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Advances in breast cancer treatment mean you're now more likely than ever to live a long life after a breast cancer diagnosis. However, it's important to be aware that the cancer could spread. Cells can break off from your original tumors and travel through your blood and lymphatic circulations into other parts of your body. When you have breast cancer, it often first spreads to your bones. This is called bone metastasis, and may cause severe pain and a decrease in your quality of life. Once infiltrated by cancer, your bones can quickly lose calcium and cause hypercalcemia, a condition in which calcium is released into the blood. If not treated, hypercalcemia may lead to coma and kidney damage. The loss of bone calcium is particularly serious for older women, who have naturally weaker bones. Bone metastasis is serious, but treatment can help stop further damage to your bones and improve your symptoms. Medications, other cancer therapies such as radiation, and taking steps to prevent falls may ease your pain and protect your skeleton. Symptoms Point to Cancer's Spread Bone metastasis may not have any symptoms. But often, you'll feel pain in your bones. The ache may come and go and first, often worsening at night and easing up when you're active. Eventually it can become more intense and flare during activity. If you have hypercalcemia, you may have other symptoms as well, including: Nausea Vomiting Constipation Constant thirst Frequent urination Sleepiness Confusion Sometimes a fracture in your arms, legs, or spine is the first sign that your cancer has spread. You may break a bone when you fall, or incur what appears to be a trivial injury during your regular daily activities. The nature of the injury could be minor, and seem insufficient to fracture healthy bone. If fracture occurs, you'll feel sudden, severe pain. Get immediate treatment—especially if the pain strikes in your back, a sign of a broken bone in your spine. Tests Detect Tumors in Your Bones Your doctor may check you for bone metastasis if you have these signs, or if you have certain risk factors, including larger tumors or later-stage cancer. Tools he or she may use to make the diagnosis include: Imaging tests, including X-rays, bone scans, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography scans Blood tests to check for high calcium levels or other chemicals that indicate your cancer has spread Urine tests, which can find substances that are released when bone is damaged Biopsies, when your doctor takes a sample of your tissue and looks at it under a microscope When your doctor tells you the stage of your breast cancer, he or she will use three letters: T (for the extent of the main tumor), N (to indicate whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes), and M. The "M" category describes whether your cancer has spread to distant parts of your body. If you have bone metastasis, your cancer is in stage M1. Treatment Often Involves Medications If your doctor finds bone metastasis, you will most likely be treated with a type of medication called a bisphosphonate. This drug is given through an intravenous (IV) line. Here's how bisphosphonates work: They inhibit further bone damage. This includes thinning bones caused by other treatments for breast cancer, such as hormone therapy. They reduce common symptoms and high blood calcium levels. They help prevent complications of bone metastasis, such as pain and bone breaks. Your doctor will most likely tell you to take vitamin D and calcium in addition to bisphosphonates. This prevents your calcium level from dropping too low. A newer drug called denosumab (Xgeva, Prolia) also prevents fractures and may strengthen your bones. Other treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. These may be used with bisphosphonates, in other combinations, or separately. Your cancer care team will help you choose the best treatment plan for your cancer and bone metastasis. Take Steps to Prevent Falls and Fractures When your bones are weakened by cancer, minor accidents can be serious. Talk with your doctor about the best way to prevent falls and reduce your risk of fractures. Your strategy should include: Wearing supportive, low-heeled shoes, both indoors and outdoors. Installing safety equipment in your home, including handrails near stairs and in the bathroom. Being careful outdoors in wet or icy weather. Use a cane or walker if you need extra stability. Consider services that will deliver items like groceries and prescriptions so you don't have to brave the elements. Key Takeaways Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body. When it spreads to the bones, it's called bone metastasis. Bone metastasis may not have any symptoms at first. But it can cause bone pain and a weakening of the bones, leading to fractures. Treatments for bone metastasis include medications such as bisphosphonates and denosumab, chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
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| 0.942464 | 1,019 | 3.0625 | 3 |
“I always wanted to do something different,” says Andrea Turkalo, one of the world’s experts on Africa’s elusive forest elephants. For most of the past 24 years, the former high school science teacher from Taunton, Mass., lived in the Central African Republic’s remote Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, an area she calls “the epicenter of forest elephants.” Working closely with a team of Bayaka pygmies, Ms. Turkalo, 61, a scientist with the Wildlife Conservation Society, documented the social behavior and physical characteristics of the elephants, which are harder to follow than their savanna relatives because of their dense rain forest habitat. She lived in a solar-powered, thatched-roof house, spoke Sango (the local language) and kept a machete in her pickup truck. Unfazed by coups, malaria and the risk of trampling, Ms. Turkalo identified and researched 4,000 individual elephants. Her presence helped deter poachers eying elephants for their ivory; by watching the animals closely, she could head off problems early. The region became her home.
All that ended abruptly last year when civil war in the CAR forced Ms. Turkalo back to the U.S. Grabbing computers, camera equipment and six hard drives, she and several female colleagues fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Three weeks later, Ms. Turkalo returned to her camp and soon spotted Delta, an elephant she’d identified in 1992, with a new calf. Delta was nervous, glancing repeatedly over her shoulder—a bad sign in an area known as secure. “This might be my last day here,” Ms. Turkalo thought.
It was. Now back in Massachusetts, Ms. Turkalo works to raise awareness of ivory poaching. After she left last April, poachers massacred 26 elephants for their tusks. That was unprecedented in Ms. Turkalo’s immediate research area, but 62% of all forest elephants in central Africa were killed for ivory between 2002 and 2011, according to a recent landmark study. That statistic spurred conservation groups to push for more protection and government action to halt ivory imports and destroy stocks.
Since last May, there has been no more poaching at Dzanga. Ms. Turkalo credits efforts by CAR authorities, local workers and conservation-minded ex-commandos from Israel who help patrol the area. She still hopes to return to her old home when it is safe. “If I have the privilege of studying these animals,” she says, “then I have to protect them too.”
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Reference: Eriksson, H.; Puerta, A. R.; & Musen, M. A. User-Interface Design Based on Data Models for Application Programs. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, September, 1992.
Abstract: The data definitions that an application program uses can provide the basis for automatic generation of the program's user interface. To use fully the information available in object-oriented models, development tools must analyze the relationships among classes of data objects to design the high-level structure of the user interface. DASH is a tool that supports designers in defining and implementing user interfaces for knowledge-acquisition programs. DASH takes as input a set of class definitions expressed in an object-oriented language, and produces as output both a dialog structure at the window and editor level and a detailed form specification at the widget level, the last of which can be instantiated to a user interface automatically. Two important contributions of DASH are that it allows the designer to custom-tailor the user interface at various design stages, and that it maintains these adjustments as the class definitions change and the user interface is regenerated.
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| 0.89152 | 225 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Lessons from Choni HaMa'agel
By Vardah Littmann
in the Gallilian hilltops, where the breeze sings through the tall
grass and sways the trees, there is found the grave-site of the famed
sage from the Talmud, Choni HaMa'agel, located above the village of
Talmud speaks about Choni HaMa'agel who was the most pious person of
his generation. But how do we know if a person is really pious? The
Talmud gives the criterion that allows others to tell if the person
is really a pious person This condition is, the ability to influence
the bringing down of rain. The key of rainfall is in the Hand of G-d
. It order for one's prayer for rain to be effective one must find
favor in the eyes of G-d by making his 'will' the 'Will of G-d , so
that G-d will make His 'Will' the 'will' of the one praying and
answer his prayer for rain. The rabbis of the generation knew that
Choni was always able to cause the rain to fall with his
supplications. During a year of drought they sent him a message to
request rain. Choni took his staff and drew a circle around himself,
in the sand. He then swore hat he would not leave the circle until
rain fell. (The sages say he is called HaMa'agel because he drew this
circle - ha-magel means the circle maker). In heaven there was
a hash decree of drought against the Jewish nation and G-d did not
want to give them rain. Yet, because of the honor of the pious one,
so that Chonie should not be bound by his oath and should be able
leave the circle, G-d made a few tiny drops fall. Choni said "I
did not ask for such rains."
G-d decided that He would exchange the decree of drought to one of a
flood. A flood can cause great devastation. In those times the
houses were not well built and a too heavy rainfall could cause them
to cave in and collapse. On the Day of Atonement, the High Priest
would request that the rains should not be not be too heavy in the
coming year and thereby cause the houses of the people to be their
Choni finished speaking, great big heavy drops started falling,
Choni then said "I did not ask for this type of rain, Your
people, Israel, cannot deal with bad decrees and they cannot deal
with too much good. We need rain in the correct measure." G-d
accorded and gentle beneficial rain began descending- rain of
blessing and all the empty wells filled up and the soil was
Talmud says that the sages censured Choni. Rav Gamliel sent him a
message. "If you were not Choni, I would put you into
excommunication, but what can I do if you act before G-d as a son
before a father."
see from the above story that Choni was the pious one of the
generation. He was also one of the greatest torah scholars of his generation but he had difficulty with one verse. The first verse in
of Psalm 126 states -"A song of ascents, when the captivity
of Zion returns we will be like dreamers".
meaning of this is that at the time of the return to Zion, it will
seem the exile was a long dream. The Babylonian exile lasted seventy
years. Choni felt it was farfetched to be able sleep for so long.
knew that an allegory was intended as the verse says "like
dreamers". But Choni also knew the premises that when an
allegory is given, the simple meaning of the allegory must also be
applicable. If a man cannot in actually sleep seventy years, then the
verse would not use this allegory saying 'as if we dreamt seventy
years'. Thus Choni had difficult with the plain understanding of the
verse. It was therefor decided in Heaven to show him that such a
phenomena is indeed possible.
Talmud continues the narrative. One day Choni was riding along on his
donkey. A great exhaustion overtook him. He got off his donkey to
rest. In the nearby field he saw an old man planting a carob tree.
Choni asked the man when this newly planted tree would bear fruit. He
was told that this type of carob bears fruit only seventy year after
it is first planted. Choni wondered "Do you intend to eat from
as my ancestors saw to it that when I came into the world I found
fruit trees that I could eat from, so to I am making sure my
descendents will have fruit trees available when they come into the
world." Answered the old man. Each generation makes sure the
following generations' needs are met.
overwhelmed Choni and he lay down next to the sapling and fell into a
deep sleep. From heaven it was made sure no one would notice him. No
one would disturb him. Seventy years later he woke up. How did Choni
know seventy years had passed? He saw that the tree that had been
planted on the day he fell asleep, was now bearing fruit. He
understood that Heaven was showing him that it is possible to sleep
for seventy years.
then came into to the House of Learning but he did not recognize
anyone there. He inquired about Choni's sons, his own sons. He was
told they had passed away. Who was around? Gandsons? Great
were learning Torah and Choni joined in. His explained the chapter
being learned and enlightened their minds. He put down the correct
premisses. He easily paved a way though the most difficult passages.
The learners said to each other, "Such explanations only Choni
used to give"
it's me- Choni."
went outside and pleaded, "Either friendship or death." In
essence he was saying "If I am not appreciated for who I am, I
rather die." G-d took his soul.
is an awesome lesson.
certainly knew the teaching;”One hour of repentance and good
deeds in this world is worth the entire next world". So why
should it bother him he is being mocked. He should learn. For each
hour he will acquire more of the next world. He can learn and pray.
He can teach Torah to others. All agree his comprehension of Torah is
very profound. He can keep the Shabbat. Why should he care if others
are belittling him?
see from here that even for the greatest most pious person in the
entire Jewish nation, it is worth while to give up on one's next
world, so that people should not laugh at him.
let's conclude from here how careful we should be with the way we
treat others. To try be extra careful with their honor and esteem. We
should be careful with what we say to others, and how we phrase, what
we say it to them. We should treat everyone, both adults and
children, with the maximum of deference and respect.
Based on a lecture by Rabbi Sholom Meir HaCohen Wallach
by Rimonah Traub www.israelcamerafocus.blog.spot.com
from the December 2010 Edition of the Jewish Magazine
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| 0.971865 | 1,599 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. One of Britain's leading computer companies, Acorn continued the Archimedes line, which grew to nearly twenty different models, into the 1990s. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARM’s low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC).
The Conner CP340A hard disk drive (HDD) is introduced. It established the 3½-inch HDD form factor as the standard of the time. The CP340A was controlled by a microprocessor, used embedded servo positioning, and had self-testing functionality. It gained a huge market share very quickly due to an agreement with Compaq to use the product in their computers. Due to the customer-investor relationship with Compaq, Conner Peripherals became one of the fastest growing US companies at that time.
Digital mobile networks had been pioneered by ARPA from the early 1970s for military use, but early cell phone networks for consumers are analog. They use traditional telephone circuit-switching, where there is a connection (circuit) between caller and recipient for the duration of the call. The connection seamlessly switches from cell to cell as the phone moves. In 1987, the European Community formally agrees on the GSM (Spécial Mobile Group, or GSM in French) standard for digital mobile telephony, including text messaging (SMS). Development work had begun five years earlier with major input from Ericsson, Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom and a number of others. GSM will reach customers in the early 1990s, in some markets at around the same time as competing standard CDMA from Qualcomm in the United States.
Clicking on hyperlinks is what lets us “surf” the Web instead of plodding through it. Yet after its initial invention in the 1960s, computer hypertext had gone underground for 20 years. It got so obscure that the main father of the Web, Tim Berners-Lee, may have unknowingly re-invented it in 1980. Hypertext’s original inventors – and some true believers – had kept developing new applications, but mostly in academic environments or for specialized clients like the military. Without being named as such, hyperlinks had also been used in some online help systems and CD-ROMs.
By the late 1980s, a minor resurgence of interest leads to commercial hypertext programs like Owl – and then Apple’s well-hyped Hypercard. Soon, people are producing their own “stacks” of linked cards on every topic, as well as writing non-sequential hyper-novels. But HyperCard is standalone; you can only click through to other cards on the same computer.
The first IBM system to include Intel´s 80386 chip, the company ships more than 1 million units by the end of the first year. IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. Many credit the PS/2 for making the 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and video graphics array (VGA) standard for IBM computers. The system was IBM's response to losing control of the PC market with the rise of widespread copying of the original IBM PC design by “clone” makers.
The Mitsubishi Movemaster RM-501 Gripper is introduced. This robot gripper and arm was a small, commercially available industrial robot. It was used for tasks such as assembling products or handling chemicals. The arm, including the gripper, had six degrees of freedom and was driven by electric motors connected to the joints by belts. The arm could move fifteen inches per second, could lift 2.7 pounds, and was accurate within .02 of an inch.
Perl (Practical Extraction and Report Language) is written by Larry Wall. It was intended to facilitate report processing and could scan and extract information from text files and ultimately create reports generated from that information. It was designed for ease of use and quick programming and has found multiple applications in every branch of computing. It is very useful in making other programs work together and has been called “the duct tape of the Internet.”
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| 0.965955 | 900 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Diabetes Mellitus has been termed as the deadly silent killer, in that the disease affects each and every part of our system and gives rise to several health complications. The fact that uncontrolled sugar levels can be a risk factor for heart problems is a known fact, but not many might be aware that Diabetes is also a major risk factor for Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD). Through this blog I will be discussing the various links between these serious diseases and sharing some compelling evidences of risk of CVD in Diabetes Mellitus patients.
All forms of Diabetes are characterized by either lack of insulin, insulin resistance, or inefficient insulin action leading to increased blood sugar levels. However, the insulin hormone is not only involved in sugar metabolism, but also essential for other metabolic activities too, for example insulin helps:
- Stimulate Lipogenesis
- Stop or reduce Lypolysis
- Transport amino acids into the cells
It is also involved in other essential activities like cell multiplication, DNA synthesis, and various transcription processes.
As a result, Diabetic patients not only show high blood sugar levels (the classic diabetes symptoms) but also manifest other blood aberrations like Hypercholesterolemia, Increased LDL and VLDL levels, Hyper-triglyceridemia, etc. – the known risk factors for CVD.
Several predisposing risk factors simultaneously affect the development of Type II diabetes Mellitus and CVD. Some of the common concomitant factors include Obesity, Sedentary lifestyles, Smoking, Heredity, and Advancing Age. Moreover, several studies have reported that diabetic women tend to lose their natural protection against CVD and Heart Disease risk, thus increasing their susceptibility to the disease condition. According to a recent data, almost 65% of all diabetes patients in the US die of CVDs. Keeping these factors in mind, the new guidelines for CVD support and care (issued by the American Heart Institute) suggest that diabetes is a direct and independent risk factor for CVD.
However, one need not despair; being diabetic need not predestine you to CVD. There are several ways in which one can reduce and even eliminate the risk of CVD in diabetes Mellitus patients:
- Keep the blood sugar levels under control: People with uncontrolled diabetes have double as much chances of developing CVD and other other heart problems that the people with better sugar control.
- Maintain a healthy height to weight ratio: Being overweight and obese is not only a major risk factor for CVD, it also exacerbates the hyperlipidemia symptoms caused by insulin deficiency.
- Exercise regularly or be physically active: Several forms of exercise like aerobics and an active life style has been linked with reduction of risk for both diabetes and CVD.
- Eat healthy: This will serve many a purpose, including help maintain weight, keep sugar levels under check, and keep hyperlipidemia at bay. Thus reducing the risk of CVDs.
Apart from the aforementioned tips, there are several intervention studies being carried out to study the efficacy of various drugs in treating CVD in diabetic patients. For instance a clinical trial is underway near Detroit, MI to explore the use of a DPP-IV inhibitor in reducing CVD risk in patients with Diabetes.
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Trials, Investigational Treatments, Researchers and Research Sites
- Larry Brandwein, From Denial to Survivor of a Silent Killer, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Understanding What is Type 2 Diabetes and Why Does it Need to be Treated?
- DPP-4 Inhibitors (Sitagliptin, Alogliptin, Saxagliptin, Vildagliptin) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
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| 0.927685 | 766 | 3.171875 | 3 |
This bar chart shows the proportion of households without access to a car in Glasgow, East Renfrewshire and across Scotland as a whole.
In Scotland, around three-in-ten households (28%) did not have access to a car in 2019.
This was the equivalent to around 705,000 households.
Glasgow City had the highest proportion of households without access to cars in Scotland, while East Renfrewshire had the lowest proportion of households without access to cars.
Access to a car varied significantly by local authority, with 47% of households not having access to a car in Glasgow City; and only 10% not having access in East Renfrewshire
The main source for travel and transport data in Scotland is the Transport Scotland Data
There is a problem
Thanks for your feedback
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| 0.955125 | 183 | 2.71875 | 3 |
According to new figures from the U.S. Census Bureau, Fairfield County led the state in population growth from July 1, 2016 through July 1, 2017. The data show that the county added 730 residents for the period, a 0.1 percent increase to total 949,921.
Of the state’s eight counties, three – Litchfield, Hartford and New London – lost population. All told, Connecticut gained 499 residents for the period.
Since 2010, Fairfield County had a 3.6 percent population increase with 33,075 new residents, for a total of 949,921 as of July 1, 2017. The state experienced a 0.4 percent growth with 14,070 new residents for a total of 3,588,184 over the same period. Hartford County, with an addition of 1,357 people, was the only other county to increase population over the seven-year period.
Leading the nation over the July 1, 2016-17 period was the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area, which gained nearly 74,000 new residents.
“Historically, the Dallas metro area attracts large numbers from both international and domestic migration,” said Molly Cromwell, a demographer at the Census Bureau. “Many of the other largest metro areas in the country rely mostly on international migration and natural increase for growth.”
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Parish Church is unique—-in Britain anyhow. Succeeding generations have
ruminated over the origin of its design. Blunt, squat, radical, it seems to
flout the schools from the Egyptian to the Gothic. If the so-called pagoda
or commemorative tower of the Chinese had been square instead of octagonal,
and but a single gallery in its tower, it would have served as a good
pattern. This blend of the barbarous and the simple may have crept along the
north of Asia to .Norway, where there is a considerable number of
ecclesiastical edifices, whose ground plan is square or circular, with the
tower rising out of the centre, St Paul’s fashion. This elemental form,
comprising indubitably length, breadth, and thickness, appealed to the
broad-beamed denizens of Holland, and evidently met with the approval of the
Burnt-islanders. Tradition long declared the church to be an imitation of
the North Church of Amsterdam, tut it appears on inquiry there is no
resemblance. It has recently been told me by two seagoing persons that an
exact replica exists in Rotterdam.
I have attempted to verify
this by addressing the minister of the Church of Scotland in Rotterdam, but
have received no reply, though enclosing a three-penny stamp. It ought to be
easy to find if there is such a church there, as it has recently become a
local fashion to spend the annual holiday in one or other of the coast towns
of Holland, taking one of the vessels now trading between there and
Burntisland. I have seen a picture of St Catherine’s at Montfleur, almost
identical with our Parish Church.
The church, which was erected
at the expense of the town was begun in 1592, and the walls and arches must
have been finished in 1595, as the Council then decides on “ye reparation of
ye new kirk,” and to “complete ye stepill.” All the same “ye stepill” was
not completed till .1749, a small wooden belfry doing duty till then. Sir
Robert Sibbald saw the church like this about 1689, when he described it as
“a fine square structure with a pavilion roof after the modern fashion.”
This inability to proceed with the tower just at once may have been a
blessing in disguise, for Sibbald relates elsewhere that “on Thursday, 8th
November, 1608,” when the mortar would have been barely set, “there was in
Fife an Earthquake betwixt nine an ten hours at even, which lasted about a
quarter of an hour, that it terrified all the persons within the towns of
Couper, Newburgh, Dunfemling, Bruntislaiid, and others within Fife.” “Ye
reparation decided on in 1595 cannot have been carried far, as in 1G02 “Ye
bailleis counsall and commitee of ye said burgh being publiclie warnit be
sound of drum and convenit in ye kirk . . . all in ane voice . . . that ye
kirk salbe dressit and apparrollit within and montit with sufficient stane
(pavement in the next minute) and weill furneicit wt sufficient seatis round
about for men and wemin” ; and to this end they agreed to put a stent on the
“ liaill inhabitants.” But few fixed seats for general purposes could have
been supplied. Few existed in the centre of the church till well into the
18th century, this part being reserved for the women folks of the craftsmen,
who carried stools with them to each service. Mrs Balingall told me that
even in her day there were many loose forms in spaces such as that at the
entrance, first seated in 1862, and a good number of high-backed chairs,
said to date from Charles First, in the passages. One minister, accepting a
call to a better place, took as a memento six of these with him. He was
ordered to return them, but if he did there are none now.
The roof was still unceiled
in 1606, five years after the visit of the King, and in 1609 the Council
contracted with two men "for sclaitting ye kirk roof for auchtfoir libs
money scots.” The pulpit said to have been similar to that of Holy Trinity,
Edinburgh, and the seat of Sir Robert Melville of Burntisland Castle, now
used by the Magistrates, were both built in 1606.
architecturally, Burntisland Church has claims to interest not to he shared
in the fact, that within its walls King- James first indicated his intention
of having a new translation of the Bible. In another respect it stands
alone. It is tlie only Scottish church where the positions of all the guild
seats remain distinctly marked, and where the insignia or appropriate
pictures used by them still exist in their original positions, though in
several churches the situations of one or two of the guild seats are roughly
known and accounts remain of what the insignia or mottoes were. One only
original painting of this nature of all these has been discovered—that
preserved in the Session-house of Crail Parish Church. It had been used face
down to repair the floor of the church in 1815, and was discovered there in
1878. A Mr Scott remembered it to have been in the sailors’ loft. The
picture, which is in oil, on a panel 11 inches by 11 inches, represents,
according to “ Memorials of Crail Churchyard,” in which a photograph of it
may be seen, a sailor “ with an astrolabe.” The instrument is, however, a
quadrant. Though the loft of which this picture formed a part existed in
1656 the painting is assigned to 1756, I suppose mainly on account of the
nightcap the figure wears. In the first half of the 18th century the wearing
of nightcaps and other night-wear during the day became a fad. Even the fair
sex got infected and enthusiastically decked themselves' in spiritualised
nigh I gear of various sorts. But seafaring folks, to circumvent the winds,
have worn semi-cowls, resembling the well-known Kilmarnock nightcap, from
time immemorial, and fishermen do so yet.
Had there been no Secession
in 1736 and no Disruption in 1843, . Burntisland Church would have been
structurally altered out of recognition. At these dates the church was
packed, and without this timely emigration must have been extended. And had
the Session been financially fit when tlie alterations of 1822 were made,
involving the erection of a new north gallery, the destruction of the carved
and gilded canopies above the heritors’ seats, a new pulpit, new pavement,
painting, etc., at a cost of £800, they might have renewed the remaining
three galleries to make them uniform. Most fortunately they could not afford
even to have the pictures scraped off, and merely painted them over. The
fact that plenty paint was used, and in repeated doses, in the effort to
obliterate the pictures, served only the better to preserve them.
Of the carved canopies and
pulpit there remains only one small piece, its preservation being due to the
antiquarian instincts of Miss Kirk, Hilton, in whose possession it now is.
Miss Kirk has kindly given me permission to photograph it, and a far si mile
is here shown. .
It has been the general
belief that the summer house at Starleybank is of a similar design to the
original pulpit and lined with part of it. The proprietor, D. T. Moir, Esq.,
was kind enough to show me this interesting house, lined with beautiful old
oak panels of various patitions.
many of the pews had their
fronts renewed, and tin* use of these for lining was an afterthought. Still,
it is possible Air Hutchison, deeply attached to the church with which he
had been so long connected, may have possessed some portions of the pulpit
destroyed in 1822 and have used these as well as those of 1802, which might
account for so persistent a rumour.
Ground plan of Burntisland Parish Church, 1822.
Key to Plan
A. Passage to stairs F and 8.
B. Minister's seat.
C. Aytoun of Grange.
D. Alexander Chaplin’s seat.
F. To tailors and schoolmaster’s loft.
H. Grange—later Dick’s Trust
I. Provost Speed.
K. Ged’s Mill.
L. Temporary sacramental table.
M. Route followed by communicants.
N. Seats used at the Lord’s Supper.
O. Burntisland Castle.
P. Proprietor of National Bank.
Q. Lammerlaws vitriol works. R. Grange.
S. Dick’s Trust.
U. Sea Farm and Mills.
V. Nether Grange.
2. Council seat.
4. Stair to Guildry, sailors, maltmen, and Baxters lofts.
5. Position of “Old r.'.an’s seat.” .
6. Baptism administered in the passage here.
8. Hammermen’s stair.
9. John Watson’s seat in this pace. Strangers’ seat.
10. Prime Guild stair (page 149).
From descriptions of people
still alive or recently dead, a plan of the church seats of 1862, and books
of the Guildry, Hammermen, and Town Council, I am able to present an almost
complete plan of the church seats previous to the alterations of 1822. The
present pulpit and pulpit stair were built then. The old pulpit was not so
high nor did the stair come outside the pillars. As the alterations or
renovations did not change the .sittings, we may consider that this plan
shows verv closely the state of the church sittings in 1727. Between 1700
and 1727 the seats D., H. and those from Y. to the south wall, those behind
B. and C., and several in tlie unknown space 9, were built. Those marked “X
” were probably built after 1727. Were all these left out we would have a
picture of the sittings on the ground floor as far back as 1683, when the
weavers’ and fleshers’ seats were built. As shown in a preceding chapter,
the Burntisland Castle seat (O)
Magistrates’ Seat—Formerly that of Burntisland Castle.
(sometimes termed the Royal
pew, though not in existence on the King’s visit) was built in 1606. Through
the generosity of Mr Thomas A. Wallace this quaint and interesting piece of
cabinet work has been carefully renovated and redecorated, under the
direction of Sir R. Rowand Anderson, LL.D. The arms under the canopy are
those of Sir Robert Melville, who as an extraordinary Lord of Session in
1601 went by the (law) title of Lord Burntisland, and Dame Jean Hamilton,
daughter of Gavin Hamilton of Raplock, and widow of Robert, 4tb Lord Ross.
This lady was always spoken of in Burntisland as Lady Ross. Sir Robert
Melville had been previously married, and died without issue. Yet Speed says
he was succeeded in the Provostship of Burntisland by his son, Sir William
Melville. As seen in another chapter Speed was mistaken. When the Castle
passed from Sir James Melville of Halhill in 1664 to Sir James Wemyss, the
seat must have been overlooked, as 1 find the Council addressed in 1673 by
“The Right Potent and noble Karl of Wemyss’’ to “ratify the old agreement
regarding the seat in his favour." .
Exactly how this seat
appeared previous to its renovation may be seen in my picture of the
“Kirking of the Magistrates,” in the possession of ex-Bailie Ferguson. The
Burgh Arms on the canopy are an addition. The colours used in these arms are
those of Fife, suggested by the late Marquis of Bute “ because the arms of
Fife are the arms of the Earl of Wemyss and therefore those of Sir James
Wemyss of Caskieberry, husband of Margaret Countess of Wemyss in her own
right, and who was created a Peer in 1672 with the title of Lord Burntisland.”
Among the books in this seat
is a fine Bas-kerville Bible dated 1772, presented by William Ferguson of
Raith in 1778, when he was Provost.
This is the only seat left
which gives an idea of what the canopied seats along the foot of the
galleries were like. It has often been stated that the woodwork of this
seat, the canopies of the heritors’ seats now lost, and the carved fronts of
tlie galleries, were imported from Holland, carved and ready to fix up; and
I have some confirmation of this from Mrs M'Omisli, whose progenitor,
Alexander Chaplin, shipmaster, brought tlie wood of seat D from Rotterdam
cut to size. It had a canopy of which one stump is left.
Where the Magistrates sat
before 1646 is not known, but in that year it is agreed to build “ane seat
in ye kirk upon ye south eist pillare for ye baillies.” Yet on Oct. 12,
1657, it is “ ordained that ye baillies sit at a table befoir ye pulpit.”
Afterwards another motion is carried that “ a seat be built in ye kirk for
ye magistrates,” etc. This was the seat 2 of tlie plan, and here they sat
(with the whole Council on occasions) till a comparatively recent date, when
the seat was given to the proprietor of the Castle in exchange for his
marked O, and in 1862 turned so that tiie long side should be against the
wall, where it now is.
From time to time
applications were made to build seats iu the centre of the church, but with
one or two exceptions, until the beginning of the 18th# century, these were
always refused, the idea being to retain this space for the women relatives
of the guilds. After Cromwell's disappearance the families of the gentry
ventured back from their retreats on the Continent, and this is evident from
the offers to build seats. But the Council (1652) would allow 110 seats
outside the “ breast of ye loft,” and the only seat in the body of the
church at that time other than O, P,* and was “ye old man’s seat,” sometimes
termed “ the range about ye pulpit.” There were repeated complaints about it
being crammed. In 1673 it was “ordained” that five persons named “and no
others shall sit there without permission,” and “the officers” were
instructed to keep the door locked. This seat dated from 1633, when King
Charles I. visited the town. Tremendous preparations were made in
anticipation of his coining. “ Xew suits of clothes were ordered for the two
burgh officers, wines, comfits, and eatables provided for His Majesty,
streets cleared of middings and red, and women and children ordered to keep
within doors from morning till night.—(Speed’s notes). So very reminiscent
of the Sultan’s proclamation when the Princess Badroulboudour passed to the
bath, that all shops should be shut and all persons retire to their houses
during’ her progress. Let us hope tliai as Aladdin stole a sight of the
Princess through the lattice, so the women and children of “Bruntylin” would
take a peep at their King, little thinking that in a few short
trouble-filled years that head of curls would be laid on the block.
Speed continues:—“Two boats
were provided to ferry the King and his attendants from Newhaven, and all
were to receive the freedom of the Burgh !"’ The method adopted by the King
to avoid swearing fealty to himself is not recorded. Unfortunately it was
stormy on the 10th July, and the rolling deep must have made a mess of the
programme. Two men were lost on the passage, one of whom was John Ferries,
the King’s cook. The bodies were recovered on the 3rd of August. On that of
Ferries was found in dollars and other white money, 5 twelve pund pieces in
gold, ane single angel,’’ etc., in all £107 0s 4d ; gold ring, rapier, belt
and hinger. Item ane cot and breeks of camblet.” With that in came the
inevitable bills, and “ the baillies think meet that the sums bestowed on
his burial be paid to the following persons:—
To Andro Orrock for making
his graif, 16 shillings.
Item to John White for ringing the bell, 16 shillings.
Tteni to .T;met Mair ami Flspat Coasin for winding him, 13 shillings.
Item to 'William Mitchel for washing his cot and breeks, 16 shillings.
Item to James Brown tayleour for 5 elms of linen to be his winding sheet,
five pund 8 shillings.
Item to David Stirling for making his kist, 3 lib 10 shillings.
Item to warkmen for carrying him to the Tolbuith, 32 shillings.
Item to Alexander Barnie for first spying him in ye wold, 31 .shillings.
Item ane dollar to pay for the winding sheet of the other man found with
The Bailies would be somewhat
taken aback on Sept. IT when the “Lord Admiral” came to anchor in
Burntisland roads, and “ desired the money and other effects to be given up
to him.” Negotiations went on till Dec. 14th, when the Council obtained the
property found on Ferries “deducting alway 40 libs to be given to the Lord
Admiral for his glide will.” Verily! the want of money is the root of all
evil. The “Lord Admiral ” and the Council appear to have courted absolution
by offering the balance—over rapier, ring, etc.—to the Kirk Session—“and
the. Council think it expedient that the Session build .ane seat round the
pulpit for sick (such) aged men as cannot well hear the minister’s voice.”
On March 28tli, 1659, ‘Jon
Watson,” who instituted “ Watson’s Mortification,” was permitted to build a
seat on the “ west side of the range .about the pulpit.” On 1Tth Dec., 1723,
another was permitted near here which was to come to a door on the north
side of the south-west pillar by which the minister entered the pulpit. An
entry in the Council Records of 6th April, 1702, gives a great deal of
information about the space under the south gallery. David Bonnar of Binnend
was given liberty to build “a seat or pew”—
Y on plan—in front of a round
seat situated to the east of the magistrates’ and strangers’ seats—2 and A2.
It was to be “ level in front” with the magistrates’ seat and straight east
to the Wabstev’s seat—Y; and the .entrance was to be by the east end
“breasting” the Fleslier’s seat—X. The strangers’ seat appears to have had
the property of entertaining unawares and in excess. In 1711—“ Discharges
any town’s person, man or woman, hereafter to sitt in that seat commonly
called the strangers’ seat .unless they agree wt the town’s treasurer for to
pay him twenty shillings Scots yearly each of ym for this liberty of the sd
seat.” Another seat “at the back of Binnend’s” belonging to the town was let
for “4 lib yearly.”
In 1683 the “Wabsters” were
granted the portion Y for a seat. They had never been able to find enough
accommodation in tlie spaces in tlie gallery unfilled, but belonging to
other guilds. On 14th May, 1683, “Ye baillies and Counsel all in ane voyce
approve that ye weivers pay twentie marks tor their seat in ye Kirk in ye
south eist end of ye Kirk” on their representing that they were “ hardly
abell to pay ye warkmen for building of ye seat.” About 60 years ago William
Gairns, the last of the Weavers’ Corporation, and his wife occupied the
centre seat of this block—AY.
On 23rd April, the same year,
the “Counsel ordaines ye fleshers to give in twentie merks. (yearly, I
believe) to ye treasurer for ye libertie of yer seat on ye south syd of ye
weivers seat.” About GO years ago “Sandy” Hutchison, the last of the
Fleshers' Corporation, occupied one of these seats—block X. Something of a
(diameter, he brought a candle with him to see the small print, and
complained openly of the low temperatures in winter, preferring then, he
said, to read Burns at the fireside. Sandy had a disturbing habit of
thinking audibly. O11 one occasion, in the middle of the sermon, he made
some stir by suddenly remarking—“ Man, Kobin (the minister), ye're a
It is not known when the
shoemakers built the .seals 3, 3, but application was made for their
enlargement beyond the north wall of the vestry in 1600. Mrs Wiliam.son,
lientfield, when a child was several times in them. She savs they were
notorious for being rut her harrow to get into or to sit comfortably in. If
shoemakers err it is on the side of neatness.
The seat was attached to the
houses 14 and 15 Cromwell Road, belonging 50 years ago to a Mr Grindlay.
Mary Somerville after her marriage to her cousin, Lieutenant Greig, is said
to have resided in one of these houses, and may then have occupied this
In 1721 “John Durie of
Grange” wanted his seat made square. This was probably that marked V and
named Nether Grange, though not yet square. Sibbaid visiting Burntisland in
169!) writes—“Nether Grange hath a neat house and enclosures belonging' to a
gentleman of the name of Durie.” As early as 1552 “George Durie gave to his
brother Peter the lands of Nether Grange called le mains.”
The square seat was made by
John Leslie of Quartier in 1655, with permission of the Countess of Wemyss,
proprietress of the Castle. Quartier was the old name of a district between
Dodhead and Whimiyhall belonging to the Castle, and appears in Blaeu’s map,
The two seats U.V. behind
were used by the tenants of the Castle Flour and Saw Mills.
On the seat R (the Orange)
may be seen the stumps of the pillars on which the canopy was supported.
On 23ril Dec., 1723, “Robert
Ged the laird of Ualdrig” got the Council's grant to extend his seat K east
to the north-east pillar of tlie gallery. The passage between his seat and
that of Newbigging I was not to be interfered with. This Ged was a depute
bailie of the Court of Regality of Dunfermline. He had been fined for
attending a conventicle in 1674, and yet in his maturer age appears to have
been a strong supporter of the “Old Chevalier.”
It was in the seat behind
Xewbigging that Provost Speed, so often quoted in these lines, and his
sister sat. The back of the seat was removed, and placed on the wall behind,
on the abolition of the hammermen’s passage in 18G2. It bears the
Seat D is interesting as
having the inscription :— 17.A.C.-E.C.27—Alexander and Euphemia Chaplin.
Alexander Chaplin was a shipmaster, and a Councillor often referred to as
absent with his ship.
The fact that only members of
the guilds and their apprentices were allowed to sit in the guild scuts
accounts for the resistance to proposals for pews in the centre of the
church, which was the only place available to the women. The only family
pews, even under the galleries, were those of the heritors and minister
until the beginning of the 18th century, when several bailies were granted
the right to make pews for their families. One of these was that blocking
the passage on the south of Q.&.L.
The year .1725 was a record
for these family pews, and those obtaining’ permission petitioned to have
the right to their “‘airs’ and successors for ever.” The Council thought
this somewhat protracted, but ultimately took the risk, with the proviso,
that in the event of their “remottest airs fail-ling” the seat shall return
to and be at the full disposal of the Magistrates and Council with the
concurrence of the minister and Kirk Session.
At this period the seats
behind B and C were added, leaving the passage A. In course of time the
centre of the church was seated as exhibited in the plan, but in such a way
as to allow of the communion being celebrated after the manner of the
Bereans. L is a table, present only at communion, to support the elements,
the ministers sitting’ in front of Gr and J. The dotted line M shows the
route taken by the communicants. The seven square seats X were entered from
the sides ordinarily, but on communion their detachable ends and partitions
were removed, leaving two long seats with a centre table. This continued
Ladle for tokens.
Here is given a block of a
curious ladle used in Burntisland Church to collect the tokens after the
communicants had taken their seats. For offerings I believe the “brod” at
the door was always used. The church possesses a number of these bronze
collection plates, of which three are has reliefs of the Annunciation,
Glorification of the Virgin, St Christopher carrying the infant Saviour,
respectively. There is an inscription on each, one of which the Rev. Mr
Ruggan has discovered to be, “I bring happiness always.” Some years ago I
sent casts of these to the Scottish Museum, but the authorities there could
not say what the inscription was, thought they dated from "William of
Orange, and did not seeiu to place much store by them. However, in the
Glasgow Exhibition of 1911, there was a collection plate identical with ours
of the Annunciation, said to date from the K>th century.
This would tally with the
tradition that these plates were in use at the Ivirkton Kirk, and are of
Roman Catholic origin. It indicates an improved outlook that the Session
have withdrawn these plates from use at the doors, where they were being
battered flat by the weekly pecks of pennies and halfpennies.
It is said that not so very
long ago the sandglass, used to time the sermon till about the Disruption,
was sold at a bazaar. It was about 12 inches high.
There is no inscription on
the church bell, but it was recast by Mrs Isobel Meikle, of Edinburgh, in
1708, and the cost defrayed by public subscription.
It has often been said that a
model ship was suspended from the hook above the east gallery. Mrs Ualingall
told me her father, for 59 years Session-Clerk, often spoke of it. It was
not the model now in the old Council Chamber.
About 6T years ago three
large chandeliers were used for lighting the church—one each in the north
and south galleries, and one in the centre. That in the centre was lowered
for lighting by means of a rope Prom the tower, and had two large circles uf
candles, one above and smaller than the other. Mrs McOmish tells she was
present one night when the worshippers got a great fright. The chandelier
made a trial attempt at aerial nagivation. flying rapidly up and down. The
boys who rang the bell, having skipped the sermon, and suspecting their
absence would not pass unrewarded, concluded they might as well be hanged
for a sheep’s lamb, and began dancing the candles up and down. These
chandeliers were introduced in 1634. There have been single candles on the
pillars and hanging from the front of .the galleries. There was the end of a
steel shaft through the centre of panel 8 south loft, from which a lamp
The south-east pillar was
where offenders were placed. Speed writes that women convicted of having
illegitimate children were condemned to stand there on a stool, in a white
sheet, for as many as 26 Sabbaths! More hopeless cases were sent to the
Cross. In 1601 Gill Watson, for calling the pastor a devil,' was ordained to
stand at the Cross with a paper on her head setting forth her offence. In
dire emergencies the authorities could still make “the punishment fit the
crime,” as in 1660 two women were imprisoned till they would tell who were
the fathers of their children. (Speed’s Notes).
The plan of the galleries
shows where the different guilds were located from 1613 to 1833, with the
exception of the Hirers, who are said to have rented the seats in the West
Gallery marked Guildry. This portion belonged to the Session and Prime Gild
from 1621 to 1822, when it was resigned to the Session. It was only at a
late date the Guildry used these seats, (hie probably to the hirers becoming
less numerous or using the seats of the Maltmen, which body about the end of
the 18th century was almost non-existent, and because of a great increase in
numbers of the Guildry. Heading Hirers, then, for Guildry in the West
Guildry in the South Gallery we will have an almost exact view of the
frontage of the Gild seats from the completion of the galleries, which Speed
gives as 1613. This unseated space between the Guildry and Prime Gild
belonged to the Session and Prime Gild, and was let for loose seats, along
with spaces behind, to several of the crafts not fully seated—the
Shoemakers, Weavers, and Fleshers, who had no frontage. Due to the increase
in numbers of the other gilds, space had to he found for these three gilds
in 1683 on the ground floor. Since 1862 the division between the Tailors and
Hammermen has slightly altered from that in the plan.
The passage to the “Pryme
Gilt” lofts from the south-west stair continued until about 50 years ago,
though the picturesque outside stair was made in 167!). In 1673 the Council
agreed to pay part of the expense of making tliis stair to the '‘masters’
and seamen’s lofts” on condition that a landsman be allowed to stand at the
collection plate there. Could anything be fairer Y The proposal to build the
stair was opposed on a number of grounds— that “the Kirk was over-well built
to be deformed;” that '‘it was rather a decoxment,” whatever that is; “that
it would let the east wind and rain into the church.” As a last dangerous
resort, “warkmen” were called in to see if this impossible thing could be
done. They reported that it could, and would be a great improvement.
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A nice and easy craft I did today for wishing Happy Easter with my younger students!
You just need yellow and orange cardboard, yellow sheets of paper, googly eyes, brad fasteners and some strings.
First you draw the shape of an egg, then draw both hands of the kids on the sheets of paper and fasten them with brads, then you glue the beak and legs of the chick you have drawn on the orange cardboard. Add the googly eyes and then put the string on top of the head. You can draw a nice message on the tummy of the chick.
I just found this amazing website where we can create minibooks for the youngest learners.
My kids love doing minibooks as they can bring them home later and show them to their parents.
It’s a nice way of practising vocabulary and kids develop basic skills as writing, cutting, colouring,etc.
I include some of the crafts or activities I’ve been doing with my students or for my students during the course!
Most of them can easily be found on the Internet and others are product of my imagination as the Jellyfish or the monster.
I hope you like them 🙂
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Does this test have other names?
Total homocysteine, tHcy
What is this test?
This test measures levels of homocysteine in your blood. Homocysteine is a type of amino acid. Your body naturally makes it. But at high levels, it can damage the lining of arteries. It can encourage blood clotting. This may raise your risk for coronary artery disease, heart attacks, blood clots, and strokes.
High levels of homocysteine may be caused by low levels of:
High levels may also be caused by:
Routine screening for homocysteine is not advised because of the cost. The treatment that is recommended is taking a multivitamin. This has a low cost and is generally a safe treatment.
Why do I need this test?
You might have this test to find out if you have coronary artery disease or are at higher risk for this problem. You may also have this test to check for low levels of vitamin B-12 or folate. And you may be tested to see if treatments are working to lower your homocysteine levels. These may include nutritional changes, folic acid, or vitamin B supplements.
What other tests might I have along with this test?
Your levels of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate may also be measured when you have a homocysteine test.
What do my test results mean?
Test results may vary depending on your age, gender, health history, and other things. Your test results may be different depending on the lab used. They may not mean you have a problem. Ask your healthcare provider what your test results mean for you.
The normal range of homocysteine levels are less than 15 micromoles per liter (mcmol/L). Higher levels are:
Moderate (15 to 30 mcmol/L)
Intermediate (30 to 100 mcmol/L)
Severe (greater than 100 mcmol/L)
Higher levels could mean that you have a B vitamin deficiency. This can mean that you have a higher risk for coronary artery disease.
How is this test done?
The test is done with a blood sample. A needle is used to draw blood from a vein in your arm or hand.
What might affect my test results?
Taking B vitamin supplements can affect results of the test results.
Does this test pose any risks?
Having a blood test with a needle carries some risks. These include bleeding, infection, bruising, and feeling lightheaded. When the needle pricks your arm or hand, you may feel a slight sting or pain. Afterward, the site may be sore.
How do I get ready for this test?
You don’t need to do anything to get ready for this test. Tell your provider about all medicines, herbs, vitamins, and supplements you are taking. This includes medicines that don't need a prescription and any illegal drugs you may use.
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Art is evolving. People often strive to evolve and take everything a step further, whether in art, music, and athletic performance or otherwise. People want to move everything to the next level. Technology is one of the things that is developing the fastest. Technology is developing so rapidly that people often struggle to keep up. Stop getting updates about the newest CPUs and in three years’ time, you will be surprised how nothing is the same and what used to be relevant is no longer even in discussion unless it is used as an example of the obsolete.
Just like technology, art is finding ways of evolving. Some of that comes from the artists themselves, but another approach has been around for the past 40 or so years. Artificial intelligence art is what is a new driving force in the world of art. It is here to innovate, whether we like it or not. But, should artists be concerned about their jobs in the future? Well, not likely, but it is an interesting topic, worth diving into.
Algorithmic Art – AI Art
The first form of AI art is algorithmic art, where a certain algorithm is made which is then used to generate art. The first of its kind, or rather, one of the earliest examples was created by Harold Cohen in 1973. The program was created to make drawings and was named AARON. AARON was then worked on, but was still fundamentally obstructed by the will of the artist.
AI art evolved when artists started feeding images to the machine, so that it can learn what art is, after all. Modern approaches include GANs, or generative adversarial networks. They are called adversarial because the two parts oppose one another. One part does the creation of random images, while the other judges those images based on what it has been taught. It is a very interesting concept, yet still with lots of room to grow.
AICAN – Artificial Intelligence Creative Adversarial Network
This creation can be considered a full fledged artist, which has already had some of its works sold for 16,000 dollars, even. With that in mind, the AI was taught to do things differently. It was taught art as it already is or rather, as it has been up to now, but it has also been taught that it has to innovate, otherwise it will be penalized. These two things contradict one another, obviously, but as artists are more likely to capture the attention of the world by innovation, so will an AI. Well, an AI artist by itself is attention-worthy, but an AI which also innovates is even better.
Should Artists Be Concerned?
