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0.944453 |
What's the difference between American Akita and Japanese Akita?
American Akitas are bigger and more heavy-boned. They have more fur and muscle. Japanese Akitas are slimmer and what I like to call "foxy" in the face.
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0.999998 |
Develop a comprehensive, non-threatening approach for assessing and placing students, evaluating their progress, and sharing this information with students.
a. Develop a comprehensive, non-threatening approach for assessing and placing students, evaluating their progress, and sharing this information with students. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
b. Provide students constructive feedback on their learning and progress, and opportunities to reflect on and self-assess their progress, including holding regularly-scheduled conferences with students. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
c. Help adults learn to identify signs of progress and strategies for monitoring their learning independently. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
d. Help students set achievable short-term goals or benchmarks toward long-term goals in order to see progress and feel a sense of accomplishment. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
e. Revisit goals with students, individually and in groups, so that they can monitor their progress and consider new goals and possibilities. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
f. Recognize a broad range of student achievements, both academic and non-academic, and celebrate students who accomplish goals. See related Examples, Research, and Tools.
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0.985515 |
Summary Mozilla Firefox before 3.6.20, Thunderbird 2.x and 3.x before 3.1.12, SeaMonkey 1.x and 2.x, and possibly other products does not properly handle the RegExp.input property, which allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and read data from a different domain via a crafted web site, possibly related to a use-after-free.
description Mozilla Firefox before 3.6.20, Thunderbird 2.x and 3.x before 3.1.12, SeaMonkey 1.x and 2.x, and possibly other products does not properly handle the RegExp.input property, which allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and read data from a different domain via a crafted web site, possibly related to a use-after-free.
title Mozilla Firefox before 3.6.20, Thunderbird 2.x and 3.x before 3.1.12, SeaMonkey 1.x and 2.x, and possibly other products does not properly handle the RegExp.input property, which allows remote attackers to bypass the Same Origin Policy and read data from a different domain via a crafted web site, possibly related to a use-after-free.
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0.802382 |
The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the influence of linguistic context on auditory comprehension in adults with aphasia, explore effects of the explanatory variables of age, working memory (WM), aphasia severity, and auditory comprehension relative to linguistic contextual influences, and investigate relationships among these explanatory variables. Eight young (<60) and eight older (>60) individuals with aphasia as the result of a left hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA) participated in the investigation. The participants underwent pre-experimental testing, including two subtests of the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination-III to confirm presence of auditory comprehension impairment as well as ability to perform the experimental tasks. The Western Aphasia Battery-Revised also was administered to determine the presence and severity of aphasia. The participants were administered a series of experimental tasks, including listening span to measure WM capacity, modified Token Test to measure auditory comprehension, and a linguistic context task to examine the influence of predictive and non-predictive contexts on auditory comprehension of passive and active sentences. Results indicated that age did not appear to influence WM, aphasia severity, and auditory comprehension skills in this group of aphasic individuals. Thus, the persons with aphasia (PWA) had reduced WM capacity, regardless of age. However, decreased severity of aphasia was highly related to both increased WM capacity and auditory comprehension skills; that is, WM capacity as well as auditory comprehension increased as severity of aphasia decreased. Moreover, a strong relationship was observed between WM and auditory comprehension, indicating that auditory comprehension increased with increasing WM. Non-predictive context facilitated comprehension of active sentences more than predictive context. Predictive context may have had an adverse influence on comprehension of active sentences, as the PWA may have "lost interest" as well as experienced decreased attention when they heard target sentences containing "old" information that was consistent and possibly repetitious of preceding linguistic context. Non-predictive context facilitated comprehension of active sentences because participants were presented with novel information that was not conveyed in target sentences. However, predictive context was more beneficial than non-predictive context in the comprehension of passive sentences. The PWA had difficulty with passive sentences possibly due to syntactic complexity and semantic reversibility of the sentence contexts. Predictive context facilitated comprehension of the passive sentences because it provided semantic constraints and made one interpretation of target sentences more plausible than the other. In contrast, the non-predictive context simply familiarized the participants with the lexical items of passive sentences; it did not provide the semantically supportive framework, thus making it more difficult to determine which interpretation of the passive sentences was more plausible. This latter result is a robust finding that is consistent with previous research and continues to require further exploration relative to its use in language treatment in aphasia.
Yu, Kun. Influence of linguistic context and working memory on auditory comprehension in young and older adults with aphasia. Master's Thesis. East Carolina University, January 2010. The Scholarship. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/3170. April 24, 2019.
Yu, Kun, “Influence of linguistic context and working memory on auditory comprehension in young and older adults with aphasia” (Master's Thesis., East Carolina University, January 2010).
Yu, Kun. Influence of linguistic context and working memory on auditory comprehension in young and older adults with aphasia [Master's Thesis]. Greenville, NC: East Carolina University; January 2010.
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0.99907 |
What does “An information hiding mechanism” mean?
This statement essentially means that some data is hidden from the consumer of the service provided e.g.
You have a VF page that has a button that is used to calculate the cost of an item.
Calculating the cost is done in the page controller and requires a number of different values used in a complex calculation.
The page doesn’t need to “see” the variables or know how the calculation works, and in fact you want to prevent anyone from messing with the variable values.
Thus we make the calculated value available to the page (or any other consumer) and hide everything else.
What does “A bundling of data and methods that operate on that data” mean?
This definition is even easier to understand, it’s simply stating that a piece of code should be grouped together with the data and actions important to that code’s purpose. This will become more clear with the example below.
I’ve linked to the relevant documentation for each since they’re great and I encourage you to bookmark them as they’re core to OOP in Apex. Time to look at an example.
Below is a class that encapsulates the functionality of making an HTTP callout. I’ve numbered the comments and the corresponding explanations follow the code.
// 2. Private variables cannot be accessed by other code outside of this class.
// 8. This is an &amp;amp;amp;quot;overloaded&amp;amp;amp;quot; method with a simple signature for convenience i.e.
// it defaults the value for the URL.
// other methods of this class.
The numbers below correspond with the numbers in the comments in the code above.
The very foundation of encapsulation is the concept of a Class. A mechanism for collecting data and functionality that belongs together given the context of the problem we’re trying to solve.
The access modifier “Private” guarantees that these variables can’t be read from or written to from outside of this class. They are “hidden”.
The public methods provide a mechanism for other classes to access the functionality and data that this class wants to share.
I have omitted the other methods you would need for a full-blown HttpService since this method illustrates the point.
A point of interest in that for the Auth header property a special action is required. However the fact that this needs to occur is not relevant to the consumer of this method i.e. it is hidden.
As with the private variables, methods marked as “private” cannot be seen outside of this class.
Data is transformed into new data within this method, but that secret is only known within this class.
Overloading isn’t a facet of encapsulation but it’s a neat trick. This overloaded method has one less parameter than the other method, a small convenience to spare your finger joints.
Why Should I Use Encapsulation?
Provides namespaces/unique names for application data and functionality making code more manageable e.g. in the old days when classes didn’t exist and all your code would be lumped together you could only have one function called calculate(). With classes you can group functionality into classes and not have to think up crazy and creative names for your variables and methods e.g. Tax.calculate() and IQ.calculate().
Protecting data that is read-only or irrelevant to the consumer.
Control over how variables are managed e.g. validating input before assigning it to a variable.
Code is easier to read, maintain and extend.
OOP is impossible without it!
If you’re a developer you’ve probably been using Encapsulation without even knowing it. Hopefully this post has formalised your knowledge and filled in a few gaps. Onwards and upwards! Next time I’ll be writing about Abstraction.
Thanks for your effort to teach people.
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0.999051 |
What is the difference between mealy and moore state machine?
A) Mealy and Moore models are the basic models of state machines. A state machine which uses only Entry Actions, so that its output depends on the state, is called a Moore model. A state machine which uses only Input Actions, so that the output depends on the state and also on inputs, is called a Mealy model. The models selected will influence a design but there are no general indications as to which model is better. Choice of a model depends on the application, execution means (for instance, hardware systems are usually best realized as Moore models) and personal preferences of a designer or programmer.
B) Mealy machine has outputs that depend on the state and input (thus, the FSM has the output written on edges) Moore machine has outputs that depend on state only (thus, the FSM has the output written in the state itself.
All of the concepts can be applied to Moore-model state machines because any Moore state machine can be implemented as a Mealy state machine, although the converse is not true. Moore machine: the outputs are properties of states themselves... which means that you get the output after the machine reaches a particular state, or to get some output your machine has to be taken to a state which provides you the output.The outputs are held until you go to some other state Mealy machine: Mealy machines give you outputs instantly, that is immediately upon receiving input, but the output is not held after that clock cycle.
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0.99502 |
The reasons for these characteristics are mainly because of the location of deserts.
What are the characteristics of deserts?
Soils are usually very shallow. They usually have a rough gravelly texture. The soil isn’t very fertile because there is very little vegetation to provide litter and humus. Therefore there is little or no little layer. Due to lack of organic material and rainfall desert soil is often dry and infertile.
Plant growth is very limited as there is a lack of rainfall. The type of plants that are typically found in deserts include cacti and thornbushes. Plants tend to be short however some cacti can grow tall. Most plants have a short life-cycle and only appear when it rains.
In order to survive the desert environment animals have to adapt to survive. Mammals are often small and nocturnal; they only come out at night when temperatures are low. They sleep below the ground during the day to avoid the heat. The majority of birds only return to the desert when the climate is favourable.
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0.999989 |
Fourth grade students learn to calculate, solve problems, and develop mathematical fluency using the Bridges In Mathematics program and other resources. Students continue to think and communicate mathematically as they analyze, explore, and investigate with a focus on problem solving and mental math skills. Conceptual and critical thinking skills are targeted using class discussions of highly complex problems. All students are encouraged to present and explain their solutions, the thinking behind them and to explore alternative methods and creative solutions.
The primary school Spanish program is led by two native Spanish speaking teachers. Students are expected to develop four interrelated skills: auditory discrimination (listening), comprehension (understanding), production (speaking), and communication (the ability to use language meaningfully in new situations). We introduce the Santillana curriculum beginning in kindergarten and continuing through fourth grade. Our goal is for students to develop communicative competence in the Spanish language through cultural awareness activities that focus on the gradual development of listening, speaking reading, and writing skills. We use arts and crafts, role playing, music, visuals, hands-on materials and technology as teaching tools. The student’s progress is evaluated through periodic formal and informal assessments targeting the four main skills. Spanish classes meet four times a week in fourth grade.
In fourth grade, second language teaching can be described as both multi-sensory and multicultural. It is multi-sensory because our program includes visual, auditory and behavioral expectations for all students. It is multicultural because traditions and festivities from the Spanish-speaking world are brought to the classroom in different ways such as films, dances and art projects. Also, our students participate in an exchange program with Colegio Williams School in Mexico. They write to penpals and spend a week with a team of Mexican teachers who visit our school. Fourth grade students begin more formal reading and writing practice to prepare them for the middle school program.
Comprehend questions based on dialogues such as: ¿Cómo te llamas?, ¿Cómo se llama tu mamá?, ¿Dónde viven tus primos?
Express their feelings (¡Estoy cansado!).
Construct a short paragraph respecting grammar structure.
Fourth graders experience literacy in an environment designed to extend their skills and prepare for the transition to middle school. Students continue to participate in large and small group discussions and literature circles. Content area reading is an integral part of the fourth grade experience. Reading and writing workshop become more integrated with social studies and science, incorporating increasingly complex research and group projects. Creative writing is prominent, and students spend time writing about and presenting current events. Fourth grade also incorporates technology as a daily element and important learning tool through the one-to-one iPad program.
Fourth grade approaches the study of science as part of a lifelong exploration of the world around us. Students are encouraged to draw their own conclusions and study the scientific method in depth, using this to conduct experiments based on the questions that arise throughout the year. This emergent curriculum allows the students to build on their natural curiosities and make discoveries that matter to them as scientists and learners. Much of the science curriculum is integrated with the study of California, as students learn about plants and animals that are native to our state. Specific units include studies of the layers of the Earth, forms of energy, magnetism, light and color, and soil studies. The Outdoor Education Center is used throughout the year to teach students the process of composting, conduct soil studies, and to learn natural ways to treat plants for disease and pests. Fourth graders also participate in the school Science Fair for the first time, and conduct their own experiments at home to share during the fair.
The yearlong focus in fourth grade is on the state of California. A multidisciplinary approach is used, incorporating the state’s rich history, diverse geography, government, economics, social, and cultural issues. Students also focus on world geography, as well as landforms and how they influence life. The interrelated study of people in the societies of past and present aims to help students develop skills and insights that will help them act in a purposeful, knowledgeable manner in a rapidly changing world. Students also prepare weekly current events and present information to the class using technology and other resources. Public speaking skills are greatly emphasized in fourth grade through the current events and class presentations. A strong focus is also placed on working in groups to accomplish a larger task, providing students with relevant experiences in working with others, navigating conflict, and collaborating for a common purpose.
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0.987006 |
Afropolitan is a term constructed from the name Africa and the ancient Greek root -polis, which literally means city. Polis can also mean citizenship or body of citizens. It is to the latter meaning that the term Afropolitan takes its essence. It is an attempt at redefining African phenomena by placing emphasis on ordinary citizens' experiences in Africa.
Afropolitanism is similar to the older Panafricanism ideology. However, it defines being an "African" in explicitly continent-wide and multiracial terms, and rejects all pretensions to victimhood.
Article: Pan-Africans versus Afropolitans – An identity crisis?
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0.996345 |
What are the phases of Spinal Degeneration?
First stage of spinal degeneration is when there is a minor loss of normal spine balance and spinal curvature. The surrounding features of the spine such as nerves, discs and joints begin to age quicker and are continually more stressed. This stage of the degeneration process rarely is accompanied with any major pain. At this point, there is a good chance that with the proper care, you can return to normal.
In the third stage of spinal degeneration, there is significant physical and mental involvement due to the level of dysfunction and pain. There is most likely nerve damage as well as deformation of the bones and discs. There would a significant loss of energy and height at this point. Some reversal is possible.
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0.99951 |
How do I use my molds for Hot Process Soapmaking?
Keeping cold-process soap properly insulated is important when pouring into individual 3 and 4 ounce cavities. Heat loss can be a problem due to a large surface area relative to a small volume of soap. This heat loss can retard saponification. One solution to this potential problem is an elevated pour temperature in the range of 115-125 degrees F. Another method involves pre-cooking the soap so that it's thoroughly saponified before being poured into the molds. This is hot-process soapmaking.
What are the advantages of hot-processing? One, the soap doesn't need to be insulated since it's neutral when spooned into the molds. It just needs to cool and harden, which takes 1-2 hours. Two, neutral soap is much gentler on dyes and fragrances- you'll find both stay "truer".
1. Use two pots for soapmaking: one, your soap pot, and two, a kettle large enough to comfortably contain your soap pot. An enamel five-gallon canning pot is ideal for most situations. This second kettle will become the bottom of a double boiler. Fill it with 3-5 inches of water.
2. Stir your soap until traced. Meanwhile, bring the water in the large kettle to a slow boil.
3. After tracing, place the soap pot inside the kettle. Keep the water at a gentle boil; cover if possible to retain heat.
4. Cook your soap for 1 3/4 hours. During this time it should become a soft translucent salve. Translucency is a sign that the soap is neutralizing.
Stir briefly 2 or 3 times during cooking to ensure even heat distribution throughout the soap mass.
5. After 1 3/4 hours the soap will be neutral. Dye, fragrance and spoon into molds. If the soap seems too thick to work with, thin with a few ounces of alcohol. Start with 2-3 ounces; gradually add more if needed. Pure ethanol (Everclear), 90%-99% isopropyl or vodka all work well. When dividing the soap up for different fragrances and colors, keep the unused portion hot, or it begins hardening as it cools. Hardened soap can be "remelted" over a double boiler. And finally, any air pockets in the molded soap? These can be removed by gently tapping the mold on the counter top. Another method for removing air bubbles is to cover the top of the soap-filled cavities with a sheet of plastic film. With the palm of your hand, press the soap gently but firmly into the cavity.
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0.999975 |
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_validate_api_client folder.
$email = "support@cloudmersive.com"; // string | Email address to validate, e.g. \"support@cloudmersive.com\". The input is a string so be sure to enclose it in double-quotes.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_imagerecognition_api_client folder.
$style = "style_example"; // string | The style of the painting to apply. To start, try \"udnie\" a painting style. Possible values are: \"udnie\", \"wave\", \"la_muse\", \"rain_princess\".
$image_file = "C:\\temp\\input.png"; // \SplFileObject | Image file to perform the operation on. Common file formats such as PNG, JPEG are supported.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_document_convert_api_client folder.
$input_file = "C:\\temp\\input.docx"; // \SplFileObject | Input file to perform the operation on.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_nlp_api_client folder.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_ocr_api_client folder.
$image_file = "C:\\temp\\page.png"; // \SplFileObject | Image file to perform OCR on. Common file formats such as PNG, JPEG are supported.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_barcode_api_client folder.
Or you can install it manually by downloading it from our GitHub repo, and extracting to a ./vendor/cloudmersive/cloudmersive_virusscan_api_client folder.
$input_file = "/path/to/file.txt"; // \SplFileObject | Input file to perform the operation on.
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0.979868 |
Not sure how accurate this test is, but are you left-brained or right-brained? I’m equal-brained, according to this test. This does not really surprise me, since I’ve always suspected that I have a more active corpus callosum than most people, though I have no objective tests to support this assertion.
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0.999997 |
Why is the gravitational field of the universe another name for space-time?
used by Riemann to describe the geometry of a space. This means that where Newtonian gravity dealt with one quantity to measure the gravitational field, Einstein's theory in the guise of "g-mu-nu" required a total of 10 unique quantities to more completely define how the gravitational field behaved. The force of gravity defined as changes in the gravitational field from place to place in Newtonian mechanics, was replaced by changes in the geometry of space from place to place in spacetime measured by the degree of curvature symbolized by "C-mu-nu" at each point. Einstein's minimalist adoption of "g-mu-nu" as the embodiment of the gravitational field was significant and has far-reaching ramifications. Before Einstein, the metric tensor "g-mu-nu" was a purely geometric quantity that expresses how to determine the distances between points in space. Geometers from the time of Gauss knew nothing about forces, mass and momentum, they did however use the metric tensor to uncover new and bizarre spaces resembling nothing that humans have ever experienced.
"Spacetime does not claim existence on its own but only as a structural quality of the [gravitational] field"
This is such a profound assumption that I have intentionally enlarged the font to emphasize its significance. It will turn out to be the cornerstone to a radically new understanding of the nature of space and the vacuum. But in its radical departure from older ideas about gravity, Einstein's view point sounds a lot like the old philosophical discussion of the Void which emphasized that without bodies, 'place' and therefore vacuum could not exist. If we consider that all bodies produce gravitational fields, we see that Einstein's general relativity arrives at nearly the same Aristotelian conclusion.
The intuitive idea that something must serve as the foundation for space and spacetime for that matter is powerfully seductive, and one to which virtually all physicists when caught off-guard, swear allegiance. They do so for the simple reason that to do otherwise leaves their mental constructs of the world literally hanging in mid-air. When we write our equations that depend on time and space locations, we consider this coordinate gridwork to exist in some more fundamental way than the particles, fields and energy they are meant to locate in space and time. We think of these coordinates much the way Newton must have in his world of absolute space and time, describing some immutable, rigid lattice work that is entirely aloof from the less than perfect matter and energy that moves through the gridwork subject to nature's physical laws. But Einstein firmly believed that this comfortable, intuitive view was wrong. If the metric "g-mu-nu" is identical to the gravitational field, which is what experimental evidence has since shown, then the coordinates of the physical spacetime manifold we erect to define place and time must also in some sense be constructs of the gravitational field. Let's look at these issues one at a time and see how modern-day mathematicians and physicists are trying to resolve them. First, let's examine Einstein's assertion that spacetime is a fundamental field in nature, and then let's have a closer look at the issue of how to physically interpret the points in the spacetime manifold.
Beginning with a landmark paper by Gunnar Nordstrom of Helsingfors in 1913, there have been many attempts to create what are called 'bi-metric' or 'prior-geometry' theories for gravity and spacetime. The object is to re-assert the existence of an underlying metric to the world which like a cake, supports the frosting which we see as the gravitational field, "g-mu-nu". We might then have the option of 'turning off' a gravitational field without Reality flashing out of existence at the same time. But gravity does not behave like light which can be turned on and off at will with a switch. Every erg of energy and scrap of matter produces a gravitational field. So, to turn off a gravitational field you must nullify all forms of matter and energy in the universe. This is hardly a sensible experiment to perform and would certainly not preserve the shape of Reality as we have come to know it. These approaches always run into other problems as well.
Prior-geometry theory sees "g-mu-nu" as being actually a compound object in disguise; one part being the gravitational field, the other part representing a pre-existing and immutable arena of spacetime. To make such a decomposition work, the part of "g-mu-nu" that is prior-geometry cannot be affected by matter or energy; that was the exclusive role to be played by the second component of "g-mu-nu" representing the gravitational field. Prior geometry would have to play the role of the absolute bedrock of spacetime that both special relativity and Newtonian physics are built-up from. Can such a decomposition really work? No observation by the time Einstein proposed general relativity, or since, has ever uncovered any physical evidence for some 'universal geometric object' or plenum which stands aloof from physics in the manner that prior geometry would have to. Prior-geometry theory would also require that some preferred universal frame of rest exist against which, like the ether or Newton's absolute space and time, we could gauge our motion. Also, no phenomenon had ever been discovered which did not obey the principle of reciprocity; the property of acting upon matter and in turn being acted upon by matter.
If this argument for the existence of prior-geometry sounds like the old argument Maxwell used for believing in the Ether, you are right. It is, after all, rather hard not to consider something like a prior-geometry at work in nature for much the same reason that the ether was such a seductive idea in electrodynamics for supporting light waves. Once again science moved along a parallel track, recapitulating the intuitive prejudices of an earlier time. Attempts were, in fact, made to create improved, workable prior-geometry theory and most of them were categorized in 1972 by Caltech physicists Wei-Tou Ni, Clifford Will and Kenneth Nordvedt at Montana State University. There have even been attempts at finding alternate mathematical descriptions to spacetime such as the work by H. Reichenbach in 1956 described in The Direction of Time. Reichenbach proposed that gravity is actually not a universal force according to his strict definition of such things. Philosopher Roberto Torretti at the University of Puerto Rico, however, commented on Reichenbach's analysis in a book called Relativity and Geometry by stating that Reichenbach's universal forces cannot be detected by any means because they modify the shape of the instrument used to measure them in the exact way needed to conceal their presence. They "...belong to the realm of science fiction and cannot be seriously countenance in real science" . As Sir James Jeans remarked in 1941 about the Ether, perhaps there is nothing to conceal in the first place.
The fact of the matter is that the experimental tests of general relativity are even now so restrictive that no other interpretation than Einstein's original one survives. Still, bi-metric theories continue to be of interest to some theoreticians because of their tantalizing capacity to offer slightly different solutions to older problems in general relativity. If only it were possible to preserve these beneficial features of prior-geometry theory without violating most experimental evidence for how gravitational fields operate. For example, as recently as 1989, in an article to the Astrophysical Journal, Rosen and his colleague Amos Harpaz at the Israel Institute of technology resurrected bi-metric general relativity and showed how it could modify what happens to a star collapsing to become a black hole. Instead of passing through its so-called event horizon and continuing to collapse to a singularity, it stops collapsing shortly after it arrives at its horizon size. It never evolves further to become a singularity as predicted by Einstein's theory of gravity.
"...[prior- geometry] is built on the a priori, Euclidean four-dimensional space, the belief in which amounts to something like a superstition"
It has occasionally been said that the only way that wrong theories actually vanish is that their proponents die off. They are never replaced by a new generation of students willing to pursue ideas that consistently go against experimental evidence and logical consistency. Bi-metric general relativity may be another such theory whose days are numbered. Having dispatched prior-geometry as being unsupported by the results of any experiment, let's now look at the second part of our question of what spacetime represents physically.
Although Einstein defined the association between his gravitational field to be exactly equivalent to what mathematicians had previously called the metric to the manifold, there was one other issue that remained open. In Gauss's surface geometry, and Riemann's manifold geometry, the properties of space were not tied to a particular coordinate system. Physically, this means that if I used "spherical" coordinates "( R, theta, phi)" and you used "cartesian" coordinates, ( x, y, z) we would come to identical conclusions about the motion of a planet around the sun. In fact, anyone would do so long as they assigned to every point in the manifold a unique coordinate address expressed as a pair of triplet numbers. These so-called Gaussian coordinates had absolutely no physicality to them. But now comes Einstein who appropriates the metric to represent the gravitational field. How are we now to interpret the points that make up the mathematical manifold in terms of physical properties of the gravitational field?
Geometrically, a point has no size at all, and manifolds are built up from quite literally an uncountable infinitude of these points. Physically speaking, a point in spacetime is defined as an 'event' which has a unique address in the manifold. All observers will agree that such an event occurred, and each will assign it a unique address in their own coordinate system, but in comparing these addresses with other observers, the space and time components to the addresses will be different. An event at its most elementary level could be the collision between two particles or the emission of a photon of light by a particle. An event could be any intersection between two worldlines on the manifold. By filling up the manifold in this way, every mathematical point eventually finds itself near some intersection point in the net of intersecting worldlines described by the energy (light) and matter worldlines that fill-up the spacetime. At some point, one may then disregard the 'reality' of the abstract manifold and focus on the reality of the webwork of worldlines of the real particles which now defines the physical manifold of spacetime.
"To me the geometry of a physical space is primarily a subjective concept. What is objective is the material content of the space, the photons, electrons [etc]...When particles are present, it becomes possible to add objective elements to the mathematical elements. Thus, the collision between two particles can be used as a definition of a spacetime point...If particles were present in large numbers, for example, as virtual photons or gravitons, collisions with a test particle (e.g. electron) could be so numerous as to define an almost continuous trajectory. It is not [however] necessary that one have a physical definition of all points in our 4-dimensional spacetime...The empty background of space, of which ones knowledge is only subjective, imposes no dynamical conditions on matter."
What this means is that so long as a point in the manifold is not occupied by some physical event such as the interaction point of a photon and an electron, it has no effect on a physical process. It is the collective property of physical events which defines the physical spacetime manifold and its geometry. The interstitial space between the events is simply not there so far as the physical world is concerned. A spider is free to crawl around its web, but it cannot crawl around if the web is not there.
"entirely shun the vague word 'space' of which we must honestly acknowledge we cannot form the slightest conception."
"...time and space are modes by which we think and not conditions in which we live."
They are free creations of the human mind to use one of Einstein's own expressions.
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0.999968 |
Traditional vs. Agile Software Development Method: Which One is Right for Your Project?
Software development projects use different types of software development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies, depending on their nature and requirements. They basically define the way that software development work is organized.
The two main approaches are the traditional or waterfall method and the agile software development method. How are they different from each other and which one should you choose for your project?
One main difference between the traditional and agile methodologies is the sequence of the phases in which the software development project is completed.
On the other hand, the agile methodology uses an iterative and team-based approach. Its main objective is to quickly deliver the application with complete and functional components. Instead of completing the software development tasks in sequence, they are completed in sprints that run from around 1 to 4 weeks and where a list of deliverables is completed in each sprint. The tasks that do not get completed within the sprint are then reprioritized and included in future sprints. This also means that the different stages of the software development life cycle can be revisited as needed.
With the traditional method, the details of the entire project have been visualized and defined before the project starts. In contrast, the agile methodology allows for more flexibility in that changes can more easily be made even after the project starts.
It is best employed if the scope of the project cannot be clearly defined in advance. This also means that making unplanned software development changes with the traditional method is costlier than with agile.
Customers are highly involved in the early stages of the software development process when employing the traditional methodology. More specifically, their input is needed during the requirements gathering phase, as they must provide a detailed description of what their requirements are with regards to the software application to be developed and how they envision it to function.
However, they have limited involvement after the software development process starts, aside from attending status meetings, doing reviews, and providing approvals. They usually get to see the product in its entirety after a software development life cycle is completed.
In contrast, the customers are highly involved in every stage when employing the agile development process. They can review the application at every phase and make suggestions for improvement.
As a result, the customers are more engaged in the entire software development process, in turn ensuring that they are satisfied with the finished product.
The traditional method has more formal documentation and review process than the agile approach. Each phase of the development process is properly documented and reviewed when using the traditional approach.
On the other hand, due to the quick delivery time required with the agile method, changes are usually made directly on the code, with the developers just adding comments and annotations. This doesn’t mean that documentation is not an important part of agile software development projects.
Documentation in agile is typically seen as a strategic part of the development process, where all that is written has a purpose. It is a simplified document with executable specifications and stable concepts.
Which software development method should you choose?
The size of the system.
The level of collaboration and interaction that is possible among the software development team members.
In particular, if you need to quickly release a basic product that you can later build on and add more features too, then the agile methodology may be more appropriate for your project. It works best if you have a startup, which means that you have limited resources but need a basic software application to get your business up and running. Likewise, this approach is suitable for small-to-medium-sized software applications.
On the other hand, the traditional method is better suited for projects in large enterprises where the specifications and requirements must be clearly defined before the project commences. Although the project may be divided into smaller components, each of which is developed with the agile approach, this comes with the risk that the individual components may not be compatible with each other once they are integrated to complete the final product.
Finally, the agile software development method requires a high level of collaboration among the stakeholders involved where each stakeholder must be readily available for input or feedback. In this regard, if you’re working with various groups (software developers, vendors, testers, customers, and others) that do not work in a single physical location or that may have limited availability, then the traditional approach may be the better option for you.
Both traditional and agile software development methods have their own advantages and disadvantages.
However, whenever feasible, the agile approach should be considered, as it provides more benefits, especially for startups. It enables a complete functional software application to be released faster. It is also more cost-effective, as making changes is less costly than with the traditional approach. Budgets can also be determined on a per-sprint rather than a per-project basis.
Moreover, because the customer is highly involved and changes are constantly made to the application, a higher quality of work is achieved.
With the use of technologies such as webcams, VoIP, and others, a high level of interaction is still possible even among remote teams. In this regard, this collaborative nature of agile fosters trusts between the customer and the software development team.
In summary, the software development method most appropriate for your project will depend on factors such as schedule, cost, quality, and the other resources available to the project. As such, it should be the first decision that you and your software development team make.
By organizing the different stages of your project efficiently, you can better ensure its successful completion — that is, a project that is developed on time, within budget, and where the customers are happy.
Want to start building your next software idea? Want to give it a shot on the Agile methodology? Contact us we have been working with this methodology for more than 8 years now. So, let us know how we can be helpful to you. We love to help!
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What is the difference between #E# and #E^@# in electrochemistry?
Well, the mathematical difference is #E - E^@ = -(RT)/(nF)lnQ#... The conceptual difference is nonstandard vs. standard conditions.
We define standard conditions to be #25^@ "C"# and #"1 atm"# pressure, with #"1 M"# concentrations.
The first equation uses #RTlnQ# as a correction factor for nonstandard conditions for the Gibbs' free energy. It turns out that the second equation also applies to the nonstandard #DeltaG#.
#F = "96485 C/mol e"^(-)# is the Faraday constant.
#Q# is the reaction quotient, i.e. not-yet-equilibrium constant.
#E# is the "electromotive force" for the cell process.
#E^@# is, of course, #E# at standard conditions.
at #25^@ "C"#, #"1 atm"# pressure, and #"1 M"# concentrations.
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Estimates of Cattle milk production in India was 73645.57 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 1554.06 (2.1%), 40377.32 (54.8%), 17998.74 (24.4%) and 13715.45 (18.6%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. Top 5 States/UTs in terms of Estimates of Cattle Milk Production during 2015-16 were: Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
Cattle milk production in Uttar Pradesh was 8242.95 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 355.48 (4.3%), 2808.68 (34.1%), 3754.37 (45.5%) and 1324.42 (16.1%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. It had a weightage of 11.19% of the total Cattle milk produced in India during the year. Cattle milk production in Tamil Nadu was 6868.36 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 129.56 (1.9%), 6106.82 (88.9%), 631.98 (9.2%) and 0 (0%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. It had a weightage of 9.33% of the total Cattle milk produced in India during the year.
Cattle milk production in Rajasthan was 6629.62 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 0 (0%), 2234.97 (33.7%), 2388.21 (36%) and 2006.44 (30.3%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. It had a weightage of 9% of the total Cattle milk produced in India during the year. Cattle milk production in Maharashtra was 6061.99 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 32.44 (0.5%), 4664.23 (76.9%), 386.55 (6.4%) and 978.77 (16.1%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. It had a weightage of 8.23% of the total Cattle milk produced in India during the year.
Cattle milk production in Madhya Pradesh was 5930.12 thousand tonne during 2015-16, Out of which 56.43 (1%), 1298.48 (21.9%), 670.97 (11.3%) and 3904.24 (65.8%) thousand tonne milk was from Exotic Cattle, Crossbred Exotic Cattle, Indigenous Cattle and Non-Descript Cattle respectively. It had a weightage of 8.05% of the total Cattle milk produced in India during the year.
Note: Data values are in ‘000 tonne; Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and also published in Statistical Year Book 2017 by MOSPI.
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For a list of the Dutch Directors-General who governed New Amsterdam as part of New Netherland between 1624 and 1664, see Director-General of New Netherland. For a list of the Mayors of Brooklyn from 1834 to Brooklyn's consolidation into the City of New York in 1898, see History of Brooklyn.
The Mayor of New York City is the chief executive of New York City's government, as stipulated by New York City's charter. The current mayor, the 109th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Bill de Blasio, a Democrat.
During the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. Following the 1664 creation of the British Province of New York, newly renamed New York City was run by the British military governor, Richard Nicolls. The office of Mayor of New York was established in 1665. Holders were appointed by colonial governors, beginning with Thomas Willett. The position remained appointed until 1777.
In 1777, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York. In 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors.
Since 1834, mayors have been elected by direct popular vote.
Before 1898, the city included little beyond the island of Manhattan. The 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.
The longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H. La Guardia (1934–1945), Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1954–1965), Ed Koch (1978–1989), and Michael Bloomberg (2002–2013) each of whom was in office for twelve years (three successive 4-year terms). The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors: Thomas Coman (five weeks from Monday, November 30, 1868, to Monday, January 4, 1869) and Samuel B. H. Vance (one month from November 30 to December 31, 1874), in addition to the purely nominal single day that William T. Collins served in 1925.
Every mayor was white until the election of David Dinkins (1990–1993), to date the city's only African American to hold the office. New York has not had a Hispanic or Latino mayor, with the possible exception of John Purroy Mitchel (1914–1917), who was of Spanish descent and whose grandfather was born in Venezuela. New York's mayors have been religiously diverse; the city has had Protestant, Jewish, and Catholic mayors. No woman has ever served as mayor of New York City.
Peter Delanoy was the first and only directly-elected mayor of New York until 1834. Appointed mayors resumed in the wake of Leisler's Rebellion.
After 1820, the mayor was appointed by the city's Common Council. Under the Charter of 1834, mayors were elected annually. After 1849, they served two-year terms.
John T. Hoffman resigned after his election as Governor of New York state but before the end of his mayoral term. Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Hoffman's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, A. Oakey Hall, took office.
When Hall temporarily retired during the Tweed investigation, the Acting Mayor of New York City was John Cochrane, the President of the New York City Council.
William F. Havemeyer died during his last term of office. Samuel B. H. Vance, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Havemeyer's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, William H. Wickham, took office.
William L. Strong served an additional year in office because New York City mayoral elections were changed to be held in odd-numbered years due to the impending consolidation of New York City.
