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Literature is not really the industry to be a part of to get rich. Actually, it has produced just one billionaire: J.K. Rowling. The British author amassed her wealth by not only selling Harry Potter books but also raking in Hollywood money for film rights.
But the Digital Age has opened many doors for creatives. Titles now come in different formats, and e-book and audiobook publishers attest that content marketplaces continue to increase in popularity. Audiobook publishing is one of the viable means that all serious authors should consider to gain a foothold in the literature industry and to turn a profit for doing what they love most.
While it has been gaining steam, this field is relatively new to and misunderstood by many. To find success in audiobook publishing, debunk the most common misconceptions about it.
Many authors are worried about the profit potential of audiobooks for many reasons. First, they cost way more than print titles and e-books. Second, they require a long-term commitment in a time when the attention span of people is getting shorter. Third, there are many other free audio content available on the Internet. But audiobooks have a unique appeal. They are not in direct competition with songs and podcasts because they target a different market.
Audiobooks can both eliminate reading and complement it, creating a distinctive experience of absorbing a story. The current audiobook boom is proof that the world is ready to consume more content in this format despite its higher price.
The biggest drawback of publishing audiobooks is that they cost more to produce than traditional and digital readable titles. If you intend to self-publish, having content is not enough; you must master the technical side of mixing dialogues, music, and other effects.
To do it right, consider partnering with an experienced audiobook-publishing company. It handles the productions and oversees the process of selling the material to different retail channels. The services of an audiobook publisher are not free, but you might have the option to split royalties to reduce your upfront costs.
No, non-fiction titles also have strong demand. That means that you can be an audiobook author even if you are not a writer per se. If you are an expert in your field, writing a book can be a good way to increase your income and build your brand.
Unless you are a voice actor yourself, leave this part to a professional. Even if you have a good voice, that alone will not cut it.
Of course, you have to do your share in making noise for your product, but working with an experienced publisher makes this task much more comfortable.
Audiobook publishing is a relatively brand-new arena that many authors are still trying to figure out. Advance your knowledge to tap into its moneymaking potential more quickly.
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How to determine the height of the solar street light pole?
In everyone's life, solar street lights are a relatively common outdoor lighting product; Power saving, easy installation, and no requirement for the environment are the advantages of solar street lights; So what do we need to determine the installation height of the solar street light?
Secondly, there are unobstructed objects or strong light sources near the installed roads; After the height is designed, it is equipped with a normal LED light source according to the height; Then, according to the user's daily lighting needs and the requirements of the rainy days, the solar panels and batteries are matched.
Let me talk about some basic requirements for the light pole.
1. The street lamp acceptance criteria in line with the current national regulations.
2.The inner and outer surfaces of the lamp post are sprayed with hot-dip galvanizing anti-corrosion treatment. The color is based on the effect picture. The surface is smooth, no discoloration, no needle hole, no sag, no peeling, etc.; galvanized thickness is not less than 85 microns. The spray thickness is not less than 100 microns.
3.Support rods and crosspieces are high-quality low-carbon steel, with no obvious marks such as depressions, and are hot-dip galvanized and spray-coated like the main rod.
4. The flange plate adopts plasma cutting and forming, the periphery is smooth and clean, no burr, the appearance is beautiful, and the hole position is accurate.
5. The electrical door is plasma-cut, the size is accurate, the surface is smooth and flat, and the anti-theft device and grounding device are welded.
6. The quality of copper core terminal blocks has reached the national electrical industry standard.
7. The street lamp design wind speed is greater than 35 m / s, and the earthquake resistance is greater than 8 to ensure that the whole street lamp works normally in bad weather conditions.
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Liam gets a job as a handyman for a block of flats. Flat 5A has more than its fair share of problems.
“Pole dancing is an art, Zayn,” Harry says slowly. “And you, my dear, are an artist."
Zayn perks a little at that. He knows Harry’s only saying it because he wants to convince him to go, and yet, he still smiles at the words.
"And, you know, you do owe me,” Harry says a little too sweetly as he bats his eyelashes.
The answer, it turns out, is very.
This is a filled request for the prompt: Liam is a dance teacher (the writer decides the dance style later on) and Zayn is the clueless new student who came forced to class and ended up staying for the handsome teacher.
"I fear I'll never see you again." He admitted as he held Liam as close to him as he possibly could.
“Of course you will.” Liam comforted his love.
Liam pulled away from Zayn, cupping his cheek and looking at him plainly with a reassuring smile. "Hear this now, I will always come for you." He spoke with conviction.
"But how can you be sure?" Zayn was not feeling completely reassured.
"This is true love." Liam smiled, the mere thought of what he and Zayn had, and the goal he had set for their lives together as husbands, filling him with joy. "You think this happens every day?"
;;This was essentially just me writing ot5's names into The Princess Bride script.
Zayn is a villain with daddy issues. Liam is a superhero with a fragile heart.
The thing is - they are roommates. Liam would never think Zayn is his enemy, and Zayn wouldn't even guess anything about Liam being a hero at nights. They keep making excuses to each other about why they are out all the time when something happens and lying about why their bodies are covered in scratches in bruises.
Oh, and they are in love. But this is just another secret they try to hide from each other.
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［要求］Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.
Japan's jobless rate fell to 4.4 percent in April， the lowest mark in more than six years， the government said Tuesday.The April rate was down slightly from the 4.5 percent in March. The result was also better than the 4.5 percent jobless rate predicted by economists surveyed by Dow Jones Newswires.
The April jobless rate was the lowest for the world's second-largest economy since December 1998， when the rate was also at 4.4 percent.The total number of unemployed fell for the 23rd straight month to 3.1 million， down 250，000 from the same month a year earlier， the Ministry of Public Management said.Before falling to 4.5 percent in March， Japan's unemployment rate stood at 4.7 percent in February， and 4.5 percent in January and December.
The ratio of new job offers to new job seekers， adjusted for seasonal factors， rose to 1.42 in April from 1.35 a month earlier.This means there were 142 new jobs for every 100 people newly seeking work in April. There were 94 jobs offered for every 100 workers seeking employment in April.
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Focus of the Final Paper Consider from the authors of the course text the following quote: “Progressive social change is about defending the weak from the strong, gaining resources to reduce human hardship, and striving to promote an equitable society. It is about battling for economic and social justice, working to protect and enhance civil liberties, and respecting the environment” (Rubin & Rubin, 2008, p. 433).
What roadblocks or challenges might you anticipate that might hinder your success or progress? Conclude your paper with a discussion about how you would evaluate and reflect upon your progress, review your original goals and evaluate how you are meeting your goals and if they have remained current and relevant to your area of interest or concern. Understanding that change takes time, how will you know that you are on track and making progress? Summarize what you hope to accomplish and any insights you might have gained in this project.
Writing the Final Paper The Final Paper: 1. Must be 8 to 10 double-spaced pages in length, and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 2. Must include a title page with the following: a. Title of paper b. Student’s name c. Course name and number d. Instructor’s name e. Date submitted 3. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. 4. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. 5. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. 6. Must use at least 7 scholarly resources, including a minimum of 3 from the Ashford Online Library. 7. Must document all sources in APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. 8. Must include a separate reference page, formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
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How do I know if I'm eating too much?
A typical daily food plan tells you how much of each food you can eat, but you may have to measure and weigh all your foods at first until you can recognize a typical portion by sight. For a couple of weeks, use measuring cups and spoons and a food scale to measure out exact quantities of all the food you eat. After a while, you'll know what a half-cup of rice or 3 ounces of meat looks like and you can stop measuring.
o Keep a food diary that includes when, what, where and why you eat. The diary will help you identify your eating triggers and patterns.
o Plan and eat regular meals.
o Eat slowly. Put your fork down between mouthfuls, or at least swallow what's in your mouth before loading up the fork again.
o Have celery and carrots on hand and ready to eat all the time.
o Save foods from regular meals to have as snacks.
o Don't buy "temptation" foods in the first place.
o At home, eat only in one place, in one room. The best place, of course, is the dining table.
o Practice saying "no" to second helpings and offerings of problem foods.
o Avoid boredom eating by keeping reminders of other activities visible. Keep a list handy of things to do besides eating.
How do I know if my weight-loss program is good?
The goal of any diet plan should be long-term weight control, with slow weight loss and no risk to your health. Quick weight-loss diets, such as very-low-calorie diets and diets that restrict certain food groups, can be harmful and won't help you keep the weight off in the long run.
A good diet provides all the nutrients you need and enough calories — typically 1,200 to 1,800--to keep you from getting hungry or tired. Daily energy intake will vary with daily activities. The diet should also focus on slow and gradual weight loss--about one pound per week (a reduction of approximately 500 calories per day, unless medically supervised, when faster weight loss may be appropriate). Some form of regular moderate exercise is an integral part of a weight loss program.
Avoid the common pattern of no breakfast, little or no lunch and a large dinner. A three-meal-a-day pattern may require retraining for some but will help in weight management. Moreover, avoid developing a special menu for yourself. Modify and adapt your needs to the meal pattern for the rest of the family.
Commercial weight-loss programs have sprung up everywhere. In addition to national programs such as Weight Watchers, Jenny Craig, and Diet Center, smaller, local programs are probably available in your area. But whether these plans deliver depends to some degree on your expectations. Good programs provide support, but be prepared to do your part. Remember, also, that no one plan is right for everybody. Some people need a very strict regimen; others can handle a program that leaves more control in their hands.
Before plunking your money down, go beyond the brochures and ask questions. For example, if payment is required up front, ask about a money-back guarantee for dropouts and check hidden costs. A steep nonrefundable fee for a health assessment or the required purchase of company food can run up the tab far beyond the advertised cost. Ask about the long-term success of their participants in achieving and maintaining weight loss.
Also, a good plan will normally allow you to choose the foods you eat, while encouraging a nutritious balance; not restrict any particular food group or require you to buy special products; incorporate nutrition and behavior modification programs to promote long-term changes in eating habits; and have a professional staff experienced in weight control. (Check credentials. The program should be designed by a qualified health professional, such as a registered dietitian. It's also helpful if the staff has some professional background).
What if I need to gain weight?
If you're 15 percent or more below normal weight for height, you're considered underweight. The first thing you should do is consult a doctor to make sure there's no underlying medical reason for your low weight. The doctor might recommend a weight gain diet and might also suggest cutting down on the amount of your exercise.
To gain weight, add about 500 to 1,000 calories a day to your regular diet. Add the extra calories gradually, however, so you don't upset your stomach. Plan to have regularly scheduled meals and allow enough to time to eat in a relaxed fashion. Snacking between meals can help. Liquid supplements with or between meals add calories without adding a lot of bulk to your diet.
What triggers my food cravings?
Everyone experiences food cravings once in a while. When we do, the foods we crave are usually high in sugar, fat or both. Cravings have been attributed to emotional problems, hormonal changes, brain chemistry and bad eating habits, but no one actually knows for sure why we crave certain foods. Some researchers say that indulging in a craving for sweet and fatty foods triggers the release of endorphins — brain chemicals that produce a calming sense of pleasure. Others say the body produces different types of chemicals first, and then cravings for certain foods develop. One thing seems certain, however. Food cravings have little to do with hunger.
If cravings result in binge eating or weight gain, they should be controlled. But some experts say that if you try to eliminate a particular food from your diet, you'll only crave it more. The solution: Eat small amounts of the foods you crave on a regular basis, so you don't feel deprived and look for versions reduced in fat and sugar.
If you're obese, sensible eating and behavior modification may not be enough to kick-start your weight loss plan. You may need to take more extreme measures, such as starting with a medically supervised, low-calorie liquid diet or a regimen of prescribed diet pills. But these measures are not for everyone and are usually recommended for people who are extremely obese or have developed weight-related medical problems, such as diabetes or high-blood pressure. Both liquid diets and diet pills can cause serious side effects and should only be started under the supervision of a doctor. Avoid dependence on medications aimed at appetite control.
Most prescription and over-the-counter diet pills, liquid diets and "diet" teas are all short-term solutions that won't work without long-term changes in everyday eating. Many of these products contain mild stimulants and/or diuretics that cause you to eliminate fluids faster than usual. Diuretics can cause dehydration and heart problems. And even though you might lose weight at first, you'll gain it right back as soon as you stop the pills or the diet drinks if you haven't altered your eating habits. Many of these products are dangerous for people with certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disease and high blood pressure. Read the warning labels on the package.
I have been generally following the GI (glycemic index) diet for precisely two weeks and three days. All is going well so far.
I actually sat down and wrote a list of foods I would allow myself before I discovered the GI diet through a woman friend at work (yes, Dr. Baxter, THAT one). She had the book and loaned it to me, whereupon I read through it quickly and photocopied all the appropriate guides and informative tables in the book so I could refer to them as I go along with this diet. I was surprised to see that I didn't do a bad job of making food choices. There is a little bit of everything allowed in this diet and I am not having too much trouble sticking with it. I actually usually eat LESS than I am allowed. This diet recommends 3 regular meals in reasonable proportions of allowed foods and 3 snacks a day. There are foods from all food groups. It seems to preclude refined flours, foods that contain a high amount of fat, processed foods and foods with a high refined sugar content. It is not a hard diet to keep in line with. I still drink 2 cups of coffee before work in the morning-coffee is not recommended for some reason I can't remember right now! I drink a lot of green, peppermint and regular tea during the day. Right now I am having a cup of peppermint tea, a pear and two nectarines. This is lunch. Normally, I would have a better balanced lunch, but I am on vacation until next Tuesday, so I will eat my meal later and then have another snack in the evening. Breakfast is usually Cheerios with 1 pkg. of sugar substitute and skim milk (this morning I added blueberries also) or a Nutribar, different kinds of fruit for snacking before lunch, lunch is reduced fat cottage cheese or two hard boiled eggs and raw veggies with diet dressing as a dip, more fruit or raw almonds in the afternoon. Supper is usually a sandwich, either salmon or tuna or chopped eggs mixed with diet Miracle Whip on two pieces of whole wheat toast, more veggies or a dill pickle. I also eat the occasional fat free sugar free yogourt also during the day. I'm allowed 1% milk - really skim is recommended but I am not sticking to this diet to the letter!
I hope to make this a regular eating lifestyle choice. I have lost some weight and people who know me have noticed. I'm not advertising it, I don't even get weighed! I just know my clothes are starting to fit better and that's good enough for me.
I'm not familiar with the GI diet - when I get time I'll do a bit of research on it. I think that successful diets are (1) those that are balanced (e.g., NOT ultra low fat or ultra low carb), and (2) those that don't deprive you of anything but rather help you learn to moderate portion size and allocate total intake according to what you eat in the course of a day (e.g., if you want a brownie, have one - then adjust something else in your intake for that day to compensate).
Low fat and low carb diets can be actually unhealthy and dangerous - not just physically but emotionally-psychologically. For example, the neurons in the brain are coated in an insulating sheath called myelin, just like elctrical wires are insulated with rubber or plastics, to stop them shorting out. Myelin is comnposed of fats. Extremely low fat diets can deplete myelin and disrupt normal brain functioning, not infrequently manifested in depression. Elsewhere in this forumj, you'll find several articles pointing out the dangers of low carb diets like the Atkins diet.
I was surprised to see that I didn't do a bad job of making food choices. There is a little bit of everything allowed in this diet and I am not having too much trouble sticking with it.
I still drink 2 cups of coffee before work in the morning-coffee is not recommended for some reason I can't remember right now!
I hope to make this a regular eating lifestyle choice.
To me, that's the key - deprivation diets aren't successful in the long run because it leaves you feeling deprived, so once you've lost the weight you want to lose there is a craving for whatever it is you've not allowed yourself to eat - and that's a recipe for "relapse".
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Let’s take a look at the top 10 reasons you might benefit from chiropractic care.
Both athletes and non-athletes can benefit from sports-specific chiropractors. These specialized doctors have a focus on manipulating joints, soft tissue, and the spine to improve recovery time and prevent injury of strains, sprains, and even concussions.
Chiropractors can teach you how to focus on the proper techniques for the sport you play. This will include stretching techniques which can reduce the occurrence of an injury, the severity of an injury, and a recommended rehabilitation time frame for healing.
Do you have frequent headaches? Do you find that headaches dramatically impact your health and ability to maintain the lifestyle you want? Neck pressure and movement can exacerbate the severity of headaches caused by abnormal head positioning such as hunching over at a computer during the work day.
Chiropractic therapy can remove obstructing structures causing the tightness in the back and strain on the spine. Receiving chiropractic care is an effective way to limit the occurrence of headaches, and lessen the intensity when they do occur.
The immune system interacts directly with the nervous system affecting overall health. Again, obstructions with the signaling pathways between the nervous and the immune system impact the ability to heal adequately.
Without the use of surgery or medication, chiropractic care removes these barriers so that the body can properly repair itself at a genetic level and stimulate the immune system fully.
Chiropractic procedures manipulate the spine and entail a variety of procedures which treat underlying health problems. For instance, decompression exercises improve sleeping habits and have no known side effects.
Gastrointestinal Issues: Gut complaints are some of the most commonly reported problems which affect all ages in today’s society and are due to systemic concerns. Colic, persistent constipation, heartburn, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be detected in infants to older adults and have likely affected you some time in your life. Irritable bowel syndrome is the most widespread condition worldwide.
Cancer: Education teaches all, especially cancer patients, how to improve wellness and prevent future occurrences or a secondary cancer. Chiropractic therapy focuses on some of the first common symptoms of cancer: musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction as well as chronic headaches.
In fact, 70% of advanced cancer patients, including those with cancer of the lungs, thyroid, breasts, kidney, and prostate have metastasized cancer in the skeletal system. Chiropractic treatment has also been shown to improve healing in cancer patients, as opposed to medication and other conventional therapies.
Both chiropractors and parents of children suffering from allergies such as asthma support the positive results of chiropractic treatment.
Studies also support that chiropractic therapy benefits patients by decreasing the amount of medication needed. They suffer fewer asthma attacks and report an overall lessening of symptoms leading to an improved quality of life.
Throughout pregnancy, many women experience chronic back pain due to the changing weight distribution on the pelvis and joints. Pain and muscle spasms may increase the likelihood that a pregnant mother will struggle during labor and delivery.
Chiropractic treatment focuses on balancing the muscles, pelvis, and ligaments during pregnancy to relieve pressure on the uterus. This treatment increases the likelihood that the child will be born via a preferable position while lowering the risk of being born through cesarean section.
Seventy-two percent of women report finding relief from pain during pregnancy and labor resulting from chiropractic care. Part of this success may due to the fact that women are encouraged and shown how to follow a proper exercise routine for pregnancy. This reduces weight gain, improves hormones, and allows for a more comfortable rest during sleep.
Low back pain affects more than 10% of the population globally, and is the most common occupational injury in the United States and Canada. North America ranks low back pain sixth amongst contributing factors for increased medical cost. Compared to conventional health management practices, chiropractic care is low cost and improves the healing of the entire body.
Doctors of chiropractic also focus on education, which is critical to reducing injuries, disability, care costs, and adverse side effects. Chiropractic therapy is also a patient preference for providing pain relief.
Chiropractic procedures improve wellness and can help reduce hyperactivity and disruptive behaviors linked to ADHD and learning disabilities associated with autism.
Evidence supports that chiropractic treatment can better able a child to concentrate. In turn, it improves learning and behavior by limiting causes of agitation.
There has been a 65% increase in patients seeking spinal treatment over an 8 year period, contributing to a significant rise in healthcare costs. However, approximately 96% of people with low back pain can find relief without surgery. This could lead to a remarkable lowering of costs.
Chronic pain is on the rise. The first line of treatment most individuals turn to for pain relief involves medication. Tens of thousands of people consuming drugs like acetaminophen and oxycodone have reported injuries and deaths directly resulting from drug use. Drugs have adverse side effects unlike chiropractic care.
Hypertension affects around 33% of Americans. Most of these individuals will use medication to manage the condition. Chiropractic care can significantly control blood pressure. Chiropractic adjustments have been shown to result in a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings.
In fact, tests show that chiropractic care works as effectively at managing hypertension as do two of the most commonly prescribed medications. Chiropractors focus on the bone at the top of the neck in proximity to the brain stem which may be the reason for the impact on regulating blood pressure.
Have you ever received chiropractic therapy? If so, please share your experiences below in the Comments section.
Chiropractic therapy is a popular type of alternative treatment.
The purpose of chiropractic treatment is not only to relieve pain, but to improve quality of life by alleviating systemic problems relating to muscles and the central nervous system.
84% of cancer survivors who seek chiropractic therapy do so to alleviate pain, improve mood and sleeping habits, and to relieve stress.
Maybe you can contact them directly and ask if there are any WLP Chiropractors in your area. Not all WLP Chiro’s practice CBP (Chiropractic Biophysics) though. The reason I give this technique my endorsement, is because it’s a global technique not subluxation based. It focuses on the whole spinal alignment rather than just single misalignments. The most effective practices I found, always use either x-rays or Tomography so maybe this is something you can check when you call offices too.
Be careful around the electromagnetic frequencies from computers and wireless technology in particular, as it causes so much stress on the body, it will pull the spine out of alignment through inflammation. If your elbows and wrists are a problem, this could be happening. Good luck LisaC, I hope you can find an amazing Chiropractor.
Lynda Sykes, I agree totally with all you said. Chiropractors are brilliant, but you do have to find the right one for your issue. There are many different techniques used by chiropractors and they do not all treat in the same way. But generally chiropractors rock!!
Best Therapie , I ever had. Depending on the chiropractor!
I’ve started seeing a chiropractor two weeks ago, finally treating my chronic shoulder problem.
Can you send me his info?
For months I had a burning pain in my upper back, it was so bad I was hard to live with, so hard my wife couldn’t stand my complaining and told me she couldn’t be around me any longer and I got out of the car and she left leaving me at a small town in Nevada. My two small children cried and soon she came back. I got in but the pain continued. I went to work as a logger and finally the pain was so intolerable I decided to see a chiropractor, though I thought they were quacks. It was desperation and since doctors only recommended pills, which I hated I thought I’d do anything figuring it would do no good I saw one in Aberdeen, WA. He took an X-ray and soon came back with it and said, “I can fix your problem. He said my head was out of line with my neck bones, or something like that, this was forty years ago. I don’t remember if I stood up, laid down, sat down or what, but he manipulated my head and there was all kind of cracking sounds. I worried he’d broken my neck. Then he said something like, “There, you’re as good a new, you won’t need to see me again.” The pain never came back and I never saw him again but I’m eternally thankful. Thanks, doc, I wished I’d called him and told him so.
Good happy for you.can you forward me his info? I could really use a good one.
I seen The John Stockton part from a video about how the AMA propaganda was trying to destroy chiropratic medicine. The fact Stockton sprained his ankle at the end of the 3rd quarter, and actually was back in the game is incredible!
I’ve been to chiropractors many times in my life when my back was out and the treatment definitely helped. However, I am now 64 years old. I recently had 4 treatments and it didn’t help at all. The thing is it’s in the lower back to the left and only comes when I’m tired either from working in the garden or late evening.
I recommend chiropractic treatment 100% above any other treatment or MD. If only i had listened to my chiropractor 5 years ago when i had an unnecessary back operation when advised not to have by my chiropractor. Due to pressure from my children i, under duress, agreed to have the operation. It was totally unnecessary as the orthopedic surgeon who operated was arrogant and had an attitude. My biopsis was ‘negative’. NOW. i only listen to my wonderful chiropractor who has restored my health.
It is interesting and vital to note after this reply my Marcus Dunn that there is no such thing as “chiropractic therapy”. The intent of chiropractic adjustment is quite simply to optimize the transmissions between the brain and body’s cells and systems. The almost irresistable urge to put all health care into the medical therapeutic BOX is largly due to amnesia caused by relentless pharmaceurical advertising. Another way to see this is that every living thing needs to be tuned up periodically in order to perform its true tole in the orchestra that is LIFE EXPRESSION. I trust that I have been clear on this essential distinction between the business of symptom therapies and chiropractic adustments of neurological implications of spinal sublusation. The further distinction I will make here is that the whole point of chiropractic adjustment is the optimization of brain-body communication and not only the physical manipulation of somatic dysfunction advocated by Osteopaths. VSC (vertebral sybluxation complex) embodies the disorders of somatic dyskinesia, autonomic dysponesis and the psychosomatic realms of brain/heart interaction we might know as empathy. There is a fundamen or feduciary duty implicit in the hunan state to always remain in identify with the Source of what we are as human Being.
I didn’t know that chiropractic procedures can help treat underlying health problems. This seems like an important thing to remember when you are considering going to a chiropractor. My mother has been experiencing severe back pain and I think a chiropractor could really help her. I’ll have to do some research and find the right one for her.
It got me when you said that chiropractic therapy can help with the pain management. My favorite part is when you talked about how it reduces a headache by removing the stiffness in the back and the strain in the spine. With that in mind, I will be visiting a chiropractic facility this weekend because I have been having headaches almost every day, and it is already affecting my status at work since I cannot meet the deadlines. Thanks!
I appreciate it when you said that among the benefits of chiropractic care is the idea that it reduces the person’s asthma symptoms and thus decrease their need for medication. If that is the case, then I think it is a good idea to let my brother try chiropractic care. After all, he has been an asthmatic all his life, and there are times when he is no longer responding to his medication. Maybe this will help.
I appreciate how you mentioned that low back pain affects more than 10% of the global population, and that chiropractic care is a low cost method of providing pain relief. My friend was recently injured in a car accident, and has sustained chronic pain all through her back that is inhibiting the performance of her daily activities. I’ll have to recommend that she find an auto injury expert in her area that can provide the chiropractic treatment she needs to find pain relief.
It’s great to know the benefits of chiropractic therapy. I like how you said that it helps pregnant women get rid of the pain that the weight causes. My wife is pregnant with our first child, and her hips and back are really sore. I’ll suggest that she go to a chiropractor.
I didn’t know that chiropractors could help with headaches. My husband has been having pretty severe headaches for a few weeks and I think he should try a chiropractor. I’ll have to do some research and find the best chiropractor in the area.
I never thought that visiting a chiropractor could help me in my hobby because you said that they can help elevate sports performance. Since you also pointed out that they can help reduce headaches, I’ll make sure to visit one regularly. If they can stimulate the immune system as you claim, a regular appointment with the right chiropractor could possibly make me healthier.
Let us know if seeing a chiropractor helps your headaches!
I agree to item #1 and #2. I was advised to take a chiro treatment due to body pain and headache, after a few sessions I really felt a huge difference and my performance improved.
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Train like a sales champion!
A sales job is never easy, on a daily basis you face rejection and constant disappointment yet you get up and head into work and do it all again the next day. Why? Because sales people have a natural optimism.
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0.975979 |
What do meeting planners and convention delegates need when they come to Albuquerque for a meeting? They need high quality hotels with superior service, rapid access to the airport and local venues, affordable transportation, and good weather to allow for walking breaks between meetings or after meeting work hours to enjoy local cuisine, fine weather year-round and uniquely Albuquerque shopping opportunities.
Albuquerque has all of this in eight different locations, depending on the needs of the meeting planner and decision-makers. Choose from each unique neighborhood this 21st century city has to offer: Old Town, Downtown, Midtown/University, Airport, Uptown, Balloon Fiesta Park/North I-25, Eastside or Westside hotels.
Walking distance to Old Town shops and artisans, art, science, history, technology, museums, the BioPark's Zoo, the Rio Grande river valley, renovated historic Tingley Beach and train route, revitalized Downtown art galleries, and music industry/nightlife entertainment.
Distance from the airport: 15 min.
Walking distance to Century Theaters Complex, independent, locally owned restaurants and boutique retail, cutting-edge contemporary art museum style galleries, live music in The District, outdoor fall and summer festivals, the ABQ Bio Park's Zoo, Aquarium and Botanic Garden, and Historic Old Town museums and shops, The Rio Grande river valley.
Distance from the airport: 5 min.
Walking distance to local independent restaurants, retro-boutique retail, designer fashion retail, art galleries, designer jewelry, furniture import shops, antiques and collectibles retail, The University of New Mexico facilities, and a short bus ride to Albuquerque Uptown, an outdoor lifestyle mall, Downtown and Old Town.
Distance from airport: 5 min.
The airport hotel cluster is an efficient area for meeting planners who are looking for proximity to air travel, stunning views of Albuquerque and quick access to the University of New Mexico facilities, Sandia National Laboratories, Kirtland Air Force Base, hospitals, the Pavilion by Hard Rock concert venue, and Albuquerque’s BMX race track.
Distance from the airport: already there!
Walking distance and short bus rides to two retail malls and the newest high impact retail destination at Albuquerque Uptown: a glowing Q leads the way to this outdoor lifestyle mall with stunning views of the foothills and valley, new dining features and national brands. Uptown is centrally located allowing access to every part of the city by bus, cab, or rental car 10-15 minutes from anywhere, including outdoor recreation opportunities in the Sandia foothills.
Northern Albuquerque marks a place on the city horizon boasting views of Santa Fe’s Sangre De Cristos Mountain Range and Mount Taylor to the west. Hotels in this cluster are close to local wineries, high desert golf courses for blending work and pleasure, major retail shopping at Cottonwood mall, anchored by Balloon Fiesta Park, home of Albuquerque’s annual International Balloon Fiesta and the Anderson-Abruzzo Albuquerque International Balloon Museum.
Distance from the airport: 20 min.
The Sandia Mountain range, which runs from the southern to the northern end of Albuquerque is a helpful directional guide for understanding city boundaries, as is the Rio Grande valley, a rich valley of cottonwoods and native grasses, lining the river in the west. Hotels in close proximity to either of Albuquerque’s navigational compass markers boast rapid access to a range of outdoor activities including: Sandia Peak Aerial Tramway, Sandia foothills hiking, biking and running trails, family entertainment centers, or Westside springboards to exploring ancient indigenous cultures of Acoma and Laguna Pueblos, as well as hiking through the basalt rock ancient carvings of Petroglyph National Monument.
Distance from the airport: 22 min.
Learn more about our different areas of town including detailed maps and photos in the Travel Tools: Neighborhoood Guide section.
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How to make taqueria style salsa roja at home using chiles de arbol and guajillo chiles.
I've learned to take a degree of heat and I don't know when or how it happened. There was a time when I really disliked anything that was more than mild. To this day, my dad makes fun of me. He used to tease when I was a child that the hospital must've sent them home with the wrong baby because how could a child of his not like chile. He would have to make two salsas: a pint's worth for me that basically was all the ingredients EXCEPT for the chile and then a quart for everyone else that was four-alarm fire spicy. But right around the time I started playing with harissa, my tastebuds have slowly started to grow accustomed to a small degree of heat while learning to appreciate the flavor of various chiles.
I still have a long way to go before being brave enough to eat my father's salsas but I'm rather proud of how far I've come. I say I'm now able to eat and enjoy a two-alarm fire spicy salsa. That's a far cry from pico de gallo which is everything but the heat. I love my guacamole with a bit of kick and my tomatillo salsa verde so I decided it was time to dip my toes into appreciating taqueria salsa roja. Now I'm putting this stuff on everything!
Every family uses slightly different chiles. There is really no right or wrong chile to use in salsa roja. For the small chiles that give heat, most recipes call for chiles de arbol but some family recipes might call for chiles de japones (Japanese chili peppers). Both are small, thin and pack quite a wallop, most especially their seeds. You could even use habaneros if you love those little devils. I don't. But that would be an obvious assumption. A lot of recipes might stop with just the one type of chile but personally, that's so one note and I want more substance, or rather, I want to taste a more complex chile flavor. To that end, for structure and a slightly smoky background note, I add my much-loved chile: guajillo. As my favorite noted authority on regional Mexican cuisine Rick Bayless says, guajillos are "the workhorse chiles with lots of dazzle." These peppers are widely used in Mexican cooking (alongside anchos, they provide the flavor and heat in my dad's homemade chorizo). Throw in some pan roasted tomatoes, tomatillos, garlic and onions and you've got yourself a great Mexican condiment for anything from eggs, to tacos, to marinating meat in.
This red chile sauce is a tasty place to start and is totally customizable. I started with 8 chiles de arbol the first time and it left a slight tingle around the lips. I am now up to 18 of these little chiles but you could go as high as 25 for a nice kick or even 30 if you want it screaming hot. Bear in mind though that the more seeds that make it in, regardless of the amount of peppers, the hotter it will be. I didn't add cilantro to this recipe because frankly, I was all about the flavors of the chile but you could certainly add some if you like. Most taqueria style recipes I've seen don't but it's totally up to you to make it your own. The peppers are available in the Mexican aisle of most big supermarkets. I like to buy mine at Mexican grocery stores because the turnover is higher so you know you're not getting a product that has sat on a shelf for six months. In Southern California, Northgate Market sells them loose in bulk so you can get exactly the amount you need as well as in packages. I bought these at Specialty Produce, also sold loose in bulk. If your local store doesn't sell them, mexgrocer.com is a great resource. Don't be surprised with the cinnamon. To me, cinnamon is to chile what espresso (or coffee) is to chocolate: It just works to balance and enhance the flavor.
Place a griddle or cast iron skillet on medium high heat. When hot, add the chiles and toast, turning frequently until they start to darken, but not blacken. Avoid blackening if possible as this will add a bitterness to your salsa. As the peppers start to change color, remove them to a small saucepan. Fill the saucepan with water to cover; bring to a boil, cover and turn off heat. Allow to steep for 25 minutes.
In the meantime, add the tomatillos, tomatoes, onion and garlic to the hot griddle. Turn vegetables occasionally, charring the tomatillos and tomatoes as much as you can. Remove garlic as soon as it's softened and remove onion when nicely browned. Place tomatoes in a blender first and blend on high to liquify. Next squeeze the garlic out of it's skin and add to the blender along with the tomatillos and onion; pulse to chop. Set aside.
Reserving the cooking liquid, remove the chile peppers from the saucepan to a plate until cool enough to handle. Wearing food handler gloves if you have them, remove stems and seeds from the guajillos; tear the guajillos into chunks and add to blender, discard stems and seeds. Remove and discard the stems from the chiles de arbol. Remove the seeds, reserving a teaspoon of seeds for later (more if you want your salsa especially spicy). Tear the chiles into chunks and add to the blender. Heat the griddle or skillet to medium hot again and quickly dry toast the reserved arbol seeds until fragrant. Add the seeds to the blender along with the lime, salt, cumin and cinnamon. Pulse on high, adding reserved cooking liquid as needed to get a smooth thick consistency. I like mine the consistency of thick tomato sauce but you can leave it chunky or as thin or thick as you like. Taste and add more salt if desired. Store in an airtight container (glass jar, preferable) for up to a week in the refrigerator.
Recipe by Anita L. Arambula. Copyright 2015. www.confessionsofafoodie.me. If you make or adapt this recipe to share on your blog, please write the directions in your own words and link back to this original post. Thank you!
There's a big middle eastern market nearby that also caters to Latin patrons. I walk a lot slower as I pass all the beautiful dried chilies, but I haven't got one clue what to do with them.
So now I have a good reason to buy some. Thanks, Ani.
Next time you're there, grab a few dried chipotles. Grind them in a coffee grinder and sprinkle on burgres, steaks, and chicken. You won't be disappointed.
I recently made this, I also made a variation using habenero's both turned out great. Thank you !!! I do wish the fresh salsa lasted longer though, I would love to can or freeze.
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Which provisions should an EPC contract contain?
Objective. Description of the general terms of the energy services procured. This section should define the facilities included in the contract and those that are excluded from its scope.
Usually, the contract duration will depend primarily on the amount of the investment financed and the distribution of the savings agreement.
Infrastructure and resources. Description of human and material resources that each party should provide for the provision of services. It should thoroughly describe the equipment to be installed, as well as the existing equipment which will be provided by the customer.
Ownership of equipment and systems. It mainly depends on who assumes the investment of the project and on the obligations of the ESCO towards the client. Typically, the client retains ownership of the equipment and systems that were in the facility prior to the entry into force of the EPC.
Obligations of the ESCO and customer. This clause defines the obligations of each party, including aspects such as conditions to be ensured during the contract (temperature, minimum illumination, et cetera) or access of employees and technical staff to facilities whenever necessary.
Economics. This clause is related to the characteristics of the funding necessary for the implementation of ESCO project.
Other issues. The contract shall include any other section that should be defined to avoid problems between stakeholders such as the causes of suspension of services under the contract or other obligations of the parties.
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How do I find the best Evergreen Park architect for my home design project?
It is best to hire a home architect who will be involved in all phases of the design process, from the initial concept to the completed construction. The architect is often the first person you will hire for your project. If necessary, they might also help you select and hire Illinois subcontractors, which can include the builders, engineers and landscaper. Interior architects are also involved in negotiating contracts for all involved participants. It is for these reasons that it is extremely important for you to have a good relationship with the Evergreen Park residential architect you hire. He or she can be the tie-breaking vote between you and the general contractor and can be your biggest advocate during the construction process. Different architecture firms in Evergreen Park, IL provide different services, so the scope of the work can span from pre-design environmental impact studies to selecting furniture and finishes, depending on what your specific needs are.
It is very important to hire the right professional for the job. Remember that the most well-known or established designer might not provide the best architectural services for your needs. It all comes down to the individual project. Research and ask people whose work you like for recommendations. It's important to have somewhat of an idea of the style of house architecture that you prefer, as well as the amount you would like to spend. Residential architects in Evergreen Park, IL are natural problem solvers. They will assess the entire situation and help you to solve your problems too. Don't settle for a single company too early. Call and interview a few. Make sure that you feel like your personalities will mesh well and that you like their professional perspective.
Find a home architect in Evergreen Park, IL on Houzz. Narrow your search in the Professionals section of the website to Evergreen Park architects. You may also look through photos of Illinois projects to find interior architects and building designers who have worked on a project similar to yours.
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Varona Nelas is a Dunmer farmer living in the small settlement of Tel Mithryn who has the questionable honor of being personal steward to town founder Neloth. Like the other residents, she is overworked and estranged by her employer's eccentric personality and wishes herself far away. However, she is soon going to Raven Rock to pick up supplies, leading to her early demise and the quest Reluctant Steward.
Varona wears fine clothes and matching boots, and carries a steel dagger, a key to her house and a small amount of gold.
Varona will die (see notes) after you visit Tel Mithryn for the first time, so a few steps must be followed to see her daily routine and witness the many conversations between her and the other inhabitants. First, you must not leave Tel Mithryn; second, you will have to complete From the Ashes before she dares venturing outside. After that, her daily routine is a busy one: She starts the day at 6am and paces around her quarters for two hours. At 8am she visits Elynea Mothren in the local Apothecary, at 9am she visits the cook Ulves Romoran in the Tel Mithryn Kitchen, at 10am she paces around outside, at 11am she checks up on Master Neloth in the tower, then she heads back to her quarters for a one-hour lunch. At 1pm she paces around outside, at 2pm she visits Elynea, at 3pm she visits Ulves, and at 4pm she once again spends an hour outside. At 5pm she checks up on Neloth before going home for a one-hour dinner. At 7pm she makes one last visit to Elynea and then takes the rest of the evening off. Before the Sun Stone is cleansed she was supposed to work on the shrine between 10pm and 6am but doesn't due to a bug.
