium var. gilvum 'Cruachan' FCC. It is a charming, spreading shrub, only about three feet high, bearing pale lemon-yellow flowers.
The garden has two somewhat separate walking paths. The Inner Circle walk is the oldest and hugs the edge of the glen. The Outer Circle path was a later development begun some thirty years ago. The massed plantings and trees about the Outer Circle path have now reached maturity with dramatic effects in both spring and fall. A diversionary path from the Outer Circle takes those who wish to use it to the very top of the garden. From there are magnificent views across Loch Fyne to the Cowal Hills with glimpses of rhododendrons in the foreground.
Both paths include exquisite vista points and appropriate benches for rest and contemplation. Both offer visualization of the plants from every angle. This provides a special impact with the indumented rhododendrons. Five bridges crossing the stream and numerous "windows" give clear views of waterfalls and swirling waters when the burn is in spate. Walking the Inner Circle at a leisurely pace takes about 45 minutes. The Outer Circle walk is two hours. One should set a slow pace and plan on stops to enjoy the vistas and plants. There are multiple photographic opportunities.
Beyond the garden up the glen, forestry plots of rare conifers and some broadleaved species were established between 1933 and 1937. There grow large fifty year old specimens of conifers from Europe, North America and Japan. This 40 acre area above the garden on either bank of the glen is open to the public and accessible through the Glen Garden. There are fine stands of Tsuga mertensiana, Tsuga heterphylla, Sequoia sempervirens, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Picea engelmannii, Abies magnifica, Picea breweriana, Sciadopitys verticillata, Notofagus procera, Notofagus obliqua and Alnus rubra.
This work of Sir George Campbell has been carried forward by his son Sir Ilay Campbell. Both claimed to have never succumbed to "rhododendronitis" so emphasis in the garden has not been on collecting documented plants of every species, but rather on using rhododendrons for their ornamental effects. No efforts have been made to coddle the difficult species or to avoid hybrid rhododendrons. One impressive mass planting is of crosses made by a neighbor, Michael Noble, trying to achieve a range of bright red flowers throughout the blooming season. These plants provide color and interest most of the season. Two have been registered, 'Secretary of State' and 'Shadow Secretary'.
Recent years have seen improvements in the garden carried out with great sensitivity by the head gardener, Jim McKirdy. New paths have been made and old paths have been renovated. Many trees and large shrubs have been trimmed up. The removal of old wood has improved the vigor of the plants and cleared the view of interesting bark and stems. New vistas have been opened.
Like so many British gardens, maintaining the garden in private ownership has been too heavy a burden. Since 1978 the garden has been a charitable trust and all income derived from whatever source goes directly to the maintenance and improvement of the garden.
The charm of this area of Scotland is not limited to gardens and plants, but includes many items of archeological and historical interest and the gracious hospitality of Sir Ilay and Lady Campbell.
Dr. Spady is currently serving the ARS as Director-at-Large. He has a special interest in species rhododendrons and is past president of the Rhododendron Species Foundation.
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| 0.942566 | 2,030 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Credit for saving the species lies with six states that have enacted laws prohibiting the killing of the tree, once thought of as unsightly. Similar laws protecting the trees will become effective this summer in twelve additional states.
For hundreds of years, farmers and homeowners have been mercilessly killing the brown pine (and it's cousins the brown spruce and bronze hemlock). The unusual brown coloring of these trees is due to a lack of chlorophyll and the absence of water.
Horticulturists have historically misunderstood the life cycle of these trees and thought they were dead. Current scientific theory cannot explain the trees metabolism, but proof of their existence is plentiful, however they manage to exist.
Before reaching maturity, the brown pine may bear green needles resembling red or white pine trees. On reaching maturity, the tree transforms from green to brown and then usually stands for from two to four growing seasons before shedding its needles and attaining a horizontal stature.
Anyone desiring to move a brown pine (or its cousin
plants) is urged to contact their county extension office to obtain the appropriate permits. Failure to properly treat the brown pine can result in severe criminal punishment.
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| 0.952619 | 238 | 3.71875 | 4 |
Question: The article referenced in the previous exercise also reported that
The article referenced in the previous exercise also reported that 24% of the males and 16% of the females in the 2006 sample reported owning an MP3 player. Suppose that there were the same number of males and females in the sample of 1112. Do these data provide convincing evidence that the proportion of females that owned an MP3 player in 2006 is smaller than the corresponding proportion of males? Carry out a test using a significance level of .01.
Answer to relevant QuestionsPublic Agenda conducted a survey of 1379 parents and 1342 students in grades 6– 12 regarding the importance of science and mathematics in the school curriculum (Associated Press, February 15, 2006). It was reported that ...Women diagnosed with breast cancer whose tumors have not spread may be faced with a decision between two surgical treatments—mastectomy (removal of the breast) or lumpectomy (only the tumor is removed). In a long-term ...Are girls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys? One study (“Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences,” Science Education : ...The accompanying data on food intake (in Kcal) for 15 men on the day following two nights of only 4 hours of sleep each night and for 15 men on the day following two nights of 8 hours of sleep each night is consistent with ...Are very young infants more likely to imitate actions that are modeled by a person or simulated by an object? This question was the basis of a research study summarized in the article “The Role of Person and Object in ...
Post your question
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Sexual orientation cannot be predicted by a single "gay gene," new research indicates.
Instead, a host of genetic and environmental factors play a role, according to a study published Thursday in Science Magazine. The findings provide insight into the complex genetics underlying human sexuality. But they do not explain it, wrote the international team of researchers who analyzed genetic data gathered from almost half a million people.
The complexity of sexuality
"Across human societies and in both sexes, some 2% to 10% of individuals report engaging in sex with same-sex partners, either exclusively or in addition to sex with opposite-sex partners," wrote the study authors.
Same-sex attraction appears to run in families, and identical twins are more likely to be aligned in their sexuality than either fraternal twins or other siblings, noted the researchers. Both these factors suggest genetic influences are at play.
Researchers conducted analyses of data for 477,522 participants in surveys from the UK and US, and then performed comparison testing among some 15,142 people in the US and Sweden. Different base studies provided different survey results. Some surveys recorded whether participants ever had a same-sex partner, and others recorded how people identified their orientation.
Several hundred genes appeared to have an influence on sexuality. Five variants showed significant effects, the researchers said. When tested, though, these genetic factors combined accounted for 8% to 25% of same-sex behavior participants reported, according to the researchers.
The analysis also showed different genetics in play for women and men.
This could reflect the influence of hormones or possibly social differences among gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, the study authors speculated. Since the prevalence of same-sex behavior participants reported changed over time, it is likely that social environments have influence, as well, the authors noted.
Many participants but diversity is still an issue
Associate Professor Greg Neely at the University of Sydney told Science Media Centre that "a major weakness of this study is that it is primarily based on data from 40- to 70-year-old people across the UK." And same-sex attraction might be underrepresented "based on societal pressure from a previous era," he said.
Still, the study showed that sexual orientation "is not a single dimension and same-sex attraction is not inversely related to opposite-sex attraction, arguing for a more nuanced social understanding of sexual orientation that also includes bisexuality and asexuality," said Neely.
In the end, genes cannot be used to predict who will be gay or straight.
Sexual orientation "is influenced by genes but not determined by genes," said Brendan Zietsch, senior author of the study and a genetic researcher at the University of Queensland. "Non-genetic influences are also important, but we know little about these and our study does not shed light on them."
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An approach for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, continuity, and recovery that addresses a full range of threats and hazards, including natural, human-caused, and technology-caused.
To create understanding of basic BCM and Emergency Management issues and limitations. This will enable staff to recognize hazardous scenarios or disruptions and respond accordingly. Examples of creating such awareness include distribution of posters and flyers targeted at campus-wide audience or conducting specific business continuity, emergency management briefings for operational staff and executive management. Awareness is less formal than training and is generally targeted at all students, faculty, staff, and contractors.
Business Continuity Management
A holistic management process that identifies potential threats to an organization and the impacts to business operations that those threats—if realized—might cause, and which provides a framework for building organizational resilience with the capability for an effective response that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand, and value-creating activities.
Business Continuity Plan
A documented collection of procedures and information that is developed, compiled, and maintained in readiness for use in an incident to enable campus or a department to continue to deliver its critical products and services at an acceptable predefined level.
Business Continuity Planning
Business Continuity Planning is the process of developing prior arrangements and procedures that enable an organization to respond to an event in such a manner that critical business functions can continue within planned levels of disruption. The end result of the planning process is the BC Plan.
Business Impact Analysis (BIA)
The process of analyzing business functions and the effect that a business interruption might have upon them. The Office of Business Continuity Planning will complete a BIA for each department once all departmental business units have successfully completed their COOP plans. The BIA provides information needed to complete a department specific business continuity plan.
Steps taken to resume the business within an acceptable timeframe following a disruption.
A business unit within a department, e.g. the Office of Business Continuity Planning within the Department of Risk Management, Safety & Security a division of Business Affairs.
A structured cascade process that enables a list of persons, roles and/or organizations to be contacted as a part of information exchange or plan invocation procedure.
A set of buildings which are geographically grouped together and might form one inter-connected set of Business Continuity Plans.
Faculty and staff who are responsible for developing COOP plans are known as continuity coordinators. The Office of Business Continuity Planning utilizes a unique template to capture critical information about each business unit. Continuity coordinators may also be the person responsible for activating their COOP plan.
Continuity of Operations Plan (COOP)
COOP is a plan to deal with specific sets of adverse circumstances impacting a business unit, e.g. loss of power, infrastructure, data, key staff, or limited building accessibility. All business units will develop a COOP plan that lists typically three to five recovery steps per contingency. Since the most effective time to develop a response plan is before an emergency disruption, COOP plans provide an opportunity to critically think through such procedures including how to reduce the likelihood of disruption.
Corrective Action Plan
The action to eliminate the cause of a detected non-conformity or other undesirable situation that is tracked and reviewed using an annual plan.
Crisis Communications Plan
A documented collection of procedures and information that is used to manage all official communication from the University, including internal messages to students, faculty, staff, media and external communication other than operational coordination.
The overall coordination of an organization's response to a crisis, in an effective timely manager, with the goal of avoiding or minimizing damage to the organization's profitability, reputation, and ability to operate.
Critical Business Functions (CBF)
The functions or processes that are essential to the core mission or objectives of a unit, department, or the University. There are many critical business functions across campus and the first step for any continuity coordinator is to identify the most essential functions or processes within their unit or department.
The result when a natural or human-caused hazard takes place and impacts a community. The qualification of a "disaster" is such the community is impacted psychologically and physically to the extent that normal daily functions are severely limited.
Disaster Recovery (DR)
The strategies and plans for recovering and restoring the organizations technological infra-structure and capabilities after a serious interruption.
Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP)
The activities associated with the continuing availability and restoration of the IT infrastructure.
Disaster Resilient University
A University developed or redeveloped to minimize the human, environmental, and property losses and the social and economic disruption caused by disasters. A resilient community understands natural systems and realizes that appropriate siting, design, and construction of the built environment are essential to advances in disaster prevention.
A period in time when something is not in operation.
Emergency Management (EM)
The capability that enables an organization or community to respond to an emergency in a coordinated, timely, and effective manner following the Incident Command System / National Incident Management System model to prevent the loss of life and minimize injury and property damage.
Emergency Management & Operational Continuity (EMOC)
A collaborative approach to managing emergency management projects that incorporates organizational strengths within Risk Management, Safety & Security from Police and Public Safety, in terms of operations and response management, and strengths from the Office of Business Continuity Planning, in terms of planning and documentation. This approach allows all emergency management issues on campus to be jointly managed and coordinated.
An emergency alert that is disseminated within seconds of confirmation of and intended to warn persons about an imminent threat (shooter, severe weather, gas leak) on/to campus using as few characters as possible.
Emergency Operations Center (EOC)
The facility used by emergency response teams to support emergency response operations on the scene of an incident or disaster. EOC Emergency Response Teams will coordinate their support activities following the ICS model and provide logistics, resources and planning assistance to their counter-parts on scene.
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)
Contains procedures that can be detailed and coordinated for emergency responders; developed and maintained by emergency planning staff.
Emergency Preparedness & Operational Continuity (EPOC)
Business Continuity Planning takes applications from Masters level and graduate certificate candidates to assist with developing and enhancing business continuity and emergency management initiatives campus wide. Graduate students who are accepted as business continuity associates have a unique opportunity to participate in the process of developing an industry leading program. Specifically, these students will receive training in: HSEEP, BIA, Business Continuity Planning, Continuity of Operations, and Emergency Preparedness.
Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)
ERM includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives. ERM provides a framework for risk management, which typically involves identifying particular events or circumstances relevant to the organization's objectives (risks and opportunities), assessing them in terms of likelihood and magnitude of impact, determining a response strategy, and monitoring progress. By identifying and proactively addressing risks and opportunities, business enterprises protect and create value for their stakeholders, including owners, employees, customers, regulators, and society overall.
Emergency Support Function (ESF)
Emergency support function means support, resources, program implementation, and services that are provided to save lives, protect property and the environment, to restore essential services and critical infrastructure, and help victims and communities to return to normal life. It will be provided following campus or regional events. It serves as an operational-level mechanism to provide assistance to state, local, and tribal governments or to federal departments and agencies conducting missions of primary federal responsibility. Such support functions involves a grouping of government and certain private- sector capabilities into an organizational structure.
A physical event which interrupts business processes sufficiently to threaten the viability of the organization.
Goodwill is an intangible asset that reflects a business’s customer connections, reputation, and other similar factors. An example of this is UNC Charlotte’s reputation and relationship with prospective students, parents, and other customers.
Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP)
HSEEP is a capabilities and performance-based exercise program that provides a standardized methodology and terminology for exercise design, development, conduct, evaluation, and improvement planning. UNC Charlotte utilizes HSEEP to successfully exercise and train emergency personnel during simulated emergencies. HSEEP constitutes a national standard for all exercises. Through exercises, the National Exercise Program supports organizations to achieve objective assessments of their capabilities so that strengths and areas for improvement are identified, corrected, and shared as appropriate prior to a real incident.
A condition under which deadly force or probable harm may occur to persons on campus.
An occurrence that threatens disruption.
Incident Command System (ICS)
ICS is a standardized, on scene, all-hazards incident management approach. ICS allows for the integration of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational structure. It enables a coordinated response among various response teams, jurisdictions, and functional agencies, both public and private. ICS establishes common processes for planning and managing resources, and is a subcomponent of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), as released by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2004.
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and by the International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC) provides best practice recommendations on information security management for use by those responsible for initiating, implementing or maintaining Information Security Management Systems (ISMS). UNC General Administration requires adoption by constituent institutions of the UNC System an effort coordinated by the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) for UNC Charlotte.
Joint Information Center (JIC)
An interagency entity established to coordinate and disseminate information for the public and media concerning an incident. JICs may be established locally, regionally, or nationally depending on the size and magnitude of the incident.
Any sustained action to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their efforts.
Multi-year Training and Exercise Plan (MTEP)
The schedule is designed to help prepare UNC Charlotte to optimally address both the natural and technical hazards that it may face. It is based
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
Provides guidance to the federal agencies participating the in the National Response Framework in disaster preparedness. All Federal departments and agencies are required to adopt NIMS and to make adoption by state, tribal, and local organizations a condition for Federal preparedness awards beginning in Federal fiscal year (FY) 2005. Federal preparedness awards can include grants, contracts, equipment, supplies, and other activities.
NFPA 1600 Standard on Disaster/Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs (2010) edition
NFPA-1600 defines the administrative role, scope, purpose, implementation, definitions, authority, and the two most important ingredients - program management and essential program elements. These two components define program quality from inception. NFPA-1600 is a template that defines common elements, (many of which were greatly expanded in the 2010 version) and best practices. NFPA-1600 is universal to any emergency management program in the United States. FEMA, the International Association of Emergency Managers, and the National Emergency Managers Association (NEMA) now uniformly endorse NFPA-1600 as a national standard.
Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
The target time for resuming the delivery of a product or service to acceptable level following its disruption. In other words, your business unit(s) have been affected by a recent disaster causing downtime. The RTO will be the amount of downtime your business unit can withstand before a lapse of operability begins to impact other operations or campus operations. Typically those business units with "short" RTOs like 12 hours or less than seven days for example are responsible for critical business functions.
A technique that identifies threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts. Based on the results of the risk assessment, migitation and risk treatment measures will be identified such as decreases to disruption likelihoods, shortening the period of disruption, and limiting the impact of a disruption.
Three elements define an organization's risk profile: threat profile, loss profile, and gap profile.
A document that contains results of various risk management processes often displayed in a table or spreadsheet format.
A process for temporarily seeking an accessible area for immediate safety, such as a classroom, for persons in an affected location where personal safety has been compromised.
Test, Training & Exercise (TTE)
The Office of Business Continuity Planning periodically supports annual exercises to train and evaluate readiness capabilities campus wide. The use of staff and students to support exercise design, development, conduct and evaluation, is an important method for generating greater awareness campus wide while eliciting support from the campus community. The Test, Training and Exercise (TTE) program fulfills the University's need to practice emergency plans.
An emergency alert that notifies campus students, faculty and staff to enable people to protect themselves against a serious or continuing threat on campus, on immediately accessible public property, or at a non-campus location (i.e. remote fraternity or classroom).
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A Michigan State University doctoral student says that to protect a dangerous and endangered animal, it is essential to know how people feel about their wildlife neighbors.
Neil Carter, researcher in MSU's Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability (CSIS), studying tigers in Nepal found that those feelings could provide critical information on how best to protect species.
Effective conservation calls for not only figuring out what protected species need - like habitat and food sources. It also requires an understanding of what it takes for their human neighbours to tolerate them.
"People have complex psychological relationships with wildlife. Picking apart these complex relationships is the best way to get a really good idea of what's affecting their tolerance of the animal," said Carter.
Carter has conducted research in Nepal's Chitwan National Park, home to some 125 adult tigers that live close to people. And tigers, like all wild animals, have little regard for borders or fences.
Likewise, the tigers' human neighbours depend on the forests for their livelihoods. Conflict is inevitable. There were 65 human deaths due to tiger attacks from 1998 to 2006 and tigers are known to kill livestock. People sometimes kill tigers in response to these threats
Carter's work has developed a novel tool to help figure out where to direct conservation resources-not just in Nepal, but also for conserving carnivores that live next to people in many regions of the world.
The research is unique in that it explores peoples' attitudes about protected animals. Work has been done to understand how people feel about their wildlife neighbours, such as deer or coyotes. But the relationship with protected animals, especially those that can be dangerous, is more complicated. Issues of fear, risk and control make for a volatile mix, as do the constraints on solutions.
"You can't just remove all the tigers, or the grizzly bears, or other carnivores that may pose a risk to people. Managing animal populations in this fashion is not a viable option for protected species. It's imperative to come up with ways that people and carnivores can get along," Carter said.
Policy and laws aren't enough, he added.
The study has been published in Oryx, an international journal of conservation.
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Rebecca Carrero Figueroa (Prensa RUM) writes about recent support for Oceanic Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez (RUM). A multidisciplinary team composed of students from the School of Engineering and led by Dr. Miguel Canals Silander, is working on a new proposal to study the dynamics of the waves that break off the coast of Puerto Rico. The initiative—entitled Langrangian Observations of Turbulence in Breaking Surface Waves—received a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) corresponding to the amount of $227 thousand to develop in two years.
Dr. Miguel Canals Silander is director of the Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Oceanic Engineering and assistant professor of the Department of Engineering at the Mayagüez campus. This new project represents a breakthrough on the agenda of oceanic engineering projects to be developed in Puerto Rico.
The research will be divided into two stages. They will initially focus on the design of small sensors (around than 10 centimeters in diameter) equipped with tiny accelerometers and gyroscopes used to measure the acceleration and rotation of fluid particles. Then, they seek to understand the conversion and wave energy dissipation using the information collected by those sensors. According to Canals Silander, “We will enter the waves with jet skis and we launch the sensor spheres equipped with accelerometers in order to understand turbulence and energy dissipated in the wave vortexes, which is a process of fundamental hydrodynamics.”
But this is just one of several projects in this discipline being led by Dr. Canals and his team. He explains, “Puerto Rico is an island and in the future it is inevitable that our people will expand its activities towards the sea. With this in mind, we perform all kinds of research in areas such as fundamental hydrodynamics, sediment transport, design of sensors to monitor the ocean, and oceanic renewable energy: including energy from currents, from waves, from the wind in oceanic regions, or the ocean’s thermal energy.”
Canals also collaborates as one of the principal investigators in the Caribbean Coastal Ocean Observing System (CariCOOS), a project funded by United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with 12 million dollars for a period of five years, starting in 2011 and ending in 2016. At the moment, this project has four ocean buoys around Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands, which provide real time data of waves and currents.
For original article, see http://www.uprm.edu/portada/article.php?id=2048
For more on CariCOOS, see http://www.caricoos.org/drupal/ N
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Spring sun is warming south-facing slopes of buttes and hillsides. Snow along Grand Teton National Park roads is finally retreating. Wetlands are warming. Bugs and birds are flying about. The delight is in the details of small flowers; no big show yet.
Along roads and low openings in the valley:
Patches of yellow buttercups are the first to draw the eye.
Buttercup – Ranunculus spp. – flowers gleam, and uniquely so. The outer layer of the petals – epidermis – is only one-cell thick and the cells are particularly thin and flat. They hold pigments that absorb blue-green wave lengths of light. Thus yellow wavelengths can keep going through the outer cell layer, penetrate a thin air layer, and then reach a starch layer of cells that scatters the yellow light back up through the pigments again. Furthermore, the thin outer layer with air layer just beneath has the physical properties of a thin-film, creating the shiny look to the flowers. The combination os pigmentation and unique structural qualities of the flower cells provide the bright glossy yellow found only in buttercups and a few cousins. At certain angles, flowers actually flash a signal to passing pollinators to come visit. (For much more to this complex story see references below.)
Look closely at our two similar species of buttercups:
The lowest leaf of Sagebrush Buttercup – Ranunculus glaberrimus – is unlobed, the upper leaves are 3-lobed. It is a denizen of sage flats.
Some individual Sagebrush Buttercups don’t have petals, only sepals. I dont’ know why the flashy petals aren’t there.
In Utah Buttercup – R. jovis – both the lower and upper leaves are lobed into three parts. Note buttercups have many separate anthers and stigmas—a common characteristic of this family. It is found in relatively moist locations, including woodland edges and openings.
Springbeauties – Claytonia lanceolata — grow in scattered in patches. Some blooms exhibit obvious pinkish veins that direct pollinators to yellow nectaries in the center. Pollinators bump against the anthers and get dusted with pollen.
It is easy to step on Turkey Peas – Orogenia lineariifolia. The plants look like bits of lichen or stone, nothing to think about.
However, Turkey Peas are more interesting if you take a close look at their tiny white flower with maroon centers that together form clusters barely an inch long. Think about what tiny insects must pollinate them–likey small flies and bees.
Sandhill cranes, bears, and rodents seek out the thumb-sized bulbs (“peas”) for food. (Turkeys would likely eat the bulbs if they lived in Jackson.)
The quintessential western plant Steer’s-head – Dicentra uniflora – requires some belly botany. Scan an area for divided leaves and then get down to stare at the steer-like flowers. This is the larval host plant for the Parnassian butterfly Parnassius clodius, which Dr. Debrinski from MSU is researching in Grant Teton National Park (more info on her research below).
Yellowbells – Fritillaria pudica – are always cheerful! The 6-8”-high plants sprout from miniature scaly bulbs. The base of the 6 yellow tepals is said to change from red to green depending on pollination, but I can’t see any consistent difference happening to the outside flower color or anthers and pistil on the inside. Maybe you can.
Violets are flowering here and there:
Goosefoot Violet – Viola purpurea var. venosa – has leaves shaped like goose feet with a few more toes. The back of the leaves and yellow petals are often purple, hence “purpurea” in its botanical name. Note the dark center of the flower and the convenient landing pad of petals for pollinators.
Several yellow violets intergrade in leaf features which confuse me and other botanists trying to sort out the names. This cheerful specimen is one of three look-alike species – V. vallicola, V. praemorsa, or V. nuttalii. Leaf ratios, shapes, and hairiness, as well as ultimately seed-capsule sizes, determine identification.
Dry slopes and knolls: Rambles up the south side of Blacktail Butte and rocky knolls around Kelly Warm Springs yield treasures tucked into the rocky soils. Many of the plants are silvery and/or hairy and grow very slowly into low mounds or mats—adaptations to limited water and nutrients and intense light and wind.
Please watch you step…these small plants can be hard to see and some are very old.
Hood’s Phlox – Phlox hoodii – is often the first out, with its white to bluish flowers. Bees and flies pick up on the sweet fragrance. They come in and land on the flared petal tips and dip their long tongues deep down the center tube for nectar. They then carry the orange pollen off to other flowers nearby. The leaves of Hood’s Phlox are opposite, very small and tight on very slow growing stems that collectively form a cushion shape. Plants inches wide can be decades old.
Nearby, Twinpods – Physaria didymocarpa – feature bright-yellow, 4-petalled flowers at the end of sprawling 3-4” stems. Spade-shaped, silvery leaves help identify this member of the Mustard Family. Mustards usually have 4 petals, 6 anthers (2 short, 4 long), and one 2-parted pistil.
The first pussytoes to bloom is Low Pussytoes – Antennaria dimorpha. The tiny gray, finely hairy leaves form mats on the ground. Look closely for the flowers.
Note female and male flowers are on separate plants. This separation helps encourage cross-pollination, but if there are no pollinators present, females can set seeds on their own. Female plants often outnumber male plants in a population.
Sprawling Cymopteris – Cymopteris longipes – is spreading its whorl of dissected silvery leaves low to the ground. As a member of the Carrot Family, plants have umbels, in this case with yellow flowers.
Later, the underground stem will stretch up lifting the leaves higher to the light above growing competition. The stalk of the umbel will extend, too, elevating the winged fruits into the wind mid-summer.
Pursh’s Milkvetch – Astragalus purshii – is also just beginning to flower on dry knolls. The pea-like flowers are slightly yellow to white with a blue bow to the keel (lower two petals). Some flowers open wide for pollinator business. Note the pinnately divided leaves are silvery hairy.
The brilliant red of paintbrush – Castilleja chromosa – is provided by the leaf-like bracts. Soon tubular flowers will emerge from their axils. I am not sure why there is so much color without the presence of any flowers yet. Maybe the plants are announcing to pollinators: opening for business soon!
Our local Townsendias belong to a beautiful but often confusing genus. This plant has all the features of T. leptotes: narrow leaves, whitish petals, a whorl of 4-5 rows of pointed bracts tinged with color. Apparently this species and T. montana can hybridize or self-fertilize to the point that some experts say separating the two species appears “arbitrary.” I say, let’s just enjoy the flowers if you can find them. They are pretty rare.
Wetlands with catkins:
Shrub swamps throughout the valley are warming up. Ducks, moose, and beaver are moving through the waters under dangling catkins of alders and amidst thickets of pussywillows.
Male catkins of mountain alders – Alnus incana var. occidentalis – elongate: their pollen is released upon the wind to meet up – purely by chance – with the stigmas of female flowers (above left in photo) in separate, stout “cones.”
Later in May, its relative Bog Birch – Betula glandulosa – will bloom after its leaves have filled out.
Willows (Salix spp.) of various kinds (and there are many) are bursting their buds and producing male or female “pussies”. In willows, female fruits (capsules) are the definitive for identification, but are often elusive. Bees pollinate many willows—they seek out nectar at the base of tiny, petal-less flowers.
Cottonwood and its congener aspen (both are in the genus Populus) also have catkins, again males and females on separate plants. It is fascinating to investigate the differences.
We are seeing just the first flurry of flowers. We will try to keep you posted on new arrivals.
Enjoy your adventures into spring!
Frances Clark, Teton Plants 5.7.19
P.S. We always appreciate comments and corrections. Please send an email to firstname.lastname@example.org
“How Buttercups Get Their Gloss” by Stephanie Pappas, Live Science Contributor – link: https://www.livescience.com/57964-how-buttercups-get-their-yellow-gloss.html
“Scientists Discover why buttercups reflect yellow on chins”. By University of Cambridge, Phys.org. December 2011. https://phys.org/news/2011-12-scientists-buttercups-yellow-chins.html
“Functional optics of glossy buttercup flowers” by CJ van der Kooi, et al. Journal of Royal Society Interface 14. Fascinating details including photos of the physics. Available on line at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsif.2016.0933
Dr. Diane Debinski is studying Clodius Parnassia butterfly populations in Grand Teton National Park. Here are a few links to her research:
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Zeno (zēˈnō) [key], d. 491, Roman emperor of the East (474–491). An Isaurian, he succeeded his son Leo II and was the son-in-law of Leo I. During his reign he suppressed several revolts. He was driven from his throne for a period of 20 months (475–76) by the usurper Basiliscus. One of his first acts was to conclude (476) a peace with the Vandal king Gaiseric. He supported orthodox Christianity and attempted to reconcile the Monophysites to the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon through his Henotikon (482), a compromise, which only provoked fresh controversy. Zeno was forced to recognize the de facto rule of Odoacer in Italy and to grant him the title of patrician. He freed the East from the raids of the Ostrogoths by encouraging the invasion of Italy by Theodoric the Great (488). Zeno was succeeded by Anastasius I.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Zeno from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Ancient History, Late Roman and Byzantine: Biographies
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Childhood obesity is a worldwide epidemic. In the United States, 24.4 percent of children are overweight or at risk of overweight. Tools for the adequate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of childhood obesity are needed. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), reaching half of all U.S. pregnant women and their infants and providing followup care until the child is 5 years of age, provides an ideal avenue to effectively address the problem of childhood obesity.
A child’s obesity status is determined by calculating his/her body mass index (BMI) (weight (kilograms)/height2 (meters2)) and comparing it to an age- and sex-specific reference distribution. If a child’s BMI is above the 95th percentile of that distribution, the child is considered overweight. If the BMI is between the 85th and the 95th percentiles, the child is considered at risk of overweight.
Currently in the United States, the reference used for children’s BMI is the set of charts known as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. These charts were constructed using nationally representative data collected from 1963 to 1994. Most of the children whose anthropometric measurements contributed to the construction of the charts were formula-fed as infants, which is not in line with feeding recommendations for optimal growth. Furthermore, the measurements were not done with sufficient frequency to capture the rapid changes in growth that occur in the first year of life. Because of these and other technical deficiencies in the charts, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued new growth charts in 2006. These charts were constructed with data from children who were provided with conditions that allowed for optimal growth (that is, optimal nutrition, environment, and healthcare). There was frequent followup of the children to collect growth data, and appropriate statistical techniques were used to construct the WHO standards from these data.
The objectives of this study were to (1) use data from Massachusetts WIC participants to determine if, and at what ages, the WHO growth charts identify a larger number of overweight children compared with the CDC children and (2) examine the risk factors associated with child overweight when growth status is assessed using the new WHO standards.
The data were collected from participants in the Massachusetts WIC program from September 2001 to October 2006. The anthropometric measurements were done every 6 months during the participants’ certification visits. The measurements are reported to the CDC as part of the State’s participation in the Pregnancy and Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance Systems (PNSS and PedNSS), from which the data were extracted. Information on sociodemographic characteristics and breastfeeding was also extracted. The age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles of children were based on their directly measured height and weight and the two growth charts (WHO and CDC). Data analysis was done using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.1.3. The data were cleaned to exclude implausible values, according to PedNSS and PNSS edits. Consistency between a child’s data for consecutive visits was also checked. All of the data were used for descriptive statistics. To examine prevalence estimates and risk factors for overweight, a dataset with one randomly chosen visit per child was used.
The study sample included 143,787 children who collectively had 392,927 WIC visits between the ages of 2 and 5. The mothers had a mean age of 26. About 35 percent of the mothers had not completed high school, 46 percent had a high school diploma, and the remainder had at least some college training. Pre-pregnancy, 5 percent were underweight, 25 percent were overweight, and 22 percent were obese. About half (51 percent) of the children were males. Nine percent of the children had a low birthweight, and another 9 percent had a high birthweight. The racial/ethnic distribution was as follows: 43 percent of the children were Caucasian, 19 percent were African-American, 32 percent were Hispanic, and 6 percent were Asian/Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders. Of those with breastfeeding information (about half of the sample), 65 percent of the children were breastfed at some point, with an average duration of any breastfeeding of 17 weeks.
When the CDC charts were used, 44 percent of the children were classified as overweight or at risk of overweight at least once during the 3 years of followup in WIC, increasing to 53 percent when the WHO charts were used. This and all subsequent comparisons were statistically significant with p-values less than 0.0001. The prevalence of overweight at any given time point was 17 percent when using the CDC cutoffs and 24 percent when using the WHO cutoffs. The prevalence of overweight or at risk of overweight when using the CDC charts was 34 percent and 42 percent when using the WHO charts.
The difference between the prevalence estimates in using the two charts was larger when the children were younger. The estimate for the percentage of overweight children in the group that was 24-27 months of age doubled from 12.6 percent when using the CDC cutoffs to 25.3 percent when using the WHO cutoffs. The same was true when looking at the estimate of overweight or at risk of overweight: In the group that was 24-27 months of age, the estimate increases from 28 percent when using the CDC charts to 45 percent when using the WHO charts. On average, using the WHO charts detects overweight 1.3 months earlier than when using the CDC charts. In a logistic regression model controlling for birthweight and child age, significant predictors of child overweight (defined using the WHO cutoffs) include maternal pre-pregnancy weight (obese versus normal OR=1.81 (1.72-1.91)), Hispanic ethnicity (OR=1.50 (1.43-1.56, ref=non-Hispanic), maternal education (some college versus less than high school graduate (HS), OR=0.80, 0.75-0.85, HS versus less than HS OR=0.90, 0.86-0.94), and child sex (OR=0.89, 0.85-0.93, ref=male). Using the WHO charts will result in a higher estimated prevalence of childhood overweight and allow for earlier diagnosis, thus making earlier intervention possible.
Direct inquiries about this study to the Project Contact listed above.
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VIENNA (AFP) ― His golden “The Kiss” adorns scarves and coffee mugs worldwide, while his portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer sparked a decades-long restitution battle: in 2012, Austria celebrates 150 years since Klimt’s birth.
Gustav Klimt, born on July 14, 1862, is one of the best known figures of the Jugendstil art period.
In honour of this milestone anniversary, Vienna’s biggest museums ― led by the Belvedere, the Albertina and the Leopold Museum ― are proposing no less than nine exhibits during the course of the year, all promising new insights into the artist’s life.
“More works by Gustav Klimt will be on display in Vienna in 2012 than ever before: from his decoration work in the Burgtheater and the Kunsthistorisches Museum to his largely unknown drawings and world-renowned paintings like ‘The Kiss,’” Vienna’s tourism board has already advertised.
Visitors look at Gustav Klimt´s painting “Der Kuss” (The Kiss) in Vienna. (AFP-Yonhap News)
Klimt, the co-founder of the turn-of-the-century Secession movement and one of Austria’s key modern artists alongside Egon Schiele and Oskar Kokoschka, was the second of seven children born to a gold engraver and his wife in Baumgarten, near Vienna.
Already as an art student, he founded an artists’ company with his brother Ernst and a friend, taking on major commissions to decorate luxurious salons and create theatre sets.
Although his work adorns the walls and ceilings of prestigious Viennese institutions like the Burgtheater and Kunsthistorisches Museum (Art History Museum, KHM), Klimt is best known for his later “Golden Period” paintings.
One of them, the 1907 “Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I” briefly became the most expensive painting ever sold when it changed hands in the United States in 2006 for 135 million dollars (104 million euros).
Earlier, it had made headlines due to a lengthy dispute between the Belvedere ― home to the world’s largest collection of Klimt paintings, including “The Kiss” ― and the family of the portrait’s previous Jewish owner, who said it had been stolen by the Nazis.
The “Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I” was eventually handed back to the family after the Austrian state refused to buy it.
To celebrate Klimt’s 150th birthday, the Belvedere has planned an extraordinary exhibit, with its entire collection of Klimt paintings going on display from June 15 until January 2013.
A separate exposition on the artist’s collaboration with architect Josef Hoffmann, another Secession co-founder, is already running until March 4.