The short answer is no. The longer answer is, firstly, AI needs a lot more time and effort to actually become an artist, because art is more than just paintings. What about sculptures, music, performance or other forms of art? AI will need a lot of time to master these things, if it ever does (which is likely, though). But, with that in mind, AI art will most likely become a form of its own, or an approach to art, which will not eliminate humans and human art in any way. If nothing else, it might make it even more desirable.
Artists, both AI and humans, will most likely coexist in the upcoming decades.
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You already know you need vitamin D to help your body absorb calcium for optimal bone health. What you might not know is that vitamin D helps cells grow, keeps your immune system going and is important for neurological functions. A few types of foods add vitamin D to your diet, but potatoes are not one of them.
How Much You Need
All adults -- both men and women -- need 600 international units of vitamin D each day, according to the Office of Dietary Supplements. You don't need to increase your intake until later in life. After age 70, your vitamin D intake goes up to 800 IU per day because you have greater bone loss as you age.
Where To Get It
Very few foods contain vitamin D, but you can get it if you know where to look. Several types of fish, such as mackerel, sardines and salmon, are rich in the vitamin. Whole eggs have a small amount of vitamin D, although you'll have to consume the entire egg since vitamin D comes from the yolk. Several varieties of fortified breakfast cereals provide vitamin D, and you'll also get it from vitamin D-fortified milk or orange juice.
Nutrients in Potatoes
While potatoes do not have vitamin D, they are packed with several other nutrients. Potatoes are loaded with potassium, an electrolyte you need to balance fluid levels; iron, a mineral that aids in oxygen transport to each and every cell; and B vitamins, which work together to keep your metabolism going. You'll also get plenty of fiber from your favorite baked potato side dish. Avoid peeling the skin -- that's where a lot of the nutritional value comes from.
Adding Vitamin D
Even though potatoes themselves do not have vitamin D, putting certain toppings on a potato adds a small amount of vitamin D to your diet. Some types of fortified margarine have as much as 60 IU of vitamin D per tablespoon. Use vitamin D-fortified plain yogurt in place of sour cream on a baked potato or instead of heavy cream in mashed potatoes. Many varieties offer more than 10 IU of vitamin D per ounce.
Your body can synthesize vitamin D directly from the sun. When you expose your skin to direct sunlight during peak daylight hours around noon, your body makes its own vitamin D. Simply going outside for five to 30 minutes, two times per week, between the hours of 10:00 AM and 3:00 PM, can allow your body to produce all of the vitamin D you need, reports the Office of Dietary Supplements. This isn't always the best method during winter months, when it's cold and the sun's rays aren't as strong. Also, if you tend to lather up with sunscreen, you'll block the rays that aid in vitamin D production. In these cases, you'll want to fill your diet with more vitamin D-rich foods.
Articles For Your Diet
- potato image by Alex White from Fotolia.com
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Acuity — Frequently Asked Questions
Open AllClose All
- What is Acuity?
- Acuity is an online/paper-pencil, comprehensive platform for grades
3 - 11 for Mathematics, Reading/Language Arts, Science and Social Studies.
Acuity includes the following components:
- WVDE Authored Benchmark tests (modeled on WESTEST2
blueprint in terms of content coverage of each standard and sub-content area))
- Custom tests, which utilize an item bank of 25,000 items
aligned to WV 21st Century CSOs
- West Virginia authored items, aligned to 21st Century CSOs
- Instructional resources which target instruction
- Immediate reporting capabilities
- How do I access Acuity?
- An important improvement in Acuity over the old iKnow platform is the addition of
appliance servers. These servers were installed inside the West Virginia statewide
intranet to increase the speed and availability of Acuity. Servers were installed in
districts with large student populations and fast county-wide networks (WANs).
Servers were also installed in the two point-of-presence (POP) locations.
You can select your local Acuity server by visiting this site:
NOTE: Your local Acuity server is not accessible from outside of the West Virginia school network.
If you would like to connect to Acuity from home or from anywhere outside of the state-wide
intranet, you can connect to the Acuity
at Home site.
- Why can't I find any Science or Social Studies exercises?
- The Acuity platform, as purchased, only included content in RLA and Math for grades
3 - 8. The WVDE has added Science and Social Studies questions in all grade levels and content for
RLA and Math questions for grades 9 - 11. However, we do not have the ability to add
Instructional Resources, or exercises, to Acuity.
- Will there be Instructional Resources added for Social Studies or Science?
- The WVDE cannot add Instructional Resources to Acuity. The only Instructional Resouces
available within Acuity are for Math and RLA in grades 3 - 8. Please note that Algebra I and
Geometry Instructional Resources are available, but can only be found by searching for skills.
Directions for accessing these items can be found here.
- What tests are available in Acuity?
- Acuity allows educators to create their own tests that assess student comprehension of the 21st Century
CSOs. Acuity included Diagnostic tests that are pre-packaged tests created by CTB.
However, the WVDE has decided not to use the Diagnostic tests and has disabled them in Acuity.
Instead, the WVDE has created a series of State-Authored Benchmark Assessments that better
assess student understanding of the 21st Century CSOs. These tests are optional. Therefore,
you should check with your county to see if they are participating in the State-Authored
Benchmark testing within Acuity.
- What else can Acuity do?
- Acuity includes lessons, or Instructional Resources, that are tied to the WV 21st Century CSOs. These
Instructional Resources can be assigned by skill or by standard. These mini lessons are divided
into three parts; introduction of a topic, guided practice and a mini summative assessment.
Reports are available to teachers to show student progress on assigned Instructional Resources.
Another important feature of Acuity is the powerful reporting function. Reports are available
instantly and show student progress toward comprehension of standards and objectives.
Instructional Resources can also be assigned from within the reports; e.g. a teacher can assign
additional instruction to an entire class from the report after seeing that students need
practice on a particular standard.
- My school is on block scheduling. Can we use the State-Authored Benchmarks?
- The WVDE shares all state-authored benchmarks with each county's Acuity district
administrator at the beginning of the year. The district administrator can then
share the tests with teachers or create assignments for students to take the
tests. All state-authored benchmarks are available to be assigned at any time and
can be used to best fit your schedule. If you do not have access to the state-authored
benchmarks contact your school or district Acuity administrator to have the tests assigned.
- Is there a way to bypass installing the Acuity browser plugins (Active X Controls) for all students?
- Yes. Acuity requires several browser plugins that are installed using Active X.
These plugins are installed very quickly, but must be installed for every student who logs
into each computer. This may also present a problem for schools that utilize Deep Freeze.
You can bypass the prompt to install these plugins using the following method. However, this
requires administrator rights to the school network, or domain.
You will have to configure a GPO per user and add http://www.acuityathome.com and your
local acuity server (e.g. http://acuity.north.k12.wv.us or http://acuity.south.k12.wv.us)
to your list of trusted sites. When users logs in, they will get their list of trusted
sites from the policy and will not be prompted to install Active X controls for any of these sites.
A good example for configuring the GPO to add trusted sites per user is here:
*Note: This procedure should be performed by a network administrator.
- How can I move a student to another school in Acuity?
- Only district administrators can move students to other schools within the same county. If a student needs
to be moved between counties, contact
Rob Surface. The steps for moving students are as follows:
- Select Management, Students, and enter the student ID and click search
- Click the student name to bring up the student details screen
- Scroll to the bottom and select Edit This Student
- Scroll to the bottom of the next screen and select Save and Assign Classes
- Click the link to Change School
- Select the new school
- You can then add class assignments by selecting the link at the bottom - Create new assignments
- If you choose not to add class assignments, then the teachers at the new school will be able to search
for and add the student to their class rosters after you move the student to their school.
- How can I move a student to another county in Acuity?
- Only the state-level administrator can move students to other counties in Acuity. If a student transfers into
your school from another WV county and needs to be added to your class rosters, contact
Rob Surface. You will
need to provide the Student ID and the name of your county and school.
- Can a test be re-assigned to a student?
- Yes. A student can take the same test over (a re-score). If, for instance, a student accidentally submits
an unfinished test, then you may want to re-score the test.
There is no option in Acuity to delete a score. Instead, when a test is assigned to a student
who already has a score for the test (the student has completed the test once), the person
creating the assignment will be asked if this score should override the old score. Selecting
yes will re-score the test for the student.
- What are batch reports and how are they used?
- Batch reports allow educators to simultaniously generate multiple reports
of the same type for easy saving and printing. Each Acuity report contains
a link at the bottom of report options to run the report in batch mode.
After creating the batch job, the report usually will be availabe within 15
minutes and can be accessed by going to Management and selecting Report Batches.
For more detailed information regarding Acuity batch reports view this
Still have questions? Contact Sandra Foster.
West Virginia Department of Education
1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Charleston, WV 25305
(Staff Phone and Email by Name) (School Directory)
Topics: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
For suggestions, questions, problems contact the webmaster
Please read our disclaimers
State Board |
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Introduction: Building a Low Cost Stirling Engine for Power Generation
Before I will start my Instructables want to emphasize that this is not a finish project and still going on as of the moment I'm creating this Instructables. I already spent more than 3 months making this though I am near to realization still it is not enough to finish the whole system on time. None the less although not finish, this Instructables will be enough for you to build a low cost running Stirling engine and more.
The aim of these Instructables is to build a working Stirling engine that could be coupled with generator for electric generation like this one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine#media... or this http://www.power-technology.com/projects/maricopas... awesome! but not that kind, we will be building a much much .... much simple one. Honestly while building this project I want to find the best materials available but then my budget restrict me from doing it. Due to financial constraint, this Instructables became a research on building a Stirling engine having always in mind the cost (most affordable), availability of materials locally and that it could be build using the most basic tools available (poor-man's tools).
Here is my guide to make it run in few attempts. Hope you will like my Instructables please vote for it. If you find it useful please hit favorite and share.Thank you.
Step 1: Understanding the Engine
What is Stirling Engine? A Stirling engine is a heat engine that operates by cyclic compression and expansion of air or other gas (the working fluid) at different temperatures, such that there is a net conversion of heat energy to mechanical work. "as per wiki" for more info check this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine . Understanding how Stirling engine is easy as explained in this site http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~khirata/english/howwor... but making it run is a different story.
The Stirling engine that I made is beta type where the displacer and piston is in the same cylinder. There are many types of Stirling engine but all works in the same process. It relies on expansion and contraction of gas inside a confined space. When the air inside the cylinder is heated it will expand and when cooled it contract. All 4 image are borrowed from there respected sites. as the images are very informative so I included it here. I would like also to mention approtechie for his Stirling engine which inspires me to create my own. Some of measurement are almost identical to his engine including the use of stainless bottle as cylinder. https://www.youtube.com/user/approtechie.
In order for you to build a running engine might as well read this pdf from Andy Ross a prominent Stirling Engine experimenter. It help me a lot https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B_t-6mPcD-IYOTc4M2... page 9. If your engine doesn't work for the first time don't worry because I made 5 different engine using different materials from trash to barely running to wow!.
Step 2: Preparing Materials and Tools
Prepare the materials and tools necessary for the project. This part was second most laborious to my part because I started my project without a guide or manual. It was like an building a puzzle and its pieces are not included in the set.
stainless water bottle
steel wool pack #00
luncheon meat can
wooden chopping board
dip cloth hanger
defective hard disk drive
steel filled epoxy
steel or copper or aluminum tube
Step 3: Building the Engine (cylinder)
The engine cylinder will house the displacer and the piston.
Cut the stainless bottle near its neck, I done it by using sharp pointed knife and hitting the knife with a hammer to puncture the bottle. be careful in doing it the knife usually bounce when hit by hammer. If you have a better way of cutting it do it. I only done it because its the only tools I have.
After I poorly cut it, I put a masking take around the bottle as the picture shown and it will serve as a marking and making sure that the bottle height is 15cm.Then I cut it using tinsnip to remove jagged edge of the bottle by carefully following the marking.
Step 4: Building the Engine (displacer)
The displacer purpose is to move the air from cold side to hot side of the cylinder. While it displaces the air it also regenerator or economizer as what Robert Stirling call it. The regenerator removes the heat from air as the air moves from hot side to called side. When the air moves from cold side to warm the heat from the regenerator are transfered back to the air.
The steel wool is used as the displacer so it will act as regenerator at the same time.
As i rolled the steel wool I sandwich an aluminum foil from disposable aluminum pan to add firmness to its shape.
The foil is not visible since it was wrapped up by wool.
The height of the displacer is 10cm its diameter is almost the same as the cylinder not too tight not too loose.
The displacer must be 2/3 the height of cylinder.
Step 5: Building the Engine (crankshaft)
One of important consideration in crankshaft is balance, placing of connecting rod, and reduction of friction.
my crankshaft is not well balance but its good enough.
Piston throw is 3cm or 1.5cm radius.
Displacer throw is 5cm or 2.5 radius.
The piston and displacer must be 90 degree apart.
Step 6: Building the Engine (coolant Cover and Piston Base)
Step 7: Building the Engine (power Piston)
The Power piston I used here is a RTV silicone using illustration board as mold.
Using alternate diameter of board as a mold.
The diameter of the mold is exactly the diameter of the cylinder.
the base of the piston is wider by 1 cm so it can be attached in the wooden cover.
Step 8: Building the Engine (connecting Rod)
the connecting rods are made from wire hanger. connected to crankshaft using terminal block. sorry no picture as of this time. i'll add it later.
Step 9: Building the Engine (coolant)
The engine coolant will serve as the cold side of the engine. The better the cooling of this part will give better contraction of air thus better piston drive.
The can is opened in the bottom just enough for snug fit of cylinder.
The wood pieces are attached in the can using 2 small wood screw in both side.
I used red RTV silicone as sealant to prevent water leak.
the chopping board serves a cover.
I attached to stainless tube 5mm in diameter about 5cm long. It will serves as water intake and water outlet.
The longer one 8cm long serves as intake and the shorter one serves as outlet of warmer water.
Step 10: Attaching Generator
The generator I use in this project came from mini fan http://junreyparacuelles.wix.com/flickers-of-ideas... . The winding are 500 turns of #21 AWG enamel wire.
You can use any small DC motor. Just observe polarity. Polarity depends upon the direction of rotation. Just experiment with it.
If you have this kind of mini fan and decided to use it this becomes an AC generator you will be needing a full bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC
Step 11: Solar Tracker
Step 12: Flat Fresnel Solar Reflector
Step 13: Some of the First Built
Some run a little other barely rotate and there are more that I just put in trash. aluminum can work but it cant handle too much heat.
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These questions are based on 834: IBM Lotus Notes Domino 8 Application Development Foundation Skills
Self Test Software Practice Test
Objective: Application architecture.
Sub-objective: Understand the concept of database replicas.
Single answer, multiple-choice
Which statement is TRUE about replica databases?
- Replica databases do not have to share the same replica ID.
- The titles of two database replicas can be different and still replicate.
- Database replicas cannot contain different documents and be able to replicate.
- The replica ID of a database is generated for the database being replicated only after the database has been replicated.
B. The titles of two database replicas can be different and still replicate.
The titles of replica databases do not have to match for successful replication; only their IDs have to match. They do not have to contain the exact same documents to replicate. One of the reasons for replicating is so you can update databases with recently modified documents and documents added since the last time a database was replicated.
Replica databases are databases that share the same replica ID. When a database is first created, the ID for that database is generated automatically. For that ID to match a copy of that database for replication purposes, you must create the copy through File > Replication > New Replica. This will create a replica copy of the database with a matching replica ID.
You can change the title of a database that you have stored locally or a shared database for which you have Manager access. The database title can differ from the database file name. For example, you can have a database with the title “Developer” and its file name could be STSDev.nsf.
Lotus Domino Designer 8 Help – Search on: Changes to the database title do not replicate
Lotus Notes 8 Help – Search on: To change the title of a database
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Wartime occupied France. Hamlet, in mourning for his dead father, appears through the steam from a train. People pass him by as he stands lost in thought. He has a vision of a dark alley, a scuffle, a beating. He remembers a Parisian restaurant in 1939 - a farewell dinner for Hamlet, Laertes and Horatio who are joining the army to fight the Germans and his mother and father as they dance together [this is what the programme said; I'm assuming that the army arent fighting the Germans and Hamlet's mother and father]. The station is chaotic and frightening. People are being humiliated, arrested and beaten. Hamlet looks for his mother who was to meet him. Polonius, now working with the Germans, speaks to the Nazi officers. He whisks Hamlet away to the officical residence of the Head of Police, Hamlet's home before the war.Gertrude and Claudius are hosting a party. Hamlet watches Ophelia talking to the Germans and the affection between Claudius and his mother. He leaves, distressed by the collaboration with the Germans and his mother's new marriage. In his bedroom, he senses his father's presence but the image is broken as Horatio and Ophelia come to find him. Laertes interrupts Hamlet's reunion with Ophelia but Hamlet sends him away. Laertes returns with Polonius who pulls the couple apart. When he sees Ophelia is wearing a new necklace, he demands she removes it and presents her with a swastika.New images of the day return to haunt Hamlet. His vision of the beating in the alley returns - as the man raises his head, Hamlet realises it is his father. He sees his father's office, a Nazi officer places a swastika on the desk. When he refuses this, Hamlet realises that Claudius signed his death warrant.Hamlet spies on his mother and her new husband making love. He considers suicide.Horatio seeks out Hamlet to heal the rift between Ophelia and his friend. Hamlet confronts Ophelia and before a resolution can be found, Laertes escorts Hamlet to his uncle's office, where Polonius, Claudius and the SS are interrogating a member of the Resistance. Hamlet is shown what could happen to him if he doesnt comply. As he leaves, he turns back to the chair and realises that his father sat in that chair having been beaten and tortured. Hamlet and Horatio break into the desk and steal Hamlet's father's death warrent.Hamlet arrives for dinner, wearing his father's coat. He indicates that he knows Claudius killed his father and that he has evidence. Claudius leaves Gertrude to discipline her son, leaving Polonius as a hidden spy. As Hamlet is about to show her the death warrant, Polonius tries to snatch it. Hamlet stabs him, thinking he is Claudius. Claudius returns and reaslises that Hamlet has committed murder. Laertes and Ophelia return to find their dead father and, on seeing the knife in Claudius's own hand, attack him as the murderer. Claudius denies that he is the killer and implicates Hamlet. Claudius signs a death warrant - Hamlet's. He goes on the run.Gertrude and Claudius attend a ball at the German embassy. Ophelia arrives with a posy of small swastikas, which she hands out . She leaves the ball and loses her mind [as you do]. She is followed and assaulted by Nazi soldiers. Laertes arrives and sees his sister with Hamlet, and they fight. Claudius arrives with the SS and Hamlet's death warrant. Hamlet is shot dead.A crowd celebrates the liberation of the city and we see the fates of Claudius, Gertrude and Laertes. Horatio is left alone to mourn Hamlet's death.
29 April 2008
Hamlet - Northern Ballet Theatre @ Sadler's Wells, Friday 25th April 2008
Synopsis (no, its not what you think - read it as otherwise my review will make no sense!):
Well, I hope you followed that. Because basically - I didn't. I think you would have to be far more familiar with the tale of Shakespeare's Danish prince than I am to have been able to relate this to what was actually happening on stage. As far as I could see, the only correlation was a moody suicidal with a mad girlfriend and a couple of dodgy mates. No battlements, no gravediggers, no windy courtyards, no "play within a play" no Fortinbras sub-pot, no dewey eyed, lanky blond bloke with a pudding basin haircut, black tabard and an inability to make up his bleeding mind..... Ah yes, said Him Indoors, but you see the characters in the ballet share the names of the characters in the play. But, I replied, you could call them Pugh, Pugh, Barney McGrew, Cuthbert, Dibble and Grubb, and unless they are rescuing one of Mrs. Honeyman's Pekingese dogs from a puddle in the park, assisting Doctor Mopp with the six-monthly "drop and cough" on the boys at Pippin Fort or rehearsing that tune that they played on the town bandstand week after week after week, you ain't watching Trumpton, love. Ah yes, said Him Indoors, but you see the themes are the same. But, I replied, where is Windy Miller in all this?
As you might have gathered from this, and the synopsis, I thought the connection between the source material and this ballet was tenuous, to say the least, and probably only Hamletophiles would have been able to see the join. In fact, so confused did I become that I stopped engaging with what was happening on the stage and just stared blankly, hoping that I might spot some point of reference - a skull, perhaps, or Ken Dodd dressed as Yorick. But no. I did kind of see a parallel during Ophelia's mad scene (although forget "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance, there's pansies, thats for thoughts......" - what we got was "ear y'ar love, have a swasticka-on-a-stick, but 'urry up cos I'm due to go off me 'ead very soon") but quite honestly by this point I was well overdue a mad scene of my own.
Whatever inspired NBT's Artistic Director to come out with this load of tosh (other than his own deluded sense of self-importance, of course) is beyond me, and it seemed that the Good People of London Town agreed with me - at this performance there were only about 40 people in the Circle, and I gather that so few were in the Circle on Saturday evening that they closed it completely and moved people down to the stalls. Another "artistic triumph but financial disaster" for NBT. The man needs a good kick up the arras if you ask me.
What made this all doubly obscure (literally) was that all the second half was played out behind a scrim (a very thin curtain rendered see-through by lighting the stage behind it). This is usually a conceit employed in ballet during dream or fantasy sequences - were we to infer that Act 2 was all the product of Hamlet's deluded mind? Dunno, basically.
Another problem which interfered with the story was the dreadfully boring scenery. Now, Im all for doing this on the cheap if you can get away with it and there is some relevance to it, but what we got was basically two huge rotating boxes, the front parts of which were built out as flights of stairs. The sections at the back did treble duty for bathrooms (you could tell it was a bathroom because there was a little mirror hanging over the sink), dining rooms, bedrooms, offices, streets... in fact, anything that wasnt a staircase. This would have been all very well had not most of the action taken place in, on, around and under staircases. It felt like:
Act 1, sc 1: an alleyway between two staircases
Act 1, sc 2: a staircase
Act 1, sc 3: a grand staircase (both staircases having been joined together)
Act 1, sc 4: a bathroom
Act 1, sc 5: a different staircase
Act 1, sc 6: another part of the staircase
Act 1, sc 7: a ball (taking place in front of a staircase), and so on, ad nauseum, until I longed to shout "bring on a bloody sofa, for chrissakes!"
According to the blurb in the programme (and the total lack of punctuation is completely Sadlers Wells's): "Hamlet is of course one of the best examples of the power of the written word but dance has often been able to express those emotions that are difficult to express in other ways". So you will excuse me for having stood in the foyer on the way out expressing "What the fuck was all that about?" through the medium of dance.
What the critics thought:
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http://russells-theatre-reviews.blogspot.com/2008/04/hamlet-northern-ballet-theatre-sadlers.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00617.warc.gz
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en
| 0.978981 | 1,925 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A glass of red wine, not a vodka soda, is likely to elicit feelings of calmness, according to a new study.
Different kinds of alcohol — red or white wine, beer and liquor — bring out different feelings and emotions in people. Red wine was most often associated with relaxation and hard liquor with aggression, researchers from King’s College London found.
“For centuries, the history of rum, gin, vodka and other spirits has been laced with violence,” the study’s co-author Mark Bellis said in a statement. “This global study suggests even today consuming spirits is more likely to result in feelings of aggression than other drinks.”
About 30,000 people from 21 countries between the ages of 18 and 34 answered questions for the study about their drinking habits for the past year. They detailed how they felt while drinking different kinds of alcohol by choosing from a list that included energized, relaxed, sexy, confident, tired, aggressive, ill, restless and tearful.
The study found that drinking liquor was most often related to feeling energized and confident for 60% of its participants. About 53% of people said red wine relaxed them but also made them feel tired, and 50% said beer made them feel relaxed, too.
Hard liquor also made 43% of those polled feel sexy, but 30% said they associated it with aggression.
The links between alcohol and emotions also revealed interesting details about alcoholism. Those who were considered alcohol-dependent were five times more likely than non-dependent drinkers to say that alcohol energized them, according to the study. They were also six times more likely to say they felt aggression while drinking any type of alcohol.
“Understanding emotions associated with alcohol consumption is imperative to addressing alcohol misuse, providing insight into what emotions influence drink choice between different groups in the population,” the research, published in the journal BMJ Open, reads.
The authors of the study note that they don’t know why exactly these associations exist but that they might be influenced by brain chemistry or the atmosphere in which the drinks are consumed — like doing shots at a bar with friends versus lounging on the couch at home.
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<urn:uuid:79ed8c8a-d185-4740-a58d-886b0e2b2c1b>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://newstier.com/why-liquor-and-wine-make-people-feel-different-emotions/
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en
| 0.977218 | 449 | 2.75 | 3 |
Notwithstanding the global warming/climate change hysteria wrought by extremist environmental groups in the UK and throughout the European Continent, the UK Government appears to have arrived at a rationale and reasonable risk management approach to ensuring UK energy security for the foreseeable future (next 50 years).
The UK government, as stated in its January 2008 document "Meeting the energy challenge: a White Paper on nuclear power" (http://www.berr.gov.uk/energy/nuclear-whitepaper/page42765.html), "decided that the electricity industry should, from now on be allowed to build and operate new nuclear power stations, subject to meeting the normal planning and regulatory requirements."
The Labor government acclaimed nuclear technology as "a tried and tested technology" that "has provided the UK with secure supplies of safe, low-carbon electricity for half a century."
“...8. We set out the Government’s preliminary view on nuclear power in our Energy White Paper15. This explained how nuclear power related to our overall energy strategy. In particular, we highlighted the uncertainties we face in the availability and costs of the UK’s energy supplies over the coming decades. We also need to respond to the challenges of climate change. These uncertainties relate to: future fossil fuel and carbon prices; how quickly we can achieve energy efficiency savings and the therefore likely levels of energy demand; the speed, direction and future economics of development of the renewables sector; and the technical feasibility of and costs associated with applying carbon capture and storage technologies to electricity generation on a commercial scale.”
“9. It is our view that, given these uncertainties, our energy strategy should be based on diversity and flexibility in the energy mix and has accordingly developed policies which keep open the widest possible range of low-carbon generating options. These options would include renewables and the use of gas and coal with CCS, as well as nuclear. Unnecessarily ruling out one of these options would, in our view, increase the risk that we would be unable to meet our climate change and energy security objectives.”
The report concluded that rational and reasonable decisions are needed NOW because:
"...energy companies will need to build around 30-35 GW of new electricity generating capacity
over the next two decades. They will have to make around two-thirds of this investment by 2020. So investment decisions made in the next few years will affect our electricity generation infrastructure for decades to come."
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<urn:uuid:448b90a8-603c-4c22-a125-9b975f377838>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://itssdenergysecurity.blogspot.com/2008/01/there-is-no-policy-reason-to-deny.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187828189.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024071819-20171024091819-00478.warc.gz
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en
| 0.940439 | 497 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Radial streaks which extend out from impact craters are called rays, and are commonly observed on the surface of the Moon, Mercury, Mars, and satellites of the outer planets. Today's Featured Image highlights a tiny crater (about 30 meters diameter) with clearly visible rays composed of high reflectance material, and is about 70 km east of Meshcherskiy crater (60.2 km in diameter). The small crater is located on the ejecta blanket of unnamed immature (young) crater about 8.7 km in diameter. It appears to have excavated through an impact melt deposit at 3.4 km from the rim of this fresh and larger crater.
The small crater rim exhibits many blocks (boulders), which indicates the target material was composed of hard material (in this case hardened impact melt from the 8.7 km crater). Perhaps the rays were formed as late stage ejecta was directed around the blocks on the rim? So many craters to investigate? One lesson from the NAC images is that small craters are expressed in many forms dependent on target material, impact angle, impact speed, and perhaps other unknown factors!
The final shape of a small crater is greatly influenced by the mechanical properties of the target material (e.g. Regolith on Basalt, Fresh Bench Crater in Oceanus Procellarum, Just Another Crater?, Bench Crater in Plato, Crater Covered With Boulders!). As mentioned above, today's Featured Image crater is located on the impact melt sheet produced from the adjacent unnamed immature crater. The layered structure of target surface, which might consist of rigid and brittle impact melt on top of unconsolidated ejecta debris, both originating from the larger crater, could have contributed to the rays of the smaller crater.
Explore the rays of this tiny crater and surrounding morphology/geology by full NAC frame yourself!
Back to Images
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<urn:uuid:58f78b17-2992-424f-b68a-b83f76b959d5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/512
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en
| 0.954058 | 385 | 4.09375 | 4 |
The objective of this incredibly hard game is relatively simple: Locate the picture below on Google Earth using nothing but geological clues. If you don’t like to play or consider Google Earth to be a huge waste of time, just ignore this post. It’s WoGE time!
Here’s how the game works: (taken from Ron’s page)
“For those of you who may be unfamiliar with WoGE (who dat?), the object is to search Google Earth until you find the tract of land pictured below. Once you’ve found it, identify its latitude and longitude in the comments to this post and do what you can to describe the geological significance of this area or the landform in question. The winner (first person to post the correct location and geology) will have the honor of hosting the next WoGE competition on their own Geoblog. If you haven’t won (recently) or have just been thinking about starting your own geology blog it’s a great chance to win a little exposure among your colleagues and the bragging rights that go with that. If you’re getting bogged down or just want to take a break from searching, consider taking a tour of past WoGE localities – the list is getting quite impressive. ”
More on the rules on felix’ blog: http://woge-felix.blogspot.com/
If you don’t have your own geoblog, no problem- just ask a geoblogger to kindly host it for you.
Laste WoGE at – again – reynardo’s place featured part of the Blue Mountains in Australia, which I had the pleasure to visit a few years back.
So, new one.
As you can see, the view is slightly tilted and north is again unknown (yeah, call me a bastard) – but don’t be fooled by the scale, it measures exactly the polygons it is superimposed on. The length of the visible river portion covers roughly 2.6 miles / 4.2 km. No vertical exaggeration. No Schott rule this time.
Posting time: 11:00 UTC
Ron is right, it is a little early to give real clues. After all, previous WoGEs have sometimes been stalled for several weeks. Still, I would like to show you this: It is more of a focus on the geological niceties than a useful hint. Some of the geometry was obscured in the previous tilted picture. Have fun!
I’ll admit, this is harder than I expected. So without any further ado, two more vantage points from roughly opposite directions – this time including the horizon and cardinal directions (on a side note: shadows in Google Earth almost always point towards the poles as most of the images are taken during noon).
Look closely – they reveal quite a lot! Happy hunting everyone
I’ll just post these two. The location is on the north end of a huge basin, which was indicated in one of the previous clues. The distance to the mountain range on the horizon is approx. 100-140 miles.
If this remains unsolved (which I hope it won’t), I will post the name of the country in 3 days and the location itself in 1 week and yield back the next WoGE to the previous poster, Gilian/reynardo.
Just a few words:
I’m getting a feeling that people aren’t too happy about this WoGE #268 and how it is developing. Where on Google Earth has always been a fun game that can quickly turn into tedious work if you get a feeling you might be “this close” to solving it. The last contests have usually been solved in a matter of a few hours, something that some were annoyed by as they often came too late to the party.
So I deliberately chose a very tough location – but I guess I overshot it (and my handling of the situation) and would like to apologize for that. On the other hand, as an outsider, I cannot see where the problem is. Is it the 3D perspective? The small scale? The ambigous geology or vegetation? Bad choice of clues?
Even if you don’t want to play, I would like to invite everyone for a few words of open criticism to improve the overall Wogeness. Please speak your mind!
(Send commentary by clicking “Kommentar abschicken”. The checkboxes are unimportant)
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<urn:uuid:e7cda3d5-803c-45e9-a052-f4cc78b0ad74>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://scienceblogs.de/and-the-water-seems-inviting/2011/02/08/where-on-google-earth-268/
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| 0.948923 | 943 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In the mid-twentieth century, social psychologists Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo conducted very influential and prominent experiments in the field which have had long lasting implications in our understanding of morality, independent decision making and perceptions of power over others. Though dated, each experiment lends to a discussion of dehumanization, which is rather common in our world today. This week, we welcome Naomi Ali to discuss some of the conclusions of both studies and how they might not be as black-and-white as some people might believe. How might the data be misinterpreted? What role did bias play in either experiment? Are people as helplessly suggestible as the studies might conclude?
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<urn:uuid:6530d409-a748-4779-b0c9-77014afd6da4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://www.strideandsaunter.com/new-blog/2016/5/25/episode-93-the-milgram-and-zimbardo-experiments
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en
| 0.968739 | 136 | 2.640625 | 3 |
“When at last the war came to set us free we stayed in the field and fed the men who were reddening the soil with their blood in a deadly struggle to keep us in bondage forever. We remained at home and defended the helpless wives and children of men, who if they had been at home would have counted it no crime to have ignored all our family ties and scattered husbands and wives, mothers and children as ruthlessly as the autumn winds do the falling leaves.
“The Anglo-Saxon has seen the eyes of the Negro following the American eagle in its glorious flight. The eagle has alighted on some mountain top and the poor Negro has been seen climbing up the rugged mountain side, eager to caress the eagle. When he has attempted to do this, the eagle has clawed at his eyes and dug his beak into his heart and has flown away in disdain; and yet, so majestic was its flight that the Negro, with tears in his eyes, and blood dripping from his heart has smiled and shouted: ‘God save the eagle.’
“These things have caused us to be misunderstood. We know that our patient submission in slavery was due to our consciousness of weakness; we know that our silence and inaction during the civil war was due to a belief that God was speaking for us and fighting our battle; we know that our devotion to the flag will not survive one moment after our hope is dead; but we must not be content with knowing these things ourselves. We must change the conception which the Anglo-Saxon has formed of our character. We should let him know that patience has a limit; that strength brings confidence; that faith in God will demand the exercise of our own right arm; that hope and despair are each equipped with swords, the latter more dreadful than the former. Before we make a forward move, let us pull the veil from before the eyes of the Anglo-Saxon that he may see the New Negro standing before him humbly, but firmly demanding every right granted him by his maker and wrested from him by man.
“If, however, the revelation of our character and the full knowledge of our determined attitude does not procure our rights, my proposition, which I am about to submit, will still offer a solution.
“1. Be it Resolved: That we no longer conceal from the Anglo-Saxon the fact that the Imperium exists, so that he may see that the love of liberty in our bosoms is strong enough to draw us together into this compact government. He will also see that each individual Negro does not stand by himself, but is a link in a great chain that must not be broken with impunity.
“2. Resolved: That we earnestly strive to convince the Anglo-Saxon that we are now thoroughly wedded to the doctrine of Patrick Henry: ‘Give me liberty or give me death,’ Let us teach the Anglo-Saxon that we have arrived at the stage of development as a people, where we prefer to die in honor rather than live in disgrace.
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<urn:uuid:139c3dd2-ab58-4b3e-af21-b5e88ed5b38c>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/15454/93.html
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| 0.979597 | 630 | 2.5625 | 3 |
“My husband likes to tease me by calling my parenting style the ‘lazy parent’s method’ for raising a child,” writes one mother. “I like to just wait for my son to move on to the next stage of development and then follow his lead. He toilet-trained himself when he was four because he wanted to—not because I decided it was time.”
Such a relaxed attitude toward toilet training has grown somewhat more common in this country in recent years, though many parents continue to report surprised reactions from others who learn that their preschool-age children are still in diapers. Your older child—age three and a half and up—may not be potty-trained for a variety of reasons. You may have decided to delay training until your child expressed an interest. You may have attempted toilet training at an earlier time, only to give up when you met with resistance. Your child may have been fully trained but then regressed when a new sibling arrived or another major change occurred, causing him never to return to his toilet-using routine. Or your toddler or preschooler may have experienced physical or developmental challenges that interfered with bladder or bowel control.
If your child has recently tried and failed to master the toilet-training process, or has never responded to your attempts to begin, it’s a good idea to schedule a checkup with his pediatrician before beginning training at this time. An examination can identify such common, treatable obstacles to toilet training as a bladder infection or bowel problems. Your pediatrician can also explain how to compensate for physical or mental disabilities or developmental challenges. Whether a physical or other problem is confirmed or ruled out, a visit to the pediatrician will give you a better understanding of how to work with your child and will help you and your child proceed with greater confidence.
Toilet training a healthy older child can offer some advantages over training a toddler. Preschoolers’ improved ability to visualize a goal and achieve it, increased skill at communicating any confusion, anxiety, or resentment they may feel, and greater awareness of other children’s behavior all work together to promote a smoother and faster transition. Yet these same developments can also present new challenges. A child’s ability to act on his own spurs resistance to a parent’s directions. A preschooler’s improved verbal skills allow him to argue and negotiate. His awareness of other children’s behavior may backfire if he feels ashamed of his continued diaper use. The simple force of long habit can also make it more difficult to achieve the transition out of diapers.
In most cases, parents find that toilet training an older child is neither easier nor more difficult than training a toddler—just different. There are unique challenges and opportunities you are likely to experience with your preschooler or older child.
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<urn:uuid:6521a537-ab48-468b-8397-3e1d45f57dd8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/toddler/toilet-training/Pages/Toilet-Training-and-the-Older-Child.aspx
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| 0.967827 | 579 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Happy Memorial Day from American Senior Communities!Lifestyle & Activities | May 22, 2014
American Senior Communities would like to take a moment to honor all those who have fallen while serving our country. Memorial Day weekend is more than just a three- day weekend for cookouts and picnics; it’s also a time of remembrance. It’s a time to come together to honor those who died for our country. Many of the residents of ASC’s 65 communities are veterans.
A Brief History of Memorial Day
Memorial Day was originally known as Decoration Day. It’s difficult to pinpoint the beginning of the holiday, but its origins are believed to trace back to 1866, when a women’s group in the South began decorating the graves of Confederate soldiers who had fallen at the Battle of Shiloh. Many cities in both the North and South, from Macon, Georgia to Carbondale, Illinois, claim to be the birthplace of Memorial Day.
In May of 1868, General John A. Logan, national commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, declared that Decoration Day should be observed on May 30th. It was believed this day was chosen because all the flowers would be in bloom in cities across the country. Flowers were placed on the graves of Union and Confederate soldiers at Arlington National Cemetery, businesses closed and flags were flown at half-staff.
The first state to officially recognize the holiday was New York in 1873, and by 1890 it was celebrated by all the northern states. By the end of the 19th century, Memorial Day ceremonies were held throughout the nation.
The South, however, did not officially acknowledge the day until after World War I. Instead, Southerners had separate days for honoring the Confederate dead: Alabama, Georgia, Florida and Mississippi celebrated on April 26th, North and South Carolina on June 3rd and Texas on January 19th.
In 1971, Congress passed the National Holiday Act to ensure a three-day weekend for federal holidays, and Memorial Day is now celebrated on the last Monday in May in almost every state. The holiday now honors all Americans who died fighting in any war, not just in the Civil War as it had in the beginning.
It’s been said that in more recent years, Memorial Day has somewhat lost its meaning. Traditional observance has diminished somewhat, and many cities haven’t held a Memorial Day parade in years. Some even think that Memorial Day isn’t a day for honoring fallen soldiers, but for honoring anyone in general who has passed.
To remind Americans of the true meaning of Memorial Day, the United States Congress passed “The National Moment of Remembrance” in December 2000. This resolution was signed into law by the president and asks that all Americans “voluntarily and informally observe in their own way a moment of remembrance and respect, pausing from whatever they are doing for a moment of silence or listening to ‘Taps’”. This moment of silence is a way to remind people to honor all those who have fallen while serving our nation.
American Senior Communities wishes you a safe and happy Memorial Day weekend!
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<urn:uuid:d67acccc-2a5b-4d5f-a8ff-5a8ee0ce0ca9>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.asccare.com/happy-memorial-day/
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| 0.975287 | 652 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Summer Eye Safety
Here at Drs. Gibson, Gibson & Moore, we want to help you keep your eyes safe and make sure you know why it’s important to keep them safe. Summer is when most people like to spend time outdoors doing fun activities to cool off, so this season make sure to think about the protection of your eyes. The UV rays not protected by the ozone layer are called UV-A and UV-B. UV-A can affect your overall vision since it harms the macula, which is located at the back of your eye and is your central vision. UV-B affects the cornea and lens of your eye, which can in turn, be more harmful than UV-A.
In a short amount of time, if one’s eyes are exposed to too much of the sun’s UV rays, one can develop a “sunburn” on their eyes called photokeratitis. This is a temporary condition and symptoms include the feeling of something stuck in your eye, red eyes and extreme sensitivity to light. Over time, too much exposure to the sun’s UV rays can be harmful and lead to cataracts or macular degeneration. Cataracts creates cloudy vision and can continue to increase poor vision over time. Macular degeneration is a condition that can lead to blindness when you are older and affects more men than women. It’s one of the leading causes for vision loss, which is why sunglasses are so important to your eye safety.
It’s pretty easy to protect your eyes from these harmful rays. Make sure when you buy a new pair of sunglasses that they provide protection against UV-A and UV-B rays. They are usually labeled as UV400 or 100 percent UV protection. For added protection, during a long day at the beach or on a boat ride at a lake, wear a hat. Don’t forget about the kids either! If their sunglasses fall off their face constantly while playing on the beach or doing fun activities outdoors to cool off, try getting goggles. They will stay on and your kids will be protected from the sun, sand and everything else. Even if it’s cloudy out, it doesn’t protect you from UV rays.
Have a fun a safe summer from all of us here at Drs. Gibson, Gibson & Moore! Don’t forget to visit us for all your Lubbock eye care needs.
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https://www.eyesoflubbock.com/eye-safety/keep-eyes-safe-summer/
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| 0.954599 | 503 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Loss of habitat and heavy use of toxic herbicides are putting monarch butterflies at risk.
Every year, North American monarch butterflies journey 3,000 miles from Mexico’s Sierra Madre mountains across the United States to Canada and back again. During this continental crossing, they pollinate, support healthy ecosystems, and bring joy to those who spot them.
Article source: www.nrdc.org
But toxic herbicides like glyphosate are putting a stop to the monarchs’ legendary migrations before they begin—decimating the native milkweed plants that their caterpillars need to survive.
Now these pollinators are in crisis. Twenty years ago, their population numbered almost one billion. But as use of the weed-killer glyphosate began to skyrocket, that number has dropped an alarming 80 percent.
NRDC is not only urging people to help replant milkweed along the monarch migration route but also fighting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s dangerous decision to allow the use of glyphosate and other toxic herbicides—which is bad for butterflies and people, alike. (Human exposure to glyphosate-based products like Roundup has been linked to blood cancers including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.)
Only strong EPA action can keep the monarch butterfly from collapse. Our scientists and lawyers will keep fighting so that the next generation won’t miss out on the awe-inspiring migration of this North American icon.
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<urn:uuid:567e3d00-2b89-43a4-ba05-62e1352c9ca0>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://news.vedh.io/2019/10/07/whats-at-stake/
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en
| 0.916542 | 295 | 3.59375 | 4 |
All bookseller links are provided so you can get more information about a book. We have affiliate relationships with Barefoot Books, Amazon.com, and Tapestry Books. All revenue generated from sales through these venues is used strictly to cover website costs and minimize donation requests and fundraising campaigns.
Perhaps the most serious problem with current literacy campaigns is that they ignore, and even divert attention from, ... More
Summary: King Norman and King Wynthor have very specific ideas about what is best for the world … and it starts with them! King Norman issues his decrees in a kingdom where everyone must have red hair. For King Wynthor, everyone in the kingdom should have blue hair. And so the battle begins. Curious, as all children are, a shy Priscilla asks the kings "why." The kings don't notice the question, are less amazed at the question, and are instead, struck by her purple hair. Will everyone in the kingdom dismiss her question? This picture book helps kids understand the importance of being themselves.
Type of Reading: bedtime story, anytime reading, family reading, playtime reading, read aloud book, middle grade reader
Recommended Age: read together: 4 to 9; read yourself: 7 to 10
Interest Level: 4 to 8
Age of Child: Started reading with 6-year-old girl.
Young Reader Reaction: Our daughter asked us to read this book for several nights. Even when we weren't reading it, she spent time just thumbing through the book looking at the pages. She likes the substance of the story and all the wonderful hairdos in the book. She has talked about how we judge others, how we talk to one another, and how it would be cool to have purple hair.
Adult Reader Reaction: Although Priscilla's full name is a mouthful, this is a fun book to read. Unlike many of the so-called rhyming stories that we have seen recently, this one not only has a solid rhyming scheme, but builds vocabulary. They aren't the same old "hat/cat" type of rhymes. Dad read this the first couple of times, then Mom read it. Before we started reading, our daughter told Mom that this was a book about being different and bullies. After several of the passages (King's soliloquy) she again explained that this was about bullies and what happens to them.
Pros: Kids will love the story; parents will like the message. The book offers an engaging, somewhat humorous look at the "fallout" from just following along (rather than asking questions). The book also vividly displays how being entrenched can be foolhardy (and ultimately lonely).
Borrow or Buy: Buy. The message is timeless and the more subtle elements will "sink in" with your child over time. Unfortunately, this is a theme that needs to be re-visited periodically through a child's life (even in Kindergarten!).
Educational Themes: The story offers you the opportunity to create several discussions with kids: being true to oneself, thinking independently/for yourself; leading v. following; courage; acceptance; and friendship (Priscilla's first ally was an unexpected individual). The author did not hint at this, but the fact that Priscilla's hair is purple, drawing from both the Blue- and Red-dominant worlds could help you introduce the idea that together, the kings had ideas that created something even better.
Notes: 2008 Gold Recipient: People's Choice, Moms Choice Awards; 2008 Gold Recipient: Developing Social Skills, Moms Choice Awards; 2008 Gold Medal, Moonbeam Children's Book Awards (Picture Book 5-8 category)
Literary Categories: Fiction - picture book
Date(s) Reviewed: December 2007
Other Reviews: See reader feedback at borders.com. No Critics' Reviews found at bn.com (Barnes & Noble) or amazon.com. We’re interested in your review. Please enter your Name (and blog in Parenthesis), then copy/paste your post link in the URL field. With a link exchange, we both benefit because interested readers can visit you too!
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<urn:uuid:7092193a-01b2-40d1-9501-b6480d9c0632>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.thereadingtub.com/childrens-book-reviews.php?book=PRISCILLA-McDOODLENUT-DOODLEMcMAE-ASKS-WHY-by-Janet-Mary-Sinke
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106779.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820150632-20170820170632-00122.warc.gz
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en
| 0.953927 | 861 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- Take the basket to the mat.
- Lay out the cards [I place the articles at the top in two piles an 'a' pile and a 'the' pile. Then below them I would have a pile of noun cards. Place the noun cards in order so that the child will read cup, then cup, then cup ex..']
- Remind the child of the 'Nouns' and ask the child to place the object and word together on the mat. Ask the child to read and place the next card and object on the mat [this would be cup again]. Do this until the child has read all the words that say 'cup' and matched them with the objects.
- Point at the article cards and tell the child that we place these before the noun cards. Take an 'a' card and place it in front of the 'cup' card. Invite the child to place an 'a' card in front of the other 'cup' cards.
- Next remove the additional cup objects and cards and leave only 1 object and 1 noun card. Remove the 'a' card and tell the child that when there is only one we can put a 'the' card.
- Do the same with the other objects and cards.
After the child has understood this concept extend the activity. Provide the child with a basket of objects in which you place some objects in doubles and other in singles. ask the child to place all the objects in groups on the mat. Next ask the child to label the objects with the noun cards. Provide enough article cards and ask the child to place them in front of the noun cards ensuring that 'the' is placed for the single objects and 'a' is placed for the double objects.
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In this fifth part of the series on using open data for science I’ve take a slight diversion to look at populations and the issue of sampling. This was prompted by a look at the UK Mid-2011 Census data shown in the graph below.
The issue arose after looking at comparing two segments of the population. What was interesting was that rather than samples, the census data is providing information about the population. When we look at samples from a population, a number of assumptions are made about the population. For instance it may be assumed that the population is normally distributed in which case there are some standard measures that would describe that population. However looking above we can see that the population does not resemble that of a normal distribution. Instead it is skewed right (higher values are on the left) but has some additional variation characterised by a number of peaks and troughs and a spike in the mid sixties. In comparing two segments of the population that were examined in the earlier part of the series (16-44 and 45-65) it became clear that there were distinct characteristics for these two segments of the population.