When you first pay a visit to Tel Mithryn, you will find Varona in the center of the settlement engaged in conversation with Talvas Fathryon. Varona is obviously concerned about Talvas' conjuration experiments and countless attempts to summon an ash guardian, and she will try to get Talvas to act responsibly, with little luck. The dialogue will differ slightly if Neloth is in Raven Rock as part of the quest Dragonborn.
Varona: "Why are you out here? Aren't you supposed to be in the tower assisting Master Neloth?" OR "Why are you out here? Master Neloth is away. Aren't you supposed to stay in the tower?"
Talvas; "If you must know, I'm trying to get this Ash Guardian spell to work. Now let me concentrate. Besides, shouldn't you be worrying about the damage to the tower?"
Varona: "Master Neloth has tasked Elynea with repairing the tower. Why aren't you doing this in the lab, where it would be safer for all of us?"
Talvas: "The, uh... the lab is too small. Also, I need the ashy soil. Master Neloth knows what I'm doing. No need to bother him about it though. He's quite busy at the moment." OR "The, uh... the lab is too small. Also, I need the ashy soil. Master Neloth told me to practice this spell while he's away. No need to tell him about it when he gets back. He knows all about this."
Varona: "It's on your head if something goes wrong. Just let me get back inside first."
As promised, Varona will then enter her quarters and will not come out until you have completed the quest From the Ashes. When everything is safe and Talvas has taken his spot inside the tower, she will start her daily routine.
She will be the first to welcome you to Tel Mithryn and provide a wealth of information on the strange settlement: "We don't get many visitors. Is there something you need?" When you ask her to explain the strange settlement she will say: "Tel Mithryn. It's the home of Master Neloth. You may have heard of him. He's a famous Telvanni wizard." If Neloth is in Raven Rock she will add: "He's not here right now. I think he's in Raven Rock." Point out that Neloth obviously lives in a giant mushroom and she will elaborate on Morrowind architecture: "In Morrowind, the Telvanni grow buildings from special fungus spores. Master Neloth grew one here to be his home. Don't ask me how." When asked if she is Neloth's apprentice, she will tell you: "No. Talvas is his apprentice. I'm his steward. I manage the day to day affairs of Tel Mithryn." You can also ask her to provide a full list of the inhabitants of Tel Mithryn: "Talvas is Master Neloth's apprentice. If you are interested in spells, he might be willing to sell you some. Elynea is our alchemist. She specializes in mushrooms and other types of fungus. Ulves runs the kitchens."
When you approach her, she may comment on the dragon threat in Skyrim with: "There are rumors of dragons on the mainland. I hope they don't show up here." She may also show disdain about Solstheim: "I hate this ash. It gets into everything." She may also say: "Talvas says Master Neloth is asking for me.", often followed up with: "I hope Elynea has something for headaches." Lastly, she will mention her upcoming trip to Raven Rock: "I'm going to have to go to Raven Rock soon. We're running low on some things." and "I'd better check on Ulves. The kitchen supplies were getting low."
Once Varona heads off to Raven Rock to stock up on supplies, Neloth will notice her absence and start to complain: "Have you seen Varona? I'm hungry." He will then task you with finding her: "Well find her. Tell her I want apple cabbage stew, with some canis root tea." and will keep reminding you: "Have you found Varona yet? I could really use some tea." When asked about Varona's whereabouts, Talvas will say: "Ask Elynea. She and Varona seem to be quite friendly." When asked, Elynea will tell you: "She left for Raven Rock hours ago. She promised to bring me back some fresh blisterwort." and will assure you: "Varona goes to Raven Rock all the time. I'm sure she's fine.", while the chef in the Tel Mithryn Kitchen will concur: "Is it tea time already? Well, Neloth's just going to have to wait. Varona went to Raven Rock to arrange for supplies." However, he will be concerned about the dangerous trip: "The Raven Rock road is dangerous. I hope nothing happened to Varona." When confronted with the news, Neloth will just comment: "I don't care where she is. Go get her. Any [sic] my tea better be hot." When you leave he will keep complaining: "Everything that can go wrong is going wrong. Ash spawn attacks, my house, and even my steward is assassinated."
Varona never made it to Raven Rock, as you will find her dead body on top of a hill near the silt strider, still surrounded by the ash spawn that killed her. Back in Tel Mithryn, Neloth will be his typical self and will respond differently depending on when you found the body. If you found her after he gave you the task, he will say: "Dead? Well that's annoying. How did she die?" If you found her body prior to him giving you the quest he will comment: "What! Who's going to make my tea? Why do these things always happen to me?" After the quest is completed, the insensitive wizard will only remark: "Where is that lazy steward of mine? Varona! No, wait. She's dead. Drovas!" while the other residents may say: "It's a shame about Varona." and "I can't believe Varona is dead."
"It's okay to miss her."
When you arrive in Tel Mithryn for the first time you will find Varona arguing with Talvas Fathyron. She will then seek you out and engage in conversation. This actually marks the beginning of her death as speaking to her will cause her to die the next time you leave Tel Mithryn (going to the Sun Stone is enough to kill her), marking the start of the quest Reluctant Steward.
Another Varona Nelas was encountered in Morrowind. While they share the name and a loose affiliation with House Telvanni, Varona's conversations with Elynea suggest that Varona has been on Solstheim her entire life, while the Varona from Morrowind is found on Vvardenfell, confirming they are not the same person.
Before the Sun Stone has been cleansed, Varona was supposed to work there every night between 10pm and 6am. Due to a developer oversight, her default (sandbox) package takes precedence and the work package never activates. This also means that her "wake-up" line will never be heard: "Who brought me here? I demand to know who did this! I've got to get back. Tel Mithryn is probably falling apart."
The zones activating Varona's scripted death are placed in very close vicinity of Tel Mithryn, making it possible to actually see her die.
Sometimes Varona's body will show up without clothes.
Talvas: "Master Neloth is going to be casting some rather loud spells in the next day or two. You should warn the others. Oh, and if the tower door suddenly gets icy cold, don't come in."
Varona: "That man is going to kill himself one day, and take the rest of us with him. Thanks for the warning."
Talvas: "I don't want to see any of you get hurt. Oh, could you get me an extra blanket. I think I might need it."
Varona: "How are your lessons coming, Talvas?"
Talvas: "The pain has subsided. Thank you for asking. Hopefully the frost lessons are over."
Varona: "I hope it's worth it."
Talvas: "Neloth is a master wizard of the House Telvanni. I've already learned more than I would have in twice the time at the College of Winterhold."
Varona: "And suffered twice as much."
Neloth: "Varona, get me some canis root tea. Oh, and remind Elynea that she needs to fix my tower. That chamber has been withered for too long."
Varona: "You have some tea, but I'll get you a fresh cup. Elynea is waiting for fresh taproot before she can regrow that chamber."
Neloth: "Taproot? That's all? Add it to the Raven Rock list."
Varona: "I already did, but it won't do any good. They haven't had any for months."
Varona: "Where is your list of things you need from Raven Rock?"
Ulves: "I would have had it ready, but Master Neloth wanted his meal early."
Varona: "Well I can't wait forever. Master Neloth keeps asking if I have his soul gems yet."
Ulves: "Well you'll just have to wait. Last time I brought his meal up late he asked if I wanted to be a part of one of his experiments."
Ulves: "If you're here about the canis root tea, it's almost ready."
Varona: "I don't know how he drinks that stuff."
Ulves: "At least you don't have to taste every time to see if it's brewed right."
Varona: "I'm sick of all this ash. I know dunmer [sic] aren't supposed to mind the ash, but I hate it."
Elynea: "It's a good thing you've always lived here on Solstheim. Vvardenfell is covered in ash. Red Mountain makes sure of that."
Varona: "So you've said a hundred times. But didn't you also tell me the Telvanni lands were green and lush?"
Elynea: "Maybe two hundred years ago they were. Now they say those green lands are ash covered too."
Elynea: "Are you going to Raven Rock soon? I need some thing [sic]."
Varona: "Soon. Be patient. Ulves is still making his list. And of course Master Neloth keeps adding to his. What with all the ash spawn on the road these days, I'm not leaving until the trip is worth it."
Elynea: "Bah! Patience is for the young. An old dunmer [sic] like me can't afford it."
This page was last modified on 16 July 2018, at 20:12.
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Let's face it-sorting through the various types of tractor tires can be puzzling for people who don't know about them already. Fortunately, you can boil down deciding between types of tractor tires to one simple question: what is your tractor going to do? For example, a tractor tire designed for keeping farm equipment from getting stuck in the mud would not be the best choice for a tractor being used for landscaping-unless you want holes in your grass. There are other more technical considerations, but once you have a handle on what the basic types of tractor tires are designed to do deciding between them will be a much easier task.
Agricultural tires, or Ag tires, are types of tractor tires designed for pulling heavy farm equipment through fields. They have an angled bar tread designed to provide maximum traction. Using lower inflation pressure also decreases the possibility of getting stuck but increases the stress and wear on the tire sidewalls, so Ag tires have thicker sidewalls to keep them from wearing out too fast.
Ag tires are great for traction, but not so great for lawns. Wide, balloon-style turf tires feature a shallow tread design and distribute the tractor's weight more evenly. They cause less damage to lawns, but also have less traction and greater slippage. In muddy and swampy areas, extra wide turf tires called flotation tires are a good fit: they help better support the tractor's weight to minimize soil compaction and prevent sinking.
These types of tractor tires are designed for construction. They're called combination tires for a reason: they combine the balloon style of turf tires with a deeper tread and are also more puncture resistant than turf tires.
Ribbed tires get their name from their tread design-simple grooves or "ribs" around the circumference of their tire. Ribbed tires only provide minimal traction, but are easy on grass.
All tires, from car tires to tractor tires, are bias-ply or radial construction. "Bias" and "radial" refer to how the tires are reinforced. Radial tires tend to be more flexible and for this reason are most often used for cars. Bias ply, on the other hand, are stronger and less flexible. Tractor owners usually opt for strength rather than flexibility, so most tractor tires are bias-ply construction. Radial tractor tires are available, however, and some prefer them because they have better traction and a bigger "footprint," causing less slippage.
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Undaunted by the potential dangers of the frontier, Pratt moved to central Alabama with his wife, two slaves, and enough materials to construct 50 gins. He formally named and founded the Daniel Pratt Gin Company around 1833, and in about 1836 he leased a site on Autauga Creek known as McNeil's Mill and began manufacturing cotton gins. Two years later, he purchased 1,822 acres of land further up Autauga Creek, where he constructed a permanent factory and founded the town of Prattville. Pratt ensured the viability of this new town by diversifying its industries, constructing homes and churches for his workers, and building Alabama's first free school. The residents of Prattville worked in factories that produced such diverse products as cotton gins, various kinds of cloth, tin, carriages, wagons, windows, and door sashes. Pratt's initial workforce consisted primarily of yeomen farmers from the surrounding area, supplemented later with enslaved labor. Pratt brought in New Englanders, many of whom were either friends or relatives, including nephew Merrill E. Pratt (whom Daniel later adopted as his son), to supervise this workforce and to provide needed engineering and managerial skills.
During the 1850s, the Pratt Gin Company manufactured cotton gins for planters all over the world, taking orders from Russia, Great Britain, France, Cuba, Mexico, and countries in Central and South America. The increased business led Pratt to expand his gin factory, and by 1860, Pratt's factories were producing at least 1,500 gins per year. Pratt imported sheet steel from Sheffield, England, for his gin saws, but the iron came from Alabama companies, primarily Horace Ware's Shelby Iron Works near Columbiana.
Prior to the Civil War, Pratt was an ardent member of the Whig Party, which pushed for the expansion of industry, state aid to railroads, and other forms of internal improvements. In 1854, Pratt founded a pro-Whig newspaper, the Southern Statesman. He was also politically involved on the local level, serving for many years as Prattville's intendant, with powers similar to that of mayor, and representing Prattville in Alabama's House of Representatives during the Civil War from 1861 until 1865. Although Pratt opposed Alabama's secession from the Union, he provided wool and broadcloth for uniforms for the "Prattville Dragoons," attached to the Third Alabama Cavalry under the eventual command of General Joseph Wheeler. He also donated $17,000 to meet other needs of the local unit, including horses and saddles for those who could not afford to provide their own.
With the great fortune he amassed from his cotton-gin business, Pratt invested in and actively promoted the development of Alabama's vast untapped mineral resources. In the early 1870s, Pratt began purchasing thousands of acres of land in north Alabama. Pratt also began to entrust more and more of his business interests, including a new railroad venture, the South and North Alabama Railroad, to his ward and eventual son-in-law, Henry F. DeBardeleben, whom daughter Ellen had married on February 4, 1863. In 1872, Pratt and DeBardeleben acquired a controlling interest in the Red Mountain Iron and Coal Company and began rebuilding the Oxmoor furnaces destroyed by Wilson's Raiders during the Civil War.
In addition to taking a leading role in the development of the state's natural resources, Daniel Pratt was also an ardent supporter of establishing a more diverse economy in Alabama and the South. He preached an industrial gospel of regional self-sufficiency in numerous articles and letters in newspapers and periodicals throughout the South. Daniel Pratt's successes earned him widespread renown and respect. In 1846 the University of Alabama awarded him an honorary master's degree in the Mechanic and Useful Arts. In 1949, the Alabama Newcomen Society honored Pratt posthumously as "Alabama's First Industrialist."
Daniel Pratt died on May 13, 1873. He divided his estate between his daughter Ellen and adopted son Merrill, who bought out Ellen in 1881. Merrill's son Daniel ran the gin manufacturing business from 1889 until 1899, when it was sold to Continental Gin Company. DeBardeleben continued in the iron and coal business under the new name of Pratt Coal and Coke Company, which eventually became part of U.S. Steel Corporation. As a tribute to his father-in-law, Debardeleben named the mining community near the Oxmoor furnaces Pratt City.
The Continental Gin Company later became the Continental Eagle Corporation and continued to manufacture gins in Pratt's original buildings until as late as 2009, when the company outsourced most of its operations to India. Late in 2011, the company put its Prattville property up for sale, prompting the formation of a local campaign in Prattville to save the historic site, believed to be the longest continuously occupied industrial buildings in the state and perhaps in the South. The importance of this effort was underscored by the previous loss of other original buildings, which were destroyed by fire on September 10, 2002. In March 2012, Longstreet Capital, an Atlanta based commercial real estate developer, signed a contract to keep the structures intact and to redevelop the historic property. In 2014, the Historic Prattville Redevelopment Authority purchased the property for $1.74 million at a foreclosure auction and plans to develop the property as a multi-use residential and business community.
Armes, Ethel. The Story of Coal and Iron in Alabama. (Birmingham, Ala., 1910), 174-176; 280-282.
Pratt, Merrill E. Daniel Pratt: Alabama's First Industrialist. New York: The Newcomen Society of England, American Branch, 1949.
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What are the executive functions of the brain, and what can you do as an educator to support their development in students?
Put simply, these are “high order” thinking patterns and skills that allow students to live.
So what can be done to promote their development–and in a way that doesn’t require you to turn from teacher to lab-coated neuroscientist? Below are some ideas to get started.
What it means: Impulse control helps a student think before acting.
How it looks: Students with weak impulse control might blurt out inappropriate things. They’re also more likely to engage in risky behavior.
Strategy to improve: Provide student with a “Wait 5” strategy–counting to five before verbally responding to an input in the classroom, and a “Wait 3” in personal conversations to think before speaking in pairs or groups.
What it means: Emotional control helps students keep their feelings in check.
How it looks: Students with weak emotional control often overreact. They can have trouble dealing with criticism and regrouping when things go wrong.
Strategy to improve: Help students see the relationship between thoughts and feelings. As they are able to control and reframe their thinking, their emotions can benefit in parallel.
What it means: Flexible thinking allows students to adjust to the unexpected.
How it looks: Students with “rigid”thinking don’t “roll with the punches.” They might get frustrated if asked to think about something from a different angle.
Strategy to improve: Create weekly journal prompts that require students to do exactly that–see things from multiple perspectives. A child drops an ice cream cone in front of their friends. A coach screams at a player. A shy student wins an award–describe these situations from the multiple perspectives of different participants.
What it means: Working memory helps students keep key information in mind.
How it looks: Students with weak working memory have trouble remembering directions–even if they’ve taken notes or you’ve repeated them several times.
Strategy to improve: Use memory games or apps like Fit Brains Trainer or Lumosity, or use memory-based team-building games that require students to remember something as part of a classroom activity–names, colors, favorite things, etc., and then celebrate their success.
What it means: Self-monitoring allows students to evaluate how they’re doing.
How it looks: Students with weak self-monitoring skills may be surprised by a bad grade or negative feedback.
Strategy to improve: “Stop & look”–periodically call out to the class “Stop and look” so that they can intentionally pause at any given moment and assess what they’re doing, how they’re feeling, what their engagement level is, and how they are or aren’t making progress towards a personal goal.
What it means: Planning and prioritizing help your child decide on a goal and a plan to meet it.
How it looks: Students with weak planning and prioritizing skills may not know which parts of a project are most important.
Strategy to improve: Have students crate mock projects–video games, music albums, books, businesses, apps, etc.–and then map out how they could accomplish that goal, then pair-share that map to open for feedback from partners in the classroom (which also helps with Emotional Control and Flexible Thinking as well).
What it means: Task initiation helps students take action and get started.
How it looks: Students who have weak task initiation skills may freeze up because they have no idea where to begin.
Strategy to improve: Create daily prompts of various tasks to complete, and have students brainstorm different “starting points,” then share out.
What it means: Organization helps your child keep track of things physically and mentally.
How it looks: Students with weak organization skills can lose their train of thought–as well as their cell phone and homework.
Strategy to improve: Organizational apps. Checklists. Planners. Different things work for different students. Experiment, persist, and find what works to help students organize themselves.
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0.999598 |
Over the last several weeks there have been some huge developments in the stock market and the economy as a whole. It got me thinking about my investments, and the question that is always the toughest investing question to answer: how do you know when you should be selling stocks?
It is so incredibly tough to decide when to sell a stock, but I say that it’s the most important part of investing — even more important than buying the right investment. If you don’t know when to sell, you lose money. You lose money because you don’t exit a loser. You lose money because you don’t sell winners at the right time. There’s no easy way around it — not knowing when to sell a stock is detrimental to any investing strategy you may have.
Here are some key indicators to pay attention to so that you can sell your stock at the right time, along with some examples to pay attention to.
One of the most important indicators of when to sell your stock is when there are major changes to the economic outlook. The economy is the driving factor behind most business, and positive economic developments bode well for some companies, and negative economic developments bode well for others.
If you think your holdings will perform well, don’t sell. But negative economic factors could seriously impact a company’s earnings, and in turn the company’s share price.
The Sequester: The spending cuts initiated by the sequester are going to have a negative effect on consumer spending this summer. With millions of workers facing up to a 20% pay cut, they will just spend less at stores and other retailers. Compound that with rising gas prices, and it’s going to be tough. As such, you may want to be wary of retailers such as Wal-Mart (WMT) and Target (TGT).
Rising Interest Rates: Rising interest rates can cause all sorts of financial chaos, as many investors have seen over the last few weeks. Rising interest rates (combined with furloughs) may severely weaken the housing market, and that could negatively impact the economy. Also, higher interest rates have caused problems for mortgage REITs as changes in book value have sent prices dropping.
Another key aspect to pay attention to are changes to the underlying business. This is a singular focus on the company you’re invested in, instead of taking a broader economic perspective. Many times, companies get into trouble — legislation that alters business potential, litigation, competition, and more.
If you’re a shareholder, you need to pay attention to your company and look at how the business could potentially be changing — for better or for worse. If the reasons you initially invested in the company are no longer present, you may want to sell your stock holding.
Computers: Do you remember Hewlett-Packard (HP)? Competition and pricing negatively impacted their business and they couldn’t pivot. If you bought anywhere from 2001 to 2007, you’ve pretty much taken a bath on the company. What about Dell (DELL) now? They are trying to restructure through some type of leveraged buyout, but the real question is, what does the next five years hold for computers and how will Dell set themselves apart?
Television: If you’re a Time Warner (TWX) customer, you’ve undoubtedly experienced some type of channel blackout in the past several years. This has been caused by negotiations with the broadcasters over rights to the shows and advertising money. Why does this matter? Well, it doesn’t really because cable is a dying medium as more and more people watch shows online, on DVR, or basically when they want to ad-free. For most cable companies, there has been net subscriber loss to cable services, while internet has been the growing business — something to pay attention to over the next few years.
Then, there is always the company that is having poor financial performance. This could be a company that, for whatever reason, saw poor earnings and Wall Street dropped it like a rock in a pond. This one is a tough one, because poor financial performance alone shouldn’t be a reason to sell a company stock. You need to dive deeper: was this a single quarter that was bad, or is it a sign of something bigger (as mentioned above).
Remember: every publicly traded company is bound to deliver shareholder value. And typically this is measured by the share price, but many times it’s measured as whether the company meets or beats Wall Street analyst estimates. As such, every company uses every trick in the accounting book to make sure they make their Wall Street estimates. But, if a company knows its going to miss, companies typically go the other way — get rid of all the bad stuff on their books and miss by a lot. So, you really need to do your diligence.
Morgan Stanley: If you looked at Morgan Stanley’s (MS) earnings last week, you would have noticed that they used several accounting tricks to boost their earnings to meet Wall Street’s consensus estimates. For example, they lowered their capital reserve for bad loans, saying they saw improvements in the housing market. But, that’s pretty shortsighted. Remember, their top-line earnings were down, so is the economy really improving? That’s what reserves are for! This is something to be very cautious about in the coming months.
The bottom line is that you need to be selling stocks when either: the economics that impact the company have changed, or the underlying business that drives the company has changed. There is no “one size fits all” when it comes to reasons to sell your stocks. You need to really think about the reasons why you initially bought the stock, and decide if the company still meets your standards.
What reasons do you sell your stocks for? What about ETFs or mutual funds?
Don’t over complicate things. Just buy a market index fund and stop trying to time the market. This will make your life so much better and you won’t be stress all the time at what your stocks are doing.
I think this is exactly the right response. Even the top professionals struggle to beat market index funds.
But wouldn’t you agree the same rules apply to ETFs and index funds? You need to look at your funds from time to time as well.
Good analysis and your reasons are exactly why I only deal with mutual funds and ETFs. Unless you have a large enough amount to invest I think small investors should just avoid individual stocks in general.
I usually buy and hold! Most of my investments are mutual funds and ETFs. I do own about 5 stocks and very rarely will sell unless there is some significant change in the company.
Even if your goal was long term, does it change anything really?
Yes, if you buy “XYZ” at $20/share, and it loses money starting tomorrow all the way until the day of your retirement, don’t you think you should have stayed on top of your “long-term” investment goals and sold this at a minimal loss? I think so. Buy and do homework. Fool on!
This is one thing I always struggle with. Problem is economy or underlying fundamentals keep on changing. You’ll never no the uptrend or downtrend is going to stay for a while or not. hence selling now or two months down the line always has been a challenge for me.
It can be difficult to know when to sell a stock. Since I needed money last year and had to sell off some stocks, I sold all my losers and kept my winners. So far all the winners have stayed winners. I hope it stays that way.
I have sector targets and I take profits. I do what is referred to as gradual trading. If a stock goes down and the fundamentals remain, I may add to my position and I also sell some of my position when the stock goes up.
Having targets by sector and stock really makes this easy.
I usually sell stocks when they cut dividends or do not increase it for some time (usually one or two years with no increase and I am selling). If that happens, then the stock is not performing and I look for a replacement. As a dividend investor the decision making is a lot simplified over investing into growth stocks.
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0.963386 |
Immunity and early pregnancy events : are endocannabinoids the missing link?
The success of pregnancy is dependent on a number of different cell types and signalling pathways, including immune cells which play a vital role in implantation. Immune cells express transcripts for all of the components of the endocannabinoid system, but the role of this system in the function of reproductive tract immune cells is still unclear. In this review, we present the hypothesis that the endocannabinoid signalling system is central to an endocannabinoid-immune-reproductive axis, and that it acts as the link via which immune cells exert their vital influence on implantation and foetal tolerance. Pubmed and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published since 1975 which explore the interaction between the endocannabinoid system and the immune system, the endocannabinoid system in pregnancy as well as the role of immune cells in pregnancy. There is evidence that the endocannabinoid system has established effects in several immune cell lineages including NK cells and T lymphocytes known to be crucial in the development of normal pregnancy. These effects include regulation of cytokine production, chemotaxis and proliferation. The immune system plays a critical role in placental development and foetal tolerance, achieving this through a large number of cytokines and chemokines. We conclude that there are intricate molecular interactions involved in the success of early pregnancy and that the endocannabinoid system, potentially interacting with the immune system, is a key contributor to these events.
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0.997041 |
Why are so many Jews Successful Investors that Accumulate Massive Wealth?
Jews are known to be the most successful and best performing hedge-fund managers, investors, and traders in the world. Out of the best 25 money managers since the advent of American Capitalism, 17 are Jewish! Some of those in the top 25 are very famous: George Soros, Steven Cohen, James Simon, David Tepper, John Paulson, Carl Icahn, Daniel Loeb, Leon Cooperman, Israel Englander, David Einhorn, Seth Klarman, and Bruce Kovner.
Groundbreaking research has found that one of the key components to the success of the Jews is their religion—Judaism. The Tanakh, a Jewish religious text, contains codes and messages secretly hidden within its pages—decoded by the Talmud, it offers practical guidance that can be applied to your investing and business practices.
The Investing Code contains the time-tested secret wisdom found in the Tanakh that has worked to help the Jews accumulate wealth generation after generation. It can be applied by anyone today to attain wealth through wise investing practices.
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0.955813 |
(CNN) - Are you breaking the bank this Valentine’s Day?
According to the National Retail Federation, the average person will spend about $162 to shower their significant other with love. That’s an expected record-breaking total of $20.7 billion.
"This is up from last year's record of $19.6 billion," said Kathrine Cullen with the National Retail Foundation, "an all-time high in our survey's history."
The survey finds men will do the most spending at a little over $229 dollars. Women will spend significantly less at about $97.77.
Although people still prefer experiences over materialistic things, they still want the traditional gifts like candy, flowers, an old-fashioned greeting card or just going out to a nice meal.
“What people will spend the most on is things like jewelry, an evening out where that’s tied to a gift or just an event in and of itself," Cullen explained.
Despite the high spending levels, the survey found fewer Americans will celebrate the holiday this year – only 51 percent compared to 55 percent last year.
But those who will be celebrating are spreading the love further.
"People have really expanded the definition of who they're celebrating for Valentine's Day. Now, it's also about celebrating your co-workers, your friends, your kids’ classmates, their teachers," Cullen said.
That includes pets. The survey found that 20 percent of those surveyed said they plan to buy a gift for their furry loves.
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0.896015 |
Bicycling Article - Best Tandems?
What kind of goofus attitude is that to take?
Agree, decent overview but I'm curious as to the o.p.'s apparent doubt. Best Tandems? Yes, I think so. Santana's and Co-Motion's are not the 'best' tandems for 90% of the people that buy them.
And the basis for that statement is? Assuming rational people, and perfect information, the bike an individual buys is by definition the best bike for them.
Now admittedly information is not perfect; there are costs in obtaining information (even if that cost is time), and people do not always behave rationally. Thus I can easily believe that some people end up with bikes that are not the best bikes for them, i would also believe that the majority (way more than 10% at least) actually make good decisions on their bike purchases, based upon their own criteria.
And the basis for that statement is? Assuming rational people, and perfect information, the bike an individual buys is by definition the best bike for them.a.
True, I guess I was extrapolating a possible reason for the o.p.'s seeming skepticism i.e. no mention of Santana or Co-motion in the top 10 list.
There are two Co-motions in the list, but no Santana's. My bet is that it's largely a result of what manufacturer's would work with them financially.
You can click through to buy those bikes. Pretty sure Bicycling is making some money on that.
I don't think the article is, or is even really intended to be an objective rating of all tandems.
It does highlight some nice bikes in a number of segments, and the fact that people are talking about tandems is a good thing.
If a mfr feels their sales pipeline is strong enuf (in their own view), they might well just choose not to 'give away margin' to the magazine, in exchange for the extra exposure.
If you come in one day and find that pretty much the worst thing you can imagine has in fact happened, and you and your boss both say "oh well" (as opposed to "oh s***"), then the pipeline was probably full enuf.
I read the article with my standard skepticism for anything bicycling magazine prints, ever since that article from the early 90's that suggested replacing steel QR skewers with Titanium to improve your climbing (full disclosure, I am subscriber).
That said, I thought is was a pretty good article for someone that has an interest in tandems but knows nothing about them. It paints a picture of the landscape. What was missing, was links to more independent information that one could explore further before looking at specific manufacturers.
Any way you slice it, I think it is good to have tandems being talked about. The more people on tandems, the better - as far as I'm concerned.
They do mention that a $430 Schwinn tandem might be suitable for some folks. "For cruising around town with the whole family."
Agreed, it's as bad as their other articles, which are pretty shallow. But also agreed that talk about tandems is better than none, even here.
I paid only around $300 or $350 for my tandem, and I'm not anywhere close to replacing it, so a cheap tandem is a viable idea. Of course, that was used and a very special low price, but I wouldn't look down my nose at that Schwinn or a Raleigh Companion. They work.
I don't think it was a bad article, and I understood (and appreciated) the "inherently silly" line.
If you're thinking about tandems, it's a useful list of where you might look. The only significant knock I would put on the article (given it's fundamental shallowness) is the failure to mention places where you can have one made to your exact specifications for less than a few of those tandems cost.
It's a list of 8 somewhat random unrelated tandems. Consider it a survey of the market but not a ranking or comparison. There's much better info and knowledgeable opinions in this forum.
Very true, and succinctly put. I guess if you're not net savvy you might start with that article and then proceed with research.
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0.999999 |
The Australian Microbiome has a strong interest in seeing that the data and capability produced by the initiative is actively communicated to and used by the wider community both scientific and general.
Add the following text to the acknowledgements: “We would like to acknowledge the contribution of the Marine Microbes (MM) and Biomes of Australian Soil Environments (BASE) projects, through the Australian Microbiome Initiative in the generation of data used in this publication. The Australian Microbiome Initiative is supported by funding from Bioplatforms Australia and the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) through the Australian Government's National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS), the Director of National Parks with BHP, and the CSIRO”.
Copies of communications are to be sent to the project manager (smazard@bioplatforms.com) for collection and circulated to the Consortium as appropriate.
The Consortium reserves the right to conduct first analysis and ‘global analyses’ across these genomics reference datasets and publish the results in the scientific literature, provided this is done in a timely fashion. The Consortium Data Policy outlines the data sharing expectations and responsibilities.
Users of Consortium data, whether members of the Consortium or not, should be aware of the publication status of the data they use and treat them accordingly. For example, all investigators, including other Consortium members, should obtain the consent of the Steering Committee before using unpublished data in their individual publications, and the data producers should not unreasonably withhold this consent.
Investigators outside of the Consortium are free to use data generated by the initiative after the mediated access period, but are asked to follow the guidelines developed at the Ft. Lauderdale meeting. Specifically, data users should cite the source of the data and should acknowledge the sample contributors and the funding partners (Bioplatforms Australia, IMOS, DNP-BHP, CSIRO). In addition, the data users are asked to recognise the interests of the data producers to publish reports on the generation and analysis of their data, as described previously. Datasets from the Australian Microbiome Initiative may be released to public databases as pre-publication data and remain unpublished until they appear in peer-reviewed publications. Outside investigators who perform an in-depth analysis of data and are interested in publishing a report before the data producers do so should discuss their results with the data producer(s) and are encouraged to establish collaborations.
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0.967307 |
There are sunshine and sunsets of life. Sunsets of life are known as mishaps of life. At the point when sunsets of life come in one’s life, life ends up being agonizing and upsetting. In any case, it is conceivable to carry on with a lifestyle of inspiration amidst dull snapshots of life.
Individuals react contrastingly to extreme circumstances. There are the individuals who lose craving to eat, others pull back themselves. We have lost valuable existences of individuals who slaughtered themselves due to the weights of the difficulties of life. Other individuals react emphatically to intense circumstances. They remain motivated notwithstanding when things look so somber and hopeless.
We can’t deny the fact that intense circumstances are inescapable. In any case, we should foresee them and set ourselves up to conquer them. I have learned in life that the problem isn’t the problem however the problem is the way we react to the problem.
The other thing that I have learned in life is that living a motivated lifestyle is a decision that every one of us have to take.
Give me a chance to give you 10 top tips on how you can carry on with a motivated lifestyle.
On the off chance that you need to carry on with an existence loaded with inspiration and motivation notwithstanding when days are dim, you should recognize that problems are there in this life and they come for the most part sudden. Being realistic implies that you don’t prevent the presence from claiming the problem. The problem with numerous individuals is that they get into dissent when a problem happens. This makes more harm the psyche and feelings than anticipated.
Being realistic readies your psyche to be solid in extreme circumstances and it empowers you to have a decent desire past the present test or problem. This has the ability to rouse you to remain positive even with dull billows of life.
Putting stock in yourself implies that you need to love and acknowledge yourself. Adoring and tolerating yourself is a vital component to living a motivated lifestyle. When you cherish and acknowledge yourself, you will love life and you will expect great things from life itself.
You can’t carry on with an existence loaded with inspiration on the off chance that you keep an organization of pessimistic individuals. On the off chance that you need to carry on with a motivated life, don’t connect with individuals whose psyche is inked with negative musings.
When you are down, you needn’t bother with individuals who will keep you down, however you require individuals who will rouse you to ascend. Motivated life is made conceivable when you connect with constructive individuals who will talk uplifting statements and motivation to you when you have a craving for tossing in a towel.
I have discovered that you see what you are set up to see. In the event that you consider life to be out of line and troublesome, life will be precisely similar to the way you see it. Be that as it may, in the event that you consider life to be excellent and great in spite of its problems, you will encounter the magnificence and integrity of life toward the end. Inspiration can be a lifestyle to you, on the off chance that you have a positive viewpoint of life.
Have great desires from life;be hopeful and you will be motivated to center around what is beneficial for you.
You can’t carry on with a motivated lifestyle, if consider yourself to be a disappointment. When you consider yourself to be a disappointment, you will leave an existence of demoralization, hopelessness, distress and despondency. Yet, when you consider yourself to be a victor, you will think, talk, feel, and act like a champ notwithstanding when things look so hopeless.
Individuals who consider themselves to be champs are highly motivated to win and succeed. You can carry on with a motivated lifestyle as long as you consider yourself to be a champ.
Master something positive out of negative encounters of life and you make motivated lifestyle conceivable in your life.
What is your principle objective throughout everyday life? What is the best accomplishment you need to reach in your life, in your activity or association?
It is difficult to carry on with a motivated life, on the off chance that you don’t have the fundamental objective that you need to reach. Objective spurs and motivates. In the event that you have an obviously characterized objective, center around it regardless of whether it looks difficult to be expert. Your emphasis on the comprehensive view will spur you to understand your objective.
The most unfavorable thing in life is to clutch something negative. You can’t carry on with a motivated life when you keep feelings of spite in your heart. Individuals will you go ahead your way to hurt you either deliberately or unexpectedly. You will be enticed to hold resentment against them. Figure out how to pardon the individuals who wittingly and accidentally hurt you. By so doing, you will have an unmistakable still, small voice at whatever point you see those individuals. Harming individuals hurt everyone around them.
Figure out how to pardon yourself when you happen to accomplish something appalling or unbecoming. There are individuals who are experiencing low confidence and they are discouraged on the grounds that they don’t pardon themselves for the wrongs they have done. They think they are excessively moronic and they likewise think they add up to nothing. Subsequently, they are not living a motivated life.
On the off chance that you will carry on with a motivated lifestyle, you will pardon the individuals who hurt you and you will excuse yourself.
There are new abilities that you have to learn. When you open up to obtaining new aptitudes, you open up to motivational life. It is so spurring to secure new aptitudes. I adore adapting new aptitudes.
Once in a while, you have to burn through cash enlisting for a short course that will show you knew abilities and enhance you. You additionally need to go to courses, workshops, and gatherings, that are intended to enable. Purchase books and tapes that will improve you with new data. It will persuade you a long way to go new abilities.
Have you at any point been around a man with a comical inclination? I have and it is so fascinating. Did you realize that it is rousing to grin or snicker? Chuckling is a decent wellbeing promoter. It influences the body to feel so great. Inspiration is tied in with feeling so great.
I have discovered that diversion is a capable thing to propel and motivate humanity. In the event that you need to carry on with a motivated lifestyle, cherish fun. When you adore fun, you will have a great time and you will therefore be motivated. Take a gander at yourself in the mirror, don’t feel frustrated about yourself, simply grin and you will be motivated.
The other great approach to have a ton of fun that I need you to consider is to help somebody in require. A man in need could be someone who needs headings to a place you know; it could be the individual who is eager or who needs garments. It could be your associate who needs your enthusiastic help. It is so inspiring to help individuals who really require help.
You can carry on with a motivated lifestyle. That you should simply settle on a quality decision to carry on with an existence brimming with inspiration. Try not to make due with a hopeless and discouraged life, agree to a motivated life.
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0.962101 |
What will 2018 bring for mobile streaming content? To help answer this question, we must look at what happened at Mobile World Congress 2018. The numerous discussions and announcements at this industry conference revealed new movements in the mobile industry that subscription businesses should be aware of.
Running from February 26 to March 1 and held in Barcelona, Spain, this year's MWC saw the introduction of several new devices from companies like Samsung, Asus and Lenovo. Samsung in particular announced the Bixby device, which is the company's first step into the world of smart speakers and home assistants. According to The Motley Fool, Samsung plans to release the Bixby speaker by the second half of this year. This device will target the premium market rather than compete with bargain speakers.
5G allows AR and VR entertainment providers to create better products for their customers.
Although many other new devices were revealed at this year's conference, the promise of 5G internet speeds stole the show. Though talk of 5G has been ongoing for years, the Financial Times noted that MWC 2018 was the closest the mobile industry has come to making it a reality. Various telecoms - including Sprint, Telstra and T-Mobile USA - are planning to test live 5G networks this year.
This would open the doorway for countless advanced technologies - including virtual reality gaming, holograms and autonomous driving, which need such high speeds to operate effectively - to achieve widespread adoption. Faster speeds also open the door for entertainment platforms operating on a subscription billing business model to expand their available offers, attracting customers who thrive on the excitement emerging technology brings.
Furthermore, mobile and OTT video and content providers should take note of telecoms' interest in 5G networks. They may find opportunity to partner and create interesting bundled packages to attract consumers with advanced content available thanks to enhanced network performance.