The Albertina will focus on Klimt’s drawings, while the Leopold museum is promising “Gustav Klimt ― Up Close and Personal,” exploring his private life through his letters.
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Spring has started, which means there are plenty of delicious and healthy vegetables in season. This is the perfect time to experiment with different types of vegetables and perhaps discover new ones! Below, we list our favorite spring vegetables and explain how they can support your health.
All vegetables are healthy, but each type contains a different combination of nutrients. By alternating between different types of vegetables, you ensure that you get a good amount of all the vitamins and minerals that vegetables have to offer. Choosing seasonal vegetables more often can help with this. In addition, vegetables that are in season are often more sustainable and cheaper than other vegetables. And as a bonus, when vegetables are in season, their taste is at its best!
Spring is the season of asparagus. This unique vegetable, also known as the “white gold,” has a soft but distinct flavor. Because white asparagus grows underground, in the dark, it maintains its beautiful white color. With the green variety, it works the opposite way. They grow above ground and owe their color to the sunlight shining on them. Green asparagus has a slightly stronger taste than white asparagus and does not need to be peeled like white asparagus.
Both white and green asparagus are rich in vitamin C. This vitamin is involved in many different important functions in your body. For example, vitamin C has a positive influence on your immune system and contributes to the formation of collagen, which is important for your bones and skin. Vitamin C also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect your healthy cells and tissues against the effects of UV radiation and air pollution. Green asparagus is also a good source of vitamin B1, which is good for your heart and nervous system, among other things.
Rhubarb is also a true spring vegetable. The rhubarb season runs from the end of March to July, with May as its peak month. The rhubarb plant is a beautiful sight with its stunning green-red stalks and large dark green leaves. Rhubarb has a tart taste and is often used in sweet dishes, which is why it is often mistakenly seen as a fruit.
Rhubarb is a good source of fiber and is packed with vitamin K and the mineral potassium. Vitamin K is important for maintaining strong bones and helps with the normal clotting of your blood. Potassium is beneficial for your blood pressure and supports the normal functioning of your muscles and nervous system.
However, be aware that only the stalks of the rhubarb are edible. The leaves contain oxalic acid, which is toxic to humans.
Tomatoes are considered a seasonal product from April onwards. This juicy red fruit vegetable comes in many different varieties and sizes. Tomatoes have a deliciously fresh and sweet taste and are incredibly versatile. It’s no wonder that tomatoes top the list of most consumed vegetables in the Netherlands (1).
Tomatoes are a good source of vitamin C. With its antioxidant function, this vitamin helps protect healthy cells and tissues. Vitamin C also contributes to the normal functioning of your immune system and stimulates the absorption of iron from your diet.
4: Spring onion
The spring onion is aptly named, as this young, immature onion is harvested early in the season. Spring onions have a mild flavor that is reminiscent of leeks. You can slice the green stems of the spring onion into rings and eat them raw, for example in salads, or use them in warm dishes, such as sauces or soups.
You can easily regrow spring onions yourself by cutting off the bottom with the roots of a spring onion (about 5 cm), and then placing it upright in a container of water. Leave it in a sunny spot and within a few days, a new bunch of crisp spring onions will sprout!
Spring onions are rich in vitamin K. With just 36 grams of this vegetable, you already meet the recommended daily intake of 70 µg of vitamin K.
Broccoli is a type of cabbage that is available from May onwards. You can recognize it by its green flower buds and thick stems. Broccoli has a crunchy texture and a mild, slightly sweet and earthy flavor. Broccoli is packed with healthy nutrients. It contains a lot of fiber and is rich in vitamins B11 (folate), C, and K. Vitamin B11 contributes, among other things, to extra energy when you’re tired and helps with the normal functioning of your immune system. In addition, vitamin B11 is especially important during pregnancy because it supports the growth of the unborn child.
Celery is in season from mid-May. The crunchy stalks of this popular vegetable have a fresh, herbaceous taste. With celery, you can go in any direction. It is great in stews and sauces, but also a delicious addition to salads and, not to forget: You can also make delicious celery juice out of it!
Celery provides you with a lot of beta-carotene, which can be converted to vitamin A in your body. This is an important nutrient that is good for your vision, immune system, and skin. In addition, celery is rich in vitamins C and K, and contains a good amount of the mineral potassium.
Spring vegetables in our juices
You can also find a lot of these spring vegetables in our juices, shots, and soups. For example, our refreshing Hydrate juice contains rhubarb and our Support and Fuel juices are packed with celery. Tomatoes are, of course, an essential ingredient in our tomato juice and tomato soup! Broccoli, on the other hand, can be found in our Detox juice.
Voedingscentrum (year unknown), Groentes. Retrieved on April 5, 2023. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/groente.aspx
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Whether you want to tone up, slim down, or boost your mood, you've likely taken a stab at tweaking your fitness routine.
Unfortunately, there's a lot of fitness advice out there that won't help you meet your goals and could actually do more harm than good.
Here's an overview of some of the most enduring workout myths and misconceptions, as well as the real science that can help you meet your fitness goals in a healthy way.
Myth: To stay in shape, you only need to work out once or twice a week.
Truth: Once or twice a week won't cut it for sustained health benefits.
"A minimum of three days per week for a structured exercise program" is best, Shawn Arent, an exercise scientist at Rutgers University, recently told Business Insider. "Technically, you should do something every day, and by something I mean physical activity — just move. Because we're finding more and more that the act of sitting counteracts any of the activity you do."
Myth: The best time to work out is first thing in the morning.
Truth: The best time for a workout is whatever time allows you to exercise most consistently. Ideally, you want to make physical fitness a daily habit, so if late-night trips to the gym are your thing, stick with it. If you prefer a morning run, do that instead.
Don't have a preference? Some research suggests that working out first thing in the morning might help speed weight loss by priming the body to burn more fat throughout the day.
Myth: Weight lifting turns fat into muscle.
Truth: You can't turn fat into muscle. Physiologically speaking, they're two different tissues. Adipose (fatty) tissue is found under the skin, sandwiched between muscles, and around internal organs like the heart. Muscle tissue — which can be further broken down into three main types — is found throughout the body.
What weight training really does is help build up the muscle tissue in and around any fat tissue. The best way to reduce fat tissue is to eat a healthy diet that incorporates vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins and — somewhat paradoxically — healthy fats like olive oil and fish.
Myth: Puzzles and games are the best 'brain workout' around.
Truth: Plain old physical exercise seems to beat out any type of mental puzzle available, according to a wealth of recent research. Two new studies published this spring suggest that aerobic exercise — any activity that raises your heart rate and gets you moving and sweating for a sustained period of time — has a significant, overwhelmingly beneficial impact on the brain.
"Aerobic exercise is the key for your head, just as it is for your heart," wrote the authors of a recent Harvard Medical School blog post.
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Skip to 0 minutes and 6 secondsBefore we explore further the themes of The Tempest, let's look at some of the vocabulary James used. 12 years ago, Antonio did something terrible. He tried to kill his brother, Prospero. So Prospero had to escape to the island with his daughter. But now, Prospero has the power over Antonio. A lot of the play is about Prospero deciding what to do. James says-- But he's basically debating whether or not to take revenge on them. To take revenge means to do something bad to someone, because they've done something bad to you. In fact, in the end, Prospero decides to be kind and not to take revenge on them.
Skip to 0 minutes and 55 secondsJames says-- But he's basically debating whether or not to take revenge on them and, instead, is learning that he needs to forgive and show mercy. To forgive someone means to stop being angry with someone who has done something bad. Prospero forgives his enemies. Because they seem sorry, and it was a long time ago. He decides to show mercy. If you show mercy, you're kind and don't punish someone even though you could if you wanted to. So we have three expressions-- to take revenge on someone, to forgive someone, and to show mercy to someone.
Skip to 1 minute and 44 secondsNow, you can discuss what you thought about the end of the story and if you think Prospero was right to forgive his brother and show mercy, rather than take revenge.
Vocabulary: revenge or mercy and forgiveness?
Anthony explains some of the vocabulary from the video in the previous step:
What do you think?
At the end of The Tempest, Prospero forgives Antonio for betraying him. And he forgives the three drunks who planned to murder him. He decided it was better to forgive and show mercy, rather than take revenge.
- Do you think he made the right decision? Why? Why not?
- How easy do you find it to forgive a person?
Share your ideas with other learners.
© British Council
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In the case of a ransomware attack, the SSD-Insider ++ idea allows for the analysis of disc activity patterns.
A group of academics from South Korean and American institutions has created new technology to help safeguard solid-state drives (SSDs) against ransomware assaults by detecting and erasing encryption in seconds.
In the case of a ransomware attack, the SSD-Insider ++ idea allows for the analysis of disc activity patterns. Instead of software security, the technique directly employs the drive itself – protection is supplied at the controller level through the use of specific firmware.
As per the study’s authors, this notion came from the fact that most users are unconcerned about installing anti-ransomware software.
If malicious activity is discovered, the system stops the drive’s I / O, enabling the user to deactivate the malicious encryption process. SSD-Insider ++ can also recover data in a matter of seconds.
During testing, the technique was shown to be 100 percent efficient against both laboratory and real-world ransomware strains, including WannaCry and Mole. Within 10 seconds, the data was recovered. It is reported that the technology caused a 12.8-17.3 percent increase in job delays.
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Pope Benedict XVI appealed for immediate and long-term relief for the world’s hungry, saying adequate nourishment is a fundamental part of the right to life. The hunger crisis that affects millions of people today is a sign of the deep gulf between the haves and the have-nots of the world and calls for changes in lifestyle and in global economic mechanisms, the pope said in a message marking World Food Day on Oct. 16. Citing the famine and refugee crisis in the Horn of Africa, the pope said the “painful images” of starving people underline the need for both emergency aid and long-term intervention to support agricultural production and distribution. The pope said a new global attitude is needed. “There are clear signs of the profound division between those who lack daily sustenance and those who have huge resources at their disposal,” he said. Given the dramatic nature of the problem, reflection and analysis are not enough. Action must be taken, he said.
Freedom From Hunger
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Relativity is my dangerous idea. Well, neither the special nor the general theory of relativity, but what could be called social relativity: The idea that the only thing that matters to human well-being is how one stands relatively to others. That is, only the relative wealth of a person is important, the absolute level does not really matter, as soon as everyone is above the level of having their immediate survival needs fulfilled.
There is now strong and consistent evidence (from fields such as microeconomics, experimental economics, psychology, sociolology and primatology) that it doesn't really matter how much you earn, as long as you earn more than your wife's sister's husband. Pioneers in these discussions are the late British social thinker Fred Hirsch and the American economist Robert Frank.
Why is this idea dangerous? It seems to imply that equality will never become possible in human societies: The driving force is always to get ahead of the rest. Nobody will ever settle down and share.
So it would seem that we are forever stuck with poverty, disease and unjust hierarchies. This idea could make the rich and the smart lean back and forget about the rest of the pack.
But it shouldn't.
Inequality may subjectively seem nice to the rich, but objectively it is not in their interest.
A huge body of epidemiological evidence points to the fact that inequality is in fact the prime cause for human disease. Rich people in poor countries are more healthy than poor people in rich countries, even though the latter group has more resources in absolute terms. Societies with strong gradients of wealth show higher death rates and more disease, also amongst the people at the top. Pioneers in these studies are the British epidemiologists Michael Marmot and Richard Wilkinson.
Poverty means spreading of disease, degradation of ecosystems and social violence and crime — which are also bad for the rich. Inequality means stress to everyone.
Social relativity then boils down to an illusion: It seems nice to me to be better off than the rest, but in terms of vitals — survival, good health — it is not.
Believing in social relativity can be dangerous to your health.
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Step 1: Gather the materials
We’ll demonstrate this procedure on a light controlled by a single switch in a single-switch box. If the light is controlled by two switches, be sure to buy a three-way dimmer switch. (See “Buying a dimmer switch” below for more details.) If you have a double box (for two switches), calculate the required box size and install a larger double box if needed.
You won’t need special skills to take on this project, but you should know how to make safe, solid wire connections (twist-on connectors, screw terminals, etc.).
You’ll need three special tools for this job: a voltage tester (we like the non-contact type, Photo 1), a mini hacksaw (Photo 4) and a keyhole saw. All are available at home centers and full-service hardware stores.
Begin by calling your local building inspections office to see if you need an electrical permit. The permit means that your work will be inspected to ensure that you didn’t make any mistakes. If all goes well, you can complete this project, including box replacement, in about two hours.
If you discover aluminum wiring, call in a licensed electrician who is certified to work with it. This wiring is dull gray, not the dull orange that is characteristic of copper wire.
Step 2: Open up the switch box
First shut off the power at the main panel. To find the correct circuit, turn on the switch you intend to replace and then turn off the circuit breakers one at a time until the light goes off. If you have fuses instead of breakers, remove the fuse. Note: Before turning off any circuits, shut down any computers to avoid data loss. Also, you may lose your settings on clocks, security systems, lighting systems and other devices if power to them goes off.
Next, unscrew the switch plate cover. Ideally it’ll pop right off, but if the plate edges have been painted to the wall or if wallpaper runs up to it, gently score around the cover’s edge with a utility knife before removing it.
As a standard precaution, we recommend that you check the wires in the box with a voltage tester to confirm that all are dead (Photo 1). The non-contact type we show doesn’t have to actually touch a bare wire or metal terminal to tell if voltage is present. Getting it to within 1/4 in. of the wire or touching the wire insulation will do. Occasionally you’ll find wires from more than one circuit in a box. If you find hot wires, continue to turn off breakers until you shut off all circuits to the box. Once you are sure the power is off, pull out the switch and disconnect it (Photo 2).
Next, make sure you have a ground wire in the box. The National Electrical Code now requires all switches to be connected to a ground wire. If you don’t see one, you’ll have to run a bare copper or green insulated wire (14 gauge) to a known electrical ground. Metal boxes are sometimes grounded through metal conduit. If you’re not familiar with ways to test a metal box for grounding, call a licensed electrician for guidance.
Buying a Dimmer Switch
Dimmer switches are available in many styles and configurations, including slides, knobs and touch-sensitive dimming mechanisms. However, check these key things:
- Capacity (how many lights it can control). The capacity will be measured in watts. Add up the wattage of the bulbs in all the fixtures the switch controls to make sure it falls within the switch rating listed on the package or instructions.
- Single-pole or three-way. Buy a “single-pole” switch if one switch controls the lights or a “three-way” if you have two switches controlling the same lights.
- Light type. Standard and halogen bulbs require standard incandescent dimmers. A few fluorescent lights can be dimmed with special dimmer switches, but most can’t. Low-voltage lights may also require special dimmers.
Step 3: Calculate the minimum box size
With the switch removed, count the wires in order to correctly size the box (Photo 3). The basic rules:
- Count all hots (black and any other color except green and white) and neutrals (white) as one each.
- Count all ground wires combined as one.
- Count all clamps combined as one.
- Count devices like switches, receptacles and timers that mount in the box as two. (Most light fixtures that fit over boxes do not have to be counted.) The total count for our box in Photo 3 is 8. Multiply by 2.00 cu. in. per wire for 14-gauge wire (use 2.25 for 12-gauge) to get the 16 cu. in. of space required. The wire gauge is stamped on the plastic sheathing. But since you usually can’t see it, simply compare the wires in the box with any 14- and 12-gauge wires you have on hand.
Plastic boxes generally have the cubic inch volume stamped in the back of the box. Use a flashlight to find it. Metal boxes won’t be labeled, so you’ll have to measure the interior dimensions: height, width and depth (Photo 3). Then multiply to find the volume. By measuring and multiplying, we found that our old box has a volume of about 13.5 cu. in. Since we need a box with at least 16 cu. in., we’ll have to install a new box.
The National Electrical Code lists official volumes of metal boxes. If you’re not sure about the capacity, call your local electrical inspector with the box dimensions and the inspector can tell you the exact volume.
Step 4: Remove the old box
To replace a box, begin by removing all the wire connectors and separating the wires. If necessary, label them with masking tape so you can properly reconnect them in the new box.
The trick to replacing a box is to do it without marring or breaking into the wall to avoid a time-consuming wall repair and repainting. Most old boxes were nailed to the sides of studs. The easiest way to neatly remove them is with a mini hacksaw (Photo 4). Removal will be tougher if you have to cut through metal straps instead of nails. Use short strokes to protect the drywall at the back of the cavity. If necessary, use a flat screwdriver to pry the box slightly away from the stud to make room for the blade. Work carefully so you don’t damage the insulation on the wires or the wall around the box.
If you have to replace a plastic box that’s nailed into a stud, simply break it out with a hammer and large screwdriver. Break it open to release the wires and pull the nails or cut them off with the mini hacksaw. Then pull the remaining pieces of the box from the opening.
Back to Top
Step 5: Install the new box
The best new box to use in this situation is called a remodeling or old work box. These boxes are designed to clamp directly to the drywall and are available in several sizes. We recommend a plastic box that’s available in a 20-cu.-in. size (available at home centers and hardware stores), because it’s large enough to work in almost every situation. (The largest metal remodeling single box you’ll find is 18 cu. in.) It’s far easier to enlarge the wall opening (Photos 5 and 6) for a larger box than to make it smaller. However, if the wiring runs through metal conduit or has metal sheathing, you’ll have to use a metal replacement box with matching clamps so that you can reconnect the conduit or sheathing to the new box.
It’s important to cut the hole so the box fits snugly. If you overcut it, the box clamps might not hold. So keep the pencil tight to the box when you outline it (Photo 5). Undercut the hole slightly (Photo 6), then test-fit the box and enlarge the hole as necessary.
Installing the new box takes a little finesse. Start by taping the cable sleeve to the insulated wires with electrical tape (Photo 7) to help them slide through the box clamps. Then work the wires into the box. Don’t overstress or break off the plastic clamps; the code requires that they effectively clamp the cable. With the wires in the box and the flanges snug against the drywall, tighten the fastening mechanism (Photo 8). But don’t overtighten. You could break the mechanism or crack the drywall.
Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for connecting the new switches. Our switch had stranded wire leads. Use wire connectors to fasten them to the solid wire (Figure A and Photo 8). If the existing wires are too short to work with, simply attach 6 in. of additional wire to them with wire connectors.
Dimmer switch connections
Figure A: Switch Connections
Follow the manufacturer's instructions when installing the dimmer switch.
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- One of the central issues at the upcoming Cairo conference of the Africa Genome Initiative is the origin of Africa's cattle. A multi-disciplinary scientist brainstorming is to take African researchers closer to the mysteries of the early history of the continent, while also trying to contribute to the future development of the basis of African food production.
Under the broad theme 'Genomics and African Society: The Future Health of Africa', top-ranking African and international scientists and a broad range of academics and researchers at the 26-28 March Cairo conference will explore genomic implications in three streams.
In addition to discuss human genomic biotechnology and pharmacy in Africa, the last of the three issues includes Africa's livestock history. The stream focuses on genetic bottlenecks, human migration and history and archaeology in Africa with a focus on the process of "environmental modification" by humans, the domestication of animals and plants and the role of genomics in understanding the patterns of human history.
The cluster - which is convened by Professor Fared El Asmar from Egypt and Professor John Parkington from the University of Cape Town, South Africa - in particular looks at the origin of Africa's cattle. The history of domestic animals in Africa goes back thousands of years and can best be mapped in cooperation between archaeologists and biologists.
While biologists specialised in studying genomes can say much of the evolution of races within species, such as cattle, archaeologists can use ancient traces on human interaction with the cattle to better understand the processes of breeding and the timing of the changes that have occurred.
The ongoing mapping of cattle genes has produced knowledge on the relation between the different cattle races, showing a genetic connection between ancient cattle races of the Middle East and what is understood as the forefathers of African cattle. Research into the cattle genome also enables scientists to map the relation between the different cattle races of Africa, allowing conclusions on which race gave birth to another race.
South African archaeologist and convenor of the conference session, Professor Parkington, however told the 'African Scientist' that "often, the problem with the genetic information ... is that it doesn't have a very explicit historical dimension." At the Cairo conference, scientist therefore will be playing off the genetic record against the archaeological record to produce new and valuable information about Africa's past.
The South African professor says these studies will produce positive results for the continent. "One of the advantages of having all this material on the domestication of animals and plants is that it is beginning to tackle the whole basis of African food production and its geography and limitations," said Mr Parkington, adding that he hopes this research could put Africa "in a better position to move forward and make changes."
The lost of participants of the Cairo conference session assures that discussions will be held within a wide horizon. Professor Parkington is a specialist in Palaeolithic archaeology and contributes with knowledge on rock art and the traditional societies of hunters and gatherers. Mr Parkington is followed by another South African specialist is rock art, Thembi Russell.
The two specialists in rock art and the cultures that produced them are to contribute with their knowledge of early human societies in Africa. They have studied how hunters and gatherers went on to domesticate animals and plants and which challenges this posed on their societies and environment, which again was important for the breeding process.
Co-convenor of the session, Egyptian professor El Asmar, is a specialist of molecular biology and applied genetic engineering. As a specialist in genetic, he is followed by Olivier Hanotte of the International Livestock Institute in Nairobi, Kenya, and other biologists. Mr Hanotte's special research interest is genetics of African cattle. These scientists contribute with the hard genetic data.
These specialists are united by several generalists, focusing on the historic interaction between people and their environment in Africa. Anne Muigai of Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta University specialises her research on the history of the introduction of domesticates in Africa. Two Cambridge professors meanwhile focus on prehistoric migration routes in an out of Africa.
The biologists, archaeologists and historians make an explosive mix when US linguist Christopher Ehret is added to the team. Together, they have sufficient detail information from each of their fields to map the earliest movements of humans in and out of Africa, their introduction of domestic animals and the migration of peoples and their cattle in Africa through history.
British Professors Marta Lahr and Rob Foley Leverhulme, both specialists in evolutionary studies, through this cooperation have already found important additional data supporting their theories of a first exit of modern man from Africa from the Horn of Africa to the Arabian Peninsula.
While the Sinai Peninsula, connecting Egypt with the Middle East, traditionally has been seen as the obvious overland route for the coming and going of people and animals, commodities, seeds and cultural ideas, the British researchers are finding more and more proof of communication across the 50 kilometres of the Red Sea that separate Djibouti and Yemen since the beginning of mankind.
From Yemen to Djibouti, genetic specialists, archaeologists and linguists agree, most of the imported domestic animals and agricultural plants were introduced to Africa. Over the same strait, African species were later brought to Yemen and the rest of the world.
Further population movements throughout Africa, mapped by archaeologists and linguists, explain the further spread of agriculture and cattle raising all over the continent, slowly creating different races adapted to different environments through breeding. Linguists and archaeologists help biologists establish routes and timing while the genetic specialists provide additional hints.
At the Cairo conference, the multi-disciplinary group of scientists in particular are to discuss the role of the Horn of Africa in the import and spread of cattle in Africa. The Djibouti entrance point fits well with archaeological and linguistic traces of an onwards spread.
Professor Parkington told the 'African Scientist' that the main hypothesis now is that domesticated millets and sorghums - indigenous to the highlands of Ethiopia – and domesticated sheep and cattle, moved down south-eastwards "as an approximate package, and it seems from the linguistic evidence to be closely connected to the spread of Bantu-speaking people."
From there on, it revolutionised the entire African continent, giving a new source of wealth and wealth accumulation, further leading to advanced societies throughout the continent.
afrol News - It is called "financial inclusion", and it is a key government policy in Rwanda. The goal is that, by 2020, 90 percent of the population is to have and actively use bank accounts. And in only four years, financial inclusion has doubled in Rwanda.
afrol News - The UN's humanitarian agencies now warn about a devastating famine in Sudan and especially in South Sudan, where the situation is said to be "imploding". Relief officials are appealing to donors to urgently fund life-saving activities in the two countries.
afrol News - Fear is spreading all over West Africa after the health ministry in Guinea confirmed the first Ebola outbreak in this part of Africa. According to official numbers, at least 86 are infected and 59 are dead as a result of this very contagious disease.
afrol News - It is already a crime being homosexual in Ethiopia, but parliament is now making sure the anti-gay laws will be applied in practical life. No pardoning of gays will be allowed in future, but activist fear this only is a signal of further repression being prepared.
afrol News / Africa Renewal - Ethiopia's ambitious plan to build a US$ 4.2 billion dam in the Benishangul-Gumuz region, 40 km from its border with Sudan, is expected to provide 6,000 megawatts of electricity, enough for its population plus some excess it can sell to neighbouring countries.
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Contact: Rob Gutro
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Caption: In addition to monitoring weather on Earth, the GOES-R satellites will monitor weather in space caused by electromagnetic radiation and charged particles released from solar storms on the sun. Many people rely on space weather data, including pilots, farmers, satellite operators, electric power workers, and astronauts.
Downloadable video: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a010900/a010936/
Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: Two GOES-R instruments complete spacecraft integration
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Communication among neurons in various networks of the brain is associated with “superagers”, older adults who, despite their advanced age, maintain youthful memory, new research indicates.
The work is the second in a series of three studies undertaken to unlock the secret of something researchers already knew: that some adults in their 80s and 90s function cognitively as well as or better than much younger people.
The first study showed that when compared with typical older adults, the brains of superagers are larger in certain areas that are important for processes that contribute to memory, including learning, storing, and retrieving information. But brain regions are not isolated islands; they form networks that “talk” to one another to allow for complex behaviors.
Superager Brain Structure
The current study looked at superagers, typical adults from 60 to 80 years old, and young adults 18 to 35. It used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the synchronization of brain waves in the default mode network and salience network of participants in a resting state.
“This communication between brain regions is disrupted during normal aging. Superagers show not just youthful brain structure, but youthful connectivity as well,”
said Alexandra Touroutoglou, Ph.D., an investigator in the MGH Department of Neurology and the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging.
“These networks ebb and flow, or oscillate, whether you’re in a resting state or engaged in a task. Our prediction was that typical older adults would have less synchronization in these brain waves—less efficient networks—but that superagers would have networks as efficient as the young adults. And that’s what we found,”
added Bradford C. Dickerson, MD, director of MGH’s Frontotemporal Disorders Unit.
Successful Aging Biomarkers
The research team’s next study will analyze fMRI data from brains engaged in memory and other cognitive tasks. It is hoped that taken together, the studies will
“provide basics for future researchers to develop biomarkers of successful aging,”
said Touroutoglou, who is also an instructor in neurology at Harvard Medical School. He noted that one of the mysteries scientists hope to tease out is whether superagers start off with “bigger and better” brain structure and communication than other people or if they are somehow more resilient to the declines of normal aging.
Future research may then measure the effects of genetics as well as exercise, diet, social connectedness, and other lifestyle factors that have been shown to affect resilience in older adults. Felicia W. Sun, Michael R. Stepanovic, Joseph Andreano, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Alexandra Touroutoglou, Bradford C. Dickerson. Youthful Brains in Older Adults: Preserved Neuroanatomy in the Default Mode and Salience Networks Contributes to Youthful Memory in Superaging. Journal of Neuroscience 14 September 2016, 36 (37) 9659-9668; DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1492-16.2016 Jiahe Zhang, Joseph M Andreano, Bradford C Dickerson, Alexandra Touroutoglou, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Stronger Functional Connectivity in the Default Mode and Salience Networks Is Associated With Youthful Memory in Superaging, Cerebral Cortex, , bhz071, https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz071
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This article may contain compensated links. Please read the disclosure for more info.
Learning musical intervals is easy if you know some simple tricks. Here you will learn how to identify and understand simple intervals. Learning to quickly identify intervals will help you when playing and reading music and when learning music theory.
What is an interval in music?
Simply put, in music, an interval is the distance in steps from one note to the next.
Why do I need to know about intervals?
Knowing about intervals and being able to identify intervals as patterns quickly helps both when playing and reading music.
If we play intervals one note after the other; it is called a melodic interval (like a melody).
Or if the notes are played at the same time (creating harmony), it is called a harmonic interval.
An Interval can be described in two ways:
Step one; you need to identify the number or how many steps there are from one note to the next (this is what we'll learn here).
Step two is to identify the quality. (This will be covered in the next lesson.)
Measuring the distance from one note to the next is very easy. Simply count!
Notice that when you have an Octave, the notes are the same; in this case a C and a C.
These intervals, reaching up to an octave, are called Simple Intervals because they are (duh) simple! :)
Larger intervals after the octave are logically called a ninth, tenth, eleventh, and so on. But we can also observe that the larger intervals repeat in the same order as above, just with the added octave.
So, a ninth is actually an octave plus a second. A tenth is an octave plus a third etc. These larger intervals (more than an octave) are called compound intervals.
There is a little trick to learning how to quickly identify and remember musical intervals:
One interval you can quickly learn without counting is the Unison since it is so easy to spot (two notes that are the same):
Now it gets interesting! Let's take a closer look at these specific intervals; 2nd, 4th, 6th, and Octave (2,4,6,8). Can you see what they have in common?:
Did you notice that one note in the interval is a line note, and the other is a space note? They have an "uneven" look. But the numbers? They are even! (2,4,6,8)
See, it's pretty easy to identify each interval without counting!
Now let's take a look at the other group. 3rd, 5th and 7th. (Above 3,5,7). (Yep, only three- since the Unison is too easy to learn, and we did that already.)
See how both notes are either space-space or line-line in each of these intervals?
Now you see how easy it was to understand the basic, simple intervals.
Go to Music Interval Quality >>
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Scientists around the world are concerned about creationism being taught in schools, instead of evolution. For them, this is all part of the trend towards junk science, which shapes facts to fit beliefs?at a time when, more than ever, we need REAL science to solve our major problems.
In the Independent, Sarah Cassidy quotes British Astronomer Royal Martin Rees, who has been interviewed on Dreamland, as saying he wants to "help those [teachers] who are attempting to uphold the rights of young people to have access to accurate scientific knowledge about the origins and evolution of life on Earth."
We're used to hearing about this problem in the US, but it's a problem in the UK as well. Cassidy quotes scientists as saying that the origins of life are being "concealed, denied or confused" in schools in almost 70 different countries.
Art credit: freeimages.co.uk
If you want your kids to learn REAL science, make sure their home computers open on the news page of unknowncountry.com, where they'll find REAL news of the edge every day. If you want us to be here for your kids tomorrow, subscribe today. And since subscribers get 10% off EVERYTHING in our store, get your kids a nice tee shirt!
If you want a really great reading experience at the beach this summer?one that's filled with facts?including government secrets?that can only be expressed in fiction, be among the first to read Whitley's new novel The Grays: Pre-order a copy TODAY!
NOTE: This news story, previously published on our old site, will have any links removed.
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Kethel (ZH): St. Jacobus de Meerdere (A.C. Bleijs, 1888-1890)
During the Reformation the catholics of Kethel lost their church to
the protestants. In 1648, when the Eighty Years War ended, a room in a
house outside the village was used as a hidden church. In 1743 this church was enlarged,
although it still did not look like a church. This changed when in
1820-1821 the building was lengthened and a new front with a tower was
added. In 1834-1835 the narrow windows were replaced by bigger, more
In 1887 the church had become too small, and
plans were made to replace it. Architect A.C. Bleijs was commissioned
to design a new church. The church he designed is a basilica in Neo-Romanesque
style, a bit unusual for that time. The church is not oriented and has the choir
at the north end instead. Bleijs was obviously inspired by two
Romanesque churches in the province of Limburg, the O.L. Vrouwekerk in
Maastricht and the church of Rolduc abbey, as he copied the alternating higher
and lower traves of the side-aisles, or pseudo-transepts, of these churches.
Bleijs used marlstone from Limburg to clad the walls in the interior.
While the choir is basically rectangular, lower
semi-circular apses at its back and both its sides give it a cloverleaf shape.
The choir is flanked on both sides by additional constructions; a square one at
the east side, while the one at the western side is longer and has a
The front of the church at the south side has a
apse much like the ones of the choir but divided in two storeys. Two towers
flank the front; a cylindrical stair-turret at the western side and a taller
octagonal tower at the eastern side. At the west side a curved passage connects
the church and the presbytery.
While the old hidden church stood well outside
the village, its successor became the center of a second settlement on Kethel
proper soon after its completion.
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Radical Uruguayan artist Joaquin Torres-Garcia (1874–1949) epitomised individuality in the arts. A key figure in Latin American modernism, his influence nonetheless extended much further than the continent of his birth. A number of North American artists, including Louise Bourgeois and Barnett Newman, felt his idiosyncratic influence.
The artist was born in Montevideo. He left for Barcelona aged 17, where he trained as an artist. In the Catalan capital, he became active in the local artistic movement known as Noucentisme, or “Nineteen-hundreds Style.” The artists and intellectuals that worked within this movement were reacting against what they considered the aesthetic excesses of Modernisme.
Noucentista art was characterized by a return to order. Its artists set out to embody the timeless values of the Mediterranean through their art, as well as revive the classical past. In the decorative arts, the values of Noucentisme were seen in an emphasis on traditional hand-craftsmanship.
As one of the leading members of Noucentisme, Torres-Garcia became a well-known painter during his years in Barcelona. His first major commission was for a series of monumental frescoes for a room in Barcelona’s historic Palau de la Generalitat, in the Ciutat Vella, or Old City. In the frescoes, Garcia featured industrial scenes alongside pastoral, Arcadian scenes of Mediterranean life. They are considered one of the most important manifestations of Catalan Noucentisme.
In one of the last frescoes of the set, Torres-Garcia incited some controversy. In Lo Temporal no es mes que simbol (The temporal is no more than symbol), a faun plays music to a crowd. This seemingly inoffensive scene was harshly criticised at the time by conservative artists and intellectuals for its depiction of a classical figure in a modern style. A scandal ensued, and the political leader of Catalonia, Enric Prat de la Riba, died. In the aftermath of the scandal, Torres-Garcia was dismissed from the commission.
To continue reading this article, please subscribe to the November/December issue of The Kurios.
Photo: Joaquín Torres García. (Uruguayan, 1874? 1949). Construcción con formas curvas (Construction with curved forms). 1931. Oil and nails on wood. 191/2×161/8×1/2?(49.5x41x1.3cm).The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Given anonymously, 2012. © Sucesión Joaquín Torres-García, Montevideo 2015. Photo credit: Thomas Griesel.
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SWFWMD Improves The Canoe Launch to Help Reduce Pollutants.
The District is restoring an area of the Weeki Wachee Springs State Park canoe launch. The restored area will benefit the Weeki Wachee spring system by reducing stormwater pollutants and sediment loading entering the Weeki Wachee River.
Source: Southwest Florida Water Management District
Hernando County has a “black out period” from January 1st thru March 31st in which lawns may not be fertilized.
This local ordinance came about as a measure to protect the Weeki Wachee River. As this waterway’s watershed extends to a large part of the county, run-off will greatly affect the quality of its water.
Currently, the Weeki Wachee River exceeds its Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) of nitrates. The source of that can be found in the over-application of fertilizers. This results in excessive algae growth and can ultimately lead to lower oxygen levels in the water and potential fish-kill.
This river is dear to us locals and complying with the ordinance is a simple way to improve our environment and secure a better future for this unique spring-fed river.
The Florida Department of Environmental Protection and the Florida Water Management Districts have funded 26 springs projects with more than $40 million, that will result in $82 million for spring improvement projects after local matching funds.
Hernando County will invest $6 million in a reclaimed water transmission line along US19 that will provide up to 1.7 million gallons of reclaimed water per day to the Timber Pines Subdivision and Golf Course for irrigation use. Both Hernando County and SFWMD will each contribute an extra $3 million, for a grand total of $12 million.
The Weeki Wachee Springs springshed should benefit from this project through reduced nutrients and reduced potable water use. It will enable long-term sustained growth in the area by reducing environmental pressure on the Weeki Wachee River and Springs.
The project should be completed by spring of 2017.
The Land Management Section of the Southwest Florida Water Management District (District) will be conducting prescribed burns during the months of November through March at Annuteliga Hammock in Hernando County. The property is comprised of several blocks and is located east of US Highway 19 and north of Centralia Road and south of the county line. Approximately 300 acres will be burned in small, manageable units.
The District will also be conducting prescribed burns at Weekiwachee Preserve in Hernando County. The property is located west of US Highway 19 between Spring Hill and Hernando Beach. Approximately 400 acres will be burned in small, manageable units.