The 1898–1901 term was for four years. The City Charter was changed to make the mayor's term a two-year one beginning in 1902, but after two such terms was changed back to resume four-year terms in 1906. George B. McClellan Jr. thus served one two-year term from 1904 to 1905, during which he was elected to a four-year term from 1906 to 1909. See New York City mayoral elections#Terms and term limits (since 1834).
The party of the mayor reflects party registration, as opposed to the party lines run under during the general election.
12 years Republican 8 CEO of Bloomberg L.P.
Randolph Gugghenheimer I (born 1846) served as acting mayor in 1900 while Robert A. Van Wyck was away.
Seth Low previously served as Mayor of the City of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885.
William Jay Gaynor died September 10, 1913. Ardolph L. Kline, the unelected President of the Board of Aldermen, succeeded as acting mayor upon Gaynor's death, but then sought re-election as an alderman (successfully) rather than election as mayor. Kline has thus been the only mayor since 1834 never to win a citywide election (having been appointed Vice President of the Board of Aldermen by his colleagues and then succeeding to the presidency mid-term, rather than winning it by popular election at large).
Jimmy Walker resigned September 1, 1932 and went to Europe, amid allegations of corruption in his administration. Joseph V. McKee, as President of the Board of Aldermen, became acting mayor in Walker's place, but was then defeated in a special election by John P. O'Brien.
William O'Dwyer resigned August 31, 1950, during a police corruption scandal, after which he was appointed Ambassador to Mexico by President Harry S. Truman.
Vincent R. Impellitteri, President of the New York City Council, became acting mayor when O'Dwyer resigned on August 31, 1950, and was then elected to the office in a special election held on November 7, 1950. He was inaugurated on November 14.
^ Lincoln, Charles Z. (1906). The Constitutional History of New York: From the Beginning of the Colonial Period to the Year 1905, Showing the Origin, Development, and Judicial Construction of the Constitution – Volume 2. Rochester, N.Y.: The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company. p. 6. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Roberts, Sam (May 10, 2005) Today's Loneliest Political Minority? It's Probably the White Protestant, The New York Times: "New York's early mayors were mostly Protestant, but in the last 100 years the city has elected few Protestant mayors."
Binder, Frederick and Reimers, David (1995) All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City New York: Columbia University Press. p.243: "In 1963 Abe Beame became the first Jew to be elected mayor of New York City. In 1977 Ed Koch became the second Jewish mayor when he won election to the first of three terms."
Collins, Glen (May 15, 2008) Persecuted to Powerful: Exhibiting a History of New York's Catholics, The New York Times: "William R. Grace, who was elected in 1880 as the first Catholic mayor of New York City..."
^ a b "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York" on the official NYC website. When a former mayor serves again after a break in office, a new number is assigned to his resumed service. However, the six acting mayoralties are unnumbered.
^ Caldwell, John; Rogue, Oswaldo Rodriguez; Johnson, Dale T. (March 1, 1994). American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 256.
^ Staff (November 17, 1868). "Local Intelligence — Board of Aldermen — Resignation of the Mayor". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Staff (January 5, 1869). "Municipal Affairs — Organization of the Common Council — The Mayor's Message — The City Budget for 1869 — Comparison of Taxation in 1868 and 1869". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
^ Staff (November 7, 1897). "Robert A. Van Wyck". The New York Times Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ a b c d Staff (December 31, 1925). "Hylan And Enright Out With Pensions; Last-Hour Shifts In Police Department; Walker Fills Important City Posts — Collins Mayor for a Day — Leach is the Active Head of the Police Force for the Last Day of 1925 — Hylan to Get $4,205 A Year — Retirement Voted by Board of Estimate, He Quits to Assure Pension — Enright to Draw $5,000 — Approval of His Retirement as Commissioner One of Hylan's Last Official Acts". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^ Staff (November 7, 1917). "How Hylan Reached The Mayor's Chair — Came Here from the Farm and First Worked as a Tracklayer — To School After Marriage — Long Active in Civic Affairs in Brooklyn — Mayoralty Said to Have Been His Ambition". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
^ Staff (November 10, 1932). "O'Brien Will Stay on Bench Till Jan. 1 — Mayor-Elect Says, However, He Will Devote Spare Time to Study of City's Problems — Renews Economy Pledge — Silent on Protest Vote — McKee Among Thousands Who Send Congratulatory Messages". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
^ Staff (November 5, 1933). "List of Candidates Who Will Be on Ballots in Municipal Election Nov. 7". The New York Times. p. N2. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^ "Acting Mayor Boomed Long Branch Property by Buying Drexel Cottage". The New York Times. August 20, 1900. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ "Randolph Gugghenheimer". Jewish Encyclopedia. Guggenheimer acted as mayor of New York city during the absence of the incumbent.
^ Justin Wise (October 10, 2018). "Bloomberg re-registers as Democrat". The Hill. The Hill. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
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A supposed sect of an Essene order, among Palestinian Jews of the second century. The only passage in which the name occurs is Miḳwaot ix. 6 (Tosef. ib. vi. 14 [vii. 1]), where the following Halakah is recorded by a tanna of the middle of the second century, concerning the question of dipping the clothing for Levitical purification: "Garments belonging to the Bannaim may not have a mud-stain even upon one side, because these people are very particular concerning the cleanliness of their clothing, and any such spot would prevent the purifying water from actually penetrating the garment as it is usually worn; but with a 'bor' [explained as an unlearned and uncultured man], it matters not if his clothing contain a mud-spot at the time of dipping, for such a one is not so particular about cleanliness."
The identity of these Bannaim was lost to the amoraim of a century later. Hence the term was explained as "scholars who occupy themselves with the study of the world's construction"; so that "Bannaim" would mean "building-masters" or "building-students," from "banah" (to build) (Shab. 114a). Similarly to this explanation, Frankel (see below) understood the Bannaim to be an Essene order who were employed with ax and shovel (compare Josephus, "B. J." ii. 8, § 9); while other scholars, such as Sachs and Derenbourg ("Essai sur l'Histoire de la Géographie de la Palestine," p. 166), agree in the main with Frankel, but explain "Bannaim" to mean "those who bathe," from the Judæo-Aramean word "banna'a," equivalent to the Greek βαλανεîον (bath). Thus the name of this order would then be identical in meaning with the "Ṭobele Shaḥarit" (Hemerobaptists), as the Essenes are sometimes called. Nevertheless it is highly probable that the word "Bannaim" in the above-mentioned Mishnah means simply "bathers," without reference to any particular sect, but in connection with the clothing used at the bath. This is, according to Rashi, the conception of the Mishnah held by the amora Simeon b. Laḳish, who explains by (clothes used in the bath or immediately afterward) (Shab. l.c.; but Jastrow, "Dict.," and Krauss, "Lehnwörter," assign a quite different meaning to ).
The misunderstanding of this Mishnah originates in taking "Bannaim" as an antithesis to "bor," and this latter as meaning "an uncultured person." But "bor" is never found as the antithesis of Essene; a proper opposition would be "ḥaber" and "'Am ha-Areẓ." A comparison of the passage with its parallel in the Tosefta, l.c., shows that "bor" means nothing more than a "well," which explanation casts a quite different light upon the Mishnah and its exposition. The Tosefta reads: "When mire from a roadside strip [ ; see Mishnah, l.c. 2] has fallen upon clothing, there are three varying opinions whether such mud prevents Levitical purification. One holds it to be a preventive only when it goes through both sides of the garment; a second, that it prevents purification even though it adhere only to one side; while an intermediate opinion claims that if the garment be one belonging to the Bannaim, the second opinion must be upheld, and if not, then the first." So far the Mishnah, to which the Tosefta adds, "but if the mire comes from a pit ["bor"; the Mishnah, l.c. 2, calls it ], the solution depends upon whether the pit is large and containing much mud, or small" (the text is corrupt in the usual editions, but may be found correct in ed. Zuckermandel and in Hai Gaon's commentary on the Mishnah, l.c.). According to this view, the Mishnah says nothing about the clothing of a bor, but speaks of the mire from a pit (bor), which is declared a preventive of Levitical purification, even though it be upon only one side of the garment. This explanation of the Mishnah, current in the gaonic period, was revived by Elijah Wilna in modern times (see his gloss on the passage); and it takes the foundation from under the interpretation of "Bannaim" as a class of persons opposed to the bor. The Mishnah simply says that bathing-clothes must be scrupulously clean, and that the smallest stain prevents their Levitical purification. Compare Banus, Bannaah, Essenes.
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0.959109 |
How to get your dog to try on clothes?
Are you ready to cover your furry friend in something warm for winter or simply looking for a way to have them sporting the latest trends? If you said yes and is struggling to get started with some outfits for your pup, here are some tips to get you started.
Start early - The best way to acclimate your four legged loved one is to get them used to wearing outfits early on. Not only will they begin to feel comfortable in clothes, they will expect it. If, however, you are starting later on, fear not! Your adult pup can still learn to wear outfits, it will just take some time.
Keep it simple - Begin with something simple that fastens on the chest or belly. This type of outfit will allow you to put it on without covering their head, and possibly scaring them. Additionally, keep the outfit loose while our tail wagging friend gets used to the new feeling of clothes.
Reward them - As you successfully put on the outfit, be sure to give them treats if they keep it on and stand still. Show them how good they are for accepting the change of wearing something. The more they see wearing clothes as something positive, they will enjoy getting dressed.
Keep it brief - Start with a minute or two and work up to longer times. At first they won’t move much with clothes on and over time they will become more comfortable.
Make it fun - Remember why you’re covering your furry friend. If you chose to give them a sweater to stay warm, take them out for walks. If you’re sporting the fall look, take some pictures. Whatever your reason, make sure you’re both having fun.
These simple tips will expand your travel options and raise your tail wagging status.
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B) Reread the article more carefully and underline the parts where conditions for avoiding banking problems in transition economies are mentioned.
Citizens 'obligations in the environmental protection sphere: legal fixation problems.
While green buildings have many positive benefits, there is also strong evidence to suggest a direct correlation between new products / innovative design and building failures.
Two strong characteristics of most green buildings are: 1) the use of innovative, locally-produced products and 2) the implementation of new design, construction, and operation approaches that are intended to reduce energy usage and be environmentally sound.
The intent of building green is unquestionably noble and good, and should be aggressively pursued. However, because of the dramatic change that this will present to the design and construction industry, its implementation will present new risks that are likely to be both legal and technical in nature.
- Accepting the higher standard of care that a green building might present-what is currently considered "best practices" may now become the new expected "standard of care." Most insurance companies exclude anything that exceeds the normal standard of care.
- Failing to recognize (or prepare for) the unknowns in cost and schedule impacts that a green building might present.
- The failure of new products to meet their promoted performance levels, which is more likely with new materials compared to proven materials found in traditional buildings.
Open celled foam insulation (especially materials that are bio-based) is being heavily promoted as a green product and is often described as hydrophobic. The fact is that most of them are highly moisture absorbent. These materials have a high potential for hiding moisture problems and decreasing the drying potential of envelope cavities-both potentially severe problems in buildings.
- Vegetative roofs, which are more risky due to the constantly wet conditions must be carefully designed, constructed, and monitored after construction.
- Improved energy performance through increased insulation and the use of new materials, which may change the dew point location in walls, resulting in damaging condensation and a reduced drying potential for wall assemblies.
- Reuse of existing buildings or recycled components, which may not be easily integrated to the adjacent new materials and could cause compatibility problems between these materials.
- Use of new green construction materials that have not been field-tested over time.
- Increased ventilation to meet indoor air quality (IAQ) goals that may unintentionally result in increased interior humidity levels in hot, humid climates.
- Building startup procedures, such as "building flush-out," which could result in increased humidity levels and mold growth.
New green construction materials are entering the market at a staggering rate. Because many of these products help to achieve multiple LEED credits, designers working on green buildings are eager to specify these materials. The risk to contractors is that many of these new items are not time-tested, and designers often do not have the time to fully research their efficacy. If the new product fails, it may be difficult to determine if it is a design error, an installation error, or a product defect. Additionally, contractors must rely on subcontractors to install new materials that they are inexperienced in installing.
1. Development of nanotechnology in Russia.
2. Nanotechnology in civil construction.
3. History of green and sustainable buildings.
4. Advantages and disadvantages of green buildings.
5. Modern tendencies in green and sustainable buildings.
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Tulip Mania was a speculative bubble that occurred during the period of the Dutch Golden Age. Suddenly contract prices for bulbs of some recently introduced tulips reached extraordinarily high levels. But what made this kind of tulip so special? It was a very special kind of quality that made people offer exceptionally high prices for the product. For example, the Viceroy was a tulip which was sold for 3000 to 4200 guilders at a time when a skilled craftsman only earned 300 guilders a year! The quick fall in prices, however, created essential problems among investors. Many such investors were ruined by the fall in prices, and Dutch commerce suffered a severe shock.
Tulip Mania is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble. Since then the term “tulip mania” has often been used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values, intrinsic values that are generally determined by the quality of the products.
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What are the best non-medicine alternatives to combat and reverse heart disease?
What do you know about the "do's" and "don't" when it comes to recovering from heart failure? I'm concerned about the side effects some medications have and so far my research shows there are non-traditional, wholistic approaches that claim to even reverse heart disease. What do you know? My dad is in the hospital and I'm trying to help my mom do some research...thanks!
I am sorry to "hear" about your dad, Seek-n-Find.
Thank you--this is a very good suggestion. Appreciate it!
i used a herbal recipe to cure hearth disease.
Mix all four and heat on a low flame about one hour.Let the mixture to cool.
Mix three cup honey and take one teaspoon (5 ml.) three time daily before breakfast,lunch,diner.
Oh wow! I'll have to check this out--have you used this personally and found it to work? Thank you!
I had a blocked artery and was given Lipitor and similar, but soon found them to be destroying my muscles and nervous system. I flat stopped taking them, changed my diet to fresh fruits and vegetables, plus rice bran, omega-3, flax seed oil, lecithin, CQ10, folic acid (B9), plus lots of water and moderate exercise. From feeling like death warmed over, I pulled out of it and now (6-years later) feel healthier than I have in nearly 20 years.
Of the above combination, I don't know what did the most good, but I bet it was water, exercise and drastic change of diet to fresh fruits and vegetables. I'd stay away from the new GMO stuff, too.
Medical doctors are smart in the Rockefeller type medicine based on petroleum-based drugs and surgery, but know very little about health maintenance. Cures are anathema to Big Pharma, because they jeopardize profits. These days, I don't trust them at all.
My last primary care physician in the States told me I'd be on a purple pill for acid reflux for the rest of my life. Got rid of that with change of diet, but also digestive enzymes.
Don't overdo exercise. I found that an easy mistake. Take it slow and listen to your body, but keep upping the amount as comfortable. Listen to your body as you do it.
So helpful!!! I really appreciate this--I think this will be of great encouragement for my parents to hear. Thank you!
Really a good suggestions.If we change our life style we can cure our all disease. Every persons purchase disease himself and pay lifelong.
In order to reverse heart disease, you need to know what first causes it. Heart disease is caused by a build up of fat and cholesterol that blocks the arteries. Also, heardened arteries are a factor. To turn this around, going on a vegetarian diet is necessary. The fats you will consume from a vegetaried diet are good fats which will not build up in your arteries. And a vegetarien diet has no cholesterol. It will also unharden your arteries.
The biggest problem lies in the food we eat, which is one of the primary causes for all the major afflictions, one of them being heart disease.
I would strongly recommend you check out what Mary-Ann Shearer (author of The Natural Way) says about this, and also The China Study by Colin Campbell and Thomas Campbell.
Is there any suggestions to prevent from heart disease except medicine?
How Does Not Exercising Cause Heart Disease?
What Medicine Would You Take To Reduce Your Weight?
I found hoodia and some colon cleansing treatment work the best,how about you?
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Audience loyalty: Media companies building real relationships with their audience is more important than ever. A lot of factors can impact the relationship between a publisher and their audience, including quality of content, uniqueness of voice, user experience, and ad strategy. Publishers will need to pay even closer attention to each, given the heightened value of audience loyalty. Publishers that are increasingly focused on an audience-first ad strategy will be well-positioned with the other trends we're seeing ecosystem-wide.
Diversification across all facets of business: LittleThings was an entirely ad-supported business (lack of revenue diversification) with audience that came almost exclusively from Facebook (lack of traffic diversification). In that model, which relies on two different, unhedged elements that are out of its control, LittleThings was placing an extremely risky bet.
Clear dangers of building your business on top of other businesses: Self-explanatory, I hope! This has played out time and again in the digital ecosystem, including, famously, Zynga and Facebook.
Programmatic Implications: LittleThings - and digital-first pubs in the same mold - are generally progressive and skilled when it comes to executing successful programmatic monetization strategies. Additionally, they have volume tonnage, see large traffic spikes, and have small or non-existent sell-through rates, all of which make them ideally suited for RTB-based markets. This is why similar publishers are frequently among the largest on various days on exchanges/SSPs and make up the some of the top spend outlets for DSPs. This being the case, if viral/social publishers as a category begin to decline, what could be the implications for remaining (more premium/traditional) publishers and exchanges?
Premium Publishers: These publishers have historically been forced to compete with social/viral publishers for programmatic spend, given the generally audience-focused nature of programmatic ad buying. In fact, this competition is a well-documented source of frustration for most traditional publishers. If this competition starts to fade, premium pubs could be in a position to command this incremental spend. Of course, premium pubs will be hurt by the FB algorithm change as well, but those with strong audience loyalty will prevail with force. That said, in order to capture these additional dollars - the buy-side will need to adjust their strategies to some extent. This may be a natural result of the Facebook algorithm change, though it remains to be seen.
Exchanges: Mid-tier exchanges that rely on mid-tail inventory will face obvious problems, while premium exchanges focused on premium inventory and branded publishers should see those efforts rewarded.
Ultimately, we'll see over the next 12-18 months how this affects all market participants, and we should continue to track other social/viral publishers traffic levels and health over the coming months and quarters. TripleLift has historically focused on working with premium publishers, and the Facebook algorithm change may produce an increase in traffic and revenue to these partners that have focused on creating sustainable long-term brands and relationships with their audiences.
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Why Hasn't the Syrian Revolution Succeeded?
It has been six months since Syrians took to the streets demanding the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, who has ruled Syria with an iron grip since 2000. Assad has responded violently to the uprisings, by cracking down and even brutally killing protesters. In total, about 3,000 protesters have been killed.
The United States has called for Assad to relinquish power, Europe has implemented a strict oil embargo on Syria, and Turkey, a one-time Syrian ally, is moving forward with a list of sanctions against Assad’s regime.
Yet, Assad remains in power. Which begs the question: Why do you think the Syrian government has not collapsed? Why has the Syrian revolution been unsuccessful in overthrowing the current government?
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Have you heard the one about a massive earthquake causing California to break free from the rest of the continent and slipping into the Pacific? Did you know that early explorers and cartographers believed California was an island? The ‘island’ of California is one of the widest cartographic errors in history.
It was the Age of Discovery and European powers were sending their ships out to chart the world. Thinking about the geography of the west coast of North America, it’s easy to understand how early explorers might have thought it was dominated by a massive island. A limited survey of the Pacific Northwest would have revealed the Puget Sound, but might not have documented its extent. Further, the Sea of Cortez, at 700 miles in length, may have been partially charted. Taken together, along with a fictional account of an island, early explorers confused Point Olympia and Baja California as the northern and southern ends, respectively, of an enormous barrier island.
Cortez, c1535, determined Baja California to be the southern tip of the island, but this was quickly disputed a matter of mere years later by de Ulloa’s subsequent exploration. Both Mercator and Ortelius correctly depicted Baja California as a peninsula.
The legend of the Island of California no doubt had both its genesis and staying power rooted in the belief that an earthly Eden-like paradise existed–California was thought to be it, prompted by an account in a c1510 work of fiction. This seeded the idea that there was such an island in the explorers minds.
That some maps show California as an island is largely considered a cartographic error. Thinking about this, the question springs to mind: is it truly an error in the making of the maps, or do the maps accurately reflect the world as it was (erroneously) known a the time? In other words, is it a map error or an exploratory error? It turns out it is both: its origin lies in incomplete exploration, but it persisted after explorers confirmed that California was Terra Firme.
So, is was it an error? Here’s the key: if the map was made before California was widely known to be firmly attached to the continent, the map itself was not in error, but if it was made after, it was in error.
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Have you made Cheese Fondue Aunt's Recipe?
1. In the top of a double boiler, heat wine until barely simmering.
2. Add garlic. Dredge cheese in cornstarch, add to wine and stir until cheese melts.
3. Add Kirsch and seasonings, continuing to stir until smooth.
4. Turn into Fondue pot, keep warm over alcohol lamp while serving.
5. Serve with chunks of French bread, slices of apples and pears, and quartered carrots to dip in cheese.
This recipe contains potential food allergens and will effect people with Cheese, Corn, Sulfites, Garlic, Alcohol allergies.
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How to set up different types of tanks from 10gal to a 40gal tall and the kinds of pets that can live in them.
The only difference between a terrarium and a vivarium is a terrarium is specifically aimed at keeping plants, while a vivarium (including its plants) is built around keeping an animal.
The tanks below are a generalized environment many different types of animals can find comfort in. They're basically what I've come to use in making tanks from tropical, semi-aquatic to dry. Very user friendly, anyone including children could make some of these tanks themselves to keep their critter. I've included a list below each type of set up of the types of animals you could keep in it just more or less as examples. My information is fairly generic and I highly recommend researching all you can learn about the animal you want to keep and making their tank a week before you actually get them.
*If you have children please do not own a potentially dangerous pet. While there is always the threat of contracting salmonella from a reptile or amphibian cleaning poop or not washing hands, there are even greater dangers for small children in those that are poisonous or constrictors. Cages and tanks should at least be locked for both critter and child safety.
If you'd like to build a vivarium and put critters from the backyard, it really isn't much different from buying one. You need to know the species, what they eat, what kind of environment they like to live in best and what conditions they like most for breeding if at all.
You still have to calcium and vitamin powder their food like crickets, how large can the food be before it's too big for them to eat. Generally nothing bigger than their own mouths, and if you see poop, they're eating. You should feed them live food at least once every other day and if you see more than two or three insects left after the next day, you've given them too many. Never put a predatory insect like spiders or mantids in your tank with your animal.
As a backyard wildlife, you need to catch them while they are a very young age, as adults are more apt to die even in a perfect vivarium just for being homesick. Make sure they are a species that can tolerate the presence of another male in their territory and make sure if you get more than one that their environment is not too small for their numbers. Such as you don't want to go any smaller than a ten gallon tank for any small, backyard animal, any smaller tank would be fine for a single insect or as a temporary 'quarantine' tank. Always handle small creatures such as a frog like a fire belly toad to a tree frog with an aquarium net for their own safty and minimum stress.
Any animal living in a tank is going to be living with a certain amount of constant stress. Too much stress can kill them among other factors such as disease, parasites, lack of vitamin/mineral supplement, the wrong environmental conditions and competition if they share the environment with another. Never mix different species of animals together, they could make each other sick, fight each other or even eat the other.
Any time you handle an animal like a reptile or amphibian there is always the danger you could be exposed to something harmful yourself, such as salmonella. Always wash your hands.
The biggest problems within the pet trade itself is species such as reptiles and amphibians being captured in the wild for sale, many times they do not survive captivity or they are an endangered species and depleting because of the pet trade. Sometimes it actually helps a species in danger because they're loosing habitat but it isn't always the case. As a rule of thumb, please don't tank an endangered species, even if you intend to re-introduce the young to your backyard. At least make sure you are very capable of having successful breeding and check with Wildlife Services to see if you would need a wildlife license for a permit to raise the particular wild animal(s) for rescue and re-introduction. There are still plenty of other common or introduced species to 'bring home to mom' and raise successfully for their natural life span.
Depending on the animal you get, how many and their adult size, you may want to invest in expanding their comfort with taller and/or larger tanks from 15gal up.
To monitor temperature and humidity. For most critters and vivariums, the ideal temperature is 70-85 and the most ideal humidity is 70-90. A glass enclosed tank with plenty of water in the bottom will pretty much regulate both without ever needing a heat pad. For a desert style the humidity will most likely be around 40-70 and 80-90 day temperature with a drop at night to 70-75%, with at least an under the tank heater.
Usually comes with a new 10gal tank. This is optional but prefered for pretty much all types of tanks with the exception of the desert scene, just to minimize the amount of gravel for the bottom vs the volume of water to condense through the soil and create the humidity. This or any false bottom such as plastic egg crate, is essential if you want to make a semi-aquatic tank. The false bottom makes the base of the land portion that will rest above the water.
Even with the covering hood you still need the screen cover under it so critters won't escape. Even if you think your critter won't, his crickets and fruit flies will. The only solution to escaping fruit flies I can offer is tightly glue a mosquito mesh netting to the under side of the screen cover with aquarium silicone glue. The only disadvantage to adding a mosquito mesh netting is it would make the rays of fluorescents and incandescents that much more difficult to penetrate into the tank. I don't know if heat lights would actually burn or melt the mesh but going with a galvanized wire cloth version would likely be best.
A glass covering would do just as well without needing a screen cover or worrying about fruit fly escapes, but don't normally come with a 10gal. Some set ups would be better off with just a screen cover without a hood, depending on the animal and/or humidity desired.
With a full spectrum daylight UV fluorescent bulb. You can get away with fluorescent fixtures meant for greenhouse gardening but reptile specific have more colors in mind for your critter, not all spectrums are the same, even when they say full and 'dim' lighting doesn't necessarily mean it's not doing its job. Fluorescents may not all be bright, but they will begin to flicker when they're no longer viable. Replace bulbs before 12mo's as they begin to loose colors in the spectrum from dying out. Many of these particular rays not present in a regular household bulb are beneficial to plants and herps alike from photosynthesis to UVB rays providing a herp (reptiles and amphibians) vitamin D3 - which in turns helps them metabolize calcium. This is one particular reason most vivarium animals need calcium supplements with and without D3, because not all bulbs provide UVB, or enough of it for a long period. I prefer full spectrum fluorescents because it is a 'cool' light, rather, it doesn't get hot with a high color index to mimic sunlight (UV) and has at least some UVA and UVB.
The best sign of poor lighting is plants that grow too thin and tall and most herps not 'basking' at their full potential of greater coloring. Just for an example, I have my anoles in a 20gal tall tank and I'm using both reptile, and a greenhouse full spectrum fluorescent bulbs. Basically, one for the lizards and one to reach in its rays far enough to the tank flooring to get to the plants. The anoles pretty much enjoy both and are much greener on the plants with even darker and redder browns against the bark than I could get for them with just one light.
You still have to distill bottled water. Most of the time when I gather water from a rain barrel I let it sit for a day or two as well in jugs just to minimize the amount of algae. With bigger tanks you may want to consider misting systems but with a 10gal, keeping up with a spray bottle will do. Be certain water changing and spray bottles are at least 70 degrees. Drastic, sudden temperature drops can cause shock and stress enough to lead to deaths.
Do not use outside soil or potting soil as it may harm your animal in this enclosed environment with the chemicals, bacteria and fertilizers they contain. Of the host of things you can use for most set-ups, I prefer either orchid mix or making my own with peat moss, perlite and sphagnum moss. Other 'dirt' or humus alternatives to peat moss are coco-peat or coir and eco-earth.
I don't particularly care for vermiculite, it contains asbestos, sticks to critters, is a bit too absorbent and breaks down in substrate enough to become a compact mush that doesn't provide oxygen or absorb irons from the water. I don't think it's anything I'd want my animals to swallow, much less handle myself. I like perlite much better if I'm going to use something that's light, absorbent and oxygenating.
The most typical accessories are pieces of wood like bark, cork, grape vines, cholla and large stones to sand stone slates, hides, water dispensers and dishes. The accessories and how/where to place them in the tank greatly depend on the type of animal and set up. Do they climb? Are they good at climbing or have falling risks? Do they hide on the walls or on the ground? Do they dig, bask, swim/soak, leap, run, stay out allot or hide allot? Change colors? How about prey, do they chase it, wait for it to come to them or have a prehensile tongue? Occasionally eat veggies/leaves/flowers? How many are in the tank compared to how much room each individual needs? These sort of factors depend on how high or far apart or even quantity of different things you might use from sticks, water bowls to plants. In a 10gal, a piece of cholla or grape vine is more than enough to provide an elevated area and can be used as a point for burrowing or making wall-side hides with additional bark depending on the critter. As an example, my fire belly toads have coconut shell hides and love to get under anything with enough depression to allow it, while my hyla tree frogs have coconut shells that are turned upside down and partially filled with water, hiding behind set up bark and the nook between tank top and screen covering.
Things like driftwood, cholla, coconut shell, Brazil nut pods. I'm just making a special note here because some folks prefer to try to treat woods before putting them in a tank either to sterilize them or preserve them from rotting in the moisture. Even though there is a chance untreated wood and leaf litter from the back yard could bring in unwanted parasites, I think some of the expectancy to treat or sterilize them is a bit over rated. For the most part, I usually buy woods that are pre-treated or gather leaf litter and barks from my back yard and don't do anything to them. Another thing to consider is I don't pesticide my yard either, unless I'm killing ant beds or leaf chewing bugs have become more popular than my assassin bugs, tree frogs, anoles and other yard critters can keep up with them in very specific areas or plants. I know I'm still taking a large risk of 'under-kill' most people would like to avoid, but I also think some of the emphasis, like bleaching a piece of driftwood, is a little more on the over-kill side. Generally, there are some critters to do with decomposing woods and leaves that I want in a tank with my frogs. Woodlouse, springtails and snails in particular eat on the decay while the frogs may eat them in turn and terrarium plants will gather nutrients from the wood decay as well.
Plants should go in around the same time as accessories and the tank given at least a week before animals are introduced into it. The best kind to look for are slow growing plants that like low level lighting and moist soils.
Tall ones for shade, vine and leafy ones for resting, low to ground ones for non-climbers who like hiding like fire belly toads, American toad, pacman, newts and skinks. Particularly moss, but it's hard to find any besides live sphagnum moss that will survive beyond foresting a piece of wood. Fern is ideal too.
I've experimented with all kinds of plants from those for vivariums to garden varieties to wild 'weeds' like false strawberries, Johnny jump up and I'm recently seeing how sorrel will do. Thus far my best vivarium specific plant that has survived, flourished and grows really slow is Syngonium Erythrophyllum.
In some cases such as the example of the desert vivarium, an under the tank heater, heat lights or incandescents are used to provide critters who need up to 85 temps in the day with cooler, 70/75 nights. With a 10gal you don't need a heat/incandescent bulb any greater than a 15 watt. You'll want the tank to be cooler at night so chances are you won't need both at the same time, as long as night temperatures in the tank do not drop below 60 degrees at the most minimum.
I like under the tank heaters over incandescents or heat lights, things do not dry out or burn, especially the animal, and I can place it under one side of the tank to give them the other side as a spot to cool down, or on the side for a wall crawler.
As far as other tanks like the tropical and semi-aquatic, I don't think heating is necessary as a glass hood will provide enough heat and humidity within, and many other critters do fine at room temperatures. I don't think just because you have a herp, you automatically need something like an under the tank heater or incandescent light. For example, my leopard geckos require an under the tank heater on one side of their 30/40gal tank in a desert set up with a screen lid, alternating a blue 40Watt fluorescents (daylight) bulb. But, my anoles are in a semi-tropical and are fine with a screen lid and 18" 15Watt fluorescent tubes, but no further heat source.
This is just my own basic sort of set up. Place the false bottom into the bottom of the tank and cover it with the aquarium gravel for about an inch to 2 inches high. If the false bottom came with the tank, including a tube, add the tube, so you can use it to pour water into the gravel later. Fill this with the distilled or rain water just so it covers the gravel.
What I do is mix peat moss, perlite and crushed sphagnum moss together while it's very slightly damp but you can use orchid mix too. As damp, fill it over the gravel and press lightly for about 2-3 inches or finger length. Make sure it's level though you can add slopes to one or two sides for variety. Over this place a thin layer of damp sphagnum moss and/or dead leaves.
Add things depending on how the animal likes to live, hides, bark, sticks, stones and water bowl.
I've gotten plants down to some very basic simple guys who are living well in my tanks and look fantastic like a jungle. I haven't done well with the fancier terrarium plants like pitchers but after some experimenting these are thriving well. I also have some varieties of wild plants from my yard in a couple of tanks doing well.
Caladiums - grow thin and tall and need to be trimmed if they're hitting the top, I have caladium aaron in mine but there are other suitable varieties like Arrowhead and Heart Fern.
Bamboo Palm - or Chamaedorea, very slow grower with a thin, sturdy stem and palm-like leaves, best grown to a diagonal direction. You could also use ferns for something bushier without the long stalk.
Bromeliads - a very small one which might do well or just die, so far my only survivor is in my wettest soil tank. If I could figure out what I'm doing wrong for their conditions, I'd rather have neorgelia at least for the tree frogs.
Chinese Evergreen or Hosta's - Nice foliage plants with big leaves.
Elf Umbrella Tree - Or Arboricola Tree, I like this plant in particular because it does very well, grows really slow and makes a nice jungle look.
Prayer Plant - nice large leaves, even slower growing, it doesn't like having direct light from the bulb so it would be best to shade it with a taller plant or bark/sticks or it will burn. It's been about 6mo's since I tried a bunch of it and my two survivors who took are perhaps a little taller but haven't expanded.
African Violets - tollerant of low lighting and a very pretty flower. I haven't tried any yet myself but might this spring.
Mosses - aren't that easy but I've been successful with live sphagnum moss in wetter tanks and some I can't identify that came with getting some potted bromeliads in moist tanks.
After all that I like to add a few critters who would be interested in decomposition like fingernail sized snails and isopods - woodlouse, depending on what you want to call them. In a tank without any other animals in it as potential predators they can be fairly interesting, in of themselves, as a pet or alternative feeders with a vivarium home. The only disadvantage to the snails is they'll eat plants too, so there goes any shoots such as irises, but frogs will eat snails in turn.
Putting outdoor insects in your tank for another animal isn't usually recommended because of the dangers of introducing pesticides the pet could swallow eating the bug or become infected with more unwanted tinier critters like mites or other harmful organisms and parasites.
After your tank is finished, turn the light on, preferably plug it into a timer so it will turn off by itself at night. Before introducing any animals allow the tank to settle for at least a week. You may notice a white mold begin to grow which is perfectly harmless. You can let it go away on its own or just spray it with a mist bottle.
After a while you may notice some introduced critters in the tank you didn't expect, they most likely came with the leaves you gathered outside. Such as in an over turned coconut shell that remains constantly moist or with water, little white dots jumping around. These springtails are a good feeder source actually and nothing to worry about. You want them. Keep them in moist wood with a piece of potato with most of the peel and they'll remain in the tank even when you don't see them, hiding throughout the sphagnum moss, substrate and under the wood where it is moist in the soil.
To keep a vivarium, jungle tank, mist it with the spray bottle of distilled or rain water once every 3 days or so for humidity and a bit of an extra resource of something to drink for the critter. I don't do it everyday because it drenches the plants and critters can still drink from a fresh water bowl or the humidity build up on the sides of the glass.
The water in the bottom of the tank in the gravel will keep humidity up as well and the soil moist. Depending on how much water you fill the gravel in the bottom, after it has depleted will determine how 'wet' or 'dry' your terrarium/vivarium is. To refill the bottom use the aquarium tube rising from the false bottom or just syphon the water through a hose from a jug into the gravel, pushing it through the soil.
Keep the hood closed so the precipitation and humidity do not escape but open it at least once a day to allow fresh air. Especially with a glass hood, carbon monoxide will eventually build up in there. Temperature will remain a fairly steady, normal 82 degrees with humidity up to 90 or greater. You can use a thermometer and hygrometer to monitor them. Ventilation is the cooler, humidity is the warmer, and if you need a fan, you should try a screen cover first.