Ever more sophisticated devices and faster internet speeds that were the focus of MWC 2018 can give birth to a new generation of games, experiences and services that can thrive only in a 5G world. This could give rise to a new generation of applications in areas such as Internet of Things, Entertainment, as well as Augmented Reality. As we know, the monetization model for most modern digital services is subscription based. So new communications technologies could fuel additional growth in subscription business proliferation.
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0.892458 |
William Whann Mackall was born in Washington, D.C., on January 17, 1817. He graduated from West Point in 1837 and served with the U.S. Army in the Seminole and Mexican-American Wars. He was made Assistant Adjutant-General with the rank of Major in 1853, but resigned in 1861 and joined the Confederate Army. Mackall served with Simon Buckner and P.G.T. Beauregard and was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Army of Tennessee. After twice asking to be relieved of positions, Mackall was not given any further assignments and surrendered to the Union Army in Macon, Georgia, in April 1865. He became a farmer in Fairfax, Virginia, where he died on August 12, 1891.
Mackall, a West Point graduate, served in the United States Army from his graduation in 1837 until 1861, and in the Confederate Army, 1861-1865, attaining the rank of brigadier general. After the war he lived at Langley, Va. He married Aminta Sorrel of Savannah, Ga., and had a son, W. W. Mackall (b. 1853), who was a lawyer in Savannah.
William Whann Mackall (1817-1891) was a native of Maryland. He was a U.S. Army officer and participated in the Seminole War and the War with Mexico. In 1861, he resigned his commission and became an officer in the Confederate State Army. He was promoted to brigadier-general in 1862. He married Aminta Elizabeth Douglass Sorrel. One of their children was William Whann Mackall (1853-1936), who was a lawyer in Maryland and Savannah, Georgia, where he spent most of his life. He was also engaged in various business and banking activities in Savannah, was a captain of Co. D of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, a member of the board of Education, and President of the Georgia Historical Society. Leonard Leopold Mackall (1879-1937) of Savannah was a noted bibliophile. He was president of the Bibliographical Society of America and editor of Notes for Bibliophiles in the "Books" literary supplement of the New York Herald Tribune, as well as the editor of several books. He was a president of the Georgia Historical Society.
Mackall, a West Point graduate, served in the United States Army from his graduation in 1837 until 1861, and in the Confederate Army, 1861- 1865, attaining the rank of brigadier general. After the war he lived at Langley, Va. He married Aminta Sorrel of Savannah, Ga., and had a son, W. W. Mackall (b. 1853), who was a lawyer in Savannah.
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0.946079 |
is a specified area of the city of Corpus Christi, Texas. It is located on Encinal peninsula bordered by Corpus Christi Bay on the north, Oso Bay on the west, the Laguna Madre on the east and the King Ranch to the south. South Padre Island Drive crosses Flour Bluff, dividing it into an upper part, commonly known as North Bluff, (mostly occupied by Corpus Christi Naval Air Station), and a lower part, commonly known as South Bluff. The area is mostly made up of suburban development, with a population consisting mostly of lower-middle income families, with local and national businesses such as Walmart, H-E-B grocery stores, etc.
What is now Flour Bluff Drive was once a railroad branch going off Texas Mexican Railway to the Naval Air Station. Waldron Field, located on the south side of Flour Bluff, was built during World War II and since then has been used as a Navy landing airfield. One can commonly see the orange and white training planes flying around the area. Of historical interest: President George H. W. Bush was relocated at the Navy base for training classes in 1942. Future Senator John McCain crashed a training airplane there in 1965.
According to the Historical Marker located on SH 358 eastbound, near Laguna Shores Road, just west of the JFK Memorial causeway, in the spring of 1838 France blockaded the coast of Mexico during the Pastry War, so-called because of the alleged mistreatment of French citizens, including pastry chefs, living in Mexico. The strategic location of Corpus Christi Bay led to the revival of smuggling in this area. Supplies were carried overland across the Rio Grande, and the illicit trade flourished as Mexico bought sorely needed goods in Texas.
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0.999922 |
Last october 13 th, it has been the closure of Fatima´s Centenary. What kind of events shall we be prepared for, as humanity?
Translate to english language, Filippo Bongiovanni s direct facebook video on August 2017.
This is a translation to english, about the transmission that Filippo Bongiovanni made on facebook on may 13 th 2017.
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0.999999 |
Analisis y Valuacion de Negocios - Mediante Estados Financieros / 2 Edicion (Spanish Edition) by Thomson International at Translate This Website. Hurry! Limited time offer. Offer valid only while supplies last.
If you have any questions about this product by Thomson International, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.
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0.977386 |
Does Ghana have political currency cycles?
By the way, the actual currency code for the Ghana cedi is GHS. GHC refers to the old cedi. International finance nerds love currency codes.
1. The cedi depreciates in election years due to uncertainty about Ghana’s political and economic future.
Uncertainty could result in cedi depreciation if it leads investors to pull their money out of Ghana, or to hesitate to invest in the first place. With the lead-up to the election looking more tumultuous than previous elections, and recent unrest in other West African countries, it would seem investors have reason to be cautious.
It’s hard to find data to test this theory right now, as foreign investment data usually come at a lag. Foreign investment was strong in 2011 compared with 2010, but that says little about developments in the last half year or so.
2. The cedi depreciates in election years due to politically-motivated expansionary monetary policy by the Bank of Ghana.
The incumbent party would benefit from a strong economy come election time. Short-term economic growth can be encouraged through expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. Increasing the money supply, however, eventually leads to inflation, which hinders the economy.
The Bank of Ghana has actually raised policy interest rates in recent months, but you can’t necessarily look at policy interest rates alone to see if monetary policy is expansionary. Here’s why: the government of Ghana has been spending a lot of money (typical of an election year.) Normally, this would push up the government’s borrowing costs, and raise interest rates generally. However, if the central bank keeps rates constant rather than letting them rise, this has an expansionary effect.
A better measure to look at is inflation. One-year inflation rates appear to be pretty steady, but these do not reflect very recent trends. The trouble with looking at monthly inflation is that prices in Ghana are highly seasonal, rising in the spring and then falling after harvest, and seasonally adjusted series are not released. Inflation in January and February was only somewhat higher than inflation in those same months over the last few years.
While the key statistics that would be indicative of expansionary monetary policy are inconclusive at this point, the Bank of Ghana does acknowledge some other indicators of looseness. The Bank mentions that credit has eased, meaning money is easier to get, and that starting in 2011, there have been signs of liquidity overhang—meaning that banks have more cash than they want, causing interest rates to fall. The Bank mentions that these lower interest rates on cedi assets could be driving investments to other currencies with a higher rate of return.
3. The cedi depreciation is only coincidental to the election year, and is driven by other factors, including global economic conditions.
There are some other factors that could be driving cedi depreciation.
The first, mentioned by the Bank of Ghana, is that the depreciation is driven by demand for foreign currency to buy imports. Despite strong exports of oil, gold and cocoa, Ghana’s imports are growing faster than exports.
A second possibility is that economic trouble in Europe is having a negative impact on the funds that are available to go to Ghana. This could account for a decline in investment in Ghana, if indeed such a decline is occurring. Remittances, however, appear to have remained robust, according to the Bank of Ghana.
I think it is possible the election is having an effect, either on foreign investment, or on speculation in the currency market.
I also think that the Bank of Ghana’s policies, politically motivated or otherwise, are responsible for it. While political turmoil is hard to address, a central bank can easily punish speculators and attract investors by raising interest rates. It appears that the Bank of Ghana is now taking steps to do just that, but earlier action might have nipped the depreciation and any speculation in the bud.
My guess is that growing imports and a stagnant global economy may play roles, but not central ones. The West African CFA Franc, for example, has actually risen against the dollar since the beginning of the year. This suggests that at least some of the cedi’s downward trend is specific to Ghana’s. Luckily, that means that Ghana has the power to change it.
For those interested, Slate’s The Explainer has a quick article about the origin of common currency symbols here.
The Ghana cedi is noted with the symbol GH¢, or the ISO code GHS. (The ISO code for the rupee is INR; the U.S. dollar is USD, etc.) The name “cedi” comes from a word for cowry shell, which were once used in Ghana as currency.
I am currently obsessed with change. Going to the market is an exercise in retaining as much small change as possible.
I was warned to jealously guard my one cedi notes and coins, but I did not realize how important this would be until I was trying to buy lunch the other day. I walked up and down the street, but no one could sell me fried cheese or avocados and give me change for my ten cedis. I was starved by the time I decided to go to the canteen and buy a full plate of jollof rice.
Although my problem with small change is likely exacerbated by the disparity in income between me and most of the people living in Tamale (I take 100 cedis (about $70) out of the ATM at a time, where many people may earn only a few cedis a day), I believe the lack of small change is a problem for everyone. Many things are sold for less than 1 cedi, yet 10 cedi notes are prolific and coins are rare. I have heard there are businesses that will trade you 9 one cedi notes for your 10 cedi note. This problem may also be related to the recent re-denomination of the cedi; several years ago they chopped four zeros off the currency; what sold for 10000 cedis is now 1 cedi.
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How much hemodialysis does a person need?
By email I received some polite push back on my post No. Two and half hours of dialysis three times a week is not enough. The corespondent related a case where a patient reported feeling better once their treatment length was shortened to 150 minutes, from 180. The larger point made by the email is that given that people are starting dialysis with higher GFRs, it is possible (likely?) that someone with significant urine output would do best by using short, infrequent treatments. Okay.
In my post I should have said: barring significant urine output anyone wondering if 3 hours (or two and a half hours!) of dialysis three times a week is enough dialysis should carefully read Dr. Agar's complete answer. But no, it isn't enough dialysis.
So if 180 minutes isn't typically enough dialysis, what do I think is enough dialysis?
It ends a bit abruptly, I'm still developing on my video editing skills.
I also wasn't able to embed clickable links at the end, so for the rest of the story checkout these nonprofit, independent, educational websites: Kidney School, Nocturnal Home Haemodialysis and Home Dialysis Central. You'll learn that with the proper dose, dialysis works well and you can live a life very similar to the one you were meant to live but for severe chronic kidney disease.
In summary, I would say the proper dose of dialysis is however much dialysis one needs to feel well and to normalize blood pressure.
I stumbled on the Northwest Kidney Centers YouTube page tonight, (people think they tell me these things), you should subscribe and while you're clicking on things follow NKC on twitter too. On YouTube they are posting lots of good stuff including Breakfast of Hope Videos from breakfasts past.
The Breakfast of Hope is a Northwest Kidney Centers annual event to raise money and community awareness for the Northwest Kidney Centers. I expect over 800 people will be at this year's Breakfast of Hope, on May 12th (it's at the Westin, drop me an email if you want to support a great organization (and help me to fill up my tables)). Each year as part of the 75 minute program there has traditionally been a video telling one of NKC's stories, a story about a person or family served directly by NKC.
In 2005 I was the subject. I posted the 7 minute 51 second video as a page when I first started DSEN, just to try embedding a video. That is the version that was shown at the Breakfast in 2005. However, on NKC's Channel there is a version I had never seen before, this version is 9 min 9 sec! It's the missing 78 seconds!
I am really glad I got to see this version. Dr. Kelly had some even nicer things to say about me and Freddie gets a little more screen time to riff. It's great. There are some other differences, I'll have to watch the old one again to try and catch them all.
This year's breakfast is sure to be great too. I'll be blogging the details soon but save the date - May 12th. The Westin. Plan to be there.
Even though the majority of people in CKD5 have a caregiver, the role of caregiver does not get much ink here on SEON, Bill and I are solo dialyzors, (ok, so now I am a former solo dialyzor - I've actually started calling myself a monourinator). Bill experienced being a caregiver this summer when his mother was ill, and it was an eye opening experience for him. Peter is married and currently incenter, and Mel was dialysing at home with her husband, (now Husband/Donor) Andy.
So, let's take a moment for the caregivers, even though they do not physically feel the pain of the needle sliding into the access, or the wave of nausea when suddenly your body reminds you that something is not right, We, the dialyzors can't feel their pain of being helpless while someone they love is being kept alive by a machine.
Zach on IHD posted a link to this video in response to my post What would be the ideal CKD4 to CKD5 transition?.
The two panelists in this clip are Rebeca D. Monk, MD, Associate Professor of Medicine and Program Director, Nephrology Fellowship, University of Rochester Medical Center and Joseph A. Vassalotti, MD, FASN, Chief Medical Officer, National Kidney Foundation.
At the 3:15 mark the interviewer, Dr. Peter Salgo, asks regarding CKD "Why aren't we getting a handle on this?" It is interesting that Dr. Vassalotti comments "I think that most Americans view kidney disease as dialysis". That is a valid point. Even more voices calling out for early detection - too many people are finding out that that they need dialysis at the same time that they find out they have kidney disease.
The website for this episode has quite a lot of information. And here is a link to the full webisode.
On PandemicFlu.gov there is an archived 72 minute video of DHHS Secretary Leavitt’s October 29, 2008 speech and discussion of pandemic planning and pandemic preparedness. (I can't seem to get the video to embed properly, it does require flash to watch this).
The critical part of the video from the provision of dialysis point of view is the post speech discussion. The discussion is among Secretary Leavitt, Dr. Bill Raub (Science Adviser to Secretary Leavitt), Dr. Michael Osterholm (Director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at University of Minnesota) and Maggie Fox from Reuters.
The whole hour is informative but listening to the post speech discussion through the provision of dialysis lens confirms that the industry is not where it needs to be. The last half of the video, from the 34 minute mark, should be wake up call to the provision of dialysis industry. In the video the discussion kept circling back to the global just in time economy, the just in time supply chain. Listen to the discussion keeping in mind that supply manufacturing and management best practices would get the artificial kidney from factory to dialysis unit in 2 months or less. Dialysis units have between 1 and 4 weeks of supplies on hand, which means at any one time there is 12 weeks worth of artificial kidneys in the world, in existence. A pandemic would last for months and months, if not years.
Watching the whole 72 minutes through the lens of dialysis highlights why the provision of dialysis is at great risk in the event of an event. Not from people on dialysis dying from the flu, the provision of dialysis is at risk because of various business risks. Risks to the supply chain. Risks of scarcity. If the provision of dialysis is meant to continue under all events then the planning has barely begun.
It's interesting to hear Dr. Hull's pitch for the modality, however, I think he buries his lede.
When discussing the advantage his first point is to discuss the logistical advantages. I agree with his larger point one needs to include all the time given over to incenter dialysis - including the recovery time - when weighing your choices. Dialysis is all about time. But the biggest time saver provided by more dialysis is the not dying part, which Dr. Hull comes to later in his list of reasons. You also save a lot of time by not spending it in hospitals another advantage of dialyzing at home more often then three times a week. It's just that would be an odd way to put it.
I think fewer deaths, fewer hospitalizations due to the underlying CKD are the points to drive home first. Higher doses of dialysis - generally only practical at home and/or over night - are safer than lower doses of dialysis. Higher doses do offer a net time savings, but more importantly higher doses of dialysis offer a net savings in human misery.
Just a few years before I was born, this newsreel of one of England's first self- service Dialyzors was made. It is amazing to me to see this archival footage. To see a man self cannulate in the thigh (he doesn't actually cannulate, a rustic type of split catheter seems to be implanted in his thigh), the huge dialysis machine, the needle gauges and crisply dressed nurse bringing him a cup of tea in a china cup with a saucer. All hearken back to the dark ages of dialysis.
The 1960's was the time of "Life and Death Committees", a time when someone like me would be literally on her deathbed. But now in 2008, I am fighting deadlines at work, spending time with friends and planning my next vacation. Oh, and I dialyze at home 5 times a week, it fits into my schedule rather well. I don't know how long Peter Farmer (the man in the newsreel) was able to dialyize, I couldn't find any follow up. My guess is not long. But he was a part of something that grew into what keeps me healthy today, and for that I am grateful.
I wonder how we'll see Bill's cannulation video 45 years from now. When I think of the future of dialysis, I have hopes that the cannulation video will send shivers down the spines of people with CKD, just as watching the man in the British video presenting his access made me breath a sigh of relief that we now have A/V fistulas and buttonholes. Maybe with nanotechnology, we'll have an implantable kidney.
This was the ninth Renal Teen Prom in LA, last month RSN hosted the first East Coast Renal Teen Prom in the Washington DC area.
This video shows my nocturnal set up aboard the Grand Waltz.
This is aboard a bare boat charter from ABC Yachts in Anacortes, Washington on Memorial Day weekend 2008. The video was shot on Saturday May 24th and shows the System One as it is getting ready for treatment.
I had always placed the arterial needle (the needle that takes blood from the body to the machine) retrograde, meaning the needle pointed into the flow of blood. This is the first needle that I insert in the video. The second needle, the venous needle (which returns blood to the body) I've always placed antegrade, with the flow of blood. Dr. Agar's presentation made a strong case for placing both needles antegrade. I now place both my needles antegrade. It was seeing his Webinar that persuaded me to make the switch.
I had seen the presentation - Dr. Agar sent me the file - and I thought it was a good argument but it wasn't until he presented the data that I was moved to switch. There is real value to have the data presented and being able to interact with the presenter in real time. Try it for yourself a week from tomorrow, Wednesday May 28th. Sign up at WizIQ and then register for Dr. Agar's presentation. To get an email reminder before the session, send an email with "WEBINAR" in the subject heading to: info@homedialysis.org. Everyone who sends an email to be reminded will be entered to win a pair of headphones.
I think once you sign up at WizIQ you can go back and view the practice sessions where Dr. Agar presents his case for antegrade/antegrade dialysis needle placement. Even as we practiced using the technology the data shone through; and now my video is out of date, for the last two weeks I have been placing both of my needles antegrade.
This video is from Shay, www.KidneyFun.com owner and shows how she set up, hooked up, and unhooked from her Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis machine - this is an overnight dialysis modality that does not involve needles. The video is a bit over 6 minutes - some of the captions are hard to read but after watching the video you'll know what's involved in hooking up each night. One thing I wondered is without edits how long does it takes from start to finish?
A lot of work went into making the video that the Renal Support Network produced. All the credit goes to Lori Hartwell who brought everyone together - first in Washington DC for a two day in depth meeting on the proposal to expand the dialysis composite reimbursement bundle (this is the overview from that meeting (PDF link); many of the commenters were in the video) and then in LA to shoot the video. Each person in the video was in talking for 30 or more minutes - it was Lori who made the editing decisions and massaged hours of raw footage into a compelling and fast moving six and a half minutes. Great job Lori! A woman of many talents.
The Renal Support Network page on expanding the bundle is here, it includes links to a couple if the background documents. RSN is a great group to connect with if you're on the sharp end of the needle or in other stages of CKD, and want to get involved in improving the provision of dialysis. RSN has a number of programs; the key advocacy program is weKAN. Check it out.
I really like the end with the call to imagine an ideal system rather accepting the current way dialysis is provided along with the 23% mortality rate. Rather than trying to figure out how to provide adequate dialysis for a little less money, let's try to create a system of care that can routinely provide optimal dialysis and CKD care. Nice job RSN.
I'm a Table Captain each year at this great event. If you can be in Seattle on the 22nd of May drop me an email and I'll sign you up to sit at one of my tables. After the 75 minute breakfast there will be a book signing with Graham Kerr (the Galloping Gourmet) and I'll introduce you to Muff as well as this year's video subject who I've just met over at Kidney Space.
NKC is an awesomely cool organization.
It's hard to say much in 20 seconds.
This video is from the Journal of the American Medical Association (h/t Kidney in the News) is pro nocturnal dialysis. After my two months of dialyzing while I sleep I have seen the light. Dialyzing over night is the way to go.
I hope we can look for more video from this highly credible source.
Are anonymous donors the solution?
Finally someone is doing something about the shortage of kidney donors.
It is available in several languages: German, French, Spanish and Italian.
This video is different - it's from Sheila Shaw founder/President of Patient's Pride and is a series of positive thinking personal empowerment thoughts to start your day. I, of course, would use the word dialyzor instead of patient but the sentiment would be the same.
In 2001 Stanley Shaldon delivered a lecture outlining the significant accomplishments that led to the development of home dialysis. Now, as we embrace this technology as "new" it is interesting that it actually began in the 1960s. Here is the 7 part series of quicktime lectures to that capture the history of the first practical dialysis machines, the av fistula, and the concept of home dialysis.
I look forward to commenting on the seven part video series over the next week.
In case reading about the Arcus Polyclinic Dialysis Centre in Medulin, Croatia wasn't enough to make you want to travel to Croatia, there is now a video.
Kidney Health Australia has a video online to raise awareness of CKD and World Kidney Day.
Watch all five of Kidney Health Australia's online YouTube videos.
I've been on KidneyTalk a couple of times (here, here) but for those yet to be a guest here is a chance for you to see behind the scenes.
My replacement drain lines never made it on the plane so I am back to my MacGyver-like solution using empty dialysate bags connected via a warmer bag.
Per the request of my blog's number one reader (and proofer) here is a video showing my setup.
If you missed this year's event, you have another chance. The Renal Teen Prom is Washington DC May 10th.
WKD video - do you know the signs and symptoms of Chronic Kidney Disease?
In honor of World Kidney Day and National Kidney Month raise awareness in your own circle - pass on this light hearted video. Nice job RSN!
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0.99999 |
What is quasi-elastic light scattering?
Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) is an alternative term for Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). It may also be referred to as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS).
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Compare the benefits of wood, fiberglass and vinyl windows and doors. There's one sure to fit your home, style and budget.
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0.950258 |
Open source technology is a means of developing computer software through a more collaborative approach than most traditional software. When software is considered "open source," all or part of its source code is made available to the public or purchasers of the software. This allows programmers to modify or augment the software for their needs or the needs of others.
However, "open source" is a term with varying degrees of "openness." At its most basic, it implies that modifications can be made. Going a step further, it can also mean that users are kept up to date by the creators on the development of the software and can influence the choices made. It also depends on the terms of the licensing agreement as to whether or not modified versions of the software can be sold commercially.
Developing open source software boasts a number of advantages for developers and customers. Since the source code is available for all to see, this allows both developers and users to search for bugs. This potentially allows for a more stable, well-tested product. Open source allows for more ideas to be pooled together, making for quicker refinement and innovation. It also helps develop brand loyalty, as users have a hand in the product development and become invested in its success. Most importantly, open source software is frequently far less expensive to develop and purchase.
The downsides of open source software are few but notable. If a company is especially concerned with how the modification of its software may affect its image should avoid open source. Allowing everyone to see source code means that competitors will see the source code. While this makes for good competition, it can also make for copycats developing inferior products aping the original. As far as users are concerned, caution should be exercised when utilizing some open source software, as there may be few resources for technical support when a problem arises.
For smartphones and tablets, the most notable example of open source technology is Google's Android OS. The open source nature of the OS has allowed wireless service carriers and retailers to customize the models they sell. The Google Play Store is especially notable for its wide variety of user-generated applications, which are largely made possible by the OS's open source flexibility.
For PC users, the Linux operating system has been a long-standing example of open source software. Originally released in 1991, it has always been a favorite of the technologically-inclined for its malleability and potential for deep, specialized customization. Modified versions of Linux can even be distributed commercially. The previously mentioned Android OS is actually based off of the Linux framework, which makes the open source nature very fitting.
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I have been privileged to see changes throughout the therapy process in my clients time and time again. Honestly, it's the most rewarding part of being a therapist. In this article, I would like to describe how the therapeutic process of change typically occurs over time for clients, and explore what you might expect as you work through your own process of change.
When clients first present for therapy, they have already tried many different ways to find solutions to their problems. Calls, emails, and text messages of desperation, hopelessness, and discouragement frequently come my way as people risk to initiate the therapeutic process and confront their current challenges. The first session is typically dominated with intellectual descriptions of problematic situations, reinforced with emotional expression of worry, anxiety, fear, and sadness.
Once the therapeutic process begins to move forward, clients typically begin to feel an initial alleviation of their presenting problems. As hopefulness initially begins to supersede discouragement, clients give themselves permission to confront their presenting problems in therapy.
Once change takes root, individual and systemic adjustments become possible. The skilled clinician can guide and direct how much change needs to happen, at what rate, and at what intensity.
Often, that this point, clients no longer need to meet weekly. While their change has felt fairly gradual, being able to compare the state the clients were in on the first session or two, it becomes quite obvious how different things have become.
While people usually do not substantially change their personality, belief systems, or interpretation of themselves and the world around them, they have changed enough to either minimize, reduce, or even eliminate the presenting problem which brought them to therapy initially.
Once the original presenting problem is addressed, it is important to explore what clients are now capable of. This is where the client feels empowered, creative, and has permission to redefine their life. Simply reducing or eliminating the presenting problem is insufficient in regards to therapeutic change. Being able to live beyond the presenting problem ensures second order change, as well as providing a resiliency from the presenting problem returning.
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I'm sure you've probably heard this one before, but I get a kick out of it time and time again.
That inevitable day arrived when Bill Gates passed on and he found himself standing in front of the Pearly Gates (no relation, of course).
As he approached, Saint Peter appeared and chided him, "So Bill, do these clouds look a little familiar? I told The Boss he should have asked you for a royalty every time you used one on a box. They ARE His, you know"
"You must have a little bit of the devil in you, Saint Peter", responded Bill.
"Speaking of the devil, have we got a deal for you. Being the great Bill Gates, and all, The Boss said you can visit both heaven and 'that other place' and decide where you want to spend your eternity.
Bill chose to visit heaven first and was quite pleased to learn it was everything he had envisioned. But out of curiousity, he couldn't resist the opportunity to visit the alternative.
When they reached their destination Bill was truly astounded. It was a warm day at the beach! Blue skies, palm trees and white sand framed the glistening ocean that provided a pleasant breeze. Seagulls floated effortlessly over head as the waves murmured gently against the shore. Polite waiters in white tuxedoes with tails served cold drinks with little umbrellas in them as the chefs prepared a succulent meal over an open fire. Guests reclined in comfortable lounge chairs under open air cabanas with thatched roofs. A reggae band added a finely textured finish to the ambience one would expect in paradise.
"This is truly unbelievable", commented Bill, as crowds of attractive, tan, bikini clad young women played frisbee and volleyball or frolicked in the surf. A golden labrador retriever nuzzled up against Bill's knee as if to say "I'm your best friend."
"Saint Peter, I know this sounds absurd, but this place is great! I'm going to stay right here", Bill exclaimed!
"OK, Bill, it's up to you. If you're sure then I'll be leaving. I'll check back with you in a couple of weeks."
True to his word, Saint Peter dropped back in after a couple of weeks had passed. Bill was chained to a wall with flames licking at his boots. "Saint Peter, what happened", asked Bill? As soon as you left I was chained to this wall and I've been here ever since. I'm literally burning up. I've been whipped and beaten and kicked. Where's the hell you showed me"
"Oh for heaven's sake, Bill" fretted Saint Peter, . . . didn't I mention . . . . . . that was just a demo."
Thanks go out to Jim Johnson for "Bill's Choice"
and DKS for the appropriate "renaming"!
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How can I determine or set the size limit of /etc/hosts? How many lines can it have?
Problematical effects include slow hostname resolution (unless the OS somehow converts the linear list into a faster-to-search structure?) and the potential for surprising interaction with shell tab completion well before any meaningful file size is reached.
for science, the default hostname tab completion in ZSH takes about ~25 seconds on my system to return a completion prompt (granted, this is on a laptop from 2008 with a 5400 RPM disk, but still).
I don't think it has a size limit in terms of number of lines.
Before DNS (which was brought into use in 1985), it was this file that served as the only means for doing host name lookups, so I presume that this means that the file should be able to have thousands or at least hundreds of entries to be able to support the most well-connected pre-1985 Internet nodes.
Here's an example from 1985 (the format has changed somewhat): http://jim.rees.org/apollo-archive/hosts.txt This file has 1680 lines out of which 1325 are host lines. The remaining 355 lines are blank, comments, networks or gateways1.
The only real limit that I could find was that on some systems, the individual lines are limited to less than BUFSIZ characters (1024 on my OpenBSD machine).
If you have more than a couple of handfuls of entries in /etc/hosts, you should consider setting up a local name server instead, but that's my personal opinion.
1 Thanks to Jeff Schaller for digging this up.
How can I determine the size limit of /etc/hosts?
How can I set the size limit of /etc/hosts?
(to remove lines 100 and beyond).
Modern implementations retain this heritage in all essentials.
Anyway, internally, the *hostent family of functions store a file pointer to the current line in the file. sethostent opens the file and sets the file pointer position. gethostent gets data and advances the pointer. endhostent closes the file pointer. The GNU C Library offers a thorough reference on these functions.
As you might guess from the implementation, entries occuring earlier in the file resolve faster. If your hosts file is huge, this comes into play.
So, no matter how big the file is, the OS will consume it. Eventually, though, you'll hit filesystem limits (per Jeff Schaller's answer). You also have maximum line size limits (per Kusalananda's answer). But, in the end, you can make it as big as you want. But please, don't.
... I've racked my brain and for the life of me I can't think of a single situation or circumstance where you'd approach any kind of size limit issue in /etc/hosts -- you'd run into practical problems like the severe performance hit to the getaddrinfo() family of system calls that all have to consult the file before deciding whether to send out a DNS query, to say nothing of the problems maintaining a flat text file that size.
I suspect that what we have here is a failure to communicate at a higher level. What problem are you trying to solve with a gigantic /etc/hosts file? I'm almost certain that there's a better solution than this.
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From Ron: Hello Fellow Coyotes-After graduating from WFHS,I spent 4 years in Austin at UT,then 14 years in Dallas doing med school, residency, Air Force(Carswell AFB)and then pathology hospital practice.I moved to Memphis in 1982 and by 2011 decided that Forbes Magazine was right by concluding that Memphis was the most miserable US city in which to live.Not ready to quit practicing pathology yet and tired of big cities,we found a regional hospital in a small town and moved to Cape Girardeau,Mo. in 2012.Melissa,my wife of 15 years,and I share 5 children.We enjoy pets,gardening,reading,snow sking(blue slopes),scuba diving.snorkeling and beach combing.I am looking at retirement in about 3 years.I am grateful for the great public education we got before the feds dumbed the system down.Our Memphis home closing(on the market for 20 months) and moving the residual furniture will prevent us from attending the reunion but it is good to get it sold!Have a great reunion!
From Jim : I served in the US Armyin Vietnam, Germanyand Ft Belvoir (Combat engineer, Electrician, and Operations Sergeant) 13 years as US Forest Service and BLM Smoke jumper in Alaska and Oregon. A couple of years on the Alaska Pipeline, 25 years as a maintenance contractor and Electrician. I currently work on my rentals and am employed by the State of Oregon. I have a beautiful wife and family. My hobbies are my family, running and working out, high country back packing/ fishing, and finally work. I was a hobby pilot but haven't flown for a few years. It's really good I enjoy working because I need to.
I would love to see all of you at the reunion but that probably is not in the cards.
should provide a good laugh. I don't beleive my memory is working that great these days.
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Many States have laws enabling localities to enact curfew ordinances, with Georgia, Minnesota, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas recently enacting laws of this sort, according to NCSL.49 Only Hawaii has enacted statewide curfew legislation. Both California and Florida have debated the idea of adopting statewide curfew legislation, but neither State has enacted any legislation to that end.
Curfew laws vary with respect to the locale affected, timeframe, and sanctions. Most restrict minors to their homes or property between the hours of 11 p.m. and 6 a.m., with some jurisdictions allowing exceptions for weekend nights or summer months. Many curfew ordinances provide exemptions for youth who are going to or from a school-, religious-, or civic-sponsored event. Youth traveling from places of employment or responding to emergencies often are excluded from curfew provisions as well. Several ordinances allow unrestricted mobility for youth who are married, accompanied by an adult, or traveling with a parent's permission.
The stated goal of most curfew laws is twofold: to prevent juvenile crime and to protect youth from victimization. According to the Ruefle and Reynolds analysis, those who support juvenile curfews indicate that neighborhoods afflicted with high rates of crime may use curfews as a "means to protect nondelinquent youth from crime and to deny delinquent youth the opportunity to engage in criminal behavior."55 By keeping youth under the age of 18 off the street, curfews are expected to reduce the incidence of crime among the cohort most likely to offend, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI's) 1994 Uniform Crime Report (UCR).56 Since juvenile perpetrators of crime often take as their victims other youth, it is hoped that rates of youth victimization will drop as well.
Additional criticisms come from other groups, like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), who argue that curfew measures violate the constitutional rights of children and parents. Legal challenges to the constitutionality of curfew laws are most often based on the 1st, 4th, 9th, and 14th amendments to the U.S. Constitution, according to a recent report by OJJDP. Opponents of curfew ordinances are concerned with the restrictive nature of these laws and the limitations on a youth's first amendment right to free speech and association. Others argue that curfews give law enforcement excessive power to detain children without probable cause and subject them to police questioning in violation of the fourth amendment's guarantees against unreasonable search and seizure. Additional legal challenges to curfew laws have been based on the ninth amendment, which has been interpreted as providing a privacy right applicable to parents rearing children. Yet other critics argue that curfews violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment by establishing a suspect classification based solely on the age of a group of individuals.61 Some groups, like NCCD, fear that this classification may result in a disparate enforcement of curfew initiatives, to the detriment of minority youth.62 Further, some court cases have struck down curfew laws because they are vague and overreaching, not because they violate fundamental rights.
U.S. district and appellate court decisions indicate that the critical issue in cases challenging curfew ordinances may be maintaining the intricate balance between the government's interest in protecting public safety and ensuring the mobility rights of youth. A recent case in Texas illustrates this problem. In May 1994, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal of a case, Qutb v. Bartlett, in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld a Dallas, TX, curfew ordinance. The refusal to hear the case allowed the Fifth Circuit's decision to stand.
The ordinance, adopted by the city in June 1991, prohibits persons under the age of 17 from being present in a public place or establishment between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. on weeknights and between midnight and 6 a.m. on weekends. The law does not apply if the juvenile is traveling to or from work, church, or a civic event; if the juvenile is accompanied by a parent or guardian; if there is an emergency; if the juvenile is running an errand for a parent or guardian; or if the juvenile is on the sidewalk in front of his or her home. The maximum penalty for violating the ordinance is a $500 fine. The minor's parent also may be fined if he or she allows a minor to remain in any public place during the curfew.
In Qutb v. Bartlett, a mother and daughter challenged the ordinance on the grounds that the ordinance unconstitutionally infringed upon a youth's right to mobility and free association and a parent's fundamental privacy interest in choosing how children are to be raised.
The Federal district court upheld the 10 p.m. curfew ordinance in December 1995. According to the court, the city has a legal right to impose ordinances meant to "promote the moral, social, and physical welfare of minors" by keeping them off the streets.65 At the time of this writing, ACLU was appealing the judgment.
An October 1996 decision handed down by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia illustrates the significance of obtaining relevant data to support the position that a curfew ordinance fulfills a public safety need. In Hutchins v. District of Columbia,66 a group of minors, parents, and a commercial establishment sued the District of Columbia to restrain the city from enforcing its Juvenile Curfew Act of 1995. Under the law, minors under the age of 17 could not be in any public place or on the premises of any establishment, with certain exceptions, in the District of Columbia, on Sunday through Thursday between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. and between midnight and 6 a.m. on weekends and during the summer.
None of the plaintiffs who commenced the action were prosecuted under the curfew law, but the minors argued that the imposition of the law violated their constitutional rights to freedom of movement while their parents asserted that the law infringed upon their fundamental rights to raise and supervise their children. The plaintiffs contended that because the law violated protected fundamental rights, the District of Columbia must show that the law was necessary to promote a compelling interest and that it was narrowly tailored to advance that purpose.
The U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia found that both the minors and parents had protected fundamental rights under the U.S. Constitution and analyzed the curfew law to determine whether the District of Columbia law was constitutional. The court found that the District of Columbia had a compelling interest in enacting the law because the three objectives were to (1) protect children from becoming victims or perpetrators of crimes, (2) assist parents in exercising their responsibility over minors, and (3) prevent all persons from the dangers posed by unsupervised minors who are out late at night and in the early morning.
The court found, however, that although the District of Columbia had a compelling interest in enacting the law, it was drawn broadly without consideration of less restrictive means to achieve the three aims of the curfew law. The Federal district court was critical of the data compiled by the District of Columbia and concerned with the city's inability to show that the enactment of a curfew ordinance would preserve public safety. In drafting the law, the City Council relied on "extrapolated" crime statistics that did not distinguish between crimes committed by juveniles or the time of day that the crimes occurred. In other words, the statistics did not demonstrate a clear connection between the stated purpose of the law and the restriction imposed upon all juveniles. The court also found that the data that the District of Columbia relied upon was flawed. The data included 18-year-olds as minors, whereas the curfew law considered those under 17 years of age as minors. Further, the majority of the data was based upon Federal statistics rather than local statistics. In fact, the court indicated that the District of Columbia ignored data showing that more than 90 percent of all juveniles do not commit crimes and are not arrested at night or at any other time.
As a result, the court found that the District of Columbia's evidence was insufficient to support the imposition of a curfew on all minors as a means to reduce juvenile crime and victimization and that the law was not narrowly drawn to achieve the purpose of the curfew law. Consequently, the court found that the law impermissibly interfered with a minor's right of freedom of movement and a parent's right to raise and supervise his or her minor children and held that the curfew law was unconstitutional.
Effective curfew programs share several components. Two of the keys to the success of any curfew ordinance are sustained enforcement and community involvement, according to the OJJDP report. Curfew laws are less successful when they are enforced rigorously immediately after adoption, but become more loosely enforced as limited law enforcement resources and personnel are pushed into other policing efforts. City officials ensure a pro- gram's success by making a long-term commitment to enforcement and by enlisting volunteers to fill out paperwork, wait for parents to pick up their children, or give on-the-spot counseling to parents and children.
Establishing a curfew center or using recreational, religious, or educational facilities to hold violators while they await their parents.
Staffing centers with community social service providers and volunteers; providing intervention services for juveniles and their families.
Creating specific procedures for repeat offenders; recreational, educational, and job opportunities for offenders; and antidrug and antigang programs.
Providing a hotline for community questions or problems related to curfews and juvenile delinquency in general.
48. Tamara Henry, Curfews Attempt to Curb Teen Crime, USA Today, Apr. 5, 1995.
49. NCSL Legislator's Guide, supra note 33.
50. Cities with Curfews Trying to Meet Constitutional Test, Wash. Post, Dec. 26, 1995.
51. William Ruefle & Kenneth Mike Reynolds, Curfews and Delinquency in Major American Cities, 41 Crime & Delinquency 347, 355358 (July 1995).
54. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Dep't of Justice, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Curfew: An Answer to Juvenile Delinquency and Victimization 4 (April 1996) [hereinafter Curfew].
56. 1994 UCR, supra note 3, at 221.
57. Ruefle & Reynolds, supra note 51, at 348.
61. Curfew, supra note 54, at 7.
62. Ruefle & Reynolds, supra note 51, at 347.
63. Qutb v. Bartlett, 11 F.3d 494 (5th Cir. 1993).
64. ACLU Challenges San Diego's Curfew Law; Lawsuit Filed in Federal Court on Behalf of Teenagers, Parents, Press Release by American Civil Liberties Union, March 15, 1995.