According to Will VanGelder, the District’s land management supervisor, burns are implemented to mimic natural fire cycles under a controlled situation. The objective is to avert uncontrolled wildfires and enhance the area’s natural conditions by maintaining the ecological and wildlife habitat values. Prescribed burns are only conducted when weather conditions are optimal to meet the desired objectives and to minimize impacts to the public.
Although every effort will be made to assure that smoke does not affect homes or highways, vehicle operators should exercise caution if smoke reduces visibility on the area’s roads or highways.
The Rotary Clubs of Spring Hill and Brooksville will have a lyngbya cleanup on Saturday, May 31, 2014 at 5 p.m. at Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, 6131 Commercial Way, Weeki Wachee.
Volunteers are needed for this community effort to get rid of the algae from the water. Special rakes are used to remove the algae in a careful manner. Each rake full of lyngbya helps clean the water of pollutants. Lyngbya is an algae that can cause serious damage to the springs and its inhabitants. It interferes with fishing, boating, swimming and the health of manatees and other aquatic life.
The cleanup will last about two hours. For information about the project, contact Doug Brainard at (352) 442-1156 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
AT THE MAY 27 HERNANDO COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS’ MEETING A NEW NATURE COAST EDUCATION AND TOURISM CENTER WAS PROPOSED WITH THE WEEKI WACHEE PRESERVE AS THE FUTURE LOCATION.
This preserve is known for its natural wetland and upland communities and is currently open to the public for hiking, biking, fishing, bird watching, canoeing and kayaking. Uniquely located close to Hernando’s population center, it offers easy access to a completely natural experience, that has very limited motor access. Continue reading Weeki Wachee Preserve Open For Development?→
With the spring more popular every year and attendance increasing steadily from 140,000 visitors in 2008 to 270,000 in 2013, the Florida Park Service recently published a master plan for Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, featuring nearly $8.7 million in improvements to the vintage Hernando County tourist attraction and Buccaneer Bay, the water park adjacent to the spring.
Chassahowitzka Springs, like Weeki Wachee Springs, is one of thirty-three first-magnitude springs in Florida. Many of these springs suffer from decades of ever increasing pollution from fertilizers, chemicals and leaking septic systems, that flow into these environmentally sensitive areas. This accumulation impacts the quality of the water and encourages plants like the lyngbya algae to overtake native species such as the useful eel grass.
A state-funded five-month cleanup program removed approx. 3000 cubic yards of sediments during the 2013 summer season from the 25 feet deep springs. The manatee that feed in the Chassahowitzka Springs during the colder winter months, can expect crystal clear water and an abundant supply of the replanted eel grasses, they like so much.
Similar attempts are going on regularly in Weeki Wachee Springs, where volunteers get rid of the invasive lyngbya algae with rakes.
SWFWMD Partners with Local Rotary Clubs to Remove Algae from Weeki Wachee Springs
The Southwest Florida Water Management District is partnering with the Rotary Clubs of Spring Hill Central and Brooksville to remove Lyngbya algae from the waters of Weeki Wachee Springs.
This coordinated effort will take place on Saturday, July 20 from 7:30 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. at the Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, located at the intersection of State Road 50 and Highway 19 in Spring Hill.
Volunteers using special rakes will stand in water up to waist deep and remove the algae. The algae will then be placed onto kayaks and a pontoon boat and taken to land to be used for fertilizer at other locations.
“This project is important for the District to maintain prior restoration efforts and ensure those restored areas continue to grow and thrive,” said Chris Anastasiou Ph.D., senior scientist with the District. “This effort is also important because it gives ownership of this world-class resource to the local community.”
In 2009, the District completed a restoration project at Weeki Wachee, where divers removed approximately 6,130 cubic yards of sediment from the spring vent to the vicinity of the Weeki Wachee Springs State Park’s boat dock. Divers used hand vacuums created specifically for this project to remove everything from muck, Lyngbya and trash.
Lyngbya is an invasive algae that grows and spreads rapidly. It attaches itself to plants and the bottoms of water bodies, forming large mats. These mats grow and then break off, spreading to other areas. Lyngbya crowds out native vegetation and disrupts the natural filtration process as well as decreases the amount of good habitat for fish nurseries.
Source: Southwest Florida Water Management District News Release
Weeki Wachee Spring and the Weeki Wachee River support a complex freshwater aquatic ecosystem that is vitally important as both a cultural and economic resource for Florida.
Unfortunately, Florida’s iconic Mermaid Spring and its river to the Gulf are being choked by slimy algae. Take action now to protect Florida’s rivers and streams. High levels of nitrogen pollution are to blame for the explosion of algae blooms.
As it stands now, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) does not require major sources of this pollution to reduce their spring-killing effluent. It is beyond time for a mandate to preserve and protect these critical resources for all Floridians and to reverse the degradation of our most iconic treasures.
The DEP is accepting public comments through Friday, July 5th, on a draft plan to restore the Spring and River (this plan, required under the Clean Water Act, is known as a Total Maximum Daily Load, or “TMDL”). As it is written, this plan is not adequate, as it does not require pollution reduction from surrounding polluters, or even set a protective goal.
Please take action now to let DEP and the Governor know you expect them to do their jobs and protect Florida’s resources! Once you have taken action, forward and share this message with your friends and family. Together, we can help keep Florida flowing.
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How soon after birth should a child be christened in Norway?
To find an answer to this question you should consult the Norwegian Encyclopedia “Store Norske Leksikon” available online. http://snl.no/d%C3%A5p Here I will translate some of the early rules and laws to this question. In the Middle Ages it was punishable by law to wait more than 8 days to have an infant baptized. This is according to King Christian the 5th Norwegian Law of 1687. It was believed that if a child died without baptism this child’s soul would be lost forever, therefore it was very important to the parents of a child to have the child baptized as soon as possible. This law was abolished in 1771, but in the 1800s an infant was usually baptized within 1-3 days after the birth. Baptism was deemed as necessary to be “saved”, and it was only the clergy who should perform the baptism. However, this caused a problem, as children were usually born at home, many on a farm far away from the parish church, or where the minister resided. It was impossible for the minister to baptize every child in the congregation within a few days unless the child was brought to the church. This brings up another question. Who should baptize the child? Often a child died shortly after birth, and there was no time for the minister to get there. Therefore it was necessary to give instructions about how an infant was to be baptized. Clean water was to be used, but in some cases beer was used if clean water could not be found. If an infant looked sickly or death was imminent, the baptism could be performed by the father of the child, the midwife or even the mother. In the church records you will often see en entry that a child had been baptized (hjemmedøbt) at home. This baptism, if the child lived, would be confirmed by the minister in the church at a later time. The confirmation of a christening or baptism is not to be confused with the confirmation process that took place when a child was between 13-18 years of age.
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Introduction: Engineering Drawing Robot
In this project we propose an educational robotic drawing system for learning purpose. Our system uses robot to draw projection of lines and all engineering geometry such as cube ,triangle ,square, polygon autonomously .The bot is completely autonomous once it is programmed through software interface
This robot currently operate in three modes which can be selected through our GUI.
1. Basic geometry (Ex.- square , triangle , cube ,etc )
2.Text mode : for writing text
3. Engineering Projection : This includes projection of lines , projection of solid , orthogonal view , isometric projection. This is the main aim of our project currently under development to make Engineering Drawing easy to learn . The robot will demonstrate projection by step-wise execution .
User has to enter the parameters in GUI (graphical user interface) then robot will demonstrate geometry or projection .
Step 1: List of Materials
1. DC motor with Wheels
2. Roller Scale
3. Atmega 16 controller board
4. Arduino Ethernet shiled
6.Geard DC motor with belt arrengement: You can find this in printers ,Scanners ,DVDs
7. 9g servo motor
8. tire metal spokes or metal rod from scanner
9. DVD lens holder
Step 2: Preparing Base
1.Connect dc motor with chases
2. Remove roller of the roller scale
3.Add small hole at middle of the roller scale
4.Tighten roller scale to the chases with screw
5.Attach the front wheel at the end of roller scale by using ceramic plate
6.Attach another front wheel at another end using same arrengement
1.Take some plastic sketch-pen cut it at middle and stick it to the roller scale by glue gun
2.Now make two holes for rod fixing
3.Do same at another end.
4.Fixed rod through these holes : pass the first rod through hole of both the sketch-pen base so it would fixed
do same for another rod be alert that of the distance between two rods must be same so that DVD lens would be smoothly moves through it.
Step 4: Gear and Belt Assembly
This step is for gear and belt movement. You can directly buy gear and belt assembly or try following steps:
1.Take geard dc motor form DVD or you can buy
2. Attach suitable geard pulley to the dc motor and fixed the motor at one of the end of the roller scale.
3. Put another geard pulley at another end to suspend belt tightly so that belt can be move with motor rotation.
Step 5: Movement Arrengement
In this step we build x(horizontal) movement and z movement of pen.
for x movement we take the lens attachment part of DVD player. Firstly remove the unwanted part such as lens and circuit so Pen can be easily move through this hole , attach this DVD lens part in rods so it can move smoothly on rods.
Z-movement: we have to move Pen up and down for drawing purpose hence this arrangement is necessary
1.Attach 9g servo motor to the DVD lens part by using ceramic plate.
2.Now attach the fixing cap to the shaft of servo motor that is made from sketch Pen part for fixing of the pen ,
finally attach belt and DVD lens part so part will move when belt moves.
Step 6: Programming
I am using Atmega16 Controller board on which motor driver are already fitted you can use Arduino UNO By externally attaching motor drivers
once the controller is programmed it can draw any text ,geometry autonomously.
e.g. -If I have to program the robot for drawing square the the operation is shown in attached word file and its c file is also attached
Step 7: Graphical User Interface
you can develop GUI by using java or easily by using html I find Html very easy but you need extra hardware i.e. Arduino and Ethernet shield for development of the GUI using html .Once you developed html GUI you can control all things or take input.
Html file and Arduino file for Ethernet shield GUI development is attached just save text document as .html file make changes that you want and upload the .ino file in Arduino.
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Pope Martin IV, (Latin: Martinus IV; c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was Pope from 21 February 1281 to his death in 1285.
Simon de Brion, son of Jean, sieur de Brion, was born at the château of Meinpincien,Île-de-France, France, in the decade following 1210. The seigneurial family of Brion, who took their name from Brion near Joigny, flourished in the Brie français. He spent time at the University of Paris, and is said to have then studied law at Padua and Bologna. Through papal favour he received a canonry at Saint-Quentin in 1238 and spent the period 1248–1259 as a canon of the cathedral chapter in Rouen, finally as archdeacon. At the same time he was appointed treasurer of the church of St. Martin in Tours by King Louis IX of France, an office he held until he was elected pope in 1281. In 1259, he was appointed to the council of the king, who made him keeper of the great seal, chancellor of France, one of the great officers in the household of the king.
In December 1261, the new French Pope, Urban IV made him cardinal-priest, with the titulus of the church of St. Cecilia. This entailed Simon de Brion's residence in Rome.
He returned to France as a legate for Urban IV and also for his successor Pope Clement IV in 1264–1269 and again in 1274–1279 under Pope Gregory X. He became deeply involved in the negotiations for papal support for the assumption of the crown of Sicily by Charles of Anjou. As legate he presided over several synods on reform, the most important of which was held at Bourges in September 1276.
Six months after the death of Pope Nicholas III in 1280, Charles of Anjou intervened in the papal election at Viterbo by imprisoning two influential Italian cardinals on the grounds that they were interfering with the election. Without their opposition, Simon de Brion was unanimously elected to the papacy, taking the name Martin IV, on 22 February 1281.
Viterbo was placed under interdict for the imprisonment of the cardinals and Rome was not at all inclined to accept a hated Frenchman as Pope, so Martin IV was crowned instead at Orvieto on 23 March 1281.
Dependent on Charles of Anjou in nearly everything, the new Pope quickly appointed him to the position of (Western) Roman Senator. At the insistence of Charles, Martin IV excommunicated the Eastern Roman Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, who stood in the way of Charles's plans to restore the Latin Empire of the East that had been established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade. He thus broke the tenuous union which had been reached between the Greek and the Latin Churches at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274 and further compromise was rendered impossible.
In 1282, Charles was overthrown in the violent massacre known as the Sicilian Vespers. The Sicilians had elected Peter III of Aragon as their king and sought papal confirmation in vain, though they were willing to reconfirm Sicily as a vassal state of the papacy. Martin IV used all the spiritual and material resources at his command against the Aragonese in order to preserve Sicily for the House of Anjou. He excommunicated Peter III, declared his kingdom of Aragon forfeit, and ordered a crusade against him, but it was all in vain.
With the death of his protector Charles of Anjou on 7 January 1285, Martin was unable to remain at Rome. He died at Perugia on 28 March 1285.
Nikolaus Backes, Kardinal Simon de Brion (Breslau) 1910, used by H.K. Mann and J. Hollnsteiner, The Lives of the Popes in the Middle Ages XVI (London) 1932: 171–205., both quoted by Kay, Richard (1965). "Martin IV and the Fugitive Bishop of Bayeux". Speculum40 (3): 460–483 [p. 461f.] JSTOR 2850920.
The Brie champenoise, by contrast, consisted of that part of the pays of Brie that lay within territories of the counts of Champagne. As a measure of the fractionalisations caused by feudalism, the sieur de Brion nevertheless held his seigneurie of Meinpincien from the count of Champagne.
As Magister Simon de Meinpiciaco he signed a document at Louviers, 2 March 1248. (Kay 1965:463).
Date as given by Mann and Hollnsteiner 1932.
Popes Marinus I and Marinus II, by an old error of the papal chancery, were counted as "Martins" II and III.( (Encyclopaedia Britannica' 1911, s.v., "Brie")
Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France, 987–1328. London: Continuum Press. p. 239. ISBN 9781852855284.
Catholic Encyclopedia "Pope Martin IV"
Salvador Miranda, "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church": Martin's seven cardinals
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Presentation on theme: "Ms. Virginia Diederich Ms. T. Stewart Mrs. Jennifer Cogdill Mrs. Laura Gunter."— Presentation transcript:
Ms. Virginia Diederich Ms. T. Stewart Mrs. Jennifer Cogdill Mrs. Laura Gunter
*Please sign your child’s AGENDA and BEHAVIOR FOLDER NIGHTLY. *Please review the Red Take Home Folder every night. *Homework is always written in your child’s agenda. *Graded papers go home every TUESDAY.
History refers to examining United States history from the Civil War to the present. Geography refers to locating important places in the United States and to explaining the impact of geography on economic development. Government/Civics refers to evaluating concepts and rights as outlined in amendments to the United States Constitution and why the Constitution is amended. Economics refers to analyzing how economics affects historical events, society, and individuals. Foldable Notes, Interactive Notebooks, Videos, Simulations, Arts Integration…..
SCIENCE Ms. Taylor StewartRm. 2022taylor.stewart@Cherokee.k12.ga.us Life ScienceEarth Science Physical Science Weathering/Erosion Human Interventions 3 RD -4 TH NINE WEEKS Plant and Animal Cells Classification Genetics/Heredity 1 ST -2 ND NINE WEEKS Electricity and Magnetism Physical and Chemical Changes 2 ND -3 RD NINE WEEK Vocab. Quizzes—QUIZLET.COM Student Data Binders
Fifth Grade ELA Content & Standards Your child's year in language arts will be made up of: Writing: Opinion, Informative, Narrative, Response to Literature, Research Write 2 Learn – Online writing and assessment program Conventions of Standard English: Grammar, punctuation, sentence construction Vocabulary: Using context clues for word meaning, Greek and Latin Affixes and roots Georgia Standards of Excellence – www.georgiastandards.org
Fifth Grade Reading Content and Standards Your child's year in reading will be made up of: Reading Strategies & Elements of Fiction Literary Text: Novel Studies & Short Stories Informational Text Poetry & Drama Teacher will utilize literature textbook, novels, as well as online resources to teach the 5 th grade curriculum. Georgia Standards of Excellence – www.georgiastandards.org
AR Program Both fiction and non-fiction books from their independent reading levels / Lexile levels. (Sticker in agenda shows level & range) We visit the library for check out every other week. Assessments for books read: AR tests (Can be taken in class or in the media center daily) Your child should be reading every night!! Weekly or bi-weekly reading logs are assigned for homework – due on Fridays!
Georgia Standards of Excellence divides 5 th grade Math into the following Units: Order of Operations, Place Value 1/10 th Rule, Powers of 10/Zero Patterns, Multi- Digit Multiplication and Division Addition and Subtraction of Decimals Multiplication and Division of Decimals Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division of Fractions 2D Figures Volume and Measurement Geometry and the Coordinate Plane Preview 6 th Grade
C ONSTRUCTED R ESPONSE : Constructed Response refers to the expectations regarding word problems. Students must not only solve the problem correctly, but they must also be able to explain their thinking in a short paragraph. We follow the RACES strategy, and students will practice often throughout the year. F LIPPED C LASSROOM : A Flipped Classroom refers to a classroom in which Students receive instruction at home through videos, and then practice what they learned in the classroom with teacher support. In my class, students will be asked to watch videos once or twice a week. The videos are housed on my website. However, if watching the video off-campus is a problem for any student, we will be sure s/he has the opportunity to watch it at school. N UMBER T ALKS : Number Talks are exactly what they sound like—a time for us to talk/think about numbers and how they relate to each other. Researchers are finding that many students do not have “number sense”—that is, students do not always understand how numbers work together to make patterns and/or other numbers. Once or twice a week, we will spend 10-15 minutes in math class thinking about and then discussing different ways to solve math problems. The goal here is not that every student always gets the correct answer, but that each student develops a greater understanding of the relationships numbers have with each other.
Grading: Grades will be weighted according to the following scale: o Tests/Writing assignments: 35 o Quizzes:30 o Homework:10 o Classwork: 25
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As GIMUN’s Annual Conference 2016 is taking place this week, we will be giving you exclusive access to one article a day published in the conference newspaper, at the same moment as the participants and in both of our languages. Check out GIMUN’s website for the full version of the GIMUN Chronicles!
By Valentina San Martin, translated by Aymeric Jacquier
“One is not born a woman, one becomes one”. Those words were written a few years ago already by Simone de Beauvoir in her famous book “The Second Sex”.
In other words, according to Beauvoir, being a woman is not just a natural biological determinism, but also an imposed and internalized status with all the discriminations that it entails.
In this beginning of March 2016, GIMUN Annual Conference calls all female and male delegates to think and debate over the issue of feminine condition at an international level. As noted by the representative of Germany of the Economic and Social Committee, “Women need to be supported and they cannot be ignored”. On this “Women’s Day”, this important question is raised in the Palace of Nations.
Officialised by the United Nations in 1977, “International Women’s Day” was created by female workers and the suffragettes in the beginning of the XXth century, after years of struggling for better working conditions and the right to vote.
On this day, political leaders and popular movements have the opportunity to assess the situation of women.
However, the notion of “International Women’s Day” gives rise to a hot topic of debate. For some, it is important to celebrate this day as long as gender equality has not been reached. For others, the 8th of March is just a useless reminder, that we would forget the very next day. As Coluche said about the “Restos du Cœur” (French charity for needy people), “If we are still here in 10 years, it means we have failed in everything”.
It is indeed justifiable to consider that this day makes the feminist engagement a political gadget that is useful once a year. It increases stereotypes on women and their so-called vulnerability, weakness or fragility, and does not encourage them to thrive in society.
Besides that, the fact that there is only one women’s day presupposes that the engagement for gender equality comes up only once a year. This implies then that the other days of the year would be men’s days. On the contrary, the feminine condition, in terms of justice, is a fight that has to be led every single day.
It is therefore important to note that equality is not something we claim once a year on a cold day of March, but throughout the year. And even though I’m not Charlie, “I am a woman, and not only the 8th of March”.
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In this article, we will look at how to get the solution for the problem, How To Join Or Combine Multiple Csv Files With Concatenate And Export Dataframe To Csv Format With Code Examples
To merge multiple CSV files into one, you can use the Command Prompt on Windows 11/10 computer. To do so, you need to paste all the CSV files to one folder, open Command Prompt in that folder, and enter this command: copy *. csv newfile. csv.
import pandas as pd import glob import os os.chdir("C:/Users/DONPECH/Desktop/PROJECTS/AIRLINE RESEARCH/RESEARCH/DATASET/flight") # setting the path for joining multiple files files = os.path.join("C:/Users/DONPECH/Desktop/PROJECTS/AIRLINE RESEARCH/RESEARCH/DATASET/flight", "On_Time_On_Time_Performance_2015_*.csv") # list of merged files returned files = glob.glob(files) print("Resultant CSV after joining all CSV files at a particular location..."); # joining files with concat and read_csv df = pd.concat(map(pd.read_csv, files),ignore_index=True) #export DataFrame to CSV file df.to_csv(r'C:\Users\DONPECH\Desktop\PROJECTS\AIRLINE RESEARCH\RESEARCH\DATASET\flight\flights.csv', index=False) print(df)
Joining CSV files by a unique column.Solution 2: Join CSV files using Google Sheet (or Microsoft Excel)
To combine multiple csv files into one Excel workbook, these are the steps you need to follow:
Option 1: Command Prompt If you are a Windows user, you can use the built-in Command Prompt to combine CSV files. Command Prompt is a text interface for your computer. You can type simple commands to merge files. First, put all of your CSV files in a folder and copy the full path of your folder.
Open the two files you want to merge. Select all text (Command+A/Ctrl+A) from one document, then paste it into the new document (Command+V/Ctrl+V). Repeat steps for the second document. This will finish combining the text of both documents into one.
It is guaranteed that the new entries will always be the first few lines in the beginning of the first csv file.Here's one way:
We'll pass two dataframes to pd. contact() method in the form of a list and mention in which axis you want to concat, i.e. axis=0 to concat along rows, axis=1 to concat along columns.
To add a dataframe row-wise to an existing CSV file, we can write the dataframe to the CSV file in append mode by the parameter a using the pandas to_csv() function.
To merge all CSV files, use the GLOB module. The os. path. join() method is used inside the concat() to merge the CSV files together.
No need to repeat any manual work that you've already done! Let's go through a quick step-by-step on how to merge CSV files automatically.
In this article, we will look at how to get the solution for the problem, Build The .Pyx File To C And Run On Python With Code Examples Does Cython create executable? Cython compiles the Python or the Cython files into C and then compiles the C code to create the extensions. Interestingly, Cython has a CLI switch --embed whic can generate a main function. This main function embeds the Python interpreter for us. So we can just compile the C file and get our single binary executable. $ python set
In this article, we will look at how to get the solution for the problem, How To Go Up In A Path In Python With Code Examples How do you join two paths in Python? path. join() method in Python join one or more path components intelligently. This method concatenates various path components with exactly one directory separator ('/') following each non-empty part except the last path component. import os print(os.getcwd()) OUTPUT: /kite/run path_parent = os.path.dirname(os.getcwd()) os.c
In this article, we will look at how to get the solution for the problem, What Is The Difference Between Python 2 And 3 With Code Examples Which version is best for Python? Choose the right Python version and distribution 1 is the most current version. The safe bet, then, is to use the latest update of Python 3.7 (in this case, Python 3.7. Python 3 syntax is simpler and easily understandable whereas Python 2 syntax is comparatively difficult to understand. Python 3 default storing of strings
In this article, we will look at how to get the solution for the problem, Python Random Generator From List With Code Examples How do I randomly select multiple elements from a list in Python? Use the numpy. random. choice() function to pick multiple random rows from the multidimensional array. import random n = random.random() print(n) random.choice(seq)¶ Return a random element from the non-empty sequence seq. How does Python generate 5 random numbers? By using random. randint() we can ad
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On the importance of preserving lantern slide collections13 April 2023
In the latest Library Blog post, Rebecca Cairns explores the photographic collection of Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953) at the Royal Irish Academy.
The Royal Irish Academy acquired the Robert Lloyd Praeger (1865-1953) collection in 1952. Upon intake, the collection had been split into various trunks, which contained hundreds of items relating to the natural sciences—including papers, pamphlets, and photographs. The bulk of the photographs found in the collection are glass plate negatives and prints, many of which were produced by Irish photographer Robert John Welch (1859-1936). Praeger and Welch were avid collectors, and both were active in Ireland’s naturalist circles. Praeger himself had joined the Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club (BNFC) at the young age of eleven, and later joined the Dublin Naturalists’ Field Club (DNFC) in 1893.
Fig.1 Portrait of Robert Lloyd Praeger, MRIA
photographed by A.R. Hogg (RIA Photo Series 20/Box 2)
Fig.2 Portrait of Robert John Welch, around 1890
(Irish Naturalists’ Journal, obituary notice for R.J. Welch, vi:6 Nov. 1936)
The field clubs attracted both amateurs and professionals who had an interest in the fields of botany, zoology, geology, and archaeology. As many of Praeger and Welch’s photographs make clear, members frequently attended expeditions throughout Ireland to study, observe and collect ‘specimens’. The specimens—as well as the photographs of them—would later be shared with others during meetings.
Fig.3 “The way some Irish Naturalists studied nature,” Belfast and Dublin Naturalist Field Clubs taking tea at Slieve Glah, Cavan, July 1896.
R. L. Praeger is standing to the left of the table Photographed by Robert John Welch (RIA Photo Series 18/Box 7)
Alongside Welch, other well-known photographers from Ireland—including Alexander Robert Hogg (1870-1939) and William Alfred Green (1870-1958)—played an important role within these naturalist circles. The photographs made during expeditions reflect various areas of the natural sciences: expansive landscapes, colonies of seabirds, or fragments of corals and seaweed. Photographs of materials found across Ireland serve as proof of the discovery of new species of wildflowers, of molluscs and other curiosities. The images helped others understand the geology, flora and fauna of the island.
Fig.4 “On the Limestone Terraces of the Burren, Co. Clare” photographed by Robert John Welch.
History of the Lantern Slide
During field club meetings, a lanternist would project photographic images produced from expeditions onto a screen so members could observe the images in detail and discuss them. The photographs that were being projected were called lantern slides; projected through a magic (or optical) lantern.
Fig.5 Lantern slide projector at the Royal Irish Academy Library
The earliest known lantern shows can be traced back to approximately 1720, but it was between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries when projection had become exceedingly popular in the field of entertainment. Lantern slides would later become integral for education and research. When used for entertainment, a lantern show would usually consist of an audience seated in complete darkness; a narrator guiding people through an engrossing story while a projectionist flipped the slides. When the lantern slide industry began to shift away from entertainment and towards education, slides were produced in large quantities by manufacturers across Europe and North America and were distributed globally.
Lantern slides were commonly used in the fields of natural history and sciences because they allowed for the sharing of images of specimens and scientific findings with large audiences. For example, a lecturer could share an image of a specimen which had been photographed microscopically: such as details of a tendril, the comb fragments of a beehive, or the intricate patterns found on the wings of a butterfly. They were also popularly used within the field of medicine.
Fig.6 & 7 Two handmade lantern slides. The image of the nest has been hand-painted. The image on the right has a skewed appearance,
which suggests this is a handmade (rather than a commercially produced) slide.
What is a Lantern Slide?
There are two standard sizes of lantern slides: 8.3 x 8.3 cm (European format) and 10.16 x 8.25 cm (American format). The image on the slide might have been produced by one of several historic photographic processes (such as collodion, albumen, or silver gelatin). The photographic image is covered with an identical sized piece of glass, which is held in place by four strips of gummed tape around the support. Another identifying feature of lantern slides is a decorative or rounded border framing the image, featuring a descriptive text which explains the content of the image.
In collections today, one is likely to find slides produced by any number of different commercial manufacturers. However, it is worth noting that many photographers chose to produce their own slides. These can usually be distinguished from commercially made slides by observing handwritten captions on their exterior; or hand-coloured sections of the images themselves.
Fig.8 & 9 A lantern slide with an image produced by R. J. Welch. The image is of Spiranthes romanzoffiana, or ‘Irish Lady’s Tresses’. The handwritten inscription suggests that the slide was handmade. Note the same image on the right,
which was produced with a flat-bed scanner and was processed as a photographic positive. The image shows the detail of the original photograph and gives us a sense of what it may have been like to observe this image while it was being projected.
The Praeger Collection & Issues in Collections
The Praeger collection held by the RIA Library contains glass plate negatives, photographic prints and several hundred lantern slides which are currently being transferred from original small wooden carrying cases to archival-grade boxes and enclosures. The slides have not yet been catalogued or digitised which means that there are many items from Praeger’s invaluable collection which have not yet been seen or been made accessible to staff and researchers.
Fig.10 An example of a set of Praeger’s lantern slides which were originally stored in a small wooden carrying case.
Since the original photographic image is covered in a piece of support glass which is tightly fastened with tape, it is common for people to believe that lantern slides are stable. They were, after all, made for the sake of being projected; for being handled by lecturers while they quickly flip through slides during presentations. Glass is also understood to be longer-lasting than paper, so other photographs found on glass supports are—like lantern slides—often not prioritised for preservation. Despite the stability (or inherent durability) of lantern slides, both their glass supports and the images on them are at risk of degradation.
Unfortunately, these important photographic resources remain inaccessible within many collecting institutions—which is currently the case with items from the Praeger Collection. Lantern slide collections are important to tend to as they are integral to understanding the history of photography and nature of photographic reproductions, and of the growing use of photography for commercial ventures. They are important historical and educational resources which tell us the stories of how knowledge was transmitted and shared. In the case of Praeger’s collection, the images offer us the opportunity to learn about the history of the natural sciences, and more generally – the history of Ireland.
Over the next year the lantern slides will be rehoused, digitised, and catalogued in hopes of making images from Praeger’s collection more accessible. The process requires research, resources for housing materials, and quite a bit of patience, but the rewards will be gratifying. Please keep an eye on our website and social media channels (@Library_RIA on Twitter or @rialibrary on Instagram) for updates on this project.
By Rebecca Cairns, Library Assistant, Royal Irish Academy
Fan ar an eolas le nuachtlitir Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireannSign up now
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As apple days take place nationwide with tasting sessions and growing tips, experts at the RHS Taste of Autumn Festival explain why urban gardeners may have more success with apple crops this year than some commercial growers
While many commercial apple producers have had poor crops this year because the incessant early rain deterred bees from pollinating the blossom, ordinary gardeners may have had more success.
An apple flower can't be fertilised by pollen from the same tree, but needs a pollination partner from a different variety of apple tree which flowers at the same time.
While many commercial growers only grow one variety and will have a different pollination partner scattered around the orchard, they usually assess the minimum number of pollination partner trees needed so they don't waste space they want to give over to their main variety.
"This year we had a freakily bad year for pollination because throughout the time for pollination - April and May - it was cold and rainy and the bees just weren't about, which massively reduced the chances of trees being pollinated," says Rebecca Bevan, team leader for fruit and vegetables at RHS Garden Wisley.
When only one type of apple is grown, bees have to travel from the majority crop to pollinating partner trees and back again to cross-pollinate each flower.
However, suburban gardeners often have a few different types within easy reach, which means the bees don't have to travel so far to cross-pollinate the flowers.
It's been a bumper year for apples at RHS Garden Wisley - which will be hosting the RHS Taste of Autumn Festival from October 17 - where nearly 700 types of apple are grown and there are many hives.
"Even though the weather was awful, we had more bees around which were covered in a lot more compatible pollen," says Bevan.
She advises gardeners to grow more than one variety which flowers at the same time.
"We advise home gardeners to choose at least one pollination partner for each tree, but often in suburban areas that's going to happen anyway because different people have different apple trees and the bees will travel from one garden to another to exchange the pollen."
Many suburban gardeners also grow wild flowers which encourage bees and have grown some apple varieties which will withstand a lot of rain.
Those who want their tree blossom to escape the frost should go for mid or late season varieties, such as 'Ashmead's Kernel', a russet apple with a really intense fruit-drop flavour which stores well, ready for picking from mid-October, and 'Ellison's Orange', a late season type which is a reliable cropper providing a rich flavour, she advises.
Wet weather also encourages fungal diseases and some trees are more resistant to that. 'Ellison's Orange', for instance, has shown some resistance to scab, while 'Laxton's Fortune' is also disease-resistant. 'Falstaff' is also thought to have some resistance to frost in its blossom.
Unlike most varieties, Bramley cooking apples need two pollination partners, while there are several self-fertile varieties including a type of Cox's Orange Pippin, although the RHS recommends that trees are cross-pollinated to achieve a better crop.
For better crops, Bevan advises people to create good places for bumble bees and solitary bees to over-winter in the garden. Leave some undisturbed ground on your plot or make insect houses by tying up bamboo canes which have holes in them in which the bees can shelter.
:: The RHS Taste of Autumn Festival, which features apple-tasting sessions, runs from October 17-21 at RHS Garden Wisley, Woking, Surrey. For details, visit www.rhs.org.uk
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“King Rehoboam resided in Jerusalem. He built cities for defense in Judah. He built up Bethlehem, Etam, Tekoa, Beth-zur, Soco, Adullam, Gath, Mareshah, Ziph, Adoraim, Lachish, Azekah, Zorah, Aijalon, and Hebron. There were fortified cities in Judah and in Benjamin. He made the fortresses strong. He put commanders in them. They had stores of food, oil, and wine. He also put large shields and spears in all the cities. He made them very strong. So he held Judah and Benjamin.”
There is no other source for this material here. Certainly some of these 15 cities already existed. This was a defensive gesture. He seems to have fortified them with shields, spears, food, commanders, and troops. These cities became strong fortresses against any enemy. Bethlehem was the birthplace of David, just 6 miles south of Jerusalem. Etam was about 2 miles southwest of Bethlehem. Tekoa was about 6 miles south of Bethlehem. Beth-zur was on the main road between Jerusalem and Hebron, about 4 miles north of Hebron, which was about 20 miles south of Jerusalem. Adullam was about 16 miles southwest of Jerusalem and about 10 miles west of Bethlehem. Gath was 1 of the 5 major cities of the Philistines that has been lost, but was on the west side of Judah. Mareshah was also in western Judah, while Ziph was in southern Judah. Adoraim only appears here but probably is a lost southwest town near the sea. Lachish was about 15 miles west of Hebron, probably close to Azekah. Zorah and Aijalon were western cities that were originally in the territory of Dan. About a half of these cities were within 20 miles of Jerusalem. Most of the fortified cities were in the south and west since the Dead Sea was on the east and Benjamin and northern Israel was to the north.
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Roman by birth, Leo was the son of Rodwald, a man of Lombard descent. He was educated at the monastery of St. Martin, near St. Peter’s basilica. The young man became a Benedictine monk. Due to his obvious piety, Leo was ordained a sub-deacon by Pope Gregory IV. He was later ordained a cardinal-priest of Santi Quattro Coronati by Pope Sergius II.
On January 27, 847, Pope Sergius, shocked and bewildered by the attack of the Saracens on Rome and its environs, died suddenly. After two months, Leo, a popular cleric, was unanimously chosen to succeed the deceased pope. He did not ask permission of the emperor and extend the time without a pope. He had to get right to work.
Due to the extensive damage resulting from the Saracen attacks in the late summer and fall of the previous year, Sergius had to build a strong wall on the right side of the Tiber to protect the ravaged basilica of St. Peter. The enclosed territory, guarded by Castel Sant Angelo, was named Leonine City and was actually considered a separate town until the 16th century. The Saracens and Moors who had attacked the previous year had taken many of the Church’s treasures. As fate, or God, would have it, a storm came up as they escaped by ship and many ships crashed and sank. Days later, Romans came down to the seashore to find many bodies washed up on shore and the treasures worn or in pockets. The pope returned the treasures they found and rebuilt St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s. St. Peter’s was never again as magnificent as it had been.
He also had the walls around the small city rebuilt, including fifteen of the tall towers. He was able to procure money from the emperor, the surrounding cities and the agricultural colonies within the Duchy of Rome.
While still rebuilding, a project that took four years, the Saracens again readied an attack. Leo formed a coalition of cities, Rome, Naples, Amalfi and Goeta, to repel the enemy navy. The coalition was commanded by Cesarius, son of Duke Sergius I of Naples. After attacking the port city of Ostia, the enemy fleet rode up the Tiber towards Pontus. The coalition forces repelled them and drove them back to the sea. Again, a storm destroyed the Saracens and their ships. This is the most famous battle in the history of the papacy in the Middle Ages. After the repairs were made, in 852, Pope Leo blessed the structures with solemnity. The reestablished Pontus was given to exiled Corsicans. Other towns were also either rebuilt by Leo or others, with his encouragement. Later, in 854, Leo fortified Civitavecchia, a common Saracen target.