Every month or so for my frogs and anoles, I use a q-tip and misting with a spray bottle to clean poop. For my false bottom 20gal tall tank, I change the water in the bottom out with syphoning and refill it, by then it's a pretty dark tea color. After a year it's about time to add a little more substrate to the dirt and change out the UV ray bulbs. I don't completely start over while nothing's wrong with it because the soil is rich by now and probably teaming with springtails as well as plant decay. If I was worried enough about it building a gas like methane for bog conditions, I could always toss in some red worms to go to work before considering wiping out the whole mini-eco system going on in there.
The tank and critters should be monitored daily at least once for conditions, feeding, health, cleanliness and trimming plants from touching the top of the hood.
Particularly in getting to know a new animal and feeding him crickets, you should keep a close eye on left over crickets and give them a slice of potato and fish flakes rather than try to catch them and stress out the whole tank. If anything, they might lay eggs and cricket nymphs emerge while you're waiting for them to get eaten, but you don't want the tank to constantly overrun with crickets as they'll start chewing on plants and pets for food. If the pets just aren't eating the crickets at all, they may be too big. Alternating some fruit flies or other feeder until the crickets are gone would be better than waiting to see if the pets get hungry enough to eat remainders after two days.
There are 250 different species of pesky mites. They are a pain to condition out of a tropical tank because the only real best way is to start all over again, wash or boil the accessories and re-do the substrate, but there are pump spray applicators for reptiles you can try first and if the animal is infected it will have to be used on them for sure or cleaning the tank is pretty useless and visa versa. Put them in a 'quaranteen' tank until they are free of mites and their original home has been done over.
This semi-aquatic false bottom tank is the same principle as the ten gallon above. It would work best in a taller tank such as a 20gal tall with the option of creating a water fall but it can be scaled to a 10gal or long tank.
Using the false bottom plastic sheeting, raise it above the bottom of the tank by an inch or two, depending on how far above the bottom you want it to be. You can make the island half a side or complete with one corner cut out for a water pump. Fill the bottom with distilled or rain water just short of meeting the false bottom sheeting.
Build the top of the false bottom sheeting as described above, starting with a layer of large aquarium pebbles, river rock, marbles or clay balls. Cover that layer with a generous layer of damp sphagnum moss, lightly pressing, adding leaves over that is optional, it will act as the filter between the false bottom and substrate. Then add the substrate soil of humus/peats with perlite and a little more sphagnum moss mixed in or orchid mix by at least 2 or 3 inches. Over this layer add more leaves and a layer of sphagnum moss as the flooring. Ideally, live sphagnum moss. You can use woods or rocks for borders to keep soil from spilling into the water off the sides.
You can use a standard water or air pump to keep the water in the bottom flowing to prevent it from stagnating, or you can get a small pond pump like a micro jet and make a water fall with a tube leading from it to the 'pond' on the land. The pond or stream should be a clear, gravel filled spot free of substrate and fast draining. There are other varieties of water falls with natural rock or tree looks but they have a tiny pump in them I've never been very pleased with as far as lasting.
You can also use a water filter that can work in an inch of water and pump like a fall, usually intended for turtles like a Whisper or Tetra and often comes with buying a 10gal tank with full accessories. I like this one best for semi-aquatic vivariums with a half land.
Like a Tetra or Whisper, sometimes comes with buying a 10gal tank with full accessories. It can work in as little as an inch of water and acts like a fall. The pump itself is easily removed from the filter cartridge holder.
Semi-aquatic tanks are half land and half water with a small variety of ways you can make one. There are some options here where you can make it a false bottom tank with a half side as land, a slope with gravel or a divider between water and gravel. I've tried the gravel slope and found having a false bottom land side more desirable.
In my particular set up my hubby brought me some small, foldable plastic crates from work that could lay flat or make a shallow box like the plastic egg crating some use for false bottoms. In a 20gal tank that is 30"L, 13"W, the false bottom is 4"H ,20"L, 12"W with slightly more than 9"L for water side.
The top of the land is coated in gravel with sphagnum moss over half side of that, well away from the water side. A strip of bark, clam shell and coconut shells provide hides. Large, oddly shaped rocks provide a little surfacing in the water as well as making a spot easy to get on land by and cornering my water pump from sucking up the little bit of moss ball I have left to try to grow in here. I have 5 bombina's who absolutely love it and spend allot of time in the 4" deep water. Now that they have enough room, I could get at least 2-3 more females to take some stress off the other females. Two are constantly hounded by my two males and the third is my first, a really old lady at 13yrs age. I didn't go with making the false bottom to where they could get under it because I worried too much about them getting stuck under there and drowning.
Even a semi-aquatic depends on the type of pets being kept. Some animals may prefer more water than land to deeper or shallower water. Some require high maintenance water changes like turtles and hermit crabs, while others might need it every week or two, particularly with critters that have a slightly irritable skin like fire belly toads and some salamanders. Depending on how many you have in what amount of water, depends on how often you need to change it before their own natural toxins become a danger to themselves.
Even with a ten gallon tank set up you can add an aquarium plant like java moss, lace plant or nymphaea zenkeri. My fire belly toads like to rest on the large leaves of the zenkeri in particular. A favorite of mine are moss balls (Cladophora aegagropila) which can make a ball or carpet the flooring of the water side like a moss and are very slow growing. They're like natural filters, making a ball of themselves if they are moved around in the water, collecting particles. As a ball you can take it out, squeeze it and put it back in like sponging some of the particles out of the water. When the ball is large enough you can break it apart and have two. I've had this stuff survive in as little as wet sphagnum moss with next to nothing in lighting.
In this case don't use a covering hood or glass, just the screen.
Desert style vivariums may normally require 40-70 humidity and 80-90 day temperature with a drop at night to 70-75%, particularly leopard geckos which I will example here.
To keep temperatures up I've recently switched from using just an under the tank heater during the day to using it during the night with a 40watt fluorescent, cool white bulb in a dome on the other side of the tank during the day. My next bulb will be 'daylight' blue bulb though because the brightness irritates them and they won't come out and bask. I also have sand stone slates throughout the tank which retain heat well.
The geckos are able to pick and choose from one side of the tank or the other on if they want to warm up (bask) or cool off day or night. I keep the heated areas alternated, as well as the light away from my substrate box, with the under the tank heater keeping the bottom of it warm to humidify.
I don't particularly care for the incandescent lights, they're hot enough to dry things up a little too much and don't provide UVB rays, which provide a reptile VitD3. The amount of watts you need for a heat light depends on the size of the tank. No greater than 15 watts for a 10gal, all it has to do is maintain at least 70/75 degrees, so may not even be necessary.
Reptiles in particular need D3 to be able to absorb calcium. I mostly think VitD3 Calcium supplement can do the job but the option of lighting can brighten their days up a little as well as provide for any possible plants.
If anything, the best result to look for is something like a (15W for 10gal) 20-40watt fluorescent cool white or blue 'full daylight' bulb for a dome light fixture. It can provide daylight/UVB, as well, a 40watt gets hot enough in a 30/40gal tank for 80temp without heating the entire tank. Alternating the under the tank heater as the night shift allows the lighting side and general air to cool off while the bottom remains warm and humidity may rise a bit.
Unless you have a big tank, I don't think incandescents are really all that needed with using an under the tank heater to specifically get high day temps. But, that's just the kind of thing to research and figure out for yourself.
A substrate box is basically a container an animal can get into that has moist humus. This substrate box helps keep the desired humidity as well as provide the pet a place to moisten molts for shedding or even lay eggs. It should be placed on the same side of the under the tank heater to remain warm and humidify. Lighting dries it out faster, especially if it's right over it. You can use any variety of plastic containers. I got tired of mine for my leopard geckos and made them what looks almost like a bird house lined with plexiglass inside it and a plexiglass bottom and lid from spare bits of other projects, edges sealed with aquarium silicone glue. The bottom is lined with 2" gravel with straight peat moss on top by 3". I fill the gravel level with water and occasionally mist it.
I became fairly frustrated with my substrate box always drying out too fast, even with coco-peat. Allot had to do with the light as well as the absorbency and depth of the substrate itself. Misting it as most sites recommend only took care of keeping the surface moist, to dry out by the next day or two. When coco-peat dries out, it takes just as much water to moist it again and the geckos sometimes like to dig it around and spill it out, making it even more shallow. The deeper it is, the more water retention. I just flat out couldn't keep up with it. I kind of went Tim the tool man, but it's holding up and still moist and warm after 5 days. Better than the tupperware.
There are a variety of substrates you can use in a tank like this, from sand like calci-sand for reptiles or playground sand for others unlikely to ingest it on purpose, humus peats, coir fibers, orchid bark, river rock gravel, to more flat surfaces like artificial turf, slate and barks, like compressed cork panels can be flooring or for walls. It takes some consideration, if your animal can ingest substrate or feeders with substrate on them without becoming impacted, to if surfaces are too rough, sharp edged, uncomfortable or even toxic.
Such as cedar chips are toxic with sharp edges, causing injury and respiratory and skin irritation even to a gerbil, much less a reptile. Iguana artificial turf would not be suiting for a leopard gecko because the 'grass' could wound their toes and is basically like laying on a bed of nails for someone so small and thinner skinned, while a tarantula would like orchid bark, but a skink suited to a tank temp and humidity like this would dig and rummage better with humus.
With my leopard geckos I use newspaper slightly sprayed with provent-a-mite and large pieces of sand stone slate on both cool and warm sides. From the under the tank heater, the slate remains warm even after the heat pad has shut off and it's rough enough to help them shed. It's also easy to just take out and wash with warm water and dish soap. The only disadvantage is sharp edges and pointy ends but they can be sanded smooth if they're worrisome enough.
Hides are basically anything that isn't clear and has a hole in it to get into. My geckos have a variety of hides and caves from long, bulb looking ones, one that looks like a chip of rock, another one looks like a smooth slope and for a while I had the half side of a clay plant pot in one before I put all four geckos together. They basically have at least two hides on the 'day' side and two hides with the substrate box on the 'night' or under the tank heater side.
To provide my geckos more room in their 30 or 40gal wide tank, I made a three sided box to fit one side of the tank at its width, with an 11" length and 4" height. They can go inside it with plenty of room or on top of it where another cave/hide, a piece of sand stone slate and the water bottle reside.
Optional grape vine or logs of drift wood or cholla cactus wood. A water bottle bowl, usually meant for reptiles with a mesh between bowl and bottle to keep crickets from sucking into it. A food bowl and a shallow bowl to fill with calcium powder that does not have Vit-D for such a requirement. My own geckos have a large and thick twist of grape vine resting from the top of the substrate box where another hide is, to the large platform hide I made. A little leg of it kind of kickstands down to touching the bottom of the tank.
That's about it for them though, I optimized wandering around room over trying any plants. Air plants like tillandsia would work but can also poke and abraise. Aloe vera might work in a pot, providing more moisture for humidity. Even with a pot plant, their substrate should be humus mixes or orchid bark instead of potting soil as the pet may still dig in it.
I use a very small office fan that can fit in my hand to occasionally aerate the tank and cool it as well as mist with a spray bottle. These are only once in a while, like every week to ensure a little fresh air and a bit of a humidity increase like a mild drizzle. Particularly if someone is molting the humidity should go up to make it easier for the shed skin to come off. Leopard geckos eat theirs which gives them a boost of vits and nutrients.
I change the newspaper and clean the accessories once a month. Leopard geckos usually poop in one designated spot and I can put a smaller, extra fold of news paper here and just pick it up and replace it every other day or every cricket feeding. If crickets eat it and then the pet eats the cricket, they may become infected with a parasite.
The substrate box should also be tested with a finger at the same time and possibly misted, the soil should be warm on top and usually it's cooler deeper in, but should be moist/damp all the way through. Substrate only needs to be changed out every month or even longer so long as there are no signs of a development of molds, left over skin bits of moltings, or any smells coming from it. Then it should be changed immediately.
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In her recent interview with Elle magazine, singer Tiwa Savage said her biggest failure was exposing her private life too much and that addressing speculations only fueled crises than resolved it. She says she has chosen not to address anything anymore..
In the interview, Tiwa said the greatest love of her life is her son, Jamal. She also said for her, the most attractive quality in a man is sensitivity.
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Asia is the largest, the most populated, and arguably the most diverse continent in the world. This makes attempting to write a general history of the intellectual, political, social, economic, and cultural developments which have transformed this great mass of land which stretches from the cold waters of the Bering Straits to the sun-dappled shore within sight of the ancient spires of Istanbul, from the sweaty and humid jungles of Vietnam which crawl with life, water, and green, to the arid, dry, dead desserts of Afghanistan and Central Asia, and across the host of nations which fall between these extremes across this world-unto-herself, nearly impossible to conceptualize. And yet it is with this ambition that Pankaj Mishra set about to write a book about the intellectual response of the thinkers, elites, and writers, who lived in Asia throughout the 19th and 20th century, to the encroachment of European and later broadly general Western imperialism into this land, and what the legacies were of this intellectual mobilization in the form of the structures, institutions, and history unlocked by the pens, words, and theories of a vast caste of historical figures who dreamed, hypothesized, and schemed about how to reshape Asia - or whether it was even necessary to do so at all. In doing so, Mishra does inevitably run up into the limitations of trying to cover such a vast continent, and a certain degree of lightness from the social milieu that he descends from, as well as his own areas of blindness - but he produces nevertheless a text that provides for a good framework to understand this era, time, and the intellectual thoughts which he analyzes.
What is the precise subject that is covered in From the Ruins of Empire? In effect, the goal of the book is to examine those intellectual figures who were responsible for creating the Asian intellectual response to European imperialism. This brings him to a variety of key thinkers, the most important of whom are Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, a phenomenally flexible and ultimately highly influential, Persian-born, Shiite, thinker, who managed to himself like a chameleon go through a wide variety of both identities, alternatively changing from Sunni to Shiite in his public presentation, and from Persian to Afghani, to be able to present his message to the world - this too, a changing one, which shifted over time from a liberal, constitutionalist, outlook, to one which increasingly grew to stress pan-Islamic unity and a defense of Islam against the West. This seems to have been a common theme among many first generation Asian thinkers responding to the West, as the book itself declares and continues with its examination of other figures such as Tokutomi Soho, a Japanese writer who similarly evolved from a liberal into a fervent defender of Japanese militarism and pan-Asianism, or Liang Qichao who changed from a staunch Confucianist to a vigorous modernizer and then back again, or most famously Gandhi, the impeccable British lawyer who rejected the West for India instead, creating a new tradition and a virulent comndemnation of Western civilization's materialism and harm upon the world. These were no isolated figures, but rather a systemic and general development to the Western world's encroachments, with initial hopes for acceptance then dashed and replaced with a belief in the need for organic cultural revival and resistance. The Indians in particular, as mentioned with Gandhi but also perhaps even more notably with Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian who was fiercely critical of Western civilization and advanced instead the moral superiority of Indian civilization and Eastern thought in general. This intellectual development is one which is marked and well analyzed in the examination of intellectual trends during the Interwar period, when the response to the excesses of European civilization, its violence, death, and bloodletting, led to a general revulsion with the European "civilized" order and a renewal of Eastern tradition instead.
Winner of the Nobel Prize for literature, Tangore belonged to an influential stream of Indian thought which hailed the virtues of Indian spirituality and decried the excesses of Western materialism.
Other advantages present themselves to the reader. The book is one which is resplendent with quotes, in impressive serried ranks. It convincingly links the intellectual arguments marshaled by the writers within with the times in which they lived, and their biographies enjoy being peppered with events which both serve to illustrate their lives and to make it a more readable text: Chinese intellectuals in Egypt being swarmed by Arabs to congratulate the people they thought to be Japanese upon the decisive victory of Japan over Russia, or Jamal al-Din al-Afghani's attempts to attract the attention of the Russian tsar by prayer in one of Moscow's theaters, the events of the British attempt to enact a monopoly on tobacco in Persia: the book is one which due to its scope is a sweeping one, but thanks to the inclusion of moments like this, it enables one to more authentically connect to the works and stories therein portrayed. And finally, it also connects it well to today: analyzing what really did come about from this intellectual ferment from the time period, and how they effect us today, done particularly well in the case of the Islamic world but not ignored for either the Indian or Chinese ones.
There are a number of drawbacks which descend from the work of Mishra. It is resoundingly elitist (and masculine as well) in its focus: in effect it only examines a small segment of society, a few intellectuals, and their intellectual horizons. Certainly, he broadens the topic beyond the simply most famous intellectuals known for their anti-colonial agitation, such as Mao, or Gandhi, choosing figures which, despite their importance, have been neglected - at least in the West that is. But the degree of popular agitation, and how that was expressed and felt by the masses of India, China, Japan, is not much touched upon - their degree of anti-Western sentiment is mentioned with regularity, but how exactly they conceived and formulated their response to the Western order is much less so. There has been fascinating work which has been done concerning millennial movements which used magic, the feel of end times, and other "superstitious" practices as part of their arsenal of resistance to Western encroachment - the most famous example perhaps, being the Boxer rebellion, where the revolutionaries believed that through the aid of certain magical prescriptions they would be immune to bullets, immune to all of the scientific weapons found in the burgeoning arsenals of the West. It is an irony perhaps, for the author on multiple occasions draws attention to his own subject's distance and alienation from the common folk and the great masses which were the real strength of anti-Western sentiment, yet he himself is quite divorced from them and gives little analysis to their efforts, ideology, and logic.
Unfortunately for the Boxers, Western bullets would not be stopped by their charms.
The reference to Asia is furthermore, one which stresses three, and perhaps for if one is willing to allow for a generous interpretation, nations, or civilizations. These are the Muslim world, focusing upon Egypt in particular (from whence starts the book, with its description of Napoleon's invasion of this land, postulated as the first time that the West had arrived with its mission civilisatrice in the lands of the Orient), India, and China, with a more limited focus upon Japan. Much of the rest of Asia is ignored to some extent - Central Asia, other than Afghanistan, the peripheries of China, South-East Asian, much of the Arab world. The Asian world was the periphery of the European system, but in examining it, Mishra's gaze hews to its own metropoles, its own centers, to examine them. This is to some extent necessary if one does not wish for the book to bloat, and most can generally agree, or so I would imagine, that it was from these founts of ideas and ideology that emerges the principle strains of thought that would so condition the Oriental response to Western encroachment. But at the same time it leaves certain limitations and problems, focusing as it does on those who stemmed from high culture, from those peoples, those civilizations, which could claim thousands of y ears of access and enshrinement as the heart of their world system, rather than those on the exterior, those who were not only marginalized by Western intrusion, but so too marginalized by the world order which had existed before the men of Europe arrived.
It is perhaps a mild quibble on my part, but whenever a book begins to break out the language of casual modernity and globalization, comparing the movement of people around the Islamic world in the period of the Islamic golden age to the easy movement of Harvard PHD holders, I cannot but feel a slight bit of unease at such writing and such casually made links and comparisons between times when assuredly there were many more differences than the book alludes to. But thankfully, these pop up rather rarely. More serious is the vague sense of playing to the sympathies of his liberal readers in the Guardian: thus the Ottomans for example, despite their many crimes, atrocities, and horrors, are portrayed quite favorably, and the book can often be rather flat and uninspired, feeling blinkered and almost insipid: there is no attempt to expand its intellectual grounds beyond what plays well among the readers of the newspaper for which he writes for.
Any book seeking to cover as continent as vast as Asia must place itself into some compromises, for it cannot hope to entirely slake the interest of the reader for the diverse and varied responses from land to land. This book is no different, and it in of itself is inevitably, not enough to provide for the full understanding of the subject which is necessary. But as far as providing for a general framework, a list and a brief overview of the most important of the thinkers, and of their contributions, to place them into perspective, the book is one which is very useful enable a general grounding in the ideas and the thoughts of this era. For this reason, it is one which forms a good part of any library devoted to understanding Asian responses to European incursion and how the world was shaped by it, and one which brings further ground and terrain open to reader to continue their own research into the diverse topics that beckon to his attention upon completing the pages of from the Ruins of Empire.
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The long-delayed report details the CIA's detention and interrogation policies during the Bush administration.
U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein talks to reporters as she walks to the Senate floor on Tuesday.
Senate Intelligence Committee releases 525-page report on CIA interrogation and detention activities.
Obama: "I hope that today's report can help us leave these techniques where they belong — in the past."
Committee Chair Sen. Dianne Feinstein said releasing the report is "an important step to restoring our values."
Senator McCain broke with his Republican colleagues on the torture report, saying on the Senate Floor that CIA activities "stained our national honor."
The CIA once used enhanced interrogation tactics by mistake on two of its own informants.
U.S. officials issue terror warning, citing potential backlash to report on CIA interrogations.
The FBI and Department of Homeland Security issued a terror warning in response to possible backlash generated by a Senate report detailing the CIA's use of enhanced interrogation techniques after 9/11.
The bulletin cites no specific threats, but warns that the release of the report "could prompt anti-U.S. protests and violence against U.S. interests, including private U.S. citizens," CBS News reported.
The agencies also reminded law enforcement officials to remain vigilant against the underlying threat from terrorist organizations and those acting alone.
The U.S. embassies in Afghanistan and Thailand — which played host to two secret facilities where prisoners underwent harsh interrogation techniques — were also warned of the potential for anti-American demonstrations and violence.
U.S. officials, including President Obama and Republican Sen. John McCain, acknowledged Tuesday that the release of the report could inflame anti-American sentiment abroad.
President Obama takes a question about immigration reform during a visit to Casa Azafran in Nashville, Tennessee, Dec. 9, 2014.
President Obama says "brutal" CIA tactics were overzealous response to 9/11.
President Obama on Tuesday addressed the Senate report that details what he called sometimes "brutal" interrogation techniques, and acknowledged that the revelations could put Americans overseas at risk.
In an interview with Telemundo, which was partially carried by sister network NBC, the president said the now-banned enhanced interrogation tactics were the result of an overzealous agency rushing to respond to the terrorist attacks of 9/11.
"In the aftermath of 9/11, I think in the midst of a national trauma and uncertainty as to whether these attacks were going to repeat themselves, what's clear is that the CIA set up something very fast, without a lot of forethought to what the ramifications might be, that the lines of accountability that needed to be set up weren't always in place," Obama said.
He also said that the U.S. needs to put safeguards in place to prevent the same sort of things from happening again, even in the heat of responding to a potential national security threat.
"Heaven forbid, we find ourselves under the types of threats that have occurred in the past, that we recognize the dangers ahead of time and do better," he said.
Republicans have criticized the findings of the Senate Intelligence Committee report as being incomplete, and have argued that releasing the report could unnecessarily inflame tensions around the globe.
However, Sen. John McCain, a Republican from Arizona and former prisoner of war, said the report's findings were a "stain on our national honor."
Also addressing the potential fallout, McCain said the truth "sometimes causes us difficulties at home and abroad."
Interrogators threatened to sexually abuse detainee's mother in front of him.
Torture did not lead to Bin Laden.
The administration is staying away from the "did torture work" debate.
The White House will not referee between Senate Democrats who say CIA torture didn't work and CIA officials who said interrogation techniques now banned "saved lives."
"We are not going to engage in this debate," a senior administration official told reporters on a conference call Tuesday. "I think that would miss the overriding point that the president made clear, which is that some of these techniques are contrary to our values and were overall detrimental to our security given, among other things, the response overseas to the fact that the United States is engaged in these techniques. And that is why, of course, why the president prohibited these interrogation techniques as one of his first acts in office."
In his official response to the the Senate Intelligence Committee report Tuesday, CIA Director William Brennan said, "Our review indicates that interrogations of detainees on whom EITs were used did produce intelligence that helped thwart attack plans, capture terrorists, and save lives," referring to the CIA's acronym for enhanced interrogation techniques. Senate opponents of enhanced interrogation have said their investigation proved torture did not work in regards to producing worthwhile intelligence.
The administration official said Obama has "complete confidence" in Brennan, but said the debate was a hypothetical one, requiring "counterfactual" examples of other techniques producing the same intelligence that don't exist.
"We cannot know what the outcome of that counterfactual is. We cannot know what other interrogation techniques may have fielded," the official said. "So for us the reason for prohibiting the techniques is that they're contrary to our values. We do believe that there are interrogation methods that can get invaluable intelligence. We use those every day in terms of when we need to interrogate terrorism suspects."
Former CIA Chief denies he lied to Congress as detailed in the torture report.
Speaking with NewsMaxTV's Steve Malzberg Show, former CIA and NSA chief Michael Hayden denied he lied to Congress during his 2007 testimony on Capitol Hill.
Nearly 40 pages of the Senate Democrat's torture report are spent fact-checking then-CIA Chief Michael Hayden's one-day testimony.
NewsMaxTV: General, did you lie to the Committee in 2006 — I believe September of 2006 — the entire Committee, when you spoke to them?
Hayden: No, would be the straightforward and simple answer.
NewsMaxTV: Did you ever lie to that Committee?
NewsMaxTV: So when Dianne Feinstein today says you lied, is she lying?
Hayden: Uh, I'll go so far as to say she's incorrect. I mean, lying is intentionally misleading someone, alright? Let me make another distinction: telling people something they don't want to hear is not the same thing as telling people something that is untrue.
After a brief break, the CIA restarted its "enhanced interrogation" after determining that the Military Commissions Act allowed it after all.
In 2006, the Supreme Court ruled in the case Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that the military tribunals was inconsistent with the Geneva Conventions. "The implication of the decision was that treating a detainee in a manner inconsistent with the requirements of [the Geneva Convention] would constitute a violation of federal criminal law."
According to the report, "CIA attorneys analyzed the Hamdan decision, noting that it could have a significant impact on 'current CIA interrogation practices.'" The decision also led the CIA to be concerned that enhanced interrogation could be "construed as inconsistent with the provisions of Common Article 3 prohibiting 'outrages upon personal dignity' and violence to life and person."
The Military Commissions Act (MCA) was passed in 2006 and was intended to be a way to authorize the use of military tribunals. The CIA also interpreted the law as allowing them to resume the use of enhanced interrogation techniques in 2007. The ACLU worried at the time that would be the case, but the Bush administration insisted that the law did not allow torture.
Sen. Feinstein says report will "stand the test of time."
"Obviously I know what's in the report and it's very heavy stuff. Nobody wants to do something that's going to bring on any kind of attack but I also came to the conclusion that America's greatness is being able to say we've made a mistake, we're going to correct it and go on from there."
"The face that everything in it is a record, it's contemporaneous to what's going on. There's no rationalization 12 years later, no reinvention of history, it's all what happened when it happened. It's going to stand the test of time. I anticipated I would have some very hard days but so be it."
Report claims no CIA officer briefed President Bush on the program until April of 2006.
Senator McCain breaks with colleagues on torture report, CIA activities "stained our national honor."
The Republican Arizona senator who himself was a former prisoner of war during the Vietnam War praised the release of the report in a speech on the Senate floor Tuesday.
"I commend Chairman Feinstein and her staff for their diligence in seeking a truthful accounting of policies I hope we will never resort to again. I thank them for persevering against persistent opposition from many members of the intelligence community, from officials in two administrations, and from some of our colleagues. The truth is sometimes a hard pill to swallow. It sometimes causes us difficulties at home and abroad. It is sometimes used by our enemies in attempts to hurt us. But the American people are entitled to it, nonetheless. "They must know when the values that define our nation are intentionally disregarded by our security policies, even those policies that are conducted in secret. They must be able to make informed judgments about whether those policies and the personnel who supported them were justified in compromising our values; whether they served a greater good; or whether, as I believe, they stained our national honor, did much harm and little practical good."
Video of the speech is below and the entire speech can be read here.
We, as former senior officers of the Central Intelligence Agency, created this website to present documents that conclusively demonstrate that the program was: authorized by the President, overseen by the National Security Council, and deemed legal by the Attorney General of the United States on multiple occasions. None of those officials were interviewed either. None. CIA relied on their policy and legal judgments. We deceived no one. You will not find this truth in the Majority Report.
Report finds that of the 39 detainees submitted to enhanced interrogation, nearly 20 percent produced no intelligence reports.
At least a fifth of CIA detainees were wrongfully held, including an "intellectually challenged" man, report claims.
The man was held "solely as leverage to get a family member to provide information[.]"
The CIA didn't file crime reports when certain classified info was published by the press -- because they leaked it to shape message, report finds.
According to the Senate investigation, the CIA did not properly vet officials participating in the interrogation program, despite claims by then-CIA Director Michael Hayden that they were "carefully chosen and screened."
Some of those officials had "serious documented personal and professional problems, including "histories of violence" and "abusive" behavior. Some had "reportedly admitted to sexual assault." Those records "should have called into question their suitability to participate in the CIA's Detention and Interrogation Program, their employment with the CIA, and their continued access to classified information."
Yet "in nearly all cases," the report concludes, "these problems were known to the CIA prior to the assignment of these officers to detention and interrogation positions."
CIA officials participating in the program also did not necessarily have relevant expertise. According to the report, "The CIA placed individuals with no applicable experience or training in senior detention and interrogation roles, and provided inadequate linguistic and analytical support to conduct effective questioning of CIA detainees, resulting in diminished intelligence."
Report finds CIA forced detainees with leg injuries into stress positions.
Emails reviewed by the committee showed CIA destroyed videotapes of interrogations in direct response to the possibility of passage of an independent commission to investigate U.S. detention policies.
CIA used “rectal feeding” as part of torture program.
In one of the most disturbing revelations in the newly released Senate report on the CIA's "enhanced interrogation" program, the CIA is found to have used "rectal feeding" and rectal rehydration to impose their will on detainees.
Republicans on the Senate Intelligence Committee release scathing rebuttal.
In their minority release, Saxby Chambliss, joined by Marco Rubio, Jim Risch, Richard Burr, Tom Coburn, and Dan Coats, wrote that the report's conclusions "attack the CIA's integrity and credibility in developing and implementing the Program."
"Absent the support of the documentary record, and on the basis of a flawed analytical methodology, these problematic claims and conclusions create the false impression that the CIA was actively misleading policy makers and impeding the counterterrorism efforts of other federal government agencies during the Program's operation."
The Republicans claim that the committee made the decision to not "interview key witnesses" and that "led to significant analytical and factual errors in the original and subsequent updated versions of the study."
Report finds evidence that detainees were denied methods to dispose of their human waste, contradicting testimony given by then CIA Director Michael Hayden.
Over the past several decades, and especially since the terrible tragedy of 9/11, the CIA has been at the forefront of our Nation's campaign against al-Qa'ida and other terrorist organizations worldwide. The women and men of the CIA have operated around the globe, 24-hours-a-day, working with their U.S. colleagues as well as with foreign partners to prevent terrorist attacks. As a result of these efforts, including the many sacrifices made by CIA officers and their families, countless lives have been saved and our Homeland is more secure.As part of the CIA's global effort to dismantle al-Qa'ida and to prevent future terrorist attacks, the Agency was directed by President Bush six days after 9/11 to carry out a program to detain terrorist suspects around the world. Certain detainees were subjected to enhanced interrogation techniques (EITs), which the Department of Justice determined at the time to be lawful and which were duly authorized by the Bush Administration. These techniques, which were last used by the CIA in December 2007, subsequently were prohibited by an Executive Order issued by President Obama when he took office in January 2009.Today, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI) released a redacted version of the Executive Summary, Findings, and Conclusions of its Study on CIA's former detention and interrogation program, along with Minority Views and the Additional Views of a number of Committee members on the same subject. The CIA has also released its redacted June 2013 response to the Study, which is being posted on our website, www.cia.gov.As noted in CIA's response to the study, we acknowledge that the detention and interrogation program had shortcomings and that the Agency made mistakes. The most serious problems occurred early on and stemmed from the fact that the Agency was unprepared and lacked the core competencies required to carry out an unprecedented, worldwide program of detaining and interrogating suspected al-Qa'ida and affiliated terrorists. In carrying out that program, we did not always live up to the high standards that we set for ourselves and that the American people expect of us. As an Agency, we have learned from these mistakes, which is why my predecessors and I have implemented various remedial measures over the years to address institutional deficiencies.Yet, despite common ground with some of the findings of the Committee's Study, we part ways with the Committee on some key points. Our review indicates that interrogations of detainees on whom EITs were used did produce intelligence that helped thwart attack plans, capture terrorists, and save lives. The intelligence gained from the program was critical to our understanding of al-Qa'ida and continues to inform our counterterrorism efforts to this day.We also disagree with the Study's characterization of how CIA briefed the program to the Congress, various entities within the Executive Branch, and the public. While we made mistakes, the record does not support the Study's inference that the Agency systematically and intentionally misled each of these audiences on the effectiveness of the program. Moreover, the process undertaken by the Committee when investigating the program provided an incomplete and selective picture of what occurred. As noted in the Minority views and in a number of additional views of Members, no interviews were conducted of any CIA officers involved in the program, which would have provided Members with valuable context and perspective surrounding these events.Throughout its 67-year history, CIA has played a critical role keeping our Nation secure, and CIA officers are rightly proud and honored to be part of an organization that is indispensable to our national security. The numerous challenges on the world stage demand the full attention, focus, and capabilities of the women and men of the CIA so that our country can stay strong and our fellow Americans remain safe. To be successful, the CIA needs to work closely with its Congressional oversight committees as we confront these challenges. With today's release of Committee documents and the CIA response, we look forward to the way ahead.
Report finds CIA leadership vetoed disciplinary action for an official involved in the death of a detainee.
Throughout our history, the United States of America has done more than any other nation to stand up for freedom, democracy, and the inherent dignity and human rights of people around the world. As Americans, we owe a profound debt of gratitude to our fellow citizens who serve to keep us safe, among them the dedicated men and women of our intelligence community, including the Central Intelligence Agency. Since the horrific attacks of 9/11, these public servants have worked tirelessly to devastate core al Qaeda, deliver justice to Osama bin Laden, disrupt terrorist operations and thwart terrorist attacks. Solemn rows of stars on the Memorial Wall at the CIA honor those who have given their lives to protect ours. Our intelligence professionals are patriots, and we are safer because of their heroic service and sacrifices.In the years after 9/11, with legitimate fears of further attacks and with the responsibility to prevent more catastrophic loss of life, the previous administration faced agonizing choices about how to pursue al Qaeda and prevent additional terrorist attacks against our country. As I have said before, our nation did many things right in those difficult years. At the same time, some of the actions that were taken were contrary to our values. That is why I unequivocally banned torture when I took office, because one of our most effective tools in fighting terrorism and keeping Americans safe is staying true to our ideals at home and abroad.Today's report by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence details one element of our nation's response to 9/11—the CIA's detention and interrogation program, which I formally ended on one of my first days in office. The report documents a troubling program involving enhanced interrogation techniques on terrorism suspects in secret facilities outside the United States, and it reinforces my long-held view that these harsh methods were not only inconsistent with our values as nation, they did not serve our broader counterterrorism efforts or our national security interests. Moreover, these techniques did significant damage to America's standing in the world and made it harder to pursue our interests with allies and partners. That is why I will continue to use my authority as President to make sure we never resort to those methods again.As Commander in Chief, I have no greater responsibility than the safety and security of the American people. We will therefore continue to be relentless in our fight against al Qaeda, its affiliates and other violent extremists. We will rely on all elements of our national power, including the power and example of our founding ideals. That is why I have consistently supported the declassification of today's report. No nation is perfect. But one of the strengths that makes America exceptional is our willingness to openly confront our past, face our imperfections, make changes and do better. Rather than another reason to refight old arguments, I hope that today's report can help us leave these techniques where they belong—in the past. Today is also a reminder that upholding the values we profess doesn't make us weaker, it makes us stronger and that the United States of America will remain the greatest force for freedom and human dignity that the world has ever known.