65. Tony Perry, Teen Curfew in San Diego Upheld, L.A. Times, Dec. 19, 1995.
66. Hutchins v. District of Columbia, 942 F. Supp. 665 (D.D.C. 1996).
67. Curfew, supra note 54, at 45.
69. Chief Samuel D. Pratcher, A Response to Juvenile Curfew Violations, 61 Police Chief 58, 58 (Dec. 1994).
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0.983214 |
Who started this rumor that cooking is just a woman thing? Sure, most guys remember their mothers as being the one who usually fixed the meals when they were a kid, but who do you see doing most of the cooking on television? That's right: Men. Cooking is something every guy should know how to do. You don't have to get fancy, but at least knowing the basics is going to be very useful.
1) You won't starve. Unless you have a constant care-taker (as in, you're doing 10-to-life at a supermax prison), sooner or later you'll find yourself in a position where you have to hustle your own dinner. With just a few basic ingredients in the 'fridge and cabinet, you can whip up a nice little dinner for yourself, no problem.
2) You get to fix what you like to eat. There is probably some dish you really crave, but nobody fixes it exactly the way you like it. Or maybe your girlfriend or wife thinks it's a stupid dish and says something like, "You like it so much, then you fix it!" Okay, so you can.
3) You're broke and you can't afford to go out. Restaurants are expensive. Even take-out adds up, if you do it every night. Forget menu prices: The ingredients cost a tenth of that.
4) You can impress your girl. It makes you look self-sufficient and competent. They love that.
5) You have an instant present at your finger-tips. Forgot your mom's birthday again, didn't you? Didn't even get her a card. No problem. Just tell her, "Hey, Mom, tonight I'm going to fix you this great veal over rice dish that I've been perfecting." She'll be impressed. Plus, if you're lucky, she'll even have most of the ingredients, so it won't cost anything.
6) You can take control over your diet. When someone cooks for you, you are at their mercy. If you've just learned that you have this high blood pressure condition and have to watch your salt intake, then you don't have to worry if the restaurant or your wife or roommate is dumping too much into the dish: You decide.
7) You can impress your date at a restaurant. If you order, say, coq au Vin (which is basically chicken legs and thighs stewed in a tomato sauce), you can turn to your date and say something like, "When I fix this dish, I always lightly brown the chicken first. It keeps the meat from becoming too stringy." Add ten points to your score.
8) You'll never wash dishes again. Unless you're alone when you cook, you can always invoke the most basic law of cooking: "I cooked, you clean."
10) You'll like it. Cooking can be very satisfying and relaxing. Take your time, turn on the radio, pour yourself a beer, assemble your ingredients and just start preparation. Slice a little of this, grate a little of that, make sure the other is trimmed just right. Oven's on? Good. Give it a taste. Eh, needs more pepper, so you get out the grinder... It's a whole creative, calming process, with you in control. Plus, at the end, you get to eat.
Bon appetite, like that Julia Child used to say.
Many years ago now, my now late wife suggested we take turns cooking. I quickly agreed. We took turns cooking until our daughter was old enough to start, and then included her in the cooking. Many advantages; I got to be a much better cook, my daughter became a very good cook. Since my wife passed on, my daughter and I have been taking turns cooking.
While the reasons given in this article seem OK, I think a respectable gentleman ought to know how to cook and be cooking.
The motto is, serve and be served, love and be loved, etc.
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0.925027 |
The Hortus botanicus of Leiden is the oldest botanical garden of the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world. It is located in the southwestern part of the historical centre of the city, between the Academy building and the Leiden Observatory.
In 1587 the young University of Leiden requested the burgomasters of Leiden permission to establish a hortus academicus behind the Academy building, for the benefit of the medicine students. Permission was granted in 1590, and as prefect was appointed the famous botanist Carolus Clusius (1526–1609), who arrived in Leiden in 1593. Clusius' knowledge, reputation and international contacts allowed him to set up a very extensive plant collection. Clusius also urged the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to collect plants and (dried) plant specimens. The original garden set up by Clusius was small (about 35 by 40 meters), but contained more than 1000 different plants.
The collecting of tropical (from the Indies) and sub-tropical (from the Cape Colony) plants was continued under Clusius' successors. Especially Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738, prefect from 1709–1730), contributed greatly to the fame of the Hortus with his efforts to collect new plants and specimens, and with his publications, such as a catalog of the plants then to be found in the Hortus.
Another major contribution to the collections was made by Philipp Franz von Siebold, a German physician who was employed on Deshima (Japan) by the VOC from 1823 until his expulsion by Japan in 1829. During that period he collected many dried and living plants from all over Japan (as well as animals, ethnographical objects, maps, etc.), and sent them to Leiden.
The first greenhouses appeared in the Hortus in the second half of the 17th century, the monumental Orangery was built between 1740 and 1744. From its original plan the Hortus was expanded in 1736 by Adriaan van Royen and Carl Linnaeus, and in 1817 by Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck and Sebald Justinus Brugmans. In 1857, a part was used for building the new Leiden Observatory.
From a historical perspective, the old Golden Chain (Laburnum anagyroides), planted in 1601, the Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) from 1682 and the Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) from 1785 are worth mentioning.
The greenhouses with Victoria amazonica and other tropical plants, and the large collection of sub-tropical plants in the recently renovated Orangery and the new Winter Garden draw many visitors. The park itself is an oasis inside the old city, with many more interesting plants and trees.
A Japanese garden in honour of Von Siebold opened in 1990. A reconstruction of Clusius' original garden, based on a plant list dating from the end of the 16th century, was opened in 2009.
From a scientific point of view, the Leiden Hortus is known for its collections of Asian Araceae (among which the Amorphophallus titanum), Hoya, Dischidia, Nepenthes, Ferns and one of the biggest collections of Asian Orchids in the world.
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0.999996 |
The service here was pretty good and the atmosphere was good. The food was great and menu has nice amount of options to choose from. I would definitely come back it's one of my favorite places.
Uno Chicago Grill is a full-service restaurant that serves ribs, seafood, burgers, steaks, pasta dishes, appetizers, desserts and Chicago Original Deep Dish Pizza. With a location in Braintree, Mass., the restaurant s list of drinks features more than 10 wines and various specialty drinks, including frozen, mixed and nonalcoholic options. It offers various appetizers, such as chicken thumbs, The Chi-Town Tasting Plate, buffalo wings and buffalo bites. Established in 1943, the restaurant offers deep-dish pizzas, including Numero Uno, Shroom, Spinoccoli, Bianco, Prima Pepperoni and Farmer s Market. Uno Chicago Grill also serves veggie and Philly burgers, as well as crispy chipotle chicken and grilled chicken sandwiches. It is a part of Uno Restaurant Holdings Corporation, which franchises and operates more than 200 restaurants.
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0.963345 |
OneNote is your very own digital notebook. You might even describe it as an extension of your brain.
Jot down that idea before you forget it.
Make a check list of tasks to do the next time you are in the office.
Sketch out a concept and add some photos that will help get the point across in that next meeting.
Organise all your lesson plans so you can easily find them each term.
Do this on any device - PC, Mac, phone or tablet; and wherever you happen to be. OneNote works offline and saves all your content automatically. Yes, say goodbye to remembering to click save every few minutes.
And the next time you connect to the internet? Well, all that content is synchronised across all your devices. So the notes you made with your phone, on the bus, on the way home will appear on your PC when you log in that evening. And when you need those notes in a meeting the next morning, there they are in OneNote on your tablet. It's like magic. Which is probably the best way to describe OneNote. It kind of does everything. Which is kind of magic!
Tell me a bit more. Why should I use OneNote?
Microsoft summarizes OneNote in 3 words: Capture, Organise and Share. For such a wide ranging, do everything application, that is actually quite a good way of beginning to understand why it is so useful, and why you will want to use it.
OneNote is all about making it as easy as possible to capture all your ideas and information, and in whatever way best suits you. Sit down at your PC and type out neat lists. Scribble down random thoughts, either with your finger or a Surface pen, on your tablet. Take a photo or record some audio directly into OneNote with your phone. Use Office Lens to capture the page of a book directly into OneNote, and have it converted to editable text. Use OneNote Web Clipper to capture whole webpages, selected sections or just a bookmark link.The point is that the technology doesn't get in the way of capturing an idea, but just lets you get it into OneNote as quickly and easily as possible. You can then find and organise it later.
OneNote has a canny knack of being all things to all people. Are you the sort of person who likes to have everything neatly sorted and colour coded? Is your desk always neat and tidy? Then you'll love OneNote. You can have separate notebooks for different parts of your life; for example school and home. Within an individual notebook you can then have different sections; for example different topics at school. And within each section you can have different pages. Tidy and Neat, as you might say.
Or are you the sort of person who has a messy desk, paper scattered everywhere? But you always know where to find everything. You'll love OneNote too. Just bung down your ideas and thoughts wherever suits you. No need to organise. And when you need to find them again, just click on search, type in a key word or phrase, and OneNote will pull up all the places where it finds that search term. So you find that article you wrote a year ago, without ever having to worry about where you might have filed it.
But don't take my word for it. See what Doug has to say.
You get the most out of OneNote when you use it in conjunction with OneDrive and SharePoint, as part of Office 365. This means that your OneNote notebooks will be available wherever you are and on all your different devices. It also means that it is really easy to share information with work colleagues and collaborate on projects together. Once a notebook is shared you can all access it and add in your own thoughts, ideas and content - even working in the same notebook at the same time. Any changes that someone else adds will be highlighted with their initials. For example, take the minutes for a meeting in a shared notebook, and those minutes are immediately available to everyone who was in the meeting. No need to type them up and e-mail them around the group. And at the next meeting, somebody else takes the next set of minutes in that same notebook. Work and results shared instantly.
And because OneNote is part of the Office suite, it integrates with other Office 365 apps. Flag an item as a task in OneNote, and it will appear in your list of tasks in Outlook. Received an e-mail from a customer about a project you are working on? Save that e-mail into OneNote to easily share with colleagues and access later in the context of other relevant information. Have you created some instructions in OneNote that you would now like to e-mail to some people. Send a page as an e-mail directly from within OneNote.
As you might have gathered, we think OneNote is brilliant. So if you'd like to find out more and learn how to use it, then why not check out this Microsoft training. It will take you through installing from Office 365*, setting up a notebook in OneDrive and getting started with the all the basics. You won't look back once you've started.
We'll be covering other aspects of OneNote in future articles, including OneNote Learning Tools and OneNote Class Notebook. So stay tuned for even more OneNote goodness over the coming weeks.
* You can download and install OneNote 2016 from Office 365 if your subscription includes it, or if your school has an EES agreement. But don't worry if you can't install OneNote 2016. You can also install the OneNote app from the Windows store, the Apple store or the Google Play store, and the app is preinstalled on Winodws 10. This has nearly as much fuctionality as the full blown Office 2016 desktop product, so you won't be missing out on much. And don't forget, you can use OneNote online from within your Office 365 subscription as well.
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0.999992 |
Can you tell the real newsreader from the Artificial Intelligence fake?
Xinhau, a Chinese state-run press agency of the People's Republic of China showcased the first Chinese and English artificial intelligence anchors, debuted at the World Internet Conference.
Using digital composites created from previous footage of human hosts reading the news, they can replicate the speech patterns and tone.
Each anchor can work up to 24 hours a day, and can scour multiple social media platforms. This is properly performed as codes and information is typed into their system ‘completely uninterrupted’, that causes no risk regarding human error, improve efficiency of the ability to gather information and reduce media production costs.
The English AI’s voice and appearance is modelled after Zhang Zhao, who is a real anchor that works at the Xinhau company, while his Chinese counterpart is modelled after the Chinese anchor Qui Hao.
Although the AI voices are monotone and their facial features seem expressionless, they are portrayed as life-like and have perfect lip-syncing capabilities while talking. All of this will only improve, as the AI begins to learn about their sound, expressions and lip-shape as their knowledge is constantly developing.
So, which Qui Hao is real, and which one is the AI?
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0.99978 |
Chris Lee Plays & Sings Torch'd Songs, Charivari Hymns & Oriki Blue-Marches was co-produced by Steve Shelley, who also lent his percussion skills to half the album's tracks. Recorded at Sonic Youth's studios and at Easley-McCain in Memphis, the album mines a lower-key vibe, based primarily on acoustic guitar, upright bass, and Lee's remarkable throatwork. Highlights include "Lonesome Eyes", a shuffling anthem replete with 70s horns, "In Yellow Moonlight", which imagines Ali Farke Toure accompanying Nick Drake, and a daring cover of Neil Young's "On The Beach", featuring ace guitarist Smokey Hormel.
Track Listing 1. Lonesome Eyes 2. City Woman 3. In Yellow Moonlight 4. Slow as the Sun 5. Mt. Venus 6. The Politics of Sway 7. On the Beach 8. To Be Known Chris Lee Plays & Sings Torch'd Songs, Charivari Hymns & Oriki Blue-Marches was co-produced by Steve Shelley, who also lent his percussion skills to half the album's tracks. Recorded at Sonic Youth's studios and at Easley-McCain in Memphis, the album mines a lower-key vibe, based primarily on acoustic guitar, upright bass, and Lee's remarkable throatwork. Highlights include "Lonesome Eyes", a shuffling anthem replete with 70s horns, "In Yellow Moonlight", which imagines Ali Farke Toure accompanying Nick Drake, and a daring cover of Neil Young's "On The Beach", featuring ace guitarist Smokey Hormel.
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0.998987 |
Here’s how to supercharge your resume in 38 minutes I had a bad day This is how I learned to get Millennials to stop asking about promotions This is the single biggest mistake you’re making with your resume: Ladders 2018 Resume Guide You consume 92 extra calories a day by not doing this one simple thing If you do this on your resume, there is a 79% chance you will not got hired What’s the best way to guarantee a productive work environment? Work with people who do this Are you using any of these 100,000 worst passwords for cybersecurity?
· Work within the graphics power team to drive power reduction effort including estimation and analysis, power targets tracking, flow setup, and methodology improvements.
· Collaborate with system architects and designers to define usecases and identify power and perf-per-watt optimizations.
· Run performance models and power tools, write scripts, analyze data, prototype power initiatives, and evaluate ROI against project goals.
· Scripting language, e.g. Perl, Python, etc.
· Knowledge/Experience in power analysis tools (e.g. Ptpx, Power Artist, etc.) and Graphics pipeline is a plus.
· Strong analysis and problem solving skills, team-player, well organized, and self-driven.
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0.997946 |
Assess student progress with Skilljar’s online quiz creation tool.
Skilljar’s online quiz platform is integrated directly into its course management system. Our easy-to-use interactive online quiz creation tool allows you to test your users’ knowledge and provides you customization based on your training needs. You can require a minimum passing score, limit the amount of attempts, require passing scores before continuing onto the next question, and create customized certificates for when users complete your course.
Why should I use Skilljar’s online quiz creation tool?
While other sites offer online quiz builders, Skilljar provides an easy-to-use tool to add questions and answers quickly, and fully tracks individual and overall user analytics all on one dashboard. Combining quiz responses and overall user progress provides a comprehensive view of your user’s understanding of the training. With our analytics you can see individual course registration, course and lesson progress, quiz scores, and number of attempts and overall amount of quiz registrations, completions, and average score. Accessing this amount of data can help identify areas of improvement in the learner’s progress and in your training content.
In addition to quizzes, you can also embed external quizzes and surveys from sources like survey monkey directly into your courses. Use the text or embedded lesson options to add this content, and create a seamless experience for your users in your course while obtaining key training metrics.
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0.90317 |
How long does it take to transfer money with my card's "Pay Anyone" feature?
You can use your Nimble Visa Prepaid Card to transfer money you have on the card to any bank account.
When you transfer money from your card to a bank account before 3pm (AEST), the money will be received in that account the following business day. So if you transferred the money at 2:50pm (AEST) on Friday, it'll be in the account on Monday morning.
When you transfer money from your card to a bank account after 3pm (AEST), the money will be received in that account 2 business days later. So if you transferred the money at 3:05pm (AEST) on Friday, it'll be in the account on Tuesday morning.
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0.993138 |
Please design logo for a Restaurant "SignaporeRepublic". Logo should be modern and attractive.
We have good experience in logo designing. we make good, elegant and eye-catching logos. We complete our work and deliver it on time with full customers satisfaction. Looking forward for your response.
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0.968207 |
As a material drops below its superconducting critical temperature, magnetic fields within the material are expelled via the Meissner effect. The London equations give a quantitative explanation of this effect.
The London equations, developed by brothers Fritz and Heinz London in 1935, relate current to electromagnetic fields in and around a superconductor. Arguably the simplest meaningful description of superconducting phenomena, they form the genesis of almost any modern introductory text on the subject. A major triumph of the equations is their ability to explain the Meissner effect, wherein a material exponentially expels all internal magnetic fields as it crosses the superconducting threshold.
Here is the superconducting current density, E and B are respectively the electric and magnetic fields within the superconductor, is the charge of an electron & proton, is electron mass, and is a phenomenological constant loosely associated with a number density of superconducting carriers. Throughout this article SI units are employed.
The last equation suffers from only the disadvantage that it is not gauge invariant, but is true only in the Coulomb gauge, where the divergence of A is zero. This equation holds for magnetic fields that vary slowly in space.
Thus, the London equations imply a characteristic length scale, , over which external magnetic fields are exponentially suppressed. This value is the London penetration depth.
From here the physical meaning of the London penetration depth can perhaps most easily be discerned.
these electrons should encounter a uniform force, and thus they should in fact accelerate uniformly. This is precisely what the first London equation states.
As it currently stands, this equation permits both constant and exponentially decaying solutions. The Londons recognized from the Meissner effect that constant nonzero solutions were nonphysical, and thus postulated that not only was the time derivative of the above expression equal to zero, but also that the expression in the parentheses must be identically zero. This results in the second London equation.
which is the London equation according to the second formulation above.
↑ London, F.; London, H. (1935). "The Electromagnetic Equations of the Supraconductor". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 149 (866): 71. Bibcode:1935RSPSA.149...71L. doi:10.1098/rspa.1935.0048.
↑ Michael Tinkham (1996). Introduction to Superconductivity. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-064878-6.
↑ Neil Ashcroft; David Mermin (1976). Solid State Physics. Saunders College. p. 738. ISBN 0-03-083993-9.
1 2 Charles Kittel (2005). Introduction to Solid State Physics (8th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 0-471-41526-X.
↑ Meissner, W.; R. Ochsenfeld (1933). "Ein neuer Effekt bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit". Naturwissenschaften. 21 (44): 787. Bibcode:1933NW.....21..787M. doi:10.1007/BF01504252.
1 2 James F. Annett (2004). Superconductivity, Superfluids and Condensates. Oxford. p. 58. ISBN 0-19-850756-9.
↑ John David Jackson (1999). Classical Electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 604. ISBN 0-19-850756-9.
↑ Michael Tinkham (1996). Introduction to Superconductivity. McGraw-Hill. p. 6. ISBN 0-07-064878-6.
1 2 Michael Tinkham (1996). Introduction to Superconductivity. McGraw-Hill. p. 5. ISBN 0-07-064878-6.
↑ John David Jackson (1999). Classical Electrodynamics. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 603–604. ISBN 0-19-850756-9.
↑ Michael Tinkham (1996). Introduction to Superconductivity. McGraw-Hill. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0-07-064878-6.
↑ L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz (1977). Quantum Mechanics- Non-relativistic Theory. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 455–458. ISBN 0-7506-3539-8.
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0.999965 |
What's the actual culture & lifestyle needs to be followed.
Well culture and lifestyles needs to be followed in every prospects of our life, so what's the basic culture and lifestyle that's necessary during winter seasons to travel it's not only about winters but also about all the seasons around the year. We want our travellers to enjoy there holidays with been hassle free. My subject is that their culture and lifestyle is very important when our travellers travels from place to place, also identify the necessary factors when travelling to sea beaches, mountains, forests,or be it malls.
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0.895298 |
Antonius took refuge there, and was reduced by Octavian after a long siege.
Octavian enlarged his kingdom by the addition of part of Cilicia and Lesser Armenia.
A little north of Preveza are the considerable ruins of Nikopolis, founded by Octavian to commemorate the victory of Actium.
In 40 he helped to arrange the peace of Brundisium by which Octavian (Augustus) and Antonius were for a time reconciled.
Vibo was the naval base of Octavian in the conflict with Sextus Pompeius (42-36 B.C.).
He first appears in history in 40 B.C., when he was employed by Octavian in arranging his marriage with Scribonia, and afterwards in assisting to negotiate the peace of Brundusium and the reconciliation with Antony.
He was of the same age as Octavian (as the emperor was then called), and was studying with him at Apollonia when news of Julius Caesar's assassination (44) arrived.
By his advice Octavian at once set out for Rome.
The victory at Actium (31), which gave the mastery of Rome and the empire of the world to Octavian, was mainly due to Agrippa.
In 27 Agrippa was consul for the third time, and in the following year the senate bestowed upon Octavian the emperial title of Augustus.
His original name was Octavian, but when he assumed the papal tiara as successor to Agapetus II., he adopted the apostolic name of John, the first example, it is said, of the custom of altering the surname in connexion with elevation to the papal chair.
After Caesar's murder, Balbus seems to have attached himself to Octavian; in 43 or 42 he was praetor, and in 40 consul - an honour then for the first time conferred on an alien.
In 31 B.C. it served Octavian (Augustus) as a base against Antony.
Caesar, or Octavian, added others, so that there are three classes, Arretini veteres, Fidentiores, and Iulienses.
He taught the young Octavian (afterwards Augustus) at Apollonia, and was a pupil of Posidonius at Rhodes.
It was especially famous for its rich and much venerated temple of Juno Sospes, from which Octavian borrowed money in 31 B.C., and the possessions of which extended as far as the sea-coast (T.
A great temple to Jupiter Capitolinus rose on Silpius, probably at the instance of Octavian, whose cause the city had espoused.
In the Roman city of Nikopolis the temple built by Octavian to Mars and Neptune, in commemoration of the battle of Actium, was excavated in 1912, and fragments of its structure were recovered.
A year later Octavian restored to the Jewish kingdom Jericho, Gadara, Hippos, Samaria, Gaza Anthedon, Joppa and Straton's Tower (Caesarea).
His policy, stated briefly, was to make use of Octavian, whose name was all-powerful with the veterans, until new legions had been raised which would follow the republican commanders (Phil.
Junius Brutus for truckling to Octavian while showing irreconcilable enmity to Antony and Lepidus (ad Brut.
He was naturally included in the list of the proscribed, though it is said that Octavian fought long on his behalf, and was slain near Formiae on the 7th of December 43.
To Caesar, to Pompey, to Octavian and to his son Marcus.
In spite of this, he received signal marks of distinction from Octavian, who not only nominated him augur, but accepted him as his colleague in the consulship (30).
By Octavian they were employed in strengthening his hold on the West, and his claim to be regarded as the one possible saviour of Rome and Roman civilization.
In 3 2 B.C. Antony's repudiation of his wife Octavia, sister of Octavian, and the discovery of his will, with its clear proofs of Cleopatra's dangerous ascendancy, brought matters to a climax, and war was declared, not indeed against Antony, but against Cleopatra.
In the summer Octavian returned to Italy, and in August celebrated a three days' triumph.
Octavian was legally invested for a period of ten years with the government of the important frontier provinces, with the sole command of the military and naval forces of the state, and the exclusive control of its foreign relations.
The harbour established by Agathocles proved of great service as a naval station to Caesar and Octavian in their wars with Pompeius Magnus and Sextus Pompeius, and remains of its massive masonry still exist at the village of Bivona on the coast, while the fort occupies the site of a temple.
Brutus refused to surrender the province, and Antony set out to attack him in October 44, But at this time Octavian, whom Caesar had adopted as his son, arrived from Illyria, and claimed the inheritance of his "father."
Octavian obtained the support of the senate and of Cicero; and the veteran troops of the dictator flocked to his standard.
Octavian betrayed his party, and came to terms with Antony and Lepidus.
At length he was aroused by the Parthian invasion of Syria and the report of an outbreak between Fulvia his wife and Lucius his brother on the one hand and Octavian on the other.
On arriving in Italy he found that Octavian was already victorious; on the death of Fulvia, a reconciliation was effected between the triumvirs, and cemented by the marriage of Antony with Octavia, the sister of his colleague.
A new division of the Roman world was made at Brundusium, Lepidus receiving Africa, Octavian the west, and Antony the east.
In 41 he was consul, and had a dispute with Octavian, which led to the so-called Perusian War, in which he was supported by Fulvia (Mark Antony's wife), who was anxious to recall her husband from Cleopatra's court.
On the approach of Octavian, he retired to Perusia in Etruria, where he was besieged by three armies, and compelled to surrender (winter of 41).
His life was spared, and he was sent by Octavian to Spain as governor.
Wedderburn, Bart., Allan Octavian Hume, C.B.: Father of the Indian National Congress (1913); and Allan O.
On the 7th of September 1159 he was chosen the successor of Adrian IV., a minority of the cardinals, however, electing the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of Victor IV.
Its inhabitants fought in 43-41 B.C. against Octavian, and were punished by him for erecting a monument in honour of those who fell.
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0.995122 |
What factors influence the price of a second hand car?
There are many factors that will influence the buyer when purchasing a second hand car; age, model, make, colour, style, fuel, mot and condition to name a few.
Age: I think age will be a major factor because older cars are generally not as popular as their newer counter parts, and an older car will probably have more problems than a younger model.
Mileage: I think mileage will be a major factor because a high mileage means a car has been driven a lot making the engine less efficient and may mean the car will be high maintenance.
Engine size: I think the larger the engine size the higher the price of the second hand car because a big engine size means the car will go faster which is quite important to most people.
To find out whether my hypotheses are correct I will need to collect some data. I have been provided with a data base of 100 cars. I will not use all 100 cars as this is too much data for me to work with.
[You should try and explain why you think these may be, and also why has the equation of the line of best fit been put in? describe how this can be used].
The scatter diagram also shows me that the depreciation varies a lot for an age, e.g. for a car 6 years old there are about 8 different % depreciation values and the same % depreciation value holds for cars 3,4,5,6 and 7 years old. So I do not think the scatter diagram is the best way to find out if age truly affects the depreciation of a car. I will instead work out the average percentage depreciation rate for different ages and see if there is a trend in this.
can't find the mode for the mileage and price because they are all different. Both the mean and median year is 2004 if the mean is rounded off. The price mean and median is quite close together with around a 300 difference.
Statistic coursework-what has the most influence on the price of a second hand car?
the size of the engine, the less expensive the car will be as less petrol would be needed. Colour: Colours differ in Middle Eastern countries. If the colour of a car is 'white' it is known to be quite costly.
* Random sample: In a random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Random samples need to be carefully chosen. There are three ways to proceed random sampling and they are... * Method 1: Each number is written on a piece of paper.
Evidence, which suggests this, is that both the cars from Fiat and Ford have had a considerable amount of percentage loss in value. The difference of percentage loss between the youngest Ford car and the oldest is about 36% and for the Fiat car it is 40%.
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0.999999 |
New York Times "What We've Learned About Pluto" "From earlier observations from Earth and the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists knew Pluto was blotchy — the flight trajectory of New Horizons was designed so that it would capture both dark and light blotches during its flyby. Still, they wouldn’t have been surprised if the landscape turned out to be geologically bland. That’s because the sun, three billion miles away, provides little energy, and Pluto is so small, smaller than the Earth’s moon, that its interior could have cooled down long ago. “You’d expect to see a boring cratered ball,” said William M. Grundy of Lowell Observatory in Arizona, who leads the team analyzing the composition of Pluto’s surface. Others expected Pluto to look somewhat like Triton, a Pluto-size moon captured into orbit around Neptune. Instead, New Horizons photographed a dazzling variety of landscapes, from soaring mountains to flat plains. Pluto is proving to be far more diverse and quite different from Triton. “The big surprise is that Pluto turned out so surprising,” said Jeffrey M. Moore of NASA’s Ames Research Center in California, who heads the mission’s geophysics and imaging team." After reading the passage above, answer the following questions based on the content. 1. Based on this article, what does the author thinks about this topic?
A. The author believes that Pluto should be a planet. B. The author believes that Pluto is just a boring cratered ball. C. The author believes that Pluto is much larger than the Earth. D. The author believes Pluto has a dazzling variety of landscapes.
needs and Tessa will reply soon.
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0.999612 |
People with sensitive, acne prone skin must be careful when choosing sunscreens. Some are far too greasy, oily, clog pores and accentuate acne problems. For people with sensitive skin, choosing sunscreens can be more complicated.
The best sunscreens are ones with broad spectrum for both UVB (cancer causing rays, sunburn) and UVA (penetrate deeper, cause sun damage and wrinkles).
Some things to keep in mind when choosing a sunscreen are thick and greasy sunscreens may trigger acne outbreaks, fragrances, dyes, preservatives and alcohol can cause allergic reactions, and chemical sunblockers, such as pxybenzone, avobenzone and others can aggravate skin and cause breakouts.
Market options are definitely improving and lotions are using natural physical sunblockers, such as zinc oxide and titanium oxide that are non irritating chemicals. More and more non comedogenic (non clogging) sunscreens are becoming available.
If you suffer from sensitive skin, the best way to deal with this issue is to use proven products that others have had success with and to experiment on your own skin. You need to know what triggers an acne outbreak and avoid sunscreens that contain heavy oils or ingredients such as alcohol that can dry and strip the skin.
Another option if outbreaks persist is maybe to avoid sunscreens and choose a moisturiser with a powerful SPF. This avoids having to apply an additional skin care product to a sensitive skin.
Finally, ensure you carefully read all ingredients and equally importantly, reapply sunscreen if outdoors for long periods of time.
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0.997134 |
As the Big Two rationalise and relaunch their comic book lines (Animal Man and Batman: The Dark Knight just got the axe, plus Marvel are relaunching pretty much everything in January), brand is becoming increasingly important. Why should Marvel launch a new and original team book when they can just launch a new variation of Avengers? (For the record, in December Marvel are releasing Avengers, Avengers AI, Avengers Assemble, Marvel Universe Avengers Assemble, Mighty Avengers, Secret Avengers, Young Avengers and New Avengers. In January they add Avengers World.) Why should DC try to rework Legion of Super-Heroes when they can replace it with Justice League 3000?
Yep, this is the Justice League of the 31st century, replacing the Legion with five genetically replicated clones of Bruce Wayne, Clark Kent, Diana Prince, Hal Jordan and Barry Allen. Led by Teri and Terri, the "Wonder Twins", they're launched in a fight to save the galaxy from tyranny or somesuch.
This issue pretty much hinges on one clever concept, which is 'what would DC's greatest heroes be like if they didn't have the upbringings of their original versions?' Imagine a Superman who lacks the humility and humanity he learned via a childhood with the Kents. What is Batman like if he doesn't get motivated by the death of his parents? Think of a Wonder Woman who never lived among humans. It's a clever concept, but it's also a very stupid concept, because the answer to the question turns out to be 'well, DC, what you get is a comic book populated by complete assholes'. At one point the Flash asks "Am I the only one who thinks this is the stupidest idea ever?" No, Barry, no you are not.
DC Comics. Written by Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis. Art by Howard Porter.
Under the cut: reviews of Batgirl, Batman, Cataclysm: Ultimate Spider-Man, FBP: Federal Bureau of Physics, Katana, Manifest Destiny, Star Trek, Star Wars, Three and Worlds' Finest.
DC Comics. Written by Gail Simone. Art by Fernando Pasarin and Jonathan Glapion.
DC Comics. Written by Scott Snyder. Art by Greg Capullo and Danny Miki.
Marvel. Written by Brian Michael Bendis.
DC Vertigo. Written by Simon Oliver. Art by Robbi Rodriguez.
DC Comics. Written by Ann Nocenti. Art by Alex Sanchez, Cliff Richards, Keith Champagne and Prentis Rollins.
Image Comics. Written by Chris Dingess. Art by Matthew Roberts and Own Gieni.
IDW. Story and photo manipulation by John Byrne.
Dark Horse. Written by Brian Wood. Art by Carlos D'Anda and Gabe Eltaeb.
Image Comics. Written by Kieron Gillen. Art by Jordie Bellaire.
DC Comics. Written by Paul Levitz. Art by R.B. Silva and Joe Weems.
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0.909381 |
This document captures outcomes and, in some cases, the through process behind some of the design decisions that took place while architecting CloudBridge. It is intended as a reference.
While it would be reasonable to expect that complex constructs like networking would be the most difficult to abstract away uniformly across providers, in retrospect, simple naming of objects has arguably been the most complex and convoluted to map consistently. CloudBridge has been through several iterations of naming and labeling, before finally settling on the current design. This section captures that history and design rationale.
First iteration In the early days, when CloudBridge supported only AWS and OpenStack, there were only two concepts, id and name . The id was straightforward enough, as it usually mapped to a unique identifier, auto-generated by the provider. The name generally mapped to a tag in the case of AWS, and a name field in the case of OpenStack. However, even then, there were inconsistencies within individual providers. For example, while AWS generally supported tags, it had a dedicated name field for machine images called ami-name. Furthermore, this name field could only be set at image creation time, and could not be changed thereafter. Similarly, AWS does not allow VM firewall (i.e., security group) names to be changed. Nevertheless, CloudBridge continued to use id and name, with the name being changeable for some resources, and read-only in others.
As CloudBridge evolved and support was added for Azure and GCP, things only became more complex. Some providers (e.g. Azure and GCP) used a user-provided value instead of an auto-generated value as an id , which would also be displayed in their respective dashboards as Name . This meant that they were treating their servers as individually named pets, instead of adopting the cattle model, should one be tempted to use that macabre pets vs cattle analogy. These user-provided names could not be changed after a resource had been created. Instead, these providers seemed to be gravitating toward the use of tags (or labels) to support arbitrary naming and name changes. Yet, not all resources support tags so CloudBridge could not rely solely on tags. Further, tags do not need to be unique across multiple resources, while names do (at least for some resources, such as vmfirewalls within a private network). Overall, consistency was challenging to achieve with resource naming. Therefore, it was decided that CloudBridge would continue to support resource renaming to the best extent possible and balance between the use of the resource name property and resource tags. However, because of the inconsistency in rename functionality across providers, using the rename capabilities within CloudBridge would lead to cloud-dependent code (Related to 131.) and therefore, the only option was to continue to stick a caveat emptor to resource renaming.
Second iteration However, it soon became apparent that this overloaded terminology was continuing to cause confusion. The id property in CloudBridge mapped to the unchangeable name property in Azure and GCP, and the name property in cloudbridge sometimes mapped to a tag in certain providers, and a name in other providers and they were sometimes read-only, sometimes writable. In an attempt to disambiguate these concepts, it was then decided that perhaps three concepts were needed - id , display_id , and label . The id would continue to refer to a unique identifier for a resource and be mapped accordingly to the underlying provider. The display_id would be a more user-friendly version of an id, suitable for display to an end-user and be unchangeable, but on rare occasions, not unique. For example, AWS ami-name was a display_id while the ami-id was an id . Similarly, an Azure resource name mapped to the display_id , since it was an unchangeable, user-friendly identifier. Finally, label was a changeable, user-assignable value that would be mapped often to a tag on the resource, or the name of the resource, should the name be changeable. This clearly disambiguated between unique identifiers, user-assignable values and read-only, user-friendly values. At object creation, all services would accept a label as an optional parameter. If provided, the display_id would sometimes be derived from the label by appending a uuid to the label, depending on the provider. At other times, it would simply map to an id.
label is a user-assignable value that can be changed.
The name is often derived from the label but not always. Not all resources support labels . Some only accept names , which can be specified at object creation time (e.g. keypairs). Both names and labels adhere to the same restrictions - a minimum length of 3 which should be alphanumeric characters or dashes only. Names or labels should not begin or end with a dash, or have consecutive dashes.
Allowing each operation to specify its own zone led to various complications, such as the one detailed above. Ultimately, it led to an impasse with GCP, which tended to require the zone for almost every operation and some of our methods were not geared to do so. Therefore, by making the provider zone specific, we have removed a considerable amount of complexity from both the code, with no significant impact on usability, since operations generally tend to be confined to the same zone. Multi-zone operations now require multiple cloud provider instances.
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0.999999 |
How do we explain it, how can it benefit you?
Explaining social media is fairly simple, it's obviously a form of online media that allows people to communicate with their peers and express their interests. Social media and search engine marketing are apples and oranges comparatively. They serve very different purposes and achieve their objectives in vastly different ways.
When a business is active on social media, it shouldn't immediately place an emphasis on directly driving conversions as it would through AdWords. It should instead focus on providing it's audience with valuable content (that can help improve their lives), through this methodical content marketing we can build brand authority and create relationships with a target audience. Your audience will begin to see your brand, not as a brand but as a social entity in it's own right.
Once your brands' social media presence is well established, direct response marketing can become a primary focus. Your audience will keep coming back to you, interacting with you and will hopefully purchase products from you, provided, you provide them with unique, valuable and helpful content.
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0.933087 |
What qualities do you prefer in a candidate? Although required qualities or skills may be outlined on the job listing, it’s important to hear what they want in their own words. Hopefully, you’ll embody what the company prefers, but if not, here is the opportunity to speak up.
Could you describe the company culture? Company culture is becoming increasingly important to potential employees. Spending more time at work than at home, it’s essential to work with welcoming people. Figure out if you’re a good fit for the company by asking about the culture.
Are there opportunities for growth? Research the company beforehand and express passion for the company’s mission. If you’re planning on a long-term job at the company, communicate your intentions for growth within the company.
What are the next steps? Always end an interview on a professionally eager note, meaning ask when you’ll be hearing of the company’s decision. This will help you be patient while they make their decision and let you know when it’s time to follow up.
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0.983751 |
In a bit of surprising news, a recent study found that nearly 300 marijuana dispensaries in Colorado had suggested cannabis use for pregnant women. The retailers were said to promote marijuana use as a cure for the nausea that often comes along with early pregnancy.
A perhaps unethical but definitely ill-advised approach by these dispensaries, as cannabis use during pregnancy is often associated with low birth weight in infants and could potentially lead to other developmental problems down the line. Research is unfortunately still lacking in this regard but as with any medicine, it is better to be safe than sorry.
Despite staunch opposition from top health officials in the state, which is backed by available research on the topic, the study found that many dispensaries paid no heed to the warnings and said that it was more or less “ok” for pregnant women to use cannabis and related products. Do you think that dispensaries should market cannabis use for pregnant women?
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0.999963 |
How can I contribute to the Trash Free Potomac Watershed Initiative?
To contribute to the Trash Free Potomac Watershed Initiative's FieldScope project, visit the Trash Free Potomac Network. Once you create an account on the Trash Network, you can register your cleanup events, recruit volunteers, and report your cleanup results/data. All cleanup data from the Trash Network will automatically filter into FieldScope and contribute to the project.
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0.995192 |
Why would anyone want to reload their life?