In statistical terms this would be a multimodal population since there are numerous peaks in the data. Is the data discrete or continuous? Of course our ages are continuous. However for the purposes of the census, the ages are presented as discrete values. This is necessary in order to organise the data. The graph above might therefore be better presented as a bar chart although the graph still gives a useful overview of the data. The female and male data follow similar patterns over the ages 16-65 although there is a larger variation towards the earlier part of the age group. If we consider the two groups in turn we get the following
16-44 – this segment of the population has a bimodal distribution with peaks at around the mid-twenties (the summed data would be more useful for visual inspection)
45-65 – this segment of the population has a right skewed distribution with a superimposed peak towards the mid-sixties.
The benefits of dwelling on this are that whenever we are sampling from a population we should bear in mind the original population. Studies usually have strict inclusion criteria which effectively transforms the population and makes generalisations limited to similar populations. Even before the inclusion criteria are applied the population may not be representative of the national population. However even if we look at the population within one geographical location, although it is sampled from the national population, it may differ from that population. For instance the age may be skewed relative to the national population. In this case we would have to think about three populations – the characteristics of the national population, the characteristics of the local population and the characteristics of the population included in the study. We may be able to apply transformations of the study findings to these different populations although the difficulty is that stratifications of study data may result in loss of significance of study findings.
What is also interesting about this is that if we talk about a sample population – we can compare it against the national population in a number of ways. Although it is usual to match against the variable of interest, the population can also differ according to characteristics such as age and years of education. Although these are usually adjusted for in comparisons it would be useful to have a compound metric to describe the sample population. This in turn could be provided in the national census data. This metric would be a simple measure for enabling generalisation of study findings to populations.
To illustrate the above discussion, suppose that in a study there are some interesting findings about a sample of older adults women with an average age of 80 and a range of 65-90 with a normal distribution. A cursory examination of the above census data would reveal that this is not representative of the national profile. We would therefore have to think about how the study findings can be generalised and why the study sample characteristics differs from the national profile as it is still a sample from the national population. This is relevant in understanding the epidemiology of Dementia for example.
Index: There are indices for the TAWOP site here and here Twitter: You can follow ‘The Amazing World of Psychiatry’ Twitter by clicking on this link. Podcast: You can listen to this post on Odiogo by clicking on this link (there may be a small delay between publishing of the blog article and the availability of the podcast). It is available for a limited period. TAWOP Channel: You can follow the TAWOP Channel on YouTube by clicking on this link. Responses: If you have any comments, you can leave them below or alternatively e-mail email@example.com. Disclaimer: The comments made here represent the opinions of the author and do not represent the profession or any body/organisation. The comments made here are not meant as a source of medical advice and those seeking medical advice are advised to consult with their own doctor. The author is not responsible for the contents of any external sites that are linked to in this blog.
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Registration & Tuition
Calculating Grade-Point Average (GPA)
The GPA for one semester is obtained by the following method.
- For each course, multiply the total semester hour credits for the course by the number of quality points awarded for the grade in the class (see table above). This is the grade point for the course.
- Add together the grade points for all courses.
- Divide the sum of all grade points by the total number of semester credit hours. This is the grade-point average.
Cumulative Grade-Point Average
The cumulative GPA is determined by using the total grade points in two or more semesters divided by the total course credits attempted in two or more semesters.
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Exposure to artificial light at night has been found to induce depressive-like behaviour in mice, a new study has found. The findings could help with the understanding of how exposure to excessive light at night-time triggers depression in humans. Researchers from the University of Science and Technology in China exposed mice to two hours of blue light – the same light emitted from light pollution or electronic devices like smartphones – for several weeks. They observed that after three weeks the animals displayed depressive tendencies, measured by reduced escape behaviour and decreased preference for sugar. These bouts of depression lasted up for an additional three weeks after the mice were no longer exposed to light at night.
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| 0.958929 | 129 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Wednesday, February 1, 2012
The role of the Yuppie
Newsweek, a major American weekly news magazine published in New York City declared in its December 31st 1984 issue that 1984 was the "Year of the Yuppie"; the young urban professional whose lifestyle and outlook made him/her a synecdoche of Reagan's America. Yuppies were "a new petit bourgeoisie [whose] cultural practices and values . . . have articulated a useful dominant ideological and cultural paradigm" for American society in the 1980s (Fredric Jameson).
I found an article examining the Yuppie significance and role in the 1980's which focused mainly on their political swing and questionable 'unique' identity: Do Yuppies Matter? Competing Explanations of Their Political Distinctiveness, by Michael Delli Carpini and Lee Sigelman, 1986, The American Association for Public Opinion Research. In the article they argue that the mix of the three distinct elements that constitutes someone to be labeled a Yuppie created a distinct "class." That is that their unique confluence of youth, urban residence and professional status -is thought to distinguish yuppies socially and culturally from other young people, from other people living in an urban environment and from other professionals. Stemming from this defined demographic profile are said to be a distinctive set of political attitudes and opinions that made the Yuppie phenomenal so important to the 80's:
"Yuppies are usually (though not always) seen as embodying the "new politics" of the late 1960s and early 1970s (Miller and Levitin, 1976) and the economic conservatism of the 1980s...as a consequence of their distinctive political views, yuppies are considered to be an increasingly significant voting bloc; that is, they are supposed to require special appeals from candidates and parties, and respond to such appeals in much the same way as do blacks, union members, and other groups in American society by supporting the parties and candidates who appeal directly to their group interests.
The tables here (Yuppies political tolerance and opinions on issues) reflects that Yuppies tended to be more liberal, identify less with a political party than average Americans and support the legalization of marijuana much more than non-yuppies, consistent with the idea that drugs were a significant element of Yuppie culture. I have underlined a few significant statistics- they are more likely to support atheists and have a more relaxed attitude about communism potentially due to their age and urban setting, however this study suggested they were not any more dissatisfied with their taxes any more than the average American of the time. The study general shows that Yuppies view points varied significantly from the norm of the time and that they were as young and wealthy people, influential in many ways.
"The yuppie heyday was short-lived; critics gleefully described the stock market crash of October 1987 as the consequence of yuppie folly and the beginning of the yuppie's end. On November 11, 1987, 20,000 attended a "Save the Yuppie" concert held by U2 in San Francisco's financial district. "Yuppie" quickly became a derogatory term, but there can be little doubt that the yuppie phenomenon had a lasting impact due the power that the demographic held both financially and culturally.
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Yesterday’s post was about helping children learn their body parts. I mentioned that one of the biggest help for us was books. Today, I’m sharing our favorite books on the subject. Each book on this list meets the Montessori recommendations for choosing books for young children. So they have realistic characters, beautiful illustrations, and rich language.
- 10 Little FINGERS and 10 Little TOES by Mem Fox was the first book I bought for Solu before he was born. From very early on, he would move his fingers and toes as we read the book. We also pointed out our own fingers and toes.
- Where is Baby’s Belly Button?, a lift the flap book by Karen Katz became a favorite for Solu at 8 months old and by 10 months he was able to identify the body parts mentioned in the book in addition to his fingers and toes. He continued to be really interested in body parts so I got a similar book with more parts by the same author.
- Toes, Ears & Nose by Karen Katz is similar to where is baby’s baby belly button and was a favorite from around 14 months when we received it. It introduced knees , elbows and other new vocabulary
- Hello Baby written by Mem Fox and illustrated by Steven Jenkins is a beautiful book that has been very loved in our home. While it is about animals, it talks about body part. “Are you a monkey with clever toes? perhaps you’re a porcupine twitching it’s nose” In the same way we encounter a gecko with rolling eyes, a hippo with yawning jaws, and a hairy warthog amongst other animals.
- Eyes, Nose, Fingers and Toes is another great book but is more appropriate for a toddler since it contains more words. It introduces different actions that the body parts can perform such as winking, blinking, kicking, stomping, smiling, yawning. It has a lot of little details and Solu really enjoys reading this book to us. I tried to make a video of him reading it but he was very aware of me videoing so it’s not great but sharing it anyway.
- The Human Body First discoveries book that we have is best for an older child but the illustrations can be enjoyed by a younger child. It is the First discoveries Human body book. This book is more technical but don’t hesitate to use the appropriate terms with toddlers. Remember they are in the period of the absorbent mind. This book has introduced Solu to his abdomen, navel, shin and wrist
*These are Affiliate Links
I posted the above picture on Instagram about 7 months ago. He had been quiet for a while and so I went to check on him and found him like this the closet.
Do you have any of these books? What books do you recommend for this subject?
Live a Good Life!
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The gas inspector is an external instrument for […]
The gas inspector is an external instrument for checking the gas leakage concentration. It mainly refers to the handheld/fixed gas inspector.Gas sensors are primarily used to check for the presence of gases in the environment.
The gas analyzer analyzes the appearance of the process of measuring the gas composition. In many production processes, especially in the production process of chemical reactions, automatic control based on physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow rate is often not acceptable. Because of the wide variety of gas being analyzed and the variety of profiling principles, the variety of gas analyzers is complex. Commonly used are thermal conductivity gas analyzers, electrochemical gas analyzers and infrared absorption analyzers.
The flammable gas detector is a tool for external inspection of gas leakage concentration. It is a safety protection instrument.
The gas detector is a process for measuring the composition of a gas component and examining the composition of the gas.
In principle, the gas sensors are used to measure, which is basically the same.
scenes to be used
The four-in-one gas detector is widely used in on-site inspections in petrochemical, coal, metallurgy, chemical, municipal gas, environmental monitoring and other places. It can realize the measurement needs of special occasions; it can conduct gas concentration exploration or leakage exploration for tunnels, pipelines, tanks, confined spaces, etc.
Gas analyzers are required to supply pure nitrogen to clean the air chamber of the instrument and reduce noise to ensure maximum stability of the instrument.
The top air body analysis instrument is used for sealing the determination of oxygen, carbon dioxide gas content and mixing fraction in packaging bags, bottles, cans and the like; suitable for rapid and accurate in the packaging line in the production line, warehouse, laboratory and the like. The content and share of the gas components are evaluated to guide production and ensure that the shelf life of the goods is achieved.
The above is the relevant content introduced by the gas detector Xiaobian, I hope to help everyone.
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In the final post in my energy myths series, I will look at one of the biggest, and arguably most dangerous myths of all – the notion that electricity generated from renewable sources is cheap.
Myth #4: Renewable energy is cheap
Electricity generated from the wind and sun is “free”, having near-zero marginal costs of generation so of course many consumers have been led to believe that cheap renewable energy will lead to lower bills. There have been optimistic reports recently speaking about how the cost of renewable energy is close to or lower than that of fossil fuels.
“…there are no input costs for wind and solar energy. So for example, while one needs to buy coal for a coal-fired power plant to generate electricity (and coal mining itself has massive environmental costs), solar and wind energy don’t have input costs like that – sunlight and wind are free,” – Greenpeace
The drops in construction costs for wind and solar have also been a cause for great optimism:
“If the stuff you’re building to generate electricity costs less, the end effect of that is having to pay less for the electricity that comes from it,” – Jonathan Marshall, energy analyst at the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit
This is rather disingenuous – cheaper renewable electricity will lower bills when compared with expensive renewable energy, but this ignores the huge costs imposed on the system by the fact that renewable energy is intermittent. This means large amounts of back-up capacity and/or storage is needed, and since back-up capacity is likely to have low utilisation rates, it will require high prices and subsidies in support.
The intermittency of renewables also makes it harder to maintain the frequency of the electricity system, requiring more expenditure on balancing and frequency response services. The location of much of this renewable generation – offshore or embedded in distribution networks, unlike traditional forms of generation – also requires new network infrastructure which is expensive to construct.
Dissecting the myth of cheap renewable energy
De-bunking this myth properly requires numerical analysis that would deter most people, however, I will try with the aid of some recent work by Roger Andrews at Energy Matters. , where he dissects the findings of a recent report by the National Infrastructure Commission (“NIC”). The report, issued in July, helps to perpetuate the myth of cheap renewable energy:
“Today, consumers pay an average of £1,850 per year for the energy they use, including electricity, transport fuel, and fuel and equipment for heating and hot water. The Commission’s analysis shows that the same services could be delivered at the same cost (in today’s prices) in 2050 by a low carbon energy system.”
A renewables-based system would result in major swings in output, with periods of significant surpluses as well as periods of insufficient generation (see below);
Assuming these swings can be managed with storage and interconnectors is unrealistic – the volumes of storage needed would be enormous and require a large amount of space, and a reliance on interconnectors would fail if the interconnected markets experienced the same conditions, which is often the case;
Finally, there are actually very good prospects for other new nuclear coming on system before 2030 – the Wylfa Newydd project uses an established, proven technology and could even open before Hinkley Point providing the final investment decision isn’t delayed.
How would a high-renewables system be achieved?
Aurora’s analysis suggests that if the heat sector is electrified, the amount of electricity required would increase from around 350 TWh/year in 2020 to 600 TWh in 2050.
Andrews analysed Aurora’s predictions using actual grid data to explore its conclusions about the levels of flexibility that would be required under its scenarios. As data for the UK market is incomplete (Gridwatch gives demand and wind readings at c5 minute intervals, but does not segregate onshore and offshore wind or provide information for solar,) he used grid data from Denmark which is climatically similar to UK, and has about the same level of winter-summer demand variability, using 2016 as a “typical year”.
Matching Denmark’s 2016 data to Aurora’s 2050 projections for the UK, required the application of scaling factors: 18.0 for demand, 33.4 for onshore wind, 15.5 for offshore wind and 117.0 for solar. According to Aurora installed 2050 intermittent renewable capacity in the UK would amount to 26 GW of onshore wind (requiring an overall 32% capacity factor), 68 GW of offshore wind (52% capacity factor) and 99 GW of solar (12% capacity factor).
These data give only a broad indication of what Aurora’s wind + solar energy mix might deliver to the UK grid in 2050, but variations in generation are extreme, ranging from zero to well in excess of 100 GW over short periods in both summer and winter. The chart below shows the surpluses and deficits relative to Aurora’s 2050 projected UK load.
These are at best indicative, but illustrate that significant swings in surpluses/deficits in excess of 100 GW could be common. (By comparison, current peak winter demand is currently around 52-53 GW.)
High levels of flexibility would be needed to stabilise a high-renewables system…
Aurora’s solution to this variability would be the installation of flexible capacity, as shown in the chart below:
The following points should be noted:
The chart is scaled in GW, not GWh, while indicates that Aurora only sees a need for peak-load matching energy storage and no need for any seasonal, “windless week” or “wet month” storage, which does not seem reasonable since seasonal demand variability is significant, and winter higher pressure weather systems where there is little wind are not uncommon.
Elsewhere in Aurora’s report it assumes batteries with between 1 and 5 hours’ storage capacity will be used, which would provide a maximum of 100 GWh assuming 20 GW installed capacity (the 80% scenario). This would only support the grid for about 12 hours on sunless and windless days.
The 31 GW of “gas recip” plus 1 GW of OCGT will not fill the generation deficits shown above. Even if there is some contribution from the 40 GW of biomas there will still be times when deficits cannot be met.
There is no guarantee that the 14 GW of demand side response or 11 GW of vehicle to grid services will materialise. Consumers may not find it convenient or economically worthwhile to participate at these levels.
The 18 GW of interconnector capacity is unlikely to deliver much additional capacity. If interconnected markets on the Continent also deploy high levels of renewables, there is likely to be little or no surplus energy since the weather correlation between these countries is relatively high – if there is low wind or sun in the UK, there is probably also low wind/sun elsewhere in Northern Europe so it will be difficult to secure imports.
Aurora’s report is silent on the use of surplus electricity, which could be significant. The same drivers that would limit imports would also constrain exports, so this energy needs to be either consumed domestically or curtailed (presumably paying compensation to curtailed generators).
…but reliability would still be an issue
Finally, Aurora admits in its report that in its 90% renewables scenario there could be issues with system reliability:
“Very high renewable systems may be more vulnerable to extreme winter system stress events.”
However, the loss of load could be significantly more severe than shown since Aurora assumes c 200 GWh of stored energy will be available (which may not be the case at the time of the stress event), that 18 GW of import capacity will be available, and that there will be 20 GW of sunshine, which would be unusual in the winter.
It is depressing that reports such as this with such weaknesses are used by policymakers both in decision-making and to build support for policy. Instead of being run on cheap renweable energy, the world described by Aurora would be both expensive and unreliable, so while there may be a large amount of renewable energy on the grid, the electricity system would not function as intended, reliability would be under threat, and there could be significant electricity surpluses that need to be curtailed at additional cost.
The experiences in Germany and South Australia do not bode well
Germany has been seen as a leader in green energy – in 2017, 38% of all energy consumed in the country was from renewable sources, however not only is it is having great difficulty in integrating all of this renewable energy, it is also using significant amounts of brown coal, one of the dirtiest forms of generation, meaning the overall impact on carbon dioxide emissions – the reason behind the renewables push – has been negligible (in fact overall emissions in Germany are rising, apparently due to the impact of transport).
“If Germany operated in autarchy and tried to handle the volatility of wind-solar production without using stores while replacing all nuclear and fossil fuel in power production, on average 61%, and at the margin 94%, of wind-solar production would have to be wasted, given the current level of other renewables,” – Hans-Werner Sinn, CESifo and Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Buffering volatility: A study on the limits of Germany’s energy revolution
The problems caused by Germany’s Energiewende include:
High levels of surplus which must be managed either through export, increased demand or curtailment – the country sends between €300-400 million each year to compensate renewable generators for turning down their output;
Infrastructure constraints and the lack of north-south capacity are causing high volumes of electricity transit via neighbouring countries, leading to outages as equipment cannot cope (and push-back from those neighbouring countries). According to newspaper Handelsbaltt, German grid operator TenneT said it spent close to €1 billion on emergency grid stabilisation measures in 2017, a significant increase from €660 million in 2016;
Wholesale electricity prices are turning negative with increasing frequency, and last Christmas even households were paid to consume electricity as industrial demand fell over the holiday period;
German domestic electricity prices are among the highest in Europe as the costs of the system are high, and continue to grow. In Germany, taxes, levies and surcharges account for more than 50% of prices, versus the European average of 33%;
Conventional plant, including gas, is becoming uneconomic, but is not always permitted to close, adding to the economic difficulties of the main utilities.
The environmentally-conscious German public was sold a dream with the Energiewende: high levels of renewable power would slash harmful greenhouse emissions. The reality is that despite installing masses of renewable capacity, and even meeting all of its demand with renewables for brief periods, the country’s carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise and domestic electricity prices have doubled since 2000.
South Australia is another leader in renewable energy with ambitious (but unrealistic) targets for a renewables + storage based system, and is also struggling with renewables integration, system stability and high prices. Problems there include:
A state-wide blackout in Setember 2016 causing damage costing hundreds of millions of dollars, as well as other smaller blackouts. Increasing levels of intervention are requred by the system operator to maintain system stabiity;
Collapse in investment in new generation capacity leading to fears of capacity shortages;
Significant price spikes in the wholesale electricity market, including the activation of emergency measures by the system operator;
Wholesale prices are also highly volatile: the spot price approached the market price cap when it reached A$14,166.50 /MWh on 18 January 2018, but less than two weeks later (30 January 2018) the price went down to -A$291.71 /MWh;
Electricity bills in South Australia are the highest in the country and have almost doubled since 2009.
The people of Germany and South Australia are paying a very high price for a failed renewables experiment – instead of continuing to peddle the myth of cheap renewable energy, policymakers need to get real about what high levels of renewable generation mean in practice.
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Gingivitis is the inflammation and infection of the gums surrounding the teeth, and usually results from poor dental hygiene. Signs of gingivitis include swollen and tender gums; bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth; gums that bleed easily; ulcers on the gums, or pus around the teeth; and visible tartar deposits.
The primary cause of gingivitis is plaque, the film of bacteria that constantly forms on teeth and gums. If it is not removed daily, plaque produces toxins that can irritate gum tissue causing gingivitis. It's similar to what would happen if a baby soiled its diaper and wasn't cleaned up properly when changed, resulting in a bad case of diaper rash. No matter how frequently you brush your teeth, you typically only remove about one-third of the bacteria; flossing can remove the remaining two-thirds.
Left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis. The toxins that remain around the tooth dissolve the fibers of the tissue, causing gums to recede. Eventually the bone will dissolve completely and the affected teeth will fall out, or must be extracted Gingivitis can also damage other parts of the body if it is not treated. The bacteria from the gums can travel through the bloodstream and cause infections. Gum disease has been linked to heart disease, stroke, and pneumonia, and diabetics with gingivitis may find it more difficult to control blood sugar levels.
Five simple preventive measures to avoid gingivitis:
- Brush teeth twice daily, and after meals when possible.
- Use a fluoride toothpaste.
- Floss at least once a day.
- Avoid sugary foods, tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Visit a dentist at least once every six months for cleaning.
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The New Holland mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) is one of Victoria’s threatened native rodents. The charismatic little species has only been recorded from 3 areas across the state in the past 15 years (blue dots in map below) whereas historically it was recorded from 10, including metropolitan Melbourne (red dots in map below). That’s why I’ve embarked on a PhD to determine the status of NHMs across Victoria, and help protect this species from further decline.
One of the greatest challenges for studying the status and conservation of New Holland mice (and many native Australian rodents) is that they can be very difficult to find; you can’t just see them in your binoculars or hear them calling in the bush. Adding to the challenge – many native rodents, including NHMs, go through natural periods where they persist in such low numbers that traditional survey efforts such as live trapping fail to detect them. New Holland Mice are also particularly fickle about their habitat preferences and may only persist locally for a few years before moving on, making their populations even more difficult to track.
That’s why I’ve been trialling the use of cameras to detect the New Holland mouse. Traditional live trapping can be a great method for detecting a species in an area, and it’s critical if I want to know about health and reproduction, estimate abundance, or get DNA samples. However, sometimes when a species is at low densities it takes a huge amount of effort to be reasonably confident that the species isn’t there, which in a world of limited time and funding drastically reduces the area you can survey; a real challenge when a species moves in the landscape. This is where cameras can come in handy – you set them once and rather than having to come back every morning and afternoon to check each trap, you can just leave them in place for weeks at a time. The animals are attracted to a tasty lure (I like to use peanut butter, oats, golden syrup and vanilla essence) and while they investigate, the camera senses the heat and motion and snaps a photo.
Cameras allow you to survey much wider areas, for longer periods of time with a fraction of the effort of live trapping – at least until you have to sift through the images and identify the animals. Once I know that NHMs are present in an area from the camera trapping, I can target those areas for live trapping to collect the rest of my data. My challenge, and the reason I did a camera trial, rather than just jumping straight into using cameras as a survey method, was identifying New Holland mice in the images.
Rodents tend to look very similar on camera, particularly if the images are in black and white. It doesn’t help that New Holland mice are about the same size as the non-native house mice (Mus musculus); they can be hard for some people to tell apart when they are holding them in their hand. Since the house mouse has infiltrated all known New Holland mouse habitat in Victoria I needed to tell them apart from less than perfect images in colour and in black and white.
Tens of thousands of images later, I can happily say that New Holland mice and house mice are distinguishable on both colour and black and white images. In the colour images the species can be distinguished by differences in colouration, but in black and white the distinction is all in the shape of the two rodents. New Holland mice have a much sturdier build, thick set neck and snubby nose, whereas house mice are much more slender with a pointed nose; sort of like the difference between rugby and footy players.
Now that I’ve got the IDs sorted, I’ll be using cameras (and live traps) to survey across Victoria and see where the New Holland mouse is persisting so that we can do our best to halt the species’ further decline.
Can you ID a New Holland mouse? Have a go with my quiz!
Originally published here
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What Is The Tilt Of Your Solar Panels Important
First, letâs talk about the basics of solar panel orientation and why itâs an important concept to understand.
When youâre making an investment in solar panels, you want them to generate as much electricity as possible. In a perfect world, weâd accomplish this by picking everything up and moving to a nice, sunny place like Hawaii. Of course, thatâs not a viable option for most people, but as a Plan B, there are a few other things you can do to improve your solar electricity generation.
One of these is to optimize the orientation of your solar panels. When describing the orientation of your panels, there are two numbers: azimuth, which is the cardinal direction they are pointed and tilt, which is their vertical angle. Both are described in degrees.
Azimuth is in the angle relative to map north, where 0° is north, 90° is west, 180° is south, and 270° is east.
Tilt is the vertical angle, where a 0° tilt means that the panel is laying flat, and a 90° tilt means that itâs vertical.
To generate the most electricity, you would tilt the solar panel so that itâs perpendicular to the light source. I know that middle school was a long time ago, so Iâll clarify that perpendicular means a 90° angle. That means your solar panel would look like this: The optimal tilt for solar panels is perpendicular to the light source.
South Is Best Direction To Maximize Solar Panel Output
In the Northern Hemisphere, where the United States is located, solar panels will achieve maximum possible electricity production when they are facing south.
Thats because, on average, the sun shines directly over the Equator over the year. If youre north of the Equator, facing south towards it will maximize exposure to sunlight. In fact, in all regions north of the Tropic of Cancer – which includes the entire mainland U.S. – the Sun moves across the southern half of the sky all year round.
In other words, solar panels oriented south in the United States will face the sun all year long.
Pictured: The furthest north the suns path travels is directly over the Tropic of Cancer, roughly 23.5° north of the Equator, during the summer solstice . As all of the mainland U.S. is located north of the Tropic of Cancer, the sun shines to the south for us all year-round.
How much power will panels produce on your roof given its direction?
But What About The Reduced Power Output
True, South-facing solar panels still produce about 16% more power than East-West panel systems. However, boosting the power of East-West solar panels to match South-facing solar panels can cost very little. The benefit of a better generation profile is often well worth this small added cost. On top of this, you can increase DC over-sizing with East-West solar panels compared to South-facing solar panels. DC over-sizing means using more than 3kW of solar panels with a 3kW inverter. You can do this with an East-West system because the panels will never all be at maximum output at any one time. This way, DC over-sizing helps you get the maximum return for your investment by controlling inverter costs.
Recommended Reading: How To Hook Up Solar Panels To Your Home
When Should I Adjust My Solar Panel Tilt
If you really want to maximize your solar energy production, you will want to ensure your solar panels are positioned for maximum sunlight exposure throughout the year. To do this, you can adjust them for each season.
Adjusting your solar panels every season is easier said than done. To optimize your panel’s tilt year-round, you would need to adjust them four times a year. Doing this, or even changing only twice a year, is not always possible or straightforward.
Most solar panel installations will have the panels mounted to the fixed angle of the roof, and they can’t be adjusted. There is often no real option to adjust or tilt your solar systems.
It’s worth running the numbers to calculate if seasonal adjustments will have a significant impact on your energy costs. If they do, it may be worth utilizing a ground-mount system and installing axis-tracking solar panels.
Axis-tracking solar panels require a more significant investment than regular solar panels, and while they can increase solar output, they will also make your installation more expensive upfront. In many cases, installing solar axis trackers just isn’t worth the initial investment.
Tilt Fixed At Winter Angle
If your need for energy is highest in the winter, or the same throughout the year, you may want to just leave the tilt at the winter setting. This could be the case if, for instance, you are using passive solar to heat a greenhouse. Although you could get more energy during other seasons by adjusting the tilt,you will get enough energy without making any adjustment. The following tablesassume that the tilt is set at the winter optimum all year long. They showthe amount of insolation on the panel each day, averagedover the season.Latitude 30° Tilt 50.7°
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Best Angle For Solar Panels By Climatic Season
If you want to produce maximum electricity throughout the year, youd have to change the tilt angle depending on the season. The suns apparent position in the earths sky changes depending on the season or time of the day. Adjusting your panels regularly to face the sun at all times gives you maximum output.
If you dont like sophisticated calculations, you can just use a simple formula. The theory for determining the best tilt angle for your season suggests that the sun tilts up to 23.5°. So, you can cover that if you change the panel orientation by 15° for every season.
- First, find out what your latitude is.
- Orient your panels at 0° when the sun is overhead your latitude.
- At Equinox, tilt them to your locations optimum angle.
- Then, add 15° to the optimum angle during the winter, and subtract 15° during the summer.
Why Angles Matter With Rooftop Solar
Just like other factors that affect production, the financial impact of the slight decreases in solar productivity related to your roofs slope depends on electricity prices in your specific market.
To give you an example, EnergySage compared data from two places and estimated the production levels of solar panels tilted at various angles. What we found was consistent with our investigations into the effects of other variables:
- Regardless of where you live or the tilt of your roof, adopting solar power provides significant savings.
- The angle of your roof actually has less impact on solar panel performance than the direction your solar energy system faces.
- Optimal electricity production occurs when solar panels face south at a tilt equal to 30°. However, even if you lower the tilt of your roof all the way down to 5°, production only decreases by about 10 percent.
* Annual electric bill savings ** Assumes an 80% derate factor, 180-degree azimuth, array tilt ~equal to locations latitude*** Production ratio
Youll notice above that, if you live in New York where electricity is more expensive, decreasing your panels tilt to 5° will lower production by about 10 percent. Although this decreases your optimal annual savings by over $125, you still save nearly $1,090 per year. Because you live in a high cost area, your savings over time will grow even more as electricity prices continue to rise.
Recommended Reading: How To Start A Solar Panel Installation Company
How Much Power Do You Lose If The Angle Is Not Perfect
Of course, it is not always possible to get the perfect angle all the time, especially because not all roofs are constructed according to the positioning of the solar panels. So, how much power do you lose when your solar panels are not positioned at the perfect angle?
The answer to this question entirely depends upon the orientation or the pitch of your roof. Any professional can calculate the percentage of energy loss while installing solar panels on your roof.
Furthermore, you can also do the same yourself. All you have to do is know the ideal angle at which your solar panels should be set. As mentioned previously, you can find out the perfect angle for your solar panels with the help of the latitude of the place you live in.
So, if the pitch of your roof is 15° and the ideal angle as per your latitude is 35°, you will lose 2% efficiency as the difference between the ideal angle and your roofs pitch is 20°.
If your roof is pitched at a higher angle, you will likely receive greater efficiency even if the angle is not perfect. However, it is best to mount the solar panels on a tilt frame that ideally suits your location if you have a flat roof.
This will help you maximize the total power output generated by the solar panels.
Solar Tracker Cost Analysis Calculation
Example: 5 kW solar panel system
Location: South Bend, Indiana
- Cost of installation $15000 = $10000
- Energy produced 7110 kWh = $748.68/annum
- Payback time = $10000/$748 = 13.5 years
Dual Axis Sun-tracker:
- Total Installation cost = $20000 = $14000
- Energy produced = 9243 kWh = $973/annum
- Payback time = $14000/$973 = 14.4 years
In the example above the payback time is a little longer, but after the payback time the electricity is free.
The above example doesnt account for maintenance costs of the of the solar-tracker. Any system with working parts will have maintenance costs associated with its operation.
Also Check: What Size Cable For Solar Panels
The Best Angle And Orientation For Solar Panels In The Uk
The angle and orientation of your roof is a significant factor when considering installing solar panels. For example a solar panel placed flat onto a west facing wall will produce about half the amount of electricity compared to being placed at a 30 degree angle on a south facing roof. Of course for a domestic installation you would never install a panel flat against a wall but this does illustrate the importance of placement.
Although important your roof angle and the direction your roof faces is not as big of an issue as it used to be. Modern panels are able to perform better at less optimal angles and perform better in the type diffuse light we get in the UK. There is only about a 5 percent loss in power output of solar if the panel are facing south-east or south-west compared to facing directly south.
The following table shows the relative output of solar panels based on their angle and orientation. It shows the further away from being at a 30 or 40 degree roof angle and facing due south the less efficient the panel would be. Interestingly if you placed your panels on a flat roof facing towards the sky they would only perform 10 percent less than optimal.
Do Shallow And Steep Roof Angles Affect Solar Panels
After reading those mentioned earlier, you must be wondering about roofs that allow a steep installation of panels against a shallow one.
Let us tell you that theres little difference between the output received from panels installed at a steep angle compared to those at a shallow angle. Like we told you, the amount of energy received also depends upon the seasons of the place you live in.
So, the solar panels mounted on a shallow roof can capture plenty of sunlight during the summer season. On the other hand, solar panels mounted on a shallow roof will capture more sunlight and thus, produce more energy during the winter season.
Of course, you can purchase a solar panel tracker to identify the best position for solar panels at all times. However, the cost of the tracker and repositioning might be unappealing to a lot of people.
Therefore, it is alright for you to adjust the angles of solar panels slightly lower or higher according to the latitude of your place. The energy lost is compensated for in the different seasons throughout the year.
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California Jumps On The West
As the debate over solar panel direction rages on in the renewable energy community, California has already positioned itself solidly behind the theory that the arrays are most beneficial to everyone involved when they face the Pacific Ocean. The state has implemented an increase in its renewable energy rebate, making up to $500 available to solar customers who choose this unconventional placement. As part of its New Solar Home Program California provides this reward for west-facing arrays, along with other supports and financial incentives for home builders and owners who choose energy-efficient construction for new residential dwellings.
It comes as no surprise that the Golden State is encouraging the shift away from south-facing solar installations.
California already suffers extreme power challenges during the heat of summer, particularly in Southern California where thousands of residents have already had a taste of outages which could plague the state throughout the rest of whats shaping up to be a sweltering season.
Other Directions For Solar Panels
Solar panels in Ireland will produce some electricity no matter what direction they face. However, North-facing solar panels produce substantially less power than South-facing solar panels. North-East and North-West are also fairly poor choices of orientation. On the other hand, South-West and South-East facing solar panels will produce almost as much power as South-facing panels.
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Complete Guide For Solar Power British Columbia 2021
Congratulations! Youve found the ultimate guide for going solar in British Columbia!
British Columbia is currently ranked the #6 province in the country for installing a solar power system, scoring as one of the best provinces for installation costs and utility-related factors.
This page contains all relevant information about installing solar in BC including utility policies, system financing, solar incentives, and natural factors
This guide is sponsored by Empower Energy, a residential and commercial solar developer serving all of British Columbia. to visit their website and to get a free cost estimate.
The guide begins by answering the two most common questions about solar systems, then it explores each solar ranking factor.
You can read from top to bottom, or skip to your preferred section by clicking on it below:
|3. System Costs|
Direction Of The Panels
The tilt angle is not the only thing you need to consider to get the best outcome from the photovoltaic panels. The direction the panels are facing is vital too. In technical terms, this measure is called the Azimuth angle. It refers to the horizontal orientation of the panels in relation to the equator.
Generally speaking, the panels should be facing towards the equator. It is best to face the panels south as the sun is always in the south within the northern hemisphere. If you are in the southern hemisphere, then face them north.
If the orientation is not optimal, it does not matter whether you have the best angle for solar panels.
One thing to note here is that the south or north indicated by your compass may not be the most accurate as it is the magnetic south or north. In some places, the reading may be inaccurate by up to 25°.
However, inaccuracy of less than 10° would not make much of a difference.
Want to go solar for free? Try Arcadia Power and get $20 off your electric bill when you sign up.
Also Check: Is My House Solar Compatible
Ideal Angle For Solar Panels In Brisbane To Maximise Energy
Find out what the ideal angle and orientation of solar panels to maximise sunlight and solar energy on your home in Brisbane
Are you planning to install rooftop solar panels in Brisbane, Australia? Do you want to reduce your electricity bills? If yes, then it is a great way to save energy and money. However, before you go ahead, it is vital to determine at what angle you should mount your solar panels.
Since the Sun direction changes throughout the day, sun rays must fall on the solar panels perpendicularly to yield the maximum output. If you install your solar panels on a flat roof, the amount of sunlight that reaches the solar panels is less, which reduces the efficiency of solar panels by 20%.
That is why it is essential to determine the optimal tilt angle of solar panels, depending on your property location. However, the efficiency of solar panels varies with the orientation too. According to a study conducted at the University of Queensland, the ideal angle for rooftop solar panels in Brisbane is 26°, facing toward North. At this point, the sun rays fall on the solar panels at 90°, thereby helping you to get the most from your solar panels.
So, if you live in Brisbane or another state of Australia, what is the ideal angle for solar panels on your property? Well, to help you get the top-notch performance from your solar system, here we have done deep research and created this guide. So, letâs check out the things you should know about the tilt of solar panels.
What Is The Best Solar Panel Tilt For Each Season
The angle of the sun not only changes based on different latitudes, but also with the change of seasons. As shown in the illustration below, the sun is lower during the winter months and higher in summer months.
This means that if you wanted to ensure that your solar panels are always positioned for maximum exposure to sunlight, you would need to adjust them for each season.
The table below shows the optimal solar panel angle for various states in the U.S. during winter, spring/fall, and summer.
Optimum solar panel angles for various U.S. cities
However, adjusting your solar panels four times a year is not a straightforward task. After all, most solar panels are mounted on the roofs fixed angle and cant be adjusted.
The only way to adjust solar panels easily it to utilize a ground-mount system and install axis-tracking solar panels. However, theres a big downside to this approach: while it does increase solar output, it increases your costs by much more. As a result, solar axis trackers currently arent worth the investment.
*Are you wondering why you still only get 75.7% of optimal output after adjusting for each season? Thats because the remaining amount can only be achieved by adjusting for solar panel direction during the day. Well cover solar panel direction in an upcoming blog.
How does having a shallow vs. steep roof angle affect solar production?
Find out how much you can save by switching to solar
Recommended Reading: How To Use The Solo Stove
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Where education aims to inform, training adds a skill-building component that transforms information into action. Training is critical to any mental health and suicide prevention workplace program, and advances employees’ knowledge and skills beyond base level to increase impact. Training can also be tailored specifically for different roles and levels of employee and different industry.
Benefits of Training
There are several benefits to a trained workforce. Not only do trained employees help improve your company’s bottom line, but they also support positive mental health in the workplace. Mental health and suicide prevention training can mitigate risk of emotional or suicidal crises at work and even save lives.
- Improves Confidence– When someone participates in and receives training, their confidence increases and they develop skills to implement best practices and evidence-informed protocols.
- Increases Value– Skill development can elevate an employees self-worth and value to the company.
- Increases Job Satisfaction– Trained employees report higher job satisfaction and better outputs than non-trained counterparts.
- Improves Quality of Work– Training programs help develop skill-sets that raise performance standards, save money, create job efficiency and improve the overall quality of the product or service.
- Mitigates Risk– Training your workforce on how to identify and assist someone who is struggling with mental illness or experiencing suicidal ideation will help mitigate risk of injury or death at work.
- Train management to assist in a mental health crisis. Trained management can appropriately handle mental health crises and mitigate the ripple effect of a mental health or suicide-related crisis.
- Train all employees to recognize and respond to the warning signs of suicide. Role playing, at least once, can help your employees be comfortable approaching someone who may be struggling with a mental health or suicide-related crisis.
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Tap on a feature to learn more.
iPad, iPhone, Android, Mac, and Windows.
Children are often afraid to try something new. This story will show them how they can trust God to help them do what they need to do—just like He did Noah.
How Noah Knew What to Do shows how, even though Noah wasn’t a veterinarian or even a ship builder, he listened to God and trusted Him to help him build the ark and fill it with animals. Karen Ann Moore's delightful rhyming text along with Pete Kersten’s whimsical illustrations make this a fun way for children to learn they can rely on God in every situation, even when they’re doing something they’ve never done before. Kids will see that obeying God can mean saying “yes” even when the obstacles seem hard to overcome. A gel-pack water-waves novelty that’s built into the front cover makes for lots of giggles.
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The SMELT/Low Birker Archaeological Excavation: A Tenth-Century Iron Production Site
MetadataShow full item record
During the summer of 1999 I participated in the SMELT /Low Birker Archaeological Field School. The site, the Low Birker farm, is located in Cumbria, in the northwest of England. For six weeks we excavated what is thought to be a tenth-century large-scale iron smelting site operated by Viking settlers and their descendants. We excavated several furnaces, a slag heap, and a few other locations as well. The Low Birker site is unique in many ways. It is an example of a type of smelting technique, the tall-shaft furnace, which has rarely been found in England. It is also shows an intense amount of production concentrated in a small area. The site also contains many structures of undetermined use which remain to be studied. An explanation of the history of iron smelting and of smelting techniques is essential in understanding the uniqueness of Low Birker. The existing literature is rich in detail about smelting history and techniques, but there are some limitations. The literature focuses on regions and time periods quite different from the setting and era of Low Birker. Therefore, in this paper, I will include a short history of the region with my discussion of the features that make Low Birker unique in the history and geography of iron smelting.
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| 0.954283 | 300 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Summary and Discussion
The adult smoking rate (adults who have smoked 100 cigarettes and currently smoke every day or some days) has shown a 24% decrease from a high of 21% in 2006 to 16% in 2017. Cigarettes are still the most popular form of tobacco use in Wyoming. Smokeless tobacco, (including chewing tobacco, snuff and dip) is the second most popular product type, and is especially popular among men.
Among Wyoming adults, current ENDS use is not as prominent as cigarette smoking or smokeless tobacco use, and most adults have never tried ENDS. Young adults (ages 18 to 29) are more likely to use ENDS than other adults (ages 30 or older). The majority of current ENDS users use products flavored like something other than tobacco. Curiosity was the most popular reason for trying ENDS. Two other common reasons are cutting back on or quitting cigarettes. Most Wyoming adults think that using ENDS is harmful to one’s health, but many are still unsure about whether using ENDS is harmful and whether ENDS use or cigarette smoking has greater health risk. As the marketplace for ENDS evolves, continued surveillance of ENDS use could help TPCPC efforts by better understanding ENDS prevalence.
Products flavored to taste like mint, candy, or other sweets are more popular among ENDS users and cigar smokers than among cigarette smokers. Young adults are more likely to use menthol cigarettes, flavored cigars, and flavored ENDS than other adults. Flavoring in cigarettes, cigars, and ENDS might be an important part of using those tobacco products, especially for younger adults.
The smoking habits of the vast majority of Wyoming adults begin when they are younger than 21, and especially before the age of 18. After age 21, very few adults begin to smoke or begin to smoke daily. A continued focus on preventing the initiation of smoking by youth and young adults and helping them quit using tobacco products could, over time, reduce the prevalence of smoking and associated health problems.
Wyoming adults almost unanimously agree that secondhand smoke is harmful to one’s health. However, opinions vary as to where and how smoking should be restricted. Wyoming adults have a high degree of agreement that indoor areas of restaurants and workplaces across the state should have smokefree indoor air and that all school grounds should be smokefree. There is less support for smokefree air in casinos, clubs, bars, and outdoor work areas. Most adults report working in places that have smokefree policies but outdoor areas rarely do. Most exposure to secondhand smoke occurs in outdoor areas, including at work and public places.
The majority of smokers have tried to quit and want to quit for good. When they had tried to quit or wanted to quit, most smokers faced obstacles such as loss of a way to handle stress, cravings for cigarette, and other people smoking around them. Thus, reducing exposure to secondhand smoke could help many smokers who are trying to quit. Also, the use of proven cessation aids is relatively low, and many tobacco users are not receiving screenings and assistance from healthcare providers to help them quit. Only half of current tobacco users who saw a healthcare professional in the previous year were advised to quit, but over half of those were offered assistance. Greater collaboration with health professionals could result in more tobacco users becoming aware of, and receptive to, proven cessation aids and services.
Awareness of tobacco quitlines is an area of potential improvement. About half of non-tobacco users were aware that a quitline (local or national) existed. Friends and family of tobacco users (which would include non-tobacco users) are key referral sources for many WQTP enrollees (WYSAC, 2017). If more nonsmokers knew about the existence of this proven cessation aid, then they could inform and encourage tobacco users who may not know about it.
American Indians, adults with mental health conditions, and those with annual household income less than $30,000 have relatively high smoking rates. Most current smokers have tried to quit cigarette smoking at some point in their lives, but young adult smokers are more likely to try smoking cessation than other adults. Promoting quitting and reducing initiation among these groups will, over time, reduce the disparities in tobacco use and its health consequences. American Indians, adults with mental health conditions, and young adults have a higher risk of being exposed to SHS at their workplace either indoors or outdoors.
The health consequences of smoking in Wyoming are similar to reports in the medical literature (e.g., USDHHS, 2014). Compared to nonsmokers, Wyoming smokers tend to be less healthy overall and report more chronic illness. Reducing the prevalence of smoking will, over time, reduce the health and economic burden of smoking-attributable chronic disease in Wyoming.
Many of the trends show continued, though slow, progress regarding the goals of the Wyoming and national tobacco prevention and control programs:
- Preventing initiation of tobacco use (CDC, 2014b)
- Eliminating nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke (CDC, 2017)
- Promoting quitting among adults and young people (CDC, 2015)
- Identifying and eliminating tobacco-related disparities (CDC, 2014b, 2015, 2017)
This progress is especially clear with the downward trend in cigarette smoking. Continued efforts will likely continue this progress. Breakthroughs in tobacco prevention and control, such as increased community mobilization or policy enforcement and regulatory action, could speed this progress (see https://www.thecommunityguide.org/topic/tobacco for empirically-based, specific suggestions). The Wyoming Department of Health is implementing a new approach to community mobilization for tobacco prevention. The next iteration of the ATS may be used as part of an evaluation of these efforts with the 2017 data serving as a baseline.
ENDS are an emerging tobacco product with a volatile market and regulatory environment (LaVito, 2018). Many adults are unsure about the safety of ENDS, both overall and relative to cigarettes. As part of a comprehensive approach to tobacco prevention, disseminating educational media about the risks of ENDS use may improve the public’s knowledge about these risks. Ideally, such a media campaign would be guided by the growing body of science and developing regulatory approaches to ENDS. For example, media about the regulations could highlight that no ENDS use, possession, or purchases are legal for minors.
Goal 1: Preventing Initiation of Tobacco Use
Because the smoking habits of the vast majority of Wyoming adults begin when they are younger than 21, and especially before the age of 18, a continued focus on preventing the initiation of smoking by youth and young adults could, over time, reduce the prevalence of smoking and associated health problems. Specific actions to consider for this goal include activities to reduce and counteract pro-tobacco messages, dissemination of pro-health messages, promoting tobacco-free policies, promoting anti-tobacco curricula in all levels of school (including higher education), implementing and enforcing restrictions on tobacco sales and availability, and increasing the price of tobacco (CDC, 2014b).
Goal 2: Eliminating Nonsmokers’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke
Secondhand smoke is a health hazard in its own right (USDHHS, 2010, 2014). Educating the public and decision makers about the harms of SHS, such as through media campaigns, may provide people with motivation to avoid SHS. The Wyoming Department of Health is currently running and developing such media campaigns. The next iteration of the ATS may be used as part of an evaluation of these efforts with the 2017 data serving as a baseline. In 2017, men were less likely to support smokefree indoor air laws than women. Adults with an associate’s degree or less education were less likely to support smokefree indoor air laws than those with more education. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals were less likely to support smokefree indoor air laws than straight individuals. The Wyoming Department of Health may especially benefit from focusing educational efforts on these groups. Support for smokefree indoor air in schools, workplaces, and restaurants is very high. Communities may be able to mobilize around this support.
Goal 3: Promoting Quitting Among Adults and Young People
The Wyoming Department of Health has invested substantially in the WQTP. ATS data indicate that promoting this program to young adults, who are more likely than other adults to try to quit smoking, might be especially useful in helping a distinct population quit using tobacco products and avoid the related diseases and death later in life. Health care professionals are an important referral source for the WQTP. Increased screening for tobacco use and encouraging tobacco-using patients to quit with help from the WQTP could be beneficial.
Goal 4: Identifying and Eliminating Tobacco-Related Disparities
The CDC recommends considering disparities in the use and burden of tobacco in all prevention work (CDC, 2014a, 2015, 2017). Recommendations are therefore included above (e.g., focusing WQTP promotion to young adults).
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Two new media education resources crossed our desk recently: Totally Wired by Anastasia Goodstein and Children’s Learning in a Digital World, edited by Teena Willoughby and Eileen Wood. While they are extremely different, both are useful additions to any media education library.
The old saying that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer applies to cyberspace, too: these maps comparing router and population density show that the developing world has a long way to go to catch up to North America, Western Europe and Japan when it comes to getting online. The One Laptop Per Child project aims to change all that, designing, constructing and distributing Internet-ready laptops to children in developing countries.