Report finds CIA paid foreign officials cash to cooperate with secret detention programs.
To encourage governments to clandestinely host CIA detention sites, or to increase support for existing sites, the CIA provided millions of dollars in cash payments to foreign government officials.
As we have both stated before, we are opposed to this study and believe it will present serious consequences for U.S. national security. Regardless of what one's opinions may be on these issues, the study by Senate Democrats is an ideologically motivated and distorted recounting of historical events. The fact that the CIA's Detention and Interrogation program developed significant intelligence that helped us identify and capture important al-Qa'ida terrorists, disrupt their ongoing plotting, and take down Usama Bin Ladin is incontrovertible. Claims included in this report that assert the contrary are simply wrong.
No foreign countries are identified in the report.
The study does not identify any foreign countries that hosted CIA detention sites, according to a FAQ supplied alongside the main report.
The study's authors intended to refer overseas countries by pseudonyms. This would have allowed connections to be made between the same cases. However, the Obama administration objected.
According to the FAQ: "The countries were originally identified in the Study by a letter (for example, "Country J"). The administration has since redacted these letter designations in the public version so the countries are shown as "Country __.""
Senate Intelligence Committee report concludes the CIA misled policymakers and the public, "enhanced interrogation techniques” were not effective.
The Senate Intelligence Committee made 20 findings and conclusions, with four central themes, according to a press release from Sen. Feinstein's office.
Sen. Feinstein said some of the CIA's activities amounted to torture.
"This document examines the CIA's secret overseas detention of at least 119 individuals and the use of coercive interrogation techniques—in some cases amounting to torture," Feinstein said.
Key findingsThe study's 20 findings and conclusions can be grouped into four central themes, each of which is supported extensively in the Executive Summary: 1.The CIA's "enhanced interrogation techniques" were not effective.2.The CIA provided extensive inaccurate information about the operation of the program and its effectiveness to policymakers and the public. 3.The CIA's management of the program was inadequate and deeply flawed.4.The CIA program was far more brutal than the CIA represented to policymakers and the American public.
The Democrats on the Senate Intelligence Committee will release their long-delayed declassified report today on CIA detention and interrogation policies in the years following September 11, 2001.
The report, which cost upwards of $40 million to produce, will reportedly conclude that the CIA mishandled it's highly controversial detention and interrogation program. The Republican members of the committee are expected to release their dissent of the report.
Committee Chair Sen. Dianne Feinstein will take to the Senate Floor at 11 a.m. to provide details on the report.
Contact Adam Serwer at adam.serwer@buzzfeed.com.
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Vitamin A deficiency and malaria are both highly prevalent health problems in Africa. Vitamin A deficiency affects over 30 million children, most of whom are in the age-group (under five years) most affected by malaria. Vitamin A deficiency increases all-cause mortality in this part of the population, and malaria is an important cause of death in children at this age. A low serum retinol concentration (a marker of vitamin A deficiency) is commonly found in children suffering from malaria, but it is not certain whether this represents pre-existing vitamin A deficiency, a contribution of malaria to vitamin A deficiency, or merely an acute effect of malaria on retinol metabolism or binding. In this paper, available evidence in support of a causal relationship in each direction between vitamin A deficiency and malaria is reviewed. If such a relationship exists, and especially if this is bidirectional, interventions against either disease may convey an amplified benefit for health.
Malaria commonly afflicts populations that are both impoverished and malnourished, and a large proportion of the burden of malaria falls upon children. There were more than 100 million malaria episodes among young children in sub-Saharan Africa in the year 2000, according to a recent estimate . Malaria is a preventable and easily treatable disease, yet ~800,000 children die from it in Africa every year . Malaria is the commonest reason for hospitalization among children and it is a leading contributor to the widespread problem of anaemia .
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required for maintaining immune function, playing an important role in the regulation of cell-mediated immunity and in humoral antibody responses [4–6]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is an extended public health problem, especially in Africa . Preschool-age children and women of reproductive age are the two population groups most at risk. Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease the incidence of measles, diarrhoeal disease and all-cause mortality, as well as to improve several aspects of eye health [8–14].
The relationship between malaria and VAD deserves careful scrutiny. The available evidence associating VAD with malaria is reviewed and discuss whether this association may be causal and bidirectional.
Two main dietary forms of vitamin A exist: pre-formed vitamin A, found in foods such as butter, egg yolks and cod-liver oil, and provitamin A carotenoids, found in foods such as spinach, carrots, mangoes and papayas. Approximately 90% of the vitamin A in the body is stored in the liver, and an adult liver can contain enough vitamin A to last more than 1 year. In developing countries a lower than required dietary intake of vitamin A-rich foods commonly results in deficiency, especially among young children .
The most accurate measure of an individual's vitamin A status is the hepatic vitamin A content. To assess this requires an invasive technique that is impractical for population studies. Alternative methods for estimating VAD at population level include measuring breast milk vitamin A, dark adaptometry, pupillary responses, conjunctival impression cytology and serum or plasma retinol concentration . Of these the latter has been most widely used, especially in population studies, as an accessible indicator of vitamin A status . A circulating retinol concentration of <0.70 μmol/L (<20 μg/dl) is usually taken to indicate deficiency in children . The limitations of this method, especially in the context of acute infection , are discussed below.
The prevalence of VAD (defined as serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L or the presence of abnormal impression cytology) among African pre-school children in the year 2000 was estimated to be 32%, affecting 33 million children (Micronutrient Deficiency Information System [MDIS] of the World Health Organization). The same and linked studies revealed a prevalence of xerophthalmia of 1.5%, affecting an estimated 1.5 million children . There is a scarcity of more recent information by which to assess whether the prevalence of VAD has fallen in subsequent years during which there have been large-scale vitamin A supplementation campaigns. Figure 1 shows the most updated information on VAD for Africa using the database generated by WHO with some more recent national surveys . Where an age-breakdown is provided, as in Malawi, VAD prevalence is highest among young children (~60% in children aged 6–36 months) and it decreases in older ages (~40% in children aged 6–12 years).
Distribution of vitamin deficiency in African pre-school children. Vitamin A deficiency is defined as serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L. These data are broadly based on surveys conducted during the year 2000 and 2003.
The immune response against malaria involves both innate and specific acquired immune mechanisms . It has been suggested that VAD impairs antibody response to malarial antigens that require Th2-mediated help . Vitamin A acts as a regulator of more than 300 genes through its active metabolite, all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid, and specific nuclear receptors that are in the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily . Serghides et al investigated the effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, on CD36 expression, non-opsonic phagocytic clearance of parasitized erythrocytes, and TNFα production in human monocytes and macrophages. The metabolite reduced secretion of TNFα, upregulated CD36 expression, and increased phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum-parasitized erythrocytes. The authors concluded that increased parasite clearance and reduced proinflammatory cytokine responses to infection might partly explain the beneficial effects of supplementation with vitamin A in malaria.
Does vitamin A supplementation decrease the risk of malaria?
Approximately two thirds of the 10.8 million child deaths that currently occur can be prevented by available interventions, of which vitamin A supplementation (VAS) is one. A meta-analysis of several large vitamin A trials has shown that improving vitamin A status reduces overall mortality rates by 23–34% among children six months to five years of age if vitamin A supplementation is given at least twice per year at coverage rates of at least eighty percent [8, 26, 27]. The reduction in mortality was particularly notable for measles (33–78%) and diarrhoea (24–50%). The effect of vitamin A (% reduction in mortality) does not seem to be influenced by age or gender in children aged six months to five years. The most logical explanation for these observations is that VAD increases overall mortality and that it predisposes to some cause-specific deaths.
Is malaria one of the conditions aggravated by VAD? Binka et al first investigated this question in two companion, randomized, placebo controlled trials of the impact of vitamin A supplementation on malaria parasitaemia, morbidity, and mortality in young children (aged 6–59 months) in northern Ghana. In the mortality study 21,906 children were visited every four months over a period of two years, and in the morbidity study 1,455 children were visited weekly for one year. The vitamin A dosing regime was the same in the two trials: children aged 6–11 months were randomized to receive either 30 mg retinol or placebo and older children to receive either 60 mg retinol or placebo every four months. Analysis of outcomes showed a 20% reduction in all-cause mortality in the groups receiving vitamin A, but no difference in identifiable malaria-specific mortality rates (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.74, 1.43). Similarly, there was no evidence in this study that supplementation reduced the incidence of probable malarial fever (reported symptoms with no slide confirmation), malaria parasitaemia or mean parasite density in children with a positive blood smear. The investigators reported that there was no correlation between serum retinol concentration at the beginning of the trial and subsequent malaria parasite density in children who received placebo (r = 0.01). It was then concluded that vitamin A supplementation had no impact on malaria in this population, despite the 20% reduction in overall mortality.
Different findings were reported in two subsequent randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of vitamin A supplementation on slide confirmed malaria. In a study conducted in Papua New Guinea 480 children aged 6–60 months were randomly assigned to receive high-dose vitamin A or placebo every 3 months for 13 months. Malaria morbidity was assessed both through weekly community-based case detection and by surveillance of patients who self-reported to the health centre. The number of episodes of fever with parasitaemia (temperature 37.5°C with a parasite count of at least 8000/μl) was 30% lower in the vitamin A group than in the placebo group (RR= 0.70; 95% CI 0.57, 0.87). Supplementation also reduced the mean parasite density in these symptomatic cases, but had no effect on the incidence of P falciparum infection (parasitaemia of any density, irrespective of symptoms) or anaemia. A recent randomized controlled trial conducted in Burkina Faso assessed the impact of a single dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A with daily zinc supplementation for a period of six months on 148 children aged 6–72 months. Children in the supplemented group had a significant 30% reduction in slide-confirmed malaria fevers.
Does malaria contribute to VAD?
Two major methodological challenges complicate any attempt to assign to malaria a causal role in the development of VAD. These are: (i) the lack of enough evidence from prospective studies demonstrating that infection precedes deficiency; and (ii) the fact that the serum retinol concentration (the widely-used marker for vitamin A status) may be affected as part of the host's acute phase response to infection.
Associations have been reported between xerophthalmia (the severest clinical manifestation of VAD) and a variety of preceding acute illnesses, including diarrhoea, pneumonia and measles . In one prospective study, children who had suffered from diarrhoea or respiratory disease were more likely to develop xerophthalmia subsequently . These findings suggest that a reduction in the serum retinol concentration may follow a variety of acute infections, presumably mediated by a common host response.
Investigations of this kind cannot demonstrate causality nor its direction, and none of these studies evaluated vitamin A status previous to the infection. An indirect attempt to determine antecedent VAD in patients with malaria was made in a study in Thailand, in which the mean serum retinol concentration was lower in children with malaria than in controls . In this study the investigators did not find evidence of clinical vitamin A deficiency in the communities studied; they speculated, without convincing evidence, that severely depleted stores of retinol were unlikely in the patients presenting with malaria. The authors argued that the low serum retinol levels seen might be attributed to the acute phase response of the infection. This possibility is discussed below.
The observation that clinical malaria or even asymptomatic parasitaemia is associated with low serum retinol levels seems consistent across the studies referred to above. However, it remains controversial whether the reduction in retinol levels reflects an actual depletion of vitamin A in the liver. A number of possible mechanisms have been proposed by which malaria could lead to VAD .
Sick children tend to eat less, and malaria could precipitate VAD in a child who is already malnourished and has precarious hepatic reserves of vitamin A. This effect may be enhanced by the fact that the malaria season is commonly a time when food supplies are scarce. There is evidence that serum carotenes are depressed in malaria patients independently of serum retinol concentrations, suggesting preceding reduced oral intake of carotene-containing compounds .
There is an association between helminth infections and malaria and it has been suggested that helminth infections may impair vitamin A uptake .
Urinary retinol losses during severe infection can be substantial. A study showed that adults in intensive care with pneumonia and sepsis lose nearly three times the recommended dietary allowance, whereas healthy adults lose <1% of the recommended dietary allowance per day . Impaired tubular reabsorption of low-molecular weight proteins, including retinol-binding protein (RBP) may be responsible for this [41, 42]. It is not known whether or to what extent malaria has this effect.
As part of the acute phase response cytokines trigger the induction of fever and production of cortisol and, in the liver, increase the production of positive acute-phase proteins while decreasing the production of negative acute-phase proteins, including RBP . RBP is the binding protein by which vitamin A is transported from the liver to the tissues where it is required.
Is the plasma retinol concentration during an acute infectious illness of any value as an indicator of an individual's vitamin A status? A prospective study assessing the clinical and laboratory measurements at admission and recovery of 90 children with dysentery (66 with shigellosis) hospitalized in Bangladesh showed that serum retinol concentrations were low at admission, but were significantly greater at discharge even though no vitamin A supplements were given during the illness (0.36 +/- 0.22 compared with 1.15 +/- 0.50 μmol/L; or 10.3 +/- 6.3 compared with 33 +/-14.3 μg/dl P < 0.001). The extent of this increase was significantly associated with severity of disease and was greatest in children with poor underlying nutritional status, particularly those with a low weight-for-age. In Indian children with measles, it took eight weeks on average after recovery from the acute illness for normal concentrations of retinol and retinol binding protein to be restored . There seems to be no data showing whether or how soon retinol levels are restored after a malaria infection has been eliminated, or of any investigations of the possibility that the low retinol levels in these circumstances, even if transient, may further increase susceptibility to malaria or other infections.
The available evidence suggests that vitamin A supplementation is a good strategy for children living in malaria-endemic regions, because deficiency is common and because supplementation reduces all-cause mortality. Supplementation also reduces the incidence of vitamin A-specific pathology such as xerophthalmia. Although vitamin A supplementation reduces the incidence of uncomplicated malaria by about one-third, it does not appear to reduce the rate of deaths that can be specifically attributed to malaria. Evidence is weak for malaria having a causal role in the development of VAD, although on theoretical grounds and from indirect evidence this is a distinct possibility.
Current programmes that deliver separate interventions against malaria and VAD may have a synergistic effect, and coordination of these interventions may provide added benefit against both diseases.
We thank Dr. Arantxa Roca-Feltrer for producing the figure on vitamin A deficiency in Africa and Prof. Elizabeth Molyneux for her useful comments on an earlier draft. MAS and MEM are supported by the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Institute of Tropical Medicine in collaboration with the Wellcome Trust. None of these Institutions had any role in any aspect of the preparation or submission of this manuscript.
MAS performed the literature search, reviewed all articles cited and drafted the manuscript. MEM confirmed the findings and conclusions, and provided additional commentary and perspective. All authors contributed to and approved the final manuscript.
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Machine vision can be used for multiple purposes over the length of an assembly line. It can be used to measure, count, inspect goods, or to read serial numbers. Machine vision has replaced workers in many jobs where humans are likely to err as a result of distraction or fatigue. Machine vision is also installed in those applications in which a robot arm or AGV needs to be guided. Machine vision systems are not only ideal for saving money and creating an effective workzone but also one of the major features associated with this technology is the fact that vision machine systems can be highly customized to a particular facility to meet the exact specifications of a particular application.
Computer vision relies on digital cameras and pattern recognition software. Although machine vision has improved significantly in the past few years, computers are still incapable of the same kind of adaptable vision as humans. For this reason, machine vision systems are usually programmed to fulfill those assignments that require consistent repetition of the same task.
A vision system can inspect at a much higher rate than human eyes and are more precise and consistent than the human workforce they often replace. Vision systems come in a variety of different types including optical inspection systems, optical sorting systems, vision sensors, CCD cameras, laser inspection, magnetic imaging, robotic vision and much more.
Machine Vision Systems Machine vision is a technical system designed to mimic human vision. In industrial settings, machine vision refers to the computer "vision" used to control automated manufacturing equipment. Although machine vision systems differ by product, four key elements remain the same: a digital camera, sensor, computer and special image processing software.
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Athenagoras I (Greek: Αθηναγόρας Αʹ), born Aristocles Matthew Spyrou (Greek: Αριστοκλής Ματθαίου Σπύρου; 6 April [O.S. 25 March] 1886 – July 7, 1972), initially the Greek archbishop in North America, was the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, from 1948 to 1972.
Athenagoras was born to a Greek family as Aristocles Matthew Spyrou on April 6 [O.S. March 25] 1886 in the village of Vasiliko, near Ioannina, Epirus (then Ottoman Empire). He was the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a doctor, and Helen V. Mokoros. Athenagoras devoted himself to religion at an early age because of the encouragement he received from his mother and a priest from his village. After completing his secondary education in 1906, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School at Halki, near Istanbul, and was ordained a deacon in 1910.
Upon graduating, he was tonsured a monk, given the name Athenagoras, and ordained to the diaconate. He served as archdeacon of the Diocese of Pelagonia before becoming the secretary to Archbishop Meletius (Metaxakis) of Athens in 1919. While still a deacon, he was elected the Metropolitan of Corfu in 1922 and straightway raised to the episcopacy.
Returning from a fact-finding trip to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in America in 1930, Metropolitan Damaskinos recommended to Patriarch Photios II that he appoint Metropolitan Athenagoras to the position of Archbishop of North and South America as the best person to bring harmony to the American diocese. The patriarch made the appointment on August 30, 1930.
When Archbishop Athenagoras assumed his new position on February 24, 1931, he was faced with the task of bringing unity and harmony to a diocese that was racked with dissension between Royalists and Republicans (Venizelists), who had virtually divided the country into separate dioceses. To correct that, he centralized the ecclesiastical administration in the Archdiocese offices with all other bishops serving as auxiliaries, appointed to assist the archbishop, without dioceses and administrative rights of their own. He actively worked with his communities to establish harmony. He expanded the work of the clergy-laity congresses and founded the Holy Cross School of Theology. Through his capable and fatherly leadership he withstood early opposition and gained the love and devotion of his people.
Archbishop Athenagoras consecrated the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity on New York City's Upper East Side on October 22, 1933. He called it: "The Cathedral of all of Hellenism in America."
In 1938, Athenagoras was naturalized as a United States citizen.
On November 1, 1948, he was elected Patriarch of Constantinople at the age of 61. In January 1949, he was honored to be flown in the personal airplane of the American president Harry Truman to Istanbul, Turkey to assume his new position. As Patriarch, he was actively involved with the World Council of Churches and improving relations with the Roman Catholic Pontiff, the Pope of Rome.
He was hospitalized on July 6, 1972 for a broken hip, but died from kidney failure in Istanbul (Constantinople) the following day at the age of 87. He was buried in the cemetery within the grounds of the Church of Saint Mary of the Spring in Balıklı, Istanbul.
Statue of the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople in Chania (Crete).
Athenagoras's meeting with Pope Paul VI in 1964 in Jerusalem led to rescinding the excommunications of 1054 which historically mark the Great Schism, the schism between the churches of the East and West. This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople and the other patriarchates of Orthodoxy. It produced the Catholic–Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965, which was read out on December 7, 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Constantinople.
The controversial declaration did not end the 1054 schism, but rather showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches, as represented by Pope Paul VI and Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I. Not all Orthodox leaders, however, received the declaration with joy. Metropolitan Philaret of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad openly challenged the Patriarch's efforts at rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church fearing it would lead to heresy, in his 1965 epistle to the Patriarch.
^ Goff 2010, "Eastern Orthodox Christianity", p. 537.
^ a b c d Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15: "Born March 25, 1886, in Vassilikon, near Janina in the Greek province of Epirus (at that time a part of the Ottoman Empire), the Patriarch, who is of Hellenic stock is the son of Matthew N. Spyrou, a physician, and Helen V. (Mokoros) Spyrou. His baptismal name was Aristocles Matthew Spyrou. Strongly encouraged by his mother and by "the humble priest" of his village (the quoted words are the Patriarch's own), the boy early resolved to devote his life to religion; and in 1906, after completing his secondary education at the Greek school on the island of Halki, near Istanbul, he entered the Holy Trinity Theological School on Halki. The thesis he submitted he submitted for ordination dealt with the election of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from the beginning up to the year 1453. On being ordained deacon in 1910..."
^ a b "Cathedral History". Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity. 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
^ Block, Rothe & Candee 1950, "Athenagoras I, Patriarch", pp. 14–15.
^ a b Cianfarra 1950, p. 87.
^ Chrissochoidis 2013, p. 131.
^ Newsweek 1972, p. 172: "Died: ATHENAGORAS I, 86, Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, spiritual leader of 125 million Eastern Christians, of kidney failure while hospitalized for a broken hip, in Istanbul, July 6. The Greek-born, white-bearded, 6-foot 4-inch prelate became Ecumenical Patriarch in 1948 after seventeen years in New York as Greek Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America."
^ "Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of his Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I". La Santa Sede (Vatican). 7 December 1965.
^ Metropolitan Philaret (December 1965). "A Protest to Patriarch Athenagoras: On the Lifting of the Anathemas of 1054". Orthodox Christian Information Center.
Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (1950). Current Biography: Who's News and Why 1949. New York: H.W. Wilson Company.
Chrissochoidis, Ilias (2013). Spyros P. Skouras: Memoirs (1893–1953). Stanford: Brave World.
Cianfarra, Camille Maximillian (1950). The Vatican and the Kremlin. New York: E.P. Dutton & Company, Inc.
Goff, Philip (2010). The Blackwell Companion to Religion in America. Malden and Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-44-432409-9.
Newsweek (1972). "Time Marches Off". 80. Newsweek, Incorporated.
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3 . We narrate unto thee ( somewhat ) of the story of Moses and Pharaoh with truth , for folk who believe .
4 . Lo! Pharaoh exalted himself in the earth and made its people castes . A tribe among them he suppressed , killing their sons and sparing their women . Lo! he was of those who work corruption .
6 . And to establish them in the earth , and to show Pharaoh and Haman and their hosts that which they feared from them .
7 . And We inspired the mother of Moses , saying : Suckle him and , when thou fearest for him , then cast him into the river and fear not nor grieve . Lo! We shall bring him back unto thee and shall make him ( one ) of Our messengers .
8 . And the family of Pharaoh took him up , that he might become for them an enemy and a sorrow . Lo! Pharaoh and Haman and their hosts were ever sinning .
9 . And the wife of Pharaoh said : ( He will be ) a consolation for me and for thee . Kill him not . Peradventure he may be of use to us , or we may choose him for a son . And they perceived not .
10 . And the heart of the mother of Moses became void , and she would have betrayed him if We had not fortified her heart , that she might be of the believers .
11 . And she said unto his sister : Trace him . So she observed him from afar , and they perceived not .
12 . And We had before forbidden foster-mothers for him , so she said : Shall I show you a household who will rear him for you and take care of him?
13 . So We restored him to his mother that she might be comforted and not grieve , and that she might know that the promise of Allah is true . But most of them know not .
14 . And when he reached his full strength and was ripe , We gave him wisdom and knowledge . Thus do We reward the good .
15 . And he entered the city at a time of carelessness of its folk , and he found therein two men fighting , one of his own caste , and the other of his enemies ; and he who was of his caste asked him for help against him who was of his enemies . So Moses struck him with his fist and killed him . He said : This is of the devil ' s doing . Lo! he is an enemy , a mere misleader .
16 . He said : My Lord! Lo! I have wronged my soul , so forgive me . Then He forgave him . Lo! He is the Forgiving , the Merciful .
17 . He said : My Lord! Forasmuch as Thou hast favored me , I will nevermore be a supporter of the guilty .
18 . And morning found him in the city , fearing , vigilant , when behold! he who had appealed to him the day before cried out to him for help . Moses said unto him : Lo! thou art indeed a mere hothead .
19 . And when he would have fallen upon the man who was an enemy unto them both , he said : O Moses! Wouldst thou kill me as thou didst kill a person yesterday . Thou wouldst be nothing but a tyrant in the land , thou wouldst not be of the reformers .
20 . And a man came from the uttermost part of the city , running . He said : O Moses! Lo! the chiefs take counsel against thee to slay thee ; therefor escape . Lo! I am of those who give thee good advice .
21 . So he escaped from thence , fearing , vigilant . He said : My Lord ! Deliver me from the wrongdoing folk .
22 . And when he turned his face toward Midian , he said : Peradventure my Lord will guide me in the right road .
23 . And when he came unto the water of Midian he found there a whole tribe of men , watering . And he found apart from them two women keeping , back ( their flocks ) . He said : What aileth you? The two said : We cannot give ( our flocks ) to drink till the shepherds return from the water ; and our father is a very old man .
24 . So he watered ( their flock ) for them . Then he turned aside into the shade , and said : My Lord! I am needy of whatever good thou sendest down for me .
25 . Then there came unto him one of the two women , walking shyly . She said : Lo! my father biddeth thee , that he may reward thee with a payment for that thou didst water ( the flock ) for us . Then , when he came unto him and told him the ( whole ) story , he said : Fear not! Thou hast escaped from the wrongdoing folk .
26 . One of the two women said : O my father! Hire him! For the best ( man ) that thou canst hire is the strong , the trustworthy .
27 . He said : Lo! I fain would marry thee to one of these two daughters of mine on condition that thou hirest thyself to me for ( the term of ) eight pilgrimages . Then if thou completest ten it will be of thine own accord , for I would not make it hard for thee . Allah willing , thou wilt find me of the righteous .
28 . He said : That ( is settled ) between thee and me . Whichever of the two terms I fulfil , there will be no injustice to me , and Allah is Surety over what we say .
29 . Then , when Moses had fulfilled the term , and was traveling with his housefolk , he saw in the distance a fire and said unto his housefolk : Bide ye ( here ) . Lo! I see in the distance a fire ; peradventure I shall bring you tidings thence , or a brand from the fire that you may warm yourselves .
31 . Throw down thy staff . And when he saw it writhing as it had been a demon , he turned to flee headlong , ( and it was said unto him ) : O Moses! Draw nigh and fear not . Lo! thou art of those who are secure .
32 . Thrust thy hand into the bosom of thy robe , it will come forth white without hurt . And guard thy heart from fear . Then these shall be two proofs from your Lord unto Pharaoh and his chiefs : Lo! they are evil living folk .
33 . He said : My Lord! Lo! I killed a man among them and I fear that they will kill me .
34 . My brother Aaron is more eloquent then me in speech . Therefor send him with me as a helper to confirm me . Lo! 1 fear that they will give the lie to me .
35 . He said : We will strengthen thine arm with thy brother , and We will give unto you both power so that they cannot reach you for Our portents . Ye twain , and those who follow you , will be the winners .
36 . But when Moses came unto them with Our clear tokens , they said : This is naught but invented magic . We never heard of this among our fathers of old .
37 . And Moses said : My Lord is best aware of him who bringeth guidance from His presence , and whose will be the sequel of the Home ( of bliss ) . Lo! wrong doers will not be successful .
38 . And Pharaoh said : O chiefs! I know not that ye have a god other than me , so kindle for me ( a fire ) , O Haman , to bake the mud ; and set up for me a lofty tower in order that I may survey the god of Moses ; and lo! I deem him of the liars .
39 . And he and his hosts were haughty in the land without right , and deemed that they would never be brought back to Us .
40 . Therefor We seized him and his hosts , and abandoned them unto the sea . Behold the nature of the consequence for evil doers!
41 . And We made them patterns that invite unto the Fire , and on the Day of Resurrection they will not be helped .
42 . And We made a curse to follow them in this world , and on the Day of Resurrection they will be among the hateful .
43 . And We verity gave the Scripture unto Moses after We had destroyed the generations of old ; clear testimonies for mankind , and a guidance and a mercy , that haply they might reflect .
45 . But We brought forth generations , and their lives dragged on for them . And thou wast not a dweller in Midian , reciting unto them Our revelations , but We kept sending ( messengers to men ) .
46 . And thou wast not beside the Mount when We did call ; but ( the knowledge of it is ) a mercy from thy Lord that thou mayest warn a folk unto whom no warner came before thee , that haply they may give heed .
47 . Otherwise , if disaster should afflict them because of that which their own hands have sent before ( them ) , they might say : Our Lord! Why sentest Thou no messenger unto us , that we might have followed Thy revelations and been of the believers?
48 . But when there came unto them the Truth from Our presence , they said : Why is he not given the like of what was given unto Moses? Did they not disbelieve in that which was given unto Moses of old? They say : Two magics that support each other ; and they say : Lo! in both we are disbelievers .
49 . Say ( unto them , O Muhammad ) : Then bring a Scripture from the presence of Allah that giveth clearer guidance than these two ( that ) I may follow it , if ye are truthful .
50 . And if they answer thee not , then know that what they follow is their lusts . And who goeth farther astray than he who followeth his lust without guidance from Allah . Lo! Allah guideth not wrongdoing folk .
51 . And now verily We have caused the Word to reach them , that haply they may give heed .
53 . And when it is recited unto them , they say : We believe in it . Lo! it is the Truth from our Lord . Lo! even before it we were of those who surrender ( unto Him ) .
55 . And when they hear vanity they withdraw from it and say : Unto us our works and unto you your works . Peace be unto you! We desire not the ignorant .
56 . Lo! thou ( O Muhammad ) guidest not whom thou lovest , but Allah guideth whom He will . And He is best aware of those who walk aright .
57 . And they say : If we were to follow the Guidance with thee we should be torn out of our land . Have We not established for them a sure sanctuary , whereunto the produce of all things is brought ( in trade ) , a provision from Our presence? But most of them know not .
58 . And how many a community have We destroyed that was thankless for its means of livelihood! And yonder are their dwellings , which have not been inhabited after them save a little . And We , even We , were the inheritors .
59 . And never did thy Lord destroy the townships , till He had raised up in their mother ( town ) a messenger reciting unto them Our revelations . And never did We destroy the townships unless the folk thereof were evil doers .
60 . And whatsoever ye have been given is a comfort of the life of the world and an ornament thereof ; and that which Allah hath is better and more lasting . Have ye then no sense?
61 . Is he whom We have promised a fair promise which he will find ( true ) like him whom We suffer to enjoy awhile the comfort of the life of the world , then on the Day of Resurrection he will be of those arraigned?
62 . On the Day when He will call unto them and say : Where are My partners whom ye imagined?
64 . And it will be said : Cry unto your ( so called ) partners ( of Allah ) . And they will cry unto them , and they will give no answer unto them , and they will see the Doom . Ah , if they had but been guided!
65 . And on the Day when He will call unto them and say : What answer gave ye to the messengers?
67 . But as for him who shall repent and believe and do right , he haply may be one of the successful .
68 . Thy Lord bringeth to pass what He willeth and chooseth . They have never any choice . Glorified be Allah and exalted above all that they associate ( with Him ) !
69 . And thy Lord knoweth what thee breasts conceal , and what they publish .
70 . And He is Allah ; there is no God save Him . His is all praise in the former and the latter ( state ) , and His is the command , and unto Him ye will be brought back .
71 . Say : Have ye thought , if Allah made night everlasting for you till the Day of Resurrection , who is a God beside Allah who could bring you light? Will ye not then hear?
72 . Say : Have ye thought , if Allah made day everlasting for you till the Day of Resurrection , who is a God beside Allah who could , bring you night wherein ye rest? Will ye not then see?
73 . Of His mercy hath He appointed for you night and day that therein ye may rest , and that ye may seek His bounty , and that haply ye may be thankful .
74 . And on the Day when He shall call unto them and say : Where are My partners whom ye pretended?
75 . And We shall take out from every nation a witness and We shall say : Bring your proof . Then they will know that Allah hath the Truth , and all that they invented will have failed them .
78 . He said : I have been given it only on account of knowledge I possess . Knew he not that Allah had destroyed already of the generations before him men who were mightier than Him in strength and greater in respect of following? The guilty are not questioned of their sins .
79 . Then went he forth before his people in his pomp . Those who were desirous of the life of the world said : Ah , would that unto us had been given the like of what hath been given unto Korah! Lo! he is lord of rare good fortune .
80 . But those who had been given knowledge said : Woe unto you! The reward of Allah for him who believeth and doeth right is better , and only the steadfast will obtain it .
81 . So We caused the earth to swallow him and his dwelling place . Then he had no host to help him against Allah , nor was he of those who can save themselves .
82 . And morning found those who had coveted his place but yesterday crying : Ah , welladay! Allah enlargeth the provision for whom He will of His slaves and straiteneth it ( for whom He will ) . If Allah had not been gracious unto us He would have caused it to swallow us ( also ) . Ah , welladay! the disbelievers never prosper .
83 . As for that Abode of the Hereafter We assign it unto those who seek not oppression in the earth , nor yet corruption . The sequel is for those who ward off ( evil ) .
84 . Whoso bringeth a good deed , he will have better than the same ; while as for him who bringeth an ill deed , those who do ill deeds will be requited only what they did .
85 . Lo! He Who hath given thee the Quran for a law will surely bring thee borne again . Say : My Lord is best aware of he who bringeth guidance and him who is in error manifest .
86 . Thou hadst no hope that the Scripture would be inspired in thee ; but it is a mercy from thy Lord , so never be a helper to the disbelievers .
87 . And let them not divert thee from the revelations of Allah after they have been sent down unto thee ; but call ( mankind ) unto thy Lord , and be not of those who ascribe partners ( unto turn ) .
88 . And cry not unto any other god along with Allah . There is no God save him . Everything will perish save His countenance . His is the command , and unto Him ye will be brought back .
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How do cVitals and the Health app work together?
You can use the ‘Health’ app on your iPhone to take measurements that are supported by cVitals. These include measurements of your weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and blood-glucose levels.
This can work in two ways. You can choose which one you prefer: 1) Send measurements using the Health app: measurements entered into cVitals will also be saved in the Health app.
2) Retrieve measurements from the Health app: a measurement added to the Health app can be retrieved in and sent via cVitals.
Many manufacturers of measurement devices have linked up their app to the Health app. This means that alongside the measurement devices you can connect to cVitals, you are able to use other smart measurement devices via the Health app and use these measurements for cVitals.
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0.999998 |
Located along Australia's Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise is a haven for surfers, party-goers, and backpackers. If you're traveling alone, it wont' be long before you find a party filled with other young travelers. There is no shortage of affordable hostels in the area where you can meet other guests and plan travel itineraries. The nightlife is always lively, and the beaches are never far away.
How much do hostels in Surfers Paradise cost?
Surfers Paradise Backpackers Resort is one of the most popular hostels in the area. The hostel offers plenty of activities so independent travelers have plenty of opportunities to meet other guests. If you enjoy sports, you can take advantage of the many organized events that are hosted by the hostel. These include tennis, volleyball, basketball, and table tennis. There's also a swimming pool, sauna, and plenty of common space available. If you enjoy video games, you'll find plenty of those as well. The hostel also organizes events such as quiz nights, pizza nights, and poker games. Other amenities available to guests include free wi-fi, laundry facilities, and discounts at local bars and cafes.
One major selling factor for the hostel is its proximity to the beach. It's one of the closest hostels to the water. They also offer transportation to the city's Transit Centre and bus station. In the surrounding area you'll find plenty of nightclubs and shopping centers. If you're in Surfers Paradise to enjoy the party scene, then you won't find a better location.
The hostel also offers a variety of room types including co-ed dorms, female only dorms, and fully furnished apartments.
If you're headed to Surfers Paradise for the beach, then this is the place for you. It's just seconds from the beach and is perfect for anyone hoping to soak up some sun. It's a favorite among travelers to the Gold Coast and if you're traveling alone it won't be long before you make some friends here. The hostel has a social vibe and is a true "backpacker" experience. It is a party hostel, and you're sure to have fun here, even if you don't get much sleep. The staff and the guests all love a party and it's almost guaranteed that something will be going on while you're in town.
The hostel also has all the standard amenities for guests including wi-fi and laundry. It also has a pool, a poolside bar, and a television and game room. Pub crawls are organized on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and the hostel offers discounts to many local bars and clubs.
This hostel is one of the most popular in the area, and fills up early. If you're hoping to stay here, be sure and book well in advance.