Let's start by taking a trip back in time to Africa and recount the true story of an African Farmer who had heard about other farmers making millions by discovering diamond mines. He was so excited about the prospect of making millions by discovering diamonds for himself that he sold his farm and spent the rest of his life wondering the African continent searching, unsuccessfully, for these valuable gleaming gems.
Unfortunately for the farmer he eventually wore himself out and threw himself into a river and drowned from despair.
Are you wandering around aimlessly in search of success and meaning?
does each day feel Like a carbon copy of the last?
Do wish you were further along in the pursuit of your ideal life?
is fear and defeat wearing you out?
The interesting thing about the Farmers story is that back on the original farm the farmer who had bought the land was crossing a small stream on the property one day when there was a bright flash of red-blue colors from the streams bottom. He bent down and picked up the sparkling stone, noticing that it was quite a large stone and it was as little bit different to anything he’d seen before and so ended up putting it on his fireplace mantel as an interesting object.
Weeks went past and one day a visitor came to his house and picked up the stone, he looked really closely at it. He asked the farmer if he knew what he'd found. When the farmer indicated that he thought it was just a piece of crystal the visitor told him he'd found one of the largest diamonds ever discovered.
The farmer had a bit of trouble believing that because the stream where he had found the stone was full of similar stones, probably not as large as the one the visitor was holding but there was a lot of them.
Do you have jewels going unnoticed in your life!
Just like the first farmer searching for the riches of life we too do the same thing, getting caught up in the latest trend, idea or technology in the hope that it will satisfy our thirst for a better life.
You already own vast riches that no one can take from you, yet you're probably leaving it all unnoticed because you haven't been taught how to recognise and harness your unique potential, instead you go on searching the outside world for ways to feel complete and satisfied.
Don't be like the first farmer who owned acres of diamonds outright and sold them for practically nothing in order to look for diamonds elsewhere. Not seeing the good right under his nose. Imagine if he had taken time to study and prepare himself, to learn what diamonds looked like in their rough state, if he had thoroughly explored his own property before looking elsewhere, his wildest dreams would have come true.
Your mind is your richest resource!
Think about the acres of diamonds (potential) that you already have, that you are not noticing. The fact is that you actually do have acres of diamonds deep within you, like many others around you; you may not be trained to see them. All you are seeing is the rough, unpolished state.
We can show you how to effectively explore the hidden potential within you and reload your life.
When you reload your life you will know how to create better relationships, optimal health, a successful business or career, financial increase, confidence, success.... anything!
What you are seeking externally is hidden within you.
Without awareness you will never be able to spot the acres of diamonds right beneath your nose.
Start finding your own diamonds in the rough today!
Am I looking at others and thinking I could never be like them?
Can I learn more about myself and how my mind works?
Do I want more from life, do I want to discover my own diamonds?
Are you trained to spot your diamonds?
There are opportunities surrounding you right now in every area of your life and with the right attitude and an understanding of the hidden potential of your mind you will be able to find those diamonds and create the life that you truly seek.
Take time out to find your diamonds and if you're not sure how to do that join us on Facebook or participate in one of our programs, where you will be given all the tools you will need to reload your life with your very own acres of diamonds.
Click here to claim your free chat with our mindset specialist today!
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0.999682 |
I have a small plot for my vegetable garden in my backyard. It only gets about 5 or 6 hours of sunlight a day due to the shade from my house. Can I plant any vegetables or herbs that require that few hours of sunlight a day?
Most vegetable plants will grow in an area that gets 5-6 hours of sun. They may not grow as large as plants who get more sun, but 5 hours is the minimum for vegetables to be able to produce a worthwhile crop. So, I think you can plant anything you like there. But there are some veggies that do best in that light condition. These include lettuce, cabbage, broccoli and spinach.
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0.998059 |
Can I frequently switch Apple IDs on my iPad?
I had thought one couldn't upon reading the text on Apple's website, "Once a device or computer is associated with your Apple ID, you cannot associate that device or computer with another Apple ID for 90 days." Recently, though, someone has told me that is is indeed possible to switch as often as you want.
Which is the case? I'd prefer someone with firsthand experience.
Yes - you can switch accounts on one device many many many times. Once you have associated that account with that device, it uses one of your 10 slots for the next 90 days. After then, that device doesn't count as a "new device" for your limited slots.
So - if you take one of the many accounts that can exist on one device - only one account gets the "automatic" pushing of content purchases prior or elsewhere until the 90 day timeout expires.
Other than that one restriction, think more about your account rather than the specific device. Accounts are intended for one person, so when you create it, you can't go and use it on 11 devices after the tenth new device your account hits, you need to wait 90 days from the first device to account pairing.
It doesn't matter what other accounts are on a specific device - its about your ID being used in the app store on multiple devices.
I was puzzled by that comment too, since from first-hand experience I can tell you that I am able to frequently switch between 3 different Apple IDs on my iPad and on my Mac. I switch maybe weekly for one reason or another.
There is a distinction between "switching" the active Apple ID and making new associations. My iPad is associated with all 3 of the Apple IDs I use, although I am the primary user of only one of them. On the rare occasion that I've had to associate a single Apple ID with two totally new devices, I haven't run into a 90-day limit.
Its more than easy to switch Apple ID's but to be able to download your purchases music is another story. I have a Mac Mini and my dad recently updated it so that Apple Music would be available. He then logged in to his user and created his Apple Music account. Now when I go on my user, I have tried to download some things that I have purchased from the iTunes Store, or even trying to make a track available offline from Apple Music and I am faced with the "This computer is already associated with an Apple ID" message.
Can I change Apple IDs?
“Pre-registered” AppleCare — to whom is it registered?
Messages having issues logging on recently on Yosemite?
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0.978224 |
Why dissassemble entire phone to replace broken glass?
I need to replace the broken glass on a Galaxy S8. The LCD and digitizer are still fine, so I really only need to replace the glass, not the whole screen. Since entire screens are still $200 but the glass is just $20-30, obviously I want to replace just the glass. Although I haven't found a specific guide for that here on ifixit for just the glass replacement, there are plenty of YouTube videos of the process. One thing I don't understand is why they take apart the whole phone first from the back when only replacing the front glass. Can anyone tell my why that's important?
It seems to me I should be able to just apply heat directly to the front glass and take it off, then just glue a new glass on. I'd really prefer to not worry about messing up some of the internals.
LCD connector runs through the center plate and will rip if you try to take the front off first.
It's just to protect the smaller components from the heat.
To be frank, I just removed the motherboard and carefully apply heat as I disassemble the LCD/Digitizer.
Once I get an opening I just apply small amount of heat and go through the adhesive in the back. I've never had an issue with this process.
The only time I completely disassemble the phone is when I need to preserve the LCD, this is for S7 and lower that requires you to get some access to the LCD to remove the motherboard.
If we use freezing technic to remove the glass, do we still need to diassemble the phone?
I'm not sure of this technique you speak of, nor have I heard of it.
Just remember the battery is exposed right behind the LCD/Digitizer. If you puncture it then you're going to want to get another one.
you take apart the whole phone because the heat that is applied to the screen can damage the internals.
Edit: I know you need to apply heat to the back but it's safer.
You are right bro. I think no need to dismantling a whole phone especially only broken front glass . Heat up upper side slightly and pass wire between lcd and glass and seprate by intermittent heating and pulling wire , overtop at earpiece mesh. Care should be taken to LOCA applying is must .mask with tape entire rim of phone precisely before pouring of LOCA. Then clean exess and put under UV for curring. That's It.
Nicu Stiurca zal eeuwig dankbaar zijn.
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0.999983 |
i always have skin boils,after it cured it will reappear in other part of my body,what should I do?
Avoid tea, coffee, starchy and sugary foods, especially cakes, pastries, sweets, chocolates, white sugar, and white bread. Also avoid all condiments, pickles, and sauces.
- Practice good personal hygiene.
- Take proper nutrition. Eat healthy and stay healthy.
- Wash your clothes separately by using mild detergent.
Can you please suggest home remedy for oily skin?
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0.999999 |
Do football clubs use natural or artificial grass?
A number of UK football clubs use both natural and artificial grass pitches for training. There are Artificial Grass football Clubs that need to this turf due to their pitches being outside, so they need to be able to play in all weather.
Do to the massive cost saving benefits of artificial grass, the costs to maintain the pitch can be much lower, and being artificial the grass allows clubs to use their pitches all year round. However artificial pitches have been banned in professional English football since 1995.
The ban is unusual as top professional leagues in many countries European including France, Holland, Scotland and Spain use of artificial grass to improve the usage and versatility of their stadiums. It’s also used in The Champions League and The World Cup.
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0.968214 |
The presidential transition of Benigno Aquino III began when Benigno Aquino III won the 2010 Philippine presidential election. On June 9, 2010, at the Batasang Pambansa Complex, in Quezon City, the Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Aquino as the President-elect of the Philippines, following the 2010 election with 15,208,678 votes, while Jejomar Binay, the former mayor of Makati City, was proclaimed as the Vice President-elect of the Philippines with 14,645,574 votes, defeating runner-up for the vice presidency Mar Roxas, the standard-bearer of the Liberal Party for Vice President.
The transition was in charge of the new presidential residence, cabinet appointments and cordial meetings between them and the outgoing administration.
The presidential residence of Aquino is Bahay Pangarap (English: House of Dreams), located inside of Malacañang Park, at the headquarters of the Presidential Security Group across the Pasig River from Malacañan Palace. Aquino is the first president to make Bahay Pangarap his official residence. Malacañang Park was intended as a recreational retreat by former President Manuel L. Quezon. The house was built and designed by architect Juan M. Arellano in the 1930s, and underwent a number of renovations. In 2008, the house was demolished and rebuilt in contemporary style by architect Conrad Onglao, a new swimming pool was built, replacing the Commonwealth-era swimming pool. The house originally had one bedroom, however, the house was renovated for Aquino to have four bedrooms, a guest room, a room for Aquino's household staff, and a room for Aquino's close-in security. The house was originally intended as a rest house, the venue for informal activities and social functions for the First Family by former President Manuel L. Quezon. Malacañang Park was refurbished through the efforts of First Lady Eva Macapagal, wife of former President Diosdado Macapagal, in the early 1960s. First Lady Macapagal renamed the rest house as Bahay Pangarap. During the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, the house was restored and became the club house of the Malacañang Golf Club. The house was used by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to welcome special guests. Aquino refused to live in Malacañan Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines, or in Arlegui Mansion, the residence of former presidents Corazon Aquino and Fidel V. Ramos, stating that the two residences are too big, and also stated that his small family residence at Times Street in Quezon City would be impractical, since it would be a security concern for his neighbors.
On May 11, 2010, outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed an administrative order, creating the Presidential Transition Cooperation Team. Arroyo instructed outgoing Executive Secretary Leandro Mendoza to lead the transition team. The transition team was created "to ensure peaceful, orderly and [efficient] transition on the 30th of June". On June 9, 2010, the transition team started informal meetings with the Aquino transition team.
On June 16, 2010, Aquino organized his transition team in a letter to outgoing Presidential Management Staff Secretary Elena Bautista-Horn. Aquino appointed the members of his transition team; defeated runner-up for the vice presidency Mar Roxas, incoming Executive Secretary Paquito Ochoa, Jr., former Secretary of Education Florencio Abad, former Secretary of Finance Cesar Purisima, and Julia Abad, daughter of Florencio Abad and Aquino's chief of staff.
Aquino named long-time friend, Paquito Ochoa, Jr., as Executive Secretary. Aquino appointed Corazon Soliman as Secretary of Social Welfare & Development, a position she once held under the Arroyo administration but later resigned in 2005.
On June 22, 2010, Leila de Lima, head of the Commission on Human Rights, accepted the offer to join the cabinet, however, she did not confirm or deny if she will become the new Secretary of Justice. On July 2, 2010, De Lima took over the helm of the Department of Justice.
On June 23, 2010, Vice President-elect Jejomar Binay refused to accept any cabinet portfolio "so as not to burden" Aquino. Binay initially wanted to become Secretary of the Interior and Local Government, however, Aquino said that the post is not being considered for him. Aquino has offered Binay various positions, such as, to head a commission that will investigate the outgoing Arroyo administration, the posts of Secretary of Agrarian Reform, chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), and the chairman of Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), but Binay has rejected all cabinet positions. However, on July 15, 2010, Binay has accepted the offer of Aquino to take charge of the housing sector as chairman of HUDCC.
On June 24, 2010, Br. Armin Luistro FSC, president of De La Salle University, accepted the post of Secretary of Education after meeting with the school's stakeholders.
On June 27, 2010, Aquino reappointed incumbent Secretary of Foreign Affairs Alberto Romulo.
On June 29, 2010, Aquino officially named the members of his Cabinet, with Aquino himself as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. Aquino also announced the formation of a truth commission that will investigate various issues including corruption allegations against outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino named former Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. to head the truth commission.
The inauguration of President-elect Benigno Aquino III and Vice-President elect Jejomar Binay was held at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta Park, Manila on June 30, 2010. The oath of office was administered by Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Conchita Carpio-Morales, who officially accepted Aquino's request to swear him into office, reminiscent of the decision of his mother, who in 1986, was sworn into the presidency by Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee. Aquino refused to allow Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines Renato Corona to swear him into office, due to Aquino's opposition to the midnight appointment of Corona by outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
United States: United States President Barack Obama called Aquino over the phone to congratulate him over his victory in the election.
United Kingdom: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom was the first to greet new President Benigno Aquino III and their inauguration at the Quirino Grandstand.
Australia: Australian government Wednesday congratulated Aquino and Binay, underscoring close bilateral ties between the Philippines and Australia.
Canada: Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, through a letter, greeted Aquino and "looks forward to working closely with the new Philippine government."
China: Chinese President Hu Jintao and Vice President Xi Jinping greeted Aquino and Binay for their victory in the elections.
Singapore: Singapore leaders sent congratulatory messages to Aquino.
Japan: Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan sent his congratulations and expressed the Japanese government's wish to do its utmost to cooperate with the Philippines.
Spain: Spanish Prime Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero wrote to Aquino May 14 to congratulate him, wishing him success on his presidency.
^ a b "Congress final tallies – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 2010-08-22.
^ "Aquino promises justice as Philippines president - Yahoo! News".
^ a b c "Arroyo assures smooth transition". Archived from the original on 2015-03-07.
^ "Malacañang starts transition process with Noynoy camp".
^ a b "Aquino taps Roxas for transition team". Archived from the original on 2015-03-07.
^ a b Ager, Maila (June 29, 2010). "Aquino names Cabinet, takes DILG helm". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
^ a b "Aquino names long-time friend as executive secretary". Archived from the original on 2010-06-03.
^ "De Lima accepts offer to join Aquino Cabinet".
^ Ager, Maila (June 23, 2010). "Binay meets Aquino, declines Cabinet post". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ "Binay offered new office to probe Arroyo". ABS-CBN News. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ "VP Binay is new housing czar".
^ Malipot, Ina-Hernando (June 24, 2010). "Luistro accepts DepEd post". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
^ Cabacungan, Gil Jr. (June 27, 2010). "Aquino retains Romulo as foreign affairs chief". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 30, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2010.
^ "Davide named Truth Commission chief - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 2010-06-30.
^ Esguerra, Christian (June 11, 2010). "Transition team seeks Arroyo-Aquino limo ride". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
^ "Lady justice to administer Aquino oath - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 2014-10-12.
^ "Trivia on Aquino and Binay". ABS-CBN News.
^ "No Corona-tion for Noynoy - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". Archived from the original on 2015-02-10.
^ a b "Obama, Clinton congratulate President-elect Aquino". abs-cbnNEWS.com. June 9, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
This page was last edited on 14 December 2018, at 14:07 (UTC).
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0.999785 |
The domain within your query sequence starts at position 1 and ends at position 41; the E-value for the CysPc domain shown below is 1e-19.
Some of the required catalytic sites were not detected in this domain. It is probably inactive! Check the literature (PubMed 95361909 ) for details.
Calpain-like thiol protease family (peptidase family C2). Calcium activated neutral protease (large subunit).
This group of cysteine peptidases belong to the MEROPS peptidase family C2 (calpain family, clan CA). A type example is calpain, which is an intracellular protease involved in many important cellular functions that are regulated by calcium [(PUBMED:2539381),(PUBMED:11517928)]. The protein is a complex of 2 polypeptide chains (light and heavy), with eleven known active peptidases in humans and two non-peptidase homologues known as calpamodulin and androglobin [(PUBMED:21864727)]. These include a highly calcium-sensitive (i.e., micro-molar range) form known as mu-calpain, mu-CANP or calpain I; a form sensitive to calcium in the milli-molar range, known as m-calpain, m-CANP or calpain II; and a third form, known as p94, which is found in skeletal muscle only [(PUBMED:2555341)].
Active site domain IIb. Domain 2 shows low levels of sequence similarity to papain; although the catalytic His has not been located by biochemical means, it is likely that calpain and papain are related [(PUBMED:7845226)].
Domain IV, which resembles the penta EF-hand family of polypeptides, binds calcium and regulates activity [(PUBMED:7845226)]. Ca2+-binding causes a rearrangement of the protein backbone, the net effect of which is that a Trp side chain, which acts as a wedge between catalytic domains IIa and IIb in the apo state, moves away from the active site cleft allowing for the proper formation of the catalytic triad [(PUBMED:11914728)].
Calpain-like mRNAs have been identified in other organisms including bacteria, but the molecules encoded by these mRNAs have not been isolated, so little is known about their properties. How calpain activity is regulated in these organisms cells is still unclear In metazoans, the activity of calpain is controlled by a single proteinase inhibitor, calpastatin (IPR001259). The calpastatin gene can produce eight or more calpastatin polypeptides ranging from 17 to 85 kDa by use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. The physiological significance of these different calpastatins is unclear, although all bind to three different places on the calpain molecule; binding to at least two of the sites is Ca2+ dependent. The calpains ostensibly participate in a variety of cellular processes including remodelling of cytoskeletal/membrane attachments, different signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis. Deregulated calpain activity following loss of Ca2+ homeostasis results in tissue damage in response to events such as myocardial infarcts, stroke, and brain trauma [(PUBMED:12843408)].
Calpains are a family of cytosolic cysteine proteinases. Members of the calpain family are believed to function in various biological processes, including integrin-mediated cell migration, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell differentiation and apoptosis [(PUBMED:11854009), (PUBMED:11950589)].
The calpain family includes numerous members from C. elegans to mammals and with homologues in yeast and bacteria. The best characterised members are the m- and mu-calpains, both proteins are heterodimer composed of a large catalytic subunit and a small regulatory subunit. The large subunit comprises four domains (dI-dIV) while the small subunit has two domains (dV-dVI). Domain dI is a short region cleaved by autolysis, dII is the catalytic core, dIII is a C2-like domain, dIV consists of five calcium binding EF-hand motifs [(PUBMED:11950589)].
The crystal structure of calpain has been solved [(PUBMED:10601010), (PUBMED:11893336)]. The catalytic region consists of two distinct structural domains (dIIa and dIIb). dIIa contains a central helix flanked on three faces by a cluster of alpha-helices and is entirely unrelated to the corresponding domain in the typical thiol proteinases. The fold of dIIb is similar to the corresponding domain in other cysteine proteinases and contains two three-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheets. The catalytic triad residues (C,H,N) are located in dIIa and dIIb. The activation of the domain is dependent on the binding of two calcium atoms in two non EF-hand calcium binding sites located in the catalytic core, one close to the Cys active site in dIIa and one at the end of dIIb. Calcium-binding induced conformational changes in the catalytic domain which align the active site [(PUBMED:11893336)][(PUBMED:11914728)].
The profile covers the whole catalytic domain.
There are 11818 CysPc domains in 11784 proteins in SMART's nrdb database.
Taxonomic distribution of proteins containing CysPc domain.
This tree includes only several representative species. The complete taxonomic breakdown of all proteins with CysPc domain is also avaliable.
Click on the protein counts, or double click on taxonomic names to display all proteins containing CysPc domain in the selected taxonomic class.
SwissProt sequences and OMIM curated human diseases associated with missense mutations within the CysPc domain.
This information is based on mapping of SMART genomic protein database to KEGG orthologous groups. Percentage points are related to the number of proteins with CysPc domain which could be assigned to a KEGG orthologous group, and not all proteins containing CysPc domain. Please note that proteins can be included in multiple pathways, ie. the numbers above will not always add up to 100%.
2g8j Calpain 1 proteolytic core in complex with SNJ-1945, a alpha-ketoamide-type inhibitor.
2nqg Calpain 1 proteolytic core inactivated by WR18(S,S), an epoxysuccinyl-type inhibitor.
2nqi Calpain 1 proteolytic core inactivated by WR13(R,R), an epoxysuccinyl-type inhibitor.
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0.999563 |
Many tourists enjoy watching the marine life / aquatic life in the public aquariums / closed public aquariums where they get the opportunity of coming in close contact with the aquatic and ocean creatures.
National Aquarium in Baltimore is one such public aquarium where tourists watch the wonders of ocean / marine life. The aquarium is located in Baltimore's Inner Harbor at 501 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD (Maryland state). It is one of the best / must-see aquariums in the United States. The aquarium was opened for aquatic education and for conserving the aquatic treasures of the world and currently it is a great place to visit in the U.S.
The aquarium does not have its own parking facility. However, there is spacious open parking space opposite the aquarium.
I take pleasure in recollecting our visit to this wonderful aquarium and pen down the memories in my blog post. We happened to visit the place in March 2012 when we drove all the way from Philadelphia. It was a 2 hours drive from Philly to Baltimore on 1 95 S.
Though it was a bright sunny day, yet the weather was chill and cold. On reaching the aquarium I was a bit surprised to see the long lines at the ticket counter in such a cold weather. We could easily get the tickets at the counter. We then walked inside the closed aquarium to enjoy the aqua / marine life. There are scheduled slots / times for entering into the aquarium. Till our slot was announced for entry, we had to hang out in the open in the cold weather. There were many visitors like us who were killing their time till their entry into the aquarium.
At our scheduled entry time, we got inside the aquarium. On entering inside, I felt like I was in a different world full of aqua creatures. It was a wonderful experience and I don't know how fast the time passed. There are several exhibits which include Upland Tropical Rain Forest, Atlantic Coral Reef, Amazon Rain Forest, Dolphin Discovery and many more.
As we were moving round from one exhibit to the other, we could see one of the aquarium staff feeding the aqua creatures. You can see him in special diving suit.
we watched the delight Dolphin show which is called 'Play'. The ticketed show was the highlight and there was great applause from the audience to watch the cute human-friendly dolphins doing various aqua feats.
It was a wonderful show that was enjoyed the most. From here we went to experience the 4-D in the 4-D Immersion films. This was equally overwhelming and exciting. The spectators screamed and yelled on feeling the 4-D experience particularly the top-tapping of the aqua creatures and other such lively 4-D experience.
After the show, as always I was attracted towards to the gift shop where I made small purchase.There are good number of restaurants on walking down the other side of the aquarium. However, as a typical South Indian, I had to comprise with the taste / food which was so-so.
Spending a day at the National Aquarium, Baltimore, MD is really an enjoyable one. Still cherishing the delightful visit to this place. If you happen to visit Baltimore, I would say that you must visit this place.
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0.929036 |
A man slept on the first night of Ramadan before it was confirmed that the month had begun, and he did not make the intention to fast at night, then after Fajr had begun, he came to know that the day was Ramadan. What should he do in a situation like this? Should he make up for that day?
Regarding this man who slept on the first day of Ramadan before it was confirmed that the month had begun, and he did not make the intention to fast, then awoke to find after Fajr had begun that the day was Ramadan; once he knew, it was incumbent upon him to fast and to make up for it, according to the majority of scholars. As far as I am aware, no one disputes this except Shaykhul-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah, may Allaah have mercy upon him, for he said that the intention follows awareness, and this person was unaware (that it was Ramadan). Therefore he is excused, because he did not abandon the intention after he became aware of it, but was ignorant of it, and the ignorant person is excused, therefore, if he fasts from the time he knows about it, then his fast is valid, and he is not obliged to make up for it, according to this opinion.
As for the majority of scholars, they have said that he is obliged to fast and he is obliged to make up for that day, and they justified this by the fact that part of the day has passed by him in which he did not have the intention to fast. The opinion that is safer for him is to make up for that day.
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0.950957 |
How to deal with definition lists?
Hi, I have been using definition lists for listing off functionality in menus.
Now, apparently, and this is not uncommon with html, people have abused ':' for indenting. Which is why I am supposed to remove them. Which in turn screws up the definition lists, and that makes for wonky html, which is sad.
If indenting is the problem, is there a way I can convince you to just remove the indent-styling from <dd> marked paragraphs? Or at the least give an official typography entry for handling definition lists?
I am not quite sure what you are referring to here: Off the top of my head I would think, that making description lists the way you describe is perfectly ok. Mind you, we do have a lot of detailed "rules" that have evolved over time, mostly to ensure that the the pages can be translated properly.
Could you provide a link to the page you are working on - it is often easier to comment on formatting problems in the actual context.
This is the page that tells me not to use them: https://userbase.kde.org/Edit_Markup , it's the last bullit point of 'correcting old markup'.
I had completely forgotten about that particuar issue. I don't think this was ever meant to refer to definition lists - only to colons used on their own; or maybe it was solved with the neverland theme that we use now.
I had a look at your page. I looks fine in my browsers, so there is no reason not to continue using this markup. I'll try to find a better formulation on the Edit_Markup page to clarify (or maybe just remove the offending bullet). Thanks for pointing this out.
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0.999378 |
Clean the lens. Over time the camera lens can get dirty and create a blurred image. Just give it a good wipe.
Avoid subjects in low light, at least if you want them to be consistently lit. The small sensors in camera phones cannot run at high ISO speeds (i.e. high sensitivity to light, permitting indoor photos without a flash) without introducing large amounts of noise. In most circumstances, this makes indoor photos other than in the best-lit places difficult.
Avoid bright reflections, and other "hot-spots". This will either force the camera to under-expose the rest of the shot, or cause the camera to blow out the highlights on the brightest parts of the shot. The latter is worse, since it is sometimes possible to extract details from parts of the image that are too dark, but impossible to recover blown highlights (since there is no detail to extract). On the other hand, this can be used to artistic ends, such as with bright light streaming through a window.
Avoid anything that requires tight focusing. Due to their very short focal lengths (the distance between a camera's optical elements and the sensor, again, owing to their small sensors), camera phones excel at shots where nearly all of a scene is in focus. However, this (and their typically weak auto-focus mechanisms) usually precludes focusing on objects very close to the phone, or having a very shallow depth of field to get a blurred background effect (this be faked in software later anyway).
Avoid "mirror shots", as well as arm-length shots taken by yourself. Aside from them being clichèd, they require taking photos indoors and mirrors also often end up confusing auto-focus mechanisms. Get outside and get someone to take the photo for you. If you'd rather take the picture yourself, most camera phones have an auto-timer feature so you can set the phone somewhere and get into frame.
Set your phone to its highest picture quality and resolution. You might end up taking a good enough shot that you want to print it out; you won't be able to do this if you only have a low-resolution version of the photo.
Turn off any other effects. These include black-and-white, sepia tones, inverted colours, and so on. These aren't as necessarily as cheesy-looking as frames and have their place; nonetheless, these things are much better done in photo editing software afterwards than on board the phone. You may find, for example, that when you view your photo on a large screen that the colours in your scene are far too good to lose to black-and-white.
Set the white balance, if your phone supports it. The human eye usually adjusts for lighting, and so white appears white in any kind of lighting. A camera, however, will see that a given subject is redder than normal under normal incandescent household lighting. Better camera phones will give you the option to adjust the camera for this. If you have such an option, use it. If you're not sure what setting to use, experiment.
Use your flash judiciously. If you find yourself using a flash because your whole scene is insufficiently lit, you're probably taking photographs indoors in poor light. Don't do this, a scene lit entirely by your flash will look unnatural, since on a camera phone it is not typically possible to aim the flash anything but directly ahead (i.e. you can't bounce it off ceilings or walls, as with dedicated flash guns for SLR cameras). On the other hand, a flash is a good option for filling in shadows in harsh sunlight.
Frame your shot. Make sure that everything you want in the shot is in the picture, and ready to be captured. Some phones show the entire viewfinder, meaning that what is on the screen is exactly what will be captured in the image. Other phones, however, only show what is in the middle of the image, but will capture more than the viewfinder shows. It's better too much empty space into your picture; you can always crop it later.
Finally, take the picture. Keep your hand steady as you press the shutter button. After you take the picture, keep the phone in position to allow the picture to be recorded. If you move immediately after pressing the shutter button you will just get a blur!
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0.999982 |
What are the best currency exchange tips in Mexico ?
The Mexican currency is the peso ($ Me). Its currency code is MXN.
Its rate is quasi-indexed on the American dollar, which amounts to saying, when the dollar rises, that Mexico is more expensive for Europeans.
Its symbol is similar to the dollar, but there is only one vertical bar and it is placed before the prefix of the country: $ ($ Me on this site). Hence sometimes confusion, especially in tourist areas, where a lot of prices are shown in US $!
To exchange currencies to Mexican pesos ( from US dollars, euros, Swiss francs or Canadian dollars), the easiest and fastest are the currency exchange offices (casas de cambio), that are in most cities and touristic places. No commission are added, but the exchange rates rates vary by office, do dare compare. They also have the advantage of having being open longer than banks.
If not, there are banks such as Banamex, Scotiabank or Bancomer, which in fact sometimes charge cheaper rates than currency exchange retail, but all do not exchange currencies (depending on the city), and , of course, the open hours (generally from Monday to Friday from 10 am to 4 pm) are more limited.
To withdraw money: banks all have ATM accepting Visa and MasterCard, sometimes also American Express. However, in addition to the commission taken by your bank, the Mexican bank gets a commission (the ATM tells you the amount). It is better to avoid repeating small withdrawals, which also multiply commissions.
Card payments are not as widespread as in Europe, with Mexicans mainly using cash.
Do not plan to use your card to pay for a local bus ticket, to pay for a neighborhood restaurant or your night in a cheap posada. On the other hand, for hotels or restaurants a bit chic, shopping in a supermarket chain, even a bus ticket in 1st class (not everywhere) is possible ... often with a commission of the order of 3 To 7%, sometimes more.
An international payment card is also essential to rent a car.
In restaurants, consider filling in (as in the US) the box "tip" (propina) and enter yourself the total at the bottom.
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0.999879 |
Pone el verbo entre paréntesis en pasado continuo en forma negativa.
1 Peter not go to the doctor, so he went to bed.
2 I not wear jeans yesterday.
3 The sun not shine but it was very hot.
4 We not work all the summer.
5 They not read for five hours.
6 When I got home, my parents not leave .
7 You not talk to Ann on the phone.
8 We not listen to the radio today.
9 They not shop all the afternoon.
10 She not drive home, she came by bus.
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0.958224 |
What are the symptoms of idiopathic scoliosis?
Often, idiopathic scoliosis is first discovered during a school screening or pediatric checkup, since adolescents frequently wear loose-fitting clothes. If your pediatrician suspects scoliosis, he or she may recommend an evaluation by a pediatric orthopedic or spinal specialist.
There is no definite cause of idiopathic scoliosis or a way to prevent the spine’s failure to grow as straight as it should. Heredity may play a part, but no one genetic link has been confirmed.
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0.991927 |
That was not supposed to be the end of Su Zhinian's sentence. There was another part, but he couldn't bring himself to continue speaking so he stopped where he was. I've already talked to him beforehand to have him clear his schedule to focus on your wedding dress.
Just how was one going to describe Song Qingchun's feelings when she heard that sentence?
She felt like laughing. The situation was so absurd that she did not know what to do but laugh. She could not even tell whether the man was joking or not.
This man who she had once loved, and if she was being honest with herself, the man whom she still loved deeply, the man who had forced her to marry someone elseThis man was so kind to worry about her wedding dress?
Song Qingchun really did laugh in the end, but it lasted for barely a second before she stopped and turned her gaze away. With a soft "goodbye", she left without waiting for him to reply. Su Zhinian stood where he was quietly. Even after Song Qingchun walked further and further away, even after she disappeared around the corner, his eyes were still glued to where she had departed.
The wintry sun with its balmy rays landed on his face through the windows, brightening the man's face.
When the meeting reached its climax, Su Zhinian had suddenly stood up and mentioned that he had to use the bathroom. The roomful of people waited for him for almost half an hour, but there was still no trace of the man. Overwhelmed by the room's pressure, Cheng Qingchong had no choice but to go out in search of Su Zhinian.
Cheng Qingchong walked toward the bathroom, and along the way, she saw Su Zhinian, who stood frozen like a statue standing in the middle of the corridor. She halted in her steps before continued moving forward. When she was about one meter away from him, the man recovered, and the first thing he did was lower his gaze.
Even though he was quick, Cheng Qingchong still managed to capture the glisten at the corner of his eyes.
Cheng Qingchong's heart shrank rapidly, and she stopped where she was. Su Zhinian slowly raised his head. His eyes were clear and dark; the earlier sadness was thus buried deeply following a simple lowering of the head.
Cheng Qingchong did not say anything, and Su Zhinian did not ask. The pair returned to the meeting room soon after. Su Zhinian, whose attention was fleeting before leaving the meeting room, returned a new man. He was extremely focused, and the meeting was wrapped up quickly after that. Then, he brought Cheng Qingchong to leave Red Garden.
On the way back to the city, Su Zhinian, who had been silent, suddenly told the driver, "Go back to the company."
After a pause, Su Zhinian said to Cheng Qingchong, "I have something to tell you."
When they arrived at the company, it was already 5:30 pm.
It was weekend, and the receptionist was not at work. It was Cheng Qingchong who helped Su Zhinian call the elevator.
When they reached the office floor, Su Zhinian ordered Cheng Qingchong to brew him a cup of tea before he wandered into his own office.
Cheng Qingchong pushed open the office door with the cup of tea in her hands, and she saw Su Zhinian standing before the window. Outside the window, the sun was setting.
Cheng Qingchong placed the tea lightly on the table and called out, "CEO Su."
Su Zhinian stood with his back away from her and did not show any response.
It was not until the sun set, the moon rose, and the nightlife of Beijing began that Su Zhinian turned slowly around and walked gracefully to his office table.
He raised the tea that had gone cold to his lips to take a slow sip. Then he put the cup down before pulling the drawer to the left of his table open.
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0.965704 |
Are you conservative or ultraconservative?
Understanding who is conservative and liberal, and their influence on politics, isn't easy. A slight majority of people in all states identify as Independent, with party affiliations in the mid to low 30s. This country is founded on the idea of individual liberty and of rewarding individual effort, with a heaping dose of free enterprise and individual initiative, and with standing on your own a bedrock philosophy. Both Democrats and Republicans embrace these ideas. The difference is in their approach to problem solving, and the end goals.
Everyone is different so it isn't easy to make fair stereotypes between liberals and conservatives.
A conservative is a person who holds to traditional attitudes and values and is cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion. There are many values to a conservative approach. During periods of major change, as in the 20th. and 21st. Centuries, stability is maintained so that change doesn't cause major disruptions. New things are proven first so that adopting them doesn't cause disruption if they fail, or if things change too quickly, leaving a path of destruction.
Permitting too much change too fast is what caused the financial instrument collapse that caused the Great Recession of 2008. Both Republicans and Democrats were responsible for permitting unregulated and rapid change, but they weren't as responsible as reckless financial institutions.
Conservatives are generally against more government regulation, which makes them a favorite of business... especially big business. So the mantra "Change," which attracted a lot of young people and those sick of government, which got Obama elected, is just something for conservatives to poke fun at. But an overly conservative approach can lead to preventing necessary change, such as necessary financial institution oversight.
In comparison, liberalism, which focuses on liberty and the autonomy of the individual, supports equality, and to achieve that supports political and social change. Where would we be without the big thinking liberals? It took a John F. Kennedy to think big and put us on the moon, and keep us on the track of superior technological innovation, which equates to making the US a world leader in technology and finances.
It took a Roosevelt to start the Social Security program, which gets people to save for retirement, which otherwise they can't or won't do. Without Social Security, millions of Americans would be on welfare and other forms of assistance, creating a huge drain on the economy.
Liberals generally are more supportive of labor and small business, trying to make sure that the economy doesn't destroy the people who have little voice and can be swamped by powerful big money interests. But taking on multitudinous and giant programs can lead to an ever-changing world in which there is no consistency and no anchors, and to risky programs that aren't supportable.
Moderates tend to stand between the conservative and liberal points of view. Ultraconservatives are very different, and will be compared later in this article.
Liberals and Conservatives tend to be found a bit more in certain areas of the country. Financial and population demographics have a lot to do with who is liberal or conservative. Over two-thirds of the population and industry are found on the East Coast, especially the northern half. A significant amount is on the West Coast. In these areas with higher wealth and denser populations, there is more ethnic population diversity and a higher diversity of attitudes. New ideas are in abundance, and people are more open to change. The Northeast and West tend to be liberals.
But which way a state leans isn't necessarily determined by income. You might think that poorer states, would tend to vote for more government handouts. But is this reflected in the "Red State, Blue State" nature of politics? Actually the standard of living is higher in red states because the cost of living is lower. Nine of the ten states with the lowest personal income are known as Red states. It's more a conservative attitude and religion thing.
For the Midwest and South, conservatives edge out Liberals for a more influential share of the populace. People are more independent in these areas, they see much less diversity and new ideas, and though they have less wealth, they have lower prices.
Many States, like Mississippi, are just dirt poor. So more liberal leanings are more isolated to cities in these areas, as in other red states, while the rest of the population is more conservative. It's also an ideological divide that existed as long ago as ancient Biblical times, where prophets from rural areas often objected loudly and strongly to behaviors and ideas they found in cites.
Conservatives also like smaller government that intervenes less in social and business affairs, and is less expensive to operate. Money paid in taxes, may be good for the overall economy, but it means less spendable income in your pocket. The very idea of people not working, and depending on the government for support or assistance, grates on conservatives nerves. Conservatives can usually accept as justified, an individual person on some form of government assistance, but the entire system just seems like a humongous waste. And it's another example of how government obligation runs a muck, creating ever growing entitlements and dependence on government that can't be reduced.
Between the liberals and conservatives, the pendulum in government swings back and forth, trying new things, and then weeding out what didn't work.
For the record, where Nations Agenda differs from Democrats and Republicans is this: Redistributing income only makes everyone equally poor. Currently 40% of households don't pay income taxes (but they pay other taxes, and many in that percentage are elderly). Many are eligible for some kind of government assistance, and the number is steadily growing as spendable income continues downward. But that doesn't mean ignoring the needy. You recognize the obligation to help the needy - not turn your back on them - but you don't create enormous programs to permanently fund a financial underclass, to help them continue to live in poverty and on government support. You research the problem and look for good solutions. You help people in need find the tools to help themselves. You also recognize that helping them become middle class or prosperous, is a major help to the economy, as well as ending an economic drain and many social problems.