Ads like the one above have been appearing in public transit systems in Ottawa, Toronto and other Ontario cities over the last month, supposedly promoting a drug called “Obay” which prevents teenagers from having their own thoughts, hopes and dreams. It’s a classic example of viral marketing: an ad campaign that doesn’t actually name the product or service being promoted, but rather tries to get people talking about it in the hopes that when the product is finally unveiled the effect will be greater than a traditional ad campaign could have managed.
Two programs on Internet issues are airing this week. First, a three-part series (from Monday. March 3 to Wednesday, March 5) on CTV News Ottawa (Cable 7, Bell ExpressVu 196, Starchoice 311) on cyber bullying; you can watch the trailer here. Also, on Tuesday March 4 TVO’s The Agenda is airing a discussion on how being online changes the way we socialize.
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Otters have been spotted during the day at Strumpshaw Fen
Otters came close to extinction in Norfolk 30 years ago, but the county's otter population has recently seen an increase.
People in the RSPB's team at Strumpshaw Fen, near Brundall, are some of those who have had a rare glimpse of the elusive mammal.
The fen, in the Yare Valley, is home to many animals and birds including marsh harriers and bitterns.
But it's the otter's return which is giving real cause for excitement.
BBC Radio Norfolk's Edd Smith went along to Strumpshaw Fen at dawn to witness his first otter in the wild, joined in the hide by the RSPB's site manager Tim Strudwick.
"I must admit I'm not exactly Norfolk's answer to David Bellamy but the thought of seeing an otter in Norfolk sparked off the naturalist in me," said Edd.
"Before arriving at the fen I was aware of how fortunate I would be to see one of Norfolk's rarest mammals.
"As I walked to the RSPB's reception I caught sight of a rather excited Tim Strudwick as he beckoned me over to the water's edge.
"And there is was: a silhouette bobbing up and down, breaking through the water's surface as it passed the reed beds - my first sighting of a wild otter."
Although the otter is mainly nocturnal, otters are now frequently being spotted during the day at the fen.
"Just 10 years ago they were a kind of mythical creature here but now you've got a reasonable chance of seeing otters if you come here, even in the middle of the day," said Tim.
It wasn't always so easy to spot otters in Norfolk, with the decline starting in the 1960s.
Tim said: "There were a lot of toxic chemicals used in agriculture which got into the food chain and passed onto eels, which are a prized food of otters.
"The chemicals then built up in the otters and poisoned them."
Improvements in river water quality and the banning of certain toxic chemicals has helped to encourage the otters to return.
With more than 60 miles of waterways at Strumpshaw Fen, the otters are making great use of their environment.
"By following the otters' tracks we've realised they're using every single pool and ditch on the site which shows it's a rich environment and the otters are thriving," said Tim.
For Edd the excitement didn't stop there as the otter moved closer to the hide.
"I couldn't believe my eyes as the otter dipped under the water only to glide past the hide as it dived into the reed beds."
Otters, like most wild animals try to avoid humans but Tim is often impressed with how sociable the Strumpshaw otters are.
"To see the otter here look you in the eye and then go back to feeding - it's very comfortable with people being around and it's great to see," said Tim.
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Hurricane-force Santa Ana winds: Another sign of global warming?
The Santa Ana winds have been extreme this year, and some climatologists suggest global warming might be strengthening extreme weather. But the Santa Ana winds could show a different aspect of global warming's impact.
The unseasonably strong Santa Ana winds that have pounded southern California during the past two days have left hundreds of thousands of residents without power, not to mention closed schools and businesses. Many counties are on emergency footing and even Griffith Park, one of the nation’s largest urban parks, has closed as crews struggle to clear fallen trees and debris away from power lines and off roads.
But the extreme winds – the strongest in at least a decade – have also raised the familiar question: Are they one more indication of global warming's larger trend toward extreme weather?
The answer is no. Mostly.
On one hand, most scientists agree that “the extremity and magnitude of extreme weather events has been trending upwards over the past 60 years,” says John Plavan, CEO of EarthRisk Technologies, a San Diego firm that models weather-related risks for energy clients.
Yet the same climate changes that are driving certain extreme weather events will also soften others, says David Easterling of the National Climatic Data Center, a part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Asheville, N.C.
The Santa Ana winds could be an example of that. The annual winds that sweep through southern California from November through April are caused by high-pressure systems sweeping cool air from the Great Basin southwest into the Los Angeles Basin. As the winds descend the San Gabriel Mountains, they heat rapidly, resulting in the hot, strong winds.
But as climate changes raise temperatures in the Great Basin, the engine driving the Santa Anas could dissipate, “leading to less extreme Santa Anas in the future.”
In another 25 to 50 years, those winds will significantly decline, says Dr. Easterling.
But he is quick to point out that other extreme events tied to climate change – such as heat waves and precipitation – will accelerate. “If you are in a flood-plain area, more insurance down the line might not be a bad idea,” he adds.
Extreme weather events are an important signal bell for the rest of society, even if they're not tied to climate change, says Villanova University assistant professor of geography and the environment Keith Henderson.
“Extreme events naturally attract a lot of attention, especially from the public,” he writes in an e-mail. “The impact of extreme events, both real and perceived, makes it important that we study climate variability as much as climate change. We need to better understand the frequency, intensity, and patterns of extremes to better understand how weather and climate affect society.”
The need for longer-term forecasting models is growing, adds Mr. Plavan. While forecasting specific events is difficult, using decades of previous years' data can help project probabilities.
For instance, if experts can produce data that show a city is 40 percent more likely to have a major heat wave over a certain time frame, Plavan says, “then the city can plan from a longer-range perspective, rather than doing the equivalent of buying a snow shovel no matter the cost when the heavy snow starts to fall.”
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Do you ever wonder what wealthy people do in order to stay wealthy? There are a few things that many wealthy people do that help to keep their bank accounts growing. There are also a few things that most wealthy people do not do, and they are just as important as those things that they do do.
One very important thing that wealthy people do not do is that they do not spend all of their money. According to Thomas Stanley and William Danko, authors of “The Millionaire Next Door”, “wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend”. Many wealthy people choose to live well below their means and invest much of their money. The money that they have invested “works” for them, day in and day out, generating more money for them.
Another habit of many wealthy people involves how they pay for things. Wealthy people tend to pay cash for everything, including large purchases like cars and real estate. While it may not seem feasible for the average person of average means to pay cash for everything, many of us could become better off if we apply that idea to most of our purchases. When we pay cash for things, we tend to buy what we can truly afford instead of using debt to fund our lifestyle.
Wealthy people also put a great deal of time and effort into acquiring and managing their assets. They do a lot of research before investing, and they pay close attention to how all of their investments are doing all of the time. Instead of jumping from investment to investment in rapid succession, they tend to favor more long-term investments. Wealthy people also choose diverse investments, so that all of their “golden eggs” are not in the same basket.
These behaviors of wealthy people are behaviors that are accessible to all people. While they are not overly sensational or exciting and they will not make you rich over night, they are important in that by implementing these behaviors into your life, you can greatly improve the health of your finances.
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|Abstract:||Aging drives cancer and cancer is the result of aging.|
The change in the tissue landscape and not the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations drive cancer rates higher as we grow older. Instead of gathering mutations until they cause cancer, as we age, the mechanisms that younger adults use to fight cancer, deteriorate. Our healthy cells are optimized for the conditions of our healthy, young tissue. The changes in this balance rather than oncogenic mutation marks no longer a perfect fit for the surroundings. Healthy cells in young bodies quickly outcompete cells with cancerous mutations. However when tissue is old, healthy cells are no longer a perfect fit, and mutations might help a Cancer cell adapt in ways a healthy cell can not. Actually an increasing amount of data is supporting the notation that healthy Tissue is a limiting Factor in developing Cancer.
Spatial Tissue structure, such as that of the colon, slows down the accumulation of genetic mutations, thereby delaying the onset of Cancer [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111219101858.htm].
Hundreds of mutations exist in leukemia cells at the time of diagnosis, but nearly all occur randomly as a part of the normal Aging and are not related to Cancer. Each individual has about 10000 Blood Stem Cells in their bone marrow. Each Stem Cell acquires about 10 mutations over the course of a year. At the age of 50, an individual has accumulated nearly 500 mutations in every blood cell. Such random background mutations occur during cell division and are unrelated to cancer. DNA can tolerate a huge number of these hits without any negative consequences. However, if a Cancer-initiating event occurs in one of these Stem Cells, it captures the genetic history of that cell, including the earlier mutations, and drives leukemia to develop. The total number of mutations varies by age, not by whether a individual has leukemia. Therefore, a healthy person in 40s had just about the same number of mutants in his blood stem cells as a individual with leukemia of the same age had in his cancer cells [http://www.biocompare.com/life-science-news/117645-hundreds-of-random-mutations-in-leukemia-linked-to-aging-not-cancer/].
T-lymphocytes are produced in the thymus and nowhere else. The thymus involute early in life (as early as one year of age) in that it leaves older people immunodeficient. Progressive thymic involution is responsible for the circumstance that elderly individuals have very poor thymic function. They produce very little T-lymphocytes and because of that they are more susceptible to infections, Cancer, and autoimmune disease. Cancer incidents increase in elderly people because they cannot generate T-lymphocytes and therefore cannot recognize and attack tumours. One major characteristic of the thymus found nowhere else in lymphoid organs is the expression of Wnt4. Overexpression of Wnt4 in hematopoietic stem cells leads to bigger thymus and the production of 3-4 times more T-lymphocytes. In contrast, knockout of Wnt4 causes thymic atrophy. Thus Wnt4 is necessary for normal T-cell production and Wnt4 overexpression is sufficient to improve thymopoesis [http://www.scientistlive.com/european-science-news/opinion/strengthen_the_immune_system,_prolong_life_expectancy/20936/].
A cancer-related gene is either an oncogene or a tumor-suppressor. The overactivation of Oncogenes and the inactivation of Tumor Suppressors are the essential parts of tumorgenesis. Tumor-Suppressors are subdivided in caretakers and gatekeepers which stabilize the Genome and prevent Overproliferation, respectively. There is even a landscaper category of genes that prevent the spread of the Cancer.
GH/IGF-I: The growth hormone/insulin-like growth hormone axis promotes Aging as well as drives Cancer via the stimulation of cell growth and proliferation, yet this axis is attenuated under DR and numerous other Lifespan-extending Interventions.
TOR: Target of rapamycin downregulation is part of the DR mechanism and its and TOR is bona fide Oncogene.
PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is a oncogene which is inhibited by DR and lifespan extending manipulations. Overexpression of its counteractor PTEN a tumor suppressor is sufficient to extend lifespan.
Sirtuins: Sirtuins are in essence Tumor Suppressors. Overactivation of some of them even retards certain aspects of Aging.
LBK1 The tumor suppressor serine/threonine kinase as it name suggests suppresses tumor formation and is activated upon DR. LKB1 chiefly controls the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family members .
Apoptosis: DR has very different effects on proliferative vs. non-mitotic tissues. It reduces cell proliferation and leads to higher rate of Apoptosis (which might be neoplastic cells) in proliferating Tissues. This eliminates pre-cancerous/cancerous cells. In net effect it leads to higher Tissue turnover and in such it cleans Tissues. Postmitotic cells upon DR in contrast employ more cellular repair processes and exhibit higher stress resistance.
Senescence: Senescence cells promote tumor formation via Tissue disruption and the secretion of cytokines. Animals under DR have less Senescence Cells.
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Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in non-vertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits. Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny. However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates.
Pharyngeal arches in Vertebrates
In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers. Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to craniofacial features such as bone and cartilage. However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development. The first, most anterior pharyngeal arch gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support. In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the brachial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus. The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that Hox genes and other developmental genes such as dlx are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the branchial arches. Interestingly, some fish species have jaws in their throat, known as pharyngeal jaws, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.
Evolution of pharyngeal slits
The presence of pharyngeal slits in hemichordates led to debates of whether this structure was homologous to the slits found in chordates or a result of convergent evolution. With the placement of hemichordates and echinoderms as a sister group to chordates, a new hypothesis has emerged-suggesting that pharyngeal gill slits were present in the deuterostome ancestor . Intriguingly, extant echinoderms lack pharyngeal structures, but fossil records reveal that ancestral forms of echinoderms had gill-like structures. Comparative developmental and genetic studies of these pharyngeal structures between hemichordates and urochordates have brought about important insights regarding the evolution of the deuterostome body plan. Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1/9 genes (which encode for transcription factors) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development. Interestingly applying excess retinoic acid (excess retincoic acid in vertebrates results in pharyngeal abnormalities) leads to the absence of gill slits in developing Amphioxus, suggesting that retinoic acid may act through the same mechanism in vertebrates and amphioxus. These studies indicate that the pharyngeal slits found in hemichordates and chordates are indeed homologous in a molecular sense.
- Gerhart J, Lowe C, Kirschner M (2005). "Hemichordates and the origin of chordates". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 15 (4): 461–467. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.06.004. PMID 15964754.
- Gould, S.J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 0-674-63940-5.. Also ISBN 0-674-63941-3 (paperback)
- Graham A (2003). "Development of the pharyngeal arches". Am J Med Genet A 199 (3): 251–256. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.10980. PMID 12784288.
- Graham A, Smith A (2001). "Patterning the pharyngeal arches". BioEssays 23 (1): 54–61. doi:10.1002/1521-1878(200101)23:1<54::AID-BIES1007>3.0.CO;2-5. PMID 11135309.
- Kardong KV (2003). "Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution". Third edition. New York (McGraw Hill).
- Depew MJ, Lufkin T, Rubenstein JLR (2002). "Specification of jaw subdivisions by Dlx genes". Science 298 (5592): 381–385. doi:10.1126/science.1075703. PMID 12193642.
- Fraser GJ, Hulsey D, Bloomquist RF, Uyesugi K, Manley NR, Streelman T (2009). "An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws". In Jernvall, Jukka. PLoS Biology 7 (2): 0233–0247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000031. PMC 2637924. PMID 19215146.
- Gee H (1996). Before the backbone. Views on the origin of vertebrates. London (Chapman & hall).
- Winchell CJ, Sullivan J, Cameron CB, Swalla BJ, Mallatt J (2002). "Evaluating hypotheses of deuterostome phylogeny and chordate evolution with new LSU and SSU ribosomal DNA data". Mol Biol Evol 19 (5): 762–776. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004134. PMID 11961109.
- Shu D, Morris SC, Zhang ZF, Liu JN, Han J, Chen L, Zhang XL, Yasui K, Li Y (2003). "A new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution". Science 299 (5611): 1380–1384. doi:10.1126/science.1079846. PMID 12610301.
- Brown FD, Prendergast A, Swalla BJ (2008). "Man is but a worm: chordate origins". Genesis 46 (11): 605–613. doi:10.1002/dvg.20471. PMID 19003926.
- Ogasawara M, Wada H, Peters H, Satoh N (1999). "Developmental expression of Pax 1/9 genes in urochordate and hemichordate gills: insight into function and evolution of the pharyngeal epithelium". Development 126 (11): 2539–2550. PMID 10226012.
- Holland LZ, Holland N (1996). "Expression of AmphiHox-1 and AmphiPax-1 in amphioxus embryos treated with retinoic acid: insights into evolution and patterning of the chordate nerve cord and pharynx". Development 122 (6): 1829–1838. PMID 8674422.
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Consulting firm McKinsey has played a key role in pushing a version of REDD that underestimates the role of industrial logging and agriculture on forest destruction, while painting local communities as forest destroyers. McKinsey’s advice, if taken seriously, would have had serious implications for local livelihoods and would do little to reduce deforestation.
In November 2010, Rainforest Foundation released a report criticising McKinsey’s REDD advice. This was followed by a Greenpeace report in April 2011. Meanwhile, the blog PNGexposed has done a great job in documenting McKinsey’s activities in Papua New Guinea. McKinsey was paid US$2.2 million to produce a draft “National REDD and Climate Change Plan” in the run up to the UN climate meeting in Copenhagen in 2009. This was followed by another US$500,000 in September 2010 for 10 weeks work. McKinsey’s report cost the PNG government more than US$11,000 a page. This work involved “very little actual time on the ground in PNG”, according to informed leaked from McKinsey and posted on the PNGexposed blog.
Greenpeace’s David Ritter quotes an anonymous well-placed source inside the PNG government as saying that,
“The McKinsey consultants are no longer working on reducing emissions from deforestation in Papua New Guinea. The last time I saw a McKinsey consultant at the Ministry was in September this year. To be honest, we’re relieved that they are gone, now our own national experts can take up a leading role again.”
Among the reasons the source gave for McKinsey’s dismissal were the new government in PNG and the NGO campaign, “although we joke that the real reason is that we can no longer afford their bills!” he added.
For the Durban climate meeting, Greenpeace asked illustrator Edd Baldry to produce a one-page comic about what would happen if the Democratic Republic of Congo took McKinsey’s advice (click on the image for full-size).
Greenpeace activists distributed the comic at a side-event in Durban where a McKinsey representative was speaking but were (politely) asked to leave.
One of the most serious problems with McKinsey’s analysis is that it is not transparent. What happens between the data entering McKinsey’s office and coming out as McKinsey’s “cost-curves” is a mystery to anyone outside McKinsey. McKinsey’s working method is a black box. McKinsey argues that how it works is subject to commercial confidentiality. But even Benoît Bosquet, the coordinator of the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility at the World Bank, has noted that “the blackbox is a problem for everybody”.
McKinsey has consultancy divisions for mining, pulp and paper and forest products. This is a potential conflict of interest, since these industries are important drivers of deforestation. But when journalist Johan Hari asked McKinsey about conflict of interest, they declined to reply.
McKinsey’s secrecy and conflicts of interest are not only a problem in its advice on REDD. In the US, McKinsey’s work on US health policy was criticised last year by Noble prize winner Paul Krugman. In his New York Times blog, Krugman wrote that,
“It’s pretty clear that McKinsey was trying to drum up/scout out business, and someone had the bright idea of weighing in on policy debate on the Republican side.”
In the UK, McKinsey was providing advice to the government on NHS reforms and to companies that hoped to profit from the reforms.
A series of companies that hired McKinsey have subsequently gone bust. Enron was paying McKinsey US$10 million a year, before its famous meltdown. BusinessWeek points out that Swiss-air, Kmart and Global Crossing are also on the list of McKinsey clients that have gone bankrupt. McKinsey was central in the AOL-Time Warner merger which Jeff Bewkes, the chairman and chief executive of Time Warner, described as “the biggest mistake in corporate history”.
As Greenpeace’s David Ritter notes, the most damaging revelation to hit McKinsey last year was the insider trading scandal involving Rajat Gupta, who was head of McKinsey from 1994 to 2003 and remained a senior partner until 2007, and another ex-McKinsey partner, Anil Kumar. McKinsey’s global managing director, Dominic Barton, acknowledged that the case is “incredibly distressing and embarrassing” for McKinsey.
As Yves Smith, who worked at McKinsey more than 20 years ago, writes on the Naked Capitalism blog, some of McKinsey’s problems are typical of the conflicts and perverse incentives inherent in the consulting industry:
“Remember the lofty goal is giving fact based, objective advice, which by implication means without fear or favor. But the problem with consulting is you are hired by the problem.”
Smith’s article on McKinsey reveals a serious conflict of interest every time McKinsey is hired to work on REDD. Greenpeace is no doubt correct in demanding that McKinsey should,
“Immediately publish all the data, assumptions and analysis underlying the international and national versions of its cost curve and include such disclosures in all future publications.”
But there is a structural problem involved with McKinsey’s advice on REDD. McKinsey is a consulting firm and as Smith notes, “consulting is project based”. The company is interested in winning future contracts from its clients. McKinsey is frequently hired by governments, pulp and paper companies, logging companies and mining companies. On the other hand, McKinsey is far less likely to be hired forest dwelling indigenous communities. While opening up McKinsey’s black box would not address these conflicts of interest it might at least make them more transparent.
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| 0.964925 | 1,232 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What type of adjective is rotten? rotten fruit meaning.
- long eye lashes, hairy ears and closing nostrils help to keep out sand.
- thick eyebrows which stand out and shade eyes from the sun.
- wide feet so they don’t sink in the sand.
- they can go without water for over a week because they can drink gallons in one go.
- have thick fur on feet protecting them from the hot ground;
- have large, bat-like ears radiate body heat and help keep them cool;
- have long, thick hair that insulates them during cold nights and protects them from the hot sun during the day;
Desert plants have developed three main adaptive strategies: succulence, drought tolerance and drought avoidance. Each of these is a different but effective suite of adaptations for prospering under conditions that would kill plants from other regions.
Stomata are less in number and sunken. Leaves are reduced into spines to prevent loss of water from the surface of leaves. Stomata are less in number and sunken. Both leaves and stems have a thick waxy coating to prevent loss of water in hot weather.
- Having A Limited Diet.
- Reduction of Size and Stature.
- Changing of Habitats.
The following adaptations allow plants to survive in the hot desert environment: … The tap roots are much longer and bigger than the plant which is visible at the surface. Spines – some plants have spines instead of leaves, eg cactuses. Spines lose less water than leaves so are very efficient in a hot climate.
- African Wild Dog.
- Arabian Wildcat.
- Ankole Longhorn Cattle.
- Bighorn Sheep.
- Bear (Black)
thick fur on the top of the body for shade, and thin fur elsewhere to allow easy heat loss. a large surface area to volume ratio – to maximise heat loss. the ability to go for a long time without water – they lose very little water through urination and perspiration.
- Wood frogs freeze their bodies. …
- Kangaroo rats survive without ever drinking water. …
- Antarctic fish have “antifreeze” proteins in their blood. …
- African bullfrogs create mucus “homes” to survive the dry season.
Many animals have developed specific parts of the body adapted to survival in a certain environment. Among them are webbed feet, sharp claws, whiskers, sharp teeth, large beaks, wings, and hooves. In most aquatic animals, swimming is a must. To aid swimming, many animals have adapted and evolved with webbed feet.
In deserts, you’ll usually see a lot of open soil and rocks and not much grass or other kinds of plants. Animals that live in deserts include lizards, geckos, toads, jackrabbits, camels, snakes, spiders and meerkats.
A common adaptation among desert plants is a lack of stomata or smaller stomata. Generally, stomata are found in all areas of a plant but on desert plants, they are few and far between. Many succulents use crassulacean acid metabolism which is also known as CAM photosynthesis.
- Desert fox, Chile.
- Addax antelope.
- Deathstalker scorpion.
- Armadillo lizard.
- Thorny Devil.
- Rock Hopper penguin.
General Science They have thick skin which prevent them from sunlight. As, in desert ateas strom also came mostly. So, their nostril close during desert storms to protect then from storm. They have a big stomach which can store 46 litre water.
Find or build a shelter. Use whatever materials you have or can find to protect yourself from heavy rains and flooding, insects, and poisonous spiders and snakes. Take shelter on the highest ground possible and build fires to frighten away predators and signal for help.
Answer: In a volatile and competitive ecological environment like the tropical rainforests, animals need to adapt to survive. … These spots mimic the dappled sunlight through the leaves of the rainforest trees, giving the jaguar perfect camouflage as it stalks its prey.
The primary strategy for dealing with high desert temperatures is avoidance-many mammals simply avoid the high daytime temperatures by being nocturnal or crepuscular (dusk- or dawn-active).
Camels have adapted and found ways to help them survive in deserts. They have a thick coat of hair that protects them from the heat in the day, and keeps them warm at night. … When there is food and water, a camel can eat and drink large amounts of it and store it as fat in the hump.
What animals live in the desert? Many birds, reptiles, mammals, and insects live in the desert. In the Sonoran Desert (Arizona, US) alone, there are over 500 bird species, 130 mammal species, 100 reptiles species and more than 2,500 plant species! Here are some examples of the most common desert animals.
During times of environmental stress, desert reptiles spend long periods of inactivity in burrows, often borrowed from those dug by rodents or other mammals. During hibernation in winter and estivation in summer, animals in burrows have greatly reduced metabolic processes.
The animals include, for a few examples, Barbary sheep, oryx, anubis baboon, spotted hyena, dama gazelle, common jackal and sand fox; the birds–ostriches, secretary birds, Nubian bustards and various raptors; the reptiles–cobras, chameleons, skinks, various lizards and (where there is sufficient water) crocodiles; …
The two main adaptations that desert animals must make are how to deal with lack of water and how to deal with extremes in temperature. Many desert animals avoid the heat of the desert by simply staying out of it as much as possible. … These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feed.
Adaptations are unique characteristics that allow animals to survive in their environment. There are three types of adaptations: structural, physiological, and behavioral.
Cacti are well adapted for survival in the desert. They have: Stems that can store water. Widespread or very deep root systems that can collect water from a large area or from very deep underground.
From the high mountains to the endless deep sea, from the hot springs to the Antarctic ice layers, even the New York city, water bears can be found. They can enter an almost unbeatable state to cope with extreme environment.
Species of mammals have developed varying adaptations in response to the different environments in which they live. … Mammals in cold climates have insulating layers—a thick coat of fur, or a thick layer of fat (blubber)—that help retain body heat and keep the animal’s body temperature constant.
Examples include the long necks of giraffes for feeding in the tops of trees, the streamlined bodies of aquatic fish and mammals, the light bones of flying birds and mammals, and the long daggerlike canine teeth of carnivores.
An adaptation is any heritable trait that helps an organism, such as a plant or animal, survive and reproduce in its environment.
Their traditional lifestyle has adapted to these extremely arid conditions. Their nomadic lifestyle means they do not settle in one area for long. Instead, they move on frequently to prevent exhausting an area of its resources. They have herds of animals which are adapted to living in desert conditions, such as camels.
Desert plants and animals interact in ways that have strongly influenced their respective evolutionary trajectories. Interesting forms of these interactions include herbivory, pollination, seed dispersal, and seed predation.
The spines on some desert plants also help with their survival by keeping away animals who want to eat them. The spines also act like leaves holding in the water during the hot weather. Cactus plants need to store a lot of water. Some desert plants have leaves with hair to shade them from the sun.
Adaptations affect a species because it affects where they live and how well they survive and reproduce in their habitats. Adaptations are responsible for making the species more genetically diverse. The evolution of organisms was connected with adaptation of organisms to changing environmental conditions.
A desert ecosystem is defined by interactions between organisms, the climate in which they live, and any other non-living influences on the habitat. Deserts are arid regions that are generally associated with warm temperatures; however, cold deserts also exist.
For example, gerbils, beetles, snakes, mongooses and camels. These animals survive the harsh conditions in their own way. Some live in burrows (holes). Camels have winter coats to keep warm and shorter, tidier coats to keep cool in summer.
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So you want to know how to grow truffles? Then you’ve come to the right place. Truffles are one of the most expensive fungi in the world, not only this but they’re a delicious delicacy with unusual flavours and aromas that add new depths to plenty of recipes.
In this post we cover:
- How to plant your truffle tree
- How to care for your truffle trees
- How to grow truffles
- And finally, how to find and harvest your well earned, delicious truffles
So, if you’ve recently purchased or been gifted a truffle tree and you need to find out what to do with it. Keep reading!
How to grow and harvest truffles
What are truffles?
Truffles are a prized type of fungus that grows underground on the roots of inoculated trees. They’re a well-loved and luxury ingredient used in cooking providing a uniquely pungent flavour loved by many.
There are many different truffle varieties out there from black truffles, burgundy truffles and the most expensive white truffle. Depending on the variety that can be sold for anywhere between £30 to well over £1,000.
How Do Truffles Grow?
The truffle fungus has evolved to grow underground and in the process, has created a symbiotic relationship with a variety of different tree species, each providing the other with some form of nourishment. The truffles provide beneficial nitrogen directly to the tree’s roots and the tree provides the truffle with specific sugars created through photosynthesis. Something the underground fungi cannot create itself.
Which Trees Support the Growth of Truffles?
The roots of certain trees can be inoculated with truffles spores to support the growth of the fungus. A lot of our UK native trees such as hazel, oak and beech can all be inoculated.
We have quality stock of both the hazel truffle tree and oak truffle tree.
Where to plant your truffle tree
To start, choose a planting location large enough to accommodate the tree’s growth.
Both of our hazel and oak truffle trees can grow quite large so ensuring the tree has enough room to grow is essential.
Next, test the pH of the soil. Truffle trees grow best in soil that is well-draining with a high (alkaline) pH. Most local garden centres will stock soil testing kits..
The perfect pH level in soil is between 7.5 and 8.3.
If you find that your soil is a particularly low pH and too acidic for your truffle tree then we recommend improving the soil by raking small amounts of lime through the top. Most local garden centres will also stock lime that can be added to the soil.
How to plant your truffle tree
Now you’ve chosen the location for your tree and tested your soil, you’re ready to plant.
First, dig a hole that is around the same size as the pot the tree is currently in.
Secondly, you will need to remove the tree from the pot. Be very careful with this step, you want to cause as little disruption as possible to the soil in the pot and try to keep all the soil intact with the roots. This is the part where all the spores are located so keeping as much as possible is important.
Place the root ball and surrounding soil straight into the hole, make sure that the soil level from the pot matches ground level.
If any soil was lost when removing from the pot you can add this back into the planting hole around the tree before backfilling any gaps with topsoil.
Once this is completed, firm down and give the tree a good watering.
It’s important to keep the tree well-watered the first few weeks after planting to allow the roots some time to establish in their new home. Just make sure that the ground doesn’t become waterlogged.
Extra tips after planting
If you are planting in an open area known for lots of wildlife, we recommend adding in some sort of tree guard to protect young trees from grazing animals such as deer and rabbits.
The same goes when planting in exposed sites. Consider adding a tree stake for support and that little bit of extra protection.
How to Care for Truffle Trees
Once you’ve planted your tree the only thing left to do is take care of it well so that you can get a great truffle crop in a few years time.
To keep your inoculated tree in good health follow these steps.
Water the tree well in the first few years after planting, this allows for a strong root system to form.
Keep the area around the base of the tree weed-free. Even though the weeds may only be small they can rob the tree of essential nutrients when it comes to producing truffles.
This goes for most trees, but particularly for hazel trees, make sure to remove any fallen leaves from the ground around the tree. As the leaves decompose into the soil they can decrease the pH creating a more acidic environment.
How and when to look for your truffles
How long does it take for a tree to produce truffles?
Healthy truffle trees that are well looked after have been known to produce truffles after just 4 short years. This, however, very much depends on the individual tree species and the conditions it’s grown in.
On average, truffle trees usually take anywhere between 5-7 years to start producing truffles. Hazel trees mature much quicker than oak trees meaning they will produce truffles quicker.
Due to the amount of time it can take to start producing truffles, it’s advised to plant a few different trees for harvests at different times. This is why we offer our trees in singles, packs of 4 and even packs of 20 for a full grove (if you’ve got the space).
Summer truffles will ripen and be ready for harvest between June and November.
How to locate truffles
Truffles produce a pungent yet distinct aroma. In the wild, they are sniffed out by pigs and for large commercial truffle farms, there are specialised dogs that have been trained to look for them.
While most of us don’t have access to these kinds of resources, there are ways you can sniff out ripe truffles for yourself (literally).
Between just a couple of trees, searching for truffles is simple enough. For anymore than 10 then more efficient ways can be found to discover ripe truffles.
Check the base of the tree, looking in particular for small cracks in the ground. Disturb the soil gently and underneath these cracks you may be greeted with a few truffles.
There is a fly known as a Truffle Fly that will hover above the ground where ripe truffles lie. Lightly removing the top layer of soil will reveal even more smaller flies just below the surface. This is an indication that ripe truffles are growing beneath the area.
The truffle is well known for its scent and this is the main indication that ripe truffles may be around. While a human's sense of smell might not be as strong as that of a pig or dog, the aroma released is quite strong and it’s possible to get down to soil level and sniff them out yourself.
Another way to search is by disturbing the top layer of soil just to see if there is a truffle below but this can be quite a destructive way of searching and is least recommended.
Send Tree2mydoor Truffle Trees as Gift
As our truffle trees are native to the UK they will happily thrive in our gardens with ease. No need to worry too much with any extra care and once they have established themselves they should simply take care of themselves. The only thing to monitor is the soil pH in acidic areas.
Our truffle trees make wonderful gifts for a wide variety of occasions or even as a little treat for yourself if you want to have a go at producing your own truffles. Grab one as a unique birthday present that grows.
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by Jerry ElengicalSep 13, 2023
With a wine-making heritage going back over 6500 years, Greek wine culture is intertwined with the history of its civilisation and mythology. Owing to a variety of wine regions, each with its own terroir and grape varieties, Greece celebrates this centuries old tradition of vine cultivation. In the Aegean Islands of Samos, the museum project Liknon showcases the origins of the Metaxa brand and its endemic sweet muscat grape variety.
Designed by Athens-based K-Studio, the project—which derives its name from a Dionysian rite (related to the Greek God of Wine and Revelry-Dionysus)—ennobles the 100-year old vineyard it is located in. The landscape architecture, in fact, evolves from the vine's habitat and is designed to be experienced as a walkthrough with serendipitous encounters with submerged masses, which emerge as if from the topography, and project the history of the Greek amber spirit. The program creates intrigue through ambiguity, and consists primarily of multi-directional pathways, and terraces, interspersed with intimate pause-points, which take the visitors through a series of interactive and sensory activities.
Elaborating on the program, the Greek architecture firm explains, "Rather than a building, it is a landscape, where the visitor wanders around and under the vines' birthplace, submerges underground in order to get in touch with the history of the brand through an interactive experience and a series of sensory activations.”
Embanked with dry-stone walls, these terraces are indeed an extension of the dry-stone terraces where the vines grow and ascend and descend in keeping with the terrain it seemingly grows out of. The “architecture” itself, which constitutes a terroir room, a cellar, and a clubhouse, is designed as subterranean spaces, and appears as if it is carved into the terrain.
This unassuming intervention is further underplayed with a material palette that consists of natural materials—stone, wood, bamboo, and glass— all left unfinished. Two parallel dry-stone walls extend beyond the roof line and the retractable, glass curtain wall, thus blurring the boundary between the interior and the exterior while creating a vista, which culminates with a view of the horizon.
On the exterior, the landscape is a result of both design and the mere act of being in nature. A hardscape of walls and terraces imitates the productive dry-stone terraces where vines grow. An informal sit-out space occurs so unobtrusively such that it seems almost ephemeral—a bamboo canopy suspended on two walls, appears to be fleetingly passing through the space, nevertheless enclosing a seating area, itself camouflaged against the restrained tone of the stone wall. Furthermore, stone steps and pathways create levels within the walkthrough, in tandem with the slope of the terrain.
The softscape on the other hand is lush with endemic species of plants, shrubs, trees and flowerbeds and abut the pathways and the ancillary architecture. While the vines themselves are central to the museum’s design, a rose garden and a citrus garden intersperse the site at intervals. To the north, olive groves enclose the site.
Liknon, conceptualised as a museum to showcase the history of the Metaxa brand, approaches the problem atypically. The unique terroir and muscat grape are the focus of the narrative, and the built form arises out of, and around the vines with a subdued yet pronounced disposition.
While the mass itself merges seamlessly with the landscape, individual elements are celebrated with the same fervour as the vines. Stone walls, both on the interior and the exterior are augmented by soft timber soffits and bamboo canopies while a softscape of sprawled greens balances the hardscape of stone. This cohesive infusion of architecture and landscape is a result of a design where the whole equals the sum of its parts.
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Cave Invertebrates (Real Media)
Texoreddellia texensis: This cave adapted silverfish looks very similar to its relative on the surface but never leaves the cave. Because it lives in total darkness, it doesn't need its eyes or color pigment. It relies on sensitive feelers to find food.
Speodesmus: A millipede has 2 pairs of legs per body segment; a centipede has one pair. Millipedes eat fungus and bacteria and per the more moist areas in a cave.
Rhadine subterranea: This beetle lives in the dry, loose, disturbed dirt and limestone floor of the cave where it often finds cricket eggs to eat. This beetle is about the same shape and size as a large ant.
Ceuthophillus secretus: This cave cricket lives on the ceiling and walls, and leaves the cave at night to feed. They help bring nutrients back into the cave that the truly cave-adapted critters can live on.
Ceuthophilus cunicularis: This cave cricket prefers the cave floor. It's darker and smaller than the ceiling cricket. It may live off of droppings and other food sources from the ceiling dwelling critters.
Plethodon glutinosus: The Slimy Salamander often likes to live in the entrance "light" zones where it feeds on flying insects and other bugs including crickets, when they leave the cave to feed. These shy salamanders live under rocks and on ledges, so be careful where you step.
These creatures are known as "Troglozenes." They like caves and would live in them if they could, but their species lives on the surface and in the light, where they are known to feed on Big Macs, pizza and cola. They are not totally cave-adapted yet, but some hope one day they will be able to shed their artificial light sources, seeing in complete darkness.
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Word clouds are one of the simplest of data visualizations to create and understand. Everyone instinctively understands that the size of words in a word cloud corresponds to the frequency in which that word has been mentioned, with larger words receiving more prominence. In this post, I'm going to show you how you can create a word cloud.
A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far, away, Tom Cruise jumped over a couch and landed on everybody else's nose. Most people seem to have forgiven him, but at the time, he was unpopular. He'd just broken up with Nicole Kidman. This post is going to show you why Displayr is the best tool for word clouds using data from that time and galaxy. That data contains 300 responses of people telling us why they dislike Tom Cruise. The raw data is below.
How to create a word cloud
Word clouds are created in Displayr by:
- Importing a data set into Displayr (Home > Data Set (Data)).
- Dragging a text variable from the data tree.
- Selecting Home > Chart (Charts) > Word cloud.
If you want to try this for yourself using this data, click here.
Automatic removal of uninteresting words
Displayr automatically performs some basic text analytics when you create a word cloud, by choosing to ignore words that it regards as uninteresting. You can drag additional words into the Ignore bucket, or, drag words back.
Drag and drop to merge words
You can also click on words and drag them onto other words. For example, dragging arrogent onto arrogance. Displayr shows us that the new word is arrogance, which is used by 5 people. We can edit this label if we wish.
Viewing the original text
By clicking on the magnifying glass next to the words (e.g., to the right of arrogent, in the image above), we can see the original text. This allows us to confirm if it is appropriate to merge together the words.
Adding phrases to the word cloud
Often when we are trying to create a word cloud we need to add a phrase. For example, in the word cloud, you can see that Tom and Cruise are appearing as separate words. If you click on Tom, you will see that 23 of the appearances are Tom Cruise. The way that we get Displayr to include a phrase is to click on the word we want to change (e.g., Tom) and then edit the name, in the field on the top-left, remembering to press Enter on your keyboard. Below, you can see what happens, we have automatically created a phrase called Tom Cruise, and it contains the 23 Tom Cruise responses and the one Tom response. If we want to split off the solo Tom as its own word on the word cloud, we click the cross next to it.
In my next post, I discuss how you can automate the whole tidying up process of adding phrases and the like using text analytics.
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EERC works toward goal of clean coal at less costGRAND FORKS — Housed inside a demonstration facility at University of North Dakota’s Energy and Environmental Research Center is a new way to better use an abundant resource: coal.
By: Christopher Bjorke, The Dickinson Press
GRAND FORKS — Housed inside a demonstration facility at University of North Dakota’s Energy and Environmental Research Center is a new way to better use an abundant resource: coal.
“One of the strategies for achieving that is figuring out how to make coal cleaner,” said Neeta Patel, director of energy systems with Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne.
A developer of rocket and energy technology, PWR and the EERC unveiled a step toward that goal Tuesday. They introduced a prototype gasification system that they say can harvest more energy from coal while reducing the amount of carbon it produces, lowering the cost of the process and shrinking the scale needed for a gasification system.
Gasification is not a new process, but the prototype introduces a new way to do it. The key is using dry coal.
Coal gasification usually uses a slurry of coal and water, but the use of water reduces the efficiency of the process. It also requires large quantities of water.
The new technology allows a gasification system that is 90 percent smaller than other systems and 20 percent less expensive to build, according to PWR. Compared to other gasification technology, the process also produces 10 percent less carbon dioxide.
The technology also works with biomass and other solid fuels.
“It burns coal more efficiently, converts it to energy more cleanly,” said PWR President Jim Maser.
The EERC hosted a ribbon-cutting ceremony for the prototype attended by federal, state, local and UND officials and representatives of the center’s partners.
The gasification prototype is built around what PWR’s Tim Saunders called “an M1 tank on stick,” a 60-ton dry solids pump that can feed 400 tons of fuel a day into a gasification unit to produce clean synthetic gas. Coal is pulverized into dust and kept under 1,200 pounds per square inch of pressure to induce the solid to behave like a liquid.
“That’s not easy to do, folks,” said EERC Director Gerald Groenewold.
The absence of water in the process means it converts the fuel more efficiently. It also removes water from energy production, a process that accounts for a major share of water consumption worldwide.
The system was built as a tower in a 40,000-square-foot demonstration building next to the EERC’s main building. It will remain there, running for days at a time, to prove the technology as PWR develops commercial applications for the system.
“In 2015, we’re going to start looking at commercial plants worldwide,” said John Vilja, PWR vice president of strategy, innovation and growth.
The system’s smaller size, higher efficiency, lower costs and reduced emissions should give it commercial appeal.
“It has a very, very rosy future,” Saunders said.
Other partners on the project were the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory and Canadian agency Alberta Innovates - Energy and Environmental Solutions.
PWR chose the EERC as a partner through a competitive process with other organizations.
“This is sort of the poster child for the things we like to do,” Groenewold said.
In his remarks to introduce the prototype, he paraphrased Thomas Edison’s philosophy of never inventing something nobody wants.
“The market is pulling everything we do,” he said.
PWR president Maser said his organization has been built on rocketry and space exploration. On this project, the gasification system could be considered another type of rocket science.
“At our heart, we’re fundamentally an energy conversion company,” he said. Rather than converting energy into propulsion for a rocket, the project converts energy from fuel into synthetic gas.
Maser credited the EERC for the energy expertise it brought to the project.
“A key part of our strategy is to find partners who understand how energy works,” he said. “It’s actually an ideal partnership.”
Bjorke is a reporter for the Grand Forks Herald, which is owned by Forum Communications Co.
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Speaking at a Games, Learning, and Society Conference workshop entitled “Values at Play: Tools for Activist Game Design,” Dr. Mary Flanagan, an associate professor at Hunter College's Software Art and Culture department, argued that every game design decision and feature can potentially have and convey social, moral, and political content.
Flanagan directs Hunter College's Tiltfactor
game research lab and is the creator of The Adventures of Josie True
, the 'first internet adventure game for girls' - created in 1999. She also co-founded Rapunsel
, a research project to teach girls programming. Flanagan is devoted to developing games and software that create “rewarding, compelling, and socially-responsible interactions, with a focus on inventive game design for social change.”
She believes designers must intervene in the earliest stages of game design to consider how games can embody social activist principles. “The idea is to embed human values or human principles into design processes.”
Flanagan noted that “it's not just about narrative and representation.” She and her colleagues are trying to embed positive principles into gameplay and identify design solutions that “convey these principles, yet also satisfy competitive urges and are fun to play.”
Flanagan and her team believe that every design decision “can potentially have social, moral, and political implications, and that each design feature can potentially convey social, moral, and political content.”
Can games teach equity? Can games convey values such as creative expression, negotiation, and diversity? Flanagan believes they can and should, but the traditional iterative design model may not work for this.
She advocates instead a model that prioritizes values goals at the beginning of the design process and affirms the efficacy of those goals at each step along the way. “You would be amazed at how quickly these things can disappear if you don't keep a close eye on them."
Flanagan introduced workshop participants to “Grow-A-Game” cards, developed by Tiltfactor for the Values at Play
project. These cards function as a game design tool intended to facilitate analysis of the values present in video games. They can also be used to brainstorm modifications to existing games or for designing entirely new games.
Participants were divided into small groups, and each received four categories of cards:
- Actions: “Game mechanics or actions that a player performs within the game. Mechanics are geared towards socially conscious actions including trading, creating, and subverting.”
- Challenges: “Social issues and conflicts. These include: sexism, pollution, and addiction.”
- Games: “From classic board games to modern first-person shooters. These cards trigger dialogue about values by inspiring players to analyze and modify popular existing games. Sample games include Scrabble, Pac-Man
, and Quake
- Goals: “Goals cards have ideals that might set the context for a more just and sustainable society. Goals include: generosity, peace, and autonomy.”
Each group drew one Goals card (e.g. justice) and one Action card (e.g. healing) and were then asked to collaboratively design a game (in this example) about justice whose primary mechanic is healing. Groups brainstormed and discussed their ideas, then presented them in a debriefing session.
In a separate exercise, they also combined a Games card with a Challenges card and re-conceptualized an existing game to focus on a social issue. One group redesigned Monopoly to incorporate the goal of "empathy" by having players switch places, property, and money when they roll certain die combinations, ensuring that no player take undue advantage of another. The winning condition is keeping all players in the game for as long as possible.
The workshop concluded with a demo of Hush
, “a statement game built from two cards,” according to Flanagan. Through haunting sounds and images the game depicts ethnic cleansing in Rwanda as the player struggles to keep her crying baby from alerting the militia outside her door.
Hush, says Flanagan, illustrates how a powerful and evocative game experience can emerge from a design focus that combines innovative gameplay with social values.
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George Bernard Shaw
|George Bernard Shaw|
Shaw in 1936
26 July 1856|
|Died||2 November 1950
Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire, England
|Occupation||Playwright, critic, political activist|
|Alma mater||Wesley College, Dublin|
|Genres||Satire, black comedy|
|Literary movement||Ibsenism, naturalism|
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.
He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.
In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he survived. They settled in Ayot St Lawrence in a house now called Shaw's Corner. Shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder.
He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on the film Pygmalion (adaptation of his play of the same name), respectively. Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance translation of fellow playwright August Strindberg's works from Swedish to English.
- 1 Life
- 2 Career
- 3 Political, social, and religious views
- 4 Legacy
- 5 Works
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Early years and family
George Bernard Shaw was born in Synge Street, Dublin, on 26 July 1856 to George Carr Shaw (1814–85), an unsuccessful grain merchant and sometime civil servant, and Lucinda Elizabeth Shaw, née Gurly (1830–1913), a professional singer. He had two sisters, Lucinda Frances (1853–1920), a singer of musical comedy and light opera, and Elinor Agnes (1855–76), who died of tuberculosis in 1876.
Shaw briefly attended the Wesley College, Dublin, a grammar school operated by the Methodist Church in Ireland, before moving to a private school near Dalkey and then transferring to Dublin's Central Model School. He ended his formal education at the Dublin English Scientific and Commercial Day School. He harboured a lifelong animosity toward schools and teachers, saying, "Schools and schoolmasters, as we have them today, are not popular as places of education and teachers, but rather prisons and turnkeys in which children are kept to prevent them disturbing and chaperoning their parents." In the astringent prologue to Cashel Byron's Profession young Byron's educational experience is a fictionalized description of Shaw's own schooldays. Later, he painstakingly detailed the reasons for his aversion to formal education in his Treatise on Parents and Children. In brief, he considered the standardized curricula useless, deadening to the spirit and stifling to the intellect. He particularly deplored the use of corporal punishment, which was prevalent in his time.
When his mother left home and followed her voice teacher, George Vandeleur Lee, to London, Shaw was almost sixteen years old. His sisters accompanied their mother but Shaw remained in Dublin with his father, first as a reluctant pupil, then as a clerk in an estate office. He worked efficiently, albeit discontentedly, for several years. In 1876, Shaw joined his mother's London household. She, Vandeleur Lee, and his sister Lucy, provided him with a pound a week while he frequented public libraries and the British Museum reading room where he studied earnestly and began writing novels. He earned his allowance by ghostwriting Vandeleur Lee's music column, which appeared in the London Hornet. His novels were rejected, however, so his literary earnings remained negligible until 1885, when he became self-supporting as a critic of the arts.
Influenced by his reading, he became a dedicated socialist and a charter member of the Fabian Society, a middle-class organization established in 1884 to promote the gradual spread of socialism by peaceful means. In the course of his political activities, he met Charlotte Payne-Townshend, an Irish heiress and fellow Fabian; they married in 1898. The marriage was never consummated, at Charlotte's insistence, though he had a number of affairs with married women.