Pope Leo was noted for his attempts to bring rebellious bishops and political leaders into line with Rome. For this purpose, he conducted three synods during his reign. One, in 850, was for the enforcement of ecclesiastical discipline and learning. During that synod, the son of the emperor, Louis, was crowned co-emperor with his father. At this same synod, Cardinal Athanasius of San Marcello, the former librarian of Rome, was excommunicated for disobedience. Two other synods were of little importance. In 853, at the Council of Soissons, Archbishop Hincmar was censured for excommunicating an imperial vassal without papal permission. Duke Nomence of Brittany wanted independence from the Church. He deposed a number of bishops and replaced them with his own, then placed them under the jurisdiction of a metropolitan see. It took hundreds of years to get those dioceses back to the Archbishop of Tours. Pope Leo was working on a number of these problems when he died in July, 855.
Pope Leo IV was known as a skillful organizer, fundraiser and administrator. His greatest accomplishment is considered to be the strengthening of Rome’s defenses, repairing a number of churches and monasteries and forging alliances.
Leo had a figure of a rooster placed on top of either ole St. Peter’s Basilica or the old Constantinian Basilica. He said it was to remind the people of St. Peter’s denying Jesus just as the cock crowed. This was in keeping with Pope Gregory I, who said that the cock was the most suitable emblem of Christianity.
This pope was buried on July 17 of 855 at St. Peter’s. Years later, he was interred with the other Popes Leo. After that, Pope Leo the Great was separated out. His biographer and others have credited him with miracles and he was declared a saint at some point.
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Oct16 Fun Holiday – Dictionary Day
Dictionary Day is on October 16. The unofficial holiday celebrates the birth anniversary of American lexicographer, Noah Webster.
Born on October 16, 1758, Webster is best known for publishing An American Dictionary of the English Language, the precursor of the now famous and widely used Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
A dictionary is a reference book that lists words in a language and provides the meaning, origin and pronunciation of each listed word. The book also informs users on how to use a word in different circumstances.
Semasiological, of Course
Dictionaries are semasiological. Semasiology is the branch of linguistics that deals with the definition of words and phrases in a language. This is different from onomasiology, which deals with what things and concepts are called. A thesuarus is an onomasiological reference book because it provides users the different terms that can be used to express a specific idea.
How to Celebrate?
- Pick up a dictionary and try to learn the meanings of at least 5 new words.
- Learn more about the history and science behind publishing dictionaries.
Did You Know...
...that pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is the longest word in the Merriam-Webster dictionary? At 45 letters, the word refers to a lung disease.
Dictionary Day Observances
|Fun Holiday: Dictionary Day Observances|
|2020||Fri||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2021||Sat||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2022||Sun||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2023||Mon||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2024||Wed||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2025||Thu||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2026||Fri||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2027||Sat||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2028||Mon||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
|2029||Tue||Oct 16||Dictionary Day|
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A sparkling new translation of one of the greatest travel books ever written: Marco Polo's seminal account of his journeys in the east. Marco Polo was the most famous traveller of his time. His voyages began in 1271 with a visit to China, after which he served the Kublai Khan on numerous diplomatic missions. On his return to the West he was made a prisoner of war and met Rustichello of Pisa, with whom he collaborated on this book. His account of his travels offers a fascinating glimpse of what he encountered abroad: unfamiliar religions, customs and societies; the spices and silks of the East; the precious gems, exotic vegetation and wild beasts of faraway lands. Evoking a remote and long-vanished world with colour and immediacy, Marco's book revolutionized western ideas about the then unknown East and is still one of the greatest travel accounts of all time. For this edition - the first completely new English translation of the Travels in over fifty years - Nigel Cliff has gone back to the original manuscript sources to produce a fresh, authoritative new version. The volume also contains invaluable editorial materials, including an introduction describing the world as it stood on the eve of Polo's departure, and examining the fantastical notions the West had developed of the East.
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New Orleans (pronounced /nuːˈɔliənz, nuːˈɔlənz/ locally and often pronounced /nuːɔrˈliːnz/ in most other US dialects French: La Nouvelle-Orléans is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana. New Orleans is the center of the Greater New Orleans metropolitan area, the largest metro area in the state.
New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River. It is coextensive with Orleans Parish, meaning that the boundaries of the city and the parish are the same. It is bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany (north), St. Bernard (east), Plaquemines (south), and Jefferson (south and west). Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, and Lake Borgne lies to the east.
The city is named after Philippe II, Duc d’Orléans, Regent of France, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is well known for its multicultural and multilingual heritage, cuisine, architecture, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual Mardi Gras and other celebrations and festivals. The city is often referred to as the “most unique” city in America
La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) was founded May 7, 1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of France at the time; his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris (1763) and remained under Spanish control until 1801, when it reverted to French control. Most of the surviving architecture of the Vieux Carré (French Quarter) dates from this Spanish period. Napoleon sold the territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. The city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, and Creole French. Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city.
The Haitian Revolution of 1804 established the second republic in the Western Hemisphere and the first led by blacks. Haitian refugees both white and free people of color (affranchis) arrived in New Orleans, often bringing slaves with them. While Governor Claiborne and other officials wanted to keep out more free black men, French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, Haitian émigrés who had gone to Cuba also arrived. Nearly 90 percent of the new immigrants settled in New Orleans. The 1809 migration brought 2,731 whites; 3,102 free persons of African descent; and 3,226 enslaved refugees to the city, doubling its French-speaking population.
During the War of 1812, the British sent a force to conquer the city. The Americans decisively defeated the British troops, led by Sir Edward Pakenham, in the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815.
As a principal port, New Orleans had the major role of any city during the antebellum era in the slave trade. Its port handled huge quantities of goods for export from the interior and import from other countries to be traded up the Mississippi River. The river was filled with steamboats, flatboats, and sailing ships. At the same time, it had the most prosperous community of free persons of color in the South, who were often educated and middle-class property owners.
The population of the city doubled in the 1830s, and by 1840 New Orleans had become the wealthiest and third-most populous city in the nation. It had the largest slave market. Two-thirds of the more than one million slaves brought to the Deep South arrived via the forced migration of the internal slave trade. The money generated by sales of slaves in the Upper South has been estimated at fifteen percent of the value of the staple crop economy. The slaves represented half a billion dollars in property, and an ancillary economy grew up around the trade in slaves – for transportation, housing and clothing, fees, etc., estimated at 13.5 percent of the price per person. All this amounted to tens of billions of dollars during the antebellum period, with New Orleans as a prime beneficiary.
The Union captured New Orleans early in the American Civil War, sparing the city the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South.
Duration : 0:3:25
Categories: Louisiana Music Tags: African, American, Americans, Armstrong, art, Black, Blue, Cajun, Celebration, creole, Fat, Festival, folk, French, Gras, Hurricane, Jazz, Joint, Juke, Katrina, Louie, Louisiana, Mardi, Mississippi, music, new, NOLA, of, orleans, Quarters, River, Saints, slave, Slaves, south, Southern, Trade, Tuesday, Zydeco
The Louisiana Creole Heritage Center in Natchitoches, Louisiana is asking for a small membership fee of 8 dollars a month to help them stay open. They are at high risk of closing due to budget cuts. Please spread the word!
Duration : 0:2:19
Travel Show Live Host Erik Hastings tours New Orleans, Louisiana, one of America’s most sensual destinations, rich with history, culture, architecture, cuisine, music, and 24-hour entertainment. The French Quarter, Arts District, Garden District, Riverfront, and Downtown, are open for business and going strong with great attractions and values for visitors.
Duration : 0:4:1
Categories: Louisiana Travel Tags: architecture, art, civil, cuisine, culture, dining, entertainment, French, Galatoire's, Harrah's, history, Jazz, Museum, music, new, Ogden, orleans, Quarter, Saints, Seafood, Southern, The, travel, Upperline, vacation, war
In this video, Betty demonstrates how to make Faux French Beignets. This is a quick and easy way to make chocolate beignets, using ordinary ingredients from your kitchen, and you don’t need to be a French pastry chef to make these! I found out how to make these by watching a TV show, “Chefs of the Bluegrass,” which had a segment featuring Furlongs, an upscale restaurant in Lexington, Kentucky. The theme of the restaurant is thoroughbred racing, but the style of food is Cajun. This is a great place to find wonderful jambalaya or etoufee! The owner and the chef are both from the New Orleans area, and they offered this quick recipe for beignets on the “Chefs of the Bluegrass” show, and I wanted to pass it along to you!
canned refrigerated biscuits
semisweet chocolate chips
Remove regrigerated biscuits from their can. Individually, stretch each biscuit into a circle of dough. Place a few chocolate chips on the dough. Fold the dough in half, enclosing the chocolate chips. Use your fingers to pinch the edges together, so that you have a crescent of dough that completely encloses the chocolate chips. Make sure there are not holes in the dough or gaps in the edges. Meanwhile, heat about 1 inch of peanut oil in a heavy pot to 350 degrees. When the oil is hot enough, carefully place a chocolate-filled crescent into the hot oil. The dough of the crescent should sizzle. The beignet will cook very quickly. When it is brown on the bottom, let it roll over in the oil to brown the other side. When brown on both sides, remove from oil, and place on paper toweling to drain. Quickly roll the beignet in a container of confectioner’s sugar to coat all over. The beignet is ready to eat! You may do several at a time and place them on a nice serving plate. They are excellent when served warm, but still great after they have cooled. Enjoy!!! –Betty
Duration : 0:8:14
Categories: Louisiana Cooking Tags: afternoon, baking, beignet, Betty, Betty's, bettyskitchen, biscuit, Bluegrass, breakfast, canned, chefs, children, chips, chocolate, confevtioner's, cooking, dessert, dough, doughnut, entertain, entertaining, family, faux, French, fried, friends, fry, fun, Furlongs, home, homemade, homestyle, Kentucky, kids, kitchen, Lexington, Louisiana, made, new, of, oil, orleans, peanut, powdered, Recipe, refrigerated, roll, semisweet, snack, Southern, style, sugar, sweet, tea, The, treat
Music used with permission.
Just weeks before hurricane Katrina, I visited New Orleans for several days and this montage is a look back at the way life was before the hurricane.
Duration : 0:5:42
New Orleans, Louisiana known as The Big Easy, is open 24 hours a day and dates back to the 1700′s representing more than 250 years of French, Spanish and American culture. Bohemian, opulent, mysterious, historical and indulgent are all words that are used to described New Orleans.
As you walk through the historic districts you will experience the architecture, music, history, culture and hospitality that the south is renowned for as well as the uniqueness of New Orleans. Enjoy the abundance of attractions: Museums, natural history, street cars, historic districts, shopping, dinning, riverboats and Mardi Gras – one of over 600 festivals that New Orleans & Louisiana have to offer.
Duration : 0:2:32
Lousiana culture does seem much more diverse. There are many cajuns still living in a subsistence economy based on hunting, fishing, and gardening. The cajun and creole cuisine is rarely found elsewhere, at least not in high quality. The above-ground cemeteries adds a touch of mystique along with the voodoo history. Louisiana’s dark past as a slave-port and holding place for incoming slaves is a curious look at a gut-wrenching period of U.S. history. People from Lousiana seem to have learned a way to cook any part of any animal and make it a delicacy. Whether it’s soft-shell crabs, or sucking the head out of a crawdad, or turtle soup, they don’t miss much. The French, Carribean, and African influence on dialect and cuisine can’t be missed. The greatest Creole restaurants in the world are in New Orleans, IMHO. Commander’s Palace, Brennans, Arnauds, K-Paul’s, Antoine’s, just to name a few of my favorites. And Jackson Square with it’s Cafe du Monde’s beignets and chickory coffee are an interesting experience.
Texas was largely populated by Czechs, Poles, and Germans. They seemed to assimilate into a homogenized Texan culture much more completely. The main cultural interest in Texas now seems Hispanic. Tex-Mex food and BBQ seems to be the bulk of the Texan cuisine. The best steaks are still in Kansas City. I love visiting Texas to be sure. They are a proud and patriotic people. But their cutural heritage is not so rich and diverse as it is in Louisiana. Texas is wealthier, more modern, with more malls, high-rises, extravagant modern hotels, etc. While New Orleans has more boutique hotels with very attentive staff that take great pride in using your name at every encounter. Louisiana, on the other hand, even before Katrina, was a city largely forgotten when it comes to building standards, and remaining eyesores of buildings that plainly need serious structural improvements for safety and many half-demolished buidings.
Each state has its plusses and minuses, but Lousiana culture remains richer and more diverse in my opinion.
From the pots of red beans and rice bubbling in French Quarter restaurants to the amulet bags for sale in neighborhood botanicas, Haitian influence is seen, heard and tasted across this city. French colonists from Saint-Domingue — later renamed Haiti — had traveled to New Orleans since the early 1700s. That connection flourished in 1809 and 1810, when 10,000 refugees arrived in New Orleans from Saint-Domingue. Those numbers were later strengthen with another migration wave of 15,000 in the 1820s. The refugees were a combination of French colonists, their slaves and free people of color who had fled the slave uprisings.The refugees doubled the city’s population and infused New Orleans with Franco-Caribbean traditions, including theater companies, elaborate dances and black political activists. Also, as Saint-Domingue’s lucrative sugarcane fields burned during the revolution there, New Orleans’ sugar industry soared. A lot of the things about New Orleans we view as unique came from those Haitian refugees. New Orleans is the most Haitian city in America, much more than Miami or New York. Essentially all of the surviving whites (along with some of the gens de couleur) became refugees. Approximately 10,000 French refugees came to the Gulf Coast larger than the population of New Orleans and Mobile at the time (8,000 and 810 respectively). These Saint-Dominguens made a significant contribution to the Gulf Coasts creole culture. Saint-Dominguens included John James Audubon, Louis Moreau Gottschalks family, and (likely) Marie Laveau and Jean Laffitte. Black refugees to Louisiana brought with them elements of African and Haitian culture in the form of voodoo/hoodoo practices, shotgun house architecture, and the language, oral traditions, and dance steps of Mardi Gras Indian rites.
Duration : 0:4:52
Categories: Louisiana Culture Tags: 1804, about, American, ayiti, Beyonce, couleur, creole, de, doming, domingue, dominican, France, French, gens, Gras, Haiti, kreyol, Laffite, laffitte, Latin, Laveau, libres, Mardi, n'orleans, new, orleans, republic, saint, Saint-Domingue, san, truth, Tulane, wycleff
1986 Nick Spitzer film on African American dance-hall music in French-speaking southwest Louisiana, with Dolon Carriere, Armand Ardoin, and Alphonse Bois Sec Ardoin.
Music performed by Bebe Carriere, Eraste Carriere, Delton Broussard, The Ardoin Brothers, Jon Delafose and the Eunice Playboys, and Clinvin Jones and Friends.
Duration : 0:1:58
Categories: Louisiana Culture Tags: Alphonse, American, arcadian, Ardoin, Armand, Bebe, Bois, Broussard, Carriere, Clinvin, creole, dance, Delafose, Dleton, Dolon, Eraste, Eunice, folk, French, Jon, Jones, Louisiana, music, nick, Playboys, rural, Sec, south, spitzer, traditional
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| 0.937423 | 3,235 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Water: Polluted Runoff
Guidance for Federal Land Management in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Explore Polluted Runoff
(Nonpoint Source Pollution)
This guidance presents the most effective tools and practices to address nonpoint source pollution that is currently contributing nutrients and sediments from federal land management activity in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The categories of activity that are addressed in this guidance are agriculture, urban and suburban (including turf), forestry, riparian areas, decentralized wastewater treatment systems, and hydromodification. The same techniques can be utilized by states, local governments, conservation districts, watershed organizations, developers, farmers and citizens in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.
This guidance, organized in six chapters by category of activity, is available in full and by chapter on the downloads page or can be accessed by clicking the links below. EPA's response to comments received (PDF) (66 pp, 403K, About PDF) can be accessed here or on the downloads page.
Categories of Federal Land Management Activity
Riparian areas are the natural buffers between uplands and adjacent waterbodies.
Decentralized wastewater treatment systems serve millions of homes in the Bay watershed, adding ~12.5 million pounds of nitrogen to the Bay each year.
The term hydromodification refers to the alteration of the hydrologic characteristics of waterbodies, which in turn could cause degradation of water resources.
Agriculture can implement practices based on source, in-field and edge of field controls to protect water quality.
Development incorporating watershed planning, smart growth, low-impact designs and practices, and retrofits is critical to protect the Bay from urban and suburban runoff.
Well-managed forests are the most beneficial land use for clean water. Large areas of healthy forest and streamside forests are essential to keeping nutrient and sediment pollution out of the rivers and Bay.
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How many times we have seen the HTTPS extension in the URL of the website and wondered what is all about?
Well, it is definitely not to make your site more attractive but ensures the safety and security of the web pages. Every day we hear of attacks on the web links and if you are an ecommerce store, the last thing you would want is an attack and the crashing of the website. SSL certificate is the basic form of protection ensuring the encryption of data to prevent the intruders and hackers to steal the information.
Some of the features of certification are as follows:
Since sensitive data such as credit card information is send to the system, authentication technology is used to ensure that the message is not send to the unidentified recipient. The data passes through several computers before it reaches the intended server. With encryption technology in place, it will be difficult for any computer to decipher the information. Validation process ensures that the visitors are on authenticated websites and they are not the target of phishing.
SSL technology is compatible with all the browsers available in the internet domain. Therefore, the certificate will work on any application that can be used to view the web pages.
After the completion of validation process, the certificate is issued automatically to the website and can be easily installed.
There are different types of certificates issued to the users. Some of them are as follows:
High assurance certificate:
It is issued to the company that has a valid business registration and also the ownership of the domain name. The information is mentioned in the certificate so that the users know what website they are visiting. Validation process might take more than 2 days because it is manual.
Domain validation certificate:
The certificate only implies that you are the owner of the domain. Information is generated automatically by checking the WHOIS database. It is considered less reliable than the high assurance version.
Extended validation certification
It is a fool proof authorization mechanism to ensure that you do not fall prey to the phishing attack. The business address and the authorization are validated before the certificate is issued. Whole process might take time however the website will be more reliable to the visitors.
They allow users to connect to the website using 40 bit encryption technology. Similarly, the certification also provides higher and normal encryption rates of 128 and 256 bits respectively to the users.
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- slide 1 of 6
Homemade organic plant food does not just turn out to be inexpensive, in fact, it is the best choice for providing the right kind of nourishment to your plants. Its alternative is chemical fertilizers, which can burn your plants and also damage the soil over time. Although most of us have heard about the benefits of organic food for the plants, very few of us have an idea about how to make organic plant food. Don't worry, here is help at hand. Use any one of these wonderful recipes for the health and growth of your plants.
- slide 2 of 6
Recipe 1 for Organic Plant Food
This recipe is easy to make since it utilizes things around the house. Take a gallon of tepid water and add one teaspoon of Epsom salts, one teaspoon of baking powder, a teaspoon of salt, and 1/3 teaspoon of ammonia. You can use this wonderful plant food mix to water your plants once every four weeks. Don't use it too much or too often as it may weaken your plants.
- slide 3 of 6
Recipe 2 for Organic Plant Food
You can make plant food from soft and lush leaves of plants such as nettle or comfrey. Since fresh shoots are quite soft, these are ideal plant foods. Place the fresh shoots and leaves of these plants in a container and then add enough water to cover them. This should be left like this for three to four weeks. After this, the pulp should be removed, and the liquid should be used as a foliar feed. However, before using it, make sure to dilute one part of the liquid with fifteen parts water. If you want to use it on open ground, you do not need to add any water. For using it as plant food for potted plants, dilute one part with ten parts of water.
- slide 4 of 6
Recipe 3 for Organic Plant Food
You have probably heard about compost tea. Here is a recipe for making manure tea. This homemade plant food can provide excellent nutrients and beneficial microorganisms to your plants. For this, you can use manure from rabbits, chickens, horses, and cows. These should be placed in a cloth and tied. Once your cloth bag is ready, put it in a five gallon bucket and add the water. Let it sit like this for a week or so and then add the manure tea to the soil to make it nutritious.
- slide 5 of 6
Recipe 4 for Organic Plant Food
Fish emulsion, seaweed, and molasses are considered to be quite nutritious for house plants. Take one tablespoon of liquid seaweed, four tablespoons of fish emulsion, one teaspoon of molasses. Add these to about one gallon of water. Use this mixture to spray on the leaves of your plants and on the soil. This mixture provides just the right amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to your plants.
Besides these above recipes, you can add crushed egg shells and water from your aquarium tank to the soil. These will really be beneficial for your plants.
Now that you have some idea about how to make organic plant food, it is time to do a favor to your plants. Stop using those expensive and harmful store-bought chemical fertilizers and feed your plants some environmentally-friendly homemade organic plant food. It may take a little effort on your part, but remember it's a great way to show your plants how much you care.
- slide 6 of 6
Natural Health Ezine: Homemade plant fertilizer recipes
The Gardener's Rake: Homemade Plant Food – Organic Gardening
How to Sprout: Organic Plant Food Recipe
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Ammende-haaf Surname History
The family history of the Ammende-haaf last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Ammende-haaf:
- Ammende-haaf family history
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- Ammende-haaf spelling & pronunciation
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Ammende-haaf Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
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The nationality of Ammende-haaf can be complicated to determine because country boundaries change over time, making the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Ammende-haaf may be difficult to determine depending on whether the surname came about naturally and independently in various locales; e.g. in the case of family names that are based on professions, which can come into being in multiple regions independently (such as the surname "Baker" which refers to the craft of baker).
Ammende-haaf Meaning & Etymology
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The meaning of Ammende-haaf come may come from a trade, such as the name "Carpenter" which was given to woodworkers. Some of these profession-based surnames might be a profession in some other language. Because of this it is useful to understand the ethnicity of a name, and the languages used by its family members. Many western names like Ammende-haaf are inspired by religious texts such as the Bible, the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, and so forth. In many cases these names relate to a religious phrase such as "Favored of God".
Ammende-haaf Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
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Family names like Ammende-haaf change in spelling and pronunciation as they travel across communities, family lines, and languages over the years. In the past, when few people knew how to write, names such as Ammende-haaf were transliterated based on their pronunciation when people's names were recorded in public records. This could have led to misspellings of Ammende-haaf. Understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the Ammende-haaf last name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name.
Last names similar to Ammende-haafAmmendo, Ammendola, Ammendolagine, Ammendolare, Ammendolia, Ammendolo, Ammendorf, Ammendsen, Ammendt, Ammenelo, Ammenerth, Ammenhaeuser, Ammen-harms, Ammenhauer, Ammenhauser, Ammenhäuser, Ammenhäuser-kleinschmidt, Ammenheuser, Ammeni, Ammenia
ammende-haaf Family Tree
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Core science reveals Arctic's hot past
5 June 2006
A sample of sediment excavated from over 1,000 feet below the floor of the Arctic, has allowed scientists to look into the region's distant past.
Experts from the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS) have, as part of international teams, contributed to 3 papers published this week in Nature (June 1st 2006). Their work is part of the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), which used ice breaking ships and a drilling rig to take samples from beneath the Arctic seabed from Siberia to Greenland.
The teams have charted the changes that took place in the Arctic around 50-55 million years ago and have, through analysing the legacy of minerals and fossils found in the sample cores, been able to create a picture of Arctic climate history when sea temperatures rose. This reveals that a near-tropical arctic warming event - known as the Palaeocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum which took place due to natural climate change.
The scientists say the data will be used by climate modellers to give better information about how climate change occurs.
1. ACEX is part of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) The IODP involves scientists from Europe, Japan and the USA who will investigate many of the Earth's regions that were previously inaccessible in earlier ocean drilling programmes. NERC is investing £12·5m in the programme, which will run until 2013.
2. BGS is one of the Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) wholly owned Research Centres. NOCS is jointly owned by NERC and the University of Southampton.
Briefing note: 33/06
Recent press news
- Billion-year-old water could hold clues to life on Earth and Mars
- New Director of Science for NERC
- Plants use underground networks to warn of enemy attack
- BIOMASS mission given go ahead to launch in 2020
- Dr Katharine Giles
- New Director for the British Antarctic Survey
- Plans to strengthen UK-Indian collaboration in Earth sciences and environmental research
- CryoSat-2 mission reveals major Arctic sea-ice loss
- UK and USA collaborate in airborne climate science projects
- New capital investments for NERC
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Chronic Pain: Here are the Facts to Prevent and Cure It!
Chronic pain can be defined as continuous pain in the nervous system. The pain persists for weeks, months, and years and you should pay attention when you are feeling chronic pain. Why?
Chronic pain can be an initial mishap of sprained back, acute infection, or ongoing pain of some illnesses like arthritis, cancer, or ear infection. Older adults usually experience this kind of pain. The typical pain involves headaches, low back pain, cancer pain, and neurogenic pain. But an individual can have more than a single chronic pain.
More than a single chronic pain can be categorized as chronic fatigue syndrome, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, joint dysfunction, and other diseases that can share a common cause.
According to scientists, advanced neuroscience can lead to more and better treatments for chronic pain in the years. Some of the procedures for chronic pain are medications, acupuncture, local electrical, and brain stimulation. This includes surgery for advanced chronic pain. But the standard treatment for chronic pain is psychotherapy, relaxation, and medication therapies and behavior medication can be used.
Where and when chronic pain started?
There are different types of chronic pain, but how did it start?
One of the types of chronic pain is after an injury heals.
Imagine when you get injured by the paper cut or arthritis; if it seems to be healed outside, there can still be underlying problems that do not improve. Arthritis is one example to identify chronic pain. When gout has been a long term inflammation and damage to the joints, it can cause damage to tissues without symptoms. Even if you healed, the pain could still be there because once you felt a pain in your spinal cord and brain, the pain can be easily perceived by the brain. There are instances that it can be treated in a problematic manner, and this is frustrating for the individual. If this happens, it will become frustrating, which can lead to depression and other emotional problems. At this point, you will need to seek management from a specialist who can assist you in dealing with chronic pain.
How does chronic pain differ from neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain?
Pain can have a positive effect on our bodies. When we feel the pain, our brain recognizes it, and it tends to protect ourselves from getting more injuries. With neuropathic pain, it has no benefit. This kind of pain occurred because it has a wide variety of disorders affecting the nervous system from the brain to the spinal cord up to the smallest nerves in the toes.
The pain sensation fibers send a signal even if there is no pain stimulus. This can also mislead the message and mistakenly identify it as pain. For instance, a stroke can leave a patient unable to process some sensation properly, and sometimes, it stops working.
So what are different kinds of neuropathic pain?
There are different kinds of Neuropathic pain that physicians can identify, such as diabetic neuropathy, shingles, and postherpetic neuralgia, painful scars, phantom limb pain, trigeminal neuralgia, and pain can be associated with multiple sclerosis.
An excellent example of neuropathic pain is spinal nerve injury. This is a type of illness connected to the neck or low back problems. If you feel discomfort to your arm and leg, this is a neuropathic pain which can compress the spinal column.
When you have this kind of pain, how can this be treated? You can take some morphine, but make sure you have consulted your doctor. Taking medications to stop this kind of pain delivers precise electrical pulses to the spinal cord that blocks the pain signals before reaching the brain. This sounds effective, but only if you have the right prescription.
How about sympathetically-mediated pain?
Another term for sympathetically-mediated pain is complex regional pain syndrome. This is another type of neuropathic pain. This is a severe pain disorder that can result in significant injury, and later on, can be a traumatic experience.
The standard part of your body that can experience this kind of pain is your limb. It can show different signs like abnormal circulation and sweating. However, when you need to diagnose this kind of chronic pain, it will be difficult because physical findings can mimic other diseases. This will confuse the result in finding the original score. The diagnosis can have different specific criteria based on the kind of pain. But with this kind of pain, it can be present even if there are no signs of illness.
What is the difference between cancer pain and chronic pain?
Cancer pain has a different pain level because of complications and treatment. Though you are under the best management specialists, when you have cancer, the pain can be associated with different causes.
For instance, a tumor is the start of cancer, and it can be painful as it spreads. This can also injure other tissues that can increase pain. One of the diseases that hurt is bone pain. It affects the nerves, which result in burning, shooting, and some pain. Unlike other chronic pain, cancer pain can be progressive. If no treatment is applied, it can rapidly scatter.
Seeking the Doctor’s Advice
When you have chronic pain, you tend to know the advice of the medical. One of the known senior neuroscientists is Sylvia Gustin. According to her, she has been using brain imaging techniques to know about chronic pain. She aims to increase the understanding of the development and maintenance of it. This is an essential development to treat this kind of pain, which has an association with psychological and central components. It also contributes to the development and evaluation of novel interventions to provide pain relief to our brain as the primary source of pain.
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Synonyms for encloses
- block off
- hem in
- box up
- close in
- fence off
- lock in
- lock up
- set apart
- shut in
- wall in
Antonyms for encloses
EXAMPLES FROM THE WEB FOR ENCLOSES
Here is a letter from mother, and it encloses a letter from dad!
It encloses four acres, and has a large depot for ordnance, arms, &c.
Encloses a draft of a Proclamation for the suspension of hostilities.
The lower part of the bract forms a sheath which encloses the ovary.
On the urn that encloses his ashes should be these words: Liberator of Men.
But how will the artist avoid the corruption of his time which encloses him on all hands?
It encloses a thousand acres belonging to the New Race University.
The membrane of the vesicular nucleus is thin, but firm, and encloses a clear or finely granular mass of nuclein.
Central capsule thin-walled, without oil-globules, four times as broad as the nucleus, which encloses one single nucleolus.
Where man inhabits houses, he also encloses his gods in temples.
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The Average Length of Major League Baseball Games
james steidl/iStock/Getty Images
Baseball is the only major team sport played in North America that does not have a time clock. At the major league level, teams play nine innings to decide the game. If the game is tied after nine innings, the teams will play extra innings to determine a winner. Although no time clock exists, Major League Baseball records the length of every regular-season and postseason game and, in general, games last about three hours.
Major League Baseball Concerns
Baseball officials do not want the game to be played at a leisurely pace. When batters step out of the batter's box and when pitchers take extra seconds to get ready to throw, the pace of the game slows. If the game takes a long time because batters are hitting the ball and runners are moving around the base paths, many fans won't mind a game that lasts more than three hours. However, if the game has little action and delaying tactics, along with long meetings on the mound, are the reasons, fans can become annoyed. As a result, MLB officials instruct umpires to keep games moving efficiently.
During the 2000 season, the average length of a Major League Baseball game was 2 hours and 58 minutes, according to MLB.com. Major league officials thought this was too long and told the umpires to speed things up. To speed the pace of the game, the league mandated such changes as not granting time when batters wanted to step out of the batter's box without a valid reason and demanding that pitchers throw the ball in more rapid succession.
Major League Baseball got the results it wanted in ensuing years. The average time of a Major League Baseball game was 2 hours and 54 minutes 2001; 2 hours and 52 minutes in in 2002 and 2 hours and 46 minutes in 2003. The figures remained similar through the 2006 season. However, in 2007, the average length of the game increased to 2 hours and 51 minutes, and it has not been below 2 hours and 50 minutes through the 2010 season.
Reasons for Concern
During the 1970s, the average time of a Major League Baseball game was approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes. The increase is related to several factors, including increased time between innings for TV and radio commercials. However, players also take longer between at bats and between pitches. Major league officials are concerned particularly about games that last more than three hours because many fans have to go to work or school the day after a night contest.
- james steidl/iStock/Getty Images
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The integrity of a piping system depends on the considerations and principles used in design, construction and maintenance of the system.
Piping systems are made of many components as pipes, flanges, supports, gaskets, bolts, valves, strainers, flexibles and expansion joints.
The components can be made in a variety of materials, in different types and sizes and may be manufactured to common national standards or according a manufacturers proprietary item.
Some companies even publish their own internal piping standards based upon national and industry sector standards.
Piping codes and standards from standardization organizations as ANSI, ASME, ISO, DIN and others, are the most common used in pipes and piping systems specifications.
The difference between piping codes and piping standards can be defined as:
Piping standards define application design and construction rules and requirements for piping components as flanges, elbows, tees, valves etc.
A standard has a limited scope defined by the standard.
Piping codes define the requirements of engineering, design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of pipes and piping systems.
Each code has a limited jurisdiction defined by the scope of the code.
The links provided here are internet web sites for additional information available at the time of the creation of this listing (20Mar2014)
B31.1 - Power Piping
This code contains requirements for piping systems typically found in electric power generating stations, industrial institutional plants, geothermal heating systems, and heating and cooling systems.
B31.2 – Fuel Gas Piping
This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).(1)
B31.3 - Process Piping
This Code contains requirements for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, & cryogenic plants, & related processing plant terminals
B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids
This Code contains requirements for piping transporting crude oil, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum products and other liquids between natural gas plants, refineries, and other facilities.
B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components
This Code contains requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components & secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320°F (-196°C).
B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
This Code contains information on the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, testing, and safety aspects of operation and maintenance of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of hydrocarbon gases.
B31.12 – Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines
This Code contains information on the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, testing, and safety aspects of operation and maintenance of piping and pipeline facilities used for the transportation of Hydrogen gas.
(1) This Code covered the design, fabrication, installation, and testing of piping systems for fuel gases such as natural gas, manufactured gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-air mixtures above the upper combustible limit, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in the gaseous phase, or mixtures of these gases.
Included within the scope of this Code is fuel gas piping systems both in buildings and between buildings, from the outlet of the consumer's meter set assembly (or point of delivery) to and including the first pressure containing valve upstream of the gas utilization device.
About the Author
Anton Dooley is a Piper with over 25 years experience covering process plant engineering, design & training. He is the founder of pipingdesigners.com
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Look Here For Great Advice About Muscle BuildingYou might have heard that muscle building is hard work that takes time. While that's true, it's more important to learn how to build muscles than to exercise every day. If you want to build muscles efficiently, you need to learn what to do and what not to do. Read on for some guidance about how to build muscles.
It is important to eat foods and meals with carbohydrates after your workout and on your rest days. This will help you to rebuild and grow your muscles faster. The reason for this is that consuming carbohydrates causes the production of insulin in your body which in turn slows down the rate at which your body breaks down proteins. Even something as simple as a banana or a peanut butter sandwich will help.
Crank up some music. Research has shown that listening to music you love while you are lifting can help you do more reps than not listening to any music at all or not listening to the music that you like. In addition, having headphones can help distract you from having a conversation with others that will defer your workout.
Creatine, like any other additive that you use, has to be taken in moderation. Avoid these all together when you face issues with your kidneys. In addition, they have been known to cause muscle compartment syndrome, heart arrhythmia, and muscle cramps. These risks are especially dangerous in adolescents. Be sure that you are using these supplements exactly as they are recommended.
Short-term use of creatine supplements can help you build muscle with minimal risks. Creatine plays an important role in your body in that it is required to produce ATP, a basic and vital form of energy. Your body cannot function without ATP, and lack of creatine can cause muscle problems. Having a higher level of creatine will enable you to train more intensely, and for a prolonged period of time.
If you are trying to build muscle, make sure to eat enough protein. One of the essential building blocks of new muscle mass is protein, so consuming too little might actually degrade your existing tissue. This is the opposite of what you are trying to achieve. You may require daily protein in the amount of one gram for each pound you weigh.
In order to gain the muscle you want to gain, you need to know how many calories to eat per day. To determine your daily calorie intake you should multiple your weight by 15. The resulting number is the number of calories your body needs to build muscle and burn as much fat as possible.
In order to prevent a barbell from crushing you while doing a large squat, Utilize a power rack. Lots of squat racks contain pins that can be set below the maximum squatting depth. If you reach failure on a rep, you can just allow the weight to drop onto these safety pins. Therefore, you don't have to worry about lifting more than you are capable of.
Measure body fat, not body weight. If you are attempting to build muscle and you do not see a change in your weight, do not get discouraged. You can lose fat while you gain muscle, resulting in a weight that does not change. A better indicator is measuring your body fat. If your weight is holding steady (or even increasing) while your fat levels are dropping - you are gaining muscle.