So what is an ultra-conservative? An ultraconservative is someone who is conservative to extremes, and very reactionary. To ultraconservatives, all change is unacceptable, and they react to the suggestion of change in a very strong way. Ultraconservatives tend to favor the very wealthy and the status-quo. Those who are drawn to ultraconservatism are typically very wealthy, with lines of income to protect from change, and some are those who have very strict religious views that tend to be exclusive, or have agendas. People with an ultraconservative point of view typically deny that change is necessary or even happening in our larger society, and should be resisted with every morsel of their being. With their passion, they are good at motivating grass roots support from people who aren't even affected by what motivates the ultraconservative.
The 20th. and 21st. Centuries have been, and will continue to be, times of rapid technological and social change, driving major advances in the fields of manufacturing, financial industries, knowledge, religion, medicine, communications, social and psychological understanding, and business. It isn't possible to bring to a standstill the instruments of change. While conservatives can test the water and choose wisely between which changes are beneficial, ultra-conservatives are hopelessly unable to stop change, and ignoring change simply puts them, and us, in an untenable position.
For example, while conservatives can sit back and say, "Let's figure this out, and plan carefully," the ultraconservative simply thinks, "This isn't an issue, and I can simply make it go away by ignoring and resisting it." For some, it appears to be a feeling of entitlement or privilege that says they are entitled to wealth and are isolated from the realm of others, and uncaring.
In politics, ultraconservatives simply don't acknowledge that many things are happening. For example, the transfer of wealth that is endlessly driving the middle class into poverty, while making huge gains in wealth for the wealthy 2%, is seen as a reflection of people who want to live off the government... while they live off the stock market. While it is a systemic problem, not a greed problem, the attitude is that we shouldn't do anything about it. The system will right itself. Actually it won't.
Another example, in the religious realm, ultraconservatives resist any kind of change. They raise any hint of change as a divisive issue that is loudly played out in public, tarnishing the image of the church. The end result is that every religious denomination is rapidly declining in membership, and has been for several decades. Most can barely stay afloat with funding. The young are rapidly leaving the church and never coming back, and potential new members are not coming. Churches are failing, not because their basic message isn't good, but because their public message has changed to simply something that is divisive and drives people away.
So how is ultraconservatism driving the nation into an extreme form of socialism?
Ultraconservatives hate the idea of socialism. They tend to be wealthy, see most people as takers of government aid, or wannabe takers, and they like to keep wages as low as possible so that profit is high.
44% of these people are the elderly.
Ultraconservative (membership and sponsor) wealth largely comes from business interests and the stock market. It isn't that they are greedy, or that there isn't already a lot of pressure on wages. US and international competition keep a steady downward pressure on wages. The problem is that they have a warped view, and a powerful, sometimes dominant, influence in politics.
The steady downward pressure on wages has been pushing the middle class into poverty for over a decade. It isn't that the middle class won't work, or doesn't deserve better wages. For the past 15 or more years, companies have merged and removed employees and layers of management and people with redundant skills, with the idea of becoming more competitive and increasing profits. The stock market is setting records, only a short time after a recession that mirrored the Great Depression.
Many companies are having record profits, while the smaller businesses that support 80% of working America, are struggling, and retailers and even fast food chains are struggling because Americans have diminishing spendable income - they don't have money to spend on discretionary items. This problem is well noted.
Around only a third of people born to financial middle class households earns a middle class income. Two thirds of them go to lower income classes, burgeoning those classes.
Average household income levels, adjusted for inflation, peaked in 1999 at $55,000.00. They peaked near that level in 2007, and deteriorated to $52,000.00 by 2013, and appear stable. It now takes two adults earning an income for 42% of households, up from 17% of working wives with children in 1967.
In the mid-1970s, the majority of Americans were in the middle [economic class], with 52 percent earning the equivalent (in today’s dollars) of $35,000 to $100,000. Today, according to census figures, the share of households earning under $35,000 is virtually unchanged, 35 percent. The shift has occurred in the other two categories. Households with incomes over $100,000 have doubled, to 22 percent, while less than 44 percent are in the middle cluster.” – Washington Post article.
When families and individuals reach progressively lower income levels, as the ultraconservatives note, they cease paying taxes, and as their income continues to fall, they draw progressively more government assistance. So as the middle class shrinks, those on the downward trend have to depend more and more on the government for support. The tax load increases on those with more income. That's basically income redistribution, which is an extreme form of socialism.
If this trend continues, the US will become like the people in the Soviet Union up to and through the 1980s. For decades they were all dependent on their government for all support. Many of them rarely saw a paycheck, and depended on bartering to get food and essentials.
Will this situation rectify itself? Probably not. There is no upward pressure on wages, of any significance, and no mechanisms for doing that. Companies haven't hired enough people to keep up with the need for jobs since around 2000. Since around 1980, the drive has been to eliminate layers of management and pass responsibilities to lower paid employees. The first 15 years of this Century have been dominated by "merger mania" in which companies merge with other companies and eliminate management and office positions, further exacerbating the employment problem. A more recent incentive has been to move corporate headquarters to other countries to avoid paying any taxes, despite the moderate US tax rate, which takes even more jobs away. The recession forced companies to keep wages and employment low.
In this competitive atmosphere, where talent is plentiful, people have difficulty pressuring companies for higher wages. Companies routinely get rid of higher paid workers to hire lower paid workers who can do the job. Unless the job is in the sciences, most jobs only use the skills of a 7th. grade education or trade school training.
Unions are basically dead since most businesses have many of their employees classified by the government as "exempt" (management) and not subject to any kind of union or government oversight. Most people can be forced to work long hours, 7 days a week, at very low wages.
Increasing wages would mean lowering profits, but companies will not lower profits because increasing stock prices is what CEOs are evaluated on, and what their stock is evaluated on. The stock market demands ever-increasing stock prices. If you allow stock prices to fall, investors pull their money, further reducing a company's stock prices. What companies will do is trim the number of employees, or cut wages, to keep profitability high.
Companies are looking at these very things, in their never ending drive to increase profits. The idea of structural reform is popular in the financial and business world. But it's a backward idea, according to economists.
Unemployment and lower wages means less money is collected in taxes, while more people depend on the government for assistance. People save less money for retirement, so they are more dependent on government assistance when they retire. So the deteriorating situation puts additional strain on government assistance. This trend, and several other economically destructive trends, have continued from around 1980, and in this Century, have become much worse.
The ultraconservatives stand in the way of finding solutions to these systemic problems. With the stock market setting records, many corporations having record profits, and government officials locked in contentious battles driven by ultraconservatives, nothing can be resolved that will help citizens. Many in Congress have no idea what to do, since their economic philosophy of Supply Side Economics (Reagonomics), supported by both Republican and Democratic Presidents, hasn't worked at all since the late 1990s.
Economists no longer embrace Supply Side Economics as a panacea, although it can be a short term boost in some situations. Finding real answers and solutions is simply blocked by ultraconservatives, the bulk of whom are wealthy and seemingly unaffected by what is actually happening in the US (and the world). It's like they simply say, "Let them eat cake."
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The Red Sea Sharks (French: Coke en stock) is the nineteenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The story was initially serialised weekly in Belgium's Tintin magazine from October 1956 to January 1958 before being published in a collected volume by Casterman in 1958. The narrative follows the young reporter Tintin, his dog Snowy, and his friend Captain Haddock as they travel to the (fictional) Middle Eastern kingdom of Khemed with the intention of aiding the Emir Ben Kalish Ezab in regaining control after a coup d'état by his enemies, who are financed by slave traders.
Following on from the previous volume in the series, The Calculus Affair, The Red Sea Sharks was created with the aid of Hergé's team of artists at Studios Hergé. Influenced by Honoré de Balzac's The Human Comedy, Hergé used the story as a vehicle in which to reintroduce a wide range of characters who had first appeared in earlier installments of the series. The story dealt with the ongoing trade in enslaved Africans across the Arab world. However, in the 1960s the story would generate controversy as Hergé was repeatedly accused of having portrayed the Africans in a racist manner. He was upset by these claims, and made alterations to the depiction of the Africans in later reprints. Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with Tintin in Tibet, and the series as a whole became a defining part of the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. The Red Sea Sharks was critically well-received, with various commentators describing it as one of the best Tintin adventures. The story was adapted for the 1991 animated series The Adventures of Tintin by Ellipse and Nelvana.
After a night out at the cinema, Tintin and Captain Haddock bump into an old acquaintance, General Alcazar. Returning to Marlinspike Hall, they find that another acquaintance, the Emir of Khemed, Mohammed Ben Kalish Ezab, has been overthrown by his nemesis Sheikh Bab El Ehr; the Emir has accordingly sent his son, the disobedient and mischievous Abdullah, to stay at Marlinspike for his own protection. The police detectives Thomson and Thompson visit, informing Tintin that Alcazar is seeking to purchase military aircraft from J. M. Dawson.
Investigating further, Tintin discovers that Dawson has also sold military aircraft to Bab El Ehr. Realising that the only way to be rid of Abdullah (who constantly pranks the inhabitants and regulars at Marlinspike Hall until after his leave) is to restore the Emir's control of Khemed, Tintin, Haddock, and their dog Snowy travel to the Middle Eastern country. Dawson, who learnt that Tintin was involved, arranges for the trio to be returned to their plane and has a time bomb planted aboard to kill them. They narrowly survive the assassination attempt when an engine catches fire and the plane is forced to crash-land, and are able to slip into the city of Wadesdah unobserved. There they meet an old friend, the Portuguese merchant Oliveira da Figueira, who helps them to escape the city and ride on horseback to the Emir's hideout. During the journey armoured cars and fighter planes are ordered to intercept them by "Mull Pasha", who is actually Tintin's old antagonist, Dr. Müller. The pursuit ends when a communications breakdown causes the fighter planes to attack and destroy the armoured cars instead.
The Emir welcomes Tintin and Haddock, revealing that there is an ongoing slave trade through Khemed that is operated by an international businessman, the Marquis di Gorgonzola, who falsely offers transport to African Muslims on the pilgrimage to Mecca and then sells them into slavery. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy leave for the Red Sea coast and board a sambuk for Mecca; they are attacked by fighter planes before Tintin shoots one down and rescues its mercenary Estonian pilot, Piotr Skut. The four are picked up by di Gorgonzola's yacht, the Scheherazade, but are soon offloaded onto the SS Ramona, a tramp steamer. Di Gorgonzola turns out to be another of Tintin's old adversaries, Roberto Rastapopoulos. The Ramona is one of Rastapopoulos' slave trading ships, and when a fire breaks out aboard it during the night, the ship's commander Allan and his crew flee, leaving Tintin, Haddock, Snowy and Skut aboard along with a consignment of African slaves.
With Haddock taking on the ship's captaincy, they are successfully able to put out the fire and free the Africans, who are more than willing to help keep the ship going. Two days later, as they approach the waters off Mecca, a sambuk owned by one of Rastapopoulos' contacts briefly boards the Ramona and checks out one of the Africans, only to be chased off after Tintin and Haddock realize the true purpose of the voyage. After some negotiations with the Africans, Haddock announces that the Ramona will take them to Djibouti in Africa instead. However, Rastapopoulos learns of this and sends a U-Boat to destroy the Ramona, with the ship taking evasive manoeuvres to survive, ultimately being rescued by the cruiser USS Los Angeles. The Los Angeles chases down the Scheherazade and attempts to capture Rastapopoulos, but he fakes his own death by sinking his launch and escapes via a mini-submarine. Tintin, Haddock and Snowy return to Marlinspike and learn that the Emir has recaptured Khemed and that Abdullah can return home (though Abdullah manages to blow up Haddock's chair cushion when Haddock goes down to sit in relief), while General Alcazar has used his Mosquitos to successfully overthrow General Tapioca in San Theodoros. Any other relaxation is cut short by Jolyon Wagg, who has arranged to use Marlinspike for an auto rally.
Hergé was inspired to develop the plot for The Red Sea Sharks after reading a magazine article detailing the continued existence of the slave trade within the Arab world, in which it was claimed that African pilgrims headed to Mecca were being enslaved during the journey. Hergé included a reference to this slave trade in the story's original French title, Coke en Stock ("Coke on Board"), which referred to the slave smuggler's use of "coke" as a codeword for the enslaved people.
Prior to writing the story, Hergé had read Balzac et son monde ("Balzac and His World"), a 1955 book written by his friend Félicien Marceau. Intrigued by the work of Honoré de Balzac, Hergé was inspired by the way in which Balzac kept reusing characters from his previous stories and he subsequently adopted this trait for The Red Sea Sharks, in which a wide range of characters from The Adventures of Tintin make a reappearance. Hergé also introduced a new character, the Estonian pilot Piotr Skut, who would later reappear in Flight 714 to Sydney.
To produce accurate illustrations for the Ramona, Hergé and his assistant Bob de Moor traveled aboard a Swedish cargo vessel, the MS Reine Astrid, from Antwerp to Gothenburg and back, during which they took photographs and drew sketches. Hergé had also collected press clippings depicting the Christina, a motor yacht owned by the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, and used them as the basis for his depiction of Rastapopoulos' ship, the Sheherezade. The aircraft, cars, and machinery that appear in the story were drawn by Roger Leloup, one of the members of the Studios Hergé. In one scene in the latter part of the story, Hergé included a frogman, whose depiction was drawn from a press clipping of Lionel Crabb. His depiction of the Emir's hideaway palace cut from the rock was based on the Al Khazneh in Petra, Jordan, which he had seen in an issue of National Geographic.
Hergé's growing interest in art was reflected in the story, as he included a copy of Alfred Sisley's Le Canal du Loing at Marlinspike Hall. He also included paintings by Pablo Picasso and Joan Miró aboard Rastapopolous' Scheherazade. Muller's pseudonym in the story, Mull Pasha, was based upon the British soldier Glubb Pasha. In the final scene, Hergé included cameos of both himself and his friend and colleague Edgar P. Jacobs.
The story began serialisation in Belgium's Tintin magazine in October 1956, before being serialised in the French edition of the magazine from December 1956. It was then published in book form by Casterman in 1958. Upon the story's British publication in 1960, Coke en Stock was renamed The Red Sea Sharks.
Hergé had been accused of exhibiting a racist attitude toward Africans in an earlier story, Tintin in the Congo, and potentially hoped to exonerate himself from such criticism by depicting Tintin and Haddock freeing African slaves in The Red Sea Sharks. In preparing the latter story he had consulted a colleague who worked for an African-themed magazine, L'Afrique et le Monde ("Africa and the World"); they translated some of the passages that Hergé wished to include in the story into Yoruba. However, in January 1962 an article in the magazine Jeune Afrique criticised Hergé for a racist depiction of Africans in the story, an accusation that would be echoed in other publications. These claims focused on the African characters' simplistic use of pidgin language, which was similar to the speech patterns used in Tintin in the Congo.
African: "You speak well, Effendi. Wicked Arab, very wicked. Poor black men not want to be slaves. Poor black men want to go to Mecca."
Haddock: "Naturally, I realise that. But I repeat if you go there, you'll be sold as slaves. Is that what you want?"
African: "We not slaves, Effendi. We good Muslims. We want to go to Mecca."
Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters expressed the view that "for the most part these attacks were extremely unfair". Hergé was emotionally affected by the accusations, and made changes to the book for its 1967 reprint accordingly; here he changed the Africans' speech patterns, giving them improved grammar. However, he left Haddock speaking pidgin in response to the Africans.
For this version he also made changes to the Emir's letter to Tintin; the former version had been formal in its prose, stating "Most esteemed and well-beloved friend, I entrust to you my son Abdullah, to improve his English. Here the situation is serious. Should any misfortune befall me I count on you, my friend, to care for Abdullah". In Hergé's revised edition, he adopts a more florid prose style: "This is to tell you, oh highly esteemed friend, that I entrust to you Abdullah, my adored son. Because here the situation is serious. Should misfortune descend on me like the hawk on an innocent gazelle (for the world is made of life and death) I am sure that Abdullah will find you with warmth and affection, refuge and peace. And in doing this you will be performing a fragrant act before Allah."
Hergé also expressed regret that he depicted the death of a shark in the story, later stating that "I still believed that sharks were big evil beasts" when writing The Red Sea Sharks.
"[In The Red Sea Sharks], total confusion puts an end to the Manichaenism of the opening adventures. The former opposition between Good and Evil now becomes the opposition between the private and the public. Unable to judge such a complex world, Tintin prefers to withdraw from it. He reluctantly takes on this adventure as a traveler without baggage and spends little time with people he formerly would have gotten to know quite well."
Commenting on the inclusion of a wide range of characters from The Adventures of Tintin, Harry Thompson referred to the story as "a Tintin family reunion", commenting that it was "a story unusually full of the type of people Captain Haddock liked to avoid". Michael Farr believed that in reviving so many older characters, Hergé had given The Red Sea Sharks "a marked retrospective quality". Jean-Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier thought that the story was too crowded, leaving little room for series regulars Professor Calculus or Thomson and Thompson, and leaving the introduced figure of Skut as "a nice supporting character, but nothing more". The Lofficiers stated that "Hergé was doing some house-cleaning of his past works and characters before embarking on something more serious and with more personal resonance", Tintin in Tibet.
Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters described The Red Sea Sharks as a "complex, ambiguous, even labyrinthine" story which was "undoubtedly the book in which Hergé ventured furthest into the creation of his own universe." He thought that "Hergé enters a new phase" with The Red Sea Sharks, as its author "seems to know his family of characters better and better, and he enjoys playing with them and his readers." Peeters noted that the book was "in some respects a continuation" of Land of Black Gold, an assessment shared by Thompson, the Lofficiers, and Farr, all of whom described it as a partial sequel to the earlier book. Thompson added that The Red Sea Sharks "atoned for the relative failure" of Land of Black Gold, believing that although it had a "rather hasty finish", it was "a first-rate thriller". The Lofficiers awarded it four out of five, stating that it was "very effective as a modern political thriller and far more believable than The Calculus Affair". They also opined that it provided an effective political commentary on the West's relationship with the Arab world. In their analysis, Tintin and Haddock seek to aid the Emir not because he is a good leader, but for their own selfish purposes (to get Abdullah out of Marlinspike), just as Western governments and corporations build alliances with Arab leaders guilty of human rights abuses in order to benefit their own interests.
Thompson felt that the inclusion of slavery as a key theme led to this book being "one of Hergé's more adult-oriented adventures". Nevertheless, Farr noted that the story contained "a good measure of humour" to balance out these darker elements. Farr drew comparisons with Anthony Powell's A Dance to the Music of Time, a series of novels that was contemporary to The Red Sea Sharks and which was similarly inspired by Balzac's The Human Comedy. Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline believed that The Red Sea Sharks represented "the culmination of his golden age", which had begun with The Blue Lotus. He also commented that "it almost seemed as if Hergé had regained the pace and rhythm of his most creative period" with this story.
In his psychoanalytical study of The Adventures of Tintin, the literary critic Jean-Marie Apostolidès expressed the view that The Red Sea Sharks reflected a world in which traditional values have been degraded and everything – including human life – has become a commodity. He added that Rastapopoulos becomes "the embodiment of the global market" in this story, tying together all of the other characters and therefore replacing Tintin as the figure "at the centre of the universe". Apostolidès opined that The Red Sea Sharks amplifies "the theme of the general equivalence of everything" that is present in the series, serving as "a kind of retrospective" by introducing old characters and establishing new relationships between them. He believed that the theme of the mirage pervaded the story, appearing repeatedly in such forms as Abdullah's cuckoo clock which concealed a water squirter and the pseudonyms employed by the various characters throughout the narrative. The literary critic Tom McCarthy stated that The Red Sea Sharks exhibited a number of themes that recurred throughout The Adventures of Tintin. He believed that a scene in which one of Bab El Ehr's men spies on the Emir in his mountain hideaway reflected a wider theme of eavesdropping that features throughout the series. McCarthy also highlighted Tintin's actions in returning Abdullah to Khemed, expressing the view that it is part of a wider running theme throughout the series in which the hero takes an abandoned children to their home; other instances included Tintin's discovery of an adoptive family for the orphan Chang Chong-Chen in The Blue Lotus and the delivery of the lost gypsy child Miarka to her family in The Castafiore Emerald.
In 1991, a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana adapted 21 of the stories – among them The Red Sea Sharks – into a series of episodes, each 42 minutes long. Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi, the series has been praised for being "generally faithful", with compositions having been actually directly taken from the panels in the original comic book.
^ Hergé 1960, pp. 1–25.
^ Hergé 1960, pp. 26–62.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 71; Assouline 2009, p. 177; Goddin 2011, p. 72.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Farr 2001, p. 152; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 70; Goddin 2011, p. 74.
^ Goddin 2011, p. 63; Peeters 2012, p. 256.
^ Farr 2001, p. 151; Peeters 2012, p. 256.
^ a b c Farr 2001, p. 151.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Farr 2001, p. 155, 157; Goddin 2011, pp. 79–80.
^ a b c Farr 2001, p. 158.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Farr 2001, p. 157.
^ Farr 2001, pp. 157–158.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 166; Farr 2001, p. 152; Goddin 2011, p. 82.
^ Farr 2001, p. 158; Goddin 2011, p. 82.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Farr 2001, p. 152.
^ a b Farr 2001, p. 155.
^ a b c Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 70.
^ Farr 2001, p. 152; Goddin 2011, p. 74.
^ Farr 2001, p. 152.
^ Goddin 2011, p. 93.
^ Peeters 1989, pp. 106–107; Thompson 1991, p. 166; Farr 2001, p. 152.
^ Peeters 1989, p. 106; Thompson 1991, p. 166.
^ a b c d Peeters 1989, p. 107.
^ Peeters 1989, p. 107; Thompson 1991, p. 167; Farr 2001, p. 155.
^ Peeters 1989, p. 107; Farr 2001, p. 155.
^ a b c Apostolidès 2010, p. 200.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 164.
^ a b Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 71.
^ a b c Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 72.
^ Peeters 2012, p. 256.
^ Peeters 1989, p. 106.
^ Peeters 1989, p. 105.
^ Thompson 1991, p. 165; Farr 2001, p. 151; Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 71.
^ a b Thompson 1991, p. 165.
^ Assouline 2009, p. 179.
^ Assouline 2009, p. 177.
^ Apostolidès 2010, p. 201.
^ Apostolidès 2010, pp. 200–201.
^ McCarthy 2006, p. 26.
^ McCarthy 2006, p. 69.
^ Lofficier & Lofficier 2002, p. 90.
Assouline, Pierre (2009) . Hergé, the Man Who Created Tintin. Charles Ruas (translator). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539759-8.
Goddin, Philippe (2011). The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin: Volume 3: 1950–1983. Michael Farr (translator). San Francisco: Last Gasp. ISBN 978-0-86719-763-1.
Hergé (1960) . The Red Sea Sharks. Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper and Michael Turner (translators). London: Egmont. ISBN 978-1-4052-0818-5.
This page was last edited on 21 April 2019, at 06:28 (UTC).
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What were the results of the Third Anglo-Maratha War?
Peshwa Baji Rao II was deposed and exiled to Bithur as a pensioner of the British.
The descendant of Shivaji was placed on the throne at Satara.
Bhonsale and Holkar ceded large parts of their territories to the British.
Holkar accepted the Subsidiary Alliance.
The Maratha power was finally extinguished.
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A filtered image of the Sun in visible light, showing the limb-darkening effect as a dimmer luminosity towards the edge or limb of the solar disk. The image was taken during the 2012 transit of Venus (seen here as the dark spot at the upper right).
Limb darkening is an optical effect seen in stars (including the Sun), where the center part of the disk appears brighter than the edge or limb of the image. Its understanding offered early solar astronomers an opportunity to construct models with such gradients. This encouraged the development of the theory of radiative transfer.
An idealized case of limb darkening. The outer boundary is the radius at which photons emitted from the star are no longer absorbed. L is a distance for which the optical depth is unity. High-temperature photons emitted at A will just barely escape from the star, as will the low-temperature photons emitted at B. Note that for a typical star, this drawing is not to scale. E.g., for the Sun, L would be only a few hundred km.
Crucial to understanding limb darkening is the idea of optical depth. A distance equal to one optical depth is the thickness of the absorbing gas from which a fraction of 1/e photons can escape. This is what defines the visible edge of a star, since it is at a few optical depths that the star becomes opaque. The radiation reaching us is closely approximated by the sum of all the emission along the entire line of sight, up to that point where the optical depth is unity. In particular, if the intensity of radiation in the star varies linearly with optical depth, then the radiation reaching us will be of the intensity at an optical depth of unity. When we look near the edge of a star, we cannot "see" to the same depth as when we look at the center because the line of sight must travel at an oblique angle through the stellar gas when looking near the limb. In other words, the star radius at which we see the optical depth as being unity increases as we move our line of sight towards the limb.
The second effect is the fact that the effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is (usually) decreasing for an increasing distance from the center of the star. The radiation emitted from a gas is a strong function of temperature. For a black body, for example, the spectrally integrated intensity is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature (Stefan–Boltzmann law). Since when we look at a star, at first approximation, the radiation comes from the point at which the optical depth is unity, and that point is deeper in when looking at the center, the temperature will be higher, and the intensity will be greater, than when we look at the limb.
In fact, the temperature in the atmosphere of a star does not always decrease with increasing height, and for certain spectral lines, the optical depth is unity in a region of increasing temperature. In this case we see the phenomenon of "limb brightening"; for the Sun the existence of a temperature minimum region means that limb brightening should start to dominate at far-infrared or radio wavelengths. Outside the lower atmosphere, and well above the temperature-minimum region, we find the million-kelvin solar corona. For most wavelengths this region is optically thin, i.e. has small optical depth, and must therefore be limb-brightened if spherically symmetric.
Further complication comes from the existence of rough (three-dimensional) structure. The classical analysis of stellar limb darkening, as described below, assumes the existence of a smooth hydrostatic equilibrium, and at some level of precision this assumption must fail (most obviously in sunspots and faculae, but generally everywhere). Instead, the boundary between the chromosphere and the corona consists of a very complicated transition region, best observed at ultraviolet wavelengths only detectable from space.
Limb darkening geometry. The star is centered at O and has radius R . The observer is at point P a distance r from the center of the star, and is looking at point S on the surface of the star. From the point of view of the observer, S is at an angle θ from a line through the center of the star, and the edge or limb of the star is at angle Ω.
which now has N independent coefficients rather than N + 1 coefficients that must sum to unity.
This model gives an intensity at the edge of the sun's disk of only 30% of the intensity at the centre of the disk.
We see that the derivative of cos ψ is infinite at the edge.
For the sun at 550 nm, this says that the average intensity is 80.5% of the intensity at the centre.
Billings, Donald E. (1966). A Guide to the Solar Corona. Academic Press, New York.
Milne, E.A. (1921). "Radiative Equilibrium in the Outer Layers of a Star: the Temperature Distribution and the Law of Darkening". MNRAS. 81 (5): 361–375. Bibcode:1921MNRAS..81..361M. doi:10.1093/mnras/81.5.361.
Minnaert, M. (1930). "On the Continuous Spectrum of the Corona and its Polarisation". Zeitschrift für Astrophysik. 1: 209. Bibcode:1930ZA......1..209M.
Neckel, H.; Labs, D. (1994). "Solar Limb Darkening 1986-1990". Solar Physics. 153 (1–2): 91–114. Bibcode:1994SoPh..153...91N. doi:10.1007/BF00712494.
van de Hulst; H. C. (1950). "The Electron Density of the Solar Corona". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 11 (410): 135. Bibcode:1950BAN....11..135V.
Mariska, John (1993). The Solar Transition Region. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521382610.
Steiner, O. (2007). "Photospheric processes and magnetic flux tubes". AIP Conference Proceedings. 919: 74. arXiv:0709.0081. Bibcode:2007AIPC..919...74S. doi:10.1063/1.2756784.
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What are the best shaders for mobile platforms ?
Hi everyone, I would like to know what kind of shaders are favored for mobile platform development (3D) and Why ? If anybody can direct me to a good detailed reference where I can learn , I would be grateful. Cheers, Thank you !
There's huge performance differences between mobile devices and it also depends on your game what shaders you could use. With very low poly count you could use standard shader and shadows and it would run fine.
One simple example I can give is vertex color shaders. You can paint your model with vertex colors and could get rid of textures, texture atlasing and UVs and have only one material for your models. It simplifies the modelling work flow (in some cases) and gives nice performance with higher poly count scenes. On the other hand it can look really ugly or too simple, and if you would want to draw colored patterns on a surface, you would have to actually model the patterns. I would use this for a simple tree or a hammer, but not for a t-shirt with palm trees all over it.
Hi there , I had gone through the link you shared before posting the question. I want to get into more details. I am looking for a visual guide also if I can find one. Or may be If I learn well, might as well create one myself. But first I need to learn. Cheers.
If you already have a game under development you could experiment with different shaders that come with unity. There are more in standard assets (Assets -> import package -> Effects). When you find some that you like, start combining them or remove stuff that you don't need. The mobile shaders are a good reference for simple shaders. Then test with profiler on and modify your shaders if needed. Repeat until you have the looks and performance you need. Also video tutorials are good, search Youtube for shaderlab or unity shaders, videos show the effects better with moving and rotating camera. Then modify your shaders again and again and test again and again. In the end you have the answers, what are your target devices and what kind of looks and performance you can accept.
So, you need to write mobile shaders to create the effect that you want, using the most efficient method. But, then again, you should really be doing that anyway - it's just that if targetting PC/Console, you can be more lazy because you've got more resources to play around with and it's less necessary to squeeze performance.
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High atop the mountains lays one of the most adventurous theme parks around. A zipline over the edge of the mountain, roller coasters, and other thrill rides combined with cliffs- could it be more thrilling? The adventure starts at the parking lot which is at the base of the mountain. Attendees take a gondola to the top of the mountain. Glenwood Cavern Adventure Park has a Wild West theme and includes cave tours, 4D movies and other attractions. Also, at the base of the mountain is another popular destination, Glenwood Springs.
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Why earn a Bachelor’s degree in organizational psychology?
Organizational psychology, or Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology as it is sometimes called, is the study of workers' behavior in the workplace.
It focuses on topics such as workplace productivity, employee assessment and training, and product testing.
In order to become an organizational psychologist, you need an advanced degree (typically a master's degree or PhD in organizational psychology), but the first step is a bachelor's.
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A hit parade is a ranked list of the most popular recordings at a given point in time, usually determined by sales and/or airplay. The term originated in the 1930s; Billboard magazine published its first music hit parade on January 4, 1936. It has also been used by broadcast programs which featured hit (sheet music and record) tunes such as Your Hit Parade, which aired on radio and television in the United States from 1935 through the 1950s.
Hit tunes were originally published as sheet music, so many artists were encouraged to introduce or promote a tune in different styles, formats or areas of popularity. Through the late 1940s, the term hit parade referred to a list of compositions, not a list of records. In those times, when a tune became a hit, it was typically recorded by several different artists. Each record company often promoted its own product through the airtime it purchased on commercial radio stations. Most non-commercial stations, like the BBC, were required by national regulations to promote local talent, and were also limited in the amount of needle time given to recorded popular music.
In later years, a re-recording of a tune originally introduced or popularised by a certain artist was called a cover version. In the United States, regardless of copyright, covers were an automatic option – since the Copyright Act of 1909 – enabled by compulsory mechanical licenses. Covers were often rejected by fans of the particular artists because it produced unfair competition to their favourite version. Covering a tune was, therefore, not offering an alternative rendition, but of producing a copy as a direct alternative to compete for airtime, sales and placement on the hit parade charts.
As rock and roll became popular, it was more difficult for generic singers to cover the tunes. It has been said that Your Hit Parade was nearly cancelled after many weeks of unsuccessful attempts by the big-band singer Snooky Lanson to perform Elvis Presley's "Hound Dog" in 1956. The program finally ended in 1959.
The term is still used, as in the title of the popular magazine Hit Parader and the Canadian record label Hit Parade Records. The British indie band The Hit Parade took its name from the US TV show.
The title Hit Parade also became familiar during the late 1960s and early 1970s through a popular automated music format produced by the Drake-Chenault Co. and featured on hundreds of radio stations. Originally called Hit Parade '68, then Hit Parade '69 and Hit Parade '70, it was then entitled simply Hit Parade.
The term hit parade was commonly used in the United Kingdom around the 1950s and 1960s to refer to the current chart, but rapidly fell out of favour and came to be seen as archaic and old-fashioned, today the term hit parade is usually used by people when referring to the success of oldies and schlager hits from around those times. It is also still commonly used to refer to current charts in the 21st century as a loan word in several countries and languages of mainland Europe.
^ Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-time Radio (revised ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 739. ISBN 0-19-507678-8. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
^ "U.S. Copyright Office - Copyright Law: Chapter 1".
^ "U.S. Copyright Office: Section 115 Compulsory License".
Battistini, Pete (2005). American Top 40 with Casey Kasem: The 1970s. Authorhouse.com. ISBN 1-4184-1070-5.
Durkee, Rob (1999). American Top 40: The Countdown of the Century. New York: Schriner Books.
Hillbilly Hit Parade is a compilation album featuring American country music artist George Jones and other country music artists from the Starday record label, including Leon Payne and Jeanette Hicks. It was released in 1958. The album includes Jones's first chart hit "Why Baby Why" and one of his few rock and roll cuts, a cover of the Elvis Presley smash "Heartbreak Hotel". It is the second studio album release for George Jones.
Hit Parade of 1943 also known as Change of Heart is a 1943 American musical film made by Republic Pictures. It was directed by Albert S. Rogell and produced by Albert J. Cohen from a screenplay by Frank Gill Jr. and Frances Hyland.
The film stars John Carroll, Susan Hayward (singing dubbed by Jeanne Darrell), Gail Patrick (singing dubbed by Ruth Fox), Eve Arden, Melville Cooper, Walter Catlett, Mary Treen, and Dorothy Dandridge. It also features several orchestras including the Count Basie Orchestra, Freddy Martin and his orchestra, Ray McKinley and his orchestra, and the Golden Gate Quartet.
This article is about the US number-one songs chart held during the period 1935-1940.
Your Hit Parade was an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1953 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. In 1935, they began publishing the earliest weekly music chart, preceding the Billboard number-one singles chart, which was updated weekly by the Billboard magazine, since July 27, 1940 and until the Billboard Hot 100 chart was established in 1958.
Before the Billboard era, the Your Hit Parade chart was established in April 1935, which operated under a proprietary formula to determine the sales rankings of 78 rpm singles. This listing runs from the beginning of Your Hit Parade, April 20, 1935, until July 20, 1940, the week before Billboard would publish its first chart.
The following is a list of the CHUM Chart number-one singles of 1962.
The following is a list of the CHUM Chart number-one singles of 1963.
This is a list of the weekly Canadian number one singles of 1964. Prior to June 1964, the primary national pop chart was the CHUM Chart, from Top 40 radio station CHUM in Toronto, Ontario; in June, the new magazine RPM was launched as a national record chart compiling results from individual stations across Canada including CHUM. denotes Canadian Content.
The Hit Parade is a 2002 album by PUFFY. Tracks in this album are covers of hits from the 1970s and 1980s. The album peaked at No. 10 on the Japanese Albums Chart.
The Hit Parade is a 1937 American musical film directed by Gus Meins and written by Bradford Ropes, Samuel Ornitz and Harry Ruskin. The film stars Frances Langford, Phil Regan, Max Terhune, Edward Brophy, Louise Henry and Pert Kelton. The film was released on April 26, 1937, by Republic Pictures. Republic later reissued the film in 67 minute length as I'll Reach for a Star.
Your Hit Parade is an American radio and television music program that was broadcast from 1935 to 1953 on radio, and seen from 1950 to 1959 on television. It was sponsored by American Tobacco's Lucky Strike cigarettes. During this 24-year run, the show had 19 orchestra leaders and 52 singers or groups. Many listeners and viewers casually referred to the show with the incorrect title The Hit Parade.
When the show debuted, there was no agreement as to what it should be called. The press referred to it in a variety of ways, with the most common being "Hit Parade," "The Hit Parade," and even "The Lucky Strike Hit Parade". The program's title was not officially changed to "Your Hit Parade" until November 9, 1935.Each Saturday evening, the program offered the most popular and bestselling songs of the week. The earliest format involved a presentation of the top 15 songs. Later, a countdown with fanfares led to the top three finalists, with the number one song for the finale. Occasional performances of standards and other favorite songs from the past were known as "Lucky Strike Extras."
Listeners were informed that the "Your Hit Parade survey checks the best sellers on sheet music and phonograph records, the songs most heard on the air and most played on the automatic coin machines, an accurate, authentic tabulation of America's taste in popular music." However, the exact procedure of this "authentic tabulation" remained a secret. Some believe song choices were often arbitrary due to various performance and production factors. The show's ad agencies—initially Lord and Thomas and later Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborne—never revealed the specific sources or the methods that were used to determine top hits. They made a general statement that it was based mainly on "readings of radio requests, sheet music sales, dance-hall favorites and jukebox tabulations"; Radio Guide claimed "an endless popularity poll on a nationwide scale."
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(CNN) -- Political unrest across the Middle East has increased appetite in the wider world for comment from within the region, and some are turning to bloggers for insider views on the events unfolding on their television screens.
Social media -- including blogging, Twitter and Facebook -- has played an often-crucial role in organizing the protests sweeping the region. But it's not all politics, and blogs about the ups and downs of daily life can offer a fascinating glimpse of real life in the Middle East.
Here, we have drawn up an entirely unscientific list of 10 of the most interesting blogs from the region.
The bloggers come from a variety of backgrounds and countries. Our only criteria were that they are based in the region, write mostly in English and have something worth saying.
Politics in Egypt and the wider Arab world.
Arabist is popular for its insightful comment on Egyptian politics. Often thought provoking, it's a good place to monitor developments in post-revolution Egypt.
The principal blogger on this site is Issandr El Amrani, a freelance journalist and commentator for several international publications. El Amrani was born in Morocco, and has lived in Cairo, Egypt, since 2000.
The Saudi woman who got tired of reading "expert" opinion on her country Riyadh-based mother of three and post-graduate student Eman Al Nafjan, 32, set up her blog Saudiwoman as a response to reading non-Arabs and non-Saudis giving expert opinions on life and culture in the kingdom.
She said: "I felt that I would rather represent myself instead of having others speak for me. There was no long-term plan but eventually I became addicted to it. To me it's an outlet and a way to voice my concerns about everything, including Islamophobia, human rights violations and women's movement in Saudi Arabia, and the Palestinian/Israeli conflict." Saudiwoman was a finalist for Best Asian Blog in the 2011 Bloggies.
Mahmood Nasser Al-Yousif, the author of Mahmood's Den, is a long-time blogger who has been described as the region's "Blogfather."
Al-Yousif was recently arrested and briefly detained by the Bahraini authorities. He describes his blog as "an Arab man's attempt at bridging the cultural gap. Trying to make a difference. Failing a lot. Succeeding once in a while."