Like many hostels in Surfers Paradise, Sleeping Inn Backpackers is the place to come for a party. The hostel has been recently renovated and has a movie room, game room, and pool. It's a unique option because it offers apartment style rooms that have a fully equipped kitchen, bathroom, shower, and a separate living area. There are also standard dorms as well as single, twin, double and tripe rooms available.
The hostel has all kinds of organized activities. There are surfing lessons, bicycle rentals, organized trips to theme parks and more. If you're traveling on your own and you want someone to help coordinate these activities, then this is a great place to stay.
There are also nightly events at the hostel. These can include movie nights, all-you-can-eat barbecues, pizza nights, pub crawls, and more.
The hostel is about a five minute walk from the center of town. It's accessible to a variety of sites including the Q1 observation deck, the beaches, night markets, and plenty of entertainment.
Another popular hostel in Surfers Paradise, Down Under Hostel is a great option for travelers on a tight budget. They offer all kinds of free amenities that you might pay extra for elsewhere. There is free laundry, entertainment, and computer access. Unlike many of the hostels in the area, you can also bring your own alcohol on site. The hostel is conveniently located just 100 meters from the beach and it's also close to the city center and the tram station.
If you're on a budget and traveling alone, then this is a great place to save a few bucks and meet some other travelers.
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John Adams gives an impassioned speech in which he states his hope for a free republic that is governed by laws and not men. He states to the other delegates that they have a unique opportunity to choose a system of government for themselves and future generations. Adams believes it is now time to revolt against the British Empire. After the speech, several other delegates show their support for his case.
What does John Adams mean when he says "measures which will affect the lives of millions, born and unborn are now before us"?
Why is John Adams hopeful?
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0.957274 |
How can you really dress up corn? I like Old Bay on my corn, but I wanted to incorporate some great fall flavors into this dish. For one of the Elite Eight side dish winner, I decided to upgrade the butter that goes into the corn. The great thing is, you can use this compound butter on just about anything you slather deliciousness on!
2. In a food processor, mix butter, sage, tomato paste, salt, pepper, and cayenne power. Shape into a log and wrap in plastic wrap. Refrigerate for at least 2 hours.
3. When corn is piping hot, transfer to a serving dish, and swirl in about 2-3 tbsp. of butter.
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Wrestling starts to heat up!
The Attitude Era was just getting started in early 1998 as WWE was starting to see some improvement in terms of their viewership numbers on television and attendance at live events. By the time they got to the 1998 Royal Rumble, it looked like they were ready to regain the top spot in the wrestling business by beating rival World Championship Wrestling sooner rather than later. Two months prior to the Rumble, one of the craziest things in WWE history happened as long-time superstar Bret Hart was screwed out of the WWE Title by Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels. It wasn't easy for WWE to rebound after that, but they did their best. A big reason that WWE was able to bounce back after losing Hart is because of the emergence of the 1997 Rumble winner "Stone Cold" Steve Austin. He officially turned babyface in 1997, so the fans were fully behind him heading into this match. McMahon wasn't a fan of his, though, which created a conflict. It was just the beginning of what was arguably the greatest rivalry in WWE history between the evil owner and his most important employee. The 11th Royal Rumble event took place in San Jose, California on January 18, 1998. Here are the results from the show. 1. Vader d. Goldust 2. Max Mini, Mosaic & Nova d. Battalion, El Torito & Tarantula (w/Sunny as referee) 3. Intercontinental Title: The Rock d. Ken Shamrock by DQ to retain the title 4. Tag Team Titles: The Legion Of Doom d. The New Age Outlaws by DQ so Outlaws kept the titles 5. Steve Austin won the Royal Rumble match 6. WWE Title Casket Match: Shawn Michaels d. The Undertaker Here are seven things you should know about the 1998 Royal Rumble.
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Cook 15 to 20 minutes for 1 1/2 pound lobster..
Pick the meat out after the crab for the recipe you can google how to prepare the crab meat for crab cakes.
Preheat oven to 400 degrees. Line a cookie sheet with foil.
Cut bottom of garlic bulb drizzle ½ tablespoon olive oil on a piece of foil place bulb cut side down on foil wrap bulb with foil place on cooking sheet. Removed husk off the corn and toss corn and red bell pepper in 1 1/2 tablespoon olive oil.
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0.999997 |
We got a projector. It's great right up until someone happens to have brought a laptop over and they want to show you something... then it's all messing with cables and video modes and nothing ever quite works right. So the plan is to hook up a Mac Mini to the projector and then require everyone else to ??? when they want to use the display.
As you can see, the plan has a hole, marked with ???. The best I've been able to come up with so far is running a VNC client on the mac and requiring users to run a VNC server, then using ssh+zeroconf to let people start up a VNC session via the command line...? That sounds terrible -- there's gotta be something better. It sorta sounds like the sort of thing X was made for, but (a) what we really want is to view a portal of someone's screen, not have them push a program over the wire; (b) I haven't quite thought through how mouse/keyboard would work; and most importantly (c) we have lots of different platforms, most of which don't really speak X.
It'd almost seem like not that hard of a program to write something that lets you rectangle-select an area of the screen and push that bit over the network. (For example, AFAIK this is more or less what the XDamage extension exists for.) But maybe this has been implemented before? O lazyweb, tell me it has.
Synergy does not do any authentication or encryption. Any computer can connect to the synergy server if it provides a screen name known to the server, and all data is transferred between the server and the clients unencrypted which means that anyone can, say, extract the key presses used to type a password. Therefore, synergy should not be used on untrusted networks.
and then gives instructions on how to use ssh if you want security.
flipzagging Synergy isn't much like VNC, it's a keyboard/mouse sharing system -- your mouse goes off the edge of your Linux machine and zing, it's on the Windows machine.
It works pretty well for me. Currently I have a server on Linux and a client on a Windows laptop. I don't know how great the Mac server is.
"It sort of sounds like the sort of thing X was made for?" Teh lol!
Get a camera. Plug it into the Mac. Point it at the Linux laptop screen. No I'm not joking.
Haha that's like miking an amp. Gets you all the warm color and stuff.
When in that situation here we tend to just have the person with the laptop make the relevant files available over the network somehow and show whatever they want to show on the computer with the big display.
supersat They now sell projectors that accept flash memory devices, like USB thumb drives and SD cards. They apparently play presentations and such without the use of a computer. Other projectors also support wifi, and I think you can send them presentations to show over that.
Sending a copy of your screen over the network is all fine and dandy until someone embeds a video.
3) Get the file shared on your network.
4) Play the file through the xbox.
Re: Cheaper than a mac-mini.
I've seen a couple of the interfaces, and they're great. The mod community have really made them a great box.
VNC seems like a good approach. But why use ssh? Just use the GUI on the Mini to pick a VNC server to connect to.
evan Nothing ever quite works right = Linux, mostly, but also Windows (I know you're not exposed to it much, but in honesty Linux these days is at about the level of Windows in terms of stuff "just working", which is to say "it's kind of a crapshoot but sometimes you're surprised). It's kinda hilarious how nearly every single presentation I see at work involves someone messing around with their laptop as the projector flashes back and forth.
GUI on the Mini: part of the plan is to put the mini in the closet, so we want to control it remotely. I guess we could VNC into it to tell it to VNC back out to our computers, but that still feels like failure, though maybe not as bad as some of these other suggestions (like "have your friends share a USB stick").
BTW, here's an example of stuff Just Working: I went (on my Linux system!) to System→Preferences→Remote Desktop and clicked "share my screen with other users". Then a dialog popped up on the Mac (because my computer advertised it over zeroconf, I think?) and after acknowledging that I got a dialog confirming it back on my laptop (because I asked it to confirm instead of using a password). If I could automate the middle step (maybe I could use applescript to simulate clicking on the "ok" button? GUI software always frustrates me here) I'd nearly be home free, though it's not quite what I want.
After some looking around I've been thinking about writing some custom software on the Mac that does Brady-bunch-intro style automatic scaling of users as they broadcast their VNC-ness, and then clients on the Linux side that let me rectangle-select an area of the screen to push out to the Mac. It turns out that when VNC was ported to OS X, someone made the protocol into a library and that library was ported back to Linux -- so supporting VNC isn't that hard, in theory.
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In a move straight out of an Onion article, the Oklahoma state legislature has moved to ban history. At least, the accurate study of it.
House Bill 1380, written by Republican state legislator Dan Fisher, prohibits "the expenditure of funds on the Advanced Placement United States history course" in Oklahoma public schools. Fisher is a member of the dominionist Black Robe Regiment, which argues that a "false wall of separation of church and state has been constructed" by secular progressives who aim to stamp out religious faith in the United States. This might explain his motivation for the bill: That Advanced Placement U.S. history courses only teach "what is bad about America" and fail to emphasize "American exceptionalism."
Some of Fisher's peers feel that even this egregious politicization of Oklahoma's curriculum doesn't go far enough. Rep. Sally "Gays Are Worse Than Terrorists" Kern has claimed that "AP courses violate the legislation approved last year that repealed Common Core" and "could be construed as an attempt to impose a national curriculum on American schools." That AP courses are developed by the College Board, a private group, and are not required for any public school student, doesn't factor in to Kern's declaration.
Oklahoma's not the first state to declare the AP U.S. history course "un-American." In January, the Georgia legislature introduced a resolution that rejects a new version of the course for teaching a "radically revisionist view of American history" and neglecting to sufficiently lionize "America's Founding Fathers, the principles of the Declaration of Independence [and] the religious influences on our nation's history."
Who's to blame for this anti-educational insanity? According to Newsweek, it's all due to the efforts of a retired schoolteacher named Larry S. Krieger. Upon reading the College Board's latest revised framework for the instruction of the course, Krieger told Newsweek he "saw a consistently negative view of American history that highlights oppressors and exploiters. Instead of striving to build a city on a hill, according to the framework our nation's founders are portrayed as bigots who 'developed a belief in white superiority' ... that was in turn derived from 'a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority' and that of course led to 'the creation of a rigid racial hierarchy.'"
Manifest Destiny, American military tactics in World War II and the immigration booms of the late 19th century are all "maligned" in the new framework, according to Krieger — and he's made it his life's mission to change the AP U.S. history course back to the more "pro-American" version.
There's just one problem: American history isn't pro-American. In his definitive examination of 12 American history textbooks, Lies My Teacher Told Me, sociologist James W. Loewen determined that the "history" that most Americans learn in school is largely factually incorrect and couched in Europositive viewpoints that dismiss the uglier side of American history in favor of myth building and the apotheosis of America's so-called "Founding Fathers."
We collected a list of the most common fallacies taught in American classrooms to unsuspecting students — a list of truths that, if Oklahoma gets its way, students may never hear.
Lie: The Civil War had little to do with slavery.
One of America's most pervasive myths about the Civil War — alternately known as the War Between the States or the War of Northern Aggression, depending on your teacher's level of antipathy toward Yankees — is that it had little to do with slavery and was instead a philosophical battle over the issue of "state's rights." It wasn't that the South was defending slavery, per se, but that it was rising against a federal government that was exceeding its authority in limitations on the expansion of slavery. The problem with this widely held notion? The secessionists were defending slavery. They even wrote it down.
On Dec. 24, 1860, South Carolina's secession convention adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union." The casus belli, according to the declaration? "An increasing hostility on the part of the non-slaveholding States to the institution of slavery." Of the five states courteous enough to send a declaration of their reasons for leaving the Union, every single one cited the ability to continue practicing and spreading chattel slavery as the main motivation for secession; collectively, the words "slavery," "slaveholding" and "slaves" were used 83 times in those declarations. So much for the "not about slavery" argument.
Lie: Blacks, both free and enslaved, fought for the Confederacy.
Truth: The Confederacy banned black servicemen.
It's an image extolled to tens of thousands of high school history students every year: Black men, both free and enslaved, fighting alongside white Confederates to protect their agrarian way of life. It further bolsters the idea that the Civil War wasn't fought for reasons of racial supremacy but for "freedom."
According to professor Stephen Ash in the journal Reviews in American History, the Confederacy refused to allow black recruits, free or otherwise, until three weeks before the end of the war. When Confederate Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne proposed enlisting slaves in January 1864, "President Jefferson Davis not only rejected the idea but also ordered that the subject be dropped and never discussed again in the army." Three weeks before the Civil War ended, Davis changed his mind. But at that point, the war had been lost and few black Southerners enlisted. While a few blacks were recruited into state militias that were also fighting the North, the closest any got to combat was an Alabama company that stood watch over Mobile warehouses holding government supplies.
To be fair, there were slaves on the front — they just did laundry.
Lie: America was founded on religious freedom.
Truth: America was founded on religious persecution.
We've known the story since before we knew how to make a turkey using construction paper and an outline of our hands: The Pilgrims, avoiding religious persecution in their native England, sailed to America on the Mayflower to create a community where religious minorities would be respected by their leaders and the law, followed soon after by the Puritans, whose "Shining City Upon a Hill" became a beacon of religious equality around the world.
New England's Puritans did flee England because of religious persecution — but mostly so they could do some religious persecuting of their own. The Puritans, rather than being a humble crew of coopers in starched collars and buckled shoes, were the remnants of a group of Christian fundamentalists who had taken over the British parliament in the middle of the 17th century during the Interregnum and attempted to turn Great Britain into a "Protestants only" island free of Catholics. Also, they banned Christmas. After fleeing England following the Restoration, the Puritans banned Catholics, hanged Quakers and made the celebration of Christmas in Boston illegal from 1659 to 1681.
Lie: The Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock.
Truth: There is no Plymouth Rock.
Plymouth Rock, the site of the Mayflower's disembarkation onto the shores of Massachusetts and the New World, is featured in songs, stories and iconic speeches by Malcolm X. Unfortunately, Plymouth Rock is little more than a metaphor and coastal tourist attraction: There are no contemporaneous references to any rock in journals or logs from the Mayflower and its passengers. The first reference to any "rock," much less one with a proper name, weren't made for more than a century.
In the words of travel writer Bill Bryson, "The one thing the Pilgrims certainly did not do was step ashore on Plymouth Rock. Quite apart from the consideration that it may have stood well above the high-water mark in 1620, no prudent mariner would try to bring a ship alongside a boulder on a heaving December sea when a sheltered inlet beckoned from near by."
Lie: America was founded as a Christian nation.
Truth: America passed a treaty saying it's not.
The description of the United States as a "Christian nation" or a nation "founded on Judeo-Christian values" is considered settled fact in certain ideological circles. Assertions to the otherwise, generally those who bring up that pesky First Amendment, are derided as ahistorical — after all, the Founding Fathers were all Christians!
Thomas Jefferson was a virulent anti-clericalist, Benjamin Franklin had doubts about the divinity of Jesus and numerous other signers of the Declaration of Independence are considered by modern historians to be, at most, deists, if not outright atheists. Even for those who were religious, the separation between church and state — a term coined by Jefferson, natch — was considered paramount. Even George Washington was a believer in keeping the two separate: "Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing."
"As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of Mussulmen; and as the said States never entered into any war or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries."
"Not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion" seems pretty clear-cut.
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0.966339 |
Reset and remove phone number on samsung galaxy s4?
To hide your caller ID under the Samsung Galaxy S4, follow the below procedure: From the Homescreen go to Apps > Settings > My Device. Open Call > Call Settings > Additional settings > Caller ID... During the initial setup of your Galaxy S4, you�re prompted to specify the device name which will be shown when you use Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Direct, tethering, Windows Explorer, Kies and etc.
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0.999996 |
Build an even better PC sound card based oscilloscope using my book: Sound Card Oscilloscope - Build Better Electronic Projects. Everything is explained in great detail how to build the scope probe, a calibrator and a handy signal generator. I also show you how to build it all into small enclosures that fit nicely on your desk next to your PC.
You should by now have all the components that you will need to complete the construction of your PC scope probe so lets start by preparing the board that you will build it on.
Then place your components on the board and route the leads on the underside. Finally, solder the connections and the input and output connections. When this is complete you will be ready to install the software on your PC and start using your oscilloscope.
Use a small saw to cut your perforated board to size. Before you do this you should take your components and lay them onto the board in the positions you want them and then mark out the edges of the board allowing enough space for all components and connections.
My board measured approximately 60mm (2.4inch) x 48mm (1.9inch). Remember it is better to overestimate the size you need rather than cut the board too small to fit the parts onto.
Remind yourself of the circuit diagram. The circuit is simple and in two identical parts.
It will be helpful at this point to draw a sketch of what you want the final PC scope probe to look like with the input and output connections marked on it.
This is the top side of my finished scope probe board. Note that each of the two pairs of diodes are connected top to toe in parallel.
This is a slightly different view of the top side of my board showing how I mounted the home made connection posts. If you choose to use the alternative method of making the posts then be sure to allow extra room for the additional hole that each post will take up.
If you can you should make all the connections on the underside of your board by wrapping the leads together. When you have finished carefully inspect the wiring and compare it against the circuit diagram. It is much easier to correct any errors at this stage before you solder all the connections.
Before you start soldering please bear in mind that your components will get hot during this process and that electronic parts can be damaged by excessive heat. This is a general problem with building electronic projects so it's a good idea to try and minimize the time that you apply the hot soldering iron. In some instances you can apply a heat sink to the component leads to conduct some of the heat away from the device. Semiconductor devices like transistors, diodes and integrated circuits are very susceptible to heat damage.
I have a simple technique that works well for me. I use a pair of Long nose pliers to grip the component lead between the device and the point where you apply the heat. The problem with this is that you end up needing 3 hands to hold the pliers in place while you apply the solder. Placing a strong elastic band around the handle of the pliers should hold them clamped onto the lead long enough for you to solder it.
Solder all the connections. If you are not sure about how to solder then be sure to go through the soldering tutorial Soldering Is Easy before you start.
Take your audio lead and cut off one of the 3.5mm jack plugs. Strip the wires slip a small length of heat shrink tubing on to keep the end tidy and connect the two inner cores to Vout1 and Vout2 and the outer braid of the wire to the common connection as shown.
For your input connections you can either use crocodile clips or small probe clips. I like these small clips as they are easy to connect up and to use.
It's best to use flexible wire for your probe cables. Push it through the hole in the clip, strip the insulation, solder the connection and snap the two halves of the clip back together.
This is how my final PC scope probe looks. It's not very pretty but it works. On the next page I show you how to get the software up and running with your probe.
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0.998277 |
Labor and employment law addresses the legal relationship between an employer and its employees. The scope of labor law can be significant, as labor regulations typically address a wide variety of employment-related concerns, such as wages and working conditions. Other considerations include hiring practices and the offering and implementation of workplace benefits. In addition to the complexity of labor issues, in some jurisdictions there exist several layers of enforcement and accountability. For example, in the United States, the federal government enforces a significant body of labor and employment law, while state and local governments may also add to this with their own laws, regulations, and ordinances.
In many jurisdictions, labor and employment law places restrictions on the hiring practices that can be used by an employer. For example, an employer may be restricted by law from discriminating against job applicants because of their membership in a protected class of people. In some places, it is illegal to discriminate against a job applicant simply because of the individual's age, race, or religion. These protected classes, however, can vary by jurisdiction, often in accordance with cultural values. For example, in some places it is illegal for an employer to discriminate against a job applicant because of that person's sexual orientation, but in other areas this sort of protection does not exist. Other restrictions on hiring practices may include limitations on the use of credit reporting or background check information, along with mandatory disclosures about certain aspects of a company's hiring process.
Another significant area of labor and employment law involves the issue of workplace conditions. Workplace conditions encompasses a broad category of employment law, as it addresses things such as health and safety regulations as well as issues of harassment and interpersonal relationships between employees. Many jurisdictions, particularly those in industrialized countries, have established a body of law that requires employers to provide safe working environments for their employees. These may include detailed regulations about the structures of buildings, available sanitary facilities, and procedures for caring for employees who become ill or injured on the job. Employers may also be required to address issues of harassment and bullying when it takes place between employees and particularly when the dynamic includes the harassment or bullying of an employee by his superior.
Other features of labor and employment law include the enforcement of laws that require employers to provide certain benefits to workers, such as unemployment insurance or paid time off from work. In cases where the law does not require an employer to provide benefits but an employer promises them to employees anyway, labor law attorneys may represent employees who feel that they have been unjustly deprived of these benefits. As such, labor law may be used by employees as a way to enforce any contracts that exist between them and their employers, even if the contract provides rights and benefits that are not required by applicable employment law.
What Does an Employment Law Specialist Do?
How do I Choose the Best Employment Law Courses?
What are the Different Types of Federal Employment Law?
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a very special documentary. in a word "delicious"
Great doc. It was engaging and worth watching. I'm not really into sweets, but this made me want to go get some dessert.
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0.999568 |
How do I setup continuous feed labels for my LX800-810-400?
> Knowledge base> Article: How do I setup continuous feed labels for my LX800-810-400?
How do I setup continuous feed labels for my LX800-810, LX400?
Continuous Feed is used for label stock that has no black mark, die cut or through hole. The label sensor will be turned off and the LX will start printing at whatever point is nearest. Use this setting only for stock that will be cut after printing. It is not possible to use this setting for labels that are die cut since it is impossible to reliably predict the starting point of the print and impossible to adjust the spacing gap between prints.
1. Unload the label stock. Make sure the LX is turned on and the USB cable is connected.
2. Go to the Start Menu - Printers and Faxes, or Start Menu - Control Panel - Printers and Faxes.
3. Right Click on the Color Label 800 or Color Label 810 - Choose Printing Preferences.
4. Find the Sensor Type setting and change it to Continuous. Apply settings and close the window.
5. Feed the stock into the printer according to the instructions on the label attached to the inside cover of the Color Label Printer.
Note 1: When using NiceLabel the printer settings are saved with the label file. In other words, if the label was created in NiceLabel and saved before the Sensor Type setting was changed to Continuous, you will have to change the Sensor Type setting through NiceLabel and resave the label before printing.
Note 2: If you are using an LX800, your firmware version must be greater than 2.00 and your driver version must be greater than or equal to 1.10(PC) or 1.1 (Mac). Click here for instructions on determining your firmware version. Click here for instructions on determining your driver version.
2. Browse to the Hard Drive - Applications - Utilities - Printer Setup Utility.
3. The Screen Below will be displayed. Highlight the Color Label Printer and click the Utility icon.
4. The Printer Configuration window will open. Click the Printer Settings Button.
5. Set the Sensor Type to Continuous. Close this window and the Configuration window.
6. Feed the stock into the printer according to the instructions on the label attached to the inside cover of the Color Label Printer.
Please note: If you are using an LX800, your firmware version must be greater than 2.00 and your driver version must be greater than or equal to 1.10(PC) or 1.1 (Mac). Click here for instructions on determining your firmware version. Click here for instructions on determining your driver version.
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If you own a retail establishment or another business that handles cash, have you thought about what you would do if your business was robbed? Having a good video surveillance system can help deter crime and can help identify the bad guys when a crime is committed. Having silent duress or panic buttons installed and connected to your security system can help summon the police more quickly.
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Barricades in Algiers, January 1960. The banner reads, "Long live Massu" ( Vive Massu).
The generals' putsch in April 1961, aimed at canceling the government's negotiations with the FLN, marked the turning point in the official attitude toward the Algerian war. Leading the coup attempt to depose de Gaulle were General Raoul Salan, General André Zeller, General Maurice Challe, and General Edmond Jouhaud.:87–97 Only the paratroop divisions and the Foreign Legion joined the coup, while the Air Force, Navy and most of the Army stayed loyal to General de Gaulle, but at one moment de Gaulle went on French television to ask for public support with the normally lofty de Gaulle saying "Frenchmen, Frenchwomen, help me!".:89 De Gaulle was now prepared to abandon the pieds-noirs, which no previous French government was willing to do. The army had been discredited by the putsch and kept a low profile politically throughout the rest of France's involvement with Algeria. The OAS was to be the main standard bearer for the pieds-noirs for the rest of the war.
Talks with the FLN reopened at Évian in May 1961; after several false starts, the French government decreed that a ceasefire would take effect on March 18, 1962. A major difficulty at the talks was de Gaulle's decision to grant independence only to the coastal regions of Algeria, where the bulk of the population lived, while hanging onto the Sahara, which happened to be rich in oil and gas, while the FLN claimed all of Algeria. During the talks, the pied-noir and Muslim communities engaged in a low level civil war with bombings, shootings, throat-cutting and assassinations being the preferred methods.:90 The Canadian historian John Cairns wrote at times it seemed like both communities were "going berserk" as everyday "murder was indiscriminate".:90 On 29 June 1961, de Gaulle announced on TV that fighting was "virtually finished" and afterwards there was no major fighting between the French Army and the FLN; during the summer of 1961 the OAS and the FLN engaged in a civil war, in which the greater number of the Muslims soon made a difference.:90 To pressure de Gaulle to abandon his demand to keep the Sahara, the FLN organized demonstrations in France from Algerians living there in the fall of 1961, which the French police crushed.:91 It was in the course of crushing one demonstration that a massacre of Algerians on 17 October 1961, which was ordered by Maurice Papon, took place. On 10 January 1962, the FLN started a "general offensive" against the OAS, staging a series on the pied-noir communities as a way of applying pressure.:91 On 7 February 1962, the OAS attempted to assassinate the Culture Minister André Malraux by setting off a bomb in his apartment building that failed to kill its intended target, but did leave a four-year girl living in the adjoining apartment blinded by the shrapnel. The blinding of the girl did much to turn French opinion against the OAS.
^ Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po - Z, index. 3, Academic Press, 1999 ( ISBN 9780122270109, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 86.
^ Crandall, R., America's Dirty Wars: Irregular Warfare from 1776 to the War on Terror, Cambridge University Press, 2014 ( ISBN 9781139915823, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 184.
This page is based on the Wikipedia article Algerian War; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA.
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What will be the impact of Brexit’s outcome for the food Industry?
Hi, As was discussed in the webinar, it is really too early to give any hard information about the future, as this will depend on the outcome of the exit negotiations. I presume that you are asking the question from the perspective of an exporter, rather than an importer?
Following the P.M.’s recent speech it does look increasingly likely that the UK’s future will lie outside the EU single market, so there is a good chance that UK exports to EU countries will be treated by EU customs officials and importers in the same way as imports from other non-EU countries. They are likely to have to go though a customs clearance process, they may be subject to import duties, (unless any agreement can be reached that exempts us fom that). In addition, UK food producers may need to supply documentation or certificates, to prove that UK products meet EU food & veterinary standards. The specific requirements will depend on the actual product.
One way to check out what the possible “worst case” scenario might be, is to go to the import section of the EU Market Access database, at: http://madb.europa.eu/madb/euTariffs.htm Once there, inset the first 4 or six digits of the customs tariff code which applies for your product, and select as the country of origin the USA (you cannot currently choose UK). This will take you to a list of EU tariff codes & import duties which could apply for imports from the UK in the future. You may also see reference to documentary or regulatory requirements, such as veterinary control. You may also see a seies of letters & digits, (possibly starting with CD) – if you click on these, it will bring up more detail on those documentary requirements.
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Does mechanical state of bark change with ontogeny ?
Auteur(s): Lehnebach R., Zeline Fanny, Doumerc Léopold, Almeras T., Clair B.
Auteur(s): Clair B., Ghislain Barbara, Prunier Jonathan, Lehnebach R., Beauchêne Jacques, Almeras T.
To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. We grew artificially tilted seedlings and measured the change in curvature when removing the bark and evidenced a differential mechanical state of the bark on both side of the stem. In several species, bark contributes to the up righting of trees. Combined mechanical measurements and microstructural observations on adults trees enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of mechanical stress in the bark of plant stems.This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.
To grow straight, plants need a motor system that controls posture by generating forces to offset gravity. This motor function in trees was long thought to be only controlled by internal forces induced in wood. Here we provide evidence that bark is involved in the generation of mechanical stresses in several tree species. Saplings of nine tropical species were grown tilted and staked in a shadehouse and the change in curvature of the stem was measured after releasing from the pole and after removing the bark. This first experiment evidenced the contribution of bark in the up-righting movement of tree stems. Combined mechanical measurements of released strains on adult trees and microstructural observations in both transverse and longitudinal/tangential plane enabled us to identify the mechanism responsible for the development of asymmetric mechanical stress in the bark of stems of these species. This mechanism does not result from cell wall maturation like in wood, or from the direct action of turgor pressure like in unlignified organs, but is the consequence of the interaction between wood radial pressure and a smartly organized trellis structure in the inner bark.
Auteur(s): Bossu Julie, Lehnebach R., Corn Stéphane, Regazzi Arnaud, Beauchene Jacques, Clair B.
Trees modulate their building material, wood, throughout their lifetime to meet changing mechanical needs. Basic density, a widely studied wood property, has been proved to be negatively correlated to growth rate and is then considered to reflect the diversity of species growth strategies. An alternative way for trees to modulate growth strategy at constant construction cost is changing the organisation of their fibre network. Interlocked grain, the result of a periodic change in the orientation of the fibres in the tangential plane, is found in numerous tropical tree species. In this study, we first describe the variations in basic density and interlocked grain occurring during ontogeny of Bagassa guianensis, a fast-growing Amazonian species, and analyse their influence on the local mechanical properties of wood at the tissue level. The observed radial patterns and properties are then incorporated in a finite element model to investigate their effect on mechanical properties of the trunk. We report extreme and highly reproducible concomitant radial variations in basic density and interlocked grain in all the sampled trees, with grain angle variations ranging from − 31° to 23°. Such changes in wood during ontogeny allows trees to tailor their growth rate while greatly improving resistance to torsion and reducing the risk of splitting.
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What is the significance of the Gita’s reference to Krishna as Bhagavan because Mahabharata also refers to Shiva as Bhagavan?
I heard in one of the Lectures of Srila Prabhupada where he says that Krishna is Bhagwan thats why in the Bhagvad Gita Krishna is mentioned as “Shri Bhagwan Uvacha”.
Since Bhagvad Gita is a part of Mahabharat, when i read Mahabharat at many places Lord shiva was Mentioned as “Shri Bhagwan Uvach” and yet at many other places i read where Krishna is mentioned as “Shri Krishna/ Vasudev uvach”. Going by this explanation isnt Lord Shiva Bhagvan and isnt Lord Krishna less than Bhagwan.
Thus in a correct technical sense ,the word bhagavan( as can be seen from the above definition ) applies perfectly to the original form of Lord Krishna .
But all those avatars of lord krishna including lila avatara ,purusha avatara ,guna avatar ,saktyavesha avatara and other types ,scriptures also refer to them as bhagavan .
Scriptures at times also refer to Avesha incarnations like Narada ,Vyasa ,Parashurama and four Kumaras also as Bhagavan .And as far as Lord Shiva is concerned ,he is considered to be the Guna Avatara of Krishna .Thus Visnu tattva expansions and anyone who is especially empowered or endowed with some specific potency of Lord Krishna ,scriptures call them as Bhagavan .
But in a strict and pure technical sense ,Lord Krishna is the reservoir of all the 6 opulence in full ,thus scriptures in order to distinguish Krishna from all other incarnations of Lord including Visnu ,call him ” SVAYAM BHAGAVAN ” .this usage of svayam is explicitly used for Lord Krishna only ,and not to anyone .
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Where was the Second Temple?
We cannot be sure whether the square of 500 royal cubits per side belonged to the First Temple, but we may be confident that it belonged at least to the pre-Herodian Second. The reasoning is simple: (1) The Mishna describes a square of 500 cubits on each side, and it can hardly be a coincidence that if we draw a line from the present-day platform's northwest step, which has exceptionally large stones, to the Haram's east wall, the length turns out to be 500 royal cubits. (2) The literary sources indicate nothing, after the time of the First Temple, to which this square could have belonged - except the early Second Temple. Besides, we have read that Pompey, in order to conquer the temple in 63 BC, had to fill a moat on the north side. If this was the ditch detected by Warren (see his map), it was exactly in the right position to defend the 500-cubit platform.
In 2011, archaeologists Eli Shukron and Ronny Reich dug down to bedrock near the southwest corner of the Temple Mount. They discovered various rock-cut installations that had belonged to buildings earlier than Herod's temple. One of them was identified as a ritual bath, in Hebrew a mikveh. The temple builders had filled it, topped it with three large flat stones, and laid the western wall's first course over part of it. The archaeologists of 2011 removed fill from the part of the mikveh that was not beneath this wall's foundation stones. They unearthed three clay oil lamps that were typical of the 1st century AD. They also found coins, of which the latest four had been minted by the Roman prefect Valerius Gratus in 17 - 18 AD. (For an account by the Israel Antiquities Authority, see here.) The excavators concluded that this section of the Western Wall could not have been built under Herod, who died in 4 BC.
This conclusion, which received worldwide publicity, would imply a post-Herodian date not only for the southern end of the western wall, but also for the royal portico that stretched eastward for 920 feet from this southern end. Josephus wrote, "this cloister deserves to be mentioned better than any other under the sun." Its roof would have been about as high as the top of the dome of al-Aqsa today. It had four rows of columns, 162 in all, making three aisles. On either side of the middle aisle, the columns were 27 feet high and so thick that it took three adults to surround them. By comparison, the columns of Italian marble in al-Aqsa, including the capitals, rise 15 feet; the central ceiling, however, is about as high as the original pillars would have been.
In accordance with the coins of Gratus, we would also have to redate the Double and Triple ("Hulda") Gates in the southern wall, as well as the grand staircase. The redating would undermine Josephus' account, for he tells us that Herod celebrated the completion of the temple, including the magnificent royal portico on the south. Finally, one may question whether so huge a structure could have been built during the rule of a Roman procurator. And why, in such a case, would Josephus have called it "royal," given that the last king, Herod, had died more than 20 years earlier? If the portico's funder had been a Jewish ruler, namely, Herod's grandson Agrippa (r. 40 - 43 AD) or his son Agrippa II (who was made responsible for the temple in 48 AD), surely Josephus, born in 36 AD, would have known as much and said so.
Admittedly, we read in John 2:20 that the construction of the temple, which began ca. 20 BC, took 46 years, and Josephus reports that it was completed in 63 AD. This left 18,000 workers idle, he says, and Agrippa II had the city repaved in order to provide jobs. (As often with Josephus, one suspects that a copyist added a zero to the demographic data.) But we have always had these passages, and they never stopped us from attributing the main structures to Herod, including the royal portico. Do the coins of Gratus compel a redating?
These coins, as said, were not found under the wall's foundation stones. In a recent comment, Leen Ritmeyer notes: "Actually the coins prove nothing at all, as the mikveh only project[s] a few centimeters under the wall. The coins came probably from a later repair." For instance, the street beside the wall shows no sign of use, so it was probably one of those repaved by Agrippa II, seven years before the temple's destruction.
Given these doubts about the proposed re-dating, I shall continue to assume that the temple's main structures were Herodian, including the royal portico and the outermost southwest corner. This assumption guides the following text.
What then do we know about the location of Herod's temple? There is no doubt that the great surrounding walls belonged it, for the following reasons. Apart from Josephus' description, there is a Hebrew inscription carved into a stone from the uppermost southwest corner (i.e., found lying directly on the pavement, hence among the first stones to have been battered down). This reads, "For the place of the trumpeting." It corresponds to a passage in Josephus, who wrote of a place at the top of the temple "opposite the lower city," where "one of the priests stood of course, and gave a signal beforehand, with a trumpet at the beginning of every seventh day, in the evening twilight, as also at the evening when that day was finished, as giving notice to the people when they were to leave off work, and when they were to go to work again."
The walls compose an irregular quadrilateral of 920 feet on the south, 1590 on the west, 1033 on the north, and 1509 on the east. They enclose 36 acres (144,000 square meters or 20 soccer fields by the FIFA standard). In its time this was the largest temenos ever built. It took up a fifth of the city before 66 AD. Judging from the stones that were batterred down (found on the ancient street beneath the western retaining wall), we may conclude that the design was similar to that of the much smaller temenos in Hebron, which is also attributed to Herod (although Josephus does not mention it).