For quick muscle building, you need to push your muscles to grow. Believe it or not, if you do not push your muscles to increase in size, they won't. By using the overloading principle, you can push your muscles into growing faster. If you are not familiar with the overload principle, it means you need to work out with weights that are greater than your muscles can comfortably handle.
Aim to maintain a journal when following a workout regimen. Jot down the exercises that you do, the number of sets and reps you do, and anything else concerning your workout. You should write down how much rest you get each night and even how you feel during workouts. Writing down everything that you can allows you to better keep track of how you are doing every single week.
You need to drink at least 4 liters of water every day if you want your muscles to grow. The body needs water to function properly but muscles need water to be able to rebuild after a workout and to grow in size. If you carry a water bottle with you everywhere you go, drinking water is easy.
Try to eat every 3-4 hours. If you don't eat frequently enough, you can slow down the rate at which your body creates new proteins, which create muscle tissue. Divide the total number of calories you need in a day by 6, and try to shoot for 6 mini-meals spread out over the course of the day.
For the best results when trying to build muscle, change your routine often. Doing the same exercises over and over for weeks on end will cause your results to plateau, so find ways to mix it up and work every muscle group by altering your routine. You might change the number of reps, the exercises you perform, or the intensity of each exercise.
If you are unsure of what exercises to do more often, throw in more dips, push-ups and chin ups. These exercises have stood the test of time in their proven ability to build upper-body mass. Nor are they likely to be replaced by other possibilities in the near future.
If you desire to build muscle, one of the most important things to consider is a pre-workout meal. This meal should be filled with protein and carbohydrates, which will give you the energy that you need for your workout. Also, foods that contain these nutrients can help to convert fat to muscle as get more info you lift weights.
Limit yourself to four workouts per week. Doing five or more can cause recovery issues that limit or even hinder your progress. Having three days off a week also allows for mental recovery as well as physical. You will be more enthusiastic about going to the gym on your four days.
You also need the right kind of information and training, even though building muscle can be done with effort and time. Let the tips in this article be your guide apply them to your muscle building regiment and watch for results. Stay patient and you will soon be one of those bodies you used to envy.
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OSPF was originally designed in an age when processors were much less capable, available memory was much smaller, and link bandwidths were much lower. To conserve processing power, memory, and n-the-wire bandwidth, OSPF was designed using fixed length fields (FLFs). TLVs are more difficult to process than an FLF; to process a set of FLFs, you build a structure that mimics the FLF formatting, and simple “impose” it on the memory location where you have stored the data to be decoded, as shown below.
In the FLF model, the structure can simply be imposed on the memory locations, and the values can be read directly. In the TLV model, each type code must be read to determine the kind of information and the length must be read to determine the size of the field. Only once these two items in the TLV header have been read can the actual data be related to a particular field in the resulting data structure.
In the intervening years, however, compute, storage, and network capabilities have increased dramatically; the following chart, taken from a book I’m working on, shows this growth since about the start of the “network era.”
As compute, storage, and network capabilities have increased, the arguments against using TLVs have faded into the background. Keeping with this, OSPF is moving towards a TLV based structure, slowly replacing the FLF structure it was originally designed with (OSPF TLVs!). The first big move in this direction was actually taken in RFC5340 in 2008, when OSPFv3 was designed to carry IPv6 reachability information. Two little noticed, but very important, changes were made between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3, both covered in section 2.8, LSA Format Changes.
The first of these is the removal of address (or reachability) information from network LSAs. While OSPF has always built its SPT in precisely the same way as IS-IS always has—it builds a tree, and hangs reachability off the tree. Many engineers are tricked into thinking SPF integrates reachability into the tree because “everything is IP addresses,” but this simply is not true. Changing the LSA format in this way clearly separates reachability information from topology information in OSPFv3. The second change was this: “Router interface information MAY be spread across multiple router-LSAs. Receivers MUST concatenate all the router-LSAs originated by a given router when running the SPF calculation.” Router information can now be fragmented across multiple packets.
The reason they are important is the frame a current draft that takes OSPF one step further, draft-ietf-ospf-ospfv3-lsa-extend, titled OSPFv3 LSA Extendibility. The general idea is this: build new LSA types that convert the fields that seem likely to need some form of extension in the future into TLVs. The process chosen is simple, on reflection.
Each of the existing LSA types are replicated in a new format. To differentiate between the old and the new, 0x20 (or rather 32 decimal) is added to each LSA type. Hence a type 1 router LSA becomes a type 33 extended router LSA, etc. A chart taken from the draft is below.
In each case, a number of fields have been converted to TLVs (though not all fields). Mostly the entire old LSA type has been converted into a TLV carried within the new LSA type, which allows for new TLV types within each LSA in the future. For instance, the Intra-area prefix TLV, defined in section 3.4, looks like this—
The individual fields are not TLVs; the entire “old LSA” has been put into a TLV. This allows the new inter area ruote LSA to carry new kinds of reachability information in the future by simply including new TLV types in the new LSA type. If a new address family needs to be supported, it is just a matter of creating a new TLV that can be used to describe this new reachability and putting it into the existing inter-area LSA. The LSA provides the context, while the TLV provides the data.
Migration between the old and new TLVs is managed much like migration between narrow and wide metrics in IS-IS; routers capable of generating the new LSA types do so; these new LSAs are marked so routers that do not understand them simply reflood them (they don’t process them in any way). So long as there is any router flooding the older style TLVs within the netwrk (or flooding domain, there are options for both), the new TLVs will not be used to compute loop free paths. Once all the routers in the network (or, again, flooding domain) are advertising the new TLVs, then preference can be given to the new TLVs, and, finally, the old TLVs removed from the network.
Hopefully vendors implement these new TLV based LSA formats quickly, as they will make OSPF much more extensible over the long run.
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Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is an integrated part of a process control network. By actually damaging some critical infrastructure assets, including a nuclear plant and launch of a satellite, the Stuxnet virus proved the need for process control network security. Having woken up to this new threat, people are coming up with various strategies to mitigate such attacks. Various tools and techniques are being deployed to enhance the security posture of SCADA installations, one of the most important being honeypots and honeynets.
Process control and automation systems are the lifelines for critical infrastructure like air traffic control systems, nuclear plants, satellite launch systems, electricity generation, water supplies, oil and gas refineries, and so on. Any disruption to these systems may result in catastrophic risks including loss of human life. Till recently, most of the networking products in the critical infrastructure area were perceived to be in the safe environment. Protocols used for their communication were proprietary and these networks were usually physically isolated from the IT networks.
With new requirements like the access to real-time data, the possibility of inter-communication between products from disparate vendors, connectivity with ERP systems and of course, cost-effectiveness, the standard protocols such as Ethernet and TCP/IP are being adapted to a large extent in process networks. They are also being connected to IT networks, and the Ethernet is now being used as a backbone to connect various devices and run the day to day manufacturing processes. But along with the benefits like ease of use and ease of connecting, combining IT and the process control networks has resulted in added risk factors —the latter are now exposed to all the risks associated with the IT network.
A typical process control network (PCN) is categorised by four levels, starting at Level 0. Let us try to understand these levels with an example of temperature control. A temperature sensor (thermometer – Level 0) in the boiler will send the current value of the water’s temperature to the controller. Depending upon the desired target temperature, the temperature controller (Level 1) will switch the heater on or off. In a typical factory, there will be many such controllers connected to a centralised (supervisory) control (Level 2) to ensure synchronisation between various processes. Advanced controllers (Level 3) will be used to optimise the processes. These may include historians (which maintain history of process parameters) or optimisation controllers.
Here, Level 0 signals are typically analogue in nature, and Level 1 to Level 3 can use the Ethernet for connectivity. The business network that is not part of the PCN is considered as Level 4, and care is taken to control access between these two networks only on a need basis. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), at Level 2, is one of the most important parts of the PCN. It is used to centrally monitor and record various process parameters. Here, the processes may be running at one physical location and SCADA may be located at entirely different locations. As per the requirement, WAN or LAN links are used for interconnection between them.
Honeypots and honeynets
Wikipedia defines a honeypot as ‘a trap set to detect, deflect, or in some manner counteract attempts at unauthorised use of information systems.’ Generally, it consists of a computer, data or a network site that appears to be part of a network, but is actually isolated and monitored, and which seems to contain information or a resource of value to attackers. Thus, an attacker may attack a SCADA honeypot perceiving it to be a true SCADA system. Multiple honeypots configured to mimic various devices or operating systems is a honeynet. Depending upon the requirement, honeypots and honeynets can be deployed at any of the following locations:
- Directly accessible from the Web
- In a de-militarised zone where access is allowed from the Internet as well as from the protected internal network
On the internal network
Honeypots and honeynets help to ensure security in various ways:
- They divert the attacker’s attention to an easy target rather than the actual system.
- Log the attackers’ activities for further analysis to gain in-depth knowledge about the attack and to develop prevention techniques.
Provide forensic information, which is required by law enforcement agencies to establish that an attack occurred.
Characteristics of honeypots and honeynets
They look ‘genuine’, exactly like the system they mimic —an attacker should not be able to make out that they are modified systems.
Allow controlled traffic towards the Internet—an attacker should not be able to use the honeypot as a stepping stone for further attacks on the Internet.
May contain dummy information, for example a SCADA honeypot may contain a Web page resembling the genuine SCADA system. This will attract the attackers and keep them engaged, ultimately resulting in more time and attack techniques being used on this system.
Honeyd: An open source honeypot
As defined by honeyd.org, Honeyd is a small daemon that creates virtual hosts on a network. These hosts can be configured to run arbitrary services, and their personality can be adapted so that they appear to be running certain operating systems. Honeyd enables a single host to claim multiple addresses (tested up to 65536) on a LAN for network simulation. Honeyd improves cyber security by providing mechanisms for threat detection and assessment. It also deters adversaries by hiding real systems in the middle of virtual systems.
The Honeyd configuration file defines how the configured honeypot will respond to various types of requests such as ICMP Ping, requests on UDP ports, TCP SYN, etc, thus, in a way, defining the status of various ports and services. This reply is interpreted by the scanning tool as a system running a corresponding service.
The basics of nmap port scanning
Let us understand the process of port scanning that is used by the network scanning tool, nmap. A typical SYN scan of nmap sends a SYN packet to the destination IP address on the port number to be scanned.
The simplest way to install honeyd under Ubuntu 12.0.4 is to use the following command:
sudo apt-get install honeyd
Honeyd is installed in /usr/share/honeyd. Once installed, it can be configured to mimic various operating systems which appear to run with various services. First, let us understand how honeyd can be configured to mimic Windows XP SP1.
Configuring honeyd to mimic Windows XP SP1
Create the configuration for the Windows XP honeypot in the winxp.conf file as follows:
set winxp personality "Microsoft Windows XP Professional SP1" set winxp default tcp action block set winxp default udp action block set winxp default icmp action reset set winxp uptime 1234567 add winxp tcp port 135 open add winxp tcp port 139 open add winxp tcp port 445 open set winxp ethernet "intel" dhcp winxp on eth0
# To configure static IP on eth0, comment the dhcp command and enable bind command as follows:
# bind ipaddress winxp
Explanation of important configuration options: Remember that the first three bytes of the MAC address denote the manufacturer’s ID number. The command:
set winxp ethernet "intel"
…configures MAC address belonging to Intel Semiconductor to the honeypot. The other commands are self-explanatory. To start the honeypot configured in winxp.conf under daemon mode, use the following command:
sudo honeyd –d –f winxp.conf
Using the daemon mode will enable you to see all the network requests and corresponding responses on the screen of the honeypot system.
The SCADA honeypot
As mentioned on the website http://scadahoneynet.sourceforge.net/, the SCADA honeynet project was launched with the aim of determining the feasibility of building a software-based framework to simulate a variety of industrial networks such as SCADA, DCS, and PLC architectures. It can be used to:
- Build a honeynet for attackers, in order to gather data on attacker trends and tools
- Provide a scriptable industrial protocol simulator to test a real, live protocol implementation
Research countermeasures, such as device hardening, stack obfuscation, reducing application information, and the effectiveness of network access controls
The project dates way back to 2005 but it is very relevant even today in the challenging SCADA security scenario.
SCADA honeypot installation
Download the latest release of the SCADA honeynet project and expand the tgz to get four Python scripts. The names indicate services emulated by the corresponding scripts:
honeyd-ftpd.py honeyd-html.py honeyd-modbus.py honeyd-telnet.py
Place these files in the /usr/share/honeyd/plc folder. Also make sure you have installed Python on your Ubuntu box.
Create configuration for the SCADA honeypot in scada.conf file as follows:
set scada default tcp action block set scada default udp action block set scada default icmp action open set scada maxfds 35 set scada uptime 23456787 add scada tcp port 21 "python plc/honeyd-ftpd.py" add scada tcp port 23 "python plc/honeyd-telnet.py" add scada tcp port 502 "python plc/honeyd-modbus.py" add scada tcp port 80 "python plc/honeyd-html.py" set scada ethernet "00:11:22:33:44:55" bind 192.168.1.11 scada
Similarly, three other Python scripts define responses for port 23 (telnet), port 80 (http) and port 502 (MODBUS)
To start the honeypot configured in scada.conf under daemon mode, use the following command:
sudo honeyd –d –f scada.conf
Testing the SCADA honeypot
Using nmap for scanning: nmap –n 192.168.1.11 reveals only three open ports: 21, 23 and 80. By default, nmap scans for 1000 well-known ports listed in the nmap-services file. This file does not include port 502 used by the MODBUS protocol.
To scan all TCP ports, use the following command:
sudo nmap -p1-65535 -n 192.168.1.11
After detecting FTP, Telnet and HTTP ports open; try to use the respective clients to access content from these ports.
Port 80 – the browser: Open the honeypot IP on any Web browser to see the PLC Web page with Diagnostics, Statistics and Protocols Supported menus.
Port 23 Telnet: Telnet to the honeypot IP and establish a connection.
Checking logs on the honeypot
All the traffic received on the scada.conf interface is logged in the /var/log/scadahoneynet.log file, which you can study and analyse—make sure to allow write permission to this file for the user running honeyd.
The SCADA honeynet project satisfies the basic requirements of a honeypot:
- Appearing as part of a network, though actually isolated
- All access logs are saved for further study
- Its Web interface contains a page that an attacker could perceive to be of great value
Word of caution
Various issues related to the legality of honeypots and honeynets have already been discussed – search the Web for more details. Please make sure to evaluate and understand a particular honeypot by testing it in a lab environment. Do not forget to understand the legal consequences before deploying it in live environments. As an example, if an attacker uses a honeypot to further launch attacks on third party systems, the liability may lie with the honeypot owner.
Honeyd: http://www.honeyd.org/
SCADA Honeynet project: http://scadahoneynet.sourceforge.net/
Honeypots: are they legal? http://www.symantec.com/connect/articles/honeypots-are-they-illegal
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Are you familiar with the concept of responsive web design? If not, then it may be time to learn a little bit about it. Responsive web design is a new way of building websites that eliminates the need to think about a separate mobile version of your website for each of a variety of platforms. Instead, you spend time designing one site that works on any platform: desktops, tablets or smartphones.
How does this work? Well, to answer that, we’ll have to get a bit technical. Traditionally, websites are coded to determine what web browser a visitor is using. Based on that, the most optimized version of the website is loaded for that user. For example, if someone is using Google Chrome on their desktop computer, they’d get a full version of the site. But if someone else is using the mobile version of Apple Safari on their iPhone, they would get the mobile version of your site (if you have one).
Responsive design doesn’t care about the devise someone is using. Instead, it looks for the screen size. Responsive sites are designed with chunks of information. Those sections reshuffle in size and placement based on the screen size. So the site might look similar in style on a smartphone or a desktop, but the information will be shuffled in a different way.
Here’s an example from Mars Hill Church.
See how there’s a similar look to each version? Yet, the content is rearranged and resized to best display on whatever device someone is using. You can see how it works in real time. Pull up their website and start dragging the bottom corner or your web browser. The site will change as browser size changes. Bethlehem Baptist Church's website is another good one to play around with. Starbucks has a great responsive site, too.Why is this important? Glad you asked. Here are some of the reasons I see:
It makes you think about mobile. Today, more than half of Americans and Canadians have smartphones. And mobile browsing will only grow in importance.
But the way we’ve traditionally designed websites makes mobile an afterthought. With responsive design, you have to think about mobile from the beginning. Many people call it a “mobile first” way of building websites. You are forced to think about what the simplest version of your website will be and then scale it up from there for the full desktop size.
You’ll have to organize content and that’s a good thing. Websites can easily become an unorganized zoo of information. We keep adding more content without thinking through where it belongs. Responsive design works because information is gathered into clusters that move and resize based on what device people are using. Because of that, you’ll have to be more strategic in how content is grouped together and how you’re navigating people to click through to find more information. Ultimately this makes your website cleaner and easier to use.
Devices of the future will affect you less. Nothing is truly future proof, but responsive design in a step in the right direction. A website that scales means you don’t have to worry as much about what your site will look like on the newest mobile devices. If Apple changes the screen size of the iPhone, you’re ready. If Samsung releases a different tablet size, you’re good to go.
You have one site instead of many. Traditionally, desktop and mobile versions of a website were looked at as two different entities. Responsive design makes it a single project. Yes, you have to think about the differences of how content will be displayed in different sizes of a responsive site, but it’s a lot less of a hassle than building two separate projects.
Responsive design has really accelerated over the past couple years and is becoming more popular. We’re hoping to make Church Juice a responsive site next year. While it can certainly be done for a custom website design, responsive technology doesn’t have to be expensive. Lots of affordable responsive Wordpress templates are available, too.
Are you using responsive design? If not, do you hope to make the switch?
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In outdoor wireless networking, wireless mesh networks are the third topology after point-to-point and point-to-multipoint in order to build a wireless network infrastructure. Each device in a wireless mesh network is typically called a mesh node and is connected with multiple other mesh nodes at the same time. Wireless mesh networks are also multi hop networks because each mesh node can reach another node going through multiple hops and leveraging other nodes as repeaters. The major advantage of a wireless mesh networks is the intrinsic redundancy and, consequently, reliability because a mesh network is able to reroute traffic through multiple paths to cope with link failures, interference, power failures or network device failures.
Two types of wireless mesh networks are usually implemented for commercial and government applications:
- Unstructured or omni-directional wireless mesh networks
- Structured wireless mesh networks
In an unstructured wireless mesh network, each mesh node typically uses an omni-directional antenna and is able to communicate with all the other mesh nodes that are within the transmission range. Wireless links in an unstructured wireless mesh network are not planned and link availability is not always guaranteed. Depending on the density of the mesh network, there may be many different links available to other mesh nodes or none at all. Unstructured mesh networks are usually implemented with non-line of sight radios (NLOS) using low frequency and low bandwidth radios operating, for example, in the UHF bands, such as 400 MHz or in the license-free band at 900 MHz. Unstructured wireless mesh networks leverage one single channel shared by all the radios. Therefore, the higher the number of hops a transmission requires, the lower the overall throughput of the network will be.
Structured wireless mesh networks are planned networks typically implemented using multiple radios at each node location and multiple directional antennas. A ring topology using multiple directional wireless links is commonly used in a structured wireless mesh network to enable each radio to seamlessly reroute traffic through different paths in the event of node or link failures. Structured wireless mesh networks can provide two or more alternative paths from each mesh node location and typically use high frequency radios and microwave links with directional antennas. The distance between nodes in a structured wireless mesh network can be up to tens of miles using long-range directional microwave links. Structured wireless mesh networks are often used for mission-critical applications such as wireless video surveillance, public safety, and industrial automation. They provide the ideal network architecture in case a site requires a highly reliable and available wireless network for a broadband application such as video, voice and data streaming. Each link in a structured wireless mesh network operates on an independent channel and, therefore, the number of hops for a specific transmission does not affect the overall throughput of the network.
Wireless mesh networks have been studied for many years in academia since the early ’90s, initially mainly with military applications in mind, and then they started to get significant commercial traction between 2005 and 2010.
There are multiple government and commercial applications for wireless mesh networks:
- Temporary wireless mesh video surveillance: military and government organisations use wireless mesh networks frequently for rapid deployment of wireless video surveillance in war zones or during hostage situations. Wireless mesh networks have also been used to provide temporary video surveillance to protect major sporting or political events.
- Urban wireless video surveillance and public safety: law enforcement agencies have been using wireless mesh networks to create city-wide wireless network infrastructure and stream high resolution video across large cities without compromising reliability or needing to trench large portions of the city area. In the United States most mesh networks for public safety work on the 4.9 GHz public safety band.
- Wireless Industrial Automation and Condition Monitoring: large industrial plants and oil & gas facilities have been using low-frequency unstructured mesh networks for condition monitoring and sensor data collection. At the same time, industrial automation has leveraged structured mesh networks operating at 5 GHz (5.4 GHz, 5.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz license-free bands) to high-throughput applications such as video and voice streaming.
- Mining Automation: Mines have been pushing to constantly increase their efficiency leveraging automaton and technology. Large open pit mines have been using outdoor wireless mesh networks for video surveillance, truck automation and condition monitoring. Both low throughput and high throughput applications in mines often rely on a wireless mesh network due to the lack of any other telecom infrastructure.
- Environmental monitoring and precision agriculture: farming is using increasingly more automation and technology to increase profitability. Farmers are adding sensors to their fields, tractors and vineyards to be able to act in a more precise and timely manner, spending less money and wasting less resources. Low frequency wireless mesh networks using sensor networks have been deployed frequently for environmental conditional monitoring both in vineyards and industrial crop farming. At the same time, high frequency wireless mesh networks in the 5 GHz band 5.4 GHz, 5.7 GHz and 5.8 GHz license-free bands) are getting more traction for tractor automation and precision agriculture as high resolutions cameras become a critical component in automating tractors and in collecting aerial images from drones.
Fluidmesh Networks manufactures multiple wireless mesh products and mesh networking capabilities are embedded in all our products. If you’re interested in wireless mesh products, we suggest you review the following wireless mesh products:
– The Fluidmesh 1200 VOLO Ethernet Radio – is a mesh product that runs Fluidmesh proprietary MPLS mesh algorithm. It works in the license free 5.1 GHz, 5.3 GHz, 5.4 GHz, 5.6 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands and also in the 4.9 GHz public safety band. Multiple Fluidmesh 1200 VOLO Ethernet radios can be connected to each other creating a mesh cluster that provides multiple paths for each data and video stream.
– The Fluidmesh 3200 Endo Ethernet Radio – is a mesh product that can be used with either directional antennas to create structured mesh networks or with omni-directional antennas to establish unstructured mesh networks. The Fluidmesh 3200 Endo is the ideal wireless mesh products for vessel connectivity in maritime applications, truck connectivity in mining automation, or other vehicle automation projects that require a reliable wireless mesh network with omnidirectional antennas.
Please do not hesitate to contact us in case you need any assistance designing your wireless mesh network or in selecting the optimal wireless mesh product for your project.
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How to Write a Research Paper
Writing a research paper usually causes anxiety among most students. With the tall list of processes to achieve a great piece, some students lose the fight even before the main battle. But wait, we are here to help you out https://mypaperdone.com/write-my-term-paper. Although every university or department has its format for research papers, there is a standardized format that cuts across. Here is what to do when writing a research paper.
Difference between the research proposal and research paper
Before we go into the main topic, let’s discuss the difference between a research proposal and a research paper. The two may have the same structure/format, but the content may differ. The proposal is written to seek approval/funding for your research topic. It is meant to convince your tutor or audience about the relevance of the project. The research paper, on the other hand, is the project itself. It is where you demonstrate your knowledge on the topic, and it is the finished product.
Writing the research paper
- Be confident
You should display a high level of confidence when writing a research proposal. Show your prospective funders or professor that you know what you are about and the research you want to take could be highly beneficial.
Proper research is key to every successful research paper. Doing proper and in-depth research helps you build confidence in your topic, give you a deeper understanding, brainstorm new ideas, and be sure about the information you are putting out.
- Organize your thought
Before you start writing, make sure you have organized all the information acquired through research. It helps you build coherence and focus on your writing. A well-organized material improves your writing skills, enhances efficiency, and reduces writing time.
- Thesis Statement
The thesis statement presents the focus of your research to readers. The one-sentence research statement in the introduction lets readers know what the research is about and introduces supporting points.
- The Outline
The outline of your thesis is how you organize the main points under subheadings. These subheadings are where the various information you’ve researched are placed. If the information you have doesn’t fit under any sub-headings, it has no place in the research.
How to write a research paper
The introduction contains the background of your research. It should have a strong opening, be engaging, and convince the reader of the paper’s essence. Your introduction should contain a hook to have your readers wanting to read more.
- The body
The body is where all your hard-earned research information comes in handy. It is where you support all the claims made in the thesis statement with facts and figures acquired through research. It should be coherent, and each point you make should have supporting arguments.
At the conclusion stage, you summarize all the main points in your body, but with great emphasis on why you believe your thoughts are right. It is also ok to reaffirm your thesis statement at this point.
Edit your work
After writing your paper, go over it as many times as possible to look out for errors because no one wants to read an error-ridden piece. Look out for grammar, spelling and comprehension mistakes. You can use software like Ginger and Grammarly to make such corrections.
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In this article you will get very early signs of pregnancy before missed period bloating.
If you are pregnant then you will get some pregnancy symptoms (symptoms of pregnancy) so, know the what happens first?
Missing periods are not always to 1st sign of pregnancy, But if you get some early signs of pregnancy (pregnancy symptoms) before missing period than it might be possible you are pregnant.
So, here are some symptoms of early pregnancy which you feel before missed your period if you are pregnant or trying to conceive.
The early signs of pregnancy before missed period
1. morning sickness
If you feeling morning sickness, so it might be possible you are pregnant. because after conception your body produces more estrogen and progesterone and it causing nausea and vomiting. But it is not only the reason to know about conception.
Sometime Hormonal changes during early pregnancy can cause you to feel bloated. It is like you might feel just before starting periods.
Many women get light spotting before missed period or after conceiving. light spotting might be one of the first signs of pregnancy. Small amounts of light pink or brownish blood may appear a week or so before your period is due. This type of spotting is called implantation bleeding.
After conceiving women’s body change hormones and these Hormonal changes cause your digestive system to slow down, which can lead to constipation.
5. swollen breasts
In first few weeks of pregnancy women’s breast become tender, heavy and swollen. During pregnancy hormonal changes might make your breasts sensitive and sore. The discomfort will likely decrease after a few weeks as your body adjusts to hormonal changes.
6. Frequent Urination
If you conceiving you feel that you urinating more often than usual. because during pregnancy baby doing pressure to your bladder and just after conception, your kidneys start working harder to filter the increased blood flow, resulting in the urge to urinate more frequently. so you might be feel you are urinating more often than usual.
7. Change in food preference
When you’re pregnant, you might become more sensitive to certain odors and your sense of taste might change. Many pregnant women develop cravings or aversions to food a few weeks after conception. You might find yourself wanting to eat things you don’t usually eat. Your favorite foods might suddenly make you nauseous. Or you may lose your appetite altogether.
If you are pregnant than you experience mild uterine cramping early in pregnancy. Some women experience mild uterine cramping not all.
9. Nasal congestion
During pregnancy Increasing blood flow and hormone levels can cause the mucous membranes in your nose to swell, bleed or dry sometime.
Fatigue is also symptoms of early pregnancy. What sleepiness during the first trimester of pregnancy no one knows. Increasing the levels of the hormone progesterone during early pregnancy might contribute to fatigue.
Now your question is,
Are you really pregnant?
See, all these symptoms are symptoms of early pregnancy. But every women can not feel same symptoms if she is pregnant. sometimes it might be possible she is sick or it might be possible she getting her periods very soon.
Many women can be pregnant without feeling these symptoms. But, If you feel all these 10 symptoms of early pregnancy then you have to take pregnancy test at home using pregnancy test kit.
If your home pregnancy test is positive, make an appointment with your gynecologist.
So, here are the top early pregnancy symptoms or early signs of pregnancy which you can feel before missed your period or after conceiving.
You can also read :
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https://lovewithmumma.com/early-signs-of-pregnancy.html
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| 0.934241 | 766 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Create a sun print using solarized paper (available from art supply stores or www.sunprints.org) and a variety of objects of different shapes and sizes. Lay an assortment of objects on the solar paper and expose to sunlight for 10 to 20 minutes. Next, rinse the paper in water and let it dry. The paper will retain a white color where sunlight was blocked (under the items laid on top of the paper) and will turn a bright Prussian blue where it was exposed to sunlight. Suggestions for objects: lace, leaves, scissors, cork screws, small toys, letter magnets, paperclips, etc.
This activity works with construction paper too, but you’ll need to leave it in the sun a bit longer! Try placing your solar print in the sun in the morning and check back later in the day.
▶ Learn more about cyanotypes, an early form of photographic solar prints, in this feature about Ceylon by Anna Atkins from NOMA’s permanent collection.
NOMA members inspire the love of art in every visitor who walks into the Great Hall or through the gates of the Sydney and Walda Besthoff Sculpture Garden.
In addition to enjoying benefits like special members’ previews of exhibitions, free wellness classes surrounded by sculptures, and a complimentary subscription to NOMA Magazine, our members enable schoolchildren to discover the Old Masters, community members to engage with world-class art and local artists, and NOMA’s curators to present innovative and provocative exhibitions year after year.
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| 0.923988 | 318 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I promised that once we learned more about password cracking we would come back to salts.
If you remember, I mentioned that one of the ways salts made passwords harder to crack was by making them longer. As you’ve learned, every additional character exponentially increases the amount of possible character combinations. Once the hacker finds out what the salt is, this is no longer the case. The attacker can edit any dictionary or brute force password cracker code to add the salt to the current word before running it through the hash function. The attacker can now run normal password lists and brute force attacks as if the salt wasn’t even there. This can also applied on a larger scale. If the attacker found out that the salt was the user’s username, he could easily automate a password cracker by editing the code to attach the user’s username to the password. So as you can see, it is important to create good salts and store them as securely as possible.
Random Salts vs. Unique Salts
So which is better, having random generated salts, or unique salts like your username or email address? It depends on how you store it. If it is in the same database as your username and password hash, then it doesn’t matter if it’s random or unique, because it’s being stored either way. Once the hacker gets access to the database and dumps the username/password database, to figure out what the salt it he would need to try every stored value (username, email, name, etc..) until he cracked the password. He would then know what the salt was for every other user. The attacker could also just choose to try and crack the password hash as is, and if successful he would see the salt and password in plaintext. The attacker would then compare the plaintext with the database values under that user and see where it matches up, finding the salt. This would probably take much longer or wouldn’t work depending on how long the salt and password combination is.
This would be a different situation if the salt was stored in a different server because if the attacker had access to one database, he might not have access to the other. In this case, using a random salt would make sense because the attacker would still be able to guess a unique salt like a username, but not a random hash stored elsewhere.
For even greater security, in addition to using a salt that is stored in the database, you could add to it in the actual source code of the register/login script. This way, the attacker would need to have access to both the database and the source code to be able to get the salt.
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| 0.954826 | 548 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Washington State Law requires that all water systems serving 15 or more residential service connections be metered. Your water meter measures the volume of water used in your home and from fixtures on your property.
Water use from 0-600 cubic feet per billing period is covered by the base rate. If more than 600 cubic feet are used, customers are charged per 100 cubic feet. 1 cubic foot of water is 7.48 gallons.
Average water use over the duration of two months for one person is about 600 cubic feet. Many factors impact how much water you use: the number of people living in your home, personal water-use habits, and the efficiency of your fixtures— such as toilets and clothes washer. Outdoor water, such as watering plants, using a pressure washer, or washing a car, also contributes to your bill. Water usage typically increases during the summer months.
Readings are taken from your water meter every 2 months. Meters are read electronically, however, it may be necessary for the meter reader to do a manual read when there is signal interference. Some things that can cause interference are:
- Metal lids on a meter box
- Vehicle or other large object on top of the meter box
- Water in the meter box due to heavy rains
Customers should be sure that their meter box is unobstructed at all times.
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| 0.930138 | 275 | 2.640625 | 3 |
November 17, 2012
making sense of oppenheimer
Robert Oppenheimer, the American theoretical physicist and “father of the atomic bomb”, continues to be hailed as one of the towering figures in 20th-century science. Friend and colleague of the great names in theoretical physics, and charismatic leader of outstanding teams of researchers at Caltech, Berkeley and finally Princeton, he was a man whose huge intellectual curiosity and energy also embraced literature, poetry and philosophy. Thousands of pages of biography have been devoted to this complicated and controversial figure since his early death from throat cancer in 1967. Yet Oppenheimer remains an enigma, “an endlessly, maddeningly and intriguingly baffling man”, as Ray Monk wrote in 2004, reviewing Jeremy Bernstein’s perceptive memoir Oppenheimer: Portrait of an Enigma. Now, in Inside the Centre: The Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the much-lauded biographer Monk has himself taken on the task of trying to make sense of him.more from Lisa Jardine at the FT here.
Posted by Morgan Meis at 03:10 PM | Permalink
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| 0.944355 | 238 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This silly SVG animation (animation not my strong suit) demonstrates what happens when multiple Tgres data points arrive within the same step (i.e. smallest time interval for this series, also known as PDP, primary data point).
Let’s say we have a series with a step of 100 seconds. We receive the following data points, all within the 100 second interval of a single step:
Tgres will store 2.25 as the final value for this step. So how does 1, 2 and 3 add up to 2.25?
One way to think about it is that the incomplete step is an empty swimming pool as wide as 1 step, into which we dump blocks of water. The first data point dumps a 2.0 × 0.25 block of water, which fills the pool to 0.5. The second data point dumps a 3.0 × 0.50 block, which raises the water another 1.5 to 2.0. The last data point dumps a 1.0 × 0.25 block which raises it to the final value of 2.25. Compare this with Graphite which would simply discard the first two data points and we are left with 1.0 as the final value.
Why is it done this way? Because this is how rates add up. If this was speed of a car in meters per second (more like a bycicle, I guess), its weighted average speed for the duration of this step of 2.25 meters per second would mean that in the 100s it would have traveled exactly 225 meters.
NaNs or “Unknowns”
What if instead of the first data point, the first 25s were “unknown” (recorded as NaN)? This would happen, for example, if the series heartbeat (maximum duration without any data) was exceeded. Even though the data point has a value of 2.0, it gets recorded as NaN.
But wait a second… 0.50 × 3 + 0.25 × 1 = 1.75 ? Where did the value of 2.33 come from?
The reason for this is that NaN ought not be influencing the value. The above calculation would only be correct if we assumed that NaN is synonymous with zero, but that would be a false assumption, as NaN means “we do not know”.
Therefore, we must only consider the known part of the data point, which is 75s. We can think of it that the data point (the “swimming pool”) just got smaller. Thus the correct calculation for the 3.0 point would be 3.0 × 50 ÷ 75 = 2.0 and for the 1.0 point 2.0 + 1.0 × 25 ÷ 75 = 2.33.
Here it is in SVG:
Also note how the value of the data point which was recorded as NaN (2.0 in our example) is essentially irrelevant. This is because any calculation with a NaN always results in a NaN. The only thing we know about this data point is that it was not NaN and that it marked the end of period recorded as NaN. The next data point after this (3.0 in our example) is not affected by the NaN, however, this is because it in effect starts its own data point afresh, not considering anything in the past.