In 1906 the Shaws moved into a house, now called Shaw's Corner, in Ayot St. Lawrence, a small village in Hertfordshire, England; it was to be their home for the remainder of their lives, although they also maintained a residence at 29 Fitzroy Square in London.
Shaw's plays were first performed in the 1890s. By the end of the decade he was an established playwright. He wrote sixty-three plays and his output as novelist, critic, pamphleteer, essayist and private correspondent was prodigious. He is known to have written more than 250,000 letters. Along with Fabian Society members Sidney and Beatrice Webb and Graham Wallas, Shaw founded the London School of Economics and Political Science in 1895 with funding provided by private philanthropy, including a bequest of £20,000 from Henry Hunt Hutchinson to the Fabian Society. One of the libraries at the LSE is named in Shaw's honour; it contains collections of his papers and photographs. Shaw helped to found the left-wing magazine New Statesman in 1913 with the Webbs and other prominent members of the Fabian Society.
During his later years, Shaw enjoyed attending to the grounds at Shaw's Corner. At 91 he joined the Interplanetary Society for the last three years of his life. He died at the age of 94, of renal failure precipitated by injuries incurred by falling while pruning a tree. His ashes, mixed with those of his wife, Charlotte Payne-Townshend, were scattered along footpaths and around the statue of Saint Joan in their garden.
- See Works by George Bernard Shaw for listings of his novels and plays, with links to their electronic texts, if those exist.
Shaw became a critic of the arts when, sponsored by William Archer, he joined the reviewing staff of the Pall Mall Gazette in 1885. There he wrote under the pseudonym "Corno di Bassetto" ("basset horn")—chosen because it sounded European and nobody knew what a corno di bassetto was. In a miscellany of other periodicals, including Dramatic Review (1885–86), Our Corner (1885–86), and the Pall Mall Gazette (1885–88) his byline was "GBS". From 1895 to 1898, Shaw was the drama critic for his friend Frank Harris's Saturday Review, in which position he campaigned brilliantly to displace the artificialities and hypocrisies of the Victorian stage with a theatre of actuality and thought. His earnings as a critic made him self-supporting as an author and his articles for the Saturday Review made his name well-known.
George Bernard Shaw was highly critical of productions of Shakespeare, and specifically denounced the dramatic practice of editing Shakespeare's plays, whose scenes tended to be cut in order to create "acting versions". He singled out 19th-century actor Sir Henry Irving for this practice, in one of his reviews:
"In a true republic of art, Sir Henry Irving would ere this have expiated his acting versions on the scaffold. He does not merely cut plays; he disembowels them. In Cymbeline he has quite surpassed himself by extirpating the antiphonal third verse of the famous dirge. A man who would do that would do anything –cut the coda out of the first movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, or shorten one of Velázquez's Philips into a kitcat to make it fit over his drawing room mantelpiece."
Shavian scholar John F. Matthews credits him with the disappearance of the two-hundred-year-old tradition of editing Shakespeare into "acting versions".
He had a very high regard for both Irish stage actor Barry Sullivan's and Johnston Forbes-Robertson's Hamlets, but despised John Barrymore's. Barrymore invited him to see a performance of his celebrated Hamlet, and Shaw graciously accepted, but wrote Barrymore a withering letter in which he all but tore the performance to shreds. Even worse, Shaw had seen the play in the company of Barrymore's then wife, but did not dare voice his true feelings about the performance aloud to her.
Much of Shaw's music criticism, ranging from short comments to the book-length essay The Perfect Wagnerite, extols the work of the German composer Richard Wagner. Wagner worked 25 years composing Der Ring des Nibelungen, a massive four-part musical dramatization drawn from the Teutonic mythology of gods, giants, dwarves and Rhine maidens; Shaw considered it a work of genius and reviewed it in detail. Beyond the music, he saw it as an allegory of social evolution where workers, driven by "the invisible whip of hunger", seek freedom from their wealthy masters. Wagner did have socialistic sympathies, as Shaw carefully points out, but made no such claim about his opus. Conversely, Shaw disparaged Brahms, deriding A German Requiem by saying "it could only have come from the establishment of a first-class undertaker". Although he found Brahms lacking in intellect, he praised his musicality, saying "... nobody can listen to Brahms' natural utterance of the richest absolute music, especially in his chamber compositions, without rejoicing in his natural gift". In the 1920s, he recanted, calling his earlier animosity towards Brahms "my only mistake". Shaw's writings about music gained great popularity because they were understandable to the average well-read audience member of the day, thus contrasting starkly with the dourly pretentious pedantry of most critiques in that era. All of his music critiques have been collected in Shaw's Music. As a drama critic for the Saturday Review, a post he held from 1895 to 1898, Shaw championed Henrik Ibsen whose realistic plays scandalized the Victorian public. His influential Quintessence of Ibsenism was written in 1891.
Shaw wrote five unsuccessful novels at the start of his career between 1879 and 1883. Eventually all were published.
The first to be printed was Cashel Byron's Profession (1886), which was written in 1882. Its eponymous character, Cashel, a rebellious schoolboy with an unsympathetic mother, runs away to Australia where he becomes a famed prizefighter. He returns to England for a boxing match, and falls in love with erudite and wealthy Lydia Carew. Lydia, drawn by sheer animal magnetism, eventually consents to marry despite the disparity of their social positions. This breach of propriety is nullified by the unpresaged discovery that Cashel is of noble lineage and heir to a fortune comparable to Lydia's. With those barriers to happiness removed, the couple settles down to prosaic family life with Lydia dominant; Cashel attains a seat in Parliament. In this novel Shaw first expresses his conviction that productive land and all other natural resources should belong to everyone in common, rather than being owned and exploited privately. The book was written in the year when Shaw first heard the lectures of Henry George who advocated such reforms.
Written in 1883, An Unsocial Socialist was published in 1887. The tale begins with a hilarious description of student antics at a girl's school then changes focus to a seemingly uncouth laborer who, it soon develops, is really a wealthy gentleman in hiding from his overly affectionate wife. He needs the freedom gained by matrimonial truancy to promote the socialistic cause, to which he is an active convert. Once the subject of socialism emerges, it dominates the story, allowing only space enough in the final chapters to excoriate the idle upper class and allow the erstwhile schoolgirls, in their earliest maturity, to marry suitably.
Love Among the Artists was published in the United States in 1900 and in England in 1914, but it was written in 1881. In the ambiance of chit-chat and frivolity among members of Victorian polite society a youthful Shaw describes his views on the arts, romantic love and the practicalities of matrimony. Dilettantes, he thinks, can love and settle down to marriage, but artists with real genius are too consumed by their work to fit that pattern. The dominant figure in the novel is Owen Jack, a musical genius, somewhat mad and quite bereft of social graces. From an abysmal beginning he rises to great fame and is lionized by socialites despite his unremitting crudity.
The Irrational Knot was written in 1880 and published in 1905. Within a framework of leisure class preoccupations and frivolities Shaw, disdains hereditary status and proclaims the nobility of workers. Marriage, as the knot in question, is exemplified by the union of Marian Lind, a lady of the upper class, to Edward Conolly, always a workman but now a magnate, thanks to his invention of an electric motor that makes steam engines obsolete. The marriage soon deteriorates, primarily because Marian fails to rise above the preconceptions and limitations of her social class and is, therefore, unable to share her husband's interests. Eventually she runs away with a man who is her social peer, but he proves himself a scoundrel and abandons her in desperate circumstances. Her husband rescues her and offers to take her back, but she pridefully refuses, convinced she is unworthy and certain that she faces life as a pariah to her family and friends. The preface, written when Shaw was 49, expresses gratitude to his parents for their support during the lean years while he learned to write and includes details of his early life in London.
Shaw's first novel, Immaturity, was written in 1879 but was the last one to be printed in 1931. It relates tepid romances, minor misfortunes and subdued successes in the developing career of Robert Smith, an energetic young Londoner and outspoken agnostic. Condemnation of alcoholic behaviour is the prime message in the book, and derives from Shaw's familial memories. This is made clear in the books's preface, which was written by the mature Shaw at the time of its belated publication. The preface is a valuable resource because it provides autobiographical details not otherwise available.
A collection of Shaw's short stories, The Black Girl in Search of God and Some Lesser Tales, was published in 1934. The Black Girl, an enthusiastic convert to Christianity, goes searching for God. In the story, written as an allegory, somewhat reminiscent of Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Shaw uses her adventures to expose flaws and fallacies in the religions of the world. At the story's happy ending, the Black Girl quits her searchings in favour of rearing a family with the aid of a red-haired Irishman who has no metaphysical inclination.
One of the Lesser Tales is The Miraculous Revenge (1885), which relates the misadventures of an alcoholic investigator while he probes the mystery of a graveyard—full of saintly corpses—that migrates across a stream to escape association with the body of a newly buried sinner.
Shaw began working on his first play destined for production, Widowers' Houses, in 1885 in collaboration with critic William Archer, who supplied the structure. Archer decided that Shaw could not write a play, so the project was abandoned. Years later, Shaw tried again and, in 1892, completed the play without collaboration. Widowers' Houses, a scathing attack on slumlords, was first performed at London's Royalty Theatre on 9 December 1892. Shaw would later call it one of his worst works, but he had found his medium. His first significant financial success as a playwright came from Richard Mansfield's American production of The Devil's Disciple (1897). He went on to write 63 plays, most of them full-length.
Often his plays succeeded in the United States and Germany before they did in London. Although major London productions of many of his earlier pieces were delayed for years, they are still being performed there. Examples include Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893), Arms and the Man (1894), Candida (1894) and You Never Can Tell (1897).
Shaw's plays, like those of Oscar Wilde, contained incisive humour, which was exceptional among playwrights of the Victorian era; both authors are remembered for their comedy. However, Shaw's wittiness should not obscure his important role in revolutionizing British drama. In the Victorian Era, the London stage had been regarded as a place for frothy, sentimental entertainment. Shaw made it a forum for considering moral, political and economic issues, possibly his most lasting and important contribution to dramatic art. In this, he considered himself indebted to Henrik Ibsen, who pioneered modern realistic drama, meaning drama designed to heighten awareness of some important social issue. Significantly, Widowers' Houses — an example of the realistic genre — was completed after William Archer, Shaw's friend, had translated some of Ibsen's plays to English and Shaw had written The Quintessence of Ibsenism.
As Shaw's experience and popularity increased, his plays and prefaces became more voluble about reforms he advocated, without diminishing their success as entertainments. Such works, including Caesar and Cleopatra (1898), Man and Superman (1903), Major Barbara (1905) and The Doctor's Dilemma (1906), display Shaw's matured views, for he was approaching 50 when he wrote them. From 1904 to 1907, several of his plays had their London premieres in productions at the Royal Court Theatre, managed by Harley Granville-Barker and J. E. Vedrenne. The first of his new plays to be performed at the Court Theatre, John Bull's Other Island (1904), while not especially popular today, made his reputation in London when King Edward VII laughed so hard during a command performance that he broke his chair.
By the 1910s, Shaw was a well-established playwright. New works such as Fanny's First Play (1911) and Pygmalion (1912), had long runs in front of large London audiences. Shaw had permitted a musical adaptation of Arms and the Man (1894) called The Chocolate Soldier (1908), but he had a low opinion of German operetta. He insisted that none of his dialogue be used, and that all the character names be changed, although the operetta actually follows Shaw's plot quite closely, in particular preserving its anti-war message. The work proved very popular and would have made Shaw rich had he not waived his royalties, but he detested it and for the rest of his life forbade musicalization of his work, including a proposed Franz Lehár operetta based on Pygmalion. Several of his plays formed the basis of musicals after his death—most famously the musical My Fair Lady—it is officially adapted from the screenplay of the film version of Pygmalion rather than the original stage play (keeping the film's ending), and librettist Alan Jay Lerner kept generous chunks of Shaw's dialogue, and the characters' names, unchanged.
Shaw's outlook was changed by World War I, which he uncompromisingly opposed despite incurring outrage from the public as well as from many friends. His first full-length piece, presented after the War, written mostly during it, was Heartbreak House (1919). A new Shaw had emerged—the wit remained, but his faith in humanity had dwindled. In the preface to Heartbreak House he said:
It is said that every people has the Government it deserves. It is more to the point that every Government has the electorate it deserves; for the orators of the front bench can edify or debauch an ignorant electorate at will. Thus our democracy moves in a vicious circle of reciprocal worthiness and unworthiness.
Shaw had previously supported gradual democratic change toward socialism, but now he saw more hope in government by benign strong men. This sometimes made him oblivious to the dangers of dictatorships. Near his life's end that hope failed him too. In the first act of Buoyant Billions (1946–48), his last full-length play, his protagonist asks:
Why appeal to the mob when ninetyfive per cent of them do not understand politics, and can do nothing but mischief without leaders? And what sort of leaders do they vote for? For Titus Oates and Lord George Gordon with their Popish plots, for Hitlers who call on them to exterminate Jews, for Mussolinis who rally them to nationalist dreams of glory and empire in which all foreigners are enemies to be subjugated.
In 1921, Shaw completed Back to Methuselah, his "Metabiological Pentateuch". The massive, five-play work starts in the Garden of Eden and ends thousands of years in the future; it showcases Shaw's postulate that a "Life Force" directs evolution toward ultimate perfection by trial and error. Shaw proclaimed the play a masterpiece, but many critics disagreed. The theme of a benign force directing evolution reappears in Geneva (1938), wherein Shaw maintains humans must develop longer lifespans in order to acquire the wisdom needed for self-government.
Methuselah was followed by Saint Joan (1923), which is generally considered to be one of his better works. Shaw had long considered writing about Joan of Arc, and her canonization in 1920 supplied a strong incentive. The play was an international success, and is believed to have led to his Nobel Prize in Literature. The citation praised his work as "... marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty". At this time Prime Minister David Lloyd George was considering recommending to the King Shaw's admission to the Order of Merit, but the place was instead given to J. M. Barrie. Shaw rejected a knighthood. It was not until 1946 that the government of the day arranged for an informal offer of the Order of Merit to be made: Shaw declined, replying that "merit" in authorship could only be determined by the posthumous verdict of history.
He wrote plays for the rest of his life, but very few of them were as successful — or were as often revived — as his earlier work. The Apple Cart (1929) was probably his most popular work of this era. Later full-length plays like Too True to Be Good (1931), On the Rocks (1933), The Millionairess (1935), and Geneva (1938) have been seen as marking a decline. His last significant play, In Good King Charles Golden Days has, according to St. John Ervine, passages that are equal to Shaw's major works.
Shaw's published plays come with lengthy prefaces. These tend to be more about Shaw's opinions on the issues addressed by the plays than about the plays themselves. Often his prefaces are longer than the plays they introduce. For example, the Penguin Books edition of his one-act The Shewing-up Of Blanco Posnet (1909) has a 67-page preface for the 29-page playscript.
The texts of plays by Shaw mentioned in this section, with the dates when they were written and first performed, can be found in Complete Plays and Prefaces.
I, as a Socialist, have had to preach, as much as anyone, the enormous power of the environment. We can change it; we must change it; there is absolutely no other sense in life than the task of changing it. What is the use of writing plays, what is the use of writing anything, if there is not a will which finally moulds chaos itself into a race of gods.
Thus he viewed writing as a way to further his humanitarian and political agenda. His works were very popular because of their comedic content, but the public tended to disregard his messages and enjoy his work as pure entertainment. He was acutely aware of that. His preface to Heartbreak House (1919) attributes its rejection to the need of post-World War I audiences for frivolities, after four long years of grim privation, more than to their inborn distaste of instruction. His crusading nature led him to adopt and tenaciously hold a variety of causes, which he furthered with fierce intensity, heedless of opposition and ridicule. For example, Common Sense about the War (1914) lays out Shaw's strong objections at the onset of World War I. His stance ran counter to public sentiment and cost him dearly at the box-office, but he never compromised.
Shaw joined in the public opposition to vaccination against smallpox, calling it "a peculiarly filthy piece of witchcraft", despite having nearly died from the disease in 1881. In the preface to Doctor's Dilemma he made it plain he regarded conventional medical treatment as dangerous quackery that should be replaced with sound public sanitation, good personal hygiene and diets devoid of meat. Shaw became a vegetarian when he was twenty-five, after hearing a lecture by H.F. Lester. In 1901, remembering the experience, he said "I was a cannibal for twenty-five years. For the rest I have been a vegetarian." As a staunch vegetarian, he was a firm anti-vivisectionist and antagonistic to cruel sports for the remainder of his life. The belief in the immorality of eating animals was one of the Fabian causes near his heart and is frequently a topic in his plays and prefaces. His position, succinctly stated, was "A man of my spiritual intensity does not eat corpses."
As well as plays and prefaces, Shaw wrote long political treatises, such as Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889), and The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (1912), a 495-page book detailing all aspects of socialistic theory as Shaw interpreted it. Excerpts of the latter were republished in 1928 as Socialism and Liberty, Late in his life he wrote another guide to political issues, Everybody's Political What's What (1944).
Correspondence and friends
Shaw corresponded with an array of people, many of them well known. His letters to and from Mrs. Patrick Campbell were adapted for the stage by Jerome Kilty as Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters, as was his correspondence with the poet Lord Alfred 'Bosie' Douglas (the intimate friend of Oscar Wilde), into the drama Bernard and Bosie: A Most Unlikely Friendship by Anthony Wynn. His letters to the prominent actress, Ellen Terry, to the boxer Gene Tunney, and to H.G. Wells, have also been published. Eventually the volume of his correspondence became insupportable, as can be inferred from apologetic letters written by assistants. Shaw campaigned against the executions of the rebel leaders of the Easter Rising, and he became a personal friend of the Cork-born IRA leader Michael Collins, whom he invited to his home for dinner while Collins was negotiating the Anglo-Irish Treaty with Lloyd George in London. After Collins's assassination in 1922, Shaw sent a personal message of condolence to one of Collins's sisters. He much admired (and was admired by) G. K. Chesterton. When Chesterton died, Shaw mourned his death in a poignant letter to Chesterton's widow; he had always expected that he would predecease Chesterton, being the latter's senior by almost two decades.
Shaw also enjoyed a (somewhat stormy) friendship with T.E. Lawrence, the British Army officer renowned for his liaison role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, as well as the Arab Revolt, which Lawrence memorialized in his book The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Lawrence even used the name "Shaw" as his nom de guerre when he joined the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman in the 1920s.
Another friend was the composer Edward Elgar, whose work Shaw revered. Though Elgar was a Conservative, they had interests, besides music, in common. For instance, both opposed vivisection. Elgar dedicated one of his late works, The Severn Suite, to Shaw; and Shaw exerted himself (eventually with success) to persuade the BBC to commission from Elgar a third symphony, though this piece remained incomplete at Elgar's death. Shaw's correspondence with the motion picture producer Gabriel Pascal, who was the first to bring Shaw's plays successfully to the screen and who later tried to put into motion a musical adaptation of Pygmalion, but died before he could realize it, is published in a book titled Bernard Shaw and Gabriel Pascal., A stage play by Hugh Whitemore, The Best of Friends, provides a window on the friendships of Dame Laurentia McLachlan, OSB (late Abbess of Stanbrook) with Sir Sydney Cockerell and Shaw through adaptations from their letters and writings. A television adaptation of the play, aired on PBS, starred John Gielgud as Cockerell, Wendy Hiller as Laurentia, and Patrick McGoohan as Shaw. It is available on DVD.
Perhaps Shaw's most personally revealing and definitely most voluminous letter correspondence, though, was with his fellow playwright and intimate childhood friend, Mathew Edward McNulty. The very, very small extant fragment of this correspondence is housed in the Rare Book Collection at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Shaw bought his first camera in 1898 and was an active amateur photographer until his death in 1950. Before 1898 Shaw had been an early supporter of photography as a serious art form. His non-fiction writing includes many reviews of photographic exhibitions such as those by his friend Alvin Langdon Coburn.
The photographs document a prolific literary and political life – Shaw's friends, travels, politics, plays, films and home life. It also records his experiments with photography over 50 years and for the photographic historian provides a record of the development of the photographic and printing techniques available to the amateur photographer between 1898 and 1950.
The collection is currently the subject of a major project, Man & Cameraman which will allow online access to thousands of photos taken by Shaw.
Shaw asserted that each social class strove to serve its own ends, and that the upper and middle classes won in the struggle while the working class lost. He condemned the democratic system of his time, saying that workers, ruthlessly exploited by greedy employers, lived in abject poverty and were too ignorant and apathetic to vote intelligently. He believed this deficiency would ultimately be corrected by the emergence of long-lived supermen with experience and intelligence enough to govern properly. He called the developmental process elective breeding but it is sometimes referred to as shavian eugenics, largely because he thought it was driven by a "Life Force" that led women — subconsciously — to select the mates most likely to give them superior children. The outcome Shaw envisioned is dramatised in Back to Methuselah, a monumental play depicting human development from its beginning in the Garden of Eden until the distant future.
In 1882, influenced by Henry George's view that the rent value of land belongs to all, Shaw concluded that private ownership of land and its exploitation for personal profit was a form of theft, and advocated equitable distribution of land and natural resources and their control by governments intent on promoting the commonwealth. Shaw believed that income for individuals should come solely from the sale of their own labour and that poverty could be eliminated by giving equal pay to everyone. These concepts led Shaw to apply for membership of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF), led by H. M. Hyndman who introduced him to the works of Karl Marx. Shaw never joined the SDF, which favoured forcible reforms. Instead, in 1884, he joined the newly formed Fabian Society, which accorded with his belief that reform should be gradual and induced by peaceful means rather than by outright revolution. Shaw was an active Fabian. He wrote many of their pamphlets, lectured tirelessly on behalf of their causes and provided money to set up The New Age, an independent socialist journal. As a Fabian, he participated in the formation of the Labour Party. The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism provides a clear statement of his socialistic views. As evinced in plays like Major Barbara and Pygmalion, class struggle is a motif in much of Shaw's writing.
Shaw opposed the execution of Sir Roger Casement in 1916. He wrote a letter "as an Irishman" to The Times, which they rejected, but it was subsequently printed by both the Manchester Guardian on 22 July 1916, and by the New York American on 13 August 1916.
After visiting the USSR in 1931 and meeting Joseph Stalin, Shaw became a supporter of the Stalinist USSR. On 11 October 1931 he broadcast a lecture on American national radio telling his audience that any 'skilled workman ... of suitable age and good character' would be welcomed and given work in the Soviet Union. Tim Tzouliadis asserts that several hundred Americans responded to his suggestion and left for the USSR.
Shaw continued this support for Stalin's system in the preface to his play On the Rocks (1933) writing:
But the most elaborate code of this sort would still have left unspecified a hundred ways in which wreckers of Communism could have sidetracked it without ever having to face the essential questions: are you pulling your weight in the social boat? are you giving more trouble than you are worth? have you earned the privilege of living in a civilized community? That is why the Russians were forced to set up an Inquisition or Star Chamber, called at first the Cheka and now the Gay Pay Oo (Ogpu), to go into these questions and "liquidate" persons who could not answer them satisfactorily.
Yet, Shaw defends "the sacredness of criticism":
Put shortly and undramatically the case is that a civilization cannot progress without criticism, and must therefore, to save itself from stagnation and putrefaction, declare impunity for criticism. This means impunity not only for propositions which, however novel, seem interesting, statesmanlike, and respectable, but for propositions that shock the uncritical as obscene, seditious, blasphemous, heretical, and revolutionary.
In an open letter to the Manchester Guardian in 1933, he dismissed stories—which were later determined to be largely substantiated—of a Soviet famine as slanderous, and contrasts them with the hardships then current in the West during the Great Depression:
We desire to record that we saw nowhere evidence of such economic slavery, privation, unemployment and cynical despair of betterment as are accepted as inevitable and ignored by the press as having "no news value" in our own countries."
In the preface to On The Rocks he wrote:
It sounds simple; but the process requires better planning than is always forthcoming (with local famines and revolts as the penalty); for while the grass grows the steed starves; and when education means not only schools and teachers, but giant collective farms equipped with the most advanced agricultural machinery, which means also gigantic engineering works for the production of the machinery, you may easily find that you have spent too much on these forms of capitalization and are running short of immediately consumable goods, presenting the spectacle of the nation with the highest level of general culture running short of boots and tightening its belt for lack of sufficient food.
I must not suggest that this has occurred all over Russia; for I saw no underfed people there; and the children were remarkably plump. And I cannot trust the reports; for I have no sooner read in The Times a letter from Mr Kerensky assuring me that in the Ukraine the starving people are eating one another, than M. Herriot, the eminent French statesman, goes to Russia and insists on visiting the Ukraine so that he may have ocular proof of the alleged cannibalism, but can find no trace of it. Still, between satiety and starvation mitigated by cannibalism there are many degrees of shortage; and it is no secret that the struggle of the Russian Government to provide more collective farms and more giant factories to provide agricultural machinery for them has to be carried on against a constant clamor from the workers for new boots and clothes, and more varied food and more of it: in short, less sacrifice of the present to the future.
He wrote a defence of Lysenkoism in a letter to Labour Monthly, in which he asserted that an "acquired characteristic" could be heritable, writing of Lysenko: "Following up Michurin's agricultural experiments he found that it is possible to extend the area of soil cultivation by breeding strains of wheat that flourish in a sub-Arctic climate, and transmit this acquired characteristic to its seed." He added:
Lysenko is on the right side as a Vitalist; but the situation is confused by the purely verbal snag that Marx called his philosophy Dialectical Materialism. Now in Russia Marx is a Pontif; and all scientists who do not call themselves Materialists must be persecuted. Accordingly, Lysenko has to pretend that he is a Materialist when he is in fact a Vitalist; and thus muddles us ludicrously. Marxism seems to have gone as mad as Weismannism; and it is no longer surprising that Marx had to insist that he was not a Marxist.
Despite Shaw's scepticism about the creation of the Irish Free State, he was supportive of Éamon de Valera's stance on the Second World War, including his policy of refusing to fall in line with the Allies' demand for neutral countries to deny asylum to Axis war criminals during the war. According to Shaw "The voice of the Irish gentleman and Spanish grandee was a welcome relief from the chorus of retaliatory rancor and self-righteousness then deafening us".
Shaw's play Man and Superman (1903) has been said to be "invested with eugenic doctrines" and "an ironic reworking" of Nietzsche's concept of Übermensch. The main character in the play, John Tanner, is the author of "The Revolutionist's Handbook and Pocket Companion", which Shaw published along with his play. The Revolutionist's Handbook includes chapters on "Good Breeding" and "Property and Marriage". In the "Property and Marriage" section Tanner writes:
To cut humanity up into small cliques, and effectively limit the selection of the individual to his own clique, is to postpone the Superman for eons, if not for ever. Not only should every person be nourished and trained as a possible parent, but there should be no possibility of such an obstacle to natural selection as the objection of a countess to a navvy or of a duke to a charwoman. Equality is essential to good breeding; and equality, as all economists know, is incompatible with property.
In this Shaw was managing to synthesize eugenics with socialism, his best-loved political doctrine. This was a popular concept at the time.
When, in 1910, Shaw wrote that natural attraction rather than wealth or social class should govern selection of marriage partners, the concept of eugenics did not have the negative connotations it later acquired after having been adopted by the Nazis of Germany. Shaw sometimes treated the topic in a light-hearted way, pointing out that if eugenics had been thought about some generations previously, he himself may not have been born, so depriving humanity of his great contributions. He seems to have maintained his opinion throughout his life.
As with many of the topics that Shaw addressed, but particularly so in his examination of the "social purity" movement, he used irony, misdirection and satire to make his point. At a meeting of the Eugenics Education Society of 3 March 1910 he suggested the need to use a "lethal chamber" to solve their problem. Shaw said: "We should find ourselves committed to killing a great many people whom we now leave living, and to leave living a great many people whom we at present kill. We should have to get rid of all ideas about capital punishment ..." Shaw also called for the development of a "deadly" but "humane" gas for the purpose of killing, many at a time, those unfit to live.
In a newsreel interview released on 5 March 1931, dealing with alternatives to the imprisonment of criminals, Shaw says
You must all know half a dozen people at least who are no use in this world, who are more trouble than they are worth. Just put them there and say Sir, or Madam, now will you be kind enough to justify your existence? If you can't justify your existence, if you're not pulling your weight in the social boat, if you're not producing as much as you consume or perhaps a little more, then, clearly, we cannot use the organizations of our society for the purpose of keeping you alive, because your life does not benefit us and it can't be of very much use to yourself.
Shaw, however, often used satiric irony in order to mock those who took eugenics to inhumane extremes and commentators have sometimes failed to take this into account. Some noticed that this was an example of Shaw satirically employing the reductio ad absurdum argument against the eugenicists' wilder aspirations: The Globe and The Evening News recognised it as a skit on the dreams of the eugenicists, though many others in the press took his words out of their satirical context. Dan Stone of Liverpool University writes: "Either the press believed Shaw to be serious, and vilified him, or recognised the tongue-in-cheek nature of his lecture".
In his will, Shaw stated that his "religious convictions and scientific views cannot at present be more specifically defined than as those of a believer in Creative Evolution." He requested that no one should imply that he accepted the beliefs of any specific religious organization, and that no memorial to him should "take the form of a cross or any other instrument of torture or symbol of blood sacrifice."
From: Gary Sloan, "The religion of George Bernard Shaw: when is an Atheist?", published in American Atheist Magazine, Autumn 2004:
...Until he was thirty or so, Shaw called himself an Atheist. He became one, he later quipped, before he could think. He adjudged the doctrines of the Church of Ireland, which he attended as a child, unintelligible or absurd. Since the first of its Thirty-nine Articles describes god as "without body, parts, or passions," he waggishly theorized that the church was atheistic. An incomprehensible god, he opined, was tantamount to no god. In 1875, he blazoned his Atheism abroad. In a letter to Public Opinion, a Dublin newspaper, he "announced with inflexible materialistic logic, and to the extreme horror of my respectable connections, that I was an atheist." In Immaturity, the first of five novels he wrote in his twenties, the young protagonist, obviously Shaw's alter ego, walks pensively in the cloisters of Westminster Abbey: "His hushed step, impressive bearing, and reflective calm, marked him as a confirmed freethinker."
In "The New Theology," he prepped his audience: "When you are asked, 'Where is God? Who is God?' stand up and say, 'I am God and here is God, not as yet completed, but still advancing towards completion, just in so much as I am working for the purpose of the universe, working for the good of the whole society and the whole world, instead of merely looking after my personal ends."' God "would provide himself with a perfectly fashioned and trustworthy instrument. And such an instrument would be nothing less than God himself."''
[Sloan concludes his lengthy essay about the religion of George Bernard Shaw (only excerpts from which appear here) by opining:]
So if, as theologians and philosophers have traditionally maintained, existence is a necessary attribute of God, Shaw qualifies as an Atheist, albeit an involuntary one.
In his old age, Shaw was a household name in English-speaking countries, and was famed throughout the world. His ironic wit endowed English with the adjective "Shavian", used to characterize observations such as: "My way of joking is to tell the truth. It's the funniest joke in the world." Concerned about the vagaries of English spelling, Shaw willed a portion of his wealth (probated at £367,233 13s) to fund the creation of a new phonemic alphabet for the English language. However, the money available was insufficient to support the project, so it was neglected for a time. This changed when his estate began earning significant royalties from the rights to Pygmalion after My Fair Lady—the musical adapted from Pygmalion by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe—became a hit. However, the Public Trustee found the intended trust to be invalid because its intent was to serve a private interest instead of a charitable purpose, and as a non-charitable purpose trust, it could not be enforced because it failed to satisfy the beneficiary principle. In the end an out-of-court settlement granted only £8600 for promoting the new alphabet, which is now called the Shavian alphabet. The National Gallery of Ireland, RADA and the British Museum all received substantial bequests.
Shaw's home, now called Shaw's Corner, in the small village of Ayot St Lawrence, Hertfordshire is a National Trust property, open to the public. The Shaw Theatre, Euston Road, London, opened in 1971, was named in his honour. Near its entrance, opposite the new British Library, a contemporary statue of Saint Joan commemorates Shaw as author of that play.
The Shaw Festival, an annual theater festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada began as an eight-week run of Don Juan in Hell (as the long third act dream sequence of Man And Superman is called when staged alone) and Candida in 1962, and has grown into an annual festival with over 800 performances a year, dedicated to producing the works of Shaw and his contemporaries. The portrait of George Bernard Shaw located at Niagara-on-the-Lake was commissioned by hotelier Si Wai Lai and sculpted by Dr. Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook, CM (1913–2009).
He is also remembered as one of the pivotal founders of the London School of Economics, whose library is now called the British Library of Political and Economic Science. The Fabian Window, designed by Shaw, hangs in the Shaw Library in the main building of the LSE.
- Cashel Byron's Profession
- An Unsocial Socialist
- The Irrational Knot
- Love Among the Artists
- The Black Girl in Search of God (1932)
- The Miraculous Revenge
- Quintessence of Ibsenism (1891)
- The Impossibilities of Anarchism (1895)
- The Perfect Wagnerite, Commentary on the Ring (1898)
- Maxims for Revolutionists (1903)
- Preface to Major Barbara (1905)
- On Going to Church (1905)
- How to Write a Popular Play (1909)
- Treatise on Parents and Children (1910)
- Common Sense about the War (1914)
- The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (1928)
- Major Critical Essays (1930). Quintessence of Ibsenism (1891), The Perfect Wagnerite (1898) and The Sanity of Art in one volume.
- Essays in Fabian Socialism (1931). Revised and reprinted in the Standard Edition, 1932.
- Pen Portraits and Reviews (1931). Revised and reprinted in the Standard Edition, 1932.
- Doctors' Delusions, Crude Criminology, Sham Education (1931). Revised and reprinted in the Standard Edition, 1932.
- Short Stories, Scraps and Shavings (1932). Revised and reprinted in the Standard Edition, 1934.
- Our Theatres in the Nineties (1932). Collected drama criticism.
- Dictators – Let Us Have More of Them (1938)
- Everybody's Political What's What? (1944)
- Sixteen Self Sketches (1949)
- The Selected Prose of Bernard Shaw (1952). Selected and with Introduction by Diarmuid Russell. One thousand pages of essays, criticism, extracts from novels, etc. Contains The Perfect Wagnerite and The Quintessence of Ibsenism complete, including prefaces. Also contains Shaw's biographical prefaces to Immaturity and London Music in 1888–1889. Thematically organised and finely introduced. Excellent introduction to the scope of Shaw's prose.
- Shaw on Shakespeare: An Anthology of Bernard Shaw's Writings (1961)
- Shaw: An Autobiography (1970). Selected and edited by Stanley Weintraub. 2 vols.
- What Shaw Really Wrote about the War (2006). Edited by J. L. Wisenthal and Daniel O'Leary.
- Music in London 1890–94. Criticism Contributed Week by Week to the World. 3 vols, 1932.
- London Music in 1888–89 as Heard by Corno di Bassetto (later known as Bernard Shaw) with Some Further Autobiographical Particulars, 1937. Contains important, some 30 pages long, preface by Shaw.
- Collected Music Criticism. New York: Vienna House, 1973. 4 vols. Reprints the two titles above.
- How to Become a Musical Critic. Rupert Hart-Davis, 1960. Edited and with Introduction by Dan H. Laurence. Previously uncollected pieces on music written between 1883 and 1950.
- Shaw's Music: The Complete Musical Criticism Of Bernard Shaw. The Bodley Head, Paperback, 1989. 3 vols. Second Revised Edition. Edited by Dan H. Laurence. Definitive edition.
- Vol. 1: 1876–1890. Editor's Introduction and Notes, including one to the Second Edition.
- Vol. 2: 1890–1893.
- Vol. 3: 1893–1950. General Index to all volumes.
- Note. First published in hardback in 1981. The Second Revised Edition was published only in paperback and it differs from the earlier one by only four short pieces [Dan H. Laurence, 'Editor's Note to the Second Edition'].
- Shaw on Music. Applause, 2000. Edited by Eric Bentley. Fine, thematically organised selection, mostly from Shaw's professional criticism (1889–1894).
- The Perfect Wagnerite (1898). Dover edition, 1967. Reprint of the Fourth Edition (1923). Contains the prefaces to the first three editions.
- Shaw v. Chesterton, a debate between George Bernard Shaw and G. K. Chesterton (2000) Third Way Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-9535077-7-7. E-text
- Do We Agree, a debate between G. B. Shaw and G. K. Chesterton with Hilaire Belloc as chairman (1928)
- Al Gore also won a Nobel Prize (but not for Literature), and starred in an Academy Award-winning documentary, but the latter was not awarded to him personally.
- Gibbs, A. M. (2005). Bernard Shaw: A Life. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 375–376. ISBN 0-8130-2859-0.
- Chesterton, G. K. (1909). "The Progressive". George Bernard Shaw. New York: J Lane & Co. OCLC 1931298.
- George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950), Anglo-Irish playwright, critic. Letter, 7 August 1919, to Thomas Demetrius O'Bolger. Sixteen Self Sketches: Biographers' Blunders Corrected, pp. 89–90. Constable and Co., London (1949)
- Shaw, Bernard (1914). Misalliance, the Dark Lady of the Sonnets, and Fanny's First Play. With a Treatise on Parents and Children. London: Constable and Co. p. 210.
- Holroyd, Michael (1988). Bernard Shaw. Vol. I. New York: Random House. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0-394-52577-9.
- Mazer, Cary M. "Bernard Shaw: a Brief Biography". University of Pennsylvania's English Department. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- Morrow, Laurie. "The Playwright in Spite of Himself". The World & I. Retrieved 3 July 2007.
- Minney, R. J. (1969). The Bogus Image of Bernard Shaw. London: Leslie Frewin. p. 18.
- Pease, Edward R.; Paavo Cajander (trans.) (2004). The History of the Fabian Society. Project Gutenberg. ISBN 1-84702-433-5. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
- Stanley Weintraub. "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- Laurence, Dan H. (1965). Bernard Shaw: Collected Letters, 1874–1897. London & Beccles: William Clowes & Sons, Ltd. Introduction xi.
- "Bernard Shaw papers at LSE Archives". London School of Economics Library. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- "From the archive: 9 April 1913: Launching the New Statesman" republished in The Guardian, Wednesday 9 April 2008.
- Arthur Clarke, The challenge of the Spaceship (Pocket Book edition, New York 1980, p. 13–14, note).
- Obituary Variety, 8 November 1950, page 71.
- Holroyd, Michael (1991). Bernard Shaw. The Lure of Fantasy: 1918–1951. Random House, New York. pp. 509–511. ISBN 0-394-57554-7.
- Holyroyd, p. 515.
- Tyson, Brian (1982). The Story of Shaw's Saint Joan. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-7735-8513-3.
- Pharand, Michael (2004). "Chronology of (Shaw's) Works". International Shaw Society. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
- "George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950)". Unity Theatre. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1949). Sixteen Self Sketches: Nine Years of Failure as a Novelist Ending in Success as Critic. London: Constable and Company, Ltd. pp. 39–41.
- Cox, Gareth. "Shaw and the Don". Limerick Philosophical Society. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- Matthew, John F. (1969). George Bernard Shaw. USA: Columbia University Press. pp. 16–17.
- Google Books
- Shaw, George Bernard (1909). The Perfect Wagnerite. New York: Brentano's. Brahms p. 143. ISBN 0-14-043261-2.
- Thuleen, Nancy. "Ein deutsches Requiem: Misconceptions of the Mass". Nancy Thuleen's Official Website. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- Holroyd, Michael (1988). Bernard Shaw, Volume I (1856–1898). New York: Random House. pp. 230–246. ISBN 0-394-52577-9.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1981). Laurence, Dan H., ed. Shaw's Music. London: Bodley Head Ltd. ISBN 0-370-30249-4.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1891). The Quintessence of Ibsenism. New York: Brentano's. ISBN 0-14-043261-2.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1886). Cashel Byron's Profession. London: The Modern Press.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1887). An Unsocial Socialist. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowry & Co.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1900–1914). Love Among the Artists. Chicago & London: Herbert Stone & Co.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1905). The Irrational Knot, Being the Second Novel of His Nonage (revised). New York: Brentano's.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1931). Immaturity. London: Constable.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1934). The Black Girl in Search of God and Some Lesser Tales. London: Constable.
- Holroyd, Michael (1991). Bernard Shaw Vol. III The Lure of Fantasy. New York: Random House, Inc. pp. 190–194. ISBN 0-394-57554-7.
- Minney, R. J. (1969). The Bogus Image of Bernard Shaw. London: Leslie Frewin Publishers, Ltd. pp. 66–7. ISBN 0-09-096280-X.
- Holroyd, Michael (1997). Bernard Shaw. The One-Volume Definitive Edition. New York: Random House, Inc. p. 311. ISBN 0-09-096280-X.
- Shaw, George Bernard; The Public Trustee (Executor of Shaw's Estate) (1962). Bernard Shaw: Complete Works with Prefaces, Volume I. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 452.
- Shaw, George Bernard; The Public Trustee (Executor of Shaw's Estate) (1962). Bernard Shaw: Complete Works with Prefaces, Volume I, Act I. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 757.
- Martin, Stanley (2007). "George Bernard Shaw". The Order of Merit: one hundred years of matchless honour. London: Taurus. p. 484. ISBN 978-1-86064-848-9.
- Ervine, St. John (1949). Bernard Shaw: His Life, Work and Friends. London: Constable and Company Limited. p. 383.
- Shaw, Bernard (1963). Complete Plays and Prefaces, Volumes I–VI. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
- Shaw, Bernard (1972). Dan H. Laurence, ed. Collected Letters, 1898–1910. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. pp. 827–8.
- "George Bernard Shaw". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- Shaw, George Bernard (29 November 1914). "Common Sense About the War" (PDF). The New York Times.
- Holroyd, Michael (1989). Bernard Shaw Vol. II The Pursuit of Power. New York: Random House, Inc. p. 354. ISBN 0-394-57553-9.
- Shaw, Bernard (1965). Collected Letters: 1874–1897. p. 448.
- Henderson, Archibald (1956). George Bernard Shaw: Man of the Century. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc. ISBN 0-306-71491-4.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1949). Who I am, and What I think: Sixteen Self Sketches. Constable.
- Pearson, Hesketh (1963). Bernard Shaw: His Life and Personality. Atheneum Press. ISBN 0-689-70149-7.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1889). Fabian Essays in Socialism. New York: The Humboldt Publishing Co. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1928). Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Communism. New York: Bretano's Publishers.
- "Socialism and Liberty". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
- Kilty, Jerome (1960). Dear liar; a comedy of letters adapted by Jerome Kilty from the correspondence of Bernard Shaw and Mrs. Patrick Campbell. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 95.
- St. John, Cristopher (1931). Ellen Terry and Bernard Shaw: A Correspondence. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons: Knickerbocker Press. p. 334.
- Green, Benny (1978). Shaw's champions : G. B. S. & prizefighting from Cashel Byron to Gene Tunney. London: Elm Tree Books. p. 210. ISBN 0-241-89735-1.
- Smith, J. Percy, ed. (1995). Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 242. ISBN 0-8020-3001-7.
- "Mr. Shaw regrets". Boston College Magazine. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- The e-text of their famed debate, Shaw V. Chesterton is available, as is a book, Shaw V. Chesterton, a debate between the two men.
- Dukore, Bernard F., ed. (September 1996). Bernard Shaw and Gabriel Pascal: Selected Correspondence of Bernard Shaw, Vol. 3. University of Toronto Press. p. 224. ISBN 0-8020-3002-5.
- Shaw Interviews and Recollections, A.M. Gibbs, ed., University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, © 1990, p. 17 and Michael Holyroyd, Bernard Shaw, Random House, NY © 1988, Vol. 1, p. 37
- Man and Cameraman – revealing the photographic legacy of George Bernard Shaw. LSE.ac.uk
- Shaw, George Bernard (1930). An UnsocialSocialist. New York: Wm. H. Wise & Company. p. 269.
- Shaw, George Bernard; Lewis Casson (Intro.) (1969). Man and Superman. New York: Heritage Press.
- Shaw, George Bernard (2007). Back to Methuselah—a Metabiological Penateuch. Hicks press. p. 388. ISBN 1-4086-3104-0.
- Shaw, George Bernard (1949). Sixteen Self Sketches: How I Became a Public Speaker. London: Constable and Company, Ltd. p. 58.
- Ellmann, Richard (1988). Oscar Wilde. New York: Vintage Books.
- Shaw, GB. "Letter from GB Shaw". Stephen-Stratford. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
- Tim Tzouliadis: The Forsaken, p.10; London, 2009
- Tzouliadis, p. 12
- Shaw, George Bernard (1934). "On The Rocks".
- "Letters to the Editor: Social Conditions in Russia by George Bernard Shaw, published in The Manchester Guardian, 2 March 1933". Gareth Jones' Memorial Website. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- Shaw, George Bernard (January 1949). "The Lysenko Muddle". Labour Monthly.
- Griffith, Gareth (1992). Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of George Bernard Shaw. London: Routledge. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-415-08281-5.
- Shaw, G. B. (1962). The matter with Ireland. London: Hart-Davis. p. 289. OCLC 644062672.
- Kevles, Daniel J. (1995). In the name of eugenics: genetics and the uses of human heredity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 0-674-44557-0.
- Spinks, Lee (2003). Friedrich Nietzsche. New York: Routledge. p. 155. ISBN 0-415-26359-X.
- Searle, Geoffrey Russell (1976). Eugenics and politics in Britain, 1900–1914. Groningen, Netherlands: Noordhoff International. pp. 58; 113. ISBN 978-90-286-0236-6.
- Baker, Stuart (2002). "Ethics, Economics, and Government". Bernard Shaw's remarkable religion: a faith that fits the facts. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0-8130-2432-3. "That word [eugenics] has acquired some highly unpleasant baggage, so we need to explain carefully what it is that Shaw meant by the term, which is capable of producing near-hysterical reactions in otherwise levelheaded people. These people seem to believe that because eugenics was evoked to justify Nazi genocide, eugenics must necessarily be evil. The well-intentioned people who wished to rid the world of congenital defects cannot be held responsible for racists who promoted genocide, and the attempt to tar Shaw with that brush is simply stupid. His statements on eugenics were consistent throughout his life: he maintained, first, that better breeding was essential and, second, that only the Life Force could be trusted to select the pairs."
- Rao, Mohan (2004). From population control to reproductive health: Malthusian arithmetic. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. p. 95. ISBN 0-7619-3285-2.
- Marshik, Celia (2006). "Bernard Shaw's defensive laughter". British modernism and censorship. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-521-85966-2. "The hurdles imposed by the social purity movement ... encouraged Shaw to turn to indirection and satire"
- Hanson, Michael Hanchett (2005). "Irony and conflict". In Wallace, Doris B. Education, arts, and morality: creative journeys. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 33. ISBN 0-306-48670-9. "Certain individuals, like Shaw, are known for their sense of irony ... [He believed] most people in a given culture should have some ability to recognize irony."
- Conolly, Leonard (2009). Bernard Shaw and the BBC. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 189. ISBN 0-8020-8920-8.
- "George Bernard Shaw reopens capital punishment controversy". Paramount British Pictures. 5 March 1931. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
- A transcript was prepared for Fox News:Beck, Glenn (25 January 2010). "The Revolutionary Holocaust: Live Free or Die". Fox News. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- Stone (2002: 127)
- Searle (1976: 92): "This was widely felt to be a joke in the worst possible taste".
- "Religion: Creative Revolutionary". Time. 4 December 1950. "a paragraph from his will made it clear where the author ... stood on the question of religion"
- Holroyd, Michael (1998). Bernard Shaw: A Biography. Vintage.
- Holroyd, Michael (1997). Bernard Shaw: The One-Volume Definitive Edition, Appendix. New York: Random House, Inc. p. 794. ISBN 0-375-50049-9.
- Mowbray Q.C., John. "Chapter 03: Trusts Created Expressly". Todd & Watt's Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
- The National Trust. "Shaw's Corner". Retrieved 9 April 2006.
- Off Westend Theatres, London. "Shaw's Theatre". Retrieved 9 April 2006.