Within the great walls, then, where would the temple have been? We may assume that the builders of the first Second Temple, who started work in 520 BC, would have known the location of the First and would have set their version in the same area. As we have seen, this would have been in the broad level area near the present Dome of the Rock. In the time of the First Temple, however, the king's palace was also here, and it, not the temple, was the dominant building. Since the lack of a king made a palace irrelevant in 520 BC, the temple had this area to itself, and so the builders probably placed it more centrally.
We are aided, on this question, by an old photograph and a map. (For what follows, see Jacobson, to whom I am indebted for much of this description. -- SL) Charles Wilson made a map of the Haram in 1864, and on it we can see a flight of 4 steps that has since disappeared. There is also an old photograph showing these steps.
To judge from the photograph and Wilson's map, the steps were probably too high for human comfort. There are examples in classical Greek temples of such high steps (perhaps for the god); the pattern is typically interrupted by flights of shallower steps, friendly to mortals.
A broad Herodian staircase has been unearthed before the Double Gate (the westernmost of the two Hulda Gates) in the southern retaining wall. Its steps are parallel to the four on Wilson's plan. They are, however, mortal-friendly.
Near the four high steps on Wilson's map, there must also have been a staircase of mortal-friendly steps. Josephus wrote there were 14 steps from the lower platform to a terrace or rampart (hel ). (The Mishnah said 12.) These would have been the friendlier steps.
The terrace was 15 feet deep, says Josephus (and the Mishnah too). Then, he writes, came a high protective wall with gates in it. One ascended to these gates by another 5 steps. That would bring us to the level of the Court of the Priests, but still not to the height of the upper platform as it is today. Another 12 steps led up from the Court of the Priests to the floor of the sanctuary, which (figuring half a cubit per step, as the Mishnah has it) would have been slightly higher than the present platform.
If we look at Wilson's map of the Haram (below), we see that the Dome of the Rock appears off center. If it is standing where the Herodian temple was, the latter must have seemed central enough for Josephus to remark that it was "in the middle" (Jewish War V 188-212 [5.4]). Supposing therefore that the southern edge of the upper platform was south of where it is today, namely, at the top of the staircase that included the four steps on Wilson's plan, we would have indeed a more symmetrical impression, in keeping with Josephus.
We can see the same centrality on a more recent photo, if we place a line where the four steps used to be (No. 10 in the picture below).
There is another interesting feature. Of the great walls, the eastern and the western are not parallel. This is because the major part of the eastern wall goes back (probably) to the time of the First Temple (and certainly to the pre-Herodian Second). Herod could not build a new wall further to the east, because the Kidron Valley was too steep and deep (serving as a natural glacis). He therefore adopted the existing eastern wall, which makes an angle of 92 degrees to his new southern wall (rather than 90 degrees as in all the corners of the Hebron temenos). But why didn't he place the southern wall differently in order to get a perfect right angle? The answer has to do with his plan for the city as a whole: the streets appear to have been in a grid pattern, i.e., either parallel or perpendicular to one another. The temple mount's southern and western walls were built in accordance with the grid, but the eastern wall, as said, could not be changed.
And the north wall of the temple mount? Here we lack the courses of stone that enable identification with Herod. The north wall might have stretched along the line of the present-day Haram wall, or it might have kept to the grid pattern, intersecting the east wall at a point north of where the Haram wall does. At this point, Charles Warren noted, the Herodian courses in the eastern wall come to an end! I am tempted, therefore, to follow Jacobson in moving the north wall a bit. On the other hand, the change would leave the southeast corner of a great block of bedrock sticking awkwardly into the temple area. This is the block on which the Antonia Fortress had been built by Herod, probably a decade or so before he started rebuilding the temple. Such an eyesore seems un-Herodian. In short, when Herod cut the block on which he built the Antonia, he did so on a line which, when extended, met the old east wall at a perfect right angle.
There were, we see, two conflicting units for determining the lines of Herod's temple platform: (1) the old east wall along the Kidron, and (2) the grid pattern of the city as a whole. Since the ancients did not do flyovers, and because of the enormous size, the irregularity of the temple platform probably went unnoticed, at least by hoi polloi.
Given, then, that the outermost east and west walls are not parallel, we cannot construct a north-south line midway between them, as we would like to do in an attempt to find the north-south axis on which the temple was built. On the other hand, following Jacobson, we can take the midpoint between the two Hulda Gates (the Double Gate and the Triple Gate), and then we can construct a line parallel to the west wall. This line crosses through the present-day Dome of the Chain (see No. 12 in the photo above, as well as the enlargeable map above.) Furthermore, if we revise the line of the mount's north wall in accordance with Jacobson, so that it is parallel to the south wall, we can then construct an east-west line midway between them. It too cuts through the Dome of the Chain! On this basis, Jacobson suggests that something important from the time of the temple must have stood at this point. It could not have been the Holy of Holies, because that would have left insufficient space on the east for the Court of Women (where both men and women were permitted, in contrast with the Court of Israel on a higher level to the west, where only men were permitted). But the main sacrificial altar would have fit well here. This would imply, however, that the memory of the altar's position was somehow preserved from the destruction of the temple (70 AD) until the Muslims built the Dome of the Chain about 600 years later. It seems unlikely that this memory would have survived the Roman and Christian centuries when Jews were not allowed into the city (except, for a part of that time, for one day each year) and when the former temple mount served as farmland and as a source of stones.
The following seems a likelier tale. We have evidence that the Muslims built a mosque on the south end of the platform, the end closest to Mecca, around 640 AD, soon after conquering the city. The midpoint in the south wall was lined up exactly between the Hulda Gates, which were then open and active (as we infer from the early Muslim lintel over the Double Gate). At this midpoint was a mihrab, called Omar's mihrab (still visible, and see the map at the bottom of this page). It was probably the line from this mihrab, parallel to the western wall, that formed one of the two axes determining the site of the Dome of the Chain. Slightly west of the latter, in 688 - 691 AD, the Dome of the Rock was built; it determined a new north-south axis, on which the Al Aqsa Mosque was centered in 711.
So what do we know about the location of Herod's temple? It was within the four great walls, and we can be confident that it was on the upper platform, where the underlying bedrock is level for a goodly stretch. If a Jewish pilgrim entered through the Double Gate, she had a chance to immerse herself in a mikveh shown on the map below. (There were two mikvehs on either side, no doubt to separate the sexes.) She then ascended a staircase of normal steps, which was surrounded on both sides by higher, monumental steps like those in the old photo. (Perhaps there was such an arrangement of steps on all four sides of the upper platform.) She now found herself either in the high, broad, level area or in a slightly lower one, built over the gentle slope to the east. We cannot pinpoint Herod's temple more closely. If it was built directly over the series of cisterns that appear on an east-west axis in the map below, then it was north of today's two Domes. Note too that these cisterns were dug into the broadest east-west stretch of level bedrock on the uppermost part of the hill.
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The Chilean Declaration of Independence is a document declaring the independence of Chile from the Spanish Empire. It was drafted in January 1818 and approved by Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins on 12 February 1818 at Talca, despite being dated in Concepción on 1 January 1818. The ceremony of independence was performed on 12 February 1818, the first anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco.
A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence", though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.
The Palacio de la Real Audiencia de Santiago is a building located in the north central village of the Plaza de Armas in Santiago, Chile. The building dates back to 1808 and houses, since 1982, the National History Museum of Chile.
José Joaquín Prieto Vial was a Chilean military and political figure. He was twice President of Chile between 1831 and 1841. José Joaquín Prieto was of Spanish and Basque descent.
¿Jura usted defender la patria hasta derramar la última gota de sangre, para conservarla ilesa hasta depositarla en manos del señor don Fernando VII, nuestro soberano, o de su legítimo sucesor; conservar y guardar nuestra religión y leyes; hacer justicia y reconocer al supremo Consejero de Regencia como representante de la majestad Real?
Do you swear to defend the fatherland to the last drop of your blood, to keep it unharmed in the hands of Fernando VII, our lord, or his rightful heir; to uphold and protect our religion and our laws; to maintain justice and recognize the supreme Counselor of the Regency as the representative of His Royal Majesty?
Ferdinand VII was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death. He was known to his supporters as the Desired and to his detractors as the Felon King. After being overthrown by Napoleon in 1808 he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. Back in power in 1814, he reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of 1812. A revolt in 1820 led by Rafael de Riego forced him to restore the constitution thus beginning the Liberal Triennium: a three year period of liberal rule. In 1823 the Congress of Verona authorized a successful French intervention restoring him to absolute power for the second time. He suppressed the liberal press from 1814 to 1833 and jailed many of its editors and writers. Under his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into civil war on his death.
By 1817, the Chilean War of Independence had entered its final phase, and there was little doubt that its final goal, national independence, would be realized. Even though Chile had been operating independently from Spain for several years, no formal declaration of independence had yet been produced.
The Chilean War of Independence was a war between pro-independence Chilean criollos seeking political and economic independence from Spain and royalist criollos supporting continued allegiance to the Captaincy General of Chile and membership of the Spanish Empire.
One of the first official documents to address the issue of independence was the Provisional Constitutional Regulations of 1812, introduced by José Miguel Carrera on 27 October 1812. Article V of this document states that "No decree, ruling or order, issued by any authority or courts outside the territory of Chile, will have any effect; anyone who tries to give them force will be punished as criminals of the State", while also recognizing the authority of Fernando VII in Article III.
José Miguel Carrera Verdugo was a Chilean general, member of the prominent Carrera family, and considered one of the founders of independent Chile. Carrera was the most important leader of the Chilean War of Independence during the period of the Patria Vieja. After the Spanish Reconquista ("Reconquest"), he continued campaigning from exile. His opposition to the leaders of independent Argentina and Chile San Martin and O'Higgins respectively made him to live in exile in Montevideo. From Montevideo Carrera traveled to Argentina where he joined the struggle against the unitarians. Carreras' small army was eventually left isolated in the Province of Buenos Aires from the other federalist forces. In this difficult situation Carrera decided to cross to native-controlled lands all the way to Chile to once for all overthrow Chilean Supreme Director O'Higgins. His passage to Chile, which was his ultimate goal, was opposed by Argentine politicians and he engaged together with indigenous tribes, among the Ranquels, in a campaign against the southern provinces of Argentina. After the downfall of Carreras' ally, the Republic of Entre Ríos, and several victories against the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata Carrera's men were finally defeated by numerically superior forces near Mendoza. Carrera was then betrayed by one of his Argentine helpers, leading to his capture and execution in that city. José Miguel Carrera was of Basque descent.
The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white and red, with a blue square the same height as the white band in the canton, which bears a white five-pointed star in the center. It was adopted on 18 October 1817. The Chilean flag is also known in Spanish as La Estrella Solitaria.
The coat of arms of Chile dates from 1834 and was designed by the English artist Charles Wood Taylor (1792-1856). It is made up by a figurative background divided in two equal parts: the top one is blue and the bottom, red. A five pointed white star is in the centre of the shield. This background is supported in one side by a condor, the most significant bird of prey from the Andes, and in the other, by a huemul, a mammal endemic to Chile. Both animals wear golden naval crowns symbolising the heroic deeds of the Chilean Navy in the Pacific Ocean.
The President of Chile, Bernardo O'Higgins, bore in mind the problems experienced by the previous era, and convinced the members of his assembly that declaring independence would be difficult and problematic at this time, as the country was still warring against the Spanish Royalists and because the establishment of internal order was indispensable towards the goal of independence. Therefore, it was decided that a plebiscite would be held instead.
On 13 November 1817, the Superior Governmental Junta, in the absence of O'Higgins, who was overseeing military operations in the southern part of Chile, issued a decree declaring that a referendum was to be set up to run for fifteen days. The referendum would be held in each of the four administrative quarters of Santiago, and would run for fifteen days, during which residents would sign their views in favor or against the Declaration of Independence. Cities and towns were advised to follow the same procedure.
During the month of December, after checking the results, the government began preparations to make a solemn declaration of independence. This coincided with news about the upcoming arrival of a new Royalist expedition under the command of Spanish Brigadier Mariano Osorio, aimed at reconquering Chile.
The formal ceremony and pledge of independence was set for the first anniversary of the Battle of Chacabuco: 12 February 1818.
On 9 February, Luis de la Cruz published the program of the ceremonies and celebration to be held in Santiago. These activities commenced on 11 February in the afternoon with the firing of cannons from Cerro Santa Lucía. At nine o'clock on 12 February, all the authorities and people of the Palacio Directorial de Santiago mounted a stage in front of the Plaza de Armas in Santiago.
In Talca, on 12 February, O'Higgins presided over the swearing-in of the Independent Southern Army, and the subsequent ceremony with ceremonial gunfire, a Mass, Te Deum and public festivities. During these few days, the declaration of independence was made in many other cities and towns of Chile, with as many festivities as could be had. In La Serena, independence was declared on 27 February and the festivities lasted until 1 March and in Copiapó the ceremony took place between March 27 and 28.
On 15 June 1820, Valdivia was sworn into the new nation, after Thomas Cochrane led a successful attempt to capture Valdivia from the royalists. Later, on 22 January 1826, the pledge of independence would be made in San Carlos, Chiloé, after the Spanish signed the Treaty of Tantauco, which gave the Chiloé Archipelago to Chile.
↑ Bernardo O’Higgins erroneously appears in this recreation, as he was actually in Talca on that day.
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence. He was a wealthy landowner of Spanish and Irish ancestry. Although he was the second Supreme Director of Chile (1817–1823), he is considered one of Chile's founding fathers, as he was the first holder of this title to head a fully independent Chilean state.
Francisco Casimiro Marcó del Pont Ángel Díaz y Méndez was a Spanish soldier and the last Governor of Chile. He was one of the main figures of the Chilean independence process, being the final Spaniard to rule as Royal Governor of Chile from 1815 to 1817, when he was deposed and captured by the patriot forces after the Battle of Chacabuco.
Grand Marshal Juan Gregorio de Las Heras was an Argentine soldier who took part in the Spanish American wars of independence and was also a governor of the province of Buenos Aires.
Brigadier Juan Mackenna was an Irish-born, Chilean military officer and hero of the Chilean War of Independence. He is considered to have been the creator of the Corps of Military Engineers of the Chilean Army.
Colonel Luis Florentino Juan Manuel Silvestre de los Dolores de la Carrera y Verdugo was a Chilean military officer who fought in the Chilean War of Independence. Together with his brothers José Miguel and Juan José, they were some of most important leaders of Chilean struggle for independence during the period of the Patria Vieja. The Carrera family is of Basque origin.
General Fernando Baquedano Rodríguez was a Chilean military and political figure who served in the Chilean War of Independence and the War of the Confederation. Fernando Baquedano was of Basque descent, his ascendants came from Abarzuza.
Vicente San Bruno Rovira was a Spanish military officer, infamous for his cruelty during the Chilean War of Independence.
Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga was a Spanish colonial administrator who served as Royal Governor of Panama and Royal Governor of Chile.
Patria Nueva was a period in the history of Chile that began with the victory of Ejército de los Andes in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 and ended with the resignation of Bernardo O'Higgins as Supreme Director in 1823.
Águila was the first naval vessel of the Chilean Navy. She was later renamed Pueyrredón.
The First Chilean Navy Squadron was the heterogeneous naval force that terminated temporarily Spanish colonial rule on the south-west coast of South America, and protagonized the most important naval actions of Chile in the Latin American wars of independence. The Chilean revolutionary government organized the squadron in order to carry the war to the Viceroyalty of Perú, then the center of Spanish power in South America, and thus secure the independence of Chile and Argentina.
Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna was a Chilean writer, journalist, historian and politician. Vicuña Mackenna was of Irish and Basque descent.
The Legion of Merit of Chile, frequently abbreviated to the Legion of Merit or the Legion, was a Chilean multi-class order of merit established on 1 June 1817 by Bernardo O'Higgins to recognise distinguished personal merit contributing to the independence of Chile or to the nation. Membership of the Legion conferred a variety of privileges in Chile and its members were entitled to wear insignia according to the class conferred. The Legion of Merit of Chile was abolished in 1825.
Manuel Olaguer Feliú, was a military engineer who became Field Marshal and Captain General of Galicia. Participated in the colonial wars in the Captaincy General of Chile and the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Luis De la Cruz y Goyeneche was a Chilean politician and military, son of Pablo De la Cruz and Antonia de Goyeneche y Lope de Lara. His father was born in Tabernas (Spain) in 1714 and was a military who came to Chile in 1740.
Ambrosio Bernardo O'Higgins, 1st Marquess of Osorno born Ambrose Bernard O'Higgins, was a Spanish colonial administrator and a member of the O'Higgins family. He served the Spanish Empire as captain general of Chile (1788–1796) and viceroy of Peru (1796–1801). Chilean independence leader Bernardo O'Higgins was his son.
The following lists events that happened during 1817 in Chile.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Barros Arana, Diego (1890). "Arribo y desembarco de la expedición española: proclamación y jura de la indepedencia de Chile (Diciembre de 1817—Febrero de 1818)". Historia General de Chile[General History of Chile] (in Spanish). Volume XII. Santiago: Imprenta Cervantes.
↑ Encina, Francisco (1984). "La expedición de Osorio. Proclamación de la Independencia de Chile" [The expedition of Osorio. Proclamation of the Independence of Chile]. Historia de Chile desde la Prehistoria hasta 1891[History of Chile from Prehistory to 1891] (in Spanish). Volume XIV. Santiago: Editorial Ercilla.
↑ Fernández Ruiz, Roberto (17 September 2006). "¿Dónde se firmó el Acta de la Independencia?" [Where was the Act of Independence signed?]. El Sur (in Spanish). Concepción. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
↑ "Destacados del año 1973" (in Spanish). Medios Digitales Copesa. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
1 2 Correa Bello, Sergio (1991). "Historia del Plebiscito 1817-1818" [History of the Plebiscite 1817-1818]. IX Jornadas de Historia de Chile[Ninth Conference on the History of Chile] (in Spanish). La Serena: University of La Serena.
↑ "Acta de la Independencia de Chile" (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
↑ "Historia de Talcahuano" (in Spanish). I. Municipalidad de Talcahuano. Archived from the original on 16 July 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
↑ "Historia de Concepción. Declaración de la Independencia" (in Spanish). Municipalidad de Concepción. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
1 2 Barros Arana, Diego (1890). "Solemnidades y entusiasmo con que se hace la proclamación y jura de la independencia" [Solemnities and enthusiasms with which the proclamation and pledge of independence were made]. Historia General de Chile[General History of Chile] (in Spanish). Volume XII. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
↑ Concha, Manuel (1871). Crónica de La Serena, desde su fundación hasta nuestros días. 1549-1870[Chronicle of La Serena, from its foundation to the present day. 1549-1870] (in Spanish). La Serena, Chile: Imprenta de La Reforma. p. 120.
Frías Valenzuela, Francisco (November 1993) . Historia de Chile. Desde la Prehistoria hasta 1973[History of Chile. From prehistory to 1973] (in Spanish) (11th ed.). Santiago: Empresa Editora Zig-Zag. ISBN 956-12-0766-4.
Valencia Avaria, Luis (1942). "La declaración de la independencia de Chile" [The declaration of independence of Chile]. Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia (in Spanish). IX (23).
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When the boss tells you that you’re being reassigned or reclassified, you still know that no matter the fancy title, it still looks, smells, and feels like a demotion.
Few things in your professional life – aside from being fired or laid off – are more debilitating emotionally than being demoted.
But after years of downsizings and cutbacks, that’s exactly what many employees have faced. Some have tried to put a positive spin on it. After all, they still have a job don’t they? But that doesn’t take the sting out of the fact that they’ve gone down the ladder and now perhaps have even further to go to attain their goals.
While your first reaction to a demotion may be to quit and decide to launch that dryer lint-cleaning business you’ve always dreamed about, that isn’t the best move. For one, quitting means the paychecks stop, and that’s pretty devastating for anyone who has car payments, school loans, a mortgage and kids to support. And two, quitting doesn’t accomplish anything other than putting you in the unemployment line with thousands of others and possibly facing the same consequences in the future.
Dealing with the emotions. You need a chance to rant and rave or have a good cry after a demotion, but find somewhere private to do it. Don’t try to brush your feelings aside or they may pop up when you least want them to – like having a sobbing fit in your cubicle with co-workers watching.
The only time I remember being really, really nervous when I was speaking in public was when I was 13-years-old and running for student council. I had to give a speech in front of the whole school, and my hands were shaking so bad I could barely hold onto my notes.
After that, I took several speech and drama classes, and I became more comfortable being in front of others.
Some people make public speaking seem so easy.
They make just the right hand gestures at just the right time, use just the right tone of voice, provide a super PowerPoint presentation and conclude with a riveting message that has the audience leaping to its feet and applauding.
But for many people, speaking in public can be a nerve-wracking, knee-knocking experience that leaves them with clammy hands and a churning stomach. It doesn't matter if the presentation is in front of a small group of people or a major speech in a large auditorium, the heart-pounding anxiety is the same.
If you're nervous speaking publicly, you're not alone.
While some nervousness can keep you focused, being too anxious can undermine your efforts.
If you're so nervous that you begin reading your PowerPoint slides in a monotone instead of trying to connect with your audience, then your professional reputation could take a hit or you might lose an important client.
You can manage your nerves in several ways, says Darlene Price, who has coached thousands of executives and professionals on how to improve their public speaking techniques.
"Fear is what drives nervousness," Price says. "For extroverts, fear of embarrassing themselves in front of others is what drives their nervousness while for introverts it's that fear of not being perfect."
You can master your fear of public speaking in several ways, she says. The most common mistake is not prepping for the audience.
"If people would just take the time -- while they're walking the dog or taking a shower -- to just practice out loud what they want to say, it would help them be better prepared," she says.
-- Visualize it. Close your eyes and see the space where you'll be speaking.
See yourself walking out with a big smile on your face. Visualize yourself saying the first few lines of speech and looking out into the audience.
"The brain doesn't know the difference between vividly imagined events or a real events," she says. "Get all your senses involved. Hear yourself speaking. See the people."
-- List 10 "I am" statements. This is an exercise that Price finds effective for clients.
She has each one come up with a list of affirming statements, such as "I am confident," and "I am in touch with my audience." Price videotapes the person saying the statements over and over until they say them with confidence.
She then plays back the exercise so the clients can see themselves saying the phrases with confidence.
-- Smile and breathe. "While this sounds easy, it's not," Price says.
"But if you're smiling, it releases chemicals from the brain that calm the body," she says. "It also shows your audience you're relaxed. It's a much more powerful technique than it sounds." Breathing deeply can relax you as it floods the brain with oxygen.
-- Memorize your opening. It's a good idea to memorize and rehearse the first minutes of a presentation so you're not focused on slides or notes, your head is up and your eyes are connecting with your audience.
-- Toss something to the audience. After your opening statement, find a way to engage the audience, such as asking them to raise their hands in response to a question.
Price, author of Well Said! Presentations and Conversations That Get Results, (Amacom, $21.95), says she encourages people not to be afraid of sharing their knowledge and ideas publicly.
"I know that there is a highly talented communicator in each person. We all have something to share. Don't die with the music inside you," she says.
Are You Practicing Risky Tech Behavior at Work?
If someone looked you in the eye and said, “You have 10 minutes to come up with the most creative, most breakthrough idea this industry has ever seen” you might be tempted to laugh in that person’s face.
After all, you’re lucky to remember to feed the dog after the long days you put in at work, let alone the hours you log at home. Come up with a breakthrough, brilliant idea? Who has the brainpower to do that these days?
Yet companies are depending on workers to come up with the innovative ideas needed to keep them competitive and thriving into the next decade. But anyone who has been forced into a brainstorming session and ordered to submit creative ideas knows the agony of forcing a process that seems more like a punishment rather than as a way to help a company’s bottom line.
Instead, companies are now grasping the idea that they need to do more than “check off a box” that they have innovative practices, and really look at how they can get innovative ideas to the marketplace, much as Apple has done, he says.
Are You Worried You're Not Unique at Work?
I remember in junior high all the girls dressed the same. Blue jeans, boots, white belts, flannel shirts and pea coats. I would rather have jumped into a trash compactor than not look like everyone else.
But as I got older, of course, I wanted my own style. I wanted to stand out.
You've heard the advice: If you're a woman or a minority and want to get ahead in a highly competitive field, look for a mentor to champion you.
But the downside to that strategy happens when others like you want the same mentor. You all may identify with this mentor, but the clustering of employees creates its own problems.
Putting too many women or minorities together in a group can lead to "ghettoes" of low-power minority groups, says Katherine L. Milkman, assistant professor of operations and information management professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business. These under-represented groups may think they aren't special enough, that it's better to leave and try to succeed elsewhere.
"Clustering minorities brings social cohesion, but it may make them (minority employees) think their chances for promotion are diminished," she says. "They sort of feel like, 'Well, maybe they don't need all of us.' They start to feel like they're not special and won't stand out. It starts to feel like a competition."
One surprising aspect of her research was that even men feel competition more keenly if they're around other men similar to themselves.
"We weren't expecting to see the same types of phenomenon for men," Milkman says. "But we actually do see these same types of competitive effects in terms of likelihood of leaving for men who are juniors. We do see that the more men there are in your work group, the more likely you are to exit."
Managers may want to re-think putting similar employees in a work group, she says. Instead of helping a team to bond, those similarities may prompt employees to feel threatened by one another because they don't see a chance to stand out and work their way up in a company. That may be true especially if a limited number of minorities are available to mentor workers similar to themselves.
The answer may be to disperse minority groups throughout an organization.
"People can feel like they stand out. Everyone wants to feel valued and unique," she says.
In addition, she thinks companies still should continue to create opportunities to network and make minorities and women feel part of a community, such as having lunches for women.
Milkman began her research while earning her doctorate four years ago at Harvard University. She and her mentor, Professor Kathleen L. McGinn at Harvard Business School, began looking at data and employee interviews from a large national law firm. She'd like to look at industries that aren't as competitive to see if the same findings hold true.
In the large law firm, they found that a greater number of female supervisors improved chances that junior-level female employees would be promoted.
Yet having senior men around doesn't provide any benefit for men. The reason: So many men are around that they don't ever lack resources to help them get ahead.
"There's never a work group that doesn't have several senior men around," she says. "Men are never without a mentor entirely."
If you’ve just been offered a new job, you probably feel very fortunate to be one of those people who will no longer have to spend endless hours surfing job sites or supplying perky Twitter updates to garner some attention from a recruiter.
But now you’re about to take on one of the most difficult tasks in this job search journey: Negotiating a salary.
What? You’re willing to take whatever they give you? You’renot good at negotiations? You don’t want to risk the new job by asking for too much?
Forget those doubts. If you don’t negotiate, you may be jeopardizing your future with the company and the trajectory of your career in the decades to come.
That’s because your skills at negotiating will not only impress your new employer, but it’s expected. If you don’t haggle a bit, they’re going to wonder what sort of nincompoop they’re hiring.
Also, the salary you negotiate now will be the one chance you have to set yourself up for better salary boosts at this company and your income at future employers. Bungle this now, and you’re likely to pay for it in the rest of your career as no one is going to be willing to give you a huge pay boost to make up for undervaluing yourself now.
Hackers often are portrayed as basement-dwelling, junk-food eating computer geniuses who enjoy wreaking havoc on unsuspecting people by sneaking into their computers.
Their activities can be criminal and in worst-case scenarios can shut down infrastructures or drain bank accounts.
But some "white hat" hackers are not only chasing these cybercriminals but also thwarting the attacks before they can be launched. With sleuthing abilities that would makeSherlock Holmes proud, the good guys predict what cybercriminals will do next and put measures in place for companies or government agencies to stop them.
CORE Security, a Boston-based operation that employs people around the world, researches what cybercriminals are up to and develops software to plug security holes before the bad guys find them.
"It's sort of like an MRI that helps you see inside a body. We are looking inside systems for potential problems and where an attack could happen," says Mark Hatton, CORE chief executive. "It's a controlled way of looking at what a hacker would do."
Still, the skills needed to track the bad guys across cyberspace require unique talents, and managing these white-hat hackers requires some finesse, he says.
"What I've learned is that you've got to hire people that are really good at what they do — and then you've got to let them do it," Hatton says. "I have to trust that they are choosing the right path."
At CORE, the researchers are extremely savvy computer sleuths who are tenacious in pursuing potential leads on where cybercriminals might strike next. He says employees must be given the independence to decide which trails to follow and be given the flexibility to stay on a case even if they sometimes encounter blind alleys or dead ends.
"You're talking about people who work exhausting hours," he says. "They may come in at 10 a.m. and not leave until 2 a.m.."
Adding to Hatton's management challenges: His research team operates out of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and some employees aren't comfortable speaking English. That has prompted Hatton to change his management style during his quarterly visits there.
The workers didn't ask questions during group meetings, but Hatton learned the reason was because some were very conscious that English wasn't their first language and were embarrassed.
Meeting with them in small groups encouraged them to use co-workers as interpreters, and now Hatton believes communication is flowing better.
Good communication is key not only to making sure information flows smoothly, but it also is critical in retaining workers that competitors such as Google are targeting. Hatton says he makes sure CORE employees understand, starting with the interview process, that they'll be continually learning on the job and developing their career skills.
"One thing I learned early on in my management career is that everyone wants to do something for the first time every day," he says. "We definitely have that here."
Hatton even uses that philosophy to recruit.
"I tell them how it's important that they're always learning," he says. "I tell them, 'You've got to make sure the job is interesting.' "
The average age of a CORE worker is 27, usually male, and someone who may come to work in flip-flops and shorts. When the cyberdetectives need to blow off steam, they can have fun playing on the company ping-pong table.
Still, when it comes to identifying global threats, these hackers are a serious group, Hatton says.
"Our people are highly driven to find the answer. They understand hackers. And even though it sounds like a Hallmark card, they really want to help customers get ahead of these bad guys," he says. "They put a lot of pressure on themselves to try and predict where attacks are happening and how they're happening."
Has Hatton ever considered flipping a bad guy into a white-hat hacker for CORE?
"No," he says. "As soon as someone has emotionally agreed to apply their skills in an unlawful way then that is not someone we would trust being on the good-guy side."
There has been no lack of frustration in the workplace when it comes to onboarding young workers.
Managers find themselves irked that some of these new employees seem to think nothing of showing up late for work, texting friends during meetings or “dropping in” on the CEO to chat about upcoming vacation plans.
Alexia Vernon has heard many of the stories, and as a member of the Millenial generation herself understands how some young professionals can take such wrong turns in the workplace.
But she believes much of the pain of bringing young workers up to speed could be alleviated if managers understood the role they needed to play in successfully training and developing this generation.
She has written a new book, “90 Days, 90 Ways: Onboard Young Professionals to Peak Performance” (ASTD, $29.95), that seeks to educate employers about how to best deal with young employees so that it cuts down on manager frustration and improves worker success.
How long do you think a manager would keep his or her job if he failed to make a profit?
The answer is, usually not too long.
Managers are supposed to focus on the bottom line, but new research suggests that kind of focus that may end up costing companies in the long run.
Managers can get a heightened sense of their own power when they're pushed to zero in on bottom-line issues such as headcount, budget control and worker bonuses, according to a recent experiment from New York University's Stern School of Business and Cornell University's Johnson School of Management.
"As resources become more finite, then there is a pecking order of who gets more. That gets everyone more focused on power," says Steven Blader, associate professor of management and organizations at NYU.
Managers who feel more powerful are more likely to treat workers unfairly and have less concern about fairness when making decisions, the research finds.
Still, researchers found another kind of manager does focus more on fairness: managers more focused on status — how others perceive them.
And a manager seen as being more fair is more likely to have an engaged workforce that delivers better bottom-line results, Blader says.
"The takeaway from this is that companies need to get their managers more focused on what their colleagues and subordinates think about them," he says.
While some companies use a 360-degree feedbackprocess that ranks manager performance on feedback from customers, colleagues and staff, managers need to make sure they're also focused on treating workers fairly even as their company wants them to get bottom-line results, Blader says.
Unfortunately, the sluggish economy may make such a task even more difficult.
Bosses are encouraged more than ever to focus on keeping staff lean and to limit compensation, which can lead to an elevated sense of their own power as they weigh in on pay raises or bonuses.
But when companies are struggling to be competitive, they need to focus most on innovation and collaboration in the workplace. If employees think that management isn't treating them fairly and is focused only on the bottom line, they are less likely to be engaged, offer creative ideas or collaborate with team members — all critical elements of success in a tight economy, he says.
Blader says he became interested in conducting these experiments based on his previous work looking at what engages and retains workers. He contends that companies can't hold onto talent only with incentives or compensation, and a company populated with power-grabbing managers may indeed sink the ship.
"We're not trying to create a popularity contest. Employees understand that managers have to make tough choices, but they're looking for someone who is thoughtful and deliberative and deals with issues head on," he says. "They want someone who is fair and willing to explain their decisions."
One interesting development: the newest generation of bosses may have the greatest chance of changing the workplace.
Through social networking like Facebook and Twitter, young managers are more status conscious and aware of employee opinions. They may solicit feedback and ideas from workers through such channels and are used to working collaboratively to reach decisions.
They also may use such networks to share their decision-making process, which can lead to workers feeling that they are being treated fairly.
While no managers want to believe they have become power-hungry ogres, how can they know if they've crossed the line? If a formal 360-degree feedback process isn't in place, Blader says a manager should try to solicit feedback from employees.
"Pay attention to even subtle signs from workers," he says. "Look at their reactions when you ask them how you're doing. Recognize that they're probably apprehensive of giving you feedback, so just try to be a little more attentive to how people are reacting to you."
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Has the media’s portrayal of Michael Brown been accurate?
On August 9th, 2014, in Ferguson, MO, police officer Darren Wilson shot and killed 18 year old Michael Brown. What followed has quite possibly been the most important media event of my generation. The ensuing chaos is both defining and changing the way race and police control is viewed in America. What’s being lost in the fray, however, is whether or not the media coverage is unbiased. In my opinion, the media’s portrayals of the slain teen simply display a varying range of racial stereotyping.
The timeline of the events following Brown’s death is muddled. All that can be known for sure are the facts. Protests and riots broke out shortly after the news of his death came to public attention. Police entered the situation, and soon after, they were armed with military weapons. Another main factor of the course of events is the media coverage. As soon as things began to get progressively more serious, the news cameras and journalists were on the scene, reporting their version of events. That, however, is exactly where the problem lies. Because no one understands exactly what happened, everyone’s version is skewed. This has caused the media representation of Michael Brown to vary, from intensely negative to a sort of martyred image of perfection, neither of which we know to be true.
On one side of the spectrum, there is the image of Michael Brown that we are very used to seeing in the media portrayal of young black men. In this image, he is reckless, disrespectful, and prone to criminal behavior. A news report that we watched in class was the alleged account made by Darren Wilson, explaining the events of August 9th. In this account, Brown is said to curse at the officer, run at him at full speed as if he was under the influence of a serious drug, and body slam him violently. This account seems to justify Brown’s killing, by saying that the teen was out of control. No one can be sure what happened, but this is a side to the story we’re used to hearing. This reminds me of a hashtag on Twitter that was trending recently: #IfTheyGunnedMeDown. Black men and women posted pictures of themselves side by side, asking the question, “If they gunned me down, what picture would they show?” One of the pictures would coincide with an intensely negative racial stereotype of a young black person, that included alcohol or a gang sign. The other picture would be of the person showing character and good will, holding their young child or graduating from an esteemed university. To me, this says a lot about how young black people are portrayed in the media, and what could be happening to Michael Brown.