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https://grisha.org/blog/2016/08/04/data-points/
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| 0.954408 | 820 | 3.03125 | 3 |
George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1797
|1st President of the United States|
April 30, 1789[a] – March 4, 1797
|Vice President||John Adams|
|Preceded by||Inaugural holder|
|Succeeded by||John Adams|
|Senior Officer of the U.S. Army|
July 13, 1798 – December 14, 1799
|Appointed by||John Adams|
|Preceded by||James Wilkinson|
|Succeeded by||Alexander Hamilton|
|Commander-in-Chief of the
June 15, 1775 – December 23, 1783
|Appointed by||Continental Congress|
|Preceded by||Inaugural holder|
|Succeeded by||Henry Knox (Senior Officer of the Army)|
|Delegate to the Second Continental Congress from Virginia|
May 10, 1775 – June 15, 1775
|Preceded by||Inaugural holder|
|Succeeded by||Thomas Jefferson|
|Delegate to the First Continental Congress
September 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774
|Preceded by||Inaugural holder|
|Succeeded by||Position abolished|
February 22, 1732|
Bridges Creek, Colony of Virginia, British America
|Died||December 14, 1799 (aged 67)
Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.
|Cause of death||Epiglottitis and hypovolemic shock|
|Resting place||Washington Family Tomb, Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.|
|Spouse(s)||Martha Dandridge (m. 1759)|
|Awards||Congressional Gold Medal
Thanks of Congress
|Allegiance||Kingdom of Great Britain
United States of America
United States Army
|Years of service||1752–58 (British Militia)
1775–83 (Continental Army)
1798–99 (U.S. Army)
|Rank||Colonel (British Army)
General and Commander-in-Chief (Continental Army)
Lieutenant General (United States Army)
General of the Armies (promoted posthumously: 1976, by an Act of Congress)
|Commands||Virginia Colony's regiment
United States Army
President of the United States
George Washington (/ /; February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731][b][c] – December 14, 1799) was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and later presided over the 1787 convention that drafted the United States Constitution. He is popularly considered the driving force behind the nation's establishment and came to be known as the "father of the country," both during his lifetime and to this day.
Washington was widely admired for his strong leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. He oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the French Revolutionary Wars, suppressed the Whiskey Rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. Washington's incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the cabinet system, the inaugural address, and the title Mr. President. His retirement from office after two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment (1951) now limits the president to two elected terms.
He was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became a senior officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French and Indian War. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution. In that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City.
After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles (Trenton and Princeton), retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause. His strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. Historians laud Washington for the selection and supervision of his generals; preservation and command of the army; coordination with the Congress, state governors, and their militia; and attention to supplies, logistics, and training. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies.
After victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of federal government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. He remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washington's Farewell Address was an influential primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home and plantation at Mount Vernon.
Upon his death, Washington was eulogized as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen" by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death; scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history. He has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day.
- 1 Early life (1732–1753)
- 2 French and Indian War
- 3 Between the wars: Mount Vernon (1759–1774)
- 4 American Revolution (1775–1783)
- 4.1 Commander in Chief
- 4.2 Victory at Boston
- 4.3 Defeat at New York
- 4.4 Crossing the Delaware
- 4.5 1777 campaigns
- 4.6 Valley Forge
- 4.7 Sullivan Expedition
- 4.8 Hudson River and Southern battles
- 4.9 Arnold's treason
- 4.10 Difficulties during the winter of 1780-1781
- 4.11 Victory at Yorktown
- 4.12 Demobilization
- 5 Constitutional Convention
- 6 Presidency (1789–1797)
- 7 Retirement (1797–1799)
- 8 Death
- 9 Personal life
- 10 Legacy
- 11 See also
- 12 Notes
- 13 References
- 14 Bibliography
- 15 External links
Early life (1732–1753)
George Washington was the first child of Augustine Washington (1694–1743) and his second wife Mary Ball Washington (1708–1789), born on their Pope's Creek Estate near present-day Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia. He was born on February 11, 1731, according to the Julian calendar and Annunciation Style of enumerating years then in use in the British Empire. The Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22, 1732.[b][c]
Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave, England. His great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, George's father Augustine. Augustine was a tobacco planter who also tried his hand in iron-manufacturing ventures. In George's youth, the Washingtons were moderately prosperous members of the Virginia gentry, of "middling rank" rather than one of the leading planter families.
Six of George's siblings reached maturity, including older half-brothers Lawrence and Augustine, from his father's first marriage to Jane Butler Washington, and full siblings Samuel, Elizabeth (Betty), John Augustine, and Charles. Three siblings died before adulthood: his full sister Mildred died when she was about one, his half-brother Butler died in infancy, and his half-sister Jane died at age twelve, when George was about two. His father died of a sudden illness in April 1743 when George was eleven years old, and his half-brother Lawrence became a surrogate father and role model. William Fairfax was Lawrence's father-in-law and the cousin of Virginia's largest landowner Thomas, Lord Fairfax, and he was also a formative influence.
Washington's father was the Justice of the Westmoreland County Court. George spent much of his boyhood at Ferry Farm in Stafford County near Fredericksburg. Lawrence Washington inherited another family property from his father, a plantation on the Potomac River at Little Hunting Creek which he named Mount Vernon, in honor of his commanding officer Admiral Edward Vernon. George inherited Ferry Farm upon his father's death and eventually acquired Mount Vernon after Lawrence's death.
The death of his father prevented Washington from an education at England's Appleby School such as his older brothers had received. He achieved the equivalent of an elementary school education from a variety of tutors, as well as from a school run by an Anglican clergyman in or near Fredericksburg. There was talk of securing an appointment for him in the Royal Navy when he was 15, but it was dropped when his widowed mother objected.
In 1751, Washington traveled to Barbados with Lawrence, who was suffering from tuberculosis, with the hope that the climate would be beneficial to Lawrence's health. Washington contracted smallpox during the trip, which left his face slightly scarred but immunized him against future exposures to the dreaded disease. Lawrence's health failed to improve, and he returned to Mount Vernon where he died in the summer of 1752. Lawrence's position as Adjutant General (militia leader) of Virginia was divided into four district offices after his death. Washington was appointed by Governor Dinwiddie as one of the four district adjutants in February 1753, with the rank of major in the Virginia militia. During this period, Washington became a Freemason while in Fredericksburg, although his involvement was minimal.
Washington's introduction to surveying began at an early age through school exercises that taught him the basics of the profession, followed by practical experience in the field. His first experiences at surveying occurred in the territory surrounding Mount Vernon. His first opportunity as a surveyor occurred in 1748 when he was invited to join a survey party organized by his neighbor and friend George Fairfax of Belvoir. Fairfax organized a professional surveying party to lay out large tracts of land along the border of western Virginia, where the young Washington gained invaluable experience in the field.
Washington began his career as a professional surveyor in 1749 at the age of 17. He subsequently received a commission and surveyor's license from the College of William and Mary[d] and became the official surveyor for the newly formed Culpeper County. He was appointed to this well-paid official position thanks to his brother Lawrence's connection to the prominent Fairfax family. He completed his first survey in less than two days, plotting a 400-acre parcel of land, and was well on his way to a promising career. He was subsequently able to purchase land in the Shenandoah Valley, the first of his many land acquisitions in western Virginia.
For the next four years, Washington worked surveying land in Western Virginia and for the Ohio Company, a land investment company funded by Virginia investors. He came to the notice of the new lieutenant governor of Virginia Robert Dinwiddie, thanks to Lawrence's position as commander of the Virginia militia. He was hard to miss; at over six feet,[e] he was taller than most of his contemporaries. In October 1750, Washington resigned his position as an official surveyor, though he continued to work diligently over the next three years at his new profession. He continued to survey professionally for two more years, mostly in Frederick County, before receiving a military appointment as adjutant for southern Virginia. By 1752, Washington completed close to 200 surveys on numerous properties totaling more than 60,000 acres. He continued to survey at different times throughout his life and as late as 1799.
French and Indian War
Washington began his military service in the French and Indian War[f] as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. In 1753, he was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians as far north as present-day Erie, Pennsylvania. The Ohio Company was an important vehicle through which British investors planned to expand into the Ohio Valley, opening new settlements and trading posts for the Indian trade. In 1753, the French themselves began expanding their military control into the Ohio Country, a territory already claimed by the British colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania. These competing claims led to a war in the colonies called the French and Indian War (1754–62) and contributed to the start of the global Seven Years' War (1756–63). By chance, Washington became involved in its beginning.
Beginnings of War
Deputy governor of colonial Virginia Robert Dinwiddie was ordered by the British government to guard the British territorial claims, including the Ohio River basin. In late 1753, Dinwiddie ordered Washington to deliver a letter asking the French to vacate the Ohio Valley; he was eager to prove himself as the new adjutant general of the militia, appointed by the Lieutenant Governor himself only a year before. During his trip, Washington met with Tanacharison (also called "Half-King") and other Iroquois chiefs allied with England at Logstown to secure their support in case of a military conflict with the French. He delivered the letter to local French commander Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre, who politely refused to leave. Washington kept a diary during his expedition which was printed by William Hunter on Dinwiddie's order and which made Washington's name recognizable in Virginia. This increased popularity helped him to obtain a commission to raise a company of 100 men and start his military career.
Dinwiddie sent Washington back to the Ohio Country to safeguard an Ohio Company's construction of a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Before he reached the area, a French force drove out colonial traders and began construction of Fort Duquesne. A small detachment of French troops led by Joseph Coulon de Jumonville was discovered by Tanacharison and a few warriors east of present-day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. On May 28, 1754, Washington and some of his militia unit, aided by their Mingo allies, ambushed the French in what has come to be called the Battle of Jumonville Glen. Exactly what happened during and after the battle is a matter of contention, but several primary accounts agree that the battle lasted about 15 minutes, that Jumonville was killed, and that most of his party were either killed or taken prisoner. It is not completely clear whether Jumonville died at the hands of Tanacharison in cold blood, or was somehow shot by an onlooker with a musket as he sat with Washington, or by another means. Following the battle, Washington was given the epithet Town Destroyer by Tanacharison.
The French responded by attacking and capturing Washington at Fort Necessity in July 1754. They allowed him to return with his troops to Virginia. Historian Joseph Ellis concludes that the episode demonstrated Washington's bravery, initiative, inexperience, and impetuosity. Upon his return to Virginia, Washington refused to accept a demotion to the rank of captain, and resigned his commission. Washington's expedition into the Ohio Country had international consequences; the French accused Washington of assassinating Jumonville, who they claimed was on a diplomatic mission. Both France and Great Britain were ready to fight for control of the region and both sent troops to North America in 1755; war was formally declared in 1756.
Braddock disaster 1755
In 1755, Washington became the senior American aide to British General Edward Braddock on the ill-fated Braddock expedition. This was the largest British expedition to the colonies, and was intended to expel the French from the Ohio Country; the first objective was the capture of Fort Duquesne. Washington initially sought an appointment as a major from Braddock, but he agreed to serve as a staff volunteer upon advice that no rank above captain could be given except by London. During the passage of the expedition, Washington fell ill with severe headaches and fever; nevertheless, he recommended to Braddock that the army be split into two divisions when the pace of the troops continued to slow: a primary and more lightly equipped "flying column" offensive which could move at a more rapid pace, to be followed by a more heavily armed reinforcing division. Braddock accepted the recommendation (likely made in a council of war including other officers) and took command of the lead division.
In the Battle of the Monongahela, the French and their Indian allies ambushed Braddock's reduced forces and the general was mortally wounded. After suffering devastating casualties, the British panicked and retreated in disarray. Washington rode back and forth across the battlefield, rallying the remnants of the British and Virginian forces into an organized retreat. In the process, he demonstrated bravery and stamina, despite his lingering illness. He had two horses shot from underneath him, while his hat and coat were pierced by several bullets. Two-thirds of the British force of 976 men were killed or wounded in the battle. Washington's conduct in the battle redeemed his reputation among many who had criticized his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity.
Washington was not included by the succeeding commander Col. Thomas Dunbar in planning subsequent force movements, whatever responsibility rested on him for the defeat as a result of his recommendation to Braddock.
Commander of Virginia Regiment
Lt. Governor Dinwiddie rewarded Washington in 1755 with a commission as "Colonel of the Virginia Regiment and Commander in Chief of all forces now raised in the defense of His Majesty's Colony" and gave him the task of defending Virginia's frontier. The Virginia Regiment was the first full-time American military unit in the colonies, as opposed to part-time militias and the British regular units. He was ordered to "act defensively or offensively" as he thought best. He happily accepted the commission, but the coveted red coat of officer rank (and the accompanying pay) continued to elude him. Dinwiddie as well pressed in vain for the British military to incorporate the Virginia Regiment into its ranks.
In command of a thousand soldiers, Washington was a disciplinarian who emphasized training. He led his men in brutal campaigns against the Indians in the west; his regiment fought 20 battles in 10 months and lost a third of its men. Washington's strenuous efforts meant that Virginia's frontier population suffered less than that of other colonies; Ellis concludes that "it was his only unqualified success" in that war.
In 1758, Washington participated in the Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. He was embarrassed by a friendly fire episode in which his unit and another British unit each thought that the other was the French enemy and opened fire, with 14 dead and 26 wounded in the mishap. Washington was not involved in any other major fighting on the expedition, and the British scored a major strategic victory, gaining control of the Ohio Valley when the French abandoned the fort. Following the expedition, he retired from his Virginia Regiment commission in December 1758. He did not return to military life until the outbreak of the revolution in 1775.
Washington never gained the commission in the British army that he yearned for, but in these years he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills. He closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. Washington learned to organize, train, drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. He learned the basics of battlefield tactics from his observations, readings, and conversations with professional officers, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics. He gained an understanding of overall strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points.
Washington demonstrated his resourcefulness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and retreats. He developed a command presence, given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, which demonstrated to soldiers that he was a natural leader whom they could follow without question. Washington's fortitude in his early years was sometimes manifested in less constructive ways. Biographer John R. Alden contends that Washington offered "fulsome and insincere flattery to British generals in vain attempts to win great favor" and on occasion showed youthful arrogance, as well as jealousy and ingratitude in the midst of impatience.
Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results; other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service.[g] He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia, who seemed too unreliable, too undisciplined, and too short-term compared to regulars. On the other hand, his experience was limited to command of at most 1,000 men and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations that he faced during the Revolution at Boston, New York, Trenton, and Philadelphia.
Between the wars: Mount Vernon (1759–1774)
On January 6, 1759, Washington married wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis, then 28 years old. Surviving letters suggest that he may have been in love at the time with Sally Fairfax, the wife of a friend. Nevertheless, George and Martha made a compatible marriage, because Martha was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate.
Together they raised her children from her previous marriage, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke (Patsy) Custis. Later, they raised Martha's grandchildren Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis. George and Martha never had any children together; his earlier bout with smallpox in 1751 may have made him sterile.[h] The newlywed couple moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up the life of a planter and political figure.
Washington's marriage to Martha greatly increased his property holdings and social standing, and made him one of Virginia's wealthiest men. He acquired one-third of the 18,000-acre (73 km2) Custis estate upon his marriage, worth approximately $100,000, and managed the remainder on behalf of Martha's children, for whom he sincerely cared.
In 1754, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie had promised land bounties to the soldiers and officers who volunteered to serve during the French and Indian War. Washington prevailed upon Lord Botetourt, the new governor, and he finally fulfilled Dinwiddie's promise in 1769–1770, with Washington subsequently receiving title to 23,200 acres (94 km2) where the Kanawha River flows into the Ohio River, in what is now western West Virginia. He also frequently bought additional land in his own name. By 1775, Washington had doubled the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (26 km2), and had increased its slave population to over 100.
As a respected military hero and large landowner, he held local office and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758. In the 1758 election, he plied the voters with 170 gallons of rice punch, beer, wine, hard cider, and brandy, though he was largely absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. With the help of several local elites, Washington won election with roughly forty percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates for the seat. Early in his legislative career, Washington rarely spoke, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation and mercantilist policies in the 1760s.
Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle—fox hunting was a favorite leisure activity. He also enjoyed going to dances and parties, in addition to the theater, races, and cockfights. He also was known to play cards, backgammon, and billiards. Like most Virginia planters, he imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting his tobacco crop. By 1764, these luxuries, coupled with a poor tobacco market, left Washington ₤1,800 in debt. He began to pull himself out of debt in the mid-1760s by diversifying his previously tobacco-centric business interests into other ventures and paying more attention to his affairs, especially in the form of buying fewer imported luxuries.
In 1766, he started switching Mount Vernon's primary cash crop away from tobacco to wheat, a crop that could be processed and then sold in various forms in the colonies, and further diversified operations to include flour milling, fishing, horse breeding, hog production, spinning, and weaving, and (in the 1790s) he erected a distillery for whiskey production which yielded more than 1,000 gallons a month.
After a history of epileptic attacks, Patsy Custis died suddenly in Washington's arms in 1773. The day following Patsy's death, Washington wrote to Burwell Bassett: "It is an easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family, especially that of the unhappy Parent of our Dear Patcy Custis, when I inform you that yesterday re- moved the Sweet, Innocent Girl into a more happy & peaceful abode than any she has met with, the aflicted path she hitherto has trod." Washington cancelled all business activity and, for the next three months, was not away from Martha for a single night. Patsy's death enabled Washington to pay off his British creditors, since half of her inheritance passed to him.
Washington was a successful planter of tobacco and wheat, and also a leader in the social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered "people of rank". As for people not of high social status, his advice was to "treat them civilly" but "keep them at a proper distance, for they will grow upon familiarity, in proportion as you sink in authority". In 1769, he became more politically active, presenting the Virginia Assembly with legislation to ban the importation of goods from Great Britain.
American Revolution (1775–1783)
Washington played a leading military and political role in the American Revolution. His involvement began in 1767, when he first took political stands against the various acts of the British Parliament. He opposed the 1765 Stamp Act, the first direct tax on the colonies imposed by the British Parliament, which included no representatives from the colonies; he began taking a leading role in the growing colonial resistance when protests became widespread against the Townshend Acts (enacted in 1767). In May 1769, he introduced a proposal, drafted by his friend George Mason and calling for Virginia to boycott English goods until the Acts were repealed.
Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770. Washington regarded the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges". He told friend Bryan Fairfax, "I think the Parliament of Great Britain has no more right to put their hands in my pocket without my consent than I have to put my hands into yours for money." He also said that Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny "till custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway."
In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "Fairfax Resolves" were adopted, which called for the convening of a Continental Congress, among other things. In August, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress.
Commander in Chief
The colonies went to war after the Battles of Lexington and Concord near Boston in April 1775. Washington appeared at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war. He had the prestige, military experience, charisma, and military bearing of a military leader and was known as a strong patriot. Virginia was the largest colony and deserved recognition, and New England—where the fighting began—realized that it needed Southern support. Washington did not explicitly seek the office of commander and said that he was not equal to it, but there was no serious competition. Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775. Washington was nominated by John Adams of Massachusetts, then appointed as a full General and Commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Washington's refusal to accept a salary earned him a reputation as a "noble and disinterested" commanding officer.
The British then articulated the peril of Washington and his army; on August 23, 1775, Britain issued a Royal proclamation labeling American Patriots as traitors. If they resorted to force, they faced confiscation of their property, and their leaders were subject to execution upon the scaffold.
General Washington essentially assumed three roles during the war. First, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775–77 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. He plotted the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress.
Second, he was charged with organizing and training the army. He recruited regulars and assigned Baron von Steuben to train them, a veteran of the Prussian general staff. The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress, but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials. In June 1776, Congress' first attempt at running the war effort was established with the committee known as "Board of War and Ordnance", succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777, a committee which eventually included members of the military. The command structure of the armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees (and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks. The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites (such as John Sullivan) never mastered the art of command.
Eventually, he found capable officers, such as General Nathanael Greene, General Daniel Morgan ("the old wagoner" with whom he had served in The French and Indian War), Colonel Henry Knox (chief of artillery), and Colonel Alexander Hamilton (chief of staff). The American officers never equaled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and consequently, they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes at Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777), and Yorktown (1781) came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops. Daniel Morgan's annihilation of Banastre Tarleton's legion of dragoons at Cowpens in February 1781 came as a result of Morgan's employment of superior line tactics against his British opponent, resulting in one of the very few double envelopments in military history, another being Hannibal's defeat of the Romans at Cannae in 216 BC.
The decisive defeat of Col. Patrick Ferguson's Tory Regiment at King's Mountain demonstrated the superiority of the riflery of American "over-mountain men" over British-trained troops armed with musket and bayonet. These "over-mountain men" were led by a variety of elected officers, including the 6'6" William Campbell who had become one of Washington's officers by the time of Yorktown. Similarly, Morgan's Virginia riflemen proved themselves superior to the British at Saratoga, a post-revolutionary war development being the creation of trained "rifle battalions" in the European armies.
Washington's third and most important role in the war effort was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown, the representative man of the Revolution. His long-term strategy was to maintain an army in the field at all times, and eventually this strategy worked. His enormous personal and political stature and his political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. Furthermore, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as erratic militias. (This was clearly demonstrated in the rout at Camden, where only the Maryland and Delaware Continentals held firm under Baron DeKalb.)
Victory at Boston
Washington assumed command of the Continental Army in the field at Cambridge, Massachusetts in July 1775 during the ongoing siege of Boston. He recognized his army's desperate shortage of gunpowder and sought new sources. American troops raided British arsenals, including some in the Caribbean, and some manufacturing was attempted. They obtained a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) by the end of 1776, mostly from France.
Washington reorganized the army during the long standoff in Boston and forced the British to withdraw by putting artillery on Dorchester Heights overlooking the city. The British evacuated Boston in March 1776 and Washington moved his army to New York City.
British newspapers disparaged most of the Patriots, but praised Washington's personal character and qualities as a military commander despite his opposition to Britain, which some believed would ruin the empire.
Defeat at New York
In August 1776, British General William Howe launched a massive naval and land campaign designed to seize New York. Many of Washington's generals preferred retreating from the city and engaging in a defensive strategy, but he believed it better to engage in a major pitched battle. The Continental Army under Washington engaged the enemy for the first time as an army of the United States at the Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the entire war. The Americans were heavily outnumbered, many men deserted, and Washington was badly defeated. He and his generals determined on a course of retreat, and Washington instructed General William Heath to make available every flat-bottom riverboat and sloop in the area. In little time, Washington's army crossed the East River safely under the cover of darkness to Manhattan Island and did so without loss of life or materiel.
Washington had considered abandoning the island and Fort Washington, but he heeded Generals Greene and Putnam's recommendation to attempt a defense of the fort. He belatedly retreated farther across the Hudson to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement. With the Americans in retreat, Howe was able to take the offensive; he landed his troops on the island on November 16 and surrounded and captured Fort Washington, resulting in high Continental casualties. Biographer Alden claims that "although Washington was responsible for the decision to delay the patriots' retreat, he tried to ascribe blame for the decision to defend Fort Washington to the wishes of Congress and the bad advice of Nathaniel Greene."
Crossing the Delaware
Washington then continued his flight across New Jersey; the future of the Continental Army was in doubt due to expiring enlistments and the string of losses. On the night of December 25, 1776, he led his army across the Delaware River. The next morning, the troops launched a surprise attack on a Hessian outpost in Trenton, New Jersey, capturing nearly 1,000 prisoners. Washington followed up his victory at Trenton with another over British regulars at Princeton on January 3. The British retreated to New York City and its environs, which they held until the peace treaty of 1783.
Washington's victories wrecked the British carrot-and-stick strategy of showing overwhelming force then offering generous terms. The Americans would not negotiate for anything short of independence. These victories alone were not enough to ensure ultimate Patriot victory, however, since many soldiers did not reenlist or deserted during the harsh winter. Washington and Congress reorganized the army with increased rewards for staying and punishment for desertion, which raised troop numbers effectively for subsequent battles.
In February 1777 while encamped at Morristown, New Jersey, Washington became convinced that only smallpox inoculation by variolation would prevent the destruction of his Army. He ordered the inoculation of all troops and, by some reports, death by smallpox in the ranks dropped from 17% of all deaths to 1% of all deaths.
Historians debate whether Washington preferred to fight major battles or to utilize a Fabian strategy[i] to harass the British with quick, sharp attacks followed by a retreat so that the larger British army could not catch him.[j] His southern commander Greene did use Fabian tactics in 1780–81; Washington did so only in fall 1776 to spring 1777, after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away. Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples. By summer 1777 Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence; he stopped using raids and went for large-scale confrontations, as at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth, and Yorktown.
In late summer of 1777, British General John Burgoyne led a major invasion army south from Quebec, with the intention of splitting off rebellious New England. But General Howe in New York took his army south to Philadelphia instead of going up the Hudson River to join with Burgoyne near Albany—a major strategic mistake. Meanwhile, Washington rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe, while closely following the action in upstate New York, where the patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and his successor Horatio Gates. The ensuing pitched battles at Philadelphia were too complex for Washington's relatively inexperienced men and they were defeated. At the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, Howe outmaneuvered Washington and marched into the American capital at Philadelphia unopposed on September 26. Washington's army unsuccessfully attacked the British garrison at Germantown in early October. Meanwhile, to the north, Burgoyne was beyond the reach of help from Howe, trapped and forced to surrender after the Battles of Saratoga. This was a major turning point militarily and diplomatically—the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat by entering the war, allying with America and expanding the Revolutionary War into a major worldwide affair.
Washington's loss at Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to consider removing Washington from command. This movement termed the Conway Cabal, failed after Washington's supporters rallied behind him. Biographer Alden relates, "it was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." The zealous admiration of Washington indeed inevitably waned. John Adams was never a fan of the southern delegation to the Continental Congress, and he wrote that "Congress will appoint a thanksgiving; and one cause of it ought to be that the glory of turning the tide of arms is not immediately due to the commander-in-chief nor to southern troops. If it had been, idolatry and adulation would have been unbounded.... Now we can allow a certain citizen to be wise, virtuous, and good, without thinking him a deity or a savior."
Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. Over the next six months, the deaths in camp numbered in the thousands, the majority being from disease, compounded by lack of food and proper clothing, poor shelter, and the extreme cold; historians' death toll estimates range from 2,000 to over 3,000 men. The British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia and paid for their supplies in sterling; in contrast, Washington had difficulty procuring supplies from the few farmers in the area who would not accept rapidly depreciating American paper currency, while the woodlands about the valley had soon been exhausted of game. As conditions worsened, Washington was faced with the task of maintaining morale and discouraging desertion, which had become common by February.
Washington had repeatedly petitioned the Continental Congress for badly needed provisions but with no success. Finally, on January 24, 1778, five Congressmen came to Valley Forge to examine the conditions of the Continental Army. Washington expressed the urgency of the situation, exclaiming, "Something must be done. Important alterations must be made." At this time, he also contended that Congress should take control of the army supply system, pay for its supplies, and promptly expedite them as they became necessary. In response to Washington's urgent appeal, Congress gave full support to funding the supply lines of the army, which also resulted in reorganizing the commissary department, which controlled gathering the supplies for the army. By late February, there were adequate supplies flowing throughout camp.
The next spring, a revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a full-scale training program supervised by General von Steuben. The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York in June, 1778. Washington summoned a council of war with Generals Lee, Greene, and Wayne and Lafayette, and he decided to make a partial attack on the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth. On June 28, Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men and without Washington's immediate knowledge; they attempted to launch but bungled the first attack at the British rear guard. Clinton came about and offered stiff resistance, also with 4,000 men and waiting in anticipation, keeping the Americans in check. After sharp words of criticism, Washington relieved Lee and continued fighting to an effective draw in one of the war's largest battles. When nightfall came, the fighting came to a stop and the British continued their retreat and headed towards New York, where Washington soon moved his army just outside the city.
In the summer of 1779, Washington and Congress decided to strike the Iroquois warriors of the "Six Nations" in a campaign to force Britain's Indian allies out of New York, which they had used as a base to attack American settlements around New England. In June 1779, the Indian warriors joined with Tory rangers led by Colonel William Butler and slew over 200 frontiersmen, using barbarities normally shunned, and laid waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. Indeed, one British officer who witnessed the Tory brutality said that the redcoats on return to England would "scalp every son of a bitch of them." In August 1779, General John Sullivan led a military operation that destroyed at least 40 Iroquois villages, burning all available crops. Few people were killed as the Indians fled to British protection in Canada. Sullivan later reported that "the immediate objects of this expedition are accomplished, viz: total ruin of the Indian settlements and the destruction of their crops, which were designed for the support of those inhuman barbarians."
Hudson River and Southern battles
Washington at this time moved his headquarters from Middlebrook in New Jersey up to New Windsor on the Hudson, with an army of 10,000. The British, led by Howe's successor Sir Henry Clinton, made a move up the Hudson against American posts at Verplanck's Point and Stony Point, and both places succumbed; but a counter-offensive was briefly successful by the patriots led by General Anthony Wayne. Clinton was able to shut off Kings Ferry in the end, but it was a strategic loss; he could proceed no farther up the river due to American fortifications and Washington's army. The skirmishes at Verplanck's Point and at Stony Point demonstrated that the continental infantry had become quite formidable and were an enormous boost to morale.
Washington went into quarters at Morristown during the winter of 1779–1780, which represented the worst suffering for the army during the war. The temperatures fell to 16 below zero, the New York Harbor was frozen over, and snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, with the troops again lacking provisions for a time as at Valley Forge. In late 1779, Clinton moved his forces south to Charleston for an offensive against the patriots led by Benjamin Lincoln. After his success there, Clinton returned victorious to New York, leaving Cornwallis in the south. Congress replaced Lincoln with Gates, despite Washington's recommendation of Greene. Gates failed in South Carolina and was then replaced by Greene. The British at the time seemed to have the South almost in their grasp. Despite this news, Washington was encouraged to learn in mid-1780 that Lafayette had returned from France with additional naval assets and forces.
In the summer of 1778, George Washington ordered Major Benjamin Tallmadge to form the Culper Ring. This group was composed of a select few trustworthy individuals whose purpose was to collect information about the British movements and activities in New York City. The Ring is famous for uncovering Benedict Arnold's intentions of treason, which shocked Washington because Arnold was someone who had contributed significantly to the war effort. Arnold was embittered by his dealings with Congress over rank and finances, as well as the alliance with France, so he conspired with the British in a plan to seize the post that he commanded at West Point. Washington just missed apprehending him, but did capture his co-conspirator Major John André, a British intelligence officer under Clinton who was hanged by order of a court-martial called by Washington.
Difficulties during the winter of 1780-1781
Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor in 1780 and suffered again for lack of supplies. Washington prevailed upon Congress as well as state officials to come to their aid with provisions. He sympathized with their suffering, saying that he hoped that the army would not "continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured, which I cannot help remarking seem to reach the bounds of human patience".
Victory at Yorktown
In July 1780, 5,000 veteran French troops led by the comte de Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island to aid in the war. French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse. At first Washington hoped to bring the allied fight to New York and to end the war there, but Rochambeau advised de Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. Admiral de Grasse followed this advice and arrived off the Virginia coast. Washington immediately saw the advantage created, made a feinting move with his force towards Clinton in New York, and then headed south to Virginia.
Washington's Continental Army, also newly funded by $20,000 in French gold, delivered the final blow to the British in 1781, after a French naval victory allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia, preventing reinforcement by Clinton from the North. The surrender at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, marked the end of major fighting in North America. Cornwallis failed to appear at the official surrender ceremony, and sent General Charles Oharrow as his proxy; Washington then had General Benjamin Lincoln accept the surrender in his place.
Substantial combat had ended but the war had not, and a formal treaty of peace was months away. The British still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston, and Savannah, and had a powerful fleet. The French army and navy departed, so the Americans were on their own in 1782–83. Money matters fed the anxiety; the treasury was empty, and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive almost to the point of mutiny. At one point, they forced an adjournment of the Congress from Philadelphia to Princeton. Washington dispelled unrest among officers by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783, and Congress came up with the promise of a five-year bonus.
With the initial peace treaty articles ratified in April 1783, a recently formed Congressional committee under Hamilton was considering needs and plans for a peacetime army. On May 2, 1783, the Commander in Chief submitted his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment to the Committee, essentially providing an official Continental Army position. The original proposal was defeated in Congress in two votes (May 1783, October 1783), with a truncated version also being rejected in April 1784.
By the Treaty of Paris signed that September, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. Washington disbanded his army and gave an eloquent farewell address to his soldiers on November 2. On November 25, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and the governor took possession. At Fraunces Tavern on December 4, Washington formally bade his officers farewell and he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief on December 23, 1783. "I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping." Historian Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies. King George III called Washington "the greatest character of the age" because of this.
Washington later submitted a formal account of the expenses that he had personally advanced the army over the eight-year conflict of about $450,000. It is said to have been detailed regarding small items and vague concerning large ones, and included the expenses incurred from Martha's visits to his headquarters, as well as his compensation for service—none of which had been drawn during the war.
Washington's retirement to personal business at Mount Vernon was short-lived. He made an exploratory trip to the western frontier in 1784 and inspected his land holdings in Western Pennsylvania that had been earned decades earlier for his service in the French and Indian War. There he confronted squatters, including David Reed and the Covenanters; they vacated, but only after losing a court decision heard in Washington, Pennsylvania in 1786. He also facilitated the creation of the Potomac Company, a public–private partnership that sought to link the Potomac River with the Ohio River, but technical and financial challenges rendered the company unprofitable.
After much reluctance, he was persuaded to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787 as a delegate from Virginia, where he was unanimously elected as president of the Convention. He held considerable criticism of the Articles of Confederation of the thirteen colonies, for the weak central government which it established, referring to the Articles as no more than "a rope of sand" to support the new nation. Washington's view for the need of a strong federal government grew out of the recent war, as well as the inability of the Continental Congress to rally the states to provide for the needs of the military, as was clearly demonstrated for him during the winter at Valley Forge. The general populace, however, did not share Washington's views of a strong federal government binding the states together, comparing such a prevailing entity to the British Parliament that previously ruled and taxed the colonies.
Washington's participation in the debates was minor, although he cast his vote when called upon; his prestige facilitated the collegiality and productivity of the delegates. After a couple of months into the task, Washington told Alexander Hamilton, "I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business." Following the Convention, his support convinced many, but not all of his colleagues, to vote for ratification. He unsuccessfully lobbied anti-federalist Patrick Henry, saying that "the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable;" he declared that the only alternative would be anarchy. Nevertheless, he did not consider it appropriate to cast his vote in favor of adoption for Virginia, since he was expected to be nominated president under it. The new Constitution was subsequently ratified by all thirteen states. The delegates to the convention designed the presidency with Washington in mind, allowing him to define the office by establishing precedent once elected. Washington thought that the achievements were monumental once they were finally completed.
The Electoral College unanimously elected Washington as the first president[k] in 1789[l] and again in 1792. He remains the only president to receive the totality of electoral votes.[m] John Adams received the next highest vote total and was elected vice president. Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the first presidential oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall in New York City. The oath, as follows, was administered by Chancellor Robert R. Livingston: "I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." Historian John R. Alden indicates that Washington added the words "so help me God."
The 1st United States Congress voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789, valued at about $340,000 in 2015 dollars.[n] Washington faced financial troubles then, yet he initially declined the salary. At the urging of Congress, he ultimately accepted the payment to avoid setting a precedent whereby the presidency would be perceived as limited only to independently wealthy individuals who could serve without any salary. The president was aware that everything which he did set a precedent, and he attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts.[o] To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" to the more majestic names proposed by the Senate.
Washington proved an able administrator and established many precedents in the functions of the presidency, including messages to Congress and the cabinet form of government. He set the standard for tolerance of opposition voices, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor. He was an excellent delegator and judge of talent and character; he talked regularly with department heads and listened to their advice before making a final decision. In handling routine tasks, he was "systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others ... but decisive, intent upon general goals and the consistency of particular actions with them." After reluctantly serving a second term, Washington refused to run for a third, establishing the tradition of a maximum of two terms for a president, which was solidified by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
Washington was not a member of any political party and hoped that they would not be formed, fearing conflict that would undermine republicanism. His closest advisors formed two factions, setting the framework for the future First Party System. Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton had bold plans to establish the national credit and to build a financially powerful nation, and he formed the basis of the Federalist Party. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was the founder of the Jeffersonian Republicans, and he strenuously opposed Hamilton's agenda. Washington typically favored Hamilton over Jefferson, and it was Hamilton's agenda that went into effect. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Philip Freneau's National Gazette, and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led George Washington to dismiss him from his cabinet, though he ultimately left the cabinet voluntarily. Washington never forgave him and never spoke to him again.
In early 1790, Hamilton devised a plan with the approval of Washington, culminating in The Residence Act of 1790, that established the creditworthiness of the new government, as well as its permanent location. Congress had previously issued almost $22 million to suppliers in certificates of debt during the war; some of the states had incurred debt, as well (more so in the North). In accordance with the plan, Congress authorized the assumption and payment of these debts, and provided funding through customs duties and excise taxes. The proposal was largely favored in the North and opposed in the South. Hamilton obtained the approval of the southern states in exchange for an agreement to place the new national capitol on the Potomac River.