- Holmes, Katherine, ed. (1986). Celebrating Twenty-Five Years on the Stage at the Shaw Festival. Erin Canada: Boston Mills Press. ISBN 0-919783-48-1.
- Chilibeck, Grace (2009). Elizabeth Bradford Holbrook. Canada: Canadian Art Publications.
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- Chappelow, Alan. "Shaw the Villager and Human Being — a Biographical symposium", with a preface by Dame Sybil Thorndike (1962). "Shaw — the 'Chucker-Out", 1969. ISBN 0-404-08359-5
- Elliot, Vivian. "Dear Mr Shaw Selections from Bernard Shaw's postbag" Bloomsbury, 1987 ISBN 0-7475-0256-0 . With an introduction by Michael Holroyd
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- Henderson, Archibald. "Bernard Shaw: Playboy and Prophet". D. Appleton & Co., 1932
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- Hubenka, Lloyd J. (Editor). "Bernard Shaw: Practical Politics: Twentieth-century views on politics and economics". University of Nebraska Press, 1976
- Minney, R.J. "The Bogus Image of Bernard Shaw". London, Frewin, 1969. ISBN 0-09-096280-X
- Ohmann, Richard M. "Shaw: The Style and the Man". Wesleyan University Press, 1962. ASIN: B000OKX9H2
- Owen, Harold. "Common sense about the Shaw". George Allen and Unwin, 1915
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- Stone, Dan (2002). Breeding superman: Nietzsche, race and eugenics in Edwardian and interwar Britain. Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0-85323-997-0.
- Strauss, E. "Bernard Shaw: Art and Socialism". Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1942
- Weintraub, Stanley. "Bernard Shaw 1914–1918: Journey to Heartbreak". Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973
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- George Bernard Shaw at the Internet Movie Database
- George Bernard Shaw at IBDb.com
- Works by George Bernard Shaw on Open Library at the Internet Archive
- George Bernard Shaw 1937 color portrait by Madame Yevonde
- Works of George Bernard Shaw at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about George Bernard Shaw in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Bernard Shaw photographs held at LSE Library
- Blog featuring posts on a project to catalogue the George Bernard Shaw photographs at LSE Library
- 1927 film made in Phonofilm at SilentEra
- 1928 film made in Movietone at SilentEra
- International Shaw Society, includes a chronology of Shaw's works
- The Shaw Society, UK, established in 1941
- The Bernard Shaw Society, New York
- Shaw Chicago Theater A theater dedicated to the works of Shaw & his contemporaries.
- Shaw Festival Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada theatre that specializes in plays by Bernard Shaw and his contemporaries and plays about his era (1856–1950)
- The Nobel Prize Biography on Shaw, From Nobel Lectures, Literature 1901–1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, (1969).
- Dan H. Laurence/Shaw Collection in the University of Guelph Library, Archival and Special Collections, holds more than 3,000 items related to his writings and career
- Michael Holroyd (19 July 2006). "Send for Shaw, not Shakespeare". London: The Times Literary Supplement.
- Sunder Katwala (26 July 2006). "Artist of the impossible". London: Guardian Comment.
- Synopses of Shaw's novels
- George Bernard Shaw Timeline
- George Bernard Shaw's collection at the Harry Ransom Center at The University of Texas at Austin
- Audio recordings of keynote lectures at the GB Shaw: Back in Town Conference, Dublin 2012.
|Awards and achievements|
|Cover of Time Magazine
24 December 1923
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Some people don’t shower every day. While there’s tons of conflicting advice about how often you should shower, this group might have it right.
It may sound counterproductive, but a shower every day could be bad for your skin. Some dermatologists only recommend a shower every other day, or two to three times a week.
Many people hit the shower at least once a day, either in the morning or at night before bed. Depending on the day and your activity level, you might even take two or three showers.
There’s no arguing the importance of personal hygiene. But while some people take a daily shower, in many cases it doesn’t have to be a part of your daily routine.
Not convinced that you can skip the daily shower and stay clean? Here’s what you need to know about showering too much, as well as not showering enough.
The recommendation above from dermatologists doesn’t mean you have to scale back your shower routine. Everyone’s skin is different, and each person’s skin can change from season to season.
For example, your skin might be drier in the winter, in which case too many showers can bring on extreme dryness. Yet, a shower every day in the summer may not negatively affect your skin.
Since there are no hard or fast rules on how much is too much, it’s important that you get to know your body and determine what your skin can tolerate.
if you bathe too often
If you shower too much it can lead to discomfort, and you may experience:
- dry, flaky skin
- flare-ups of skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis
- dry, brittle hair
Due to personal preference, you may not want to skip a daily shower. If this applies to you, stick with only one shower per day, according to experts.
Any more and you can potentially strip your skin of essential oils. This causes dryness, which can lead to skin inflammation or eczema. Your skin may feel itchy and may crack, flake, and become red.
If you have a skin condition like psoriasis, more than one shower per day might even trigger a flare-up. Also, too many showers may rinse away “good” bacteria from your skin, putting you at risk for infections.
Skin health isn’t the only reason to shower less, though. Showers use a lot of water, but you may not realize how much.
Taking shorter showers or reducing your number of showers can drastically decrease your family’s water consumption. You’ll not only conserve resources, but also lower your utility bill.
The Alliance for Water Efficiency estimates that the average shower lasts about 8.2 minutes and uses roughly 17.2 gallons of water.
Just as you can shower too much, you can also shower too little. So, although fewer showers may improve skin health, you should still keep your personal hygiene in mind.
Sweat glands cover much of your body, and they produce sweat when you’re overheated, stressed, hormonal, or physically active. Sweat in itself is odorless — until it combines with bacteria that’s normally present on the skin.
A skipped shower here or there probably won’t trigger body odor, especially if you haven’t been exercising. However, body odor is inevitable the longer you go without a shower, particularly in your armpits and groin.
Of course, the risk of body odor isn’t the only reason to shower or bathe regularly. Poor hygiene or infrequent showers can cause a buildup of dead skin cells, dirt, and sweat on your skin. This can trigger acne, and possibly exacerbate conditions like psoriasis, dermatitis, and eczema.
Showering too little can also trigger an imbalance of good and bad bacteria on your skin. Too much bad bacteria on your skin also puts you at risk for skin infections. This may lead to dermatitis neglecta, where patches of plaque develop on the skin due to inadequate cleansing.
Bathing also removes dead skin cells. When you don’t bathe enough, these cells can stick to your skin and cause hyperpigmentation. Resuming good hygiene can correct this condition.
if you don’t bathe enough
If you go too long between showers you may experience:
- increased body odor
- flare-ups of skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis
- skin infections
- areas of dark or discolored skin
- in extreme cases, dermatitis neglecta, thick patches of scaly skin
If you exercise, play sports, have a messy job, or simply prefer a shower every day, there are ways to help keep your skin healthy.
tips for healthy bathing
Here are a few tips to bathe correctly and protect your skin.
- Only take one shower a day (every other day, if possible). On days that you don’t shower, give yourself a sponge bath. Wash your face, armpits, and groin with a washcloth.
- Don’t shower in hot water. Use warm water, instead.
- Limit showers to 5 to 10 minutes.
- Use a gentle soap or cleanser, and thoroughly rinse off soap before exiting the shower.
- Don’t rub your skin with a towel. Blot skin dry to retain moisture.
- Avoid cleansers and soaps with fragrances or deodorants. These products can irritate your skin.
- Apply moisturizer to your skin after each shower or bath.
Although personal hygiene is important for your health, it’s possible to bathe too often. Daily showers might be part of your schedule, but at the end of the day, you need to do what’s best for your skin.
If you’re plagued by dry skin and looking for a way to stop skin inflammation and irritation, experiment with fewer showers. Or at the very least, limit your showers to five minutes and skip the hot water.
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When it comes to useful animation, many think of standard examples, such as motion graphics used in advertising or documentaries. However, useful films are any piece that is “made to sell, promote, or to teach” (Petter 2019, 74). While many (all?) of its films can be seen as selling and promoting itself and its ancillary properties (e.g., theme parks), the Walt Disney Studios created an entire film that explicitly promoted the company. Released in the summer of 1941, The Reluctant Dragon was a large departure from what the studio had done in the past. The film was built around a live-action plot that featured humorist Robert Benchley getting a tour of the company’s studios. During his visit, Benchley, acting as a surrogate for the audience, gets introduced to some of the animation process. The uniqueness of this film and the opportunity to see behind the filmmaking curtain, that is, its useful nature, was something that worked its way into both the advertising for the film as well as journalistic pieces previewing and reviewing the movie. On the one hand, the studio promoted this film as an exciting chance for the audience to learn about the company. On the other hand, critics, both prior to and after the film’s release, questioned whether or not a feature-length commercial was appropriate or needed.
The ads for Disney’s The Reluctant Dragon promised “a thousand surprises” for those who came to see the film. The ads also prominently displayed the technology featured in the movie, including Technicolor and the multiplane camera. Though the ads were often vague in terms of what the audience would actually see, there were definitely hints that it would not be like the traditional animated films they had seen before. One ad in the Washington Post (Jul 18, 1941, 7), for example, told audiences that they would “meet Donald Duck’s voice!” and the ad designers included the floating heads of Donald and his voice-actor, Clarence Nash. The ad also featured female models holding artist’s palettes and paintbrushes, a nod to the ink-and-paint girls who worked in, according to the ad, “the place where Rainbows are made!” This ad (see Figure 1), as well as others, provided hints that something was different, but the preview articles went further in revealing what was so unique about Disney’s newest feature-length release.
While there might have been some excitement around the new format and some of the content of the film, journalists both before and after The Reluctant Dragon’s release were not always sure or positive in discussing the film. Hubbard Keavy (1941), in his preview of the film for The Baltimore Sun, presents the uniqueness of the film, but makes no definitive remarks regards to its possible reception, even pointing to Disney’s own uncertainties: “And a very unorthodox motion picture it is, obeying scarcely any precedents. Because of that, I am sure none of us in Hollywood, knowing only movies that follow a pattern, can tell whether this will entertain or disillusion. Even Disney isn’t certain his public will like it. He can only hope he invested the million wisely” (SM7). For one New York Times reviewer, Disney’s gamble did not pay off in many ways. While pleased with the final animated short, the titular The Reluctant Dragon, the reviewer was unhappy with the live-action parts. The reviewer ultimately felt the film became too much of a promotion for the Disney studio:
But a good half, alas, is nothing more than a super deluxe commercial film showing Disney’s sumptuous new diggings out in San Fernando Valley. Perhaps there are hordes of people who will be delighted to learn that the voice of the immortal Donald is made by a man who “gets an air pocket in his cheek and thinks like a duck.” Perhaps there are others who will be fascinated by the mulitplane color camera on [sic] the delicately hued pigments of the “Rainbow Room.” But somehow we can’t get it out of our heads that in his Benchley’s eyeview of the studio he is palming off an oversized trailer for Disney products. (T.S. 1941, 12)
The author suggests that there might be some interest in the artists working on the film, as well as the technology used to create the magic of animation. Donald Kirkley (1941), writing for The Baltimore Sun, shared a similar view in terms of the promotional bent to the film, but did not see this necessarily as a problem: “In a sense, it is a full-length plug for the Disney studio, but complaints on this score are unlikely and irrelevant” (10).
While the reception of The Reluctant Dragon was mixed, the New York Times author, in their reactions, raises questions regarding the purpose of, and audience for, the film. They admit that there might be “hordes of people” interested in the behind-the-scenes views the film provides. While they are referring to people living at the time of the film’s release, their comment can also include those living long after the film was released and even when anyone associated with its production are no longer with us. This group of people can include the casual viewer or Disney fan, but it also can include historians working in a variety of fields (film, animation, technology, etc.). Kirsten Thompson (2014), for example, has examined the film’s presentation of the “Ink and Paint machine” in regard to gender and labor (see Figure 2).
My own work, presented at conferences, has examined the multiplane camera sequence and how that moment both reveals and hides the technology behind special effects animation (see Figure 3). So, in the end, while the film’s usefulness in terms of the studio’s original goals was debated at the time (“then”), the film remains a useful (though highly controlled) glimpse into the behind-the-scenes workings of animation practice for animation historians and others (“now”).
Keavey, H. (1941). Disney treads new movie bypath. The Baltimore Sun, 6 July.
Kirkley, D. (1941). “Reluctant Dragon:” Walt Disney’s latest film appears on screen at Hippodrome Theater. The Baltimore Sun, 1 August.
Petter, T. (2019). Sponsored silhouettes: Lotte Reiniger’s ‘useful’ films in Britain. In M. Cook & K. M. Thompson (Eds.), Animation and advertising (pp. 73-88). Palgrave Animation.
T.S. (1941). ‘The Reluctant Dragon,’ a Walt Disney compound of fact and fancy, opens at the Palace. The New York Times., 25 July.
Thompson, K. (2014). “Quick—like a bunny!” The ink and paint machine, female labor and color production. Animation Studies, 9.
Michael J. Meindl is an Assistant Professor of Media Production and co-director of Cinema and Screen Studies at Radford University (Radford, VA USA). He has an MFA in Dramatic Media from the University of Georgia, and he is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Dept. of Science, Technology, and Society at Virginia Tech. He has presented at numerous regional, national, and international conferences. He has an essay entitled “You’re Gonna Need a Bigger Boom: Jaws, MythBusters, Science, and the Legacy of the Blockbuster” that will appear in an edited collection focused on Jaws. He also co-authored a piece called “Mojo Rising: Critiquing Mass Media through Animation and Comics” that will appear in an edited collection centered on X-Men: The Animated Series.
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Biesak–Białogon geological reserve
Located on the south-eastern outskirts of Kielce in the Dyminy Range, on the slopes of Kamienna Góra, it is known to locals as “Kamionka”. We can reach the reserve on foot by taking the extension of the Na Ługach street that runs through Białogon.
When visiting the Biesak-Białogon reserve, we observe the oldest rocks that mining works have exposed in the whole Chęcinsko-Kielecki Landscape Park and the oldest on our Archeogeological Trail. Here we can find conglomerates, quartzitic sandstones, mudstones and shale. Rocks exposed in the upper parts of the faces and in the canyon located in the northern part of the quarry are from the early Cambrian period (ca. 510-520 Ma). In the southern and eastern parts of the quarry almost identical rocks were formed in the Ordovician period. (465-480 Ma). As a result of tectonic movements the Cambrian rocks on the northern face of the quarry slid on top of the Ordovician rocks. Another curiosity is the presence of bentonite – a sediment formed from weathering of volcanic ash in marine conditions in the Ordovician period. Its layer, which is ca. 10 centimetres thick, is located on the northern face of the excavation, just above the surface of the water that flooded the lowest section of the quarry. This is a very charming reserve and the tall spruce and pine trees reflecting on the surface of the water create an intriguing and mysterious impression.
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The English Civil War (1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) over, principally, the manner of England's government. The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The overall outcome of the war was threefold: the trial and execution of Charles I; the exile of his son, Charles II; and the replacement of English monarchy with, at first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53) and then the Protectorate (1653–59) under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. Thus one inefficient dictator was replaced with an efficient dictator. This led to the Restoration of the monarchy with Charles II in 1660. BHTV will be producing a series of films charting the progress of the the Civil War.
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The bench press has been called the King of the Upper Body Lifts, and given its unstoppable popularity amongst gym goers, chances are it’ll retain this title for the foreseeable future. Upon entering the gym, keen observers will note the almost mythical attraction this lift has for trainees of all experience levels. Those entering the gym for both the first and the five hundredth time test their strength against The Bench.
What might surprise modern lifters is the fact that prior to the 1940s, the bench press, the ‘King of the Upper Body Lifts’, was a rather specialized and underused lift. It wasn’t until a series of societal and technological changes were wrought that the modern bench press became a training staple. Beginning with the early history of the bench press, today’s post traces the lift’s history, from the early days of physical culture to the modern age.
The Pullover and Press
As is the case with so many lifts, the bench press did not emerge as a fully coherent lift for many decades. There were predecessors and pretenders to the throne along the way. What the health lift was for the deadlift, the pullover and press was for the bench press — they planted the seed for what would become one of the foundational big three.
While undoubtedly we could begin the history in Ancient Greece when soldiers would use push-ups for chest development, it seems best placed to begin instead in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
This was the time of physical culture. Led by names like Eugen Sandow, Arthur Saxon and George Hackenschmidt amongst others, physical culture represented a worldwide health phenomenon interested in matters of bodily development. Seen, for good reason, as the precursor for modern gym culture, physical culture witnessed the emergence of gymnasiums, barbells and dumbbells in much greater numbers. With greater interest came more variety in lifts and displays of strength. As trite as it sounds, we have to remember that trainers in those days experimented much more with their lifts. Few could call upon the vast resources we have today to discover how to develop their legs, arms, chest etc.
In this vein came the pullover and press. Lying on the ground, lifters would pull a barbell over their head at arm’s length and then press it either from their chest or from their stomach, a point we’ll get into later. Similar to the floor press, albeit slightly more specialized, the weights used in this lift are nothing short of remarkable. Writing in The Development of Physical Power in 1905, the Germanic powerhouse Arthur Saxon, pictured below, regularly lifted over 300 pounds. Saxon wasn’t the only one fond of the Pullover and Press. Indeed, his stiffest opposition came from another goliath of the early days of physical culture, the Estonian wrestler and weightlifter George Hackenschmidt. In 1899, Hack’s pullover and press totalled 360 pounds.
Even at this early stage however, discrepancies in form and technique had already begun to creep in. In 1900, George Lurich pressed 443 pounds from the floor. Unlike Saxon and Hackenschmidt however, Lurich used a ‘belly toss’ technique. Pulling the bar overhead, Lurich brought the bar to his abdomen and using a healthy amount of hip thrust effectively pushed the bar up. A modern iteration of the belly toss is perhaps the tendency exhibited by some lifters when they bring their ass off the bench and squirm upwards until the bar has been pressed.
Arthur Saxon Performing the Pullover and Press. From Arthur Saxon, The Development of Physical Power (London, 1905)
To Belly Toss or Not to Belly Toss
Lurich, one stresses to add, was not the only man utilising the belly toss. Despite writing on the stricter form, Saxon was known to use the belly toss when dealing with heavier poundages. In any case, the pullover and press was for many the de facto chest lift of this time. Certainly, it was still in use in the 1920s and 1930s when strength competitions were coming to the fore in a much greater way.
While the first decade of the twentieth-century saw early weightlifting competitions, such as the Olympic Games, it was during the 1920s that things began to move in a more standardised way. What is meant by this is that more attention was given to stricter ideas of form and execution in the lifts. Within the United States, this attention was given life in the critiques of Bob Hoffman.
Hoffman, as detailed by John Fair in a series of excellent articles and books, was one of the leading voices in American weightlifting during this period. The owner of York Barbell and an advisor/coach to the US weightlifting team at various points, Hoffman’s influence and opinions shaped several early modes of powerlifting, bodybuilding and of course, Olympic weightlifting.
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Respond and Receive: In this pic bench pressing bad ass @jenthompson132 is holding 500 pounds! Answer this question and Receive THE NEW (not yet released) MB1 Super Star Elbow Sleeves! How many Super Training Gym Members have Raw Bench Pressed 500 or more in a meet? 3 people will be chosen as winners! BONUS!!! If you can actually name all the ST 500 plus pound raw benchers you will WIN A TRIP to Super Training Gym to train with the team!!! Like it, tag a friend that needs to see a chick handling 500! #respondandreceive #st06 #strongelbowsleeves #liftlikeagirl
In response to the American Bill Lilly’s record breaking feats with the pullover and press, Hoffman began to single out the belly toss as a means of cheating. (Lilly boasted 484 pounds using the belly toss). In not so veiled terms, Hoffman commented during this time that some competitors were effectively cheating by performing the lift primarily with their abdomen and not their chest. In effect, he claimed they were using momentum to complete the lift and thereby making a mockery of the entire pursuit.
In other words, he wasn’t pleased. Owing in part to Hoffman’s influence within the American Athletic Union (the AAU), the belly toss was officially outlawed in competition in 1939. Though the belly toss was still permissible in European competitions, it began to fade in the US. Without derailing the present article with comments about the global reach of Americanization, the AAU’s decision would help to slowly but surely push the belly toss into obscurity.
As a final point on this decade, we have some evidence of boxes and benches being used in the mid to late 1930s in lieu of the pullover and press. This was the birth of the modern bench press, though few noticed. As noted by Schuler and Cosgrave in The New Rules of Lifting, prior to WW2, this form of lifting was an incredibly rare thing.
George Hackenschmidt performing the Bench press in 1911
The Birth of the Bench Press
With the cessation of WW2 and the renewed impetus given to all matters of iron, the bench press grew in popularity. We mentioned the emergence of benches and boxes in the 1930s. By the late 1940s, those interested in bodybuilding and matters of strength turned towards the lift. According to John Sanchez, one of the most fascinating powerlifting anoraks of recent times, the bench press underwent its greatest revolution during the 1950s, owing in part to the development of rack stations. Not only did this make the lift more accessible to gym goers, it encouraged the use of greater and heavier weights. While the pullover press was arguably a greater test of overall strength, the rack assisted bench press allowed lifters to isolate their chest in a much greater way.
Within the world of bodybuilding, Marvin Eder and George Eiferman were two of the proudest proponents of the bench press during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Hoffman and others publishing on lifting began to take notice. In the late 1950s, Hoffman worryingly noted that many Olympic weightlifters had become obsessed with the bench press. In 1957 the Canadian mogul Joe Weider labelled the bench press as the ‘Greatest Lift of Them All’ in his Muscle Power magazine. Within two decades the lift had come from regular obscurity to lifting celebrity. How?
In the first instance there were innovations in the equipment itself. Whereas lifters in the 1930s needed spotters to hand them the weight, those in the 1950s had the benefit of a rack to take the weight from. Coupled with this, folks in the 1950s could cast away crude boxes and benches for reinforced benches designed specifically for the press. Hoffman, for example, began marketing a 5 in 1 bench during the 1950s which would allow users to press at incline, flat and decline degrees.
So, bodybuilders were on board. Next came those interested in matters of pure strength. In November 1950, Doug Hepburn became the first man to pause press 400 pounds in the bench press. By 1953 the Canadian was pushing 500. Stemming from this, and a greater interest in matters of strength, efforts were made in the 1950s to have powerlifting sanctioned by the AAU. Led primarily by Peary Rader of Ironman Magazine, this quest came to fruition in the 1960s with the first of several powerlifting competitions. The birth of these contests placed a much greater focus on the bench press, thereby ensuring the lift’s popularity increased.
The advent of an official powerlifting federation in 1972 (the International Powerlifting Federation) saw two major developments to the bench press. In the first instance a race began for the 1,000-pound press, a feat controversially completed by Gene Rychlak Jr in 2004.
Undoubtedly a strong man, Gene was aided by his Inzer’s bench suit. Created by John Inzer in 1973, the bench suit has been a rather interesting development in the history of the bench press. Designed solely for powerlifting, the bench suit is a common sight at equipped powerlifting meets. Made from heavy fabric and with an admittedly impressive knowledge of physics, the bench suit has allowed powerlifters both amateur and elite increase their pressing poundage with a simple change of costume.
A final point to consider in the history of the bench press has been the emergence of the lift within popular culture in a much greater way. During the 1980s, fans of both the NFL and WWE were familiarized with the bench press. With the advent of the NFL Combine in the 1980s, football fans were treated to the now familiar bench press test of strength which sees aspiring athletes press 225 pounds for as many reps as possible.
In 1988 WWE fans watching that year’s Royal Rumble saw Dino Bravo attempt to press a supposed 655 pounds with the aid of Jesse Ventura. These (admittedly suspect) feats were complemented by the dozens of Hulk Hogan training montages from the 1980s and early 1990s.
Wrestling and football fans were eventually joined by the general public, who from the late 90s and early 00s, were continually told the workout routines of the latest actor’s remarkable physique transformation. The bench press had firmly entered the mainstream.
When surveying the history of the bench press over the past century, it is difficult not to be struck by its rise to fame. ‘What do you press?’ has become a ubiquitous question of strength and admiration amongst gym goers. Some still refer to Mondays as International Chest Day and hundreds if not thousands of lifters will overload the bar seeking to impress those around them.
Emerging as a fringe exercise at in the late nineteenth century the press, at least in terms of popularity, holds a strong title to the King of upper body lifts. There is little to suggest that its reign won’t continue.
Featured image by Krizz. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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According to Dr. William Knudson, skin cancer of the foot can sometimes be fatal. While any type of skin cancer can be found on a person’s foot, the most common is melanoma. Unfortunately, melanoma is also the most serious form of skin cancer. Dr. Knudson provides patients and the general public as a whole with helpful tips that may ward off this troubling health issue.
Q: What are the telltale signs of skin cancer?
Dr. William Knudson: Look for freckles or moles that change in shape or size, even on the soles of the feet and under the toenails. If something suspicious appears, visit your doctor immediately.
Q: What other forms of skin cancer are most common among the population?
Dr. William Knudson: Other forms include basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Many symptoms of skin cancer can go unnoticed without regular exams. Although prolonged exposure to the sun is the primary cause of skin cancer, other causes may include light skin color, aging, tobacco use, artificial UV radiation, environmental carcinogens, HPV infections and certain genetic disorders.
Q: What’s the best way for people to ensure proper foot health?
Dr. William Knudson: Scheduling routine exams with a podiatrist can help an individual keep track of any possible changes. In order to ensure proper treatment, early diagnosis is important. Many people fail to detect the warning signs or take precautions and that is why skin cancer is often diagnosed in the latter stages.
Q: Besides routine checkups, how can people avoid the onset of skin cancer?
Dr. William Knudson: Another piece of advice is to use a liberal amount of sunscreen when at the beach or pool to protect the skin from the sun’s harmful rays. Many people are unaware that sunscreen should also be applied on the feet. For further details about ankle and foot health information, visit the website for the American College of Foot and Ankle Specialists.
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Desiccants: Their Role In Air Conditioning And What Happens When There Is Too Little
When you have a home air conditioning system, you expect to hear terms like refrigerant, condenser, and evaporator. What you may be surprised to hear during typical air conditioning services is the word desiccants. If you do not already know what a desiccant is, it is a chemical agent that absorbs moisture and makes moist, wet areas dry.
You have probably seen desiccant packets inside shoes, purses, and various other clothing goods after you have purchased these items. Well, dessicants are also used in some air conditioning systems. Here is more about three common desiccants used in air conditioners, what the desiccants do, and what happens when the desiccant levels drop.
Lithium bromide is a desiccant used in asborption chilling. Absorption chilling is a strange process in which the refrigerant vapor is not compressed prior to evaporation. Instead, the refrigerant vapor is absorbed by a chemical; in this case, it is lithium bromide.
Because of the equipment typically needed to complete this process, lithium bromide is often restricted to industrial air conditioning systems. The lithium bromide regularly has to be restored, as it is in constant use and constantly being reduced during the cycles of these industrial air conditioners. An HVAC technician knows how much to add, how to check the levels, and the safety precautions needed when handling this potentially fatal chemical.
Water and Lithium Chloride
Lithium bromide systems rely on a solid desiccant for proper operation. Water and lithium chloride systems use the latest liquid desiccant technology. This technology is even more effective at removing humidity from the air within a building than the solid desiccant technology.
It is fast becoming the most popular option for apartment buildings as well as business buildings because of how efficiently the air conditioners cool and dry the air and make the environment in these buildings much more comfortable. While the water is renewed via hoses or pipes in these air conditioning systems, the lithium chloride liquid needs to be adjusted and refilled by a licensed HVAC technician.
Silica Gel and Activated Alumina
Because gels and powders are easier to maintain, manipulate, and control as desiccants, these are the types of desiccants you will find in some home air conditioning systems. Like the above desiccants, they make air conditioners much more efficient than other systems on the market. The gel/powder is injected into the system, and it continues to cycle for a long time. Still, your HVAC technician should check the levels of these desiccants during semi-annual maintenance services.
For more information, contact local air conditioning services.
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Students there reengineered a base 2002 Ford Explorer to get 35% better on-road fuel economy and 39% less greenhouse-gas emissions. The vehicle also used lightweight aluminum components and ran on a biodiesel mixture.
Fifteen engineering teams from universities across the country took part in the competition. Capturing second place was the University of California-Davis with a parallel plug-in hybrid system, fueled by ethanol.
The FutureTruck challenge is to lower emissions and boost over-the-road fuel economy 25%. The U.S. Dept. of Energy and Ford Motor Co. sponsored the event, held at Ford's Michigan Proving Grounds in Romeo. Teams spend 10 days testing their reengineered SUVs for everything from acceleration to off-road performance. "This competition fosters tomorrow's engineers by encouraging them to explore clean, fuel-efficient automotive technologies," says Ford's Al Kammerer, executive director of sport-utility vehicles and body-on-frame. "FutureTruck's goals parallel Ford's research on advanced-propulsion vehicles and its attempts to make SUVs more fuel efficient."
Badger victory: Wisconsin students meet FutureTruck challenge
The University of Wisconsin was king of the road at this year's FutureTruck Competition.
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- A term used to describe the main types of financial institutions: banking, trust, insurance and securities.
Related Terms and Acronyms
- Bank — Definition,
- An institution that acts as a financial intermediary by receiving money from depositors and lenders and also lending to borrowers.
- Insurance (insur) — Abbreviation,
- An arrangement where one party provides financial protection to another party for specific damages or losses.
- Security — Definition,
- Property designated as collateral.
- A document stating ownership of a stock or bond.
- A tradable financial implement that represents ownership, the rights to ownership or debt.
- Trust Company — Definition,
- A company that acts as a trustee (an entity that controls financial assets on the behalf of another).
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A recent post on +972 addressed the matter of Israeli-Palestinian “normalization.” The text sparked a debate and raised many questions about the definition, implications and ethics of the term and its associated activities. After monitoring the discussion for some time, we thought it would be useful to post the following text, which explains what anti-normalization is according to the Boycott, Divest, Sanction (BDS) campaign against normalization. The article was initially published on October 31, 2011 by the Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott.
In the Palestinian and Arab struggle against Israeli colonization, occupation and apartheid, the “normalization” of Israel is a concept that has generated controversy because it is often misunderstood or because there are disagreements on its parameters. This is despite the near consensus among Palestinians and people in the Arab region on rejecting the treatment of Israel as a “normal” state with which business as usual can be conducted. Here, we discuss the definition of normalization that the great majority of Palestinian civil society, as represented in the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement, has adopted since November 2007, and elaborate on the nuances that it takes on in different contexts.
It is helpful to think of normalization as a “colonization of the mind,” whereby the oppressed subject comes to believe that the oppressor’s reality is the only “normal” reality that must be subscribed to, and that the oppression is a fact of life that must be coped with. Those who engage in normalization either ignore this oppression, or accept it as the status quo that can be lived with. In an attempt to whitewash its violations of international law and human rights, Israel attempts to re-brand itself, or present itself as normal — even “enlightened” — through an intricate array of relations and activities encompassing hi-tech, cultural, legal, LGBT and other realms.
A key principle that underlines the term normalization is that it is entirely based on political, rather than racial, considerations and is therefore in perfect harmony with the BDS movement’s rejection of all forms of racism and racial discrimination. Countering normalization is a means to resist oppression, its mechanisms and structures. As such, it is categorically unrelated to or conditioned upon the identity of the oppressor.
We break down normalization into three categories that correspond to differences pertaining to the varied contexts of Israel’s colonial oppression and apartheid. It is important to consider these minimum definitions as the basis for solidarity and action.
1) Normalization in the context of the Occupied Palestinian Territory and the Arab world
The Palestinian Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) has defined normalization specifically in a Palestinian and Arab context “as the participation in any project, initiative or activity, in Palestine or internationally, that aims (implicitly or explicitly) to bring together Palestinians (and/or Arabs) and Israelis (people or institutions) without placing as its goal resistance to and exposure of the Israeli occupation and all forms of discrimination and oppression against the Palestinian people.” This is the definition endorsed by the BDS National Committee (BNC).
For Palestinians in the occupied West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza, any project with Israelis that is not based on a resistance framework serves to normalize relations. We define this resistance framework as one that is based on recognition of the fundamental rights of the Palestinian people and on the commitment to resist, in diverse ways, all forms of oppression against Palestinians, including but not limited to, ending the occupation, establishing full and equal rights for Palestinian citizens of Israel, and promoting and advocating for the right of return for Palestinian refugees – this may aptly be called a posture of “co-resistance” . Doing otherwise allows for everyday, ordinary relations to exist alongside and independent of the continuous crimes being committed by Israel against the Palestinian people. This feeds complacency and gives the false and harmful impression of normalcy in a patently abnormal situation of colonial oppression.
Projects, initiatives and activities that do not begin from a position of shared principles to resist Israel’s oppression invariably allow for an approach to dealing with Israel as if its violations can be deferred, and as if coexistence (as opposed to “co-resistance”) can precede, or lead to, the end of oppression. In the process, Palestinians, regardless of intentions, end up serving as a fig-leaf for Israelis who are able to benefit from a “business-as-usual” environment, perhaps even allowing Israelis to feel their conscience is cleared for having engaged Palestinians they are usually accused of oppressing and discriminating against.
The peoples of the Arab world, with their diverse national, religious and cultural backgrounds and identities, whose future is more tangibly tied to the future of Palestinians than the larger international community, not least because of continued Israeli political, economic and military threats on their countries, and the still-prevalent and strong kinship with the Palestinians, face similar issues with regards to normalization. So long as Israel’s oppression continues, any engagement with Israelis (individuals or institutions) that is not within the resistance framework outlined above, serves to underline the normality of Israeli occupation, colonialism and apartheid in the lives of people in the Arab world. It is, therefore, imperative that people in the Arab world shun all relations with Israelis, unless based on co-resistance. This is not a call to refrain from understanding Israelis, their society and polity. It is a call to condition any such knowledge and any such contact on the principles of resistance until the time when comprehensive Palestinian and other Arab rights are met.
BDS activists may always go above and beyond our basic minimum requirements if they identify subcategories within those we have identified. In Lebanon or Egypt, for instance, boycott campaigners may go beyond the PACBI/BNC definition of normalization given their position in the Arab world, whereas those in Jordan, say, may have different considerations.
2) Normalization in the context of the Palestinian citizens of Israel
Palestinian citizens of Israel – those Palestinians who remained steadfast on their land after the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 despite repeated efforts to expel them and subject them to military law, institutionalized discrimination, or apartheid – face an entirely different set of considerations. They may be confronted with two forms of normalization. The first, which we may call coercive everyday relations, are those relations that a colonized people, and those living under apartheid, are forced to take part in if they are to survive, conduct their everyday lives and make a living within the established oppressive structures. For the Palestinian citizens of Israel, as taxpayers, such coercive everyday relations include daily employment in Israeli places of work and the use of public services and institutions such as schools, universities and hospitals. Such coercive relations are not unique to Israel and were present in other colonial and apartheid contexts such as India and South Africa, respectively. Palestinian citizens of Israel cannot be rationally asked to cut such ties, at least not yet.
The second form of normalization is that in which Palestinian citizens of Israel do not have to engage as a requirement of survival. Such normalization might include participation in international forums as representatives of Israel (such as in the Eurovision song competition) or in Israeli events directed at an international audience. The key to understanding this form of normalization is to consider that when Palestinians engage in such activities without placing them within the same resistance framework mentioned above, they contribute, even if inadvertently, to a deceptive appearance of tolerance, democracy, and normal life in Israel for an international audience who may not know better. Israelis, and the Israeli establishment, may in turn use this against international BDS proponents and those struggling against Israeli injustices by accusing them of being “holier” than Palestinians. In these instances, Palestinians promote relations with mainstream Israeli institutions beyond what constitutes the mere need for survival. The absence of vigilance in this matter has the effect of telling the Palestinian public that they can live with and accept apartheid, should engage Israelis on their own terms, and forgo any act of resistance. This is the type of normalization that many Palestinian citizens of Israel, along with PACBI, are increasingly coming to identify and confront.
3) Normalization in the International Context
In the international arena, normalization does not operate all that differently and follows the same logic. While the BDS movement targets complicit Israeli institutions, in the case of normalization there are other nuances to consider. Generally, international supporters of BDS are asked to refrain from participating in any event that morally or politically equates the oppressor and oppressed, and presents the relationship between Palestinians and Israelis as symmetrical . Such an event should be boycotted because it normalizes Israel’s colonial domination over Palestinians and ignores the power structures and relations embedded in the oppression.
In all these contexts, “dialogue” and engagement are often presented as alternatives to boycott. Dialogue, if it occurs outside the resistance framework that we have outlined, becomes dialogue for the sake of dialogue, which is a form of normalization that hinders the struggle to end injustice. Dialogue, “healing,” and “reconciliation” processes that do not aim to end oppression, regardless of the intentions behind them, serve to privilege oppressive co-existence at the cost of co-resistance, for they presume the possibility of coexistence before the realization of justice. The example of South Africa elucidates this point perfectly, where reconciliation, dialogue and forgiveness came after the end of apartheid, not before, regardless of the legitimate questions raised regarding the still existing conditions of what some have called “economic apartheid.”
Two Examples of Normalization Efforts: OneVoice and IPCRI
While many, if not most, normalization projects are sponsored and funded by international organizations and governments, many of these projects are operated by Palestinian and Israeli partners, often with generous international funding. The political, often Israel-centered, framing of the “partnership” is one of the most problematic aspects of these joint projects and institutions. PACBI’s analysis of OneVoice , a joint Palestinian-Israeli youth-oriented organization with chapters in North America and extensions in Europe, exposed OneVoice as one more project that brings Palestinians and Israelis together, not to jointly struggle against Israel’s colonial and apartheid policies, but rather to provide a limited program of action under the slogan of an end to the occupation and the establishment of a Palestinian state, while cementing Israeli apartheid and ignoring the rights of Palestinian refugees, who compose the majority of the Palestinian people. PACBI concluded that, in essence, OneVoice and similar programs serve to normalize oppression and injustice. The fact that OneVoice treats the “nationalisms” and “patriotisms” of the two “sides” as if on par with one another and equally valid is a telling indicator. It is worth noting that virtually the entire political spectrum of Palestinian youth and student organizations and unions in the occupied Palestinian territory have unambiguously condemned normalization projects, such as OneVoice.
A similar organization, though with a different target audience, is the Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI), which describes itself as “the only joint Israeli-Palestinian public policy think-tank in the world dedicated to the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on the basis of ‘two states for two peoples’. IPCRI “recognizes the rights of the Jewish people and the Palestinian people to fulfill their national interests within the framework of achieving national self-determination within their own states and by establishing peaceful relations between two democratic states living side-by-side.” It thus advocates an apartheid state in Israel that disenfranchises the indigenous Palestinian citizens and ignores the UN-sanctioned right of return of the Palestinian refugees.
Like OneVoice, IPCRI adopts the ubiquitous “conflict paradigm” while ignoring the domination and oppression that characterize the relationship of the Israeli state with the Palestinian people. IPCRI conveniently neglects a discussion of the roots of this “conflict,” what it is about, and which “side” is paying the price. Like OneVoice, it glosses over the historic record and the establishment of a settler-colonial regime in Palestine following the expulsion of most of the indigenous people of the land. The defining moment in the history of “the conflict” is therefore not acknowledged. The history of continued Israeli colonial expansion and the dispossession and forcible displacement of Palestinians is conveniently ignored, as well. Through IPCRI’s omissions, the organization denies the resistance framework we have outlined above and brings Palestinians and Israelis into a relation privileging co-existence over co-resistance. Palestinians are asked to adopt an Israeli vision of a peaceful resolution and not one that recognizes their comprehensive rights, as defined by the UN.
Another disturbing, but again entirely predictable, aspect of the work of IPCRI is the active involvement in its projects of Israeli personalities and personnel implicated in Israeli violations of the Palestinian people’s rights and grave breaches of international law. IPCRI’s Strategic Thinking and Analysis Team (STAT), includes, in addition to Palestinian officials, former Israeli diplomats, former Israeli army brigadier generals, Mossad personnel and senior staff of the Israeli National Security Council, many of them reasonably suspected of committing war crimes.
It is no surprise, therefore, that the desire to end the “conflict,” and the desire to realize “a lasting peace,” both of which are slogans of these and similar normalization efforts, has nothing to do with obtaining justice for Palestinians. In fact, the term “justice” has no place on the agenda of most of these organizations; neither can one find clear reference to international law as the ultimate arbiter, leaving Palestinians at the mercy of the far more powerful Israeli state.
An Israeli writer’s description of the so-called Peres Center for Peace, a leading normalization and colonial institution, may also well describe the underlying agenda of IPCRI and almost all normalization organizations:
In the activity of the Peres Center for Peace there is no evident effort being made to change the political and socioeconomic status quo in the occupied territories, but just the opposite: Efforts are being made to train the Palestinian population to accept its inferiority and prepare it to survive under the arbitrary constraints imposed by Israel, to guarantee the ethnic superiority of the Jews. With patronizing colonialism, the center presents an olive grower who is discovering the advantages of cooperative marketing; a pediatrician who is receiving professional training in Israeli hospitals; and a Palestinian importer who is learning the secrets of transporting merchandise via Israeli ports, which are famous for their efficiency; and of course soccer competitions and joint orchestras of Israelis and Palestinians, which paint a false picture of coexistence.
The normalization of Israel – normalizing the abnormal – is a malicious and subversive process that works to cover up injustice and colonize the most intimate parts of the oppressed: their mind. To engage in or with organizations that serve this purpose is, therefore, one of the prime targets of boycott, and an act that BDS supporters must confront together.
Translated from Arabic: http://www.pacbi.org/
Meron Benvenisti, A monument to a lost time and lost hopes, Haaretz, 30 October 2008.http://www.haaretz.com/
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How much TV children watch accurately predicts whether they will go on to become overweight, a study suggests.
The effect of watching TV on weight appeared stronger in girls
It has previously been shown television is linked to weight gain as children are less active and eat while watching.
Researchers at New Zealand's University of Otago looked at how much TV children aged five to 15 watched.
The International Journal of Obesity study found the 41% who were overweight or obese by the age of 26 were those who had watched most TV.
A study by the same team published last year suggested children should watch no more than two hours of TV a day to protect their future health.
They warned then that adults who had watched a lot of TV as children were more likely to go on to be overweight, to smoke and to have high cholesterol.
Situation 'worse now'
In this latest paper, they monitored TV watching and body mass index - calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in metres.
A BMI of 25 or over is considered overweight, and one of over 30 obese.
All the 1,000 children studied were born between April 1972 and March 1973.
At age five, seven, nine and 11, parents were asked how much TV they watched. At ages 13 and 15, the teenagers themselves were questioned.
Between the ages of five and 15, children were found to watch an average of 2.33 hours of TV per weeknight.
Aged 13 to 15, they watched an average of 24.6 per week.
At each age, the amount of TV watched was consistent with the child's BMI.
The links were stronger in girls, which the researchers say may be linked to the differences in lifestyle and physical make-up of between teenage boys and girls.
Writing in the International Journal of Obesity, the researchers, led by Dr Robert Hancock, said: "Although the effect size appears small, the correlation between television viewing and BMI is stronger than reported correlations between BMI and diet or physical activity."
They add that the situation is likely to have worsened for children since this group were studied - when New Zealand had just two television channels, both of which had limited viewing hours.
Dr Hancock and his team added: "Since then, the number of free-to-air TV channels increased from two to four, the time given to advertising increased, pay satellite television become available, viewing hours have increased to provide 24-hour coverage, more homes have video or DVD players and many homes have acquired a computer and internet access.
"Thus, despite the apparently heavy television use in this cohort, the opportunities for 'screen-time' are far higher for children today.
"We believe that watching TV is an important contributing factor to the current epidemic of childhood obesity."
Dr Ian Campbell, chairman of the National Obesity Forum, said: "What this study does is highlight the importance of what we do in everyday life, and the way we bring up our children, on future health.
"There is so much that adults can do to help children live healthier lifestyles.
"Sensibly limiting hours of TV watching would be a good start."
He added: "TV watching is not the cause of obesity, but it's certainly a part of the cause of the problem."
A spokeswoman for the National Heart Forum said: "The findings of this study are consistent with those of other similar studies, in that it shows a weak but positive association between TV watching and obesity."
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You need an engineering degree if you want to become a qualified engineer. Many universities will usually have different course but there are those qualifications that are standard in English language countries. Various nations will require you to have a professional accreditation with the goal that you can secure an engineering degree. You will be required to have an additional qualification in several nations on the off chance that you are a bachelor’s degree graduate with the end goal for you to be viewed as an engineer. Engineering courses are difficult and it will require a considerable measure of commitment from you with a specific end goal to succeed in them. There are engineering courses that you can select from that will be highlighted in this article.
Degree in engineering is commonly the minimum requirement for some person who will want to work as an engineer. The engineering students will be required to pick and complete a major project in the midst of the 4 years four year course. This project you pick is typically self-directed and you will apply every one of the concepts that you have learned from your four year course. In this four year course you will undergo an industrial placement in an engineering company.
There is the master’s course of engineering which takes 5-6 years to complete, in this course you have two options in which you can complete your course that is by research or by coursework. The course work option you will take advanced classes in a chosen discipline, this will enable you to furthermore advance your knowledge and you to will get all around understanding of specific concepts and applications in engineering. In the research option you will be required to undertake a small project and you will produce a thesis detailing the work you have undertaken. The aim of the research is to come up with a new technique that does not exist in the technical literature.
How I Achieved Maximum Success with Engineers
PHD course in engineering typically takes 7 years, here you are required to deliver a project you have done, this is like the masters by research option but you are required to have more innovation and commitment. You will complete PHD in 3 years full time and in addition to the four years of bachelor’s degree. For you to be considered for the PHD degree, you need to have excellent academic records.
Additionally there is diploma in engineering which takes between 1-3 years; this is an option to the people that are not able to meet the prerequisites of a four year degree. Practical work is normally done in diploma courses contrasted with the degree courses and the content it has is typically wide.What No One Knows About Experts
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Groundbreaking Epstein-Barr virus vaccine may prevent MS
Researchers have developed a groundbreaking vaccine that generates two types of immunity against the Epstein-Barr virus, a virus that almost all of us carry and which has been found to be a primary cause of diseases like multiple sclerosis and some cancers.
After a landmark study published last year found that the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) increased 32-fold after infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), researchers from QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute set about developing a vaccine against the virus.
A member of the herpes family of viruses, EBV is carried by about 95% of the population. Most are infected during childhood, after which time the virus lays dormant. But infection in adolescence or early adulthood can cause infectious mononucleosis, “mono” or glandular fever, which is considered a major risk factor in developing EBV-related diseases, including MS. In addition, EBV has been associated with multiple types of lymphoma and nasopharyngeal (nose and throat) cancer.
While preexisting antibodies produced by B cells are known to provide a defense against acute viral infection (humoral immunity), research has shown that effective long-term control depends on the cellular immunity provided by so-called killer T cells, which are responsible for destroying virus-infected cells. So, the researchers designed a vaccine that targets both arms of the immune system.
“Other vaccine efforts have focused on inducing neutralizing antibodies against the virus, which blocks infection of immune B cells during primary acute infection,” said Rajiv Khanna, corresponding author of the study. “But EBV in its latent state hides inside B cells, turning them into tiny virus factories ready to divide and spread whenever our immune defenses are down. It is our killer T cells that detect and control these infected B cells.”
Testing their vaccine by injecting it into the lymph nodes of mice, where the immune response is initiated, the researchers found it produced potent humoral and cellular immunity during primary and latent infection with EBV that was sustained for over seven months. The immune response produced by the vaccine also eliminated or significantly delayed the growth of EBV-positive lymphoma tumor cells in lab models.
The researchers say their vaccine shows promise as a means of providing immunity against EBV and, therefore, the diseases it can lead to.
“Our vaccine formulation induces that killer T cell immune response as well as the neutralizing antibody immune response,” said Khanna. “We think that in susceptible individuals, EBV-infected B cells travel to the brain and cause inflammation and damage. If we can prevent this at an early stage of infection then the infected B cells can’t go on to cause the development of secondary disease like MS.”
In addition to treating the cause of MS, the vaccine could potentially be used to prevent EBV-related cancers and to treat immunocompromised organ transplant recipients for whom EBV infection can be life-threatening.