Afrah Nasser is a 25-year-old journalist at the Yemen Observer. Nasser has been blogging for just over a year, featuring politics, news and views. Her recent posts have been about the protests in Yemen and include updates from Sanaa's Change Square, a focal point for protest in the capital.
She said: "I love to blog about political topics especially since the revo started. It's my gateway to express my views freely. However, that caused me trouble sometimes."
Nasser said she recently received a threatening message on her Facebook account. Her response? She just translated it from Arabic to English and posted it on her blog.
The Rantings of a Sandmonkey was an anonymous blog until its author Mahmoud Salem went public, saying he had been attacked close to Cairo's Tahrir Square during pro-democracy demonstrations in February this year. Salem said his car was destroyed and he was beaten up by pro-government thugs in the days before the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak.
Sandmonkey has just won the best English language blog -- a people's choice award -- in The Bobs, Deutsche Welle's Blog Awards. German broadcaster Deutsche Welle said in its citation: "The activist blogger's witty and courageous writing has called for freedom and democracy in Egypt long before this year's uprising."
Naseem Tarawnah, a 24-year-old Masters student, writes the blog BlackIris, named after the national flower of Jordan. Tarawnah, who lives in Amman, wrote on his blog: "From cultural journeys to poetic ramblings, this blog was created, amongst many things, to address Jordanian issues ranging from the political to the social and to chronicle the extraordinary voyage of metamorphosis that this nation has embarked upon."
Tarawnah is also co-founder of 7iber, an online citizen media platform in Arabic. Black Iris has won two Brass Crescent Awards for Best Middle Eastern Blog.
LivefromGaza: 360 square km of chaos is the work of Lina Al Sharif, a 22-year-old English Literature student at the Islamic University in Gaza.
Lina, who started LivefromGaza in 2007, said: "The purpose of my blog is to reflect on the life in Gaza, in general, and on my life particularly.
"My blog's biggest achievement has been in giving a chance to the people of Gaza to narrate the situation as experienced by them.
"I believe my blog helps me to share and to educate people, not just on the hardships, but also the good times."
Amira Al Hussaini is regional editor for North Africa and the Middle East on Global Voices, an international community of bloggers. She has her own blog, called SillyBahrainiGirl, but is more active on Twitter. She says in her blog: "A Bahraini girl is never silly but there are some factions out there who insist that we are not given our place in the society."
Mark Makhoul, 32, a creative director at an advertising agency, began his current blog, 248am, in 2005. Mark's wife Nataly Tawil, a designer, makes occasional contributions to the blog. The pair are both Lebanese and live in Kuwait.
While it may not offer the political insight of some of the other blogs on the list, it does present a slice of life in Kuwait, covering art, technology and more, with lots of reader contributions. And it's not entirely without controversy ... Makhoul is apparently being sued by a Japanese restaurant chain over a negative review.
Cartoonist Maya Zankoul, 24, has gained international attention for her blog, Maya's Amalgam, consisting mainly of her illustrations.
Zankoul, who grew up in Saudi Arabia and now works in Lebanon, said: "The workplace in Lebanon was not allowing me to fully express my opinion about the things I was noticing about living in Lebanon and the Lebanese society, so I decided to start my own cartoon series, telling stories from my daily life, from my point of view -- all in illustrations." Maya's Amalgam has been online since 2009 and her blog illustrations have been made into two books.
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Is there any contemporary school of historians who believe the French revolution was fundamentally in "good faith"?
It struck me recently that every serious interpretation of the causes of the French revolution I've ever encountered is fundamentally "cynical". It seems like the standard view is of a conflict between economic or political groups (the new professional classes vs. the ancien regime, is my understanding), and all of this lovely enlightenment rhetoric about universal rights and liberty is essentially so much window dressing to justify venal aims.
Is there a legitimate school of historians who, in considering the French revolution, give primacy to a genuine passion for the ideals of the enlightenment and consider the "class struggle" side of things to be secondary? Is there a name for this interpretation?
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0.999998 |
How and how long you store chicken is very important to keeping your food safe. When freezing chicken, always label it so you know how long it’s been in your freezer.
Never thaw chicken at room temperature or on the counter, as it provides the ideal environment for bacteria growth, and be sure to cook thawed chicken within 48 hours.
Thawing in the refrigerator is the safest method of preparing frozen chicken but it also takes the longest. Chicken thawing in the refrigerator should be wrapped and placed on a large plate in the bottom of the fridge to avoid dripping on other food when thawing. For this method, you should plan on approximately 10 hours per kilogram of chicken or 5 hours per pound.
Though it can sometimes dry out the edges of chicken, when you’re in a hurry and you’re preparing chicken pieces, microwave thawing is the best way to go. When defrosting in a microwave, chicken should be loosely covered and the pieces turned, separated and rotated several times during thawing to ensure even penetration.
It’s also important to defrost chicken on a low setting, otherwise the outside may cook while the inside stays frozen. Most microwaves have a poultry defrost setting, so use that if you have it. If not, a general rule to use is about 10 – 15 minutes per kilogram or 5 minutes per pound. Be sure to check your chicken often to ensure that it is thawing evenly and not overcooking or drying out.
To thaw chicken faster, place it wrapped in a bowl of cold water in the sink. It is important that the water is cold, as warm water can encourage bacteria growth. Additionally, it’s important that the water be changed every 30 minutes to maintain the temperature of the water. This method typically takes 2 hours per kilogram, or 1 hour per pound, but exercise caution when using this method. Make sure that the sink and the surrounding area you are thawing in is cleaned immediately with a mild bleach solution when you’ve finished.
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What can the average person do when he finds himself in financial trouble and the mortgage is due? With the current housing market crisis, a lot of homeowners are facing that question. As one might imagine, losing a home is not only financially destructive but also emotionally difficult. No one wants to lose their home, but what can you do if you are unable to make your mortgage payment?
There is some good news on this front. First of all, homeowners should understand that banks and mortgage lenders do not want to foreclose on a property. Foreclosure is often more costly than it is profitable. In addition to the initial costs, the banks and lenders become landlords and they do not want that burden either. If there is a way that they can help you keep your home, they are usually happy to work with you.
If a homeowner falls behind on payments, most lenders will work with the owner to bring the loan up to date. Doing that, however, requires that the owner stay in contact with the lender and do his or her part as well.
Most lenders will agree to work with homeowners who have shown diligence in the past in paying their bills. Homeowners who have been late with their payments on a frequent basis may find it harder to get the lender to work with them. This is one of the key reasons to make your mortgage payments on time whenever you can.
Once a homeowner realizes that he or she cannot make a payment, contact with the lender should follow as soon as possible. It is far easier for the lender to work with you if they know about the problem early. Waiting until you are several payments late will only create more problems.
When you speak with the lender about your finances, do not lie to them. Tell them the truth about your situation and do not make false promise that you know you cannot keep.
An agreement between homeowners and lenders to prevent the loss of a home is often called a loan workout plan. It will have specific deadlines that the homeowner must meet in order to avoid foreclosure. This is why you must be honest about your circumstances.
If the problem was brought about by a temporary condition likely to end within 60 days, the mortgage lender may grant a temporary indulgence.
For those who may have been laid off or lost a job and now have a return to employment the lender may work out a repayment plan. These types of plans require the usual mortgage payments to be made along with an additional amount that is applied toward the delinquent amount. Normally, these run for about 12 to 24 months.
For some homeowners, it may be impossible to make any payments at all for some time. Homeowners who have a very good credit track record can ask for a forbearance plan which will allow suspension or reduction of payments for a specific amount of time. The length of these plans is usually around 18 months.
All of these plans are for those who are in serious financial trouble and need help. They should never be used as means of simply trying to get a better deal with the lender.
Lenders are far more likely to work with those who have a past record of good payments and are having real hardships, but they are not very eager to work with those who are dishonest about their situation.
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Help me find this music video from the mid- to late-nineties. Possible data points: I believe I only saw it once, on MTV's 120 Minutes. There were Muppet-style puppets in bright colors but with a slightly out-of-date film stock, as though the video was a Sesame Street spoof. The song lyrics included the word "Lollipop". I think one scene involved refrigerator-magnet plastic letters forming a word. I believe the band was British. That's all I got, man. Half of this may be hallucinated, for I know. Can you help?
This is a stab in the dark, and I don't think it's right, but you did say you might have hallucinated half of it, so I'm throwing this out there. I'm just hoping the half you hallicinated is the lollipop and the Sesame Street spoof.
Supergrass's video for Pumping on your Stereo features the band with muppet like bodies.
I just thought of Supergrass as well. If you feel like digging, this 120 Minutes blog posts (or posted) videos from that show.
Hmmm... What comes to mind is the Canadian band BTK's Peppyrock. No lollipop and I don't thing magnets, although there are similar images. The Sesame Street spoof is right on though.
I think I know this! I'm almost certain that it's Starlight Mints' Popsickle, only because I went through a similar half-remembering process, except that mine involved MTV2. For me at least, "popsicle" and "lollipop" were semantically close enough that I was confusing the two.
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Find parks. Parks provide information on indoor and outdoor recreational areas and facilities, playgrounds, ball and athletic fields, trails, and general outdoor nature areas.
A Park is a natural or semi-natural open space set aside for outdoor recreation, leisure, or preservation. Almost all Parks are public spaces open to the general public, though there are some examples of private Parks. Most county and local governments have a Parks Department that is responsible for maintaining City Parks, Town Greens, Athletic Parks, and similar open spaces.
A City Park, also called an Urban Park or Municipal Park, provides recreation and green space for visitors and the residents of the local community. Common features of a City Park include walking paths, running trails, gardens, playgrounds, picnic tables, open lawns, and sports fields. Some may include public restrooms and an information center. A Neighborhood Park is a smaller-scale version of a City Park intended for the residents of the surrounding neighborhood. They are typically designed to give residents, especially families with young children, open recreation space within walking distance of their homes.
A Town Green is a Park that serves as a common area for civic gatherings, public celebrations, and community events. They are often located in the center of a municipality, adjacent to a City or Town Hall, and they are common sites for farmers markets, concerts, and similar gatherings. A City Square is an urban alternative to a Town Green and fulfills a similar purpose in a less natural setting.
An Athletic Park consists of fields and facilities necessary for recreational and competitive sports. An Athletic Park may be designated for a single sport or activity, or it may be a complex of facilities that serves as a hub for athletic activities in a locality or region. Athletic Parks can range from a single little league baseball field with a gravel parking lot to a large regional complex with a full array of amenities including locker rooms, training facilities, concession stands, field lighting, stadium seating, and press boxes.
A National or State Park is an area set aside for conservation by the federal government or a state government due to its environmental, historical, or cultural significance. National and State Parks also serve as tourist destinations and recreational areas. National Parks are managed by the U.S. National Parks Service, while State Parks are usually managed by a state's Department of Conservation or Department of Environmental Protection.
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Context. The submillimeter spectral domain has been extensively explored by the Herschel and Planck satellites and is now reachable from the ground with ALMA. A wealth of data, revealing cold dust thermal emission, is available for astronomical environments ranging from interstellar clouds, cold clumps, circumstellar envelops, and protoplanetary disks. The interpretation of these observations relies on the understanding and modeling of cold dust emission and on the knowledge of the dust optical properties.
Aims. The aim of this work is to provide astronomers with a set of spectroscopic data of realistic interstellar dust analogues that can be used to interpret the observations. It pursues the experimental effort aimed at characterizing the spectroscopic properties of interstellar dust analogues at low temperature in the mid-infrared (MIR) to millimeter spectral domain. Compared to previous studies, it extends the range of studied dust analogues in terms of composition and of structure of the material.
Methods. Glassy silicates of mean composition (1−x)MgO – xSiO2 with x = 0.35 (close to forsterite, Mg2SiO4), 0.50 (close to enstatite, MgSiO3) and 0.40 (close to Mg1.5SiO3.5 or MgSiO3:Mg2SiO4 = 50:50) were synthesized. The mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the samples was measured in the spectral domain 30–1000 μm for grain temperature in the range 300–10 K and at room temperature in the 5–40 μm domain.
Results. We find that the MAC of all samples varies with the grains temperature and that its spectral shape cannot be approximated by a single power law in λ− β. In the FIR/submm, and above 30 K, the MAC value at a given wavelength increases with the temperature as thermally activated absorption processes appear. The studied materials exhibit different and complex behaviors at long wavelengths (λ ≥ 200 to 700 μm depending on the samples). These behaviors are attributed to the amorphous nature of dust and to the amount and nature of the defects within this amorphous structure. We do not observe MAC variations in the 10–30 K range. Above 20 μm, the measured MAC are much higher than the MAC calculated from interstellar silicate dust models indicating that the analogues measured in this study are more emissive than the silicates in cosmic dust models.
Conclusions. The underestimated value of the MAC deduced from cosmic dust models in the FIR/submm has important astrophysical implications because masses are overestimated by the models. Moreover, constraints on elemental abundance of heavy elements in cosmic dust models are relaxed.
In astrophysical observations, the far-infrared (FIR) and submillimeter (submm) emission (~100 μm–2 mm) is shown to be dominated by a component from big nanograins (BG) with radius in the range ~10–15 nm to ~100–400 nm, big enough to radiate at thermal equilibrium with the surrounding radiation field. Assuming optically thin emission which is often a valid hypothesis in the FIR-submm domain, the dust spectral energy distribution (SED) observed through a few broadband filters appears to be coherent with the following modified blackbody (MBB) emission law: (1)where τλ is the dust optical depth, and Bλ(Tdust) is the Planck blackbody emission law at the dust color temperature Tdust, Md is the dust mass along the line of sight, d the distance of the source, Ω the beam solid angle and κλ the mass absorption coefficient of the dust along the line of sight (MAC, cm2 g-1). κλ is a fundamental quantity which contains all the information on dust: its composition and structure (amorphous or crystalline, porosity, coagulation), its size distribution and the way it interacts with light. Simple semi-classical physical models for bulk material provide, in the FIR/submm domain, a temperature independent asymptotic behavior for the dust emissivity which is widely used in astronomical modeling and is expressed as follows: (2)where the spectral index β has a constant value (i.e. temperature and wavelength independent value) that ranges from one to two. The value β = 2 is commonly adopted because it is the asymptotic value toward long wavelengths of the two most simple models for dust absorption in the FIR-submm: the Lorentz oscillator model for absorption in crystals and the Debye model (with a constant optical coupling coefficient) for absorption in 3 dimensional amorphous structures (Henning & Mutschke 1997).
Historically, the first observations by the ballon-borne missions PRONOAS and Archeops in the FIR/submm wavelength range, revealed an unexpected result: an anticorrelation between the observed spectral index βobs and the temperature Tdust (Dupac et al. 2003; Désert et al. 2008). More recently, the observations carried out by the Herschel (160–550 μm) and Planck missions (160 μm–3 mm for the HFI instrument) have greatly increased the number and precision of available data. Combined with the FIRAS 100 μm band, these observations allow astronomers to build SED from the FIR to the millimeter range with unprecedented sensitivity, spectral resolution for Herschel observations and over the whole sky with the Planck mission. In all these observations, the βobs−Tobs anti-correlation is observed (Planck Collaboration XXV 2011; Planck Collaboration XXIII 2011; Planck Collaboration XI 2014; Planck Collaboration Int. XVII 2014; Malinen et al. 2014; Juvela et al. 2015). Depending on the environments, this β−T anti-correlation is observed on a temperature range of 10 to 30 K, up to 60 K if hotter clouds are considered. Meanwhile, many studies have been conducted to determine all possible causes for the variation of βobs with Tobs: the effect of noise in the data and of the choice of the method used to fit the observations (Shetty et al. 2009; Juvela & Ysard 2012a; Juvela et al. 2013); the effect of specific distributions of density and temperature profiles of interstellar grains along the line of sight (Malinen et al. 2011; Juvela & Ysard 2012b; Pagani et al. 2015); the intrinsic properties of grains (Meny et al. 2007; Köhler et al. 2012; Paradis et al. 2011; Jones 2012a,b; Jones et al. 2013).
The dust spectral index and temperature are statisticallyanticorrelated, as discussed previously in this introduction.
The spectral index value βobs and the mass absorption coefficient κλ0 evolve in the different phases of the interstellar medium (ISM) (from diffuse to dense media, from HI regions to cold molecular clouds, with metallicity). At the Galactic scale, Paradis et al. (2012) observe in Herschel data that the submm excess (or lowering of the spectral index) increases with the Galactic longitude. In extragalactic environments, the Large and especially the Small Magellanic clouds (respectively LMC and SMC) have a pronounced FIR and submm excess compared to the Milky Way (Galliano et al. 2011; Bot et al. 2010). It is also observed that the FIR-submm emissivity, normalized to the visible or the near-infrared extinction, increases by a factor greater than 3 and that the temperature decreases by 10–20%, from diffuse medium to denser ISM (Stepnik et al. 2003; Köhler et al. 2012). More recently, Paradis et al. (2014), using 70–500 μm Herschel data combined with 1.1 mm Bolocam data, show that the FIR-submm emission in ultra-compact HII regions and in cold molecular clumps are characterized by two different spectral index values.
The dust spectral index varies with wavelength. This observational fact has been often recognized and is referred to as submm flattening of the SED or submm excess. It has been at the origin of two interpretations: (i) the Finkbeiner two big grain components model, in which each component gives rise to a FIR emission following Eqs. (1) and (2), the coldest component achieving the submm excess (Finkbeiner et al. 1999; Meisner & Finkbeiner 2015); (ii) the TLS model in which the variation of the spectral index (with wavelength and temperature) is linked to intrinsic properties of the amorphous state of only one interstellar dust component (Meny et al. 2007; Paradis et al. 2011). The TLS model successfully reproduces the dust emission in ultra-compact HII regions and cold molecular clumps with the same dust component in both types of environment without the need to consider two different dust components associated with each environment (and characterized by different spectral index values) as is the case in the MBB emission model (Paradis et al. 2014). An analysis of the outer Galactic plane using DIRBE, Archeops and WMAP data reveals as a general phenomenon a change in the emissivity around λ = 600μm in the SED, with an emission steeper in the FIR than in the submm and mm, both in molecular clouds and atomic phases (Paradis et al. 2009). Such wavelength dependence of the spectral index is also well demonstrated by the study of Juvela et al. (2015) who determine reliable estimates of the mean spectral index (using the MBB model) in 116 cold cores selected from the Planck Cold Clump Catalogue C3PO and mapped with Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments. Using different combinations of photometric data, Juvela et al. (2015) showed that the best fit to the observations are obtained with two components. In the absence of knowledge of the wavelength dependence of the spectral index, they adopted a wavelength threshold value of λ = 700μm, and determined a millimetric spectral index close to the value observed by Planck in the diffuse medium ( , Planck Collaboration Int. XVII 2014), and a FIR spectral index . Using only Herschel data the authors found that many individual cold clumps give values up to , and pointed out that temperature gradients in optically thick sources can only decrease the FIR spectral index value and that in consequence the FIR spectral index value may even be steeper in the limited wavelength range covered by Herschel.
From the modeling point of view, dust models aim to reproduce astrophysical observables (extinction, emission, MIR bands, polarization, etc.) over the widest spectral range (from far-ultraviolet, FUV, to the millimeter range). They should be able to propose a coherent scenario of the evolution of dust properties (composition, structure, and coagulation, amongst others) through various environments (diffuse ISM, molecular clouds, PDRs and HII regions, different metallicities, etc.) and be consistent with the expected ISM abundance of the elements in the various environments. All dust models (see for example Compiègne et al. 2011; Jones et al. 2013; Draine & Li 2007) consider at least two dust components: a component of very small grains (VSG) with grain radius a ≤10–15 nm, and a big grain (BG) component. The VSG component is dominated by carbon grains (either graphite or amorphous carbon more or less hydrogenated, denominated hereafter as a-C(:H)), transiently heated by the ISRF and dominating the near and mid-infrared with a residual tail in the FIR-submm. The BG component drives the FIR-submm emission. Although silicates dominate the BG component in terms of mass, some mixing with the carbonaceous phase is expected, and thus the FIR-submm SEDs reflect optical properties of both the silicate and carbonaceous phases. According to recent dust models such mixing could occur, either by introducing a complementary component of pure a-C(:H) big grains, or by accretion of mantles or aggregation processes inside or between the a-Sil and a-C(:H) phases (Jones et al. 2013). In that case, κλ in Eq. (1) is thus averaged over the two BG components.
The interpretation of the well established observational facts in the FIR-submm described above, requires detailed knowledge of the various expected silicate and carbonaceous components of the ISM. Furthermore, the robustness of dust models relies on accurate knowledge of the optical properties of those components over the whole FUV-mm wavelength range. These optical properties have to be determined from relevant combinations of laboratory measurements performed on well characterized (e.g. stoichiometry, atomic-structure and grain sizes) interstellar dust analogues (silicates, carbonaceous compounds, ices) or pure elements or compounds (graphite, Fe, Mg, FeS, MgO, ...), from physical models of interaction between the solid-state and electromagnetic waves, and from astrophysical observational constrains.
Within this context, this work presents a new experimental study of silicate dust analogues. We have measured the MAC of magnesium rich glassy silicate grains with composition of enstatite (MgSiO3), of composition close to forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and a non-stoichiometric composition (MgSiO3:Mg2SiO4 = 50:50) in the 5 μm–1 mm spectral domain and for grain temperature varying from room temperature to 10 K. This study extends our work on magnesium rich amorphous silicates synthesized by solgel methods, but for which spectroscopic measurements were limited to wavelengths longer than 100 μm (Coupeaud et al. 2011). Boudet et al. (2005) also measured the MAC of glassy and solgel silicates in the wavelength range 100 μm–1 mm while Mennella et al. (1998) measured iron rich amorphous silicates in the range 20 μm–2 mm. All these studies show that the MAC of dust grains varies with temperature: at a given wavelength the MAC decreases as T decreases. This decrease of the MAC is more pronounced at long wavelengths and consequently the wavelength dependence of the MAC can no longer be described by an asymptotic power law with a single spectral index, as assumed in dust models.
This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the studied dust analogues (synthesis and characterization), the experimental setups used for the measurements, the sample preparation and the data reduction performed to reconstruct the MAC. The MAC measurements of each samples are presented in Sect. 3. They are compared with previous experimental data in Sect. 4 and with astronomical dust models in Sect. 5 which also discuss the astrophysical implications of these new measurements.
The studied samples are Mg-rich silicate glasses synthesized by two different methods. The first method is described in details in Kalampounias et al. (2009). Briefly, it consists in putting a sintered mixture of the oxides having the desired stoichiometry in a controlled Ar gas flow jet and using a CO2 laser for heating and melting. The heating of the levitated sample must be controlled to avoid overheating. The sample is melted for less than 5 s and when the laser is shut down amorphous spherical samples of ~1–1.5 mm diameter, colorless and transparent, are produced. In the second method, appropriate proportions of silicon dioxide and magnesium carbonate powders is heated together in a platinum crucible in air at 1600 °C for approximately 30 min. The liquid is quenched to glass by dipping the bottom of crucible in water. This glass was then crushed and remelted at the same conditions to ensure homogeneity. The four samples studied in this work have mean compositions of (1−x)MgO-(x)SiO2 with x = 0.35, 0.40, 0.50. The mean composition x = 0.35 is close to forsterite (Mg2SiO4, i.e. x = 33.3), while x = 0.50 is close to a mean composition of enstatite (MgSiO3) and x = 0.40 to an intermediate composition in between MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4. Three samples were synthesized with the first method: X35, X40 and X50A, corresponding to x = 0.35, 0.40 and 0.50 respectively and one sample synthesized with the second method: X50B, corresponding to x = 0.50. The X50A and X50B samples have the same stoichiometry but they were synthesized by two different methods. Both have been studied to verify that synthesis technique does not influence microscopic structure.
The structural and chemical local order within the network in silicate glasses may be characterized by the amount of Qi species, with i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 designating the number of bridging oxygens around a given silicon atom. The Qi value can be derived from Raman or 29Si and 25Mg MAS NMR spectroscopic studies. Q0 species correspond to isolated tetrahedra, SiO , Q1 species to dimers Si2O , and Q2 species to chains. A glass made of Q3 and Q4 species is highly interconnected and may have diverse 3-dimensional structures (see Fig. 5 in Kalampounias et al. 2009). Sen et al. (2009) have determined the relative proportion of Qi species in 9 glasses from a series of (MgO)y(SiO2)100−y glasses with y in the range 50–66.7 (y = 50, 60, 66.7 correspond to x = 0.5, 0.40, 0.33 in the notation adopted here). The samples X35, X40 and X50A were synthesized by the same team using the same technique as the study of Sen et al. (2009) allowing direct comparison of the results presented here with those of Sen et al. (2009). From a structural point of view the studied samples mainly differ by their degree of polymerization, i.e, their amount of shared SiO tetrahedra. Sen et al. (2009) find that the X50A sample contains Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 species in respective proportions of 25.0, 42.0, 25.7 and 7.3%, whereas the X40 samples contains Q0, Q1 and Q2 species in respective proportions of 27.5, 58.0 and 14.5% while the X35 sample contains only Q0 and Q1 species in respective proportions of about 50–60 and 50–40%. As expected, the X35 sample close to the forsterite composition, is less polymerized than the X50A sample, of enstatite composition, the X40 being intermediate.
The MAC of the samples were recorded on the ESPOIRS setup at IRAP (Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie) and on the AILES (Advanced Infrared Line Exploited for Spectroscopy) beam line at the synchrotron SOLEIL (Brubach et al. 2010). The ESPOIRS setup consists in a Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectrometer (Bruker Vertex 70V) coupled with a closed cycle optical cryostat (QMC Instruments) allowing to cool down the samples from 300 K to 10 K. Thanks to the combination of various sources (Globar, Hg and tungsten lamps), beam splitters (CaF2, CsI, Si) and detectors (InGasAs, DLaTGS, closed cycle He cooled transition edge superconducting bolometer from QMC Instruments) the spectrometer covers the spectral domain from 0.7 μm to 1 mm. The sample cryostat contains a rotating wheel on which six samples may be mounted and measured without having to break the vacuum. At SOLEIL, the experimental setup of the AILES beam line is composed of a Bruker FTIR 125V spectrometer equipped with a Mylar 125 μm beamsplitter, a 1.6 K Si bolometer and a closed-cycle sample cryostat (300–10 K). The synchrotron radiation is much brighter than internal light sources and thus allows to obtain more reliable spectra in the 700–1000 μm range than internal sources. Measurements at wavelengths greater than 400 μm up to 1mm and more were performed at SOLEIL which allowed a good overlap of the two sets of measurements. For λ ≤ 40 μm the measurements were performed at room temperature and for λ ≥ 30 μm they were performed at 300 K, 200 K, 100 K, 30 K, and 10 K.
The X35, X40 and X50A samples obtained by levitation and CO2 laser melting are spheres of diameter of ~1 mm, the X50B sample is bulk transparent material. The four samples were ground by hand in an agate mortar until (sub)micronic sizes are reached. For the transmission measurements, the samples are prepared in the form of pellets. For the MIR domain (2–40 μm), ~0.5–1.0 mg of sample were mixed with 300 mg of KBr or CsI (Aldrich) for several minutes in an agate mortar and pressed under ten tons for five minutes to produce a 13 mm diameter pellet. For measurements above 40 μm, KBr and CsI are not transparent and are replaced by polyethylene (PE, Thermo Fisher Scientific). The PE and sample mixture were heated on a heating plate up to 130 °C (measured on top of the dye) for five minutes before pressing under ten tons for five minutes to produce a 13 mm diameter pellet. Because the MAC of the samples decreases at long wavelengths, several pellets with an increasing mass of samples were used. Typically, pellets containing 5, 20, 40, 80 and 170 mg of samples and 300 mg of PE were retained.
The MAC of the pellet (sample and matrix), κpellet (cm2 g-1), is related to the transmittance spectrum as follows (e.g. Bohren & Huffman 1998): (3)where S is the pellet area (cm2), m the sample mass in the pellet (g) and T the transmittance spectrum. The MAC of the grains, κ, is deduced from the MAC of the pellet by the following relation (Eq. (6) from Mennella et al. 1998): (4)where f is the volume filling factor of the grains within the matrix (f never exceeds 0.15 for all the pellets) and g(ϵ,f) is the finite concentration reduction factor. g(ϵ,f) is calculated using the formula given by Mennella et al. (1998) and using their value for the dielectric function of the host medium (PE) and for the grain material. This calculation revealed that g(ϵ,f) is always greater than 0.88. The transmittance corrected for reflexion loss, Tcorr, is calculated using the formula: Tcorr = Tmeasured/ (1−R)2 with R, the reflectance of the pellet, expressed as R = (1−neff)2/ (1 + neff)2. The effective refractive index of the pellet, neff, is related to the average dielectric function of the pellet, ϵeff, by the formula . The correction factor for reflexion loss, (1−R)2, is larger than 0.9 for all the pellets. Such correction is based on the assumption that the grains are spherical. However this is not the case even though SEM images show that the grains have a spheroidal shape close to a sphere. To correct for the shape effect one has to make an assumption on the grain shape distribution and to model the resulting MAC spectrum from the optical constants of some material close to the studied one. The drawback of such an approach is that the correction factor will be dependent on the shape distribution and on the optical constants chosen and we have not applied it here. It has been estimated in Mennella et al. (1998) to be 1.35 for the amorphous fayalite samples.
The overall MAC curve is built from the transmittances of pellets having different masses. Before extracting their respective response we suppress from the transmittance curves the fringes due to internal reflexions between the two internal faces of the pellet and to the fact that the blank and sample pellets do not have the same exact thickness. The procedure to suppress the fringes is similar to that used in Coupeaud et al. (2011). The resulting transmittances are then converted to MAC and the different MAC are joined together by averaging the spectra in the overlapping regions.
The uncertainty on the MAC has two origins. The first is the uncertainty on the transmittance due the spectrometer thermal stability (ΔMACstab = (δT/T) × S/m). It is estimated to be δT/T ~ 2.5% above 40 cm-1 and δT/T ~ 5% below. The second is the uncertainty on the mass of sample contained in the pellet, ΔMACm = MAC(λ) × δm/m. It becomes important in the MIR since the amount of sample is very low, typically less than 1 mg and the precision of the weighing scale is δm ≃ 0.1 mg. The error on the MAC is thus the quadratic sum of these two uncertainties. To estimate the total error on the measured kappa over the entire spectral range we have taken the highest uncertainty on the mass and on the spectrometer stability and applied it to the whole spectral range.
The absolute value of the MAC was set in the spectral range where the error on the mass is minimized while the dilution factor of the sample in the pellet is high enough to prevent any significant inhomogeneity in the pellet. This corresponds to pellets containing about 2–5 mg of sample and a spectral region in the 40–50 μm range.
Mass absorption coefficient of the samples X35, X40, X50A and X50B at room temperature in the MIR. The band labeled with the asterisk is not associated with the samples and is due to the PE matrix.
Mass absorption coefficient of the samples X35 (upper left panel), X40 (upper right panel), X50A (lower left panel) and X50B (lower right panel). For each sample we show the spectra measured for a grain temperature of 300 K (red), 200 K (orange), 100 K (green) and at 10 K (blue). The shaded area represents the uncertainty on the experimental data (see Sect. 2.3). The sharp band at 7.2 μm is not associated with the samples and is due to the PE matrix.
In the MIR domain, the spectra show the two vibrational bands characteristic of amorphous silicates: the stretching mode of the Si-O bond at ~10 μm and the bending mode of the O-Si-O bond at ~19 μm (Fig. 1). The broadness and the absence of structure of the bands confirm the amorphous state of all four samples. The peak position of the stretching band shifts toward long wavelengths from the X50A and X50B samples (9.87 μm) to the X40 and X35 samples (10.10 μm and 10.34 μm, respectively). In addition, the stretching band of the X40 and X35 samples exhibits a shoulder at respectively 11.68 μm and 11.93 μm, that is not observed in the two X50 samples. The bending mode peaks at 19.42 μm for X50A and X50B samples whereas it shows two peaks for the X40 and X35 samples: the first one at 18.55 μm and the second one at 24.39 μm, the latter being more pronounced in the spectrum of the X35 sample than in the one of the X40 sample.The position and width of the vibrational bands depend on the polymerization of the SiO4 tetrahedra within the sample which is related to the metal/Si ratio and to NBO/T, the average number of non bridging oxygen in each SiO4 tetrahedra. The sample X35 containing the most MgO is the least polymerized sample whereas the samples X50 containing the least MgO are the most polymerized. Such a shift of the stretching mode toward long wavelengths with increasing content of MgO and the opposite behavior for the bending mode is in agreement with previous studies (Jäger et al. 2003; McMillan 1984). Hofmeister (1987) attributes a peak at 410 cm-1 (24.39 μm) to rotation modes of the SiO4 tetrahedra in crystalline forsterite. This assignment is compatible with our results for glassy samples and the fact that this band is not observed in the X50 samples which contains no Q0 species (isolated tetrahedra, SiO ). The X50A and X50B samples have very similar MIR spectra as expected since they have the same stoichiometry but this also seems to show that they also have similar structural states. We note that the polymerization of the samples also has an impact on the FIR MAC as proposed by Coupeaud et al. (2011; see Sect. 5).
Figure 2 presents the MAC of the studied samples in the whole spectral range measured and at 10, 100, 200 and 300 K. The MAC measured at 30 K is similar to that at 10 K. In the FIR, all the spectra show the now well-known temperature dependence characteristic of amorphous materials; (i) the MAC decreases with decreasing grain temperature; (ii) consequently the spectral index (defined as the local slope of the spectrum) varies with the temperature: (iii) at a given wavelength, it increases when the temperature decreases. This is evident in Fig. 3 which shows the value of β calculated at each wavelength. This temperature effect is observed when the temperature difference between the measurements is high enough, that is, for the spectra measured at 300, 200, 100 and 10 K. However we observe no temperature variation of the MAC between 10 K and 30 K in the studied spectral range. The MAC variations with the temperature are more pronounced at long wavelengths. They become detectable above different wavelengths according to the samples: from ~300 μm for the X35 sample up to 500 μm for the X40 and X50B samples (Fig. 2). Below these wavelengths, the MAC is more or less invariable from room temperature to 10 K. In addition, for each sample, the wavelength at which these variations are detectable, that is, the wavelength at which the temperature activated absorption appears, depends on the grain temperature: it decreases with increasing temperature of the sample. In addition, to the T−β anticorrelation, Fig. 3 also illustrates the wavelength dependence of the MAC of the samples. It is clear from Fig. 3 that the measured MAC cannot be fitted with a power law and a single spectral index over the whole spectral range and in particular above 100 μm, in the spectral domain where the MBB models is usually adopted in astronomical studies.
Spectral index as a function of the wavelength for the studied samples: X35 (upper left panel), X40 (upper right panel), X50A (lower left panel) and X50B (lower right panel). For each sample, the spectral index is displayed for different temperatures: 300 K (red), 100 K (green) ans 10 K (blue). The value of the spectral index was derived from a 6th order polynomial fit of the measured MAC.
The MAC of the four samples are compared at 10 K and 300 K in Fig. 4. Up to 100 μm, all MAC are similar, as can be seen in Fig. 1. Above 100 μm, the MAC of the four samples present different spectral shapes and the differences are more pronounced at 10 K than at 300 K. The X35 sample is the least absorbent whereas the X40 sample is the most absorbent. The two X50 samples have very similar spectra up to 300 μm at 300 K and up to 200 μm at 10 K but are different at longer wavelengths. In the FIR, as in the MIR, the spectrum of amorphous silicates depends on the structural state of the material. However it is also affected by the presence of defects in the material. Hence, these differences might come from the fact that the X50A and X50B samples, being synthesized using different methods, do not contain the same distribution of defects or the same type of defects.
Mass absorption coefficient of the samples X35, X40, X50A and X50B at room temperature (left panel) and at 10 K (right panel). The sharp band at 7.2 μm is not associated with the samples and is due to the PE matrix.
As suggested, for a given composition, the structure at nanometer scale of the produced analogues depends on the methods used for the synthesis. In that sense, each sample is unique and has a structure different from the others. Glassy materials produced by quenching of high temperature liquids have a higher degree of polymerization of the silicates network than materials produced via solgel methods. Solgel samples are characterized by their water content (which can be high) and by their significant porosity due to a large amount of defects in their structure. They thus have higher specific surface and contain a lot of dangling bonds. On the contrary, quenched glasses contain almost no water, have fewer defects and are more compact than solgel samples. All these structural differences may impact the spectral properties of the material. We must use caution when relating the spectroscopic and physical properties of a given material. There are several reasons for this. During the synthesis process it is difficult to precisely control the stoichiometric homogeneity at nm-scale, the porosity and defects present in the sample. In addition these quantities are difficult to measure.
Despite the differences of the dust analogues retained in previous studies (Mennella et al. 1998; Boudet et al. 2005; Coupeaud et al. 2011) and in the present one, the spectroscopic properties and temperature dependent behavior of all these analogues remain qualitatively similar: the MAC value is correlated with the dust temperature and has a complex spectral shape differing from a simple asymptotic behavior in λ-2. At the same time, because of these differences between the samples in terms of internal structure, composition, porosity, homogeneity, the shape of the MAC in the FIR varies. Consequently, the MAC value at a given wavelength of all samples from this study and from previous studies spans a large range of values (see Table 1 for the MAC value of the samples studied here and Table 1 from Demyk et al. 2013, for previous studies at 1 mm). It must be noted that the MAC in Boudet et al. (2005) has been corrected for grain shape effect whereas in Coupeaud et al. (2011) and Mennella et al. (1998) and in the present study this correction was not applied (see Sect. 2.3). This partly explains why the MAC value are smaller in Boudet’s study, together with the effect of differences in the samples in terms of composition and structure. At 100 μm, the MAC values of all the samples from this study and from previous work are similar at 300 and 10 K (50–300 cm2 g-1 at 300 K and 40–260 cm2 g-1 at 10 K). At 500 μm, the MAC is greater at 300 K than at 10 K (2–20 cm2 g-1 at 300 K and 0.7–13 cm2 g-1 at 10 K). This is also the case at 1 mm where the MAC is in the range 0.1–11 cm2 g-1 at 300 K and 0.12–7 cm2 g-1 at 10 K. We note that for each sample the MAC at 300 K is always greater than at 10 K. Furthermore, the fact that the range of values of the MAC at 300 K and 10 K overlaps results from the dispersion of the measured spectra. This diversity of the MAC value and spectral shape that vary as a function of the materials studied can be problematic for astrophysical applications since one has to decide what analog is the most relevant and should be used in the modeling. This is considered in more detail in Sect. 5.
Value of the MAC of the glassy samples X35, X40, X50A and X50B.