The national debt increased as a result during Hamilton's service as Secretary of the Treasury, but the nation established its good credit. Many in the Congress and elsewhere in the government profited from trading in the debt paper which was assumed. Many of Washington's fellow Virginians and others were vexed by this, but he considered that they had adequate redress through their Congressional representatives.
The Revenue Act authorized the president to select the specific location on the Potomac River for the seat of the government. He was to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for it, and Washington personally oversaw this effort throughout his term in office. In 1791, the commissioners named the permanent seat of government "The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the District of Columbia when the federal government moved to the site, according to the provisions of the Residence Act.
In 1791, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits, partly as a result of the Copper Panic of 1789, and this led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania. Washington ordered the protesters to appear in U.S. district court, but the protests turned into full-scale defiance of federal authority in 1794 known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The federal army was too small to be used, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon militias from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey. The governors sent the troops, with Washington taking initial command. He subsequently named Henry "Lighthorse Harry" Lee as field commander to lead the troops into the rebellious districts. The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting, as Washington's forceful action proved that the new government could protect itself. This represented the premier instance of the federal government using military force to exert authority over the states and citizens and is also the only time that a sitting U.S. president personally commanded troops in the field.
In April 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars broke out between Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France; Washington, with cabinet approval, proclaimed American neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt to America, called "Citizen Genêt". He was welcomed with great enthusiasm and began promoting the case for France, using a network of new Democratic Societies in major cities. He even issued French letters of marque and reprisal to French ships manned by American sailors so that they could capture British merchant ships. Washington denounced the societies and demanded that the French government recall Genêt, which they did.
Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution; John Jay negotiated and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794. Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington listened to both sides, then announced his strong support, which mobilized public opinion and was pivotal in securing ratification in the Senate on June 24, 1795 by the requisite two-thirds majority.
The British agreed to depart from their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States-Canada boundary had to be re-adjusted. Numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty delayed war with Great Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade. The treaty angered the French and became a central issue in many political debates. Relations with France deteriorated after the treaty was signed, leaving succeeding president John Adams with the prospect of war.
Washington's Farewell Address was issued as a public letter in 1796 and was one of the most influential statements of republicanism, drafted primarily by Washington himself with help from Hamilton. It gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican people. He referred to morality as "a necessary spring of popular government", and said, "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason, and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle." The address warned against foreign influence in domestic affairs and American meddling in European affairs, and against bitter partisanship in domestic politics. He also called for men to move beyond partisanship and serve the common good. He cautioned against "permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world", saying that the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars and entering into long-term "entangling" alliances, while advancing the general idea of non-involvement in foreign affairs. The Farewell Address made no clear distinction between domestic and foreign policies; John Quincy Adams interpreted Washington's policy as advocating a strong nationalist foreign policy while not limiting America's international activities. The address quickly set American values regarding foreign affairs. Washington's policy of non-involvement in the foreign affairs of the Old World was largely embraced by the founding generation of American statesmen, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison.
Washington retired from the presidency in March 1797 and returned to Mount Vernon with a profound sense of relief. He devoted much time to his plantations and other business interests, including his distillery, which produced its first batch of spirits in February 1797. Chernow 2010 explains that his plantation operations were only minimally profitable. The lands out west yielded little income because they were under attack by Indians, and the squatters living there refused to pay him rent. Washington attempted to sell off these holdings but failed to obtain the price that he desired. Meanwhile, he was losing money at Mount Vernon due to a glut of unproductive slaves, which he declined to sell due to a desire to keep families intact, and due to questions as to whether the slaves rightfully belonged to him or to Martha.
Most Americans assumed that he was rich because of the well-known "glorified façade of wealth and grandeur" at Mount Vernon, nearly all his wealth was tied up in land or slaves. Historians estimate that his estate was worth about $1 million in 1799 dollars, equivalent to about $19.9 million in 2014 purchasing power.
By 1798, relations with France had deteriorated to the point that war seemed imminent. President Adams offered Washington a commission as lieutenant general on July 4, 1798, and as Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war. He accepted and served as the senior officer of the United States Army from July 13, 1798, until his death seventeen months later. He participated in the planning for a Provisional Army to meet any emergency that might arise but avoided involvement in details as much as possible. He delegated most of the work, including active leadership of the army, to Hamilton, who was then serving as a major general in the U.S. Army. No French army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command.
During the Revolutionary and Early Republican periods of American history, many commentators compared Washington with Roman aristocrat and statesman Cincinnatus. The comparison arose as Washington, like Cincinnatus, remained in command of the Continental Army only until the British had been defeated. Thereafter, he returned as quickly as possible to cultivating his lands instead of seeking great political power. Poet Philip Freneau remarked on Washington's resignation in December 1783 and his decision to retire to Mount Vernon:
- Thus He, whom Rome's proud legions sway'd
- Return'd, and sought his sylvan shade.
On Thursday, December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his plantation on horseback, in snow, hail, and freezing rain; that evening, he ate his supper without changing from his wet clothes. He awoke the next morning with a severe sore throat and became increasingly hoarse as the day progressed, yet still rode out in the heavy snow, marking trees that he wanted cut on the estate. Some time around 3 a.m. that Saturday, he suddenly awoke with severe difficulty breathing and almost completely unable to speak or swallow. He was a firm believer in bloodletting, which was a standard medical practice of that era which he had used to treat various ailments of slaves on his plantation. He ordered estate overseer Albin Rawlins to remove half a pint of his blood.
Three physicians were summoned, including Washington's personal physician Dr. James Craik, along with Dr. Gustavus Brown and Dr. Elisha Dick. Craik and Brown thought that Washington had "quinsey" or "quincy", while Dick thought that the condition was more serious or a "violent inflammation of the throat". By the time that the three physicians finished their treatments and bloodletting of the president, there had been a massive volume of blood loss—half or more of his total blood content was removed over the course of just a few hours. Dr. Dick recognized that the bloodletting and other treatments were failing, and he proposed performing an emergency tracheotomy, a procedure that few American physicians were familiar with at the time, as a last-ditch effort to save Washington's life, but the other two doctors disapproved.
Washington died at home around 10 p.m. on Saturday, December 14, 1799, aged 67. In his journal, Tobias Lear recorded Washington's last words as "'Tis well."
A funeral was held at Mount Vernon on December 18, 1799 where Washington's body was interred. Congress passed a joint resolution to construct a marble monument for his body in the planned crypt below the rotunda of the center section of the Capitol (then still under construction), a plan acquiesced to by Martha. In December 1800, the House passed an appropriations bill for $200,000 to build the mausoleum, which was to be a pyramid with a 100-foot (30 m) square base. Southern representatives and senators opposed the plan and defeated the measure because they felt that it was best to have Washington's body remain at Mount Vernon.
Throughout the world, people admired Washington and were saddened by his death. In the United States, memorial processions were held in major cities and thousands wore mourning clothes for months. Martha Washington wore a black mourning cape for one year. In France, First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte ordered ten days of mourning throughout the country. Ships of the British Royal Navy's Channel Fleet lowered their flags to half mast to honor his passing.
To protect their privacy, Martha Washington burned the correspondence which they had exchanged; only five letters between the couple are known to have survived, two letters from Martha to George and three from him to her.
The diagnosis of Washington's final illness and the immediate cause of his death have been subjects of debate since the day he died. In the days immediately following his death, Craik and Dick's published account stated that they felt that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis, a term of that period used to describe severe inflammation of the structures of the upper airway. Even at that early date, there were accusations of medical malpractice, with some believing that Washington had been bled to death. Various modern medical authors have speculated that Washington probably died from a severe case of epiglottitis which was complicated by the given treatments (all of which were accepted medical practice in Washington's day), most notably the massive deliberate blood loss, which almost certainly caused hypovolemic shock.[p]
Move to new burial site
In 1830 a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate attempted to steal Washington's skull from the original tomb. The next year a new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon to receive George and Martha Washington's remains, along with other relatives buried in the original tomb.
A joint Congressional committee debated the removal of President Washington's body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol in early 1832. The crypt was built by architect Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out structure after the British set it afire in August 1814, during the Burning of Washington. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South. Congressman Wiley Thompson of Georgia expressed the Southerners' fear when he said, "Remove the remains of our venerated Washington from their association with the remains of his consort and his ancestors, from Mount Vernon and from his native State, and deposit them in this capitol, and then let a severance of the Union occur, and behold the remains of Washington on a shore foreign to his native soil."
On October 7, 1837 George Washington's remains, still in its original lead coffin, were placed within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers. The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks while an outer vault was constructed around it. The outer vault contains the sarcophagi of George and Martha Washington, the inner vault contains the remains of other Washington family members and relatives.
As a young man, Washington had red hair. A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. Washington did not wear a wig; instead, he powdered his hair, as is represented in several portraits, including the well-known, unfinished Gilbert Stuart depiction called the "Athenaeum Portrait".
Washington's height was variously recorded as 6 ft (1.83 m) to 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m). He registered six feet three and one-half inches when measured for his coffin. He had unusually great physical strength that amazed younger men. Jefferson called Washington "the best horseman of his age", and both American and European observers praised his riding; the horsemanship benefited his hunting, a favorite hobby. Washington was an excellent dancer and frequently attended the theater, often making Shakespearean references in his letters. He drank in moderation and precisely recorded gambling wins and losses, but he disliked the excessive drinking, gambling, smoking, and profanity that were common in colonial Virginia. He grew tobacco but he eventually stopped smoking and considered drunkenness a man's worst vice; he was glad that post-Revolutionary Virginia society was less likely to "force [guests] to drink and to make it an honor to send them home drunk."
Washington suffered from problems with his teeth throughout his life, and historians have tracked his experiences in great detail. He lost his first adult tooth when he was twenty-two and had only one left by the time that he became president. John Adams claimed that he lost them because he used them to crack Brazil nuts, but modern historians suggest that mercury oxide probably contributed to the loss, which he was given to treat illnesses such as smallpox and malaria. He had several sets of false teeth made, four of them by a dentist named John Greenwood. None of the sets were made from wood. The set made when he became president was carved from hippopotamus and elephant ivory, held together with gold springs. Prior to these, he had a set made with real human teeth, likely ones that he purchased from "several unnamed 'Negroes,' presumably Mount Vernon slaves" in 1784. Dental problems left Washington in constant pain, for which he took laudanum. This distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office, including the one still used on the $1 bill.[q]
For his entire life, Washington was affiliated with the Anglican Church, later called the Episcopal Church. He served as a vestryman and as church warden for both Fairfax Parish in Alexandria and Truro Parish. These were administrative positions like all positions in Virginia while it had an official religion, in that they required one to swear that he would not speak or act in a way that did not conform to the tenets of the Church. Numerous historians have suggested that, theologically, Washington agreed largely with the Deists, but he never spoke about any particular Deist beliefs which he may have had. He often used words for the deity, such as "God" and "Providence", while avoiding using the words "Jesus" and "Christ." In his collected works, they appear in an official letter to Indians that might have been drafted by an aide.
At the time, Deism was a theological outlook, not an organized denomination, and was compatible with being an Episcopal. Historian Gregg Frazer argues that Washington was not a deist but a "theistic rationalist." This theological position rejected core beliefs of Christianity, such as the divinity of Christ, the Trinity, and original sin. Unlike the deists, the theological rationalists believed in the efficacy of prayer to God. Theologian Peter A. Lillback argues that Washington was neither a deist nor a "theistic rationalist" but a Christian who accepted the core beliefs of Christianity.
Washington frequently accompanied his wife to church services. Third-hand reports say that he took communion, although he is usually characterized as never or rarely participating in the rite. He would regularly leave services before communion with the other non-communicants (as was the custom of the day), until he ceased attending at all on communion Sundays after being admonished by a rector.
Washington regarded religion as a protective influence for America's social and political order, and recognized the church's "laudable endeavors to render men sober, honest, and good citizens, and the obedient subjects of a lawful government."
It is generally concluded that Washington was a Christian, although the exact nature of his religious beliefs has been debated by some historians and biographers for over two hundred years. Washington biographer Don Higginbotham notes that, in such instances, people with diametrically opposing opinions frequently base their views of Washington's beliefs on their own beliefs. Higginbotham claims that Washington harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy and quotes him as saying: "being no bigot myself to any mode of worship". Washington, as commander of the army and as president, was a vigorous promoter of tolerance for all religious denominations. He believed that religion was an important support for public order, morality, and virtue. He often attended services of different denominations, and he suppressed anti-Catholic celebrations in the Army.
Michael Novak and Jana Novak suggest that it may have been "Washington's intention to maintain a studied ambiguity (and personal privacy) regarding his own deepest religious convictions, so that all Americans, both in his own time and for all time to come, might feel free to approach him on their own terms—and might also feel like full members of the new republic, equal with every other." They conclude:
He was educated in the Episcopal Church, to which he always adhered; and my conviction is, that he believed in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity as usually taught in that Church, according to his understanding of them; but without a particle of intolerance, or disrespect for the faith and modes of worship adopted by Christians of other denominations.
Washington was initiated into Freemasonry in 1752. He had a high regard for the Masonic Order and often praised it, but he seldom attended lodge meetings. He was attracted by the movement's dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason, and fraternalism. The American lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective that made the European lodges so controversial. In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges recommended Washington to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia. He declined, due to his responsibility in leading the Continental Army at a critical stage. He also did not consider it Masonically legal to serve as Grand Master because he had never been installed as Master or Warden of a lodge. In 1788, Washington was named Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No. 22, with his personal consent.
Washington was the only prominent Founding Father to arrange in his will for the manumission (freeing) of all his slaves following his death and the death of his wife. He privately opposed slavery as an institution which he viewed as economically unsound and morally indefensible. He also regarded the divisiveness of his countrymen's feelings about slavery as a potentially mortal threat to the unity of the nation. He never publicly challenged the institution of slavery, possibly because he wanted to avoid provoking a split in the new republic over so inflammatory an issue, but he did sign into law the Slave Trade Act of 1794, which limited American involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.
Washington had owned slaves since the death of his father in 1743, when he inherited 10 slaves at the age of eleven. At the time of his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, he personally owned at least 36 slaves, which meant that he had achieved the status of a major planter. The wealthy widow Martha brought at least 85 "dower slaves" to Mount Vernon by inheriting a third of her late husband's estate. Using his wife's great wealth, Washington bought more land, tripling the size of the plantation at Mount Vernon, and purchased the additional slaves needed to work it. By 1774, he paid taxes on 135 slaves (this figure does not include the "dowers"). The last record of a slave purchase by him was in 1772, although he later received some slaves in repayment of debts. Washington also used some hired staff and white indentured servants; in April 1775, he offered a reward for the return of two runaway white servants.
George Washington's legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history, as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, hero of the Revolution, and the first President of the United States.[r] Congressman Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, a Revolutionary War comrade, famously eulogized Washington, "First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen".
Lee's words set the standard by which Washington's overwhelming reputation was impressed upon the American memory. Biographers hailed him as the great exemplar of republicanism. Washington set many precedents for the national government, and the presidency in particular, and was called the "Father of His Country" as early as 1778.[s] Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday in the United States. In terms of personality, biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, "the great big thing stamped across that man is character." By character, says David Hackett Fischer, "Freeman meant integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others."
Washington became an international icon for liberation and nationalism, as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but, for many years, the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed building the Washington Monument. On January 31, 1781, he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
During the United States Bicentennial year, George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. This restored his position as the highest-ranking military officer in U.S. history.[t]
The serious collection and publication of Washington's documentary record began with the pioneer work of Jared Sparks in the 1830s in Life and Writings of George Washington (12 vols., 1834–1837). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–44) is a 37 volume set edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. It contains over 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia. The definitive letterpress edition of his writings was begun by the University of Virginia in 1968, and today comprises 52 published volumes, with more to come. It contains everything written by Washington or signed by him, together with most of his incoming letters. Part of the collection is available online from the University of Virginia.
Monuments and memorials
Many places and entities have been named in honor of Washington. His name became that of the nation's capital Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only state to be named after a United States president. Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the tallest mountain in the Northeast, was named soon after the American Revolution by Colonel John Whipple.
Washington, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln are depicted in stone at the Mount Rushmore Memorial. The Washington Monument was built in his honor, one of the best-known American landmarks. The George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia was constructed between 1922 and 1932 with voluntary contributions from all 52 local governing bodies of the Freemasons in the United States.
There have been many proposals to build a monument to Washington, starting after victory in the Revolution. After his death, Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital, but the decision was reversed when the Democratic-Republicans took control of Congress in 1801. The Democratic-Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party. Construction of the 554 foot memorial didn't begin until 1848. It was completed in 1885. There are many other "Washington Monuments" in the United States, including two well-known equestrian statues, one in Manhattan and one in Richmond, Virginia. The first statue to show Washington on horseback was dedicated in 1856 and is located in Manhattan's Union Square.
Postage and currency
Washington's victory over Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown was commemorated with a two-cent stamp on the battle's 150th anniversary on October 19, 1931. The 150th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution with George Washington as presiding officer was celebrated with a three-cent issue on September 17, 1937, adapted from the painting by Julius Brutus Stearns. Washington's presidential inauguration at Federal Hall in New York City was celebrated on its 150th anniversary on April 30, 1939.
- Selected Issues
- Selected currency
Perhaps the best-known story about Washington's childhood is that he chopped down his father's favorite cherry tree and admitted the deed when questioned: "I can't tell a lie, Pa." The anecdote was first reported by biographer Parson Weems, who interviewed people after Washington's death who knew him as a child over a half-century earlier. The Weems text was very widely reprinted throughout the 19th century, for example in McGuffey Readers. Adults wanted children to learn moral lessons from history, especially as taught by example from the lives of great national heroes like Washington. After 1890 historians insisted on scientific research methods to validate every statement, and there was no documentation for this anecdote apart from Weems' report that he learned it from one of the neighbors who knew the young Washington. Joseph Rodman claimed in 1904 that Weems plagiarized other Washington tales from published fiction set in England, but no one has found an alternative source for the cherry tree story. Austin Washington, a descendent of George Washington, maintains that it is unlikely that Parson Weems, a man of the clergy, would write an account about truth and honesty and then lie about such a story. He further maintains that, if Weems was making up a story, he would have more dramatically depicted the young Washington chopping down the cherry tree, not merely "barking it" (i.e., removing some of the bark), as Weems never claimed that the tree was chopped down. There has been much conjecture and ad hominem attacks from some historians about Weems and his story, but none have proven or disproven the story.
Personal property auction record
George Washington's personal annotated copy of the "Acts Passed at a Congress of the United States of America" from 1789 includes the Constitution of the United States and a draft of the Bill of Rights. It was sold on June 22, 2012, at Christie's for $9,826,500 (with fees added to the final cost) to The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. This was the record for a document sold at auction.
- Culper Ring, the spy ring organized by Benjamin Tallmadge and supervised by Washington
- American gentry
- Conotocaurious (Town Destroyer), a nickname given to Washington by Iroquois Native Americans
- Electoral history of George Washington
- List of federal judges appointed by George Washington
- List of notable Freemasons
- List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience
- List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War
- Where's George?, a website that tracks the circulation of American paper money
- March 4 is the official start of the first presidential term. April 6 is when Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College and certified a president. April 30 is when Washington was sworn in.
- Contemporaneous records used the Julian calendar and the Annunciation Style of enumerating years, recording his birth as February 11, 1731. The provisions of the British Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1 (it had been March 25). These changes resulted in dates being moved forward 11 days, and an advance of one year for those between January 1 and March 25. For a further explanation, see Old Style and New Style dates.
- Engber 2006
- Washington received his license through the college, whose charter gave it the authority to appoint Virginia county surveyors. There is no evidence that he actually attended classes there.
- Accounts of Washington's height vary from 6' 0'' to 6' 3''.
- Also referred to as the Seven Years' War and The French War
- Ellis and Ferling, for example, do not discuss this stance in reference to Washington's French and Indian War service, and cast it almost exclusively in terms of his negative experiences dealing with the Continental Congress during the Revolution. See Ellis 2004, p. 218; Ferling 2009, pp. 32–33, 200, 258–72, 316. Don Higginbotham places Washington's first formal advocacy of a strong central government in 1783. Higginbotham 2002, p. 37.
- Washington may not have been able to admit to his own sterility while privately he grieved over not having his own children. Bumgarner 1994, pp. 1–8
- The term comes from the Roman strategy used by General Fabius against Hannibal's invasion in the Second Punic War.
- Ferling and Ellis argue that Washington favored Fabian tactics, and Higginbotham denies it. Ferling 2010, pp. 212, 264; Ellis 2004, p. 11; Higginbotham 1971, p. 211.
- Washington's being childless was a great help to his candidacy. Because he had no heirs, Americans who were concerned about a president who might have plans for a hereditary monarchy had their fears allayed. In addition, many religious Americans believed that God had deliberately deprived Washington of children, the better to serve as Father of His Country.
- Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled". The position had no executive powers, but the similarity of titles has confused some into thinking that there were other presidents before Washington.
- The system in place at the time dictated that each elector cast two votes, with the winner becoming president and the runner-up vice president. Every elector in the elections of 1789 and 1792 cast one of his votes for Washington; thus, it may be said that he was elected president unanimously. James Monroe was re-elected unopposed in 1820 but a "faithless elector" cast a single vote for John Quincy Adams, depriving Monroe of unanimous election.
- The Coinage Act of 1792 sets the value of $1 USD equal to 24.1g of silver. With the price of silver at $15.95/oz as of June 13, 2015, the value of 25,000 in silver dollars in 1792 value (24.1g/$1) is $338,750.
- Washington was aware that his actions would set precedents for later American presidents. He wrote to James Madison: ""As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles." Washington to James Madison, May 5, 1789, cited by Unger, 2013, p. 76.
- At least three modern medical authors (Wallenborn 1997, Shapiro 1975, Scheidemandel 1976) concluded that Washington most probably died from acute bacterial epiglottitis complicated by the administered treatments. These treatments included multiple doses of calomel (a cathartic or purgative), and extensive bloodletting (with at least 2.365 total liters of blood being taken, which is slightly less than half of a normal adult's blood volume).
- See Vadakan 2005, Footnotes for Shapiro and Scheidemandel references. Vadakan's article also directly quotes Doctors Craik and Dick's account (as published in the Times of Alexandria newspaper) of their treatment of Washington during his fatal illness.
- The Smithsonian Institution states in "The Portrait—George Washington: A National Treasure" that Stuart admired the sculpture of Washington by French artist Jean-Antoine Houdon, probably because it was based on a life mask and therefore extremely accurate. Stuart explained, "When I painted him, he had just had a set of false teeth inserted, which accounts for the constrained expression so noticeable about the mouth and lower part of the face. Houdon's bust does not suffer from this defect. I wanted him as he looked at that time." Stuart preferred the Athenaeum pose, except for the gaze, and used the same pose for the Lansdowne painting.
- Historians Jay A. Parry and Andrew M. Allison declare that Washington "was the dominant personality in three of the most critical events in that founding: the Revolutionary War, the Constitutional Convention, and the first national administration. Had he not served as America's leader in those three events, all three likely would have failed. And America as we know it today would not exist." Parry, 1991, p. xi.
- The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as the Father of His Country is in the frontispiece of a 1779 German-language almanac, with calculations by David Rittenhouse and published by Francis Bailey in Lancaster County Pennsylvania. Der Gantz Neue Nord-Americanishe Calendar has Fame appearing with an image of Washington holding a trumpet to her lips, from which come the words "Der Landes Vater" (translated as "the father of the country" or "the father of the land").
- In Bell 2005, William Gardner Bell states that Washington was recalled back into military service from his retirement in 1798, and "Congress passed legislation that would have made him General of the Armies of the United States, but his services were not required in the field and the appointment was not made until the Bicentennial in 1976, when it was bestowed posthumously as a commemorative honor." How many U.S. Army five-star generals have there been and who were they? states that with Public Law 94-479, President Ford specified that Washington would "rank first among all officers of the Army, past and present. "General of the Armies of the United States" is associated with only two people... one being Washington and the other being John J. Pershing.
- Lillback & Newcombe 2006, pp. 1–1187
- Grizzard 2002, pp. 105–07
- Chernow 2010
- Kazin 2009, p. 589
- Unger 2013, pp. 236–37
- Unger 2013, p. 18
- Unger 2013, p. 236
- O'Brien 2009, p. 19
- University of Virginia 2008
- Alden 1993, pp. 3–4
- Dorothy Twohig, in Hofstra 1998
- Alden 1993, pp. 4–5, 73
- Chernow 2010, pp. 10–14
- Wiencek 2013, p. 54
- Freeman 1948, pp. 1:15–72
- McMillan 2006, pp. 1–2
- Knott 2005, pp. 1–5
- Ferling 2010, pp. 5–6
- Freeman 1948, p. 1:199
- Flexner 1974, p. 8
- Freeman 1948, p. 1:264
- Freeman 1948, p. 1:268
- Alden 1993, p. 9
- Mount Ladies' Association, 2016
- U.S. National Archives:
George Washington's Professional Surveys, 2nd prgh
- Ellis 2004, p. 282
- Chernow 2010, p. 53
- Freeman 1948, pp. 1:274–327.
- In fact, Washington and Tanacharison became friends.
- Lengel 2005, pp. 23–24
- Washington & Dinwiddie 1865
- Grizzard 2002
- Lengel 2005, pp. 31–38
- Anderson 2000, pp. 53–58
- Misencik 2014, p. 131
- Grizzard 2002, pp. 115–19
- Ellis 2004, pp. 17–18
- Ferling 2009, pp. 25–27
- Anderson 2005, pp. 100–01
- Alden 1993, pp. 35–36
- Alden 1993, p. 37
- Ferling 2010, pp. 35–36
- Ferling 2009, pp. 28–30
- Alden 1993, pp. 37–46
- Flexner 1965, p. 138
- Alden 2010, pp. 47, 54
- Fischer 2006, pp. 15–16
- Ellis 2004, p. 38
- Lengel 2005, pp. 75–76, 81
- Chernow 2010, ch. 8
- Freeman 1968, pp. 135–39;
Flexner 1974, pp. 32–36;
Ellis 2004, ch. 1;
Higginbotham 1985, ch. 1;
Lengel 2005, pp. 77–80.
- Higginbotham 1985, pp. 14–15
- Lengel 2005, p. 80
- Ellis 2004, pp. 38, 69
- Fischer 2006, p. 13
- Alden 1993, p. 70
- Higginbotham 1985, pp. 22–25
- Freeman 1968, pp. 136–37
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- Webb, William B.; Wooldridge, John (1892). "Chapter IV: Permanent Capital Site Selected". In Crew, Harvey W. Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 87. OCLC 2843595. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- Wiencek, Henry (2013). An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-17526-8.
- White, Leonard D. (1948). The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History. New York: Macmillan Co. p. 100. OCLC 1830658.
- Wood, Gordon S. (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: A.A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40493-7.
- Wright, Robert K.; Morris J. MacGregor (1987). "The Peace Establishment (George Washington, Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, 2 May 1783)". Soldier-statesmen of the Constitution. U.S. Army Center of Military History (U.S. Government). Retrieved September 7, 2012.
- "VI. Religion and the Federal Government". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- "The President's House: Freedom and Slavery in the Making of a New Nation". Independence National Historical Park. National Park Service. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- "George Washington's Professional Surveys". U.S. National Archives. 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
- Library of Congress (1905). "Acceptance of Appointment by General Washington, in 2 Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 91–92". Continental Congress.
- Explore PA (2011). "George Washington, Covenanter squatters Historical Marker". Explore PA. WITF. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- Bruns, Roger A. (1986). "Constitution of the United States". The Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- Byron, Lord George (2001). "Ode to Napoleon Buonoparte". Retrieved May 20, 2014.
- Fitzpatrick, John (ed) (2016). "Writings of George Washington – Online Fitzpatrick edition". University of Virginia / Hathi Trust. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- Freneau, Philip (1903). Fred Lewis Pattee, ed. "The Poems of Philip Freneau, Volume II (of III)". Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2014-09-06.
- McMillan, Joseph (2006). "The Arms of George Washington". Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- "Surveying". Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
- Twohig, Dorothy (October 1994). "'That Species of Property': Washington's Role in the Controversy Over Slavery". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- Jensen, Richard (2002). "Military History of the American Revolution". Jensen's Web Guides. University of Illinois at Chicago. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- Knott, Stephen (2005). "Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- Wallenborn, White McKenzie, M.D. (1999). "George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia.
- University of Virginia (2008). "Bible Record for Washington Family". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- Washington, George (1799). "Letter to Continental Army, November 2, 1783, Farewell Orders; Letter to Henry Knox, November 2, 1783". George Washington Papers, 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts. Library of Congress. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- Wood, Gordon (December 16, 2004). "The Man Who Would Not Be King". The New Republic. Retrieved August 4, 2006 – via powells.com.
- Pogue, Dennis J. (January 2004). Shad, Wheat, and Rye (Whiskey): George Washington, Entrepreneur (PDF). The Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting. St. Louis, Missouri: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. pp. 2–10.
- Lengel, Edward G., ed. (2011). "The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition". University of Virginia. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- 'Writings of George Washington edited by John C. Fitzpatrick, et al (39 vol. 1931)
|Library resources about
- White House biography
- United States Congress. "George Washington (id: W000178)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- George Washington's Mount Vernon
- American President: George Washington (1732–1799) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
- George Washington: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress
- George Washington Resources at the University of Virginia Library
- Original Digitized Letters of George Washington Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- The Papers of George Washington at the Avalon Project
- The Papers of George Washington, subset of Founders Online from the National Archives
- George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Virginia from the National Park Service
- Copies of the wills of General George Washington: the first president of the United States and of Martha Washington, his wife (1904), edited by E. R. Holbrook
- "What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader?". EDSITEment: Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities.
- Works by George Washington at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about George Washington at Internet Archive
- Works by George Washington at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- George Washington Personal Manuscripts
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Iron selenide revealed as ‘garden-variety iron-based superconductor’
In the pantheon of unconventional superconductors, iron selenide is a rock star. But new experiments by U.S., Chinese and European physicists have found the material’s magnetic persona to be unexpectedly mundane.
Rice University physicist Pengcheng Dai, corresponding author of a study of the results published online this week in Nature Materials, offered this bottom-line assessment of iron selenide: “It’s a garden-variety iron-based superconductor. The fundamental physics of superconductivity are similar to what we find in all the other iron-based superconductors.”
That conclusion is based on data from neutron scattering experiments performed over the past year in the U.S., Germany and the United Kingdom. The experiments produced the first measurements of the dynamic magnetic properties of iron selenide crystals that had undergone a characteristic structural shift that occurs as the material is cooled but before it is cooled to the point of superconductivity.
“Iron selenide is completely different from all the other iron-based superconductors in several ways,” said Dai, a professor of physics and astronomy at Rice and a member of Rice’s Center for Quantum Materials (RCQM). “It has the simplest structure, being composed of only two elements. All the others have at least three elements and much more complicated structure. Iron selenide is also the only one that has no magnetic order and no parent compound.”
Dozens of iron-based superconductors have been discovered since 2008. In each, the iron atoms form a 2-D sheet that’s sandwiched between top and bottom sheets made up of other elements. In the case of iron selenide, the top and bottom sheets are pure selenium, but in other materials these sheets are made of two or more elements. In iron selenide and other iron-based superconductors, iron atoms in the central 2-D sheet are spaced in checkerboard fashion, exactly the same distance from one another in both the left-right direction and forward-back directions.
As the materials cool, they undergo a slight structural shift. Instead of exact squares, the iron atoms form oblong rhombuses. These are like baseball diamonds, where the distance between home plate and second base is shorter than the distance between first and third base. And this change between iron atoms causes the iron-based superconductors to exhibit directionally-dependent behavior, like increased electrical resistance or conductivity only in the direction of home-to-second or first-to-third.
Physicists refer to this directionally dependent behavior as anisotropy or nematicity, and while structural nematicity is known to occur in iron selenide, Dai said it has been impossible to measure the exact electronic and magnetic order of the material because of a property known as twinning. Twinning occurs when layers of randomly oriented 2-D crystals are stacked. Imagine 100 baseball diamonds stacked one atop the other, with the line between home plate and second base varying randomly for each.
“Even if there is directionally dependent electronic order in a twinned sample, you cannot measure it because those differences average out and you wind up measuring a net effect of zero,” Dai said. “We had to detwin samples of iron selenide to see if there was nematic electronic order.”
Study lead author Tong Chen, a third-year Ph.D. student in Dai’s research group, solved the twinning problem by cleverly piggybacking on a 2014 study in which Dai and colleagues applied pressure to detwin crystals of barium iron arsenide. It was impossible to apply the same method to iron selenide because the crystals were 100 times smaller, so Chen glued the smaller crystals atop the larger ones, reasoning that the pressure needed to align the larger sample would also cause the layers of iron selenide to snap into alignment.
Chen spent weeks creating several samples to test in neutron scattering beams. About 20 to 30 1-millimeter squares of iron selenide had to be aligned and placed atop each crystal of barium iron arsenide. And applying each of the tiny squares was painstaking work that involved a microscope, tweezers and special, hydrogen-free glue that cost almost $1,000 per ounce.
The work paid off when Chen tested the samples and found the iron selenide was detwinned. Those tests with neutron scattering beams at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Technical University of Munich and U.K.’s Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory also showed iron selenide’s electronic behavior is very similar to that of other iron superconductors.
“The key conclusion is that the magnetic correlations that are associated with superconductivity in iron selenide are highly anisotropic, just as they are in other iron superconductors,” Dai said. “That has been a very controversial point, because iron selenide, unlike all other iron-based superconductors, does not have a parent compound that exhibits antiferromagnetic order, which has led some to suggest that superconductivity arose in iron selenide in a completely different way than it arises in these others. Our results suggest that is not the case. You don’t need an entirely new method to understand it.”
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Pete Seeger, the singer and song collector who spearheaded an American folk revival, died Monday. Seeger spent a long career championing folk music as both a vital heritage and a catalyst for social change. He sang topical songs and children’s songs, humorous tunes and earnest anthems. He did much create an interest in our traditional music and to encourage a new generation of performers to carry it on. He also belived in music as a form of community. He always encouraged listeners to join in and sang for the labor movement in the 1940s, civil rights marches in the 1960s, anti-war rallies in the 1970s, environmental causes in the 1980s and 90s, and for the occupy movement in the 00s.
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Updated: Dec 16, 2019
May 2, 2014
The human brain has the ability to categorize sensory input. This is called categorical perception (CP); it is how we make sense of the things we see, hear, and feel in our environments every day. One example of how we categorize the world around us is our perception of colors. What constitutes the way we categorize the colors blue, red, green, yellow, brown, etc. is related to our culture and language. Some languages have fewer color words than English, but it does not mean that the speakers of such languages cannot see the same colors as English speakers. Rather, their culture and language shapes and is shaped by the categories into which such colors are grouped.
One area that researchers are interested in understanding is how the human brain is able to categorize and discriminate between phonetic units. Some researchers who have examined the categorization of speech sounds have supported two differing ideas. The first is that CP of speech sounds is related to linguistic-specific processing; that is, a speaker’s experience with his or her native language shapes how sounds are categorized. The second is that CP for language units is not learned, but is an innate part of our brain’s biology. Previously, CP for language has been studied using spoken language only, but it has been difficult to understand the line between CP for general environmental sounds and CP for linguistic sounds.
By looking at ASL handshapes, Baker, Idsardi, Golinkoff, & Petitto (2005) examined these two ideas about CP. If the processing of visual linguistic contrasts is a general perceptual ability, people who have had no experience with ASL should show CP for the handshapes in the same way as Deaf signers. On the other hand, if CP is language specific, only people who have been exposed to sign language should show CP for ASL handshapes. The signers and non-signers in this group were both able to identify the handshapes presented as being different from one another. However, only the signers exhibited CP for ASL handshapes. This study suggests that linguistic experience shapes CP for language.
The Perception of Handshapes in American Sign Language. (2005) Baker, S.A., Idsardi, W. J., Golinkoff, M., & Petitto, L.A.; Please see Petitto’s published papers and abstracts here.
Keywords: Modality, signed languages, handshapes, cognitive skills, linguistic units
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Who first called King Alfred “Alfred the Great”?
? ? ?