“QIMR Berghofer has been researching the role of EBV in disease and cancer for decades,” said the study’s lead author Vijayendra Dasari. “It is a really proud moment for us to see all of this work coming together, with this vaccine now heading towards the next important stages of development.”
Those next stages include human trials.
The study was published in the journal Nature Communications and the below video, produced by QIMR Berghofer, explains what EBV is and how the vaccine works.
Source: QIMR Berghofer
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SEO Meta Description:
In this comprehensive article, we explore the “mike” in football from its different aspects, positions, and even the background of Mike McDaniels. Get ready to dive into the world of football!
All About The “Mike” In Football:
Football, a sport beloved by millions worldwide, has its language, and one term that often comes up is “mike.” But what does it mean? In this article, we’ll break down the various aspects of the “mike” in football, from its different roles and positions to its significance. Let’s get started!
Understanding The “Mike” In Football:
In football, the term “mike” is not just a common name. It carries a significant meaning, often associated with the middle linebacker position. So, what is the “mike” in football?
In essence, the “mike” linebacker is the leader of the defense. They are responsible for calling plays, making adjustments, and ensuring the protection is in the correct position to counter the offense. This position is crucial to a team’s success and is often worn by a player with exceptional football IQ.
The Versatile “Mike” Position:
The “mike” position in football is known for its versatility. It requires a player who is not only physically strong but also mentally sharp. This linebacker is involved in stopping the run and defending against the pass, making it one of the most demanding positions on the field.
Optional Mark In Football – What’s That?
In football, you might have heard the term “optional mark.” But what does it mean, and how is it related to the “mike” position? An optional mark refers to a player assigned to cover a specific offensive player, depending on the situation. The “mike” linebacker often has the responsibility of being this optional mark.
The “Mike” On Defense:
The “mike” linebacker is a key player on the defensive side of the football field. They are like the conductor of an orchestra, directing the defense to play in harmony. Their ability to read the offense, make quick decisions, and lead the team sets them apart.
“Mark” In GAA Football:
While discussing American football, the term “mark” also has significance in GAA (Gaelic Athletic Association) football. In GAA football, a “mark” is awarded to a player who catches the ball kicked by another player from outside the 45-meter line. It’s a unique aspect of the sport that adds an exciting dimension.
Penalty Mark In Football:
In football, the penalty mark is a critical element. It’s the spot from which penalty kicks are taken. The accuracy and precision of the kicker at this mark can often determine the outcome of a match.
Mike McDaniels – A Football Background:
Mike McDaniels is a name that’s well-known in football circles. His background in the sport is nothing short of impressive. With a deep understanding of the game and years of experience, he has made a significant impact on the football world. Let’s take a closer look at his football journey.
Mike McDaniels started his football career as a player, where he displayed remarkable talent. Over the years, he transitioned to coaching, and his insights into the game have been invaluable. His contributions to various football clubs have left an indelible mark on the sport.
The “Mike” In Football Clubs:
Football clubs worldwide often feature a “mike” in their ranks. These players are the backbone of the team’s defense, and their presence is crucial in ensuring the club’s success. The “mike” in football clubs is not just a player; they are a symbol of leadership and determination.
Q: What is the role of the “mike” linebacker in football?
A: The “mike” linebacker in football is responsible for leading the defense, making play calls, and ensuring the team is in the correct position to counter the offense.
Q: What is the significance of the “optional mark” in football?
A: The “optional mark” refers to a player assigned to cover a specific offensive player, depending on the situation. The “mike” linebacker often takes on this role.
Q: What is the penalty mark in football?
A: The penalty mark in football is the spot from which penalty kicks are taken. It plays a critical role in determining the outcome of a match.
Q: Who is Mike McDaniels, and what is his football background?
A: Mike McDaniels is a prominent figure in football with a background that includes both playing and coaching. His insights and contributions have left a significant impact on the sport.
Q: What is the “mark” in GAA football?
A: In GAA (Gaelic Athletic Association) football, a “mark” is awarded to a player who catches the ball kicked by another player from outside the 45-meter line.
Q: What is the role of the “mike” in football clubs?
A: The “mike” in football clubs is a crucial player responsible for leading the defense and ensuring the team’s success.
Q: What is the mike in football?
A: The “mike” in football refers to the middle linebacker position, often responsible for leading the defense and making crucial play calls.
Q: What does the “Mike” linebacker do in football?
A: The “mike” linebacker is the defensive leader who calls plays, reads the offense, and ensures the defense is positioned correctly to counter the opposing team’s plays.
Q: Why is the middle linebacker called the “mike”?
A: The term “mike” is used to identify the middle linebacker position for play-calling purposes. It’s a tradition in football to use letters like “mike” to represent positions.
Q: Is the “Mike” linebacker always in the middle of the defense?
A: Yes, typically, the “mike” linebacker lines up in the middle of the defense, but their exact positioning may vary depending on the defensive scheme.
Q: How important is the “mike” linebacker in football?
A: The “mike” linebacker is incredibly important as they are responsible for coordinating the entire defense and making quick decisions during the game.
Q: What are the key responsibilities of the “mike” linebacker?
A: The “mike” linebacker’s responsibilities include calling plays, reading the offense, making tackles, and directing the defense to respond to the opposing team’s strategies.
Q: Does the “mike” linebacker have any specific physical requirements?
A: While physical attributes vary, “mike” linebackers are often intense, agile, and have excellent football instincts.
Q: Can a “mike” linebacker intercept passes?
A: Yes, “mike” linebackers can intercept passes. Their coverage skills are crucial in defending against the access.
Q: Is the “Mike” linebacker the captain of the defense?
A: Yes, in many cases, the “mike” linebacker serves as the captain of the defense due to their role in play-calling and leadership.
Q: What’s the difference between the “mike” linebacker and other linebackers?
A: The “mike” linebacker is distinguished by their central role in play-calling and defensive leadership, while other linebackers have specific parts in pass coverage or run-stopping.
Q: Can the “Mike” linebacker change play during a game?
A: Yes, the “mike” linebacker can adjust and change defensive plays based on their analysis of the opposing team’s offense.
Q: How does the “mike” linebacker communicate plays to the rest of the defense?
A: The “mike” linebacker often uses hand signals, verbal communication, and a radio headset to relay plays and adjustments to the defense.
Q: Are there different techniques for playing as a “mike” linebacker?
A: Yes, “mike” linebackers use techniques such as shedding blockers, making tackles, and dropping into coverage, depending on the situation.
Q: What’s the role of the “mike” linebacker in stopping the run?
A: Stopping the run is a significant responsibility of the “mike” linebacker. They must fill gaps, tackle ball carriers, and disrupt running plays.
Q: How does the “mike” linebacker defend against the pass?
A: The “mike” linebacker defends against the pass by covering tight ends and running backs and occasionally dropping into zone coverage to intercept passes.
Q: What are the different types of schemes where the “mike” linebacker is used?
A: “Mike” linebackers are used in various defensive schemes, such as 4-3 and 3-4 formations, each with nuances and responsibilities.
Q: Can a “mike” linebacker be replaced during a game?
A: While uncommon, a “mike” linebacker can be replaced due to injuries or strategic decisions by the coaching staff.
Q: Who are some famous “mike” linebackers in football history?
A: Famous “mike” linebackers include Ray Lewis, Brian Urlacher, and Dick Butkus, among others, known for their exceptional leadership and skills.
Q: How does the “mike” linebacker adapt to different offensive strategies?
A: The “mike” linebacker must read the offense, anticipate plays, and adjust to counter various offensive strategies.
Q: What’s the relationship between the “mike” linebacker and the defensive line?
A: The “mike” linebacker works closely with the defensive line, coordinating movements and gap assignments to ensure effective run defense and pass rush.
In football, the “mike” is more than just a name; it’s a position of leadership and responsibility. From the middle linebacker on the field to the optional mark and penalty mark, these aspects shape the game we love. Mike McDaniels, with his rich football background, exemplifies the dedication and expertise required in this sport.
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Philip Roth’s first published volume, Goodbye, Columbus, won for the young writer not only the National Book Award in 1960 but also accusations, as a result of the book’s comically piercing portraits of middle-class American Jews, of Roth’s harboring self-hatred. The ambivalent exploration of Jewish American life in Goodbye, Columbus, and its mixed reception among Jewish readers who were sensitive to the public image of Jews established two of the central themes of Roth’s fiction: a frank and often ironic look at Jewish American identity, and an intense but playful examination of the relationship between art and life.
In the novella “Goodbye, Columbus,” Neil Klugman’s confrontation with his Jewish American identity is represented by his love affair with Brenda Patimkin. Brenda signifies the American Dream, her parents’ suburban prosperity symbolized by a refrigerator in the basement overflowing with fresh fruit. Neil’s ambivalence toward the Patimkins’ conspicuous consumption and their eager assimilation into American culture is expressed by the guilt he feels when he helps himself to fruit from the refrigerator. Although Neil finally rejects Brenda, the novella closes without offering Neil a clear sense of where he might belong.
Roth poses other choices in the book’s subsequent stories. Ozzie Freedman in “The Conversion of the Jews” believes he must choose between Jewish authority and the American...
(The entire section is 466 words.)
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Evidence of Zaphnath (Joseph) in America
Feb 17, 2017
In my second novel, Through Timeless Mountains, I featured the Zaphnath tribe and mentioned also that it originated in the Grand Canyon. This is just a novel, of course, but there is evidence in the Smithsonian Institute that Joseph (Zaphnath) actually came to America.
A couple of the Egyptian kingdoms in the United States Joseph established, according to evidence found by archaeologists, were located in the Grand Canyon, as well as Burrows Cave in Illinois….
Interestingly, the Hopi Indians (above), who lived on the North Kiabab Rim of the Grand Canyon where the Egyptian Pyramids are located, knew the names of the Egyptian Pyramid Temple that is located under the North Kiabab Rim of the Grand Canyon. They have a god named Taawa, who they say has a man’s face that smiles all of the time and has a good heart. The Hopi Indians still use a large number of original Egyptian words in their Language. Did they live alongside the ancient Egyptians in the Grand Canyon, or might they be descendants of the ancient Egyptians?
An artifact from Burrows Cave in Illinois is a near-perfect picture of Zaphnath. The article shows the picture and says this about it:
The above artifact was taken from Burrows Cave in Illinois by Russell Burrows, and is the best preserved artifact for the exact facial structure of King Zaphnath (Joseph) of Egypt that has ever been discovered!
At age 36. King Zaphnath-Paaneah of Egypt recorded that he discovered another place for Egyptians to live, since Egypt had become over populated.
Steve Quayle has done quite a bit of research about this. You may be interested in reading some of these things and seeing some of the pictures. At any rate, this is where I got the ideas for my novel. A history book would need more investigation and proof, but in a novel, it provides an interesting setting, and I can use my imagination without restriction.
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Modernism and Postmodernism in Vladimir Nabokov’s “Lolita”
Nabokov tries to explain his use of language from a modernist approach: language is complex, Humbert describes in great detail his feelings and thoughts, the struggle inside him between the “monster” and the “gentleman”. The “nymphet” seen as a modernist feature is a form of art, as well as his love for her, which is not physical love but mainly a love for beauty and innocence. There is a focus on the inner world, the world seen through his eyes. Humbert is a typical modern character: sensitive, an artist.
He tries to let the reader understand his mind, he is completely aware of his alienation with the world and he tries to separate and define the positive and the negative in him. The novel is an innovation, beginning with the theme, treating another kind of love, a hidden love and an outcast. Humbert is the outcast type in the view of the society. “A common motif in modernism is that of an alienated individual-a dysfunctional individual trying in vain to make sense of a predominantly urban and fragmented society”. (A. -ML) The existentialist ‘subject’ of modernity, is no longer a clearly defined individual, but a ‘schizophrenic’, multiple character. “(HKU). Humbert is a complex character in a continuous attempt to prove himself as being a good person, to let the reader know that despite his hidden problems he is capable of reasoning and love. The beastly and the beauty, as he says, are two parts of himself, and throughout the novel he tries to draw this line between them but never succeeds because they are mixed into one: a deranged “father”, an insane ” lover”, evil and good blended forever.
The jury, since the reader knows Humbert is in jail as he is writing, can be the ones who will listen to his plea for murder, but can also be the actual reader, whom the narrator tries to convince of his lack of violence. The act of pedophilia is explained is detail from a subjective point of view, seen as harmless. The main character is convinced of the innocence of the act and is begging for the society to understand and accept such men.
The fragment is modernist from the point of view of the construction and purpose as well: the attempt to describe himself, the purpose of his writing – to give a definition of his strange passion, the deep self analysis as well as the analysis of Lolita from the point of view of a nymphet, are all features of modernism. The word play – nymphet – from nymph – is a trait of postmodernism, as well as the fact that with this novel, Nabokov is not only experimenting with a new theme but also reaches the limit of decency and originality.
From the perspective of postmodernism, Humbert is an extreme character, marginalized by the society. His attempts to explain, sometimes desperate, his behavior and attitudes towards children is a result of his wish to be accepted by the society. He sees pedophilia as normal as long as it does not ruin the innocence of a “nymphet”. Then there is also his attempt to integrate art in his life, not only by his strange love affair but also by comparing himself to a poet – he will never kill – he only admires beauty and purity.
He desperately tries to integrate himself in the normality with this plea, in a continuous battle hoping the reader will take his ideas and understand them. Pedophilia is not necessarily an act of sex with Humbert; he sees the girl-child as a third sex, not man, not woman, but above. With Nabokov’s novel, there is an attempt to discover and relate the inside of a man that is different (from the point of view of the society rules), to romanticize that man and the bond between him and a “nymphet”.
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We all know that there is a plethora of interventions for and specialists in low back pain (chiropractors, osteopaths, massage therapists, physiotherapists etc., etc.); and, depending whether you are an optimist or a pessimist, each of these therapies is as good or as useless as the next. Today, a widely-publicised series of articles in the Lancet confirms that none of the current options is optimal:
Almost everyone will have low back pain at some point in their lives. It can affect anyone at any age, and it is increasing—disability due to back pain has risen by more than 50% since 1990. Low back pain is becoming more prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) much more rapidly than in high-income countries. The cause is not always clear, apart from in people with, for example, malignant disease, spinal malformations, or spinal injury. Treatment varies widely around the world, from bed rest, mainly in LMICs, to surgery and the use of dangerous drugs such as opioids, usually in high-income countries.
The Lancet publishes three papers on low back pain, by an international group of authors led by Prof Rachelle Buchbinder, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, which address the issues around the disorder and call for worldwide recognition of the disability associated with the disorder and the removal of harmful practices. In the first paper, Jan Hartvigsen, Mark Hancock, and colleagues draw our attention to the complexity of the condition and the contributors to it, such as psychological, social, and biophysical factors, and especially to the problems faced by LMICs. In the second paper, Nadine Foster, Christopher Maher, and their colleagues outline recommendations for treatment and the scarcity of research into prevention of low back pain. The last paper is a call for action by Rachelle Buchbinder and her colleagues. They say that persistence of disability associated with low back pain needs to be recognised and that it cannot be separated from social and economic factors and personal and cultural beliefs about back pain.
Overview of interventions endorsed for non-specific low back pain in evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (Danish, US, and UK guidelines)
In this situation, it makes sense, I think, to opt for a treatment (amongst similarly effective/ineffective therapies) that is at least safe, cheap and readily available. This automatically rules out chiropractic, osteopathy and many others. Exercise, however, does come to mind – but what type of exercise?
The aim of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was to gain insight into the effectiveness of walking intervention on pain, disability, and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP) at post intervention and follow ups.
Six electronic databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro and The Cochrane library) were searched from 1980 to October 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in patients with chronic LBP were included, if they compared the effects of walking intervention to non-pharmacological interventions. Pain, disability, and quality of life were the primary health outcomes.
Nine RCTs were suitable for meta-analysis. Data was analysed according to the duration of follow-up (short-term, < 3 months; intermediate-term, between 3 and 12 months; long-term, > 12 months). Low- to moderate-quality evidence suggests that walking intervention in patients with chronic LBP was as effective as other non-pharmacological interventions on pain and disability reduction in both short- and intermediate-term follow ups.
The authors concluded that, unless supplementary high-quality studies provide different evidence, walking, which is easy to perform and highly accessible, can be recommended in the management of chronic LBP to reduce pain and disability.
I know – this will hardly please the legions of therapists who earn their daily bread with pretending their therapy is the best for LBP. But healthcare is clearly not about the welfare of the therapists, it is/should be about patients. And patients should surely welcome this evidence. I know, walking is not always easy for people with severe LBP, but it seems effective and it is safe, free and available to everyone.
My advice to patients is therefore to walk (slowly and cautiously) to the office of their preferred therapist, have a little rest there (say hello to the staff perhaps) and then walk straight back home.
As written on page 8 of the Lancet Low Back Pain Series 2, “Improved and better integrated education of health-care professionals could support implementation of best practice for low back pain..and create new and innovative strategies for practice. Examples of such support include, the integrated education of medical doctors with Chiropractors in Denmark..”
Which begs the question as to why anyone would want to spend time and trouble studying ‘chiropractic’, which its devisor D D Palmer stated was a ‘different system from medicine’, rather than medicine.
And quite what the point might be of offering ‘integrated’ education in two quite different systems.
Practitioners who have gone down the ‘chiropractic’ path, for whatever reason, should do their best to overcome the ‘sunk cost fallacy’ and retrieve their careers by training as physiotherapists or councillors.
As a surgeon I never operated for ‘low back pain’ – but did so to remove pressure crushing, and defunctioning, a nerve root (neuropraxia or neurotemesis).
And I only used MRI to indicate where I should operate, not whether I should.
(i.e. After I had decided surgical attention was indicated on clinical grounds.)
Without very clear indications indeed for surgery, ‘Ernst’s Exercises’ will suffice, and be cost effective.
RR, you must be very rare amongst your colleagues in regard to surgery and MRI’s. I applaud your management, it is (or was) very safe. But how many of your colleagues (especially in the U.S.) reach for the MRI referral pad at the slight hint of low back pain, “Just to see what the problem really is”. How many reach for the opiate prescription as first choice before trying all the safer methods of treatment? I would suggest that this over-management has cost us millions of wasted dollars/pounds, far in excess of what is reasonable.
You may be right.
I do not know.
But that’s a tu quoque logical fallacy, and a red herring.
Do not compare bad medicine with chiropractic. They’re much the same!
And that’s the point.
Based on the opinion of the Lancet Low Back Pain Series Working Group, here are the reasons to integrate.
1. Develop best practice.
2. Help break down professional barriers.
3. Develop a common language.
4. Create new and innovative strategies for practice.
1 Is what conventional medicine constantly strives to do.
2. There would be no ‘barrier’ if students contemplating ‘chiropractic’ qualified in medicine. As I did.
3. Medicine is practised by those with many languages. ‘Twas ever thus.
4. See 1 above.
To which consider:
(i) That adding cow pie to apple pie does not make apple pie better.
(ii) That DD Palmer always intended chiropractic to be different from medicine.
Enjoy your career as best you may, but please don’t harm mine.
With respect to the establishment of Australia’s Macquarie University private hospital and medical school without the initial requested removal of the universities long established Centre for Chiropractic. It is time for the integration of both health disciplines so innovative management of spinal pain and health can be more effectively pursued.
innovative management of spinal pain by the chiropractic profession?
could you please list some of the innovations chiropractors have contributed to this field in the last 12o years?
other that falsely calling themselves ‘Dr’, I mean.
EE, who can use the title “Dr”?
Doctors of Philosophy?
Doctors of Science?
Doctors of Divinity?
Doctors of Law?
In the UK, anyone can use the title ‘Dr’. Or ‘Lord’ as in Sutch.
Some dentists do – though why they are not proud enough to use ‘Dentist’ (Dn), is for them to explain.
Unless a registered medical practitioner or qualified PhD, why would anyone want to use ‘doctor’, unless to mislead and defraud?
E.E., In looking at the recommendations for the treatment of common low back pain, could you please list some of the innovations physiotherapists, orthopaedic surgeons and the pharmaceutical industry have contributed to this field in the last 12o years
no, I asked first
1.Digital Motion X-ray https://www.dmxworks.com/
2. Chiropractic biophysics spinal remodelling traction and mirror image spinal manipulation procedures. https://idealspine.com/
3. Instrument-based manipulation as opposed to just manual manipulation. http://neuromechanical.com/
4. My own research on the development of a new method of traction called SMAT (Supine Mid Abdominal Traction)
1 show me the evidence that this is a chiro innovation
2 I don’t consider this an innovation worth writing home about
3 I don’t consider this an innovation worth writing home about
4 I don’t consider this an innovation worth writing home about
Write to DMX and find out for yourself.
normally, it is the one who makes a claim who ought to substantiate it – or did i get that wrong too?
Regarding instrument-based manipulation. contact Dr Gunzberg, the editor of the European Spine Journal and ask him about his collaborative research with chiropractors regarding this topic.
!! I imagined Mr Epstein would cite some serious articles, even if only published in chiropractic journals, but…
1. The references cited by Wikipedia indeed indicate this is not a chiropractic innovation.
2. The lengthy account of this on the linked website contains no formal reference citations to supporting evidence.
3. This is the famous ‘activator’, a tarted-up version of a spring-loaded automatic centre punch. For connoisseurs of chiropractic hilarity you can watch examples of this wonderful device in action here and here and here.
4. This is a case report: ‘research’ with N=1.
Is there any remote possibility Mr Epstein might recognize just how pathetic his response is?
I would not hold my breath
“both health disciplines” I think not. One is a discipline supported by developing knowledge and research, the other is a magical belief system based on nonsense extricated from his fundament by a con man.
@ME…Another chimera from a chimerical “professional”.
Positing oneself as indispensable into all matters which benefit you (and likely you alone) was always the arena of the priest….seems DCs, PTs, ATCs and others of that ilk see the robust pecuniary reward of selling religion to the masses i.e. “bring me your pain and I’ll “treat-it-away””.
“…and create new, innovative strategies…” LOL…..just like 150,000 DCs over 123 years have done? PTs, DCs and ATCs have been suggesting “eventually we’ll stumble upon something that works” but never hesitate charging for all the shit that don’t
Having just re-read, and with the intention of innumerable ‘re-reads’….More Harm Than Good, I can’t quite wrap my brain around how amazing, succinct, insightful and THOROUGH it is!!
It is brilliant in all regards….not the least of which is your ability to create understanding from otherwise typically overwhelming topics e.g. statistics, ethics etc. Bravo!
If anyone has ever contemplated “alternative medicine”, at any level, and has NOT bought this book then shame on them and: “you deserve to get swindled’!!
It’s easy to recognize the blog-contributors here who HAVE NOT and WILL NOT read this book….. They are blind and need to remain blind for their own selfish reasons.
now, that’s a nice compliment!
but most of the praise must go to my co-author Kevin Smith who is brilliant.
can we tempt you to put this comment on the book’s Amazon site? PLEASE!
You are a physio?
Yes, he is, plus the ex-husband of a chiropractor.
I see that the “shake, bake and fake” of modern physiotherapy is not even considered as an option for treatment.
any idea about this?
and a commentary about it:
A+B is usually more than B alone.
Osteopaths often advise against drugs.
Until osteopathy became regulated in some countries, New Zealand and Australia for example, there were three types of osteopaths.
1) American trained, who had a very similar qualification to medical practitioners.
2). U.K., N.Z. Australian trained who had a similar qualification to chiropractors, but always better qualifications than physiotherapists.
3). Totally untrained, with no formal qualifications who did a few weekend courses in how to “crunch spines” and were than able to call themselves osteopaths as there was no regulation governing this.
It is incorrect for you to use the professional designation “osteopath” without defining which group they belong to.
Edzard … unfortunately you are right. The preliminary medical exam in the US has no effect for to stop US osteopathic physicians D.O. to support the old ideas of drugless healing by advertising Cranial Osteopathy and to call medication ‘a poisoning’ in general… but there is the same problem all over the world. The preliminary exam doesn’t stop physicians from practising CAM.
GibleyGibley … and don’t forget the Swiss osteopaths with GDK diploma. Their training is according to the WHO benchmarks for training in osteopathy. The exam in Switzerland is done according to the law and to fixed regulations and subjects by officially adviced Swiss state physicians and contains embryology as a core subject !! to proof that they understand the details of the ‘involuntary mechanism’ (iatromechanic plus vitalism).
Like a knight in ‘Monty Python and the Holy Grail’ I would ask you now: “What do you mean with ‘osteopath’ – an US osteopathic physician D.O. or an European / Commonwealth osteopathic manipulator Dr. (ost) or M.Sc. (ost) or B.Sc. (ost) or …
In direct relation to The Lancet series on Low Back Pain, the President of the British Chiropractic Association appears to be overselling chiropractic on Channel 5 news tonight:
Not that anyone is likely to be surprised.
Back pain should not be ignored in its early stages, proper tests must be done and appropriate medicine must be taken prescribed by the doctor to relief pain. People waste a lot of money on irrelevant medicine and therapies that does not cure their disease.
I am suggesting:
Don’t walk home but insist on a proper diagnostic procedure because there could be some pathologies like osteoporothic fractures or bone cancer or a meningeoma or other severe ilnesses which cannot be treated by walking at all …
” ….walking straight back home again…”
I would insist on a detailed medical checkup by following the medical guidlines. Why?
She had symtoms FOR THREE MONTHS progressing and it took her THREE MONTH until a proper medical investigation was carried out …
I had a similar case wuth meningeoma
I had a similar case suffering from meningeoma and her physicist (Dr. med.) whom I called was not willing to send her to the MRI when she went to him after my call.
She reported to me alternating sensations for 3 minutes warm after 15 minutes cold a.s.o. AND as the one lower leg became cold the other became warm and this was alternating too every 10 to 15 minutes. I palpated this and it was true and her reflexes were weak but still there she could stand on her heels and toes but had light burning sensations tingling and numbness in both feet.
Because the physicist (Dr. med.) told her “this guy (he meant me) has no idea what he is talking about” (I am a Heilpraktiker) I sent her to the emergeny unit the next day and she had a 6 hours surgery at once ….
Uh, you do know EE that the Sitthipornvorakul, et al paper you mentioned on walking, that walking was compared mainly to PT based exercise, PT program or some type of patient education…and many of those papers used the A+B design…a design with which you seem to have an issue.
You did read the paper, right?
We all are at a staggering 84% chance of succumbing to back pain in our lifetime. which can interrupt our daily routine like a thoroughbred professional. But this pain needs to be catered to properly for reducing its propensity.
we need effective treatments – but, at present, we hardly have any.
Here are some tips for relieving from lower back pain. Maintain a healthy weight, Keep your back muscles strong, Stretch your muscles, Focus on good posture, Lift properly, sleep well.
Any skeptics going to challenge these?
Back pain is a very sensitive issue for everyone. As a back pain sufferer dr. advice me have to lose my weight.
Here i got some effective suggestion like maintain ur weight, Stretch your muscles carefully, Focus on good posture, sleep well and therapist is a good option for sufferer
It’s a little more complicated than just loose weight or stretch some muscles. I don’t expect many to read these, but these papers may be of interest to those of us who actually deal with these patients on a daily basis.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate atrophy in CLBP in the multifidus and paraspinal muscles but not in the erector spinae. No atrophy was shown in RLBP and ALBP. Fat infiltration did not occur in RLBP, but results in CLBP were inconsistent. No abnormalities in fiber type in the paraspinal muscles were found in CLBP.
Reflexes were evoked in each of the homonymous muscles with latencies and estimated conduction velocities compatible with being evoked by Ia muscle afferents and having a monosynaptic component. Short latency heteronymous excitatory reflex connections were observed in muscles on the ipsilateral side, whilst reflex responses in the contralateral muscles were inhibitory in response to the same stimulus. The latencies of the crossed responses were on average 9.1 ms longer than the ipsilateral excitatory responses. These results are in contrast to the crossed excitatory responses observed between the abdominal muscles and trapezius muscles on the opposite aspect of the trunk.
Conclusion Even between symptomatic episodes, young individuals with a history of low back pain demonstrated altered recruitment of the deep fibers of lumbar multifidus in response to changing locomotor speed during walking turns.
These findings suggest that abnormal segmental motion noted on kinetic MR images is closely associated with disc degeneration, FJO, and the pathological characteristics of interspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, and paraspinal muscles. Kinetic MR imaging in patients with mechanical back pain may prove a valuable source of information about the stability of the functional spine unit by measuring abnormal segmental motion and grading of radiographic parameters simultaneously.
Muscle attenuation varied by specific muscle (p < .001), was lower in older adults (p < .001), and was generally lower in women than in men (p < .001), although not in all muscles. Age-related differences in muscle attenuation varied with specific muscle (p < .001), with the largest age differences occurring in the paraspinal and abdominal muscles.
CONCLUSION: The present findings show that there is selective ipsilateral atrophy of paraspinal muscles, specific to the symptomatic side, in patients with acute and chronic LBP. The reduction of the muscle CSA and increased fatty infiltration occurred synchronously, and the extent of change is significantly greater in chronic LBP in the ES muscle. Atrophy of the MF muscle appears to be at multiple levels but side specific in relation to symptoms in patients with chronic LBP, and the decreased muscle CSA may occur prior to fatty infiltration.
CONCLUSIONS: Paraspinal fat infiltration, but not muscle CSA, was associated with high-intensity pain/disability and structural abnormalities in the lumbar spine. Although cause and effect cannot be determined from this cross-sectional study, longitudinal data will help to determine whether disabling low back pain and structural abnormalities of the spine are a cause or result of fat replacement of paraspinal muscles.
Patients with low back pain have a less refined position sense than healthy individuals, possibly because of an altered paraspinal muscle spindle afference and central processing of this sensory input. Furthermore, muscle vibration can be an interesting expedient for improving proprioception and enhancing local muscle control.
Among older adults with chronic LBP of at least moderate intensity, L5 multifidi muscle composition, but not size, may help to explain physical function.
Tendency of smaller trunk musculature CSA may be a cause or a result of chronic LBP. A unique pattern of larger CSA at L3-L4 and L4-L5 disc levels and smaller CSA at L5-S1 of Rectus abdominis muscles is observed in LBP patients compared to healthy persons. Differences in disc angles and CSA of disc at L3-L4 and L4-L5 levels between the two groups signify that these may be the predisposing factors leading to LBP due to abnormal load/stress transmission and precipitating early degenerative changes in the disc.
As a result, the degree of intramuscular fat infiltration seems to be affected by age, disc level, and muscle type. It seems to be more prominent in the extensor muscles, extending from lower to upper levels.
There was evidence for a negative association between cross-sectional area (CSA) of multifidus and LBP, but conflicting evidence for a relationship between erector spinae, psoas and quadratus lumborum CSA and LBP. Moreover, there was evidence to indicate multifidus CSA was predictive of LBP for up to 12 months in men, but insufficient evidence to indicate a relationship for longer time periods. While there was conflicting evidence for a relationship between multifidus fat infiltration and LBP, there was no or limited evidence for an association for the other paraspinal musculature. Conclusions This review found evidence that multifidus CSA was negatively associated with and predictive of LBP, up to 12 months but conflicting evidence for an association between erector spinae, psoas and quadratus lumborum CSA, and LBP. To further understand the role of the paraspinal musculature in LBP, there is a need for high quality cohort studies which extend over both the short and longer term.
Eleven studies were included. With 1 exception, all pooled results were significantly different statistically between groups, suggesting that paraspinal muscles are smaller in patients with chronic LBP than in control patients and on the symptomatic side of patients with chronic unilateral LBP. In patients with acute unilateral LBP, there was no significant difference between sides. A qualitative examination demonstrated a trend toward an increased effect size when outcome assessors were unblinded.
so glad you master the copy and past task – now you can begin to contemplate what is cause and what is effect here
If you think it’s a simple cause and effect relationship, it indicates naivety on your part.
did I claim it to be simple?
“…now you can begin to contemplate what is cause and what is effect here.”
based upon your request, yes, simplicity is implied.
you have too much fantasy – but, I suppose as a chiro, you might need it.
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108 Shiva Temple of Kalna is a grand example of architectural spirit of colonial modern Bengal. This temple is located in Kalna, just opposite to Pratapeshwar Temple complex of Kalna.
108 Shiva Temple of Kalna was built in the year 1809. These temples are constructed in two circles. The concept of 108 temples was taken from Rajarajeswara temple (dedicated to Lord Shiva) which is located at Taliparamba in the Kannur district of Kerala. Rajarajeswara temple is an example of ancient Chola art.
In 108 Shiva Temple of Kalna or Nava Kailasha Temple, one circle consists of 74 temples while the other inside circle has 34 temples dedicated to Mahadeva. The outer circle has the white marble and black stone shiva lingas, while the inner circle has only white marble ones. Due to its ingenious planning, all the Shiva lingas can be seen from the centre of the temple complex. It has a full proof mathematical explanation. All the Shiva Linga are centred to North, as the local myth confirms the linga faces to the northward direction only. It has another concept also. This concept proofs that the 108 Shiva Temple of Kalna is just a clock and the Shiva Lingas are only the hours of a day.
It is most gorgeous and stunning temple in Kalna for its architecture. 108 Shiva Temple was built by Maharaja Teja Chandra Bahadhur, the Maharahja of Bardhaman Royal Lineage in the year 1809. He built this temple to celebrate the transfer and ownership of the Royal Estate of Bishnupur.
It is an architectural marvel; the structure of this magnificent temple is a combination of two concentric circles, each of which has small temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. These represent beads in a rosary (like 108 beads of a rosary) and its walls depict episodes of Ramayana and Mahabharata and even hunting scenes that are portrayed in these epics.
The outer circle of Nava Kailasha Temple has seventy-four temples and the inner one has thirty-four temples. It is also called the Nava Kailasha Temple (locally known) and each of these 108 temples has a Shiva linga. The lingas in the inner circle are all white marble, which is symbolizing the good deeds of a human being, while half of those in the outer circle are in black marble, which is symbolizing sins of human.
The temple structure of 108 Shiva temple or Nava Kailasha Temple also bears a concept the outer circle, which portrays the world we live in while the inner circle symbolizes the world with pure thoughts.
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Columbia engineering professor Sam Sia's handheld mobile device is a fast, low-cost device that uses the cloud to speed up diagnostic testing for HIV and other diseases.
Samuel K. Sia, associate professor of biomedical engineering at Columbia Engineering, has taken his innovative lab-on-a-chip and developed a way to not only check a patient's HIV status anywhere in the world with just a finger prick, but also synchronize the results automatically and instantaneously with central health-care records10 times faster, the researchers say, than the benchtop ELISA, a broadly used diagnostic technique. The device was field-tested in Rwanda by a collaborative team from the Sia lab and ICAP at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health.
In the study published online Jan. 18, 2013, in Clinical Chemistry, and in the print April 2013 issue, Sia describes a major advance towards providing people in remote areas of the world with laboratory-quality diagnostic services traditionally available only in centralized health care settings.
"We've built a handheld mobile device that can perform laboratory-quality HIV testing, and do it in just 15 minutes and on finger-pricked whole blood," Sia says. "And, unlike current HIV rapid tests, our device can pick up positive samples normally missed by lateral flow tests, and automatically synchronize the test results with patient health records across the globe using both the cell phone and satellite networks."
Sia collaborated with Claros Diagnostics (a company he co-founded, now called OPKO Diagnostics) to develop a pioneering strategy for an integrated microfluidic-based diagnostic devicethe mChipthat can perform complex laboratory assays, and do so with such simplicity that these tests can easily be carried out anywhere, including in resource-limited settings, at a very low cost. This new study builds upon his earlier scientific concepts and incorporates a number of new engineering elements that make the test automated to run with data communication over both cell phone and satellite networks.
"There are a set of core functions that such a mobile device has to deliver," he says. "These include fluid pumping, optical detection, and real-time synchronization of diagnostic results with patient records in the cloud. We've been able to engineer all these functions on a handheld mobile device and all powered by a battery."
This new technology, which combines cell phone and satellite communication technologies with fluid miniaturization techniques for performing all essential ELISA functions, could lead to diagnosis and treatment for HIV-infected people who, because they cannot get to centralized healthcare centers, do not get tested or treated.
"This is an important step forward for us towards making a real impact on patients," says Jessica Justman, MD, senior technical director at ICAP and associate clinical professor of medicine in epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health. "And with the real-time data upload, policymakers and epidemiologists can also monitor disease prevalence across geographical regions more quickly and effectively."
Working with ICAP, OPKO, the Rwandan Ministry of Health, and Rwandan collaborators at Muhima Hospital and two health clinicsProjet San Francisco and Projet Ubuzima, Sia and his team assessed the device's ability to perform HIV testing and then synchronized results in real time with the patients' electronic health records. They successfully tested over 200 serum, plasma, and whole blood samples, all collected in Rwanda.
The mobile device also successfully transmitted all whole-blood test results from a Rwandan clinic to a medical records database stored on the cloud. The device produced results in agreement with a leading ELISA test, including detection of weakly positive samples that were missed by existing rapid tests. The device operated autonomously with minimal user input, produced each result in 15 minutes (compared to 3 hours with the benchtop ELISA), and consumed as little power as a mobile phone.
This latest study builds on previous work from the Sia Lab on building a lab-on-a-chip for personal health diagnosis. For this earlier device, Columbia University was named a Medical Devices runner-up in The Wall Street Journal's prestigious Technology Innovation Awards in 2011.
This research has been funded by a $2-million Saving Lives at Birth transition grant (United States Agency for International Development, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Government of Norway, Grand Challenges Canada, and the World Bank).
Sia's next step will be to implement an antenatal care panel for diagnosing HIV and sexually transmitted diseases for pregnant women in Rwanda. He is also exploring the use of this technology for improving personal health for consumers in the United States.
"The ability to perform state-of-the-art diagnostics on mobile devices has the potential to revolutionize how patients manage their health," Sia says. "I'm pleased with the progress we have made so far, and we are working hard with our collaborators to bring this technology to clinicians, patients, and consumers."
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About Cord Blood
What are stem cells?
A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to renew itself and differentiate into other kinds of cells. There are many types of stem cells, some of which are more valuable from a medical point of view than others. The most therapeutically valuable stem cells, called hematopoietic stem cells, are found in the greatest numbers in the cord blood of newborns. There are two primary reasons for preserving your newborn baby’s stem cells: (i) access to existing and emerging stem cell therapies if you or a family member needs them; and (ii) the promise of regenerative medicine. Stem cells have been used to treat over 80 serious diseases and have the potential to treat conditions that have no cure today.
How are stem cells used?
Stem cells are typically used in transplant medicine to reconstitute a patient's blood and immune system after they have been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation. In addition to destroying cancer cells, chemotherapy and radiation also destroy stem cells. Therefore, cancer patients require an infusion of stem cells or a stem cell transplant after chemotherapy and/or radiation treatments are finished. The stem cell infusion or transplant migrates to the patient's bone marrow where the stem cells then multiply and reconstitute all of the cells to create a new blood and immune system for the patient.
What diseases are being treated with stem cells?
Stem cells are in use in medical therapies for more than 80 diseases and conditions, including some a child may be more susceptible to as a result of family medical history, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Stems cells can also be used to treat certain genetic diseases, including sickle cell anemia and thalassemia that are more common in particular ethnic populations. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation is a standard treatment for certain diseases. For some it is the only therapy, for others it is employed when front-line therapies have failed or the disease is aggressive. Not all treatable diseases have been treated with hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood. Other sources of hematopoietic stem cells include the placenta, bone marrow and peripheral blood. Click here for a list of treatable diseases.
Are human clinical trials being done with stem cells?
Stem cell treatments have been shown beneficial but have not been adopted as standard therapy for a number of diseases. For some of these diseases, stem cell transplants only slow the progression of the disease, but do not produce a cure. For other diseases, stem cell treatments may offer a cure, but the optimum dosage and usage of the stem cells is still under investigation. In the United States, patients with these diagnoses can usually only get access to stem cell treatments if they are enrolled in a clinical trial. Click here for a list of diseases for which stem cell treatments have been shown to be beneficial and are currently in clinical trials.
Are experimental treatments being done with stem cells?
Yes, experimental treatments are the subject of research for diseases and conditions including Parkinson’s Disease, arthritis, Alzheimer’s Disease and stroke recovery. Click here for a list of diseases for which stem cell treatments are the subject of ongoing research.
Can stem cells be used to treat adults?
Yes, stem cells can be used to treat adults. The problem is that adults, or any patient over approximately 65 pounds, require a larger volume of stem cells than is, on average, available from umbilical cord blood alone. This is why harvesting stem cells from cord blood in the placenta in addition to the umbilical cord blood is important. Later this year Americord will launch its proprietary product, CordAdvantage, which will harvest stem cells from cord blood in the placenta.
Can cord blood stem cells be multiplied?
For more than ten years, biotechnology companies and cord blood banks have been studying how to expand cord blood stem cells in a lab setting. Unfortunately, this has not yet been proven to be a reliable or viable therapeutic approach. When cultured, stem cells rapidly begin to differentiate into other tissue types, rather than multiplying into more stem cells.
Can stem cells from multiple donors be combined for use in a single transplant?
Finding two stem cell units that are a match for the patient is much more difficult than finding one. Using multiple cord blood transplants is another approach that has been studied for some time.
Who should save placental and umbilical cord blood stem cells?
While everyone should consider saving their newborn’s stem cells, some groups should give it even more consideration.
- Saving stem cells is a prudent choice if you or your spouse/partner have a family history of a disease that is treatable with stem cells, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.
- Ethnic minorities and families of mixed ethnicity should consider saving stem cells because these groups have greater difficulty finding stem cell donors when needed. Many genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia are more common in certain ethnic populations. Both of these diseases have been successfully treated with stem cells.
- Families preparing to adopt a newborn should consider saving stem cells since, if they are ever needed, the cord blood and placenta stem cells may be the only available genetic source of stem cells for the adopted baby. In addition, depending upon the terms of the adoption, complete family medical histories may not be available and stem cells might provide valuable medical information for the purposes of personalized medicine.
- Couples using fertility treatments that involve a donor egg and/or sperm should consider saving stem cells because this may be the only opportunity to secure a genetically related sample of stem cells for their child.
Should you save stem cells from each of your children?
Children are genetically unique and so are their stem cells. Saving stem cells for each child ensures an exact genetic match is available. In addition, it increases the likelihood of a useful match for other family members. Stem cells from a sibling's umbilical and placental cord blood are up to twice as likely to be useful for a transplant as compared to stem cells from a sibling's bone marrow. Even with identical twins, it is important to save as many stem cells as possible, and it is recommended that stem cells be collected from both babies. In general, the collection volume per baby in multiple births is smaller, so collecting placenta and cord blood stem cells for both babies helps ensure an adequate stem cell yield for transplantation if needed.
Who should save cord tissue and placenta tissue stem cells?
Parents-to-be who want to expand their baby’s options for future medical treatment should consider banking stem cells from their baby’s cord tissue and placenta tissue. The physical tissue of the umbilical cord and the physical tissue of the placenta (not to be confused with cord blood drained from the umbilical cord and placenta) contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are a different type of stem cell than those collected from cord blood in the umbilical cord and placenta. While MSCs are not currently being used for medical therapies, they are the subject of over 200 clinical trials. Research has indicated that MSCs hold the promise of being able to someday treat debilitating conditions such as heart disease, type 1 diabetes, lung cancer, Parkinson’s Disease, and injuries to bones and cartilage.
What is the difference between cord blood and cord tissue?
The physical tissue of the umbilical cord, (not to be confused with the cord blood that is drained from the umbilical cord), contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are a different type of stem cell than those that are collected from cord blood in the umbilical cord. The type of stem cells that exist in great numbers in cord blood are called hematopoietic stem cells.
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The American political system suffers from a serious but treatable disorder. We see the most obvious symptoms easily enough, ranging from political polarization and radicalization to apathy and civic disengagement, leading many to wonder if we are coming apart. The malady itself is a profound, pervasive alienation where citizens have lost our connections to politics and each other. We are experiencing a modern loneliness so acute as to threaten what we call the American Project.
The American Project represents the distilled core of a long American tradition, and it is the essential common ground of our national understanding, one that invites all in to a connective history and a set of rights and responsibilities. With deep roots in Western Civilization, the American Project is grounded in the conviction that the capacity for self-government is a source of a distinctly human dignity, one that in America produced an exceptional and peculiarly American governing document, the US Constitution. Related, this right and ability to pursue happiness requires energetic social and political institutions—from schools and houses of worship to workplaces and political parties—to supply moral order and speak to our deep human needs for virtue and belonging. The collapse of these community-building institutions has led directly to a severe questioning of what it means to be an American with a looming threat of losing any sense of our common American identity.
In particular, our major political parties—once sources of connection and deliberation over our future—both reflect and have contributed to our crisis of self-understanding. Originating out of competing political philosophies and perspectives on our Constitution, both Democratic progressivism and Republican conservatism have been unable, by policy or rhetoric, to specify the American identity in a manner that speaks to and for the American people. Amid falling party registration numbers and decreasing voter turnout, the party establishments are increasingly seen as irrelevant or incompetent to address our societal challenges. Our political machines have lost their souls; our politics must become humane again to inspire and unite us.
Disconnecting Our Politics from Principles
As conservatives, we believe our principles offer the best way forward. Originally an intellectual movement, American conservatism became a political coalition held together by a common rejection of the growing power of government in the Great Society, a righteous battle against the threat of global communist totalitarianism, and a battle to restore social order through strengthening America’s major institutions.
This Cold War conservatism connected well to the times. Ronald Reagan’s simple but powerful message of lower taxes, lower regulation, and winning the Cold War not only demonstrated his ability to exercise the art of the possible in politics, but it came as part of a richly American narrative of strong families, of vibrant communities, of people taking care of themselves and each other. Through this message, Reagan created a new political coalition, which stretched across party lines (“Reagan Democrats”) and age groups (“Reagan Generation”). The economic and geopolitical successes of the Reagan years were real, but they also demonstrated that these accomplishments were tied to deeper principles, and were grounded in an argument about American identity.
Victory in the 1980’s produced a new political environment and ought to have caused the conservative movement to refocus its energy. In the hands of the Republican Party, the simple equation of economic policies meant to produce growth became a simplistic mantra for winning elections. The forces of globalization altered dramatically the economic conditions in which national policy functioned. For decades, the Republican Party largely ignored these realities while seeing success through the narrow lens of technological progress and fast rising profits. Those left behind—including millions with traditional moral and religious beliefs—had these beliefs ridiculed and even criminalized by powerful institutions beyond the reach of the American citizen. These Americans heard only empty promises from the one political party that claimed to represent them.
Conservatives were not the only movement to recognize the problem of radical individualism and alienation. Some American progressives also observed it, and responded by defining “community” through the creation of identity politics, elevating ethnic, racial and sexual qualities to the point where the self is seen as fully determined by these characteristics. Though promising a communitarian fix, it created a paradoxically exclusionary politics, limiting membership to those possessing very particular identities, and confining individuals into immoveable categories of those with and without “privilege.”
In addition to identity politics, a different progressive solution embraces the abstraction of a global citizen not bound by nationhood. We see this definition manifested in issues ranging from immigration to international trade. Borders are dismissed as arbitrary, when they actually define nations as places possessing unique histories, cultures, and thereby, affiliation.
In an era demanding deeper and more frequent points of attachment, progressives have turned the American motto—E Pluribus Unum (“Out of many, one”)—on its head, defining it either as all diversity and no unity, or all unity without diversity. These newer conceptions of progressive community demand strong government involvement to establish and protect their frameworks of identity and connection—often of an unelected administrative type. As a result, progressives hold dearly to the one community that makes their philosophy possible. For them, “government is the one thing we all belong to.”
A Way Forward: A Conservatism of Connection
America needs a new way forward. Despite big challenges, we will find it. Ours is a hopeful endeavor. For the American Project to be restored, America’s conservative principles must be articulated anew to connect Americans to an American Project for the 21st century.