The comparison of the four samples at 300 K and 10 K (Fig. 4) shows that, above 100 μm and at any temperature, the MAC are very different from one sample to the other. In their study of solgel Mg-rich silicates dust analogues, Coupeaud et al. (2011) propose that the spectral shape of the MAC depends primarily on the cation/Si ratio and that the temperature variations of the MAC may be related to the connectivity of the SiO tetrahedra. From the values of the ratio of the MAC at high temperature (300 K, 200 K, 100 K) to the MAC at low temperature (10 K), we find that the amplitude of the variation of the MAC with temperature increases from the most polymerized samples (X50A and X50B) to the least polymerized sample (X35). In the wavelength range 800–1000 μm, the MAC of the X35 sample (which contains only isolated SiO tetrahedra and bridged Si2O dimeric structures, see Sect. 2.1), varies by a factor three to four from 10 K to 200 K as compared to a factor 1.3 to 1.6 for the X40 sample (which contains isolated tetrahedra, dimers and chains), and from 1 to 1. 4 for the two X50 A and X50B samples (which contain mainly chains and three-dimensional structures). These results are consistent with the interpretation that the temperature-activated processes responsible for the MAC variations are linked to the structural state of the material (Meny et al. 2007). The connectivity or polymerization of the SiO tetrahedra, estimated by the population of Qi, seems to be the most appropriate parameter for describing the material structural state.
Comparison of the measured MAC of the samples X50A, X50B, X40, X35 at 10 K with the MAC calculated from cosmic dust models using Mie Theory for spherical grain of 0.1 μm size: “astrosilicates” from (Li & Draine 2001) (red curve) and the two silicates from the “Themis” dust model (Jones et al. 2013): amorphous enstatite (green curve) and amorphous forsterite (cyan curve).
In order to compare the measured MAC with cosmic dust models we have calculated the MAC of their silicate component either using Mie theory for spherical grains or using the DDA code DDSCAT 7.3 developed by Draine & Flatau (2013) for prolate grains (with an axis ratio of two). We calculated the MAC for different cases: for a spherical grain of 0.1 μm diameter, typical of interstellar silicate size; for two populations of grains characterized by a log-normal distribution of size with a mean size of 1 μm (to represent the grain size distribution of the studied samples) and for two different grain shapes, spherical grains and prolate grains with an axis ratio of 2; and for a continuous distribution of ellipsoids (CDE model which assumes that all ellipsoidal shapes are equiprobable, Bohren & Huffman 1998). For comparison of the MAC intensity, it is best to compare with the MAC modeled for a distribution of ellipsoids as it is the closest to the experimental grains distribution within the pellets.
Figure 5 shows the comparison between the MAC of the measured samples and the MAC of silicates from astronomical dust models: the “astrosilicates” from Li & Draine (2001) and the silicates from the “Themis” model (Jones et al. 2013). In the MIR range (2.8–17.5 μm), the “Themis” model is based on the laboratory work from Scott & Duley (1996), that is, on amorphous enstatite (MgSiO3) and forsterite (Mg2SiO4) produced by laser ablation. The optical constants of the “astrosilicates” are constructed from observations of dust emission in the Trapezium region for the 9.7 μm band and from dust emission from circumstellar dust shells around O-rich stars as well as from dust absorption toward the Galactic Center for the 18 μm band (Draine & Lee 1984). In the MIR domain, up to ~20 μm the laboratory spectra and the “Themis” modeled spectra agree reasonably well in terms of band shape and MAC value, even though differences are expected since the samples on which the “Themis” model is based are different from the four glassy samples. The comparison with the “astrosilicates” shows that the stretching mode at ~9.7 μm of the “astrosilicates” is broader and more intense than the one of the studied analogues, independently of assume grain size and shape distribution adopted for the model. Because the “astrosilicates” are constructed from astrophysical observations, these differences cannot be discussed in terms of material properties. They may be explained by the fact that additional silicate components are needed to reproduce the line of sight from which the “astrosilicates” are constructed. It is known that the observed MIR silicate bands vary with the environments and that no unique silicates, from laboratory data or derived from observations, can reproduce the MIR silicate bands in all astrophysical environments (see Fogerty et al. 2016, and reference therein). It is thus important to emphasize that the observed spectral differences in the MIR do not question the relevance of the studied analogues.
At longer wavelengths and in the temperature range of astrophysical interest 10–30 K (where T-independent processes fully dominate the absorption) the laboratory spectra and the modeled ones are very different. The measured MAC for the X40, X50A and X50B samples are much higher than the modeled MAC in the whole spectral range. This is also true for the X35 sample for λ ≤ 700μm but for λ ≥ 700μm the measured MAC is similar to the modeled one. The increase of the measured MAC with respect to the MAC modeled for spherical grains can be calculated at some specific wavelengths from Table 1 (as well as for other shapes and size distributions). The X40 sample, the most absorbent, is 4 times more absorbent at 100 μm than the models and about 10 to 17 times at longer wavelengths. The two X50 samples are 3 to 7 times more absorbent than the models over the entire spectral range. For the X35 sample the MAC is 1 to 3 times more absorbent in the 100–600 μm range and becomes as absorbent or even less absorbent at longer wavelengths. At wavelengths greater that 20 μm, the “astrosilicates” and the “Themis” silicates are not based on experimental measurements or on observations but on the extrapolation of the optical constants derived in the MIR. The differences between the measured MAC and the MAC from cosmic dust thus do not reflect differences in terms of material but rather in terms of theory of the absorption processes (see Sect. 5.2).
As highlighted in Sect. 4 and as seen in Fig. 5, the diversity of the MAC from one sample to another raises the question of the relevant dust analogues to be used in astronomical models. To investigate this question it is interesting to consider what we can learn from the many (about one thousand) presolar silicate grains that have been identified (Nguyen et al. 2016, and references therein). The detailed study, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), of these presolar silicates grains shows that they have a wide range of microstructure, shape and composition. They are mostly amorphous and often non-stoichiometric with sometimes internal nm-scale compositional variations (Nguyen et al. 2016). Bose et al. (2012) found in the CO3 chondrite ALHA 77307 many presolar grains having intermediate stoichiometry between olivine-like and pyroxene-like material (see their Fig. 6), similar to the X40 sample. These presolar grains come from AGB circumstellar envelops, supernovae, novae: they are the interstellar grains that emit in the FIR/submm domain. Ideally, this diversity of composition should be taken into account in interstellar dust models and the silicate component of these models should be built from various dust analogues, including non-stoichiometric analogues, for example by averaging their optical constants or MAC.
Mass absorption coefficient averaged on the four samples X35, X40, X50A and X50B for a grain temperature of 300 K (red), 200 K (orange), 100 K (green) and at 10 K (blue). The shaded area represents the uncertainty on the experimental data (see text).
We have calculated the average MAC, ⟨MAC1⟩, from the four samples X35, X40 and X50A and X50B by simply adding the four spectra and dividing the sum by four (Fig. 6). Such an averaged MAC has a Mg/Si ratio of 1.18, very close to the one given by the cosmic elemental abundance of magnesium and silicon which is in the range 1–1.15 depending on the adopted reference (Jenkins 2009; Przybilla et al. 2008). The resulting averaged MAC presents the same characteristics as each individual sample: variation of the MAC spectral shape and intensity with the temperature. However, as expected, the amplitude of these variations are lower than those of each sample taken individually. In addition the spectral shape of ⟨MAC1⟩ is smoothed by the average and the β(λ) value varies on a narrower range than for each sample (Fig. 7). At 300 K, the ⟨MAC1⟩ curve is well approximated by a single power law λ− β with β = 1.6 for λ ≥ 100μm whereas at 10 K, two power laws are needed with β = 1.8 for 150 μm ≤ λ ≤ 500μm and β = 2.2 for λ ≥ 500μm. If we calculate the average in terms of composition – taking the average of the X50A and X50B sample for the MgSiO3 pole – the results are close to ⟨MAC1⟩ because the sample X40, much more absorbent than the others, dominates the average MAC. On the contrary, if we do not consider the X40 sample and averages the samples X35 and the mean of the two X50A and X50B (Mg/Si = 1.12, ⟨MAC2⟩), the results are different. In this case at least four power laws are needed to reproduced the averaged MAC (β = 1.8, 2.4, 2.3, 1.6 in the spectral ranges 100–180 μm, 180–500 μm, 500–800 μm and 800–1000 μm, respectively).
Figure 8 shows that the averaged MAC, ⟨MAC1⟩, is much more absorbing than the MAC from cosmic dust models. The comparison of the MAC of cosmic dust models with ⟨MAC1⟩ shows that at λ = 100μm the measured MAC is 3.4 times larger than the dust model calculated for a size distribution centered at 1 μm of prolate grains (Table 1). At λ = 1 mm ⟨MAC1⟩ is 4.6 times larger than the cosmic silicates dust models for grain temperature of 10 K. The comparison with the CDE model leads to a factor of 2.3 and 2.7 respectively at 100 μm and 1 mm for ⟨MAC1⟩ measured at 10 K. If one compares with ⟨MAC2⟩, then, at 10 K, ⟨MAC2⟩ is higher than the modeled one by a factor of 3.5 at 100 μm and by a factor of 2.5 at 1 mm.
Spectral index as a function of the wavelength for the MAC average over the four studied samples, ⟨MAC1⟩. The value of the spectral index was derived from a 6th order polynomial fit of the measured MAC. It is displayed for different temperatures: 300 K (red), 100 K (green) ans 10 K (blue).
Comparison of averaged experimental mass absorption coefficients with the MAC calculated from cosmic dust model. The solid line curves with the uncertainty represent the MAC averaged on the four samples X35, X40, X50A and X50B: (red) MAC at 300 K, (blue) MAC at 10 K. The MAC of the “astrosilicates” from (Li & Draine 2001) are calculated using Mie Theory for a 0.1 μm size grain (black), for a log-normal grain size distribution with a mean diameter of 1 μm for spherical grains (magenta) and for prolate grains (cyan) and for a CDE model (green). See text for more details.
The difference between the MACs calculated from cosmic dust models and from experimental data has important astrophysical implications in terms of mass and temperature determination which needs to be understood. It could arise from experimental artefacts (such as the effect of size distribution, the effect of coagulation within the pellets) or it may be due to absorption processes intrinsic of the material. In the following, we investigate these possibilities.
The measured MACs correspond to a population of grains with a certain shape (not spherical) and size distribution (unknown) and this has to be taken into account when comparing with the MAC calculated from dust models. The typical sizes which can be reached by manually grinding minerals in an agate mortar are around 1 μm, size that was adopted for the mean size for the size distribution. Increasing the grain size broadens the vibrational bands and changes their peak position and relative strength. The stretching and bending modes thus constrain the amount of large grains and the width of the chosen size distribution. However, despite these constraints, the solution is degenerated and several grain size distributions can give a reasonable fit to the experimental spectra in the MIR range. However, none of these size distributions can explain the discrepancy between astronomical dust models and our experimental data for λ ≥ 70μm, although size distribution effects may contribute to the increase of the MAC value and to the broadening of the red wing of the bending O-Si-O vibrational mode in the 20–70 μm range (Fig. 8). This conclusion holds for a distribution of non spherical grains that does not change much the MAC compared with spherical grains, although it slightly increases the MAC at λ ≥ 100μm (Fig. 8).
A second effect is the aggregation of sample grains within the pellets. This phenomenon may occur when preparing the pellets but it is difficult to control during fabrication and impossible to probe afterwards. This effect is in principle taken into account in the data reduction analysis thanks to an Effective Medium Theory approach. The corresponding correction, which applies to the whole spectrum, is small (a factor in the range 0.88–1, see Sect. 2.3). Using more sophisticated modeling approaches like the DDA (Discrete Dipole Approximation) approach, it has been shown that the maximum factor of enhancement due to coagulation should not exceed two, whatever computational method used, and whatever shape, compactness and size of the aggregates are considered (Stognienko et al. 1995; Köhler et al. 2011; Mackowski 2006; Min et al. 2016). Thus, although coagulation may occur within the pellet it cannot explain enhancement factors greater than three as observed nor the different enhancement factor at 1 mm relative to the one at 100 μm. This is because coagulation of grains of identical material does not change the slope of the MAC, meaning that the enhancement factor does not vary with wavelength, in the FIR/submm.
All this indicates that for λ ≥ 100μm our samples are intrinsically more absorbent than the silicates used in cosmic dust models. For λ ≥ 20 μm, both dust models use the Debye model to extrapolate the optical constants of the material. The MAC thus has an asymptotic behavior in λ-2. However, several other absorption processes may occur in the FIR range. In the TLS model, built to explain astronomical observations at λ ≥ 100 μm where the emission of big grains dominates the interstellar radiation field (Meny et al. 2007), two absorption processes are considered, the DCD and the TLS processes. The DCD model (Disorder in Charge Distribution, Schlömann 1964) describes the FIR absorption in a disordered charged distribution simply characterized by the correlation length lc that represents the averaged length over which charge neutrality is broken in the disordered material. Such a model induces a dependence of the MAC in λ-2 in the vicinity of λ> 100μm and an asymptotic behavior in the long wavelength limit in λ-4. It is a temperature-independent absorption. The TLS (Two Level System, Phillips 1987) component of the model describes temperature activated absorption processes which are added to the DCD absorptions. In this model the atomic disordered network is described by an ordered distribution of asymmetric double potential wells (the TLS), each of which can be viewed as two configurations of atoms or groups of atoms. Transitions within each TLS can occur via resonnant or relaxational temperature-dependent processes (see Meny et al. 2007, and reference therein for more details).
In the absence of experimental measurements of the MAC in the wavelength range 25–100 μm in previous studies, the TLS model was simply expected to slightly modify the slope of the FIR/submm MAC of the silicates calculated from astronomical dust models. In particular, the absolute value of the MAC at λ = 100μm was expected to be the same for the amorphous silicates and for the astronomical dust models. However the present measurements show that in the wavelength range from 10 to 100 μm, the MAC is more complex than expected from simple semi-classical models (Lorentz and Debye) or with TLS models.
The larger value and the spectral shape of the experimental MAC may be related to the so-called Boson peak (BP) which appears to be a universal feature of solid state of very different amorphous materials such as oxide glasses, amorphous ices, polymers (Champagnon et al. 2009). The BP has been widely observed in the FIR in Raman spectroscopy (Kojima et al. 2000; Kalampounias et al. 2009), inelastic neutron-scattering spectroscopy (Buchenau et al. 1984; Nakayama 2002), terahertz time-domain (Kojima et al. 2005; Parrott et al. 2010) or a combination of reflection and transmission technics and spectroscopy in the FIR/submm (Schneider et al. 2001; Parrott et al. 2010). However the exact origin and nature of the BP has been the subject of many debates over more than three decades. Several attempts, frequently self-contradictory, have appeared so far for the explanation of the BP in non-crystalline solids. These can be grouped into two main categories. On one side, the BP is considered to arise from localized or quasi-localized modes; the existence of weak interatomic forces into the glass create the so-called soft potential (Klinger 1988; Gurevich et al. 2003). From an other point of view, the BP is a manifestation that the disorder impacts on the vibrational density of states (VDoS) of the corresponding crystalline solid. Depending on the composition of the glass, the BP has been observed in a broad optical wavelength range, extending roughly from λ = 100 to 1000 μm.
Very few physical and analytical models exist that describe BP observations. In the analytical model developed by Gurevich et al. (2003), the BP originates from quasi-local vibrations (QLVs) characterized by large vibrational amplitudes of some groups of atoms, which is a typical feature of disordered systems and very similar to the well known TLS. These QLVs can be modeled as local low frequency harmonic oscillators coupled with the acoustic vibrations. In turn, this leads to dipole-dipole interactions between the different harmonic oscillators. The important results of this model are that gBP(ω), the density of states of the BP, depends on a single parameter ωBP characterizing the position of the BP and that the gBP(ω) excess over the gDebye(ω) (the density of states of the Debye model) varies following gBP(ω) ∝ ω4 at long wavelengths and gBP(ω) ∝ ω at short wavelengths on both sides of the BP maximum. This model thus explains the occurence of spectral index values below the expected asymptotic value β = 2 in the FIR wings of the MIR bands (~30–100 μm). The fit of the BP requires an other parameter: the amplitude of the corresponding excess of vibrations density of states over the underlying density of states, whatever Debye density of states or DCD density of states is chosen. We fit the experimental MAC curves with underlying Debye density of states with constant optical coupling coefficient, and the best fit of the measured MAC are presented in Appendix A. The fits are quite good over at least an order of magnitude in wavelength, from λ = 30μm for all samples, to λ = 400μm (sample X35), 900 μm (X40), 600 μm (X50A), 700 μm (X50B).
It is important to keep in mind that these results are preliminary. A more detailed work, taking into account the absorption processes that occur in the FIR range, will be published elsewhere. However analyzing the MAC of our samples using physical models, instead of pure empirical laws such as a power law with different spectral indexes defined over different FIR wavelength ranges appears to be important for several reasons. If a physical model can fit the data over an extended wavelength range with very few free parameters specific to the material or type of disorder, it can help our understanding and suggests new studies for solid state and theoretical physicists. In addition, such an understanding of the experimental data may provide new dust parameters to fit the observations. Most importantly this understanding may allow us to predict, within the framework of the physical model, how the astrophysical spectra evolve in more complex situations (mixtures of dust with various compositions, distribution of temperatures, amongst others). An observationnal parameter based on an empirical law does not allow such prediction.
As in previous experimental studies (Mennella et al. 1998; Boudet et al. 2005; Coupeaud et al. 2011), the temperature dependence of the MAC of the four samples is observed for temperatures greater than 30 K. It thus cannot explain the β−T anti-correlation observed in astrophysical environments in the 10–30 K range, which, as indicated in Sect. 1, may have several origins and reflects for example changes in the grain properties (Meny et al. 2007; Köhler et al. 2012; Paradis et al. 2011; Jones 2012a,b; Jones et al. 2013). The β−T anti-correlation represents one aspect of the temperature dependence of the MAC. The second one is the decrease of the MAC value with the temperature. This has to be considered in models based on MIR-to-FIR experimental MAC since using MAC measured at room-temperature instead of 10 K induces errors greater than a factor of 2 on the MAC (see Table 1) and thus on the calculated dust mass. This is not only true for silicate grains but also for carbonaceous grains (Mennella et al. 1998). However as discussed below, using cosmic dust models extrapolated in the FIR/submm range from room temperature measurements in the MIR induces even larger error (see below).
The “astrosilicates” model has been modified in the FIR to reproduce the FIRAS observations showing a flattening of the dust emission (Draine & Li 2007) also known as the FIR excess and also observed by Herschel and Planck (Paradis et al. 2009; Juvela et al. 2015). The inflexion in the MAC curve is visible in Fig. 8 above 800 μm. The “astrosilicates” model thus considers that the FIR excess is only due to the silicate component. Such flattening of the MAC at long wavelengths is indeed observed in some samples in Boudet et al. (2005) and Coupeaud et al. (2011) and in this study for the X50A sample but for other samples the MAC is found to steepen at long wavelengths and this also the case for the mean MAC, ⟨MAC1⟩. The FIR excess has been widely studied in our Galaxy and in external galaxies and its origin is still debated (Hermelo et al. 2016). Experiments and models show that amorphous carbon matter has a flatter MAC than silicate dust (Mennella et al. 1998; Jones 2012b; Jones et al. 2013) and could thus significantly participate to the excess if the grain properties in regions where the excess is observed change.
The comparison with previous experimental data shows that the MAC from all studies are much higher than the MAC calculated from cosmic dust models. As discussed in Sect. 5.2 this probably comes from absorption processes that occur in addition to the Debye model. This observation cannot be due to grain size effects and only partly to grain coagulation within the pellets. At the most, the effect of coagulation should decrease the experimental MAC by a factor 2 and consequently the values presented in Table 1 could be up to two times too high. However, even adopting this pessimistic value of 2, the MAC of the four samples are still higher than the MAC calculated from dust models: by a factor of 1.3 to 3.4 for the X50B sample depending on the wavelength, by a factor 1.3 to 2 for the X50A sample, by a factor 2 to 8 for the X40 sample, by a factor 1.4 to 2 for the X35 sample for 100 μm ≥ λ ≤ 500 μm. For λ≥ 500 μm the MAC of the X35 sample is lower than the modeled one by a factor of 0.3 to 0.2. This is also true for the MAC averaged over the four samples: ⟨MAC1⟩ is still higher than the modeled one by a factor of 1.7 to 3.5 depending on the wavelength and for the MAC averaged over the X35 and X50 composition: ⟨MAC2⟩ is still higher than the modeled one by a factor of 1.25 to 2.2 depending on the wavelength. We want to emphasize that these values are lower limits since we adopted the least favorable case for the coagulation in the pellets.
This has important implications for dust emission models and for the determination of dust mass and temperature. A modification of the silicate grains MAC is equivalent to a modification of their emissivity. The direct consequence for the mass determination is that masses determined from cosmic dust models are significantly overestimated compared to masses determined with experimentally measured emissivity. Considering only silicate grains in cosmic dust models, the dust mass estimated from silicate grains twice more absorbent than the “astrosilicates” or than the silicate from the “Themis” model will be twice as low. The error on the mass estimations depends on the experimental data adopted but also on the relative contribution of the silicate grains to the FIR emission, in other words to the amount of silicates grains versus large carbonaceous grains. Therefore, it appears critical to measure the MAC of carbonaceous dust analogues to put constraints on all the dust components that are thought to contribute to the FIR emission. Another consequence of having more absorbent silicate grains in cosmic dust models is that the mass of the silicate grain population needed to reproduce the observation is smaller and the constraints on the heavy element abundances of cosmic dust models is more flexible.
To be able to incorporate these data into cosmic dust models, one needs to derive the optical constants of each sample from the MAC curves. This work is under progress. The optical constants will allow us to calculate the emissivity and scattering efficiency of these silicate dust analogues for any distribution of size and shape relevant for studies of the ISM (dense or diffuse), of circumstellar shells around evolved stars and of protoplanetary disks. It will also allow us to calculate the polarisation efficiency of these grain populations. It is important to investigate the inability of current dust models to reproduce simultaneously the polarization observations from Planck in the FIR/submm and in the visible (Planck Collaboration Int. XXI 2015). Interestingly, in this study the authors indicate that to correctly reproduce the observations, the aligned grains responsible for the polarization, that is, the silicate big grains, need to be more emissive, which is the case for the silicate analogues studied here.
We observe, for all sample compositions, that the MAC varies with the grain temperature in the FIR/submm, above a wavelength that depends on the sample (~200–500 μm) and on the sample temperature. At temperature greater than 30 K, additional absorption processes are thermally activated, resulting in an increase of the MAC with the grain temperature. These thermally activated absorption processes are characteristic of the amorphous nature and of the presence of defects within the sample structure. We do not observe temperature variations of the MAC in the 10–30 K range.
For λ ≥ 100 μm, the spectral shape of the MAC varies from one sample to another and cannot be approximated by a single power law such as λ− β. The value of the spectral index β varies with wavelength from one sample to another from one up to three. This is due to differences in the structure and in the type and amount of defects in the samples.
Above 100 μm the value of the MAC of all the samples and of the average MAC of the samples is much higher than the value of the MAC calculated from astronomical dust models. While the presence of large grains cannot account for this MAC enhancement, grain coagulation within the pellet could contribute at most by a factor two in which case the experimental MAC are still higher than the modeled MAC by a factor of two or more depending on the samples and on the wavelength. The observed enhancement of the MAC thus appears to be an intrinsic property of the grain material and in particular to the type and amount of defects within the material structure such as porosity. It is compatible with the detection of the boson peak in the spectra which induces an extra absorption with respect to the Lorentz and Debye models in λ-2 adopted in the cosmic dust models.
The observed enhancement of the MAC has important consequences on astrophysical modeling of dust (dust mass and temperature). The dust mass estimated with dust models are overestimated with respect to the estimation that would be made using experimental values presented in this study.
This work was supported by the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche project ANR-CIMMES and by the program Physique et Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire (PCMI) funded by the Conseil National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) of France. X. Lu aknowledges financial support from the French Region Midi-Pyrénées. We thank A. Retsinas for technical support and N. Ysard, A. Jones and H. Mutschke for fruitful discussions.
Modeling of the MAC of sample X35. The figure shows measured MAC (black line), the best model (blue line), the Debye component of the model (green dotted line) and the BP component of hte model (red dotted line).
Modeling of the MAC of sample X40. The figure shows measured MAC (black line), the best model (blue line), the Debye component of the model (green dotted line) and the BP component of hte model (red dotted line).
by Gurevich et al. (2003). The spectral region below 30 μm is not considered in the fit. Each figure shows the measured MAC, the best model, the Debye component of the model and the BP component of the model.
Modeling of the MAC of sample X50A. The figure shows measured MAC (black line), the best model (blue line), the Debye component of the model (green dotted line) and the BP component of hte model (red dotted line).
Modeling of the MAC of sample X50B. The figure shows measured MAC (black line), the best model (blue line), the Debye component of the model (green dotted line) and the BP component of hte model (red dotted line).
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0.999388 |
What this lesson is about: The resurrection of Jesus makes our own resurrection possible.
Spotlight - He Said What? Hard Sayings of Jesus - Most of us are familiar with things Jesus did: walking on water, feeding five thousand with loaves and fishes, healing a blind man, and of course, dying on the cross. There are also some difficult encounters to comprehend. This study examines several teachings from Jesus that, on surface, can be hard to understand, but they offer a rich picture of the Christian life.
~Correction & Counsel~ - "A Study of 1 & 2 Corinthians"
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0.999794 |
The good news is there is a alternative that is less time-consuming and costly that will help you achieve your goals. It’s called growth driven website design.
Unlike traditional design, which consists creating a single layout and sticking with it, growth driven website design involves continuously making tweaks to aspects that are ineffective and amplifying successful ideas. By testing every adaption to your website and making a series of slight adjustments, you are able to optimize every detail of your site while maximizing resources.
How Does Growth Driven Website Design Generate Leads?
By utilizing your website design in your inbound marketing efforts, you gain leads through offers, calls-to-action, and other tools that send users to your website. Once prospects have arrived thus far, they are almost within your reach – meaning an attractive, modern site that is easy to navigate and appeals to visitors can make or break a conversion. Based around analytics, you can use split testing to discover how simple changes to your site's colors, size, and positioning of elements may increase leads.
This new approach to design also allows you to make updates as necessary, taking into account factors such as marketing campaigns, Internet trends, and new technology. You can implement every idea immediately instead of waiting until your next website overhaul.
The process is best divided into two phases, the first of which is all about strategy. This involves researching everything you’ll need for your redesign, developing goals, and defining buyer personas. You’ll also need to conduct a website audit to determine important factors like how users arrive at your site, what they are doing on your site, and reasons why they may leave without converting.
You will use the above information to compile a list of ways you can improve your site, including all the features you would implement in a perfect world. In the final stage of phase one, condense your ideas to the most essential for improving lead generation.
The second phase is the launch of the initial new site. It is similar to traditional redesign except that instead of being a singular unveiling event, it is an ongoing process. Over the following 11 months or so, you will test, fine-tune, and optimize every element of your design.
If you are serious about increasing leads and optimizing every aspect of your website, avoid wasting time on a traditional redesign. Instead, access the benefits of the growth driven approach.
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0.96264 |
Why Is Fannie Mae Waging War on Solar Panels?
Fannie Mae has been taking some very peculiar actions against homeowners lately. First, it decided to crack down on strategic defaulters. Now, we learn that it (along with Freddie) is threatening not to accept loans if the associated borrowers retrofit their homes with solar panels through a government stimulus program. This might seem odd, especially if you consider another strange action on the part of Fannie that we learned about back in May.
Under the financing programs, a local government borrows money through bonds or other means, and then uses it to make loans to homeowners to cover the upfront costs of solar installations or other energy improvements. Each owner repays the loan over 20 years through a special property tax assessment, which stays with the home even if it is sold.
They are worried that taxpayers will end up as losers if a homeowner defaults on a mortgage on a home that uses such creative financing. Typically, property taxes must be paid first from any proceeds on a foreclosed home.
Right, because Fannie and Freddie were so worried about making taxpayers losers when they backed thousands of bad mortgages during the housing boom. There is some logic there, but shouldn't the value of the home ultimately be higher than the cost associated with the lien resulting from the solar panel loan? Considering that a government subsidy is involved, you certainly would think that the value the solar panels add to the home would exceed the balance of the associated lien.
Sometimes when a firm does something strange, it can be useful to consider it in context with other unusual behavior on its part. In May, there was another odd news story related to Fannie and energy. At that time, we learned that the company had obtained a patent on a residential emissions trading platform. I wondered whether or not the government-sponsored entity might be planning to develop some sort of market to capitalize on the carbon emissions of the homes it guarantees.
Fannie's intent is not entirely clear from the patent. If it did want to sell carbon credits to homes that use more carbon, then it's easy to see why it would hate solar panels. They would provide homes with clean, renewable energy, which would cut down on their carbon footprint. Fannie, consequently, would earn less profit from the endeavor.
But if Fannie wanted to instead sell credits from energy reducing homes in its portfolio, then wouldn't it want as many solar panels as possible? Then, these homes will be lower carbon users than average, and credits would result. Presumably, if Fannie sells that credit to a polluter, it would get a cut for acting as the middle man and mortgage guarantor.
But don't get me wrong: Fannie may never end up doing anything with the residential carbon trading platform it patented. Yet depending on how the firm intended to use the system, solar panels on the homes in its portfolio could affect how much profit it could derive from the new market it would create. When contacted, Fannie chose not to provide a comment on the potential connection between its policy on liens related to solar panels and its residential carbon emissions patent.
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0.965602 |
Looking at the above given business letters you can see that a typical 'standard' business letter consists of several parts.
1. Sender's address (but not the name) can be written at the top or in the top right-hand corner.
2. Receiver's name and address is written a little lower, on the left.
3. Date (on the right) can be written in two ways: 28 June, 1998 or 28/6/98.
The American way of writing the date is different: June 28, 1998 or 06/28/98.
for the attention of Ms Smart.
5. Salutation is written on the left under the attention line or (if there is no attention line) under the receiver's address.
As has already been mentioned, the form of salutation depends on whether the receiver's name is indicated or not.
As to the punctuation the latest fashion in not to use any.
6. Body of letter and its introduction vary depending on the type of the letter and its contents, (содержание).
- letters of apology, etc.
the ending should be 'Yours sincerely'.
9. Name and title of sender printed clearly.
formulas used? If you do, what "are they?
Marketing Services Ltd. Trans Trans Company Inc.
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0.995112 |
Born 14 September 1997 in Basingstoke, Berkshire [registered in Dominic Solanke in Reading & Wokingham, September 1997].
Club(s) Began his youth career with Chelsea FC, working his way through the the youth system, breaking into the first team during the 2014-15, but only ever making the bench, although he did become the club's youngest participant in the Champions League in October 2014. On 4 August 2015, Solanke was sent out on a season-long loan to Netherlands' side SBV Vitesse, making 25 Eredivisie appearances, scoring seven goals. He returned to Chelsea, but only remained on the fringe. On 30 May 2017, it was confirmed that Solanke would join Liverpool FC, with a fee set at �3 million by the transfer tribunal. He made 21 Premier League appearances and scored once in his first season.
Player number 1230th player to appear for England.
Individual honours England U21 (fifteen appearances, eight goals 2015-18), England U20 (fifteen appearances, ten goals 2016-17), England U19 (ten appearances, three goals 2015-16), England U18 (seven goals, two goals, 2014-15), England U17 (fourteen appearances, eleven goals 2013-14), England U16 (six appearances, one goal 2012-13).
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0.974903 |
This Ruby library supports all IP2Proxy™ BIN database products to query proxy IP address and its country, region, city, ISP name and proxy types. It has been optimized for speed and memory utilization.
print 'Module Version: ' + i2p.get_module_version + "\n"
print 'Package Version: ' + i2p.get_package_version + "\n"
print 'Database Version: ' + i2p.get_database_version + "\n"
print 'Is Proxy: ' + i2p.is_proxy('4.0.0.47').to_s + "\n"
print 'Proxy Type: ' + i2p.get_proxytype('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'Country Code: ' + i2p.get_country_short('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'Country Name: ' + i2p.get_country_long('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'Region Name: ' + i2p.get_region('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'City Name: ' + i2p.get_city('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'ISP: ' + i2p.get_isp('4.0.0.47') + "\n"
print 'is Proxy: ' + record['is_proxy'].to_s + "\n"
print 'Proxy Type: ' + record['proxy_type'] + "\n"
print 'Country Code: ' + record['country_short'] + "\n"
print 'Country Name: ' + record['country_long'] + "\n"
print 'Region Name: ' + record['region'] + "\n"
print 'City Name: ' + record['city'] + "\n"
print 'ISP: ' + record['isp'] + "\n"
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0.999895 |
While experts often give general advice about best practices for negotiations, proven word-for-word scripts are hard to find.
Salary negotiations used to scare me. Like many young women, I shrunk away from asking for more money, afraid that employers would find me entitled or ungrateful.
Luckily, mentors encouraged me negotiate the heck out of my first job offer. And after I convinced my employer to raise my starting salary by $5,000, I was addicted.
While experts often give general advice about best practices for negotiations, proven word-for-word scripts are hard to find. That’s why I wanted to share with you the exact sentences I used to earn an extra $25,000 over the first four years of my career.
Context: Below is the email reply I sent my manager 24 hours after receiving my first job offer. To justify my ask, I emphasized my relevant past experience and shared external market research showing higher salaries for similar roles.
Thank you so much! I'm truly excited about the offer and the opportunity to work with the [company] team.
When I looked at my value in the marketplace, I was really hoping for a salary in the [median] - [max] range. My research on other [industry/role] salaries in [city] shows that the median salary is [$x] per year. On average, hires with my background receive just over [higher salary number] annually. I'm attaching screenshots of my research here.
Given my previous work experience and track record delivering results at [previous employer], and given my background in [relevant field], I hope you can reconsider my compensation in context of this information.
Once again, I'm thrilled at the opportunity to work with you, and I look forward to diving in.
Results: This single email raised my base salary by 5% and resulted in an extra signing bonus, too. The total monetary difference was about $5,000 over a year. Was it worth the couple of hours of research, nerves, and email craftsmanship? Absolutely.
Context: After notifying me of my offer on a phone call, my future employer sent me an official offer letter and salary number the next day via email. I had expressed a lot of excitement over the phone, so it felt appropriate to use an even-handed tone in the email correspondence that kicked off our negotiation. This time around, I had gained even more industry experience, which I positioned as a value-add to the company. I also used a more formal tone, given that I was negotiating with a more buttoned-up corporate firm.
I'm very excited about this opportunity! Thank you for your fast response time. Upon reading the offer letter, I would like to talk about compensation with you in more detail. I can plan to outline my questions in an email for you, and I'm happy to discuss on the phone whenever is convenient.
This opportunity is attractive -- I'm excited to contribute to your work, and to work alongside such a strong team. However, I was expecting a more competitive base salary and am concerned about reconciling the value I know I'll bring to the company with the number in this initial offer.
I really hope we can tweak the offer to find an agreement that works for all of us. I'll follow up again shortly.
Results: I refrained from mentioning any numbers here. Shortly after sending the email, my future manager called and offered me a 20% salary bump. That anchored our negotiation. After a couple more conversations, I was offered an additional 10% signing bonus, at which point I accepted. Overall, this added an additional five figures to my annual income.
Context: A few years later, and I was building out my independent strategy consulting practice. I’d been working with a client on retainer for six months, and it was time to renew our contract. It was unclear whether this client would continue to need my services; much of it depended on the direction of his company and its needs. We already had a working relationship, so I kept the tone very casual.
Our contract ends on [date], and I wanted to ask your thoughts about renewal. I'd be delighted to continue working with you and helping to make [your goal] a reality.
My availability through the end of the year is still [x] hours per month. In May, I raised my rates to [$y] per hour, with a discounted rate for repeat clients at [$z] per hour. Keeping the rest of our contract the same, that would get us to a [$total] monthly retainer.
As you know, I'm flexible and happy to discuss. Let me know what you're thinking.
Results: My client accepted the new terms without question, and we ended up renewing our contract for another four months. By framing the rate increase as a decision I had already made (in May, two months before our renewal), I shut the door to the possibility that I’d reconsider. And by offering this repeat client a discount, I acknowledged his loyalty and the value of our ongoing business relationship.
|
0.97683 |
What are the basic procedures for initiation of a charter ordinance by a municipal governing body and adoption?
Section 66.0101, which is the Home Rule Enabling Act, specifies two general procedures for the adoption or amendment of a city or village charter: the enactment of a charter ordinance or the holding of a charter convention. See secs. 66.0101(2) and 66.0101(9). The charter convention is rarely used.
Adoption of a charter ordinance begins with its drafting. A charter ordinance must be entitled "Charter Ordinance" or it must clearly indicate that it is such an ordinance. Sec. 66.0101(2)(a); State ex rel. Oaks v. Brown, 211 Wis. 571, 249 N.W. 50 (1933). Additionally, a charter ordinance must specify the provisions of the charter amended or repealed. Sec. 66.0101(2)(b); Grambling v. City of Wauwatosa, 44 Wis.2d 634, 171 N.W.2d 897 (1969). The League has a number of examples of various types of charter ordinances available upon request.
A charter ordinance initiated by a municipal governing body may be adopted by the governing body or submitted to the electorate for adoption.
A charter ordinance initiated by and adopted by a municipal governing body needs a two-thirds vote of the members-elect of the city council or village board to be valid. Sec. 66.0101(2)(a). However, a charter ordinance is not effective until sixty days after its passage and publication. If within the sixty days a petition signed by electors of the municipality equal to not less than seven percent of the votes cast for governor in the last general election is filed with the municipal clerk, then the charter ordinance must be submitted to a referendum and approved by a majority of the electors that vote on the question before becoming effective. Sec. 66.0101(5).
In addition, the governing body may, after adoption, submit the charter ordinance to a referendum without waiting for a petition by the electors. The charter ordinance would then become effective when approved by a majority of the electors that vote. A governing body can also simply decide, by a majority vote, to submit a charter ordinance to a referendum, without an initiative petition requiring them to do so and without adoption of the charter ordinance by the governing body. The charter ordinance would then become effective when approved by a majority of the electors voting. Sec. 66.0101(7).
A charter ordinance initiated by the municipal governing body for adoption at a referendum requires only a majority vote of the members-elect of the city council or village board. Such ordinance would be submitted to a referendum vote for adoption and would be effective if approved by a majority of the electors voting.
A charter ordinance must be published as a class 1 notice. The municipal clerk must also record an adopted charter ordinance in a permanent book kept for that purpose, with a statement of the manner of its adoption. The municipal clerk must also file a certified copy of the charter ordinance with the secretary of state who, in turn, is required to keep and publish a list of charter ordinances arranged in alphabetical order by municipality. Sec. 66.0101(3).
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0.980002 |
I am not sure if BigFix is right for me. Who should be using BigFix?
BigFix is useful for anyone with a computer running Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, Me, or XP that has Internet access.
Home users can use BigFix to keep their computers up to date with the latest security patches, configuration changes, and updates to minimize the chance of their computers getting hacked into or infected by viruses.
Corporate users can use other BigFix products to centralize administration of their desktop and server computers.
|
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