As the first to call himself “King of the Anglo-Saxons,” the first to coin the term “England,” and a promoter of learning and scholarship in the last ten years of his reign, during which he translated Latin to Anglo-Saxon to preserve or resurrect literature including books of his own—the last of his “royal” rank to do so until Henry VIII—Alfred has plenty of reason to be the only English king to bear the sobriquet “the Great.” As far as my distinguished colleague Dana Huntley (editor of British Heritage) knows, however, the first individual to use the epithet may be lost to history. It is most likely to have been coined, he says, “in the early Middle Ages, perhaps 13th – 14th century, as part of the development of ‘Romance’ and chivalry and the attempt to paint a picture of a glorious English past (King Arthur was a part of that).”
World History Group
More Questions at Ask Mr. History
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In March 2003, acting upon erroneous intelligence reports that stated that Saddam Hussein's regime possessed weapons of mass destruction, the U.S. began an invasion of Iraq with the ultimate goal of regime change. As with any war, there have been both beneficial and negative results from this nearly nine-year conflict. A decade later, the debate over our reasons for going to war continues, and the war's lasting effects remain unclear.
A Brief History of the Iraq War
On Sept. 11, 2001, America was attacked on its own soil by terrorists affiliated with the group Al-Qaeda. Immediate suspicions were raised that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was behind the attacks or had in some way supported the terrorist regime responsible, though this turned out not to be the case; the terrorist plot originated Afghanistan, which the U.S. invaded in the fall of 2001. In October 2002, a National Intelligence Estimate stated that Iraq possessed “weapons of mass destruction,” or WMD. On March 19, 2003, with the support of Congress and the majority of Americans, the U.S. military began bombing Baghdad in a campaign titled “Shock and Awe.” Shortly after the bombing, President Bush addressed the nation, stating that the reasons for the invasion were "to disarm Iraq, to free its people, and to defend the world from grave danger." In January 2004, after going to Iraq to search for WMD, Iraq Survey Group leader David Kay reported that there were no stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, and there never had been. The U.S. troop withdrawal from Iraq was not completed until Dec. 18, 2011.
Because this has been a long, costly, unpopular war and there has been no decidedly positive outcome, pros are difficult to ascertain, but perhaps America's single best action in the Iraq war was the removal of a ruthless dictator. Many people throughout the world (though not all) are in agreement that the world is a better place without Saddam Hussein. In losing Hussein, the Iraqis gained freedom of expression. Also, Iraq now has a connectedness to the world through the Internet, cell phones and satellite TV. Another plus is that, although it has not been without complications, democracy is slowly being established in Iraq. Iraq could eventually serve as an example of democratic transition for other nations in the Middle East. However, it’s too soon to measure the benefits of the Iraq war. It remains to be seen how history will judge America’s involvement in Iraq.
After it was revealed that there were no WMDs in Iraq, the majority of public opinion in the U.S. turned sharply against our involvement there. It was a long war with tremendous fiscal and human cost. More than a trillion dollars were expended. More than 4,400 American lives were lost, and tens of thousands more wounded. According to a 2012 article in the "Christian Science Monitor," more than 162,000 deaths have occurred as a result of this war. Of those deaths, 114,000 were innocent civilians, and over 9,000 were Iraqi police. The "Monitor" reports that according to the group Iraq Body Count, "14,705 (13%) of all documented civilian deaths were reported as being directly caused by the US-led coalition." Perhaps the biggest con of the war in Iraq is that we may have created more of what we set out to curtail. In 2006, an assessment was made by America’s 16 intelligence agencies. The partially declassified National Intelligence Estimate states that America’s actions in Iraq actually strengthened radical Islam and fueled the growth of terrorism across the globe. In addition, scandals surrounding Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo caused worldwide outrage.
Though the Iraq War is over, we cannot claim a definitive victory, nor do we know what the eventual outcome will be. We don’t know what Iraq will become under Prime Minister Nouri al-Malaki. The country is in ruins after more than 20 years of bombing that started with the Gulf War. There is widespread corruption. Sectarian conflict between the Sunni and Shiites is escalating, with 2,000 people killed just in the months of May and June of 2013. Because of the extensive damage to infrastructure, jobs and production are scarce and 25 percent of Iraqi children are undernourished. Yet there is hope that democracy will continue to grow and eventually flourish in this war-ravaged country.
- NY Times: Study of Iraq War and Terror Stirs Strong Political Response
- CBS News: 10 years later: The Iraq war's lasting impact on U.S. politics
- Christian Science Monitor: The Iraq War Death Toll
- Council on Foreign Relations: Was the Iraq War Worth It?
- Time: Shock and Awe
- PBS Frontline: The Iraq War Is Over
- Salon.com: Weapons of Mass Destruction
- Getty Images/Getty Images News/Getty Images
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Joint EMBO Journal paper by IST Austria and Vienna Medical University groups on engineered cell surface receptors activated by light. Small algal protein domains serve as synthetic light sensors in human cells. First application of optogenetics to cancer research.
Harald Janovjak, Assistant Professor at IST Austria, together with Michael Grusch, Associate Professor at the Institute of Cancer Research of the Medical University of Vienna, "remote-controlled" the behaviour of cancer cells with light, as reported this week in EMBO Journal. This work is the first application of the new field of optogenetics to cancer research.
To understand the dynamics of cellular signaling, researchers need to activate and inactivate membrane receptor proteins, which serve as relays between a cell's outside and inside world. Ideally, this activation occurs on short timescales (seconds to minutes) and in targeted locations (micrometers to millimeters). However, such a high level of precision in activation cannot be achieved with current pharmacological and genetic methods. Optogenetics uses light to control cell activity, and has the advantage that light can be applied and removed precisely both in space and time. Janovjak, Grusch and colleagues re-engineered receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), essential cell surface receptors that sense growth factors and hormones, to be under the control of light.
When a signaling molecule binds to RTKs at the cell surface, two receptors bind to each other in a process called dimerization. This process activates signaling in the cell. Janovjak, Grusch and colleagues linked those parts of mammalian RTKs that activate cell signaling to a light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain, a reversible light sensor that they identified in a yellow-green alga. In the engineered receptors, the dimerization step and subsequently cell signaling can now be turned on and off by light as the algal proteins sense light and bind to each other. In cancer cells, activation of the engineered receptors causes changes in cell morphology, proliferation and gene expression, characteristic of increased cancer malignancy. In blood cells, activation leads to cell sprouting, typical of the formation of new blood vessels.
The development of RTKs regulated through light-activated dimerization by Janovjak and Grusch is the first instance of light-activated dimerization of mammalian receptors. The engineered receptors can be precisely controlled by a light intensity easily achieved in microscopes and in animal models. The newly developed receptors trigger complex cellular programs in both cancer and blood endothelial cells. These cells represent new models in which behavior is under light control and which can, for instance, be used for new methods to identify drugs. In contrast to cancer, where uncontrolled activation of cell signaling results in features linked to malignancy, light activation of signaling may rescue cell survival and function in degenerative disease.
Explore further: For cancer patients, sugar-coated cells are deadly
EMBO Journal, emboj.embopress.org/content/ea … 06/27/embj.201387695
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Welcome to the CRIM20006 Punishment and Social Control Subject Research Guide.
This guide has been designed to support your assessment in this subject and contains links to library resources relevant to criminology. It also includes examples of different resource types and information on how to evaluate them. While it is not exhaustive, it is an excellent starting point for when you begin researching for your assessment.
Good essays are built from good resources. And good essays get higher marks!
Finding relevant, high quality sources is critical for producing well-researched and well-rounded assessment responses at university. But the temptation to turn to Google or Wikipedia can sometimes overwhelming, particularly when you know how massive they are (and how easy they are to use). There's got to be something out there on your topic, right?
But not everything on the web can be trusted. Consider Wikipedia: anyone can edit it which means that information is highly subjective and can often be moulded to suit a particularly viewpoint, ideology or purpose. If you've ever read a Wikipedia article about a company, you'll often see glowing praise for it, with any criticisms or negative facts conveniently edited out. The same example goes for Google. A sea of information with a few hidden islands of good quality sources, surrounded largely by oil spills of uninformed opinions, adverstisements and poorly researched articles.
Also remember- quality over quantity. Not everything you find on the topic will be relevant to your assessment. Even if the source is reliable, you need to be selective. Shoehorning a source in for the sake of it is risky, particularly when it has little to do with your topic. It's an easy trap to fall into. But you need to sure that what you draw upon will add value to your discussion. Thinking about the source and carefully evaluating its worth to you can save you from including a source that may end up hurting your assessment due to lack of relevance. Picking the first article that comes up on your topic is a recipe for disaster.
The good thing is the library is here to help! We provide you high quality scholarly resources such as books, eBooks, academic journals and databases, and newpapers. These resources are targeted at the scholarly community and will be far more trustworthy and relevant than non-scholarly sources found through web browsing. The library pays for them for a reason!
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The separation of our waste into its many components has become an essential part of life in the modern, environmentally concerned world that we live in. To do our part for the environment, one of the most important things we can do is separate the milk tops from the egg cartons. On the other hand, when it comes to healthcare and other similar settings. It is extremely crucial to manage medical waste disposal responsibly.
The term “hazardous waste” refers to any waste that has the potential to be damaging to human health, animals, or the environment. A significant portion of this category of waste is clinical waste.
If you want to opt for clinical waste services. You will need to educate yourself on the obligations that come with that decision. Clinical waste is subject to stringent laws, and appropriate compliance with these requirements is essential. Clinical waste must be disposed of in containers that have been specifically approved for this purpose; otherwise. It may provide threats to both human health and the environment. In the next section, we will discuss a few important factors. Such as what constitutes clinical waste, what kinds of enterprises may be required to have clinical waste management, and how the clinical colour-coding system works.
Not Just the Disposal of Sharps, But Also What Exactly is Considered Clinical Waste?
It’s a common misconception that clinical waste only consists of needles and other pointed tools, yet those folks couldn’t be more wrong. There are a great number of different chemicals and objects that are included in the definition of clinical waste. It is crucial to understand what these are to ensure that your company is responsibly managing its waste.
These things are considered clinical waste:
- Tissue derived from humans or animals
- Bodily fluids including blood
- Decomposition Products
- Medications and various types of pharmaceutical items
- Cotton swabs, bandages, and reusable or disposable protective garments such as medical gloves etc.
- Needles, syringes, and any other devices with a pointy end
What Kinds of Companies Generate Clinical Waste?
Even though you might believe that clinical waste management is a service that is only utilised by medical organisations. There are in fact a wide variety of businesses that require appropriate clinical waste management. These businesses include businesses that are located on high streets all over the United Kingdom. The following is a list of the numerous sorts of enterprises that generate clinical waste as well as the kinds of things that these firms use:
Medical and dental offices of physicians and specialists
Those companies that generate medical waste are, unsurprisingly, the ones who are most likely to need clinical waste solutions. This may comprise everything from human tissue and biological fluids to gum moulds and syringes. This is a broad category.
Shops specialising in body piercing and tattooing
Both tattoo artists and piercing experts use needles regularly, and piercing specialists now utilise disposable needles instead of piercing guns. Needles and piercing guns must be disposed of properly. Tattooists and piercers are required by law to use fresh swabs and dressings and to dispose of them in a clinical waste container. They are also required to wear surgical gloves while doing their jobs.
Manicures, pedicures, and even certain forms of cosmetic surgery are now among the many services that can be found at beauty salons nowadays. When a cosmetic professional performs a Botox or faces filler surgery, they are obliged to utilise specialised needles and medical bandages, both of which must thereafter be discarded in a clinical waste receptacle once the operation has been completed.
In addition to the conventional medical procedures that include the use of needles for vaccines and other types of injections. There are also alternative medical practices that involve the use of needles. For example, an acupuncture clinic.
Hospices and retirement and nursing homes
The disposal of sanitary waste, which includes waste from devices like bedpans and dressing, requires careful management in residential care facilities because of the frequency with which these types of goods are used. The management of clinical waste is one way to accomplish this goal. Patients may also undergo routine medical treatments, some of which need the use of needles; hence, it is recommended that a clinical waste container be present at all times.
Surgical procedures for animals
When treating animal patients, veterinarians utilise a wide array of devices. All of which eventually become clinical waste and need to be disposed of appropriately.
Location of a laboratory or other establishment dedicated to scientific research
Organisations that do scientific testing, whether for medical or other purposes, generate a variety of forms of hazardous waste. Such as laboratory specimens and tested pharmaceuticals, that need to be disposed of properly. These waste products include a variety of substances.
Even though the vast majority of clinical waste is generated in a business setting. You must be aware of the legislation governing its disposal if you use any clinical waste products in your house. If you have a medical condition that needs the use of needles. You should discuss the safe disposal of your sharps with your primary care physician as soon as possible.
You must locate a trustworthy clinical waste disposal company to assist your waste management services if you are in the process of establishing a business that fits into any of the categories that we have outlined below.
Whatever kind of company you run, the experts at Trikon Clinical Waste can provide you with comprehensive and specialised solutions for handling clinical and sanitary waste. We provide our clients with all of the necessary equipment such as clinical waste bags and bins, and documentation for the secure and responsible disposal of clinical waste, and we work with a wide variety of businesses, from tattoo parlours and acupuncture clinics to hospitals and local authorities. Get in touch with TCW to find out more.
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WAIT UP TO
WAIT UP TO sec SECONDS.
This statement interrupts program execution by as many seconds as are specified in
sec. For sec, a data object of the type
f is expected that must contain a positive number. After the specified time has passed, program execution is continued with the statement following WAIT.
This statement always sets sy-subrc to 0.
The statement WAIT causes a change in the work process.
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Each time the statement WAIT is used, a
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Cause: Undefined status of the WAIT statement.
Runtime Error: WAIT_ILLEGAL_CONTROL_BLOCK
Cause: Negative time specification for sec.
Runtime Error: WAIT_ILLEGAL_TIME_LIMIT
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The species had a brain that was slightly larger than a chimp's and about 60 percent smaller than a modern human's.
P. robustus is a descendent of Australopithecus afarensis, a group first chronicled by the discovery of the famous "Lucy" fossil in Ethiopia (get Lucy fast facts).
Lucy's kin also gave rise to the highly adaptable, tool-using genus Homo, which includes Homo sapiens, or modern humans.
Matt Sponheimer, an anthropologist at the University of Colorado at Boulder who led the study, says the very different fates of "Lucy's children" have always puzzled scientists.
(Read a related feature on human migration in National Geographic magazine.)
"There's this question about this tale of two children, as it were, one of which flourishes [and] the other which doesn't," Sponheimer said. "And the question is, Why?
"What I think we've done in this study is show that traditional explanations as to why [P. robustus went extinct] are probably, at the very least, dramatically oversimplified and possibly just outright incorrect."
Sponheimer and his colleagues suggest that other biological, social, or cultural factors may explain the ultimate disappearance of P. robustus.
As for the success of the Homo species who lived at the same time as P. robustus, the paeloanthropologists says that any number of factors may explain why our ancestor survived and P. robustus did not.
"It would be very interesting if it turned out that the main difference was that we just were able to procreate more quickly—we were the rabbits to [P. robustus's] apes," Sponheimer said.
The new findings are also significant because they showcase the powerful new dental investigative technique known as laser ablation.
The method was advanced by study co-authors Benjamin Passey and Thure Cerling at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.
Sponheimer says the innovation enables scientists to uncover a trove of previously untapped data that lie preserved in the fossil teeth of early humans and other ancient and modern animals.
By studying the growth rings and chemical composition of teeth, for example, researchers can reveal dietary habits, detect changes in climate, and possibly track migrations.
Stanley H. Ambrose, an anthropologist at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, said the study's findings are "very exciting."
He says the new dental technique opens new possibilities to learn not only what early humans and ancient animals ate but also how they interacted within their communities and how their environments changed over time.
"It will be a great tool because it will allow a fairly high-resolution monitoring" of dietary and seasonal climate changes within ancient animal communities, he said.
In a related perspective article in Science, Ambrose says the dental detective technique could also explore whether environmental changes helped drive the evolution of modern humans.
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SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES
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| 0.95508 | 662 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Why you need protein during pregnancy
The amino acids that make up protein are the building blocks of your body’s cells – and of your baby’s body as well. It’s important to get enough protein throughout your pregnancy, but it’s especially critical during the second and third trimesters. That’s when your baby is growing the fastest, and your breasts and organs are getting bigger to accommodate the needs of your growing baby.
How much protein you need
Protein requirements for pregnant women can range from as little as 40 grams to as much as 70 grams per day, depending on how much you weigh. To find out how much protein your body needs each day, you can go to ChooseMyPlate.gov and create an individualized meal plan.
You don’t have to get the recommended amount of protein every day. Instead, aim for that amount as an average over the course of a few days or a week.
Most women in the United States regularly eat more protein than they need, so you probably won’t have any trouble meeting your body’s needs during pregnancy. If you don’t eat meat, you can meet your protein requirements through other sources, including dairy, beans, eggs, or soy products.
Weight loss, muscle fatigue, frequent infections, and severe fluid retention can be signs that you’re not getting enough protein in your diet.
To read more click
To get more such pregnancy related information, download Ango Health app today.
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Adolescents with antisocial personality disorder inflict serious physical and psychological harm on both themselves and others. However, little is yet known about the underlying neural processes. Researchers at the University of Leiden and the Max Planck Institute for Human Development have pinpointed a possible explanation: Their brain regions responsible for social information processing and impulse control are less developed.
The study focused on incarcerated delinquent adolescents from the Netherlands aged between 15 and 21 years who had been diagnosed with an antisocial personality disorder. The researchers had the adolescents play the mini-ultimatum game. In this cooperative game, which simulates fairness considerations, the player is offered a sum of money by another player. The player is also told whether the opponent could have made a fairer offer or had no alternative. Brain activity during the game was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By comparing the findings with those of a control group of nondelinquent adolescents, the researchers were able to determine what was going on in participants' brains in the context of fairness considerations.
"No" to unfair offers
The delinquent adolescents showed less activation than the control group in the temporoparietal junction and in the inferior frontal gyrus. These areas of the brain are responsible for functions including the ability to put oneself in another person's position and impulse control. In both groups, the researchers observed similar levels of activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and in the anterior insula - areas of the brain associated with affective processes. The findings indicate that although both groups showed the same levels of emotional reactivity to unfair offers, the delinquent adolescents rejected these offers more often. In contrast to the control group, they did not take account of their opponent's intention - or of whether their opponent had no alternative.
What do other people think?
Adolescents with antisocial personality disorder thus seem to have difficulties in taking into account all the relevant information in social interactions, such as other people's intentions. The researchers hypothesize that this in turn leads to more antisocial behavior. "Adolescence is a time of multiple physical, neurological, and social changes. This study with adolescents offers us a better understanding of what happens during this sensitive phase and how things can go astray, resulting in the development of antisocial behaviors", says Wouter van den Bos, lead author of the study and researcher in the Center for Adaptive Rationality at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. The researchers hope that their findings will help to inform the development of psychotherapeutic treatments.
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Day 13 — The Great Recession
The 2008 financial crash was caused by a huge number of vulnerabilities in the global, and especially American, financial housing system. One of the primary causes of the crash was the subprime mortgage crisis, due to the collapse of housing prices after irresponsible lending practices by many banks, causing a mass default crisis. This spread out from the housing market, causing a mass default crisis and taking many banks under. In America, these were followed by mass bailouts from taxpayer money (which were payed out with interest) and an aggressive model of fiscal spending. The UK, however, took the opposite approach, with a policy of austerity, which included mass cut backs on public programs and funding to public services such as the NHS. This policy has been widely criticised and has led to a slower recovery than the USA.
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Exactly why Kids Misbehave – And exactly what You Can Do to Prevent and Stop The item
When children misbehave, all of our gut reaction is to complete whatever we can to stop the item and stop it fast! You will discover three big problems with this process:
Misbehaviour is only a symptom of a deeper core issue the fact that the child is expressing in a very negative way. If you solely try to stop the misbehaviour but don’t identify as well as resolve the core challenge, that misbehaviour will keep on or another one will appear, until the core issue will be resolved.
Reactions will always both escalate the situation or offer an accidental payoff which will allow the misbehaviour to continue. (I rarely say “always” or perhaps “never” but it fits in this article, so take notice! )
Side effects always focus on the bad behaviour whereas “responses” give attention to the core issue and also teach the child how to answer or meet that key issue through positive behaviour.
To respond effectively to misbehaviour, take these two steps:
The first step. First, stop and ask yourself how come the child misbehaves? Now you would certainly think there are probably any gazillion reasons why children misbehave… but if you ask about 3 concerns that are part of the “Universal System Parenting Success Formula” you notice every misbehaviour will go with one of 5 categories. All Misbehavior is a “Parent problem” because it involves inappropriate actions. So the easy-to-remember symbol for everyone’s 5 categories of misbehaviour is definitely P (for Parent).
PU = Parent problem relating to Unintentional misbehaviour: The mom or dad has a problem with misbehaviour which will result from the child’s lack of capabilities. This could be due to the children growing older or developmental stage, style trait or temperament, a new medical condition or lack of know-how. (From Early Childhood Nasiums. T. E. P. )
PO = Parent trouble involving “On purpose” misbehaviour: The parent has an issue with misbehaviour that seems deliberate, to serve a purpose.
The root of misbehaviour is discouragement. Youngsters become discouraged that their particular positive behaviour didn’t meet up with their goal, so they use negative behaviour. There are several types of PO misbehaviour (based on Rudolf Dreikurs “Four Goals of Misbehavior”):
PO for Attention.
PO regarding Power.
PO for Payback.
PO for Giving up.
One particular behaviour can serve multiple PO goals, such as managing away or not talking. For which of these four desired goals particular misbehaviour is provided at that second in time, determine two more questions: Concern One: How do you feel you may notice that behaviour? All “PO” misbehaviour can make you feel “PO’d” but look for the feeling this comes before your tempers. This is the feeling that will change for each goal. If we truly feel:
annoyed, irritated, tired, as well as hounded, then the goal is definitely attention.
others are challenging the authority, then the goal will be power.
hurt, shocked, or perhaps disgusted, then the goal will be revenge.
frustrated, discouraged, or perhaps hopeless, then the goal will be giving up.
Question Two: Just what am I tempted to do?
You can usually feel like reacting with two extreme techniques. One extreme will escalates the situation. The other will give any payoff. You want to avoid the two. If we are tempted to be able to:
remind, nag, and drive away, then the goal will be attending.
argue, punish, or perhaps give in, then the goal will be power.
show hurt or perhaps hurt back, then the target is revenge.
rescue, strain, criticize, praise, or assume less, then the goal will be giving up. Step 2: Redirect the particular misbehaviour by showing the kid how to meet that target through positive behaviour. If your purpose is…
PU Sama Dengan Parent problem involving Accidental misbehaviour: The child hasn’t skills down the skills, so you want to teach the ability. b. Even if you’ve “told them a million times, micron children might “know better” but that doesn’t mean they also have mastered the skills to actually action better. Some behaviours might take a while to consistently take into account and do until they are a new habit. That doesn’t mean you actually excuse the behaviour, but you like you teach or boost skills before or while in the discipline.
PO = Mom or dad problem involving “On purpose” misbehaviour: Figure out what the little one is getting from the misbehaviour (Step 1) and tell/show the kid how to meet that goal in a positive way.
PO for Attention: You will sense irritation and annoyance, the personal space is being broken. You will be tempted to both tell the child to go away or perhaps try to ignore it. Whenever you stop to remind the kid, you are giving the child any payoff. Although most professionals will tell you to ignore attention-seeking behaviour if you’ve tried carrying out that you know it doesn’t work. Which because the child has to know what direction to go, instead, before ignoring will continue to work. To redirect attention-seeking conduct, you want to: i. Involve your child in a meaningful activity. 2. Then ignore the negative conduct, but not the child.
PO with regard to Power: You will feel your own authority is being challenged. You may be tempted to argue as well as down your foot… that will escalate the situation… or give up… which gives a payoff. Called redirect this goal: my spouse and i. Offer choices within your final conclusion limits. ii. Then disengage physically or emotionally.
PO for Revenge: The root coming from all revenge is hurt. Therefore, if the goal is retribution, you will feel hurt, and will also be tempted to hurt the little one, physically or emotionally… that can escalate the situation… or captivate hurt… which gives the child some sort of payoff… they wanted to harm you and you just confirmed which they succeeded. So, when somebody does something revengeful for you, you must first: i. Resolve their own hurt first, then 2. Teach the child how to show their hurt appropriately. This might be the toughest misbehaviour to deal with because you feel hurt!
You have to remember, though, that you are the actual grown-up. You do not have to allow the actual child’s behaviour to harm you. If you only tackle your hurt, you’re not solving the core issue, and that is their hurt. You will get your own personal turn to express and handle your hurt, but the difficulty won’t go away until your very own hurt is resolved. Hence the order of your response measures is important.
PO for Stopping: Of the four types of PO misbehaviour, the child who is stopping is the most discouraged. So, in case the goal is giving up, You are going to feel discouraged, hopeless and weak. You will be tempted to try to encourage the child with praise… which escalates the situation because compliment actually makes the child really feel under pressure to perform. The other severe reaction is to give up on your child and agree they are insufficient!
That may sound preposterous, and excellent if we say things like, “Well maybe you just aren’t good at sports, ” it verifies their insecurities. So to refocus this goal: i. Recognize the child’s feelings, 2. When children are giving up, they can be deeply dis-couraged… so as an alternative to giving praise, give reassurance (not praise) (If you cannot know the difference, read the write-up listed below) iii. In case the situation involves the child obtaining difficulty with a learning activity or skill, you can also instruct skills.
Additional Points to Recall
When in doubt, assume typically the misbehaviour is PU (Parent problem involving Unintentional misbehaviour) and teach skills. For anyone who is wrong, the child will go outside of his/her way to show their very own behaviour is deliberate, which is the important thing word in identifying PO behaviour.
PU behaviour can change into PO behaviour when we react to it.
One conduct can serve more than one objective, but not simultaneously. (See the article on “Tantrums” here. )
The purpose behind misbehaviour can shift from one 2nd to the next. You’ll feel the modification. Ask Q2 & Q3 again and proceed appropriately.
If we don’t redirect misbehaviour before we discipline, this turns the discipline into punishment and won’t be effective.
As long as this article is, advertised . doesn’t do this subject to the law. You probably have some questions. Consequently rather than using trial and error that will put out fires, learn more about it to effectively respond to misbehaviour each time in a way that stops the item permanently. Just check out the adhering to resources.
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(revised in August, 2006)
In 1927 Heisenberg suggested the uncertainty principle, which can be formulated now as follows:
If one tries to describe the dynamical state of a quantum particle by methods of classical mechanics, then precision of such description is limited in principle. The classical state of the particle turns out to be badly defined.
In 2005 the certainty principle was suggested, which is formulated as follows:
If one describes the dynamical state of a quantum particle (system) by methods of quantum mechanics, then the quantum state of the particle (system) turns out to be well defined. This certainty of the quantum dynamical state means that “small” space-time transformations can not substantially change the quantum state.
Both principles are not just some misty philosophy about uncertainty and certainty, but they have quite rigorous mathematical formulations in the form of the following inequalities:
And the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the certainty principle. The certainty principle generalizes on the unified base both the uncertainty principle and the Mandelshtam-Tamm relation for energy and time (discovered in 1945).
A more detailed answer you can find in the paper The certainty principle (review).
An explanation for dummies is given in the article The certainty principle for dummies.
From the point of view of non-relativistic quantum mechanics, the certainty principle is just more general.
But from the point of view of relativistic quantum theory, it is more fundamental.
The matter is that for the theory of relativistic quantum systems the notion of “space coordinate”, as a quantum-mechanical observable (a self-adjoint operator), is not natural. Correspondingly, the uncertainty principle turns out to be sapless.
Because they did not know relativistic canonical quantization.
Fortunately, now that the certainty principle is already discovered, for its understanding it is sufficient a usual introductory course of quantum mechanics (knowledge of the RCQ-theory is not necessary).
A more concrete answer is given in the popular article The certainty principle for dummies.
|The counter shows the number of unique visitors of the site. Most of them have downloaded The certainty principle (review).|
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Newspaper The colored Tennessean (Nashville, Tenn.), March 31, 1866 Tennessean
About this Newspaper
- The colored Tennessean (Nashville, Tenn.), March 31, 1866
- Library of Congress, Washington, DC
Place of Publication
- Nashville, Tenn.
Dates of Publication
Created / Published
- Nashville, Tenn., March 31, 1866
- - African Americans--Tennessee--Nashville--Newspapers
- - African American newspapers--Tennessee--Nashville
- - Nashville (Tenn.)--Newspapers
- - Davidson County (Tenn.)--Newspapers
- - African American newspapers
- - African Americans
- - Tennessee--Davidson County
- - Tennessee--Nashville
- - United States--Tennessee--Davidson--Nashville
- - Weekly
- - Began with Apr. 29, 1865 issue; ceased in 1866.
- - Also issued on microfilm from the Library of Congress, Photoduplication Service.
- - Description based on: Vol. 1, no. 14 (July 29, 1865).
- - Tennessean (Nashville, Tenn. : 1866) (DLC)sn 83025746 (OCoLC)9773080
- 4 pages
Call Number/Physical Location
Library of Congress Control Number
- online text
Additional Metadata Formats
IIIF Presentation Manifest
State/Province (Geographic Coverage)
- African American
- African American Newspapers
- African Americans
- Davidson County
- Davidson County (Tenn.)
- Nashville (Tenn.)
- United States
Rights & Access
The Library of Congress believes that the newspapers in Chronicling America are in the public domain or have no known copyright restrictions. Newspapers published in the United States more than 95 years ago are in the public domain in their entirety. Any newspapers in Chronicling America that were published less than 95 years ago are also believed to be in the public domain, but may contain some copyrighted third party materials. Researchers using newspapers published less than 95 years ago should be alert for modern content (for example, registered and renewed for copyright and published with notice) that may be copyrighted. Responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with persons desiring to use the item.
The NEH awardee responsible for producing each digital object is presented in the Chronicling America page display, below the page image – e.g. Image produced by the Library of Congress. For more information on current NDNP awardees, see https://www.loc.gov/ndnp/listawardees.html.
For more information on Library of Congress policies and disclaimers regarding rights and reproductions, see https://www.loc.gov/homepage/legal.html
Cite This Item
Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.
Chicago citation style:
The colored Tennessean. (Nashville, TN), Mar. 31 1866. https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83025745/1866-03-31/ed-1/.
APA citation style:
(1866, March 31) The colored Tennessean. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83025745/1866-03-31/ed-1/.
MLA citation style:
The colored Tennessean. (Nashville, TN) 31 Mar. 1866. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/sn83025745/1866-03-31/ed-1/.
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Most pupils missed over half of their expected days in the classroom during the pandemic, write Lee Elliot Major, Andrew Eyles and Stephen Machin (LSE). Children in Scotland and Wales lost even more learning than those in England. Meanwhile, absences due to self-isolation are rising and official figures show that attendance on 1 July in state-funded schools in England was down to 83.4%. Should schools let pupils repeat a year, or extend the school day?
Disruption to schooling between March 2020 and April 2021 was unprecedented in its scale, with most pupils missing over half of their expected days in the classroom. In a new CEP paper, we considered the education loss due to these closures – firstly by assessing school opening and closure dates, secondly by documenting official school attendance figures, and thirdly using data on daily learning rates (combining home and classroom learning) reported by parents across the nations of the UK in Understanding Society.
Based on the nations’ attendance policies, the following maximum number of classroom days were lost over one calendar year: 110 days (England); 119 days (Northern Ireland); 119 days (Scotland); 124 days (Wales). These compare to a full year during normal times of 190 classroom days. The term dates used are those for the majority of schools in each of the nations and so the calculations of classroom days missed apply to the majority of pupils. Pupils in particular year groups prioritised for earlier returns will have missed fewer classroom days – for example Reception, Year 1 and Year 6 in primary schools; Year 11 and Year 13 in secondary schools; and vulnerable pupils and pupils of key workers.
Considering learning undertaken both at home and in the classroom, pupils on average lost around a third of the learning they would have benefited from if the pandemic had not happened. On average, pupils in England lost 61 days of schooling. Larger average losses occurred in Scotland (64 days) and Wales (66 days), while pupils in Northern Ireland also lost 61 days. These losses raise significant concerns about scarring effects in the future.
Just over half of adults support extending the school day, and around seven in 10 say pupils should be allowed to repeat a year
Using a series of counterfactual scenarios, we found that losses were higher in Scotland and Wales both because of variations in learning loss at home, and due to education policy differences. These relate to both historical differences in term times, and from specific policy choices during the pandemic concerning school attendance. Both Wales and England relaxed restrictions on attendance as the 2019-20 school year drew to a close by allowing those in primary school and years 10 and 12 to return (England) as well as allowing pupils to return on a partial basis (Wales). Neither Northern Ireland or Scotland relaxed restrictions between 23 March and the start of the new academic year.
In all four nations, pupils from the poorest homes experienced higher learning loss. But there are also differences between nations by family income. During the 2021 school closures, in particular, the poorest pupils in England experienced lower learning loss than the most affluent pupils in in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The early return to school of English pupils in the second round of school closures in spring 2021 is a key factor in this.
Existing research shows that even a few days extra learning loss can have a large impact on education achievement and life outcomes, and these big losses of around 60-65 days are much bigger than those typically studied. Several studies have confirmed that learning losses suffered during the pandemic are manifested in stark gaps in attainment between children from poorer backgrounds and their more privileged counterparts. Our own estimates suggest a likely consequence to be significant decline in social mobility levels for younger generations.
Rapidly rising absences in schools in June 2021 once again prompt discussion about credible policies that could address the loss of learning during the pandemic. Survey responses show that just over half (53 percent) of 10,000 adults support extending the school day. Around seven in ten respondents in England, Scotland and Wales support allowing greater flexibility for pupils to repeat a whole school year, and 58% in Northern Ireland.
This post represents the views of the authors and not those of the COVID-19 blog, nor LSE. It is an edited extract from Learning loss since lockdown: variation across the home nations, part of the Centre for Economic Performance’s COVID-19 Analysis Series.
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Plants Around the World Are Struggling to Grow as Atmosphere Dries Up
This trend will only worsen.
Plants are struggling to grow around the world because atmospheric water vapor levels are declining, according to a new study published in the journal Science Advances.
The researchers found that plant growth rates declined in 59% of the world’s vegetated areas over the past several decades, with trees displaying thinner rings, plants showing less leaf coverage, and various environments undergoing systemic declines. The team believes that decreasing water vapor levels could be depressing growth rates and hollowing out ecosystems, a trend likely driven by climate change.
Climate change is affecting water vapor levels in at least two ways, according to the report.
As global temperatures increase, the atmosphere needs more water vapor to stabilize. If more water vapor isn’t provided, then a vapor pressure deficit (VPD) forms. Plants interpret this deficit as a drought, and close the pores on their leaves. This in turn diminishes their ability to photosynthesize.
VPDs are worsened by slowing global wind patterns over the world’s oceans that prevent water vapor from being carried onto the land.
Taken together, these two trends have caused VPDs to increase in 53% of the world’s vegetated areas, making it hard for plants to grow at historic levels.
While more research needs to be done to determine the exact causes and consequences of this dynamic, the study provides another example of how climate change negatively impacts global wildlife.
The United Nations recently warned that 1 million plant and animal species could go extinct in the decades ahead because of intensifying and more frequent heat waves, droughts, extreme storms, and more.
As conditions become hotter and drier, forest fires become more common. In recent years, areas once seemingly protected from forest fires have gone up in flames, including large parts of the Arctic.
Pests that ravage plant life are also taking advantage of these new conditions to expand their ranges. In fact, 40% of US forests are at risk of being destroyed by pests empowered by climate change.
As droughts intensify and become more common, desertification is spreading, making once verdant environments hostile to plant life.
It’s not just climate change that harms wildlife. Industrial deforestation, resource extraction, agriculture, urbanization, pesticide use, industrial pollution, diversion of rivers, water contamination, and much more are threatening the planet’s plants and animals.
Resource extraction, which has tripled over the past 50 years, is responsible for 90% of biodiversity loss, according to the United Nations.
If current trends continue, then humans will find themselves increasingly isolated on a planet that looks more and more like a scene from Mad Max.
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