Another representation of Brown that we’re seeing in the media is the portrayal of the teen as a symbol of revolution, a martyred angel. I don’t think this is as insidious as the previous image, but I do think it’s harmful. This representation of Brown dehumanizes him, and turns him into a lesson to be learned, rather than a person to be remembered. If we turn slain youths into propaganda, we’re inciting violence and revenge. I think, instead, we should be trying to promote respectful solidarity. I know that change is not easy, and oftentimes screaming is the only way to be heard. Still, it is my opinion that we must do our best to look at Michael Brown as he was, a young man with a life ahead of him, rather than the stereotypes that society is forcing on us, through endless streams of newscasts and articles. Perhaps the only way we can make true change, is to look past what we’re being told to see, and try to see the truth.
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Where do head lice normally hide?
Head lice normally will hide in the back of the head near the neck. They also favor hiding behind the ears. For little girls with pony tails, they also like to hide in the back of the head where the pony tail starts.
These are usually the warmest places on the scalp.
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Should Gabrielle Giffords resign Her office?
Hip-hop Republican John S. Wilson is arguing that Rep. Gabrielle Giffords should resign her office so that her constituents will have proper representation. He suggests that among all of the questions being asked about gun control, heated political rhetoric and the impact of her shooting on the 2012 presidential election, people should also be asking who will represent Arizona in Giffords' stead. Although Arizona law does provide a remedy — stating that if an official officeholder is unable to "discharge the duties of office for the period of three consecutive months, the office shall be deemed vacant and at such time, a special election could be called to fill the opening" — Wilson argues that this law would not apply because of the circumstances under which the office became vacant. There is also not a federal law in place to remedy the situation.
Wilson believes that Giffords should resign and let someone else have a shot at representing the interests of her constituents. We say, let her heal first, figure out her prognosis going forward and then decide whether she wants to continue as an elected official. The assumption that her injuries will affect her ability to serve is exactly that — an assumption until further notice. Wilson raises a logical point, but empathy has to be somewhere in the mix. We're certain that the constituents who elected Giffords to office want to give her an opportunity to return and serve, if she can. UPDATE: John S. Wilson is not a hip-hop Republican. Although he is often identified as such, he is actually a Democrat. We regret the error.
In other news: Anti-Violence Speaker Charged With Domestic Battery.
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WASHINGTON (CNN) -- British Prime Minister Tony Blair has vowed his country was prepared for a lengthy battle against terror.
Blair said Britain would be part of the fight against terror "for as long as it takes."
He was in Washington D.C. with President George W. Bush, after having attended a memorial service in New York for Britons who died in the hijack attacks on September 11.
Blair said: ""I believe we have to go on fighting terrorism as long as it takes.
"What happened on September 11 was, of course, a brutal and horrific attack on America but it was a demonstration of what these people are capable of in any part of the world.
"There is no limit to what they would do that is moral. They have no regard for the sanctity of human life. The only limits on what they do are practical and technical."
Blair has been in the forefront of the campaign to build a coalition against those who planned the New York and Washington hijack attacks, including prime suspect Osama bin Laden.
He was in the U.S. for just a few hours as part of a frantic diplomatic mission that has already seen him meeting German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder and French President Jacques Chirac.
After hearing Bush's speech to U.S. lawmakers -- in which the president outlined new domestic security measures and the demands that Washington was making on the Taliban in Afghanistan -- Blair flew back to Europe for an emergency summit of EU leaders.
Earlier, at a New York memorial for British victims of the attacks Blair spoke of a "surging of the human spirit" around the world and a strengthening of the bonds between Britons and Americans after last week's suicide attacks.
"There are no words that can truly comfort those who are grieving the loss of their loved ones today," Blair told a congregation of 1,500 people at St. Thomas's church in Manhattan.
Former U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan were in the congregation among relatives of those lost and presumed dead in the attacks on New York's World Trade Center and the Pentagon in Washington.
"Nine days on, there is still the shock and disbelief, there is anger, there is fear, but there is also -- throughout the world -- a profound sense of solidarity. There is courage, there is a surging of the human spirit," Blair said.
"Amid the enormity of what has happened to America, nobody will forget that this was the worst terrorist attack on British citizens in my country's history. The bonds between our countries, for so long so strong, are even stronger now."
Heavy traffic meant that Blair was unable to visit rescue workers at the site of the collapsed towers. His wife, Cherie, was expected to expected to visit a fire station after the service.
In advance of his arrival in the city, Blair, who is due to travel to Washington for a meeting with President George W. Bush, paid tribute to the rescue workers.
Writing in the New York Post, he said: "New York has always been admired around the world. But that admiration, I can promise you, has never been greater than now.
"The courage, resilience and humanity shown by the people of this city over the last few, dreadful days has inspired us all."
Blair said people in Britain had shared the city's "profound disbelief, shock and grief."
A statement from the Queen read out at the service said: ''These are dark and harrowing times ... my thoughts and prayers are with you now and in the days ahead.
''Grief is the price we pay for love,'' she added.
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What does it feel like to have gas or trapped gas in chest area.
It can feel like the following.
This is from my personal experience. I was feeling tightness and fullness around my chest and then it went away after sometime. I also was worried then i figured it out.
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You conveyed well that feeling of wanting someone else home with you during a storm!
Really like the strong feelings you captured with these words.
I can feel that storm prowl the walls.
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How can you tell me that going to a movie will make me a better educator?
I have been a fan of the Sundance Film Festival for a long time but never could attend. January was a very busy time for me - my classes were finishing the semester and preparing for exams, the soccer program was in full swing with league play underway, and I was meeting with my department members going over their reviews.
When I left the classroom, I vowed to keep January open so I could attend Sundance. My expectations were certainly met and even surpassed. Every year (since 2001), I have been going to Sundance except those years when my two children were born. This year, however, I could have gone, but due to several factors - mainly upcoming commitments - I am not attend the festival.
Instead, my friend and I have created the Bill/Rob Film Festival where we are spending the week going to one, two or even three movies each afternoon. At first, I felt the need to justify this: "I am working extra hard in the mornings and at night so I can go to the movies". But why? Isn't it OK for me to see a movie?
Yes, you are correct. This is more than just one movie. But it does reflect on a condition that we as Americans especially suffer from. We feel that unless we are busy, working hard all the time, we are not being successful or "contributing". This summer, I read Tim Ferriss' book "The 4-Hour Workweek ". In it, the author relates a time when he worked at a job that required him to make sales calls to executives. He found that if he spent an half-hour in the early morning and an hour in the evening making calls, he was more productive (and overall more successful) than his counterparts who spent eight hours calling. The reason: he called either before the the executives' personal assistants got to work or after they had left. These personal assistants were screening the calls and protecting their bosses from the likes of the author.
The obvious take-away from this is: "Work Smart, not Hard". But I really focused on the author's other message, namely that even though he was bringing in the business, he was seen as a slacker since he did not make any calls during those other hours. His bosses were short sighted, as many of us are. We tend to encourage those who work hard without really looking at what they are doing and if they are really just spending those hours being busy or are they really doing something.
Well, back to the Bill/Rob Film Festival. Certainly, if we can get our work done before the films, we should be OK. But I would say that going to these movies will help us work better.
A big part of my passion involves creativity and as Frans Johansson explains in the "Medici Effect: What Elephants and Epidemics Can Teach Us About Innovation ", we need to surround ourselves with new ideas and novel ways of expressing these ideas. Movies help in this end.
Finally, going to a movie is fun and setting up our own film festival promises to be a blast. Isn't it OK to have some fun?
Followup - We are still working on the schedule for the week and I will update this post with what we saw and how we like / dislike each. But if you have not seen "Slumdog Millionaire", I would certainly recommend it. Also, Sean Penn is fantastic as Harvey Milk in "Milk".
and tagged as creativity, culture. Currently, there are 2 comments.
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Huawei is the world's largest supplier of telecommunications network equipment and second-biggest maker of smartphones, with revenue of about €92bn last year.
Unlike other big Chinese tech firms, it does much of its business overseas and is a market leader in many countries. It was founded in 1987 by former military officer Ren Zhengfei. It describes itself as employee-owned and is based in southern China.
How did it become so successful?
Huawei was a pioneering supplier of telecom gear at a time when China was upgrading its networks and began competing internationally in the 1990s.
Competitors branded it a cut-rate vendor of copycat equipment, but it spent heavily on R&D and is now regarded as a global leader.
US intelligence agencies allege Huawei is linked to China's government and that its equipment could contain 'backdoors' for use by government spies. Firms are also legally bound to assist the state. The firm has repeatedly denied the claims, but suspicions persist.
Concern now centres on the deployment of fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks, where Huawei is at the cutting edge.
However, most governments, including in the West, have never placed restrictions on Huawei.
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Going along with the theme of family favorites, what family doesn't love macaroni and cheese? This is a slight twist on an old family favorite, but it is absolutely delicious! Perfect for kids, and adults too! This is also great since it is made in a slow cooker, allowing you to put it in and walk away for a few hours!
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9. Who was the Nawab of Bengal during “Battle of Plassey”?
B. the acceleration due to gravity in moon is smaller than that on the earth.
17. Who of the following became a member of the “Din-illahi”?
18. Which one of the following is not a feature of Indifference Curve?
19. Which of the following refers to the white salt which covers the land in some areas during dry season?
22. Which one of the following is an indigenously built light combat aircraft of India?
23. Which of the following is not correct about Mahatma Gandhi?
A. Gandhi advocated complete separation of politics from religion.
C. Gandhi believed in the sanctity of means.
D. Gandhi Supported Close relation between religion and politics.
27. In a Database Management System (DBMS), the content and the location of the data is defined by the.
30. What is Amnesty International?
A. For increasing the quantity of minerals.
B. For decreasing the quantity of proteins.
C. For getting different kinds of crops.
D. For increasing fertility of the soil.
35. Which of the following country has the longest overland tunnel?
40. What according to Communism is the chief enemy of the society?
41. Which one of the following is the infective stage of the Malarial Parasite?
B. Incident on rain drops hanging in the atmosphere is dispersed after suffering refraction and internal reflection.
C. Incident on raindrops hanging in the atmosphere is dispresed after suffering reflection.
D. None of the given statements is correct.
47. From the national point of view which of the following indicates Micro Approach?
49. What is the speciality of WINDOWS – NT?
50. Which of the following comes under the jurisdiction of both the High Court and the Supreme Court?
In the following questions, you have a brief passage with five questions following the passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
True, it is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage and to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not confict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obeys these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his action. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a state is in the hands of a Minister, who is responsible to the state Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
51. Which of the following statements is not implied in the passage ?
A. The forces of law help to transform irresponsible citizens into responsible ones.
B. safeguards people’s possessions against being stolen or lost.
C. initiates process against offenders of law.
D. assists the citizens whose property has been stolen or destroyed.
54. Which one of the following statement is implied in the passage ?
B. The police check the citizens, whether they are good or bad, from violating the law.
C. The police hardly succeed in converting bad citizens into good ones.
55. According to the writer, which one of the following is not the responsibility of the police ?
B. To maintain peace during extraordinary circumstances.
D. To check violent activities of citizens.
56. A study of ancient things.
57. A person who deserves all praise.
58. One who is skillful.
59. One who runs away from justice or the law.
60. Of one’s own free will.
61. One who is too careless to plan for the future.
62. One who has long experience.
In the following questions, some parts of the sentences have errors and some are correct. Find out which part of a sentence has an error.
The number of that part is the answer. If a sentence is free from error, your answer is No error.
63. Who do you think I met ?
64. Just outside my house are a playground for school boys and girls.
65. He can be a basketball player since he is tall like a mule.
66. It is not advisable to take heavy luggage’s while on a journey.
67. A bird in the tree is worth two in the bush.
B. two in the bush.
In the following questions, a sentence/ part of the sentence is printed in bold. Below are given alternatives to the bold sentence/part of the sentence, which may improve the sentence. Choose the correct alternative. In case no improvement is needed, your answer is No improvement.
71. If I will get an opportunity, I shall attend the seminar.
72. Both the teams played the game fairly.
73. She could not help but laugh.
74. We met yesterday, haven’t we?
75. I took my mother some grapes when she was in hospital.
A. I took for my mother some grapes.
76. The others shook their heads and made vague noises of approval.
77. She insisted on she was innocent.
80. He does not laugh, nor he smiles.
83. Instead of keeping his promise of helping me with office work, he just left me high and dry.
84. Unless you make amends for the loss, nobody is prepared to excuse you.
85. Before the report reached the authority, the media spilled the beans.
A. hinted at the consequences.
D. start looking for mole hills in mountains.
87. His friend turned out to be snake in the grass.
In the following questions, you have a brief passage with 5 questions following the passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives.
Journalists argue over functions of a newspaper. I feel that a provincial paper’s purpose is not only to present and project the news objetively and imaginatively, but to help its readers to express themselves more effectively, canalizing their aspirations, making more articulate their demands. A newspaper should reflect the community it serves – warts and all. When the mirror is held to society it reveals neglect, injustice, ignorance or complacency. It should help to eradicate them. It would be pretentious to think that a newspaper can change the course of world affairs – but at the local limit it can exert influence, it can probe, it can help get things done. The individual’s voice must not be stifled. Instead, the readers should be encouraged to express their opinions, fears, hopes, and their grievances on this Platform.
91. How can a newspaper influence local affairs?
A. By focusing on world affairs.
B. By influencing public opinion through half truths.
C. By encouraging the readers to accept their grievances.
D. By probing into the ills of society and rallying support for change.
A. By writing to journalists.
B. A newspaper should reflect the community it serves.
C. A newspaper should only concentrate on local affairs.
D. Newspaper can eradicate injustice.
95. What is the main purpose of a newspaper?
A. Encourage the readers to be pretentious.
B. Project news objectively and imaginatively.
D. Exert influence on the individuals.
In the following questions, sentences are given with blanks to be filled in with an appropriate word(s). Four alter natives are suggested for each question. Choose the correct alternative out of the four as your answer.
96. The police fired on the mob when they………..
97. He has the full facts_____ but is deliberately hiding them.
98. The appearance of the city……… day by day.
99. When the morning………… the murder was discovered.
100. The smell of the Sea called…………. memories of her child-hood.
In each of the following questions, one or two statements is/are given followed by two conclusions /assumptions, I and II. You have to consider the statement to be true, even if it seems to be at variance from commonly known facts. You are to decide which of the given conclusions/assumptions can definitely be drawn from the given statement.
101. Statement: A good book even if costly is sold out in no time.
II. All good books are costly.
B. Both I and II follows.
102. Statements: No rod is pod. No pod is flexible.
A. Neither of them follows.
B. Only inference I follows.
C. Both of them follow.
D. Only inference II follows.
103. Ravi is walking in the East direction. After covering a distance of one kilometre, he turns 45° left and then 90° right. In which direction is he facing now?
In each of the following questions, find the odd word/letters/number from the given alternatives.
In each of the following questions, select the missing number from the given responses.
116. Garbage House :: Gangue : ?
117. 6 : 42 : : 7 : ?
118. 12 : 72 : : 8 : ?
119. DBU: EEZ : : CJH : ?
121. Two positions of a dice are shown below. When three is at the top what number will be at the bottom?
123. Which answer figure will complete the question figure?
124. In each of the following questions, which answer figure will complete the pattern in the question figure?
125. In each of the following questions, which answer figure will complete the pattern in the question figure?
127. If the words are organised in reverse order of what they appear in dictionary, which word will come in the third place.
Veena and Veeru both start from a point towards North. Veena turns to left after walking 10 km. Veeru turns to right after walking the same distance. Veena waits for some time and then walks another 5 km. Whereas Veeru walks only 3 km. They both then return towards South and walk 15 km. forward. How far is Veena from Veeru?
131. A piece of paper is folded and cut as shown below in the question figure. From the given answer figures, indicate how it will appear when opened.
132. Arrange the following words as per order in the dictionary.
133. Name a single letter, which can be deleted from the body of the following words to form entirely new words?
134. In each of the following questions, which one set of letters/numbers when sequentially placed at the gaps in the given letter series shall complete it?
Find the missing number: 2, 10, 20, 32, 46, ?
138. In the question one part of the problem figure is subtracted. Select the option that shows the correct shape by the subtraction.
139. Find out the number of circles in the given figure.
140. From the given answer figures, select the one in which the question figure is hidden/embedded.
141. If’+’ means ‘x’, ‘-‘ means ‘÷’, ‘x’ means ‘-‘and ‘÷’ means ‘+’then what will be the value of 16 ÷ 64-8 x 4 + 2 ?
143. Introducing a man, a woman said “His mother is the only daughter of my father”. How is the man related to the woman?
144. If ‘air’ is called ‘green’, ‘green’ is called ‘blue’, ‘blue’ is called ‘sky’, ‘sky’ is called ‘yellow’, ‘yellow’ is called ‘water’ and ‘water’ is called ‘pink’ then what is the colour of clear ‘sky’ ?
145. In a certain coding system APPLE stands for ETTPI. What is the code for ‘DELHI’?
147. If CUSTOM is written as UCTSMO then how PARENT will be written in the same code?
148. A word is represented by only one set of numbers as given in any one of the alternatives.
The sets of numbers given in the alternatives are represented by two classes of alphabets as in two matrix given below. The columns and rows of Matrix I are numbered from 0 to 4 and that of Matrix II are numbered from 5 to 9. A letter from these matrices can be represented first by its row and next by its column, e.g. ‘A’ can be represented by 01,14 etc. and ‘M’ can be represented by 56, 68 etc. Similarly, you have to identify the set for the word ‘EAGLE’.
149. In a certain code, FRACTION is written as FNAITCOR. How is QUANTITATIVE written in that code?
150. Which of the following jumble words is not an animal?
177. What must be added to each term of the ratio 2 : 5 so that it may equal to 5 : 6 ?
182. If A and B are in the ratio 4 : 5 and the difference of their squares is 81, what is the value of A?
184. If 4 men or 8 women can do a piece of work in 15 days, in how many days can 6 men and 12 women do the same piece of work ?
187. Find a simple discount equivalent to a discount series of 10%, 20% and 25%.
190. Let C1 and C2 be the inscribed and circumscribed circles of a triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm area of C, and 5 cm then area of C1/area of C2.
191. A train 180 metres long is running at a speed of 90 km/h. How long will it take to pass a post ?
194. A train runs at an average speed of 75 km/hr. If the distance to be covered is 1050 kms, how long will the train take to cover it?
198. What is the arithmetic mean of first 20 odd natural numbers?
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The line along the sky that is exactly midway between (at 90 degrees from) the zenith and the nadir, at a height of 0 degrees.
The imaginary boundary line in the sky between the land (or sea) and the air, if the Earth were perfectly round (smooth). If your eye were halfway in the ground (or sea), then this horizon would be the same as the one of explanation 1 (though the difference is only important if you are kilometers or miles above the land or sea).
The boundary line in the sky between the air and the things on the ground (or sea). If mountains or buildings are nearby, then this horizon is not a straight line. On a dead calm sea, this horizon is the same as the one of explanation 2.
The horizon of a black hole is the edge of the region around a black hole from where you cannot escape.
If an astronomical text mentions a horizon but doesn't explain which one it is, then you can assume that it is the horizon of explanation 1.
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Ubuntu 18.04 Drivers Incompatible with Ubuntu 18.10.
I've been dealing with this for a week, and have caved into human interaction for support. Fair warning. This is post is going to be a bit of a mess.
When I using using Ubuntu 18.04 I had the AMDGPU-PRO drivers installed on my computer. Easy peasy. I upgraded to 18.10 a week ago, and everything has been all screwy since. From what I can tell I'm missing a huge package from the AMD GPU drivers. That's the "amdgpu-core" package. The terminal recommends running "sudo apt --fix-broken install". Here is a pastebin of the output: https://pastebin.com/jPH4HqVZ But I can't fix the package because it's incompatible. I've tried to recursively delete the folder specified in the terminal in which everything is contained (/var/opt/amdgpu-pro-local).
I could just wait for the release of 18.10 drivers, but I don't know how long that will take, and the terminal screams at me every time I try to do anything with packages or installing. In fact I can't even run "sudo apt-get update" and "sudo apt-get upgrade" anymore since these unmet dependencies exist.
Is there someway to resolve this? Delete them? Force them to update?
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San Francisco Giants v. Chicago Cubs, 1:05 p.m.
Oakland A's v. Detroit, 1:05 p.m.
San Jose Giants v. Visalia Rawhide, 2:00 p.m.
Fresno Grizzlies @ Salt Lake Bees, 12:05 p.m.
Stockton Ports @ Modesto Nuts, 1:05 p.m.
San Francisco Giants v. Chicago Cubs, 7:15 p.m.
Oakland A's v. Detroit, 7:05 p.m.
San Jose Giants @ Stockton Ports, 7:05 p.m.
Fresno Grizzlies @ Reno Aces, 6:35 p.m.
San Francisco Giants v. Chicago Cubs, 12:45 p.m.
Fresno Grizzlies @ Reno Aces, 1:05 p.m.
San Francisco Giants @ St. Louis, 5:15 p.m.
Oakland A's v. Detroit, 12:35 p.m.
Oakland A's v. LA Angeles, 7:05 p.m.
San Jose Giants @ Inland Empire, 7:05 p.m.
Stockton Ports v. Modesto Nuts, 7:05 p.m.
San Francisco Giants @ St. Louis, 11:15 a.m.
San Jose Earthquakes @ FC Dallas, 5:30 p.m.
Oakland A's v. LA Angeles, 1:05 p.m.
San Jose Giants @ Inland Empire, 2:05 p.m.
Stockton Ports v. Modesto Nuts, 2:09 p.m.
"Sure I played. Did you think I was born age 70 sitting in a dugout trying to manage guys like you?"
"Baseball? It's just a game - as simple as a ball and a bat.
Yet, as complex as the American spirit it symbolizes.
It's a sport, business - and sometimes even religion."
There are 102 days left until the start of the NFL season, September 4, with the Green Bay Packers visiting the Seattle Seahawks.
Question: Two future Baseball Hall of Famers were traded by the San Francisco Giants. They were first baseman Orlando Cepeda, shipped to St. Louis early in the 1966 season, and pitcher Gaylord Perry, sent to Cleveland after the Giants won the NL West in 1971. Cepeda went on to win the league MVP Award while helping spark St. Louis to a World Series in 1967. The Cardinals also won another pennant, thanks in part to Cepeda in 1968. Perry went on to win two Cy Young Awards for Cleveland and then later in San Diego and pitched for another 11 years, retiring at the age of 43 after the 1982 season.
Who were the players the Giants received in return for these two future Hall of Famers?
Answer: For Cepeda, left-handed pitcher Ray Sadecki, who won just three games for the Giants in 1966, and pitched two more years (1967 and 1968), going a combined 18-18 with a very respectable ERA under 3.00.
For Perry, lefty Sam McDowell, the Cleveland flamethrower who was a big disappointment during his brief stint in San Francisco and had problems with alcoholism. "Sudden Sam" McDowell once threw the ball in the mid-90s and was considered the ace of the Tribe staff.
The above question was submitted by sportscaster Bruce Macgowan. Macgowan will appear shortly in the new Baseball edition of the Ultimate Sports Guide with reports on both the San Francisco Giants and Stanford Cardinal.
Did I forget to tell you the nicest guy in baseball, to me, was during the Dodgers' dada seasons at the ol' Coliseum ... a time when fifteen grand players walked to their cars mingled with the public. I'd heard Vinnie and Jerry go on and on how The Duke had an avocado farm in Fallbrook, near San Diego. I walked with Mister Snider to his winged Impala and talked a whole lot about avocados. Even avocado fungal anxieties. The great center fielder told me to show up again the next night. I sure did and left with a flat of near perfect avocados from his own trees. I'd entertain comment as to Mister Mays and Mister Mantle but the ground rules steer toward guac.
Send us your Memorable Sports Moment and we will share them with our readers.
The baseball season has started and it always brings back fond memories of summer and childhood. This is not one of them.
I remember a heat wave when I was about twelve. My best friend and I were sitting around my house, bored, when we thought it would be a great idea to take BART to the A's game. It was a Wednesday game and tickets were only $1. Without another thought we hop on BART and get our tickets to watch the professionals play a game we only dream about playing. We're excited and happy with our plan. What better way to spend a lazy summer day than to be at a baseball game?
Over the next three hours our feelings would change.
During the first inning it became apparent we would miss our baseball caps. In the excitement of deciding to go to the game we forgot our caps and gloves. What kind of a kid goes to a baseball game without his cap? It is as much of the experience as cracker jacks and peanuts and hot dogs. Our vision is hindered and we watch the game by shielding our eyes, but not as freely.
We labor through as the innings slowly roll by. Neither of us are A's fans. In fact, we prefer National League baseball. Somehow the thought of a pitcher not having to bat was (and still is) offensive. But we had made the trek this far and we weren't going to throw in the towel.
By the 7th inning a father with his kids asked us if we were okay. I looked at my friend and he looked at me and we were in shock. We were burnt to a crisp. I had never seen this color of red on a human being. We were glowing. We looked like we were painted cherry red. It was ridiculous. The father took pity on us and bought us some lemonade and ice cream. Both helped but not for long. Soon our cups were empty and the ice cream lopped up.
We used the energy from the treats to power through the rest of the game. I can't remember who the A's were playing and I have no idea who won but I was grateful when it was over. We gingerly (in movement and color) rose from our seats and thanked the good Samaritan for helping us. We finally made it to BART and were thankful for the air conditioning. We didn't speak for the entire journey home. We were too miserable and in too much agony.
Once I reached home I turned on my front yard garden hose and held it over my head. I didn't move for at least a half hour. My mom saw me and froze. She had concern in her eyes. Then she started laughing. She ran and grabbed a bottle of aloe vera, turned off the hose and wiped aloe all over my face.
I couldn't move for three days and spent hours sitting in one of those little plastic kiddy pools. My face, arms and legs were all toasted. Fortunately after a few days the burnt skin peeled off and I was back on the black top, playing with my friend.
Now when the weather warms up and players take to the diamond, I think back to many summer memories. This memory isn't a happy one but it is funny and I sure did learn my lesson. Always bring your cap and lots of sunscreen to the game.
Ultimate Sports Guide, a glossy print publication serving the San Francisco Bay Area with two editions a year, the Spring/Summer Baseball edition and the Fall/Winter Football edition. For expansive photo albums of the local teams, visit our Facebook page and be sure to LIKE us. For an informative e-newsletter mailed to our sports-minded database every two weeks, CLICK HERE or, send your eMail address to: theultimatesportsguide@gmail.com.
This page was inspired by Robert Flammia. Visit Robert's Facebook page and be sure to LIKE him.
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연료전지는 '전지'라는 말이 붙어있기는 하지만 일반적인 전지와는 다르다. 전지는 닫힌 계에 화학적으로 전기에너지를 저장하는 반면, 연료전지는 연료를 소모하여 전력을 생산한다. 또한 전지의 전극은 반응을 하여 충전/방전 상태에 따라 바뀌지만, 연료전지의 전극은 촉매작용을 하므로 상대적으로 안정하다.
연료와 산화제로는 여러 가지를 이용할 수 있다. 수소 연료전지는 수소를 연료로, 산소를 산화제로 이용하며, 그 외에 탄화수소, 알코올 등을 연료로, 공기, 염소, 이산화 염소 등을 산화제로 이용할 수 있다.
연료전지의 발전 효율은 40~60% 정도로 대단히 높으며, 반응 과정에서 나오는 배출열을 이용하면 전체 연료의 최대 80%까지 에너지로 바꿀 수 있다. 게다가 천연 가스와 메탄올, LPG(액화석유가스, propane gas), 나프타, 등유, 가스화된 석탄 등의 다양한 연료를 사용할 수 있기 때문에 에너지자원을 확보하기 쉽다. 또한 연료를 태우지 않기 때문에 지구 환경보호에도 기여할 수 있다. 또한 질소산화물(NOx)과 이산화탄소의 배출량이 석탄 화력 발전의 각각 1/38과 1/3 정도이며, 소음도 화력발전 방식에 비해 매우 적다는 장점이 있다. 이와 더불어 모듈화에 의한 건설 기간의 단축, 설비 용량의 증감이 가능하고, 화력발전 방식에 비해 훨씬 적은 토지 면적을 필요로 하기 때문에 입지 선정이 용이하다. 따라서 도심 지역 또는 건물 내에 설치하는 것이 가능하여 경제적으로 에너지를 공급할 수 있다. 연료전지는 기존의 화력 발전을 대체할 수 있으며, 분산 전원용 발전소, 열병합 발전소, 더 나아가서는 무공해 자동차의 전원 등에 적용될 수 있다.
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through an electrochemical reaction of hydrogen fuel with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. Fuel cells are different from batteries in requiring a continuous source of fuel and oxygen (usually from air) to sustain the chemical reaction, whereas in a battery the chemical energy comes from chemicals already present in the battery. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte that allows positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) to move between the two sides of the fuel cell. At the anode a catalyst causes the fuel to undergo oxidation reactions that generate protons (positively charged hydrogen ions) and electrons. The protons flow from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte after the reaction. At the same time, electrons are drawn from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit, producing direct current electricity. At the cathode, another catalyst causes hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen to react, forming water. Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use and by the difference in startup time ranging from 1 second for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC) to 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). A related technology is flow batteries, in which the fuel can be regenerated by recharging. Individual fuel cells produce relatively small electrical potentials, about 0.7 volts, so cells are "stacked", or placed in series, to create sufficient voltage to meet an application's requirements. In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions. The energy efficiency of a fuel cell is generally between 4060%; however, if waste heat is captured in a cogeneration scheme, efficiencies up to 85% can be obtained.
Copyrightsⓒ 2012 by Distributed Generation Systems & Power Conversion Applications Lab.
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If you’re in Hong Kong during October you’re in for a culinary surprise. Taking place at Victoria Harbourfront between 25 and 28 October, the annual CCB (Asia) Wine & Dine Festival is a veritable smorgasbord of food and drink experiences. One of the highlights is the exclusive Tasting Room, whereby renowned chefs from across the region are invited to cook special, one-off menus. In preparation for the festival, three of this year’s Tasting Room talents, Thailand’s Bee Satongun, Taiwan’s Lin Cheng-ching and Singapore-based Chen Kentaro visited Hong Kong for three steamy days in August to sample the city’s gourmet highlights. We chatted with them about the experience and their plans for the festival. Bee Satongun, Paste Bangkok Thai RestaurantBee Satongun, the Thai/Lao chef and co-owner of Paste Bangkok Thai Restaurant has won numerous accolades – including a Michelin star and Asia’s 50 Best Restaurants 2018, Best Female Chef – as well as a loyal foodie following for her respectful reworkings of aristocratic Thai heritage recipes. She will open Paste Lao Food in Luang Prabang at the end of the year. How would you summarise the key principles of Thai food?Thai food is about fresh ingredients and balance. It’s about understanding each herb and seasoning; the importance of rounded flavours What have been the highlights of your trip to Hong Kong?It was great to meet with local chefs and learn more about the ingredients used in Chinese cooking – there are lots of pickles and stocks. Stocks are the soul of Asian cooking because they introduce more flavour without having to use more ingredients that can over-complicate the dish. Along with pickles and fermentation, stocks are my great passion and it was good to learn more. We visited Chai Wan wet market with local food guru Walter Kei and tried BBQ pork and stir-fries from stalls there, along with several restaurants – I always want to taste every dish!What have you noticed about the Hong Kong food scene? People here love eating! Hong Kong people are big supporters of Paste and we have diners in the restaurant who fly into Bangkok just to eat. I love Chinese food and if you go back years and years Thai food is influenced by Chinese cuisine. There seem to be so many good quality restaurants in Hong Kong, the seafood tastes so good and there’s a respect for ingredients. Can you tell us about the dish you’ll be cooking in the Tasting Room?I am going to cook lon hake fillet with white turmeric and lemongrass. Lon is an array of Thai relishes infused in coconut milk; the series of herbs has delicious umami flavour. Lon relishes sit between curry and soup in the Thai food repertoire, they are elegant and delicate. The dish I am making originates from a King Rama V (1868-1910) cookbook – I combined two recipes together to create my own and chose whole fish as you can get very fresh, live fish in Hong Kong.Which wines do you recommend with Thai food?Aromatic wines such as Riesling or Gewürztraminer from Germany and the Alsace region of France go well with Thai food. If red, then a pinot noir, Jason (Bee’s husband and co-owner of Paste) always opens a pinot noir as it goes so well with Thai food. Where’s on your restaurant hit list for your next visit to Hong Kong? I’d love to go to Bo Innovation. I’ve heard so much about the chef and wish we were here for longer so we could try the food – so we’ll have to go next time!––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Lin Cheng-ching, The Guest House restaurant at Sheraton Grand Taipei Hotel A recipient of two Michelin stars in the inaugural Michelin Guide Taipei 2018, The Guest House serves Sichuan and Yang Zhou cuisines with a Taiwanese twist. Executive Chef-Chinese Lin Cheng-ching began his culinary career as a teenager 37 years ago and has since encountered many different Chinese cuisines. How does Hong Kong’s culinary scene compare to Taipei?Hong Kong has more diverse and better quality ingredients – such as mushrooms, jellyfish and Sichuan pepper – and seeking new ingredients is one of my missions on this trip. As it’s such a cosmopolitan city, people living here have a higher spending power. At the same time, it’s a very dynamic and competitive dining landscape, so it’s not easy for restaurants to survive. Chefs need to think out of the box.Where have you enjoyed eating when in Hong Kong?I love taking a stroll around old districts like Sham Shui Po, and observing what everyday people eat. There is no better way to genuinely understand a culture than through its food and I enjoyed both local street food and gourmet dishes in Michelin-starred restaurants. We went to a contemporary Chinese fine-dining restaurant in Central called Mott 32, where the scrumptious boiled fish with pickled cabbage and chilli impressed me, along with the crispy air dried Angus Beef – the beef cooks up thin like paper and is so crispy – simply amazing. I found most Hong Kong chefs to be very creative in the kitchen. As the old saying goes, ‘Not to advance is to drop back.’ I think it is very true to the culinary career, so I wish to share the spirit with my colleagues after my return to Taipei.What are you hoping to gain from the Festival? I’m looking forward to learning from other cuisines and broaden my horizons. Yet I’m also a bit nervous since this is my first time to cook at the site. One of the purposes of this [August] trip was to visit the site in advance to reassure myself. Our team even had a rehearsal to ensure all goes well at the event.Time to whet our appetite! Can you tell us about the dish you’re cooking in the Tasting Room?I’m going to cook Braised Pork Knuckle Rock Sugar served with steamed bun, which is exclusive from The Guest House. The initial inspiration comes from the traditional Hangzhou dongpo pork (braised pork belly), but I will make a little twist by substituting the belly part with the back knuckle meat – I find that most customers love the texture of the red pork belly, but not the fat. The back leg of the pig is usually the source of cured hams, so it’s uncommon to cook in this way. Another highlight is that we will make a side dish of cold yu lai gu (post-rain mushroom). This mushroom is one of the specialities in Pingtung County (southern Taiwan) and is high in plant protein, amino acids and vitamins, so it’s very beneficial. I also want to take this opportunity to introduce different tasty Taiwanese foods to Hong Kong people.–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––Chen Kentaro, Shisen Hanten in SingaporeGrandson of Japan’s ‘Father of Sichuan Food’ and son of the famous Iron Chef Chen Kenichi, Chen Kentaro’s has certainly lived up to the family pedigree, helming two Michelin-starred Shisen Hanten. The author of several Sichuan recipe books first sharpened his skills at a friend’s restaurant in Sichuan, and later in Chengdu learning to speak Mandarin along the way. What do you think makes Sichuan cuisine unique?When describing Sichuan food, we like to say, “each dish has its own style; a hundred dishes have a hundred different flavours.” The heart of the Sichuan food lies the artful mixing of flavours – if we grill the same ingredient in different ways, it will have completely different flavours. Compared with other Chinese cuisines, heat control plays an important role in Sichuan food. What qualities are required to become a great chef?Cooking is a mixture of science and art – there are techniques and skills to be learnt,but having faith and taking risks are equally as important. When he first arrived in Japan my grandfather couldn’t speak Japanese so used single words to communicate in the kitchen. He taught me to cook with my whole heart, as if for loved ones, regardless of problems like language. When food is prepared with love, the people who eat it can definitely feel [the love]. Of course, it is always easier said than done.How does the food culture Singapore compare to Hong Kong?Singapore is a multiracial society and so is their food culture – Singaporeans know how to mix different cuisines together well. I noticed that Malaysian and Indian cuisines influence the flavour of Cantonese dishes in Singapore, while in Hong Kong, Cantonese cuisine has preserved its authenticity.What foods have you enjoyed eating during your visit to Hong Kong?Every time when I come to Hong Kong, I make a brand new discovery in this diverse city, it truly deserves its name of ‘gourmet paradise’. My favourites so far are seasonal steamed fish in Sai Kung, crab roe noodles in unpretentious Tin Heung Lau, and local eats in the old-fashioned restaurants of Mong Kok and Sham Shui Po. This visit, I tried local snacks such as put chai ko (sticky rice pudding), which I’ve never encountered before. I also learnt to make my first har gow (shrimp dumplings) in the original Sham Shui Po branch of Tim Ho Wan and silky tofu pudding made by Kung Wo Beancurd Factory. It was delicious – most tofu puddings are savoury, so I was surprised as this one tasted so sweet! How has this trip to Hong Kong influenced your cooking?The most unforgettable experience of this trip was learning how to make authentic Hong Kong-style milk tea with the owner of My Cup Of Tea in Wan Chai. I wasn’t aware of the level of detail involved in crafting the perfect cup of milk tea, especially when it comes to tea leaves! I am practicing the secrets and techniques I learnt, as I want to infuse milk tea with my new desserts for my restaurant. Can you tell us about the dish you will be preparing for Tasting Room?I‘m planning to slow-cook premium Australian rib eye beef so as to maximise its umami flavour. I am sure it will be a very different and surprising beef dish. What is the best wine to pair with Sichuan food?Considering Sichuan food is spicy in nature, I would recommend pairing with strong and aromatic red wines or a sweet Riesling; the notes of more delicate varietals get overpowered.