Authentic conservatism is essentially about three connections: 1. Connection to the Past: We retain from our heritage what is valuable and worth cherishing, 2. Connection to Our Future: We innovate as conditions change to adapt inherited ways to new conditions, 3. Connection to One Another: Through America’s famed mediating institutions, we connect to one another in achieving the common good. In his last major political address to the GOP Convention of 1992, Ronald Reagan perfectly connected these three elements: “We can no longer judge each other on the basis of what we are, but must, instead, start finding out who we are. In America, our origins matter less than our destinations and that is what democracy is all about.”
American conservatism recognizes that today’s crisis of spirit has repeated itself throughout our history. Episodes of alienation and estrangement not only punctuate our history, but also reveal our deepest ongoing challenge. America’s gradual incorporation of an astonishing array of peoples and cultures into a common civilization is a true, powerful, and profoundly important story, even as each stage of that development as a nation has required us to overcome tragic periods of exclusion, particularly racial and ethnic exclusion. This too, is an “identity politics” of a very dangerous sort, which must be rejected.
We must restore the American Project by repairing the three conservative connections that demonstrate our principles and draw us into the risky but rewarding work of active citizenship.
Restoring the American Project by Reclaiming Conservative Principles
To restore the American Project, we, the signatories of this document, call on our political institutions, and the conservative movement specifically, to restore the following institutions to their rightful places as platforms for connection and progress:
1. America Must Restore Government as a Facilitator of Civic Institutions
The Constitution’s design of limited government was never an end in itself, but the necessary precondition for self-government expressed through community and civic organizations. Americans’ community building can be seen every day in the response to personal, social, and natural disasters. America is the world‘s most charitable nation with the greatest number of volunteers. This accomplishment has always demanded governing structures that enable this compassion by limiting its own intrusion into the spheres where civil society operates, providing the freedoms necessary for these groups to continue in their mission-based work. Government must become again the servant of the people not our master. Rebuilding civic trust between government and citizens demands an acknowledgement that many of the best solutions to society’s problems occur in local communities not national bureaucracies. We seek government that facilitates and does not crowd out our civil society. This requires a renewed commitment to federalism, localism and subsidiarity.
2. America Must Restore Work as a Civic Institution, While Advancing True Free Markets
Americans have always valued hard work, and the role it plays in the creation of community, the realization of personal purpose, and self-worth. Our increased standards of living and diversity of vocations developed through the action of entrepreneurs operating in relatively free markets. The free and competitive markets of American capitalism have been the greatest engine for social equality, the decrease of poverty and the eradication of illness in the history of the world. It harnesses our innovative spirit. This is the core of the American Dream and we must work to make sure the rising generation believes in this as a real opportunity.
Today, these commercial practices have been shaken in the face of persistent threats. Americans are again questioning the fairness and freeness of trade agreements struck between national governments in consultation with international companies sometimes more incentivized to corner markets than to open them. National and even local concerns should be respected in the formation of trade policy. To this end, while we remain opposed to public sector unionization, we call on conservatives to rethink their longstanding opposition to private sector unions, and to prioritize entrepreneurial competition in the marketplace.
3. America Must Restore Education as a Civic Institution
From our founding, Americans viewed formal education—from elementary school through college—as not simply providing skills for the marketplace, but also skills for citizenship. Testing and surveys have revealed the woeful state of our civics education in elementary and secondary levels, and we call on these institutions to better incorporate not only the “names and dates” of America’s distinctive history into their curricula, but also the central importance of civic virtue and its formative institutions, including the military. At the collegiate level, multiple studies have uncovered the lack of “viewpoint diversity” in America’s social science faculties. Researching and teaching in subject matter so deeply related to preparing our next generations of public leaders, we call on conservatives and academia to focus on the university’s own founding principles: to serve as places for open and diverse thinking, speech, and scholarship. We support the work of the “Heterodox Academy” movement in promoting greater diversity of thought both inside and outside the classroom. We also call on conservative students to consider academic careers, seeing them as a “mission field“ for the larger cause of increasing viewpoint diversity in teaching and research.
4. America Must Protect Faith as a Civic Institution
America was founded by people seeking freedom from religious persecution. Our citizens have traditionally been focused both on this world and the world to come. This history has created our vibrant network of associations dedicated to the common good through charity, while providing the spiritual values necessary to develop a self-governing citizenry. Religious liberty is primary in that it supports our other rights most concerned with civic virtue. As America has grown more secular and faith is often mocked by elites, we have seen a gradual chipping away at our cherished religious liberty by courts and statehouses. We must resist the “weaponizing” of religious freedom. When people let themselves be convinced that it’s “kind” or “tolerant” to scrub the public square of evidence of religion, the result is ever-tighter government restrictions on religious freedom. Religious liberty must mean protection of all faiths, with a concern for those with the least protection against the reduction of religion to mere conscience. As America has become much more diverse in its faiths, the societal benefits of religious liberty for all must be stoutly defended in our policy and our politics.
5. America Must Restore our Role in the World as a Defender of Her Interests
Our nation has fought and defeated race-based slavery, National Socialism, and international Communism. We should be regarded as one of mankind’s greatest defenders. Now, our country moves from the Cold War to the “Warm War” of fighting yet another radicalism, facing threats from hostile state and non-state actors, WMDs in the hands of such foes, and cyberwarfare. Due to the technological revolution in communications, the intelligence gathering powers of our federal government have become comforting to some, but disturbing to many. The United States is a regime based on the principles of equality, liberty, consent of the governed, and the rule of law. As such, America is a friend to liberal democracies, representative and open governments, free trade, human rights, and the Free World. But from its inception, the United States has pursued its national interest; U.S. foreign policy must evaluate and defend against threats to our form of government, our citizens, and our allies. It must cover the core interests traced by our borders, our airspace, and our institutions, as we acknowledge these realities in other nations. This conservative internationalism with its recognition of national borders and cooperative relationships between independent nations contrasts with a progressive globalism founded on non-state bureaucracies and a so-called “international law.” It extends to our people’s lives and well-being at home and abroad, including their access to trade and energy resources. And it requires us to pursue, to the fullest possible extent, the prevention of major threats to the critical regions of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
6. America Must Restore the Balance of “E Pluribus Unum”
The failure of identity politics and the silence of conservatives have clouded the importance of diversity. To bring America together requires that modern conservatism speak and act on our belief in the awesome value of our diversity, tied together not by blood, but by a common commitment to civic virtue. While acknowledging times when the pursuit of happiness has not been open to all, we must lead in confronting the perennial challenge implicit in our national motto, agreeing that part of what makes America so exceptional is this “promissory note” written by our founders through our Constitution. It will be fulfilled when all citizens are given equal opportunity to realize their self-interest rightly understood.
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Updated: Oct 9, 2018
It's well known that prolonged sitting and inactivity is unhealthy, but did you know it increases your risk for all-cause mortality? Sitting is being termed 'the new smoking' and many people are now aware of the negative health consequences of being inactive. Inactivity compromises every system in our body, but has severe negative implications for circulation, cellular health, lymphatic waste removal (which requires movement), digestion, brain health and the fascial system.
Our modern lifestyle has 'outsourced' much of the movement our ancestors used to perform on a daily basis. Our ancestors didn't need to 'exercise' because their day was highly active. Today we no longer grow or even prepare our food, walk long distances, or hand wash our clothes. Many of us hire gardeners, dog walkers, house cleaners, chefs, personal shoppers, and more, which saves us time, but costs us the nourishing movement that benefits our health.
More exercise won't offset inactivity
A common misconception is that people think they are safe from the dangers of inactivity because they exercise often, but studies show that even moderate intensity exercise isn't enough to offset the health risks associated with prolonged sitting. In fact sedentary adults share many of the symptoms of astronauts returning to Earth.
Exercising for an hour a day doesn't offset the negative effects of being inactive for the remainder of the day. The solution to offsetting inactivity isn't more structured exercise, it's more intermittent physical activity. That is, we need to find opportunities to include small bouts of movement into our daily lives to break up long periods of inactivity.
Variety is the spice of life and this is especially true when it comes to building a healthy system. Dr Joan Vernikos, former NASA director and author of 'Sitting Kills, Moving Heals' says we need to develop G-habits which are constant deviations in posture. In other words, we need to constantly vary our bodies position, by moving more.
As we stand on earth we are subject to 1 G-Force. Laying down is 1 G-force, walking is 1.3-1.5, running 1.6-2.3, and jumping can be up to 6G Force. Vibration training can take your gravitational pull up to 8 G force in any position, providing powerful benefits for those seeking more variable movement for health.
So which kind of movement is best?
Movement variety is important for a well nourished body. Many training programs train muscles, but neglect to train movement, which is what most of as are missing for healthy aging and vitality. Training localised muscle segments to enhance lean muscle and body composition is important and beneficial, but it doesn't equate to improved movement efficiency, mobility and health of the interconnected system.
'We're finding it difficult to be nourished by exercise as we do it today, because not only is it infrequent (you know you need to move more, yes?) but also, although the whole body can benefit to a point when only some of the parts are working, these exercises we're choosing work very few of our parts.' - Katy Bowman, Movement Matters
Movement training creates a more robust body, pumps the lymphatic system, and helps segments of our body remember that they work together for superior strength and function. Injuries happen when the parts stop working together, so a big part of building a resilient body, is training all parts for a team effort. Training movements means that our body and brain are able to mitigate forces through the entire system. If more parts can shock absorb and work together, there is less strain in any one part.
The answer to the sedentary problem isn't finding time to exercise muscles more, it's about finding ways to move more of your parts as a system, more often.
'There's a movement diet, so to speak, and it's not nourishing us fully; there are diseases and ailments erupting in groups of humans who move certain ways (or don't art all). We're trying to figure out how to spot-treat each person with different movement vitamins while missing a larger issue altogether. Our culturally approved ways of moving aren't meeting our needs.' - Katy Bowman, Movement Matters
Ground To Standing Drills
To get the best bang for your movement buck, we recommend whole body movements where you shift your bodies position relative to gravity, known as ground to standing drills. The biggest change one can make in their posture is going from a crouching or curled up position on the floor, into a stretched out or standing position one.
Ground to standing movements improve the hydrodynamics in your body by increasing pressure which facilitates the flow of liquids (blood, lymph and water) though your body. By crouching and compressing joints, tissue and muscles in ground to standing movements, tissues and joints experience increased hydration, which results in enhanced joint mechanics, and better coordination through the neuromuscular system.
Getting down to the ground and up again is important for health, and has been correlated with healthy aging. The Sitting Rising Test (SRT) measures ones ability to get down and up from the floor without assistance, and good scores on this test are equated with healthy aging and a reduction in mortality. Each time a knee or hand is used to assist, or balance is compromised, a point is lost. Each point increase in the SRT score was associated with a 21 percent decrease in mortality from all causes. *Image borrowed from here
Strategies To Reduce Prolonged Postures
Avoid using pedometers as an indicator of your daily movement as they tend to reflect quantity, not quality of movement.
Try setting an alarm at work for every 30-45 minutes to remind yourself to move, even if it's just 5 simple squats, or lay on the floor and get up again! Any movement to your whole body is a good option.
If this is too frequent, you can try doing 4 structured bouts of 15 minute movement per day which is certainly better than nothing!
Get down to the floor, and get back up again and try to do it differently each time! You'll be surprised at how amazing you feel after doing this for even 1 minute!
Get an adjustable sit to stand desk if you can afford it and sit for an hour, then stand for an hour and in between do some movement. Standing desks help reduce some of the adverse health risks, but they do not solve the problem of inactivity because the body is still largely still. Too much of any static posture, is not ideal for a body designed to move.
Attend our de-stress, De-fuzz classes to get 30 minutes of nourishing low intensity movement into your day.
Book a powerplate session to experience a high volume training session in less time due to the elevated G-Force and 3D whole body vibration.
Drink 3 litres of water a day so that at least you have to move to go to the toilet! Hydration isn't a measure of how much you drink, it's a measure of how much you drink, and how well and often you move! By incorporating more movements through your day you can help improve hydration, energy, brain function and more.
Try our Move It or Lose It guided movement program for 10 minutes of low intensity daily movement.
Movement is not medicine, it's essential! Move it, or you will lose it!
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While value-added teacher assessments have received a boost from the recent NBER study, virtually everyone in the education field — from scorched earth reformers to heels planted status quo defenders — still agrees that teacher evaluations need to include more than just test scores. So how should administrators evaluate classroom performance?
One obvious answer: at greater length and more frequently. But some preliminary findings from the Gates Foundation’s Measurement of Effective Teaching (MET) project suggest some other guidelines as well.
First on their list is “Choose an observation instrument that sets clear expectations. That means defining a set of teaching competencies and providing specific examples of the different performance levels on each.”
I want to return to this standard, and take a look at the recently released Utah Teaching Standards to see how well they fit the bill.
But first, let me mention some of the other MET findings.
- “Observers should be expected to demonstrate their ability to generate accurate observations and should be recertified periodically.”
- “When high-stakes decisions are being made, multiple observations are necessary.”
- “At least a representative subset of teachers should be observed by impartial observers with no personal relationship to the teacher.”
- Observations should be “combined with student achievement gains and student feedback, ” AND school districts should “regularly verify that teachers with stronger observation scores also have stronger achievement gains on average.”
This all makes great sense to me, especially since the MET proposals would help protect teachers against biased administrators, would help protect administrators against charges of bias, and would help protect students against teachers and administrators allied against uncomfortable but necessary change.
Here’s a link to the study:
And here’s a link to the January, 2012 Utah teaching standards:
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Despite Pope’s Claim, Condoms Are Essential to Fighting AIDS
amfAR RESPONDS TO CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENTS MADE BY THE POPE
March 18, 2009–Condoms are an indispensable part of evidence-based HIV prevention programs and are necessary to curb the growing global epidemic, amfAR CEO Kevin Robert Frost said today in response to controversial comments made this week by Pope Benedict during a goodwill trip to Africa.
The Pope reaffirmed the Catholic Church’s opposition to the use of condoms to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS while speaking to reporters aboard a plane to Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon. Contradicting a large body of available evidence, he suggested that condoms are exacerbating the epidemic rather than helping control it.
“Condoms are an absolutely essential part of any HIV/AIDS prevention program,” Frost said. “Healthcare and aid workers must be allowed to distribute them and teach people how to use them correctly.”
About 22 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with HIV, according to UNAIDS. In 2007, the region was home to two-thirds of all people living with HIV and three-quarters of all AIDS deaths worldwide occurred there.
Research shows that latex condoms are up to 95% effective in preventing HIV when used correctly and consistently, making them the most effective HIV prevention technology available. Female polyurethane condoms have been found to be almost 97% effective under similar conditions.
Scientific data shows that comprehensive HIV/AIDS education programs that promote safe sex and teach about condom use, as well as abstinence and fidelity, offer a more effective strategy than teaching abstinence alone.
To view amfAR’s issue brief on the effectiveness of condoms in preventing HIV infection, please click here.
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Bridges are an easy job for an experienced dentist. At 32pearls, we perform them all of the time. As a patient, all you have to do is sit back and relax. It is your only job. We delight in taking care of you.
Healthy teeth help support and maintain your jaw alignment. When you lose one or more teeth, your remaining teeth may shift, affecting your ability to chew and speak. A bridge replaces missing teeth with great looking replacement teeth that look identical to perfectly healthy natural teeth, eliminating the gap where those teeth had been. The bridge is then bonded onto surrounding teeth for support.
You may be wondering what to expect when it comes to a dental bridge or how is it different from dental implants.
Dental bridges connect the spaces in between missing teeth. In order to form a bridge, a crown is needed to affix the new false teeth or tooth.
Crowns are covers or fixtures that are applied to the new tooth that will form it into its original shape. Crowns often enhance the durability of the teeth and will magnify the way your teeth look and feel.
The false teeth that replace the original teeth are called pontics. They are often produced from porcelain, gold, alloys or a mixture of these.
Dental Bridges and Benefits
- Replace missing teeth
- Protects surrounding teeth from movement or shifting
- Regain full usage of teeth for eating and speaking
- Ability to fully smile again
Types of Dental Bridges
Maryland Bonded Bridges
The Maryland bonded bridge or resin bonded bridges include a false tooth or pontic that is attached to your existing permanent teeth on either side of the missing tooth. The new tooth is connected to a set of ‘wings’ made out of porcelain or metal on one side. Maryland Bonded Bridges consist of porcelain, porcelain fused to metal or a framework made from plastic teeth and gums.
Maryland Bonded Bridges have been known to increase the quality of patients dental care.
A Cantilever bridge is necessary when there are teeth solitary on one side of the missing tooth. The practice is uncommon and gives not much to fret about.
Traditional Bridges create a crown for each side of the missing tooth. (As described above.) The substitute pontic is then used as a false tooth. It is a simple and most commonly used technique for dental bridges.
The Dental Bridge Procedure
In only two visits, you will be proud to smile and feel as good as new.
Your abutment teeth will be prepared. Abutment teeth are the teeth that support the bridge. They are also known as prosthetics and provide the area with parallel insertion. They give the crown a more realistic appearance. A portion of enamel will be removed so that the new crown will fit properly. A new model will be made from impressions of the teeth so that the bridge, pontic and crowns will be manufactured by the lab. A short-term or temporary bridge will keep exposed gums and teeth protected in the meantime.
You made it and all is well. Your interim bridge will now be removed and fitting for your new bridge will take place to guarantee you comfort. Checking the teeth and re-adjusting is often necessary to align the bridge to fit your mouth perfectly.
Sometimes, a few extra visits are necessary because every patient is truly different and no one is the same. Trusting in 32 Pearls Dentistry will make your bridge process easy and comfortable.
Contact us today for a free consultation.
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The differences between a peach and a nectarine can be a little fuzzy. After all, these two relatives of the almond taste very much alike. But fans of nectarines favor the stone fruit for its smooth skin and smaller pit. The cherry on top is that nectarines are nutritional powerhouses for older adults. Indeed, when we sink our teeth into a nectarine, we’re getting plenty of vitamin C, beta-carotene and fiber. And that’s not all.
Why Nectarines Are Good for Older Adults
1. Nectarines are a low in calories.
A small nectarine has fewer than 60 calories. If you crave something sweet, try dressing up plain yogurt with nectarine slices or other stone fruit, such as cherries or peaches.
2. Nectarines are good for your eyes.
Nectarines contain lutein, an antioxidant that can reduce the risk of cataracts. Increasing the amount of lutein in our diets has also been associated with lower risks of age-related macular degeneration. One small nectarine contains about 150 micrograms of lutein.
3. Nectarines keep blood sugar in check.
Nectarines have a glycemic index in the low 40s. That means they won’t cause a quick rise in blood sugar, which can lead to crashes and mood swings.
4. Nectarines keep us energized.
Credit the copper, not the calories, in nectarines for this benefit. A medium nectarine contains 6-9% of the recommended daily intake of copper. Copper is an essential mineral that helps our bodies absorb iron and prevent anemia. The potassium in nectarines also keeps us going. Low potassium levels can cause hypokalemia, a condition that can leave us feeling tired and weak.
5. Nectarines promote heart health.
Chalk it up to all that copper, which also helps with blood pressure control and heart function. The fruit’s potassium also plays a role in heart health. A medium nectarine contains about 285 milligrams of potassium or roughly 8% of what we need every day. Upping potassium intake has been linked to lower blood pressure and reduced risk of stroke.
6. Nectarines are good for the skin.
There are many nutrients in nectarines that promote healthy skin. One of them is vitamin E, which can act as an anti-inflammatory and also protects skin from free radical damage caused by ultraviolet light. A medium nectarine contains about 5% of our daily vitamin E needs.
How to Add Nectarines to Your Diet
Nectarines are perfect for eating out of hand with little preparation required, save for a simple rinse under the tap. Nectarines are at their best when they yield slightly to the touch, have taut skin and are fragrant. To ripen nectarines leave them on the kitchen counter, out of direct sunlight, for two to three days before eating. After that, store them in the fridge.
The perk of being so closely related to the peach is that nectarines can be used in any recipe calling for its fuzzy cousin. Sliced nectarines are perfect as a topping on pancakes or waffles or simply drizzled with a little cream. Nectarines also pair beautifully with almonds, honey and soft cheeses, like unripened goat cheese or ricotta. A few minutes on a grill turns halved nectarines into a caramelized delicacy.
If you’re in the mood for something savory, try chopped nectarines in salsa to top tacos, hamburgers or grilled fish. Or slice them to dress up a chicken sandwich.
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NASA scientists may be holding onto a "really interesting" discovery on Mars that could be historic.
John Grotzinger, NASA's principal investigator for the Mars rover Curiosity mission, said last week that the agency is getting exciting results from the rover's SAM instrument, which is an onboard chemistry lab, according to a report on NPR.org.
The space agency isn't releasing any details about its big news yet, pending confirmation.
"We're getting data from SAM as we sit here and speak, and the data looks really interesting," Grotzinger told NPR. "This data is gonna be one for the history books. It's looking really good."
He also said at the time that it may be several weeks before NASA officials are ready to release the information.
NASA did not immediately respond to a request for more information.
Curiosity, which landed on Mars in August, is on what scientists hope will be a two-year mission to find out whether the Red Planet has -- or ever had -- what it takes to support life, even in a microbial form. The rover also will look for signs that Mars could one day be made habitable for humans.
In September, the nuclear-powered, SUV-sized super rover found evidence of a "vigorous" thousand-year water flow on the surface of Mars. It was Curiosity's first major finding, since water is one of the key elements needed to support life.
NASA scientists said the evidence came in the form of an outcropping of rocks that appears to have been heaved up and covered with stream bed gravel. It's a rock formation that was formed by a very strong water flow.
This, however, wasn't the first time NASA has reported evidence of water on Mars.
Just over a year ago, NASA announced that the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had taken images showing evidence of past water flows on the Martian surface. NASA scientists said the planet might hold frozen water just beneath its surface.
Curiosity, which weighs nearly 2,000 pounds and carries 17 cameras and 10 scientific instruments, has two computers and four processors onboard.
Sharon Gaudin covers the Internet and Web 2.0, emerging technologies, and desktop and laptop chips for Computerworld. Follow Sharon on Twitter at @sgaudin, on Google+ or subscribe to Sharon's RSS feed. Her email address is email@example.com.
Read more about emerging technologies in Computerworld's Emerging Technologies Topic Center.
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When you go for buying a new television or monitor for a computer, you come across different types of screens. Some are wide; some are compact, some other with flat screen or of green color. The difference is because of the advancement in technology. Today, we have a lot of variety and we can go for the one which we like. A certain amount of knowledge is necessary for the selection of right screen. If you have some knowledge about these developments in screen technology, you can have better idea about different types of screens. There are different specifications attributed to each type of screen.
The major specification through which you can better judge the quality of screen is its black level. The higher level production of black color in screen shows that screen is of good quality. The screen with higher black level guarantees the sharp image.
Cathode Ray Tube screen is the first version of TV screen and still very popular because of its reliable features. This CTR screen is commonly has a curved display. This curved display facilitates the viewer to see the picture from any angle. These types of screens are available in limited sizes, bulky in mass but last longer. You can take view from any angle in the room. The drawback of this curved screen is the production of glare. When the light in the room is reflected from the screen it produces glare. It is very difficult to get clear image because of that glare. This glare compels you to close the eyes and you get irritated.
LCD, the most popular type of screen is comparatively expensive but black level is lower. The quality of picture is also depends upon black level. Although picture quality is not as sharp as of CRT yet are popular because of versatility. They are extremely slim in structure hardly 2” profile. As they are slim so very light weight and are easy to fix it wherever you like for example direct on the walls or ceiling. They have a limited life after which the display starts dim. It hardly remains in viewing condition around five years. LCD screens are not able to view from a certain distance. If not seeing from a particular angle, the image becomes dim. The image on the screen can blur due to the speedy movements of an object. The amount of energy consumes by the screen is much greater than CRT.
Plasma screen is becoming popular day-by-day. They are available in the large sizes. Like LCD, these screens are very large in sizes and due to light weight easily mounted on the walls.
On the other hand these screens are less in sized. Although they are very expensive yet not free from flaws. Lower black level becomes the reason for blur picture. They are expensive but give no guarantee of long life. They hardly work better not more than 2-3 years. One benefit of this plasma screen is this that it doesn’t produce glare and are better than CRTs.
Rear Projection screens are in developing stage. They are suggested for the dark rooms. They are quite heavy and are not supposed for the mounting. In case of disorder, it is very difficult to get fix. These types of display are not suggested for the mediocre. Still there are some drawbacks in the screen technology. But with the development and advancement in screen technology, this rear projection types are thought to be versatile. The glare would be controlled and the image produced by rear projection would be very sharp.
These were some of the types of screen described from many. Now you can see the difference yourself with naked eyes and decide which type of screen you need to buy, whether it’s better to go with the new trend or to choose the best for the long term use.
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Biblical Evidence for an Old Earth
When the Bible speaks to an issue it is the supreme authority. Thus, what the Bible has to say about the age of the Earth carries great significance. The Bible never specifies a date for creation, but the creation accounts in Genesis provide some guidance. The genealogies and the length of the creation days play key roles in any biblical assessment of Earth’s age. The genealogies place a hard constraint that Adam and Eve appeared no more recently than 6,000 years ago. Since they contain gaps those genealogies cannot serve as timekeeping devices. However, it seems to stretch credulity to argue for anything much older than 100,000 years for Adam and Eve’s appearance on Earth.
Any other information on the Earth’s age must be inferred from the length of the creation days. The biblical word for day, yom, has four different literal meanings: 1) the daylight portion of a day, 2) part of the daylight hours, 3) an ordinary day (now 24 hours), and 4) a longer but finite period of time (no other word in biblical Hebrew carries this meaning). Although many Christians argue that those days represent ordinary calendar days, the biblical text indicates they lasted much longer. Days 1-3 cannot be ordinary days as humanity defines them because the Sun does not become visible until the fourth day. On the sixth day, Adam tends the garden, names all the animals, undergoes divine surgery and marries Eve. These events seem too significant and long to happen in one ordinary day. The seventh day, in contrast to the first six, never closes with an evening and morning. In fact, Psalm 95 and Hebrews 4 indicate that we still live in the seventh day.
The Bible never declares an age for the Earth, but evidence derived from the text fits most comfortably with a date far older than a few thousand years. RTB holds the position that the six days of creation represent long time periods and that the creation accounts reconcile well with the scientific date for Earth’s formation 4.6 billion years ago.
Featured Articles on Bibilical Evidence for an Old Earth –
Four Views of the Biblical Creation Account
Creature Mortality: From Creation or the Fall?
Young-Earth Issues: Is God Lying?
RTB 101: Genealogies (Coming Soon)
Featured Podcasts on Biblical Evidence for an Old Earth –
Six days vs. billions of years
Is Old-Earth Creationism Biblical? Paul Copan Interview, part 1
Is Old-Earth Creationism Biblical? Paul Copan Interview, part 2
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Take a critical thinking skill and a piece of content and make an activity on Google Drawing. Share it in the comments below.
Three of the following examples below where edited from Will Kimbley's originals +Will Kimbley. The Classical Empires map was an adaptation of a map I already made with Drawing.
I usually have the students free draw and label a simple outline map on their own. The drag and drop could serve as a quick check for understanding.
Please view these in Drawing and remember to make a copy of the drawing to enable editing in Drive.
1. Historical facebook
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Construction is basically a process that includes the putting together of any type of infrastructure or building any structure on a piece of property with the help of building material, machinery and labour. Construction includes the building and assembling of houses for residence, houses for selling purposes, the construction of buildings for commercial purposes or factories for industrial processes. It also includes the construction of infrastructure such as roads and dams for public and official use. The process of construction is used in the fields of engineering and architecture. Mishaps occur in every field existing such is the case with construction. A Construction accident can occur due to the slightest irresponsibility or carelessness.
An accident is any mishap that occurs unplanned or unintentionally. It can occur due to lack of attention for the slightest bit of time and in much cases cause serious damage. A construction accident is any mishap that is created during construction of any item due to any reason may it be lack of attention or anything else. A large number of such accidents have been recorded and it has been observed that many innocent people working in labour die during the process as well. In Europe, after the fishing sector Construction is the most dangerous land based work sector and the fatal rate at which workers suffer in the U.S and Europe is commendably high. The problem about a construction accident is not that the risks and possibilities of mishaps are unknown the problem is that they are unavoidable in a constant work environment. At times, even being extra careful can cause severe accidents and prove to be life threatening.
A whole team of workers is appointed before any construction project begins. A project manager, an architect, a construction manager, and an electrician, the working labour that would assemble the structure that is desired to be created all are kept in mind and hired before beginning the project and each one is assigned the task of looking over the sector they excel in. A construction accident could occur due to physical activity as well as mishaps that include electrical circuit breaks and fluctuations. Usually the injuries are caused due to falling from large heights, handling machinery inappropriately, the crashing of motor vehicles. None of this is done on purpose of course but can prove to be lethal. The rates of deaths have been seen increasing every year. Mostly, the deaths occur due to activities taken place during construction but workers on the site also go through a severe construction accident such as an electrical hazard and give away their lives.
Tips and comments
Although construction is considered to be one of the most dangerous sectors for work with increasing technology methods of safety have also increased. Different councils have been created that are solely working on Construction safety and to prevent the fatal rate of deaths and injuries from increasing any further. The success of these councils and the steps they are taking could result in decreasing the fatal rate of a construction accident. We hope to see the rate decreasing and more measures be taken for the safety of the labor.
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Does it seem like a member of your family has a video game addiction? According to the University of New Mexico, 6 to 15 percent of all gamers exhibit signs that could be characterised as addiction. Though this disorder can have significant consequences to those suffering from it, its signs and symptoms can sometimes be very difficult to recognise.
WHAT CAUSES ADDICTION?
One of the main reason that video games can become addictive, is they are designed to be that way. Video game designers, will try to make a profit, always looking for ways to get more people playing their games. They accomplish this by making a game just challenging enough to keep you coming back for more but not so hard that the player eventually gives up. In other words, success for a gamer often feels just out of reach. Video game addiction is very similar to another more widely recognised disorder, gambling addiction.
WHAT ARE THE SIGNS OF ADDICTION?
As with any other addiction, video game addiction has warning signs. It is important to know how to recognise these signs if you or someone you care about is an avid gamer.
Feelings of restlessness or irritability when unable to play, preoccupation with thoughts of previous online activity or anticipation of the next online session, lying to friends or family members regarding the amount of time spent playing and isolation from others in order to spend more time gaming.
Fatigue, migraines due to intense concentration or eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome caused by the overuse of a controller or computer mouse.
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF ADDICTION?
Video game addiction can cause negative consequences. They can lead to more severe long-term effects. For example, someone addicted to video games will often avoid sleeping or eating proper meals in order to continue gaming. While the short-term effects of this may include hunger and fatigue, it could eventually lead to a sleep disorder or diet-related health issues. Those who isolate themselves from others in order to play video games may miss out on family events, outings with friends, or other events. If this continues to be a pattern for a long period of time, addicts might find themselves without any friends at all.
Other long-term effects of video game addiction to consider are the financial, academic and occupational consequences involved. Video games and video game equipment can be very expensive, especially the high-speed Internet connection required for online multiplayer games. These games can also be very time-consuming, leaving addicted gamers with less time to focus on their education or career.
HOW TO PREVENT ADDICTION?
Choose to pursue other activities such as outdoor sports, reading books, housework, or spending time with friends and family. Parents should provide ongoing supervision and limit on the time children spend playing video games to prevent addiction from starting. It may also help to talk about the fact that the action in video games can go on for a long time, but the games can always wait for the next playing opportunity.
Behavioral therapy can help too. It helps the compulsive person refocus thoughts and energy on different activities instead of gaming. If a gamer has been immersed in an extensive gaming community, it may be necessary to change the gamer’s physical environment for a period of time to institute new habits and thought processes. A residential treatment facility could provide this temporary environment to help a person move past video game compulsions.
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://goviral.my/2019/09/all-you-need-to-know-about-video-game-addiction/
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| 0.957247 | 692 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Three Essential Listening Skills in the Mentor's Repertoire:
Simple, Emotional and Respectful
Note: Lisa is the mentee in these applications.
Definition as it Applies to a Mentee
Sample Application of the Mentor Teacher
To listen to the words of the mentee. To accurately summarize or paraphrase a mentee's thoughts.
Leaning forward and making eye contact the mentor teacher says, “Lisa, let me see if I understand what you're saying. You’re telling me ..."
To listen to the underlying feelings of the mentee.
"Lisa, it looks and sounds like you're feeling upset. Is this true?"
To paraphrase, probe and disagree respectfully.
“Lisa, you're saying ... Can you tell me what you mean by ...? I'd like to respectfully disagree with your point of view ...”
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://richarddsolomonsblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/three-essential-listening-skills-in.html
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| 0.903634 | 184 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Learn about autonomous robotics
edX.org is a place to start if you are interested in contributing to the advancement of robotics and control system design. In partnership with innovators and leaders in the field, edX.org offers courses in a range of subjects, including standard robotics, autonomous robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.
You will be able take classes on your own with students from around the globe. You will learn about real-world applications and make your own contributions to the research. Now is the time to showcase your talents in the field of robotics, artificial intelligence and other related fields.
Certificates and courses in autonomous robotics
ETHx offers a course in Autonomous Mobile Robotics. You will learn motion planning, path planning and other robotics applications. You will be able use the correct algorithms to develop complex robotics tasks, and you can even pursue your own research.
TUMx offers a course in Autonomous Flying Robots. Learn about the research and use cases behind aerial robots, and then apply your knowledge to real-world problems. These courses will take your robotics research to the next step.
You may also be interested in courses in related fields such as basic robotics and machine learning. These courses will give you a solid foundation for your research and achievements in autonomous robotics.
Advance robotics for applications
Although robots might still require human assistance, artificial intelligence may open up new avenues to robotic assistance in manufacturing, supply-chain management, autonomous vehicles and other applications.
There are many ways that you can help in the research for mobile robotics. Expand your career and interests to build your next level in artificial intelligence.
What’s Robotic Process Automation?
RPA is an innovative idea in business. It is common for human employees to waste time on repetitive, mundane tasks. But what if businesses could automate these tasks and free up people to do more important tasks? Although we won’t see physical robots interact with business applications, software robotics can automate processes that humans aren’t skilled at. A developer typically writes code to automate a set of actions. But with RPA artificial intelligence monitors how a human user interacts with the program and learns directly about its source. Digital transformation is a time when applications can be used more efficiently and insights into their use could be gained. Although these automation tools are still relatively new, they could become the future of business process automation. RPA software applications have shown promise. It might be time to start exploring what this new field can do for you.
Learn more about Robotic Process Automation
Businesses can use automation technology to eliminate human error in mundane, high-volume tasks. This allows humans to do the things they love best. RPA doesn’t replace human labor. Instead, it could raise morale and offer a more fulfilling job for humans. This course and certification will help you understand the basics of machine learning and artificial Intelligence. This could be your chance to make a difference in a new and exciting field.
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<urn:uuid:5de5825e-4d8b-41ac-9a1a-adb9e554d34b>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://smartyafrikaners.com/category/robotics-courses/
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en
| 0.918048 | 608 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Encouraging Texts Can Help Smokers Quit
Associate News Editor
Smokers who receive encouraging text messages, such as “You can do it!” and “Be strong” are more likely to be successful in their quitting attempts, according to a new study from The Miriam Hospital’s Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine in Providence, R.I.
The new findings are published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (mHealth and uHealth).
“Tobacco use is one of the leading preventable global health problems, and text messaging has the promise to reach a wider audience with minimal costs and fewer resources,” said researcher Lori Scott-Sheldon, Ph.D. She and co-author Beth Bock, Ph.D., are senior research scientists at the centers and faculty in the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University.
An estimated 40 million U.S. adults (16.8 percent of the population) were cigarette smokers in 2014, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Of these, 76.8 percent smoked every day, and 23.2 percent smoked some days.
Text messaging or short message service (SMS) interventions can offer a variety of people support, reminders and health education information with short and simple messages. SMS interventions can be easily adapted to fit an individual’s health needs.
Using meta-analysis, a statistical method that combines the findings from independent studies, the researchers conducted the most extensive systematic review of the literature to date. The data included 20 manuscripts with 22 text messaging interventions for smoking cessation from 10 countries.
“The evidence provides unequivocal support for the efficacy of text messaging interventions to reduce smoking behavior, but more research is needed to understand for whom they work, under what conditions, and why,” said Scott-Sheldon.
According to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States. More than 480,000 Americans die each year from smoking-related causes, with more than 41,000 of these deaths from exposure to secondhand smoke.
Furthermore, smoking-related illness costs more than $300 billion a year, including nearly $170 billion in direct medical care for adults and $156 billion in lost productivity.
“Text messaging enjoys near-market saturation and is a widely preferred method of communication with deep penetration across diverse groups,” Bock said. “Wide availability of an attractive and effective smoking cessation program can exert a powerful, sustained impact on public health.”
Traci Pedersen is a professional writer with over a decade of experience. Her work consists of writing for both print and online publishers in a variety of genres including science chapter books, college and career articles, and elementary school curriculum.
Pedersen, T. (2018). Encouraging Texts Can Help Smokers Quit. Psych Central. Retrieved on July 13, 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/news/2016/05/24/encouraging-texts-can-help-smokers-quit/103787.html
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<urn:uuid:a9cc7d16-fdfc-4b33-ad79-ad2bbbdd9c89>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://psychcentral.com/news/2016/05/24/encouraging-texts-can-help-smokers-quit/103787.html
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en
| 0.919656 | 650 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Flashcards in Lecture 20 - Viruses pt 2 Deck (25):
What are 3 Prokaryotic defenses?
1. evolution of host cell surface receptors
2. restriction enzymes
3. CRISPR-Cas9 immune system
What is the cycle of evolution between prokaryotes and viruses?
-host evolves to prevent attaching
-viruses evolve to attach anyway
What are restriction enzymes?
enzymes that cut the genome at a particular spot in the sequence
Why are restriction enzymes used against viruses?
cuts the viral sequence into 2
How do restriction enzymes not eat its own genome?
-methylates its own DNA
What does a phage do in response to the host methylating?
phage methylates its own restriction sites
What does the host do in response to the virus methylating?
host detects and cuts methylated sites into phage via MDS
How does the phage protect its methylated sites?
What is CRISPR-Cas9?
specific gene editing system
What are the 4 steps to CRISPR?
1. virus invades bacterial cell
2. new spacer derived from virus, integrated into CRISPR
3. CRISPR RNA formed
4. CRISPR RNA guides molecular machinery to target + destroy viral genome
What are 4 defenses Humans have against viruses?
2. immune system
4. antiviral drugs
viruses are a dominant driver of _____ ______ in mammals
What is a vaccine?
-harmless variant/derivative of a pathogen
-stimulates the immune system to mount defenses
What is herd immunity?
-if most individuals in herd are vaccinated
-can prevent spread of virus
How does the immune system work?
-macrophages swallow up germ (leave antigen)
-evoke antibody response
Is there a link between vaccines and autism?
Why do vaccines need to be continually updated?
-pathogens change (molecules on surface change)
What are 2 reasons that pathogens change?
1. antigenic drift
2. antigenic shift
What is antigenic drift?
due to mutations in genes encoding them
What is antigenic shift?
due to recombination of genes of existing pathogens
What are emerging viruses?
viruses that suddenly become apparent
What are 3 causes of emerging viruses?
1. mutation of existing viruses (seasonal flu)
2. spread from isolated human populations (AIDS)
3. spread from other animals (HINI)
What is an antiviral?
something you take after you are infected
What do antibiotics target?
-bacterial cell walls
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| 0.865761 | 552 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The Imagine Coexistence Project is an initiative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and supported by funds from the Japanese government through the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security. The purpose of the project is to promote the coexistence of people returning to communities that have been deeply divided by international conflict and mass violence. Coexistence is defined as acquiring the skills and determination that individuals and communities require, following serious trauma or historical socio-political division, to recognize each other's rights as human beings; develop a just and inclusive vision of the community's future; and implement economic, social, cultural, and political development across former community divides. The Imagine Coexistence project approach encourages joint activities or joint use of public spaces (e.g., schools, playgrounds, or health clubs) as a means for members of conflicting groups to replace deeply rooted mistrust with cooperation and peace building. The project has two components: (1) the development of pilot coexistence projects directed or monitored by the UNHCR in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda; and (2) research to survey existing projects and new initiatives and evaluate partner groups.
CHRCR carried out the research component of the Imagine Coexistence Project under contract with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Teams of CHRCR researchers gathered data in Bosnia-Hercegovina and Rwanda. Professor Babbitt will then compile the data and prepare a monograph refining the core concepts, prepare an evaluation protocol for assessing the impact of field-based projects, analyze the lessons learned from both a country-wide survey and an in-depth evaluation of several UNHCR sponsored programs, and develop recommendations for practitioners. In 2002, CHRCR organizeed an international conference which assisted in the development of "Best Coexistence Practices."
This project, supported by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation, examines whether self-determination claims are more likely than other conflicts to lead to violence and whether they are more difficult to resolve. In particular, it addresses the following questions:
- Given that neither self-determination nor territorial integrity is absolute, under what conditions might it be preferable that borders be redrawn? When, if ever, should the international community intervene either to defend existing borders or facilitate their reconfiguration? These questions implicitly require revisiting issues related to the proper understanding of "self-determination" in the contemporary international order, in particular the relationship among human rights, the impact of recently articulated minority rights, and states' belief that territorial integrity is sacrosanct.
- How should the international community respond institutionally, short of force, to demands by minority groups within states for greater political and economic power, whether those demands are couched in terms of self-determination and secession or less extreme power-sharing arrangements?
- Even if there were to be agreement on basic norms related to self-determination, should international institutions be modified to recognize the grievances of non-state entities?
- How has negotiation been used in the past to address self-determination concerns? What lessons can be drawn for how best to negotiate self-determination claims in the world's current conflicts?
Research has centered around four case studies: Kashmir, Nagorno-Karabakh, Czechoslovakia, and Sudan. CHRCR hosted an off-the-record workshop on each case in which distinguished scholars, policy analysts, and former diplomats with particular expertise on the conflict participated. An edited volume of papers related to the project was made available in 2004.
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<urn:uuid:6592869f-42c9-4ee3-89d6-d8ebf54f1b2f>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://fletcher.tufts.edu/CHRCR/Projects
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en
| 0.92988 | 700 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Sequential Intercept Model
Individuals with mental illness are overrepresented in jails and prisons. Correctional settings are not intended to be mental health treatment facilities and are not able to provide optimal care. This phenomenon has resulted in overburdened prison staff, interruption of mental health treatment, and often a worsening of mental health symptoms due to environmental stressors associated with incarceration.
The Sequential Intercept Model
Working with SAMHSA’s National GAINS Center, the CJCCoE developed a conceptual model to approach the over-representation of people with mental illness. The model outlines sequential points at which a person with mental illness can be “intercepted” and kept from going further into the criminal justice system. Over time, as systems mature, it is expected that people will be intercepted earlier in the process, leading to fewer people entering the criminal justice system.
The model proposes five intercept levels for the adult criminal justice system:
- Law enforcement and emergency services
- Initial hearings and initial detention
- Jail and courts
- Reentry from jails, prisons, and hospitals
- Community corrections and community support
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<urn:uuid:ced29eba-624b-4477-af67-af44bceeb01d>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.neomed.edu/cjccoe/sequential-intercept-mapping/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347404857.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529121120-20200529151120-00436.warc.gz
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en
| 0.942846 | 228 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Second English Language School “Thomas Jefferson” – Sofia
This paper presents some practical ideas in intercultural education in the 21st century foreign language classroom. It summarizes personal experience of teaching English as a foreign language to 17-year-old Bulgarian students by integrating the Teaching through Literature Approach and digital technologies.
An attempt will be made to describe useful practices for fostering the acquisition of cultural intelligence in L2 by involving students in exploring, discussing and comparing products, practices and perspectives of the target culture by means of various digital tools and resources. The focus of attention is literature and digital media (films, trailers, video casts, etc.), first, as elements from ‘Big C’ Culture (especially works from the literary canon of the 18th – 19th century British and American literature and their respective film adaptations), and second, as authentic sources of gaining cultural knowledge about elements with a ‘little c’ (styles of communication, verbal and non-verbal language, cultural norms, etc.).
Key words: cultural intelligence, literature, digital technologies.
Rhetoric and Communications E-journal, Issue 37, November 2018, rhetoric.bg/, journal.rhetoric.bg, ISSN 1314-4464
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<urn:uuid:bd5c719f-4569-4e9e-8cba-e4a71974d933>
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| 0.906919 | 251 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Artist Miya Ando has created an installation in New York City that uses 72 cloth banners to draw attention to the shift in traditional Japanese seasons caused by climate change. The large-scale banners represent one of the 72 seasons in the Japanese Kō calendar, which was initially developed in the 7th century. Unlike the standard Western calendar, the Kō calendar responds more closely to the natural environment by breaking the 365-day year into seasons of around five days each. The installation aims to highlight the micro-seasons lost to climate change and raise awareness of the impact of climate change on traditional Japanese culture.
“I’m hoping that the public art can serve a function — even just if this calendar exists,” she said. “In the past 100 years, and 1 to 2 degrees of the earth heating up, the planting system is completely off. Geese don’t fly back, frogs don’t sing when they’re supposed to sing. [The Kõ calendar is] a really, really good data source because it’s collected with eyes and real people.…For me, it’s data and information being put forth that is more easily digestible.”
You can experience the installation at Brookfield Place until September 14.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://thefoxisblack.com/flower-calendar-by-miya-ando-uses-public-art-for-climate-change-awareness/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00614.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943557 | 264 | 2.59375 | 3 |
December 2 has been earmarked as National Pollution Control Day in India. With our air, water and land quality degrading every single day with every passing moment, it is high time we take stock of the situation and do our part to bring pollution levels down.
We cannot deny that industrialisation is still the biggest contributor to the global as well as national pollution levels. However, we also have to understand that the corporate only feeds our demands. What if we individually take responsibility to Change the game; to Change the way we demand; to Change the way our consumerist needs are attended to?
Here are some things you can inculcate as daily habits to help as individuals in making a difference :
Can’t Be Reused? Not Worth It
Inculcate a habit of choosing to use products that can be reused. Diss the cold drinks pet bottles for the reusable glass bottles. If you still have a fascination for pet bottles, make it a point to upcycle them. Make planters or toys for your pets and children. And there is never enough home decor items in the house. Reusing is one of the fastest, easiest and cost effective way to lower pollution levels.
Go Back To Basics
Nothing reduces clutter in home better than returning to the basics. Remember the striped jholas we grew up watching our grandfathers using for shopping? Walk to the local grocery stores and the farmers’ markets for your food needs and fill it all up in your jhola. Say bye to plastics – plastic bag, plastic wrapped food. We have enjoyed enough plastic. If you are feeling adventurous, grow your own food.
Be Needy; Not Greedy
Yes, none of us are ascetics who want to renounce all luxuries of life. That is not a practical solution. However, it helps to ask “Do I need this? Why do I need it?” before buying anything. We often end up buying things that we do not use at all. They collect dust in a forgotten corner of our house. Following the simple mantra of buying only because you need it, helps the pocket and the environment. It’s win-win for both.
Live a life of minimal waste. It’s easy. Avoid takeaways often. Walk up to the nearest eatery. Reduce packaged food consumption. Living a minimal waste life is a matter of habit. And like every good habit, this too takes a little time to build but the benefits are instant and sustainable.
Question And Question Some More
Inculcate the habit of asking questions. Question where your food is coming from, question where your clothes are coming from or anything that you need. A change does not come through spectacular revolutions. An established pattern changes only when we choose to make a culture shift. A culture shift happens when we incorporate the change in our daily lives slowly. If your food, clothing or any other needs violates environmental policies, boycott them. There is no lack of alternative brands offering the same quality of service you seek. If we change the nature of our demands, the corporate is bound to listen to us.
This National Pollution Control Day, let us take the pledge to change little things in our daily lives, change our habits to walk towards a cleaner, greener earth.
Download the ADDA App now and share your sustainable habits with your community. Let us come together to build a sustainable future.
Also read about : http://adda.io/blog/2019/08/when-trash-is-resource-kochhar-style/
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<urn:uuid:612c5214-7d9d-4711-9d1c-6eb96f6fe726>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://adda.io/blog/2019/12/adda-living-green-living-clean/
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en
| 0.931646 | 733 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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