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On August 4, 2011, the US Patent & Trademark Office published a patent application from Apple that reveals two specific concepts of an "Inductive Charging System" for use with iOS devices. The first concept involves an oddly designed charging tower. Apple envisions a user wrapping their earphone cables around this charging tower and placing a new conductive metal mesh earphone on the media device to begin the charging process. The second system, which seems to be a little more practical, involves an acoustic charging mechanism which wouldn't require a charging tower. Instead of creating separate inductive chargers for various media players and tablets as others have done, Apple is trying to create a single inductive charger that would fit the needs of multiple devices.
Inductive charging techniques, which operate without requiring direct conductive connections, have been developed for certain applications, such as electric toothbrushes, where the proximity to water makes a conductive connection impractical. An electric toothbrush could be recharged using a relatively small inductive receiving coil because it is typically placed in a charging stand for a long period of time (many hours) and is only used for a short period of time (about two minutes).
However, to inductively charge other types of electronic devices, such as portable media players or cell phones, at an acceptable rate, a significantly larger receiving coil is required. Providing this larger receiving coil involves either incorporating the larger receiving coil into the portable electronic device, which increases the size of the portable electronic device, or alternatively incorporating the larger receiving coil into a bulky attachment to the portable electronic device.
Apple's invention relates to a technique for inductively charging an electronic device which involves winding an audio cable for the electronic device around a charging mechanism multiple times so that one or more conductors in the audio cable form an inductive receiving coil. Next, a magnetic field is created through the charging mechanism to induce a current in the inductive receiving coil. Finally, the induced current in the inductive receiving coil is used to charge a rechargeable battery for the electronic device.
In some embodiments, after winding the audio cable around the charging mechanism, the technique further involves electrically coupling a first contact, which is coupled to the one or more conductors in the audio cable, to a second contact associated with the electronic device to complete a circuit between the inductive receiving coil and the electronic device.
In some embodiments, the first contact is located on a first earphone (e.g., an earbud) which is attached to the audio cable. In a further variation, the first contact is conductive metal mesh screen that also protects a driver for the first earphone.
In some embodiments, the second contact is located on a second earphone which is also attached to the audio cable. In a further variation, electrically coupling the first and second contacts involves electrically coupling the first and second contacts through an intervening conductor, wherein the intervening conductor is located in a housing which is configured to hold the first and second earphones.
In some embodiments, the one or more conductors within the audio cable include multiple conductors which are coupled in series to form a single receiving coil having more windings than an audio cable with only a single conductor. In some embodiments, the audio cable comprises: a headphone cable; an earphone cable; or a microphone cable.
Apple's inductive charging technique involves wrapping an iOS device's audio cable (which becomes a "receiving" coil) around a charging tower 102 as shown in patent FIG. 1. In this patent figure we see that the charging tower is coupled to a charger base 112, which receives power through a power cord 114. One contact for the receiving coil is on the body of media player 108, and other contact 110 is located on one of the earphones.
In an alternative embodiment, instead of completing the inductive receiving coil by coupling a contact on one earphone to an associated contact located on media player, the inductive receiving coil is completed by coupling together two contacts located on the earphones. In this case, each earphone has a contact which is coupled to a different set of conductors in the audio cable, and the act of coupling the contacts together completes the inductive receiving coil.
Apple's patent FIG. 2 illustrates the structure of the charging tower. Note that the charging tower is coupled to a charger base which supports the charging tower and contains a transformer 202 and a transmitting coil 206. During operation, the transformer receives power through a power cord which is coupled to a wall socket. The transformer converts the voltage of the A/C power received from the wall socket and uses the resulting voltage to drive transmitting coil.
The transmitting coil is wrapped around a ferromagnetic core 204 which runs the length of charging tower. A time-varying current flowing through transmitting coil creates a varying magnetic flux in the ferromagnetic core which creates a time-varying magnetic field through a receiving coil that is wrapped around the charging tower. This time-varying magnetic field induces a time-varying current in the receiving coil. Next, the time-varying current in the receiving coil is used to charge the associated electronic device.
Note that using the ferromagnetic core improves the magnetic flux and hence improves the charging efficiency. However, the magnetic flux could also propagate through air, which means that the system could also work without a ferromagnetic core.
Apple's patent FIG. 4 illustrates how an earphone 404 could include a conductive metal mesh screen 410 which also functions as an electrical contact. Note that this metal mesh screens also protects the driver for the earphone. Also note that this type of electrical contact is different from the electrical contact 110 illustrated in FIG. 1, which is located on the housing of an earphone, and is separate from the screen which protects the earphone driver.
This type of electrical contact (through the earphone mesh) could also be used to receive current for a conventional non-inductive charging system. This eliminates the need to provide a separate interface to receive the charging current in a conventional charging system.
In one variation, this conductive metal mesh screen includes a number of separate conductive regions which function as independent contacts. In this way, the metal mesh screen could provide multiple contacts instead of a single contact. These separate conductive regions could be created by fabricating the mesh using alternating regions of conductive metal wires and non-conductive plastic wires.
Apple's patent FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative charging system that uses an acoustic output to charge a portable media player in accordance with the disclosed embodiments. In the acoustic charging system illustrated in FIG. 7, an earphone is fitted into a recess in an acoustic charger 702. This recess could be lined with a rubber gasket to achieve a tighter fit. Next, a speaker 704 within the acoustic charger produces an acoustic signal which causes a corresponding speaker in earphone to vibrate. These vibrations cause a transducer within speaker 706 to effectively operate "in reverse" to generate a current in earphone conductors 708. This current could be used to charge the battery of the attached portable electronic device. Note that the vibrations could be generated in a non-audible frequency range (less than 20 Hz or greater than 20K Hz) to prevent users from hearing the acoustic charging signal.
Apple's patent application20110188677 was originally filed in Q1 2010 by inventors Fletcher Rothkopf, Anna-Katrina Shedletsky and Stephen Lynch.
Also see our reports "Future Apple Hardware to Harness the Power of Magnetic Induction, " and "Apple Wins Patents for Inductive Charging Docks...," which presents some very interesting and simple designs. Today's second inductive charging system involving acoustic output seems to have some smarts to as did other previous designs as we noted above. Admittedly Apple's first design as presented here today is surely an odd one. Try to imagine charging multiple mobile devices at one time with intermingled and tangled cables. That's simply not going to fly. In fact it's a little humorous just thinking about it. Yet to be fair to Apple's invention, we did point out that "the magnetic flux could also propagate through air, which means that the system could also work without a ferromagnetic core." Translation: No tower required.
For now, let's hope that there's a clean and simple inductive charging system solution on the way like their outlined acoustic charger or the wireless version of the charger as we noted above. I think that everyone just wants a simple to use wireless charger. The simpler the better.
MacSurfer, The New York Time's "Headlines Around the Web" section, Buzzup, Yahoo!News, iTopNews Germany, Twitter, hckr news, Apple Investor News, Google Reader, UpgradeOSX, TechWatching, Macnews, iPhone World Canada, CBS MarketWatch, Engadget, MacRumors, 9to5 Mac, AppAdvice, Business Insider, SlashGear, Techmeme, iPhoneclub Netherlands, Mac4Ever France, The New York Time's Blogrunner, Mac|Life, Time Magazine's Techland, Cult of Mac, iCreate Magazine Netherlands, O'Grady's PowerPage, Geek.com, MacMagazine Brazil, Redmond Pie, Blog do iPhone Brazil, ActualidadiPad Spain, AreaMobile Germany, Nccc Cool3c China, Klamm Germany, Expert Reviews UK, Tengo un Mac Spain, 99Mac Sweden, Digital Trends, , iPhoned Netherlands, iPadeology, Engadget Spain, iPhoneinCanada, ITProPortal, and more.
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/b/ - Let's play 2 Truths and a Lie. I'll start>I am a virgin>I like to eat celery>I can write haikuWhere's the lie?
The apple pie is a lie.
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Context. Measurable amounts of Be could have been synthesised primordially if the Universe were non-homogeneous or in the presence of late decaying relic particles.
Aims. We investigate the Be abundance in the extremely metal-poor star 2MASS J1808-5104 ([Fe/H] = −3.84) with the aim of constraining inhomogeneities or the presence of late decaying particles.
Methods. High resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) UV spectra were acquired at ESO with the Kueyen 8.2 m telescope and the UVES spectrograph. Abundances were derived using several model atmospheres and spectral synthesis code.
Results. We measured log(Be/H) = −14.3 from a spectrum synthesis of the region of the Be line. Using a conservative approach, however we adopted an upper limit two times higher, i.e. log(Be/H) < −14.0. We measured the O abundance from UV–OH lines and find [O/H] = −3.46 after a 3D correction.
Conclusions. Our observation reinforces the existing upper limit on primordial Be. There is no observational indication for a primordial production of 9Be. This places strong constraints on the properties of putative relic particles. This result also supports the hypothesis of a homogeneous Universe, at the time of nucleosynthesis. Surprisingly, our upper limit of the Be abundance is well below the Be measurements in stars of similar [O/H]. This may be evidence that the Be–O relation breaks down in the early Galaxy, perhaps due to the escape of spallation products from the gas clouds in which stars such as 2MASS J1808-5104 have formed.
Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 101.A-0229(A), (PI M.Spite) and 293.D-5036 (PI J. Mélendez). This research has also made use of Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (PI A. Boesgaard).
In the conditions that characterise stellar interiors (including H and He burning shells) such reactions cannot synthesise Be fast enough to counter the inverse photodissociation reactions that destroy this element. Thus stars are net destroyers of Be.
In the first minutes of existence of the primordial plasma when most of the helium in the Universe was produced, very tiny amounts of 9Be can be formed; this can occur at the level of log(9Be/H) ≈ 10−18 (Pitrou et al. 2018), that is almost eight orders of magnitude less than the primordial 7Li. This is however true under “standard” conditions, that is if the plasma is homogeneous and there is no “new physics”. If the primordial plasma was inhomogeneous and in particular included lower density n-rich regions, Boyd & Kajino (1989) showed that 3H and 7Li could be abundant enough to make the reaction, which is an efficient channel to produce sizeable amounts of 9Be. A way to introduce new physics is to postulate the existence of relic particles, interacting either electromagnetically or strongly, which decay at late times (see e.g. Jedamzik 2006; Kusakabe et al. 2009, and references therein). For example, Pospelov & Pradler (2011) showed that the energy injected by decaying hadrons can lead to an efficient 9 Be production via the reaction. Infact they advocate the use of an upper limit on the primordial 9 Be abundance as a powerful test to put limits on the energy and decay half-life of such putative relic hadrons. The common wisdom, supported by the observations (see below) is that all the observed Be is produced by spallation processes triggered by cosmic rays in the interstellar medium (Reeves et al. 1970; Meneguzzi et al. 1971).
From the observational point of view, Be can be observed in solar-type stars via the Be ii resonance doublet at 313 nm. This makes the observation from the ground difficult since this wavelength is rather near to the atmospheric cut-off. The Be abundance in the Sun was determined using the lines from Chmielewski et al. (1975) who derived a Be abundance about 0.3 dex lower than the meteoritic abundance. Coupled to the fact that soon after, Boesgaard (1976) found almost the same Be abundance in a sample of young stars, this uniformity led to the notion that Be is depleted in the Sun, like Li. The solar abundance of Be was drastically revised by Balachandran & Bell (1998) who invoked the presence of an unaccounted continuum opacity at UV wavelengths and derived a Be abundance that is in good agreement with the meteoritic abundance. The motivation for this extra opacity was to force the UV and IR lines to yield the same O abundance. An analysis of these lines using 3D hydrodynamical simulations by Asplund (2004) confirmed the need for this extra opacity. It should be noted however that the source of this continuum opacity has not to date been identified and that it is not unanimously accepted (see e.g. Boesgaard & King 2002).Recently Carlberg et al. (2018), using a new line list in the near UV for generating theoretical solar spectra in the region of the Be lines, found that the difference in Be abundance is only 0.2 dex with or without an extra opacity. This implies that even using this extra opacity, Be is depleted by about 0.1 dex in the solar photosphere.
The first attempts to measure Be in Pop II stars to study the Galactic evolution of Be, began in the 1980s (Molaro & Beckman 1984; Molaro 1987), however it was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that it became clear that the Be abundance shows a clear linear decrease with decreasing metallicity (Rebolo et al. 1988; Gilmore et al. 1991, 1992; Ryan et al. 1992; Boesgaard & King 1993; Molaro et al. 1997). If Be is produced only by cosmic rays, then the Be abundance can be used as chronometer, provided there is a suitable model of the temporal evolution of the cosmic ray evolution (Beers et al. 2000; Pasquini et al. 2005). The advent of 8 m class telescopes with high resolution spectrographs that can observe down to the atmospheric cut-off allowed the measurement of Be in a large sample of field halo stars (Boesgaard et al. 1999, 2011; Primas et al. 2000a,b; Boesgaard 2007; Smiljanic et al. 2009; Ito et al. 2009; Tan et al. 2009; Tan & Zhao 2011) and also in two globular clusters (Pasquini et al. 2004, 2007).
Be abundances in metal-poor stars allow for probing the existence of inhomogeneities in the primordial Universe or the existence of late decaying relic particles. If there is no primordial production of Be, the linear decrease of the Be abundance with decreasing metallicity should continue no matter how low the metallicity of the star. If instead there is primordial production of Be, at some metallicity value the Be abundance should stop decreasing and present a constant value at all lower metallicities below. Thus measurements and upper limits of Be at the lowest abundances are of paramount importance to probe a primordial production of Be. The discovery of the bright extremely metal-poor star 2MASS J1808-5104 ([Fe/H] = − 3.8) by Meléndez et al. (2016) opens up the possibility to probe the Be abundance in stars at the lowest metallicities. In this paper we present the analysis of high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) UV spectra of the star 2MASS J1808-5104 acquired with the specific aim of investigating its Be abundance.
In order to observe the Be line at 313 nm, new spectra of the ultra metal-poor (UMP) dwarf 2MASS J1808-5104 were obtained in June 2018 with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the spectrograph UVES (Dekker et al. 2000). Ten 1 h exposures were obtained during the night of June 21–22. The dichroic beam-splitter was used, permitting simultaneous use of the blue and red arms. The blue arm was centred at 346 nm and the red arm at either 760 or 860 nm. With the spectra obtained previously with UVES by Meléndez et al. (2016), the spectral coverage of this UMP dwarf is almost complete from 310 to 1000 nm (with only a gap between 452.3 and 478.6 nm). The resolving power R is close to 50 000 in the blue and 40 000 in the red. In the region of the Be doublet (313 nm), the S/N of the spectrum is close to 70, a value close to the expected value in case of good weather (seeing of 1′′ and good transparency), it is about 250 at 370 nm and 350 at 670 nm.
The spectra were reduced using the ESO UVES pipeline version 5.8.2; the basic concepts and algorithms of the pipeline can be found in Ballester et al. (2000) and in the user manual. The spectra were extracted using optimal extraction and flat-fielding was performed on the extracted spectra. Two different flat-field lamps were used: a deuterium lamp below 340 nm and a tungsten lamp, for longer wavelengths. The spectra were wavelength calibrated using the Th–Ar lamp exposures.
We carefully measured the radial velocity on our spectra and on the previous UVES spectra (Meléndez et al. 2016). The more precise measurement of radial velocities with UVES is obtained when stellar and telluric lines are present in the spectrum. The zero point of the wavelength scale depends indeed on the position of the star on the slit (see e.g. Molaro et al. 2008) and the position of the telluric lines on the spectrum makes its definition possible.
In very metal-poor stars this is possible only on the yellow spectra domain centered at 580 nm. Unfortunately the determination of the zero point is not possible on the spectra centered at 346 nm since there are no telluric lines in this region. It is possible to determine the zero point on the spectra centered at 760 nm, but in this wavelength range, the Fe I lines in the stellar spectrum are extremely weak and only the position of the hydrogen line H α and of the red Ca II triplet could be measured. In the blue and in the visible region (settings B346 and R580 in Table 1) the wavelength of the stellar iron lines were compared to the wavelength of numerous Fe I lines taken from the list of Nave et al. (1994). The wavelengths of the telluric lines are from Jacquinet-Husson et al. (2005). The velocity error on the barycentric radial velocity in Table 1 should be less than 1.0 km s−1. The star 2MASS J1808-5104 has been observed by Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration 2018) but its radial velocity is not provided.
Radial velocity of 2MASS J1808-5104.
Schlaufman et al. (2018) confirmed the binary nature of 2MASS J1808-5104. Using 17 radial velocity measurements from spectra obtained with MIKE at the Magellan telescope, and three measurements obtained from the UVES R580 spectra (which we also used), Schlaufman et al. (2018) were able to determine the orbital parameters for this system. They also gathered 31 epochs of radial velocity measurements obtained from low resolution spectra using GMOS-S on the Gemini South telescope. Since we have independent measurements of the radial velocities (the UVES R580 spectra and a new epoch from our UVES R760 spectrum), we decided to redetermine the orbital parameters of the system combining our measurements with those of Schlaufman et al. (2018).
In our opinion the most robust determination of the period of a binary system comes from the power spectrum of the observations. To estimate the power spectrum of the radial velocities measurements we used the Lomb–Scargle periodogram (Lomb 1976; Scargle 1982). If we use only the measurements based on high resolution spectra, i.e. MIKE and UVES, no peak is statistically significant; in that case, all the peaks appearing could be due to random noise. In Fig. 1 we show the power spectrum obtained from all the radial velocity measurements, including those based on the GMOS-S spectra. In this case, a highly significant peak, which has a false alarm probability less than 0.001, is apparent, corresponding to a period of 34.7538 days. This period is almost identical to that obtained by Schlaufman et al. (2018) using Keplerian fits to their high resolution data. We decided to fit a Keplerian orbit to our radial velocities measurements based on high resolution spectra, keeping the value of the period fixed. We used version 1.3 of the program velocity (Wichmann et al. 2003). Our preferred solution is summarised in Table 2 and is very close to that found by Schlaufman et al. (2018) except for the angle of the periastron, the time of passage at periastron and the eccentricity. We did not run a Monte Carlo to estimate errors, since this orbit is certainly preliminary. The star is bright enough that it should eventually have radial velocities for about 80 epochs from the RVS spectrograph on board Gaia (see e.g. Sartoretti et al. 2018). The ensemble of ground-based and space-borne radial velocities will provide a much more accurate orbit. The orbit and the phased data for high resolution measurements are shown in Fig. 2, where we assumed an error of 1 km s−1 for all the measurements. The root-mean-square deviation of our computed orbit from the observations is 0.52 km s−1.
Lomb–Scargle estimate of the power spectrum of all the radial velocity measurements. The lower dotted line corresponds to a false alarm probability of 0.25, dashed line to 0.01, and upper dotted line to 0.001.
Orbit parameters for the system 2MASS J1808-5104.
Meléndez et al. (2016) estimated the temperature of 2MASS J1808-5104 by imposing the excitation equilibrium of Fe I lines and adding an empirical correction described in Frebel et al. (2013). Since 2MASS J1808-5104 was observed by Gaia, we used the Gaia photometry recently displayed in the Gaia DR2 (Arenou et al. 2018; Gaia Collaboration 2018), and the 3D maps of interstellar reddening (Capitanio et al. 2017; Lallement et al. 2018; R. Lallement, 2018, priv. comm.) to improve these parameters. The Gaia photometry and the reddening are listed in Table 3. We note that following Schlaufman et al. (2018), the mass of the secondary must be very low (M2 = 0.14 M⊙) and thus its contribution to the total flux is negligible.
In Fig. 3 we compared the position of 2MASS J1808-5104 in a G versus (BP–RP) diagram to the isochrones computed by Chieffi and Limongi (Chieffi & Limongi, 2013, priv. comm.); we used the same code and prescriptions as Straniero et al. (1997) for 12 and 14 Gyr and metallicities of − 3.0 and − 4.0. We note that the error on the G magnitude is very small and is inside the black dot in Fig. 3. The position of the star in the diagram corresponds to a subgiant star with Teff = 5600 K, log g = 3.4, M ≈ 0.8 M⊙, and we decided to adopt this model. As a check we also computed the H α profile for the 1D model adopted by Meléndez (Teff = 5440 K, log g = 3.0) and the model adopted in this work (Teff = 5600 K, log g = 3.4). The fit of the wings of Hα is better with our model. The use of 3D profiles would even point towards a slightly hotter temperature (Amarsi et al. 2018).
Computed orbit for the 2MASS J1808-5104 system (using the parameters in Table 2) compared with the observedradial velocities based on high resolution spectra. The black points indicate the measurements of Schlaufman et al. (2018). The blue points indicate our measurements based on the UVES R580 spectra given in Table 1. The red point indicates our measurement based on the UVES R760 spectrum as given in Table 1.
Position of 2MASS J1808-5104 (black dot) in a G vs. (BP–RP) diagram and comparison to isochrones computed by Chieffi and Limongi for very metal-poor stars.
Photometry and distance of 2MASS J1808-5104 (Gaia DR2 6702907209758894848).
Derived abundances in 2MASS J1808-5104 for Teff = 5600 K, log g = 3.4, vt = 1.6 km s−1 (1D computations, OSMARCS model).
Since the adopted atmospheric model is rather different from the model adopted by Meléndez et al. (2016), we redetermined the abundances of the different elements with our adopted model. We carried out a classical Local Thermodynamical Equilibrium (LTE) analysis, using OSMARCS models (Gustafsson et al. 1975, 2003, 2008). The abundances were derived using equivalent widths or fits of synthetic spectra when the lines were blended. We used the code turbospectrum (Alvarez & Plez 1998), which includes treatment ofscattering in the blue and UV domains. These abundances are given in Table 4. In Fig. 4, we show the dependence of the iron abundance on the wavelength, excitation potential, and equivalent width of the Fe I line.
In Fig. 4b the iron lines with an excitation potential close to zero, over-predict the iron abundance. This is because of non-LTE (NLTE) effects, so these lines are not taken into account in the determination of the mean iron abundance (see Fig. 3 in Cayrel et al. 2004).
In Fig. 4c the iron abundance does not depend on the equivalent width of the line, and thus it justifies the choice of the microturbulent velocity, i.e. vt = 1.6 km s−1.
The final 1D, LTE abundances are given in Table 4. The solar abundances are from Caffau et al. (2011) or Lodders et al. (2009).
Iron abundance from individual lines in 2MASS J1808-5104 as a function of the wavelength, excitation potential, and equivalent width of the line.
In 2MASS J1808-5104, the carbon abundance deduced from the CH band, [C/Fe] = +0.49, is very close to the mean value found from 1D calculations for the extremely metal-poor turn-off stars (Bonifacio et al. 2009): [C/Fe] = +0.45. But the CH band is sensitive to 3D effects (Gallagher et al. 2016). We made use of a 3D CO5BOLD model (Freytag et al. 2012) belonging to the CIFIST grid (Ludwig et al. 2009), with parameters (5500 K/3.5/ − 4.0) close to the stellar parameters of 2MASS J1808-5104 to compute the 3D correction and we found A3D (C) − A1D(C) = −0.40 ± 0.1 dex; the error in this case corresponds to the different estimations of this correction in different parts of the CH band.
The oxygen abundance is derived from a fit of the ultraviolet OH band between 312.2 and 313.2 nm. The uncertainty (scatter from line to line) is less than 0.1 dex. The OH band is also strongly affected by 3D effects. For 12 OH lines, we computed the 3D corrections (Caffau & Ludwig 2007) and we derived A3D (O) − A1D(O) = −0.98 ± 0.08 dex. As a consequence in 2MASS J1808-5104, A(C) = 4.75, [C/H] = − 3.75, [C/Fe] = +0.09 and A(O) = 5.30 with [O/H] = − 3.46 and [O/Fe] = +0.38.
Observed spectrum of 2MASS J1808-5104 in the region of the Li doublet and synthetic spectra computed with A(Li) = 1.5 and 2.1 (blue lines) and 1.78 (red line, best fit).
The Li abundance is redetermined from our new high S/N spectra in the red (Fig. 5). We find A(Li) = 1.78 a value very close tothe Li abundance found by Meléndez et al. (2016). If we apply the 3D-NLTE correction computed by Sbordone et al. (2010) we find A(Li) = 1.88. As a consequence Li is slightly depleted below the Spite plateau value (Spite & Spite 1982a,b; Sbordone et al. 2010). Lithium indeed is a very fragile element; it is destroyed by proton fusion when temperature reaches about 2 × 106 K. In a main sequence star this element is destroyed as soon as the convective zone reaches the layers where the temperature is higher than this fusion temperature. When the star leaves the main sequence it develops surface convection zones, which deepen as the star evolves to lower temperatures. The surface convection zone mixes the surface layer with deeper material in which lithium has been depleted, and the observed lithium abundance falls. Following Pilachowski et al. (1993), the decrease of Li abundance for Teff = 5600 K is − 0.25 ± 0.25 dex in excellent agreement with the observed Li abundance in 2MASS J1808-5104.
The abundance of Be is determined by a χ2 fit of the observed spectrum (Fig. 6) between 312.94 and 313.14 nm. The best fit depends on the adopted position of the continuum, which is fortunately rather well defined in this region. Only the bluest Be line is used, as is generally done in metal-poor stars, the reddest being much too weak. The Be line at 313.04 nm is close to two OH lines, and to compute the profile of the global feature we use the 1D oxygen abundance given in Table 4. The best fit is obtained for A(Be) = − 2.33, but considering the S/N of the spectrum, it is reasonable to say that A(Be) < − 2.0 or log(Be/H) < − 14.0. Since the weak Be II lines are formed in the deep atmospheric layers, the abundance of Be computed with the 1D-LTE or the 3D-NLTE hypotheses are not significantly different (Primas et al. 2000b).
Although Be is destroyed at a higher temperature than Li (3.5 × 106 K), it is legitimate to ask whether Be has been depleted in 2MASS J1808-5104, since its Li abundance is slightly below the “plateau”. However, we expect that for a same phase of the evolution of the star and thus the same depth of the convective layer, the depletion of Be by dilution is much smaller than the depletion of Li. In the sample of Boesgaard et al. (2011) there is no significant difference between the ratios [Be/Fe] in turn-off and in turn-off and insubgiant stars.
Observed spectrum of 2MASS J1808-5104 in the region of the Be doublet and synthetic spectra computed with A(Be) = − 3.0, − 2.0 and − 1.6 (blue lines), and − 2.33 (red line, best fit). Taking into account the uncertainty in the position of the continuum, we adopted A (Be) ≤−2.0 dex i.e. log (Be/H) ≤−14.0.
In Fig. 7 we plot log(Be/H) versus [Fe/H] for a large sample of Galactic stars from Smiljanic et al. (2009) and Boesgaard et al. (2011). When a star was in both lists we prefer the abundance given by Smiljanic et al. (2009), but the two are always very close. The black dashed line in Fig. 7 represents the regression line in the middle of these stars.
The two Be measurements at the lowest metallicity are for the stars G 64-12 and G 275-4.
The two Be measurements at the lowest metallicity are for the stars G 64-12 (Primas et al. 2000b; Boesgaard et al. 2011)and G 275-4 (Boesgaard et al. 2011). For G 64-12, Primas et al. (2000b) measure log(Be/H) = − 13.10 ± 0.15, while Boesgaard et al. (2011) found − 13.43 ± 0.12. The two values are compatible within errors, however the difference can be entirely explained by the different atmospheric parameters adopted. Primas et al. (2000b) indeed adopted Teff = 6400 K, log g = 4.1, while Boesgaard et al. (2011) adopted Teff = 6074 K log g = 3.75. This relatively high Be abundance in G 64-12 suggested at that time the possible existence of a “plateau” of the Be abundance at very low metallicity.
As a check we retrieved the UVES and HIRES spectra from the archives. In the region of the Be line, they have almost the same resolution and same S/N so it is possible to average these spectra. The resulting spectrum has a S/N of more than 150 in the region of the Be lines. On this averaged spectrum we remeasured the O and Be abundance in G 64-12 adopting the Primas’s model. The Be abundance is indeed very sensitive to surface gravity and the Gaia DR2 parallax of G 64-12 (3.7626 ± 0.0856) mas implies log g = 4.25; this value is very close to the gravity adopted by Primas et al. (2000b). We found that the best fit was obtained with A(Be) = − 1.35 or log(Be/H) = − 13.35 (Fig. 8). This value is intermediate between the Primas et al. (2000b) and Boesgaard et al. (2011) values. In Fig. 7 the dot representing G 64-12 takes into account this new measurement. The position of the very metal-poor stars G 64-12, G 64-37, and G 275-4 in this figure could suggest the existence of a plateau at a level of log(Be/H) ≈ −13.4.
But before the present work, the most stringent upper limit on the primordial Be abundance was already the upper limit found in the carbon enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) star BD + 44°493 ([Fe/H] = − 3.7) provided by Ito et al. (2009), i.e. log(Be/H) < −14.0. The upper limit that we have derived for 2MASS J1808-5104 is essentially equivalent to that provided by BD + 44°493. The two stars have similar atmospheric parameters and metallicities, however there is a big difference in their carbon and oxygen abundances. With reference to the classification introduced by Bonifacio et al. (2018), while BD + 44°493 is a low-carbon band CEMP star, 2MASS J1808-5104 is a carbon normal star. This finding confirms what was already noticed by Ito et al. (2009): there is no correlation between CEMP nature and Be abundance.
The very low abundances of Be in 2MASS J1808-5104 confirms that the possibility of a Be plateau at a level of log(Be/H) ≈ − 13.6 is ruled out (Fig 7). It seems reasonable to assume that the Be abundance continues its linear decrease with metallicity in the range − 3.0 to − 4.0 dex. We found that, on average, log (Be∕H) = −10.75 + 0.89 *[Fe/H] (see dashed line in Fig. 7). The slope of this line is very close to the slope found by Boesgaard et al. (2011) from their stars alone. The low Be abundance found in 2MASS J1808-5104 and BD + 44°493 is compatible with this linear regression.
The upper limit on the primordial Be abundance log(Bep/H) < −14 is thus reinforced as are the limits on late decaying hadrons provided by Pospelov & Pradler (2011). At present there appears to be no hint towards inhomogeneities in the primordial plasma or the presence of late decaying particles.
For galactic stars, log(Be/H) vs. [Fe/H]. The green open circles are from Smiljanic et al. (2009) and the blue filled circles from Boesgaard et al. (2011). However the position of G 64-12 in this diagram takes into account our new measurement of the Be abundance in this star adopting the model of Primas et al. (2000b), which is in better agreement with the Gaia-DR2 data. The upper limit of the abundance of Be in 2MASS J1808-5104 and BD + 44°493 are indicated with big red and blue open circles. The blue dashed straight line represents the mean relation. The curved red dash-dotted line at low metallicity represents the possibility of a plateau, suggested in particular, by the previous high Be abundance found in G 64-12 by Primas et al. (2000b) and Boesgaard et al. (2011). The very low Be abundance in the two additional stars BD + 44°493 and 2MASS J1808-5104 rules out the possibility of a plateau.
Mean of the reduced G64-12 spectra obtained with the HIRES-Keck and the UVES-VLT spectrographs in the region of the Be doublet and synthetic spectra computed with A(Be) = − 3.0, − 1.5, − 1.2 (blue lines), and − 1.35 (red line, best fit).
In Fig. 9 we plot log(Be/H) as a function of [O/H] for the stars studied by Boesgaard et al. (2011) in which the oxygen abundance was deduced from 1D computations of the profile of some UV–OH lines; the authors estimated that the error in [O/H] is about 0.2 dex. As discussed in Sect. 5.1, these lines are strongly affected by 3D effects. The 3D correction has been computed by Asplund & García Pérez (2001) and González Hernández et al. (2010) with two different grids of 3D models and their results are in good agreement. For dwarfs and subgiant stars this correction depends mainly on the metallicity and temperature of the star; this correction is negligible for [Fe∕H] > −1.0 but reaches almost − 1.0 for [Fe∕H] = −4.0.
The starBD + 44°493 is peculiar, it is very C-rich and Gallagher et al. (2017) have shown that the carbon abundance affects the molecular equilibria in 3D hydrodynamical models in a much more prominent way than happens in 1D models. Using a C-rich hydrodynamical model atmosphere computed with the CO5BOLD code (Freytag et al. 2012), we determined that the 3D correction in this case is only − 0.3 dex. As a consequence [O/H] in BD + 44°493 is equal to − 2.49.
The OH lines can be also affected by NLTE effects. Asplund & García Pérez (2001) approximated the UV–OH line formation with a two-level approach with complete redistribution, but they neglected the influence of NLTE on the dissociation of the molecules. These authors found from 1D computations that the oxygen abundance derived from the UV–OH band is underestimated by about 0.2 dex, almost independently from the stellar parameters. In order to obtain a right estimation of the NLTE effect it would be necessary to take into account fully the 3D thermal structure of the model atmosphere; this work is beyond the scope of this paper.
To date, we neglected the NLTE correction and we applied to all the stars of the sample of Boesgaard et al. (2011) the 3D correction computed from González Hernández et al. (2010).
In Fig. 9A the oxygen abundance was computed from 1D models (as in Boesgaard et al. 2011) and in Fig. 9B, this oxygen abundance was corrected for 3D effects. If we had applied the Asplund & García Pérez (2001) NLTE correction, all the dots in Fig. 9B would have been shifted by 0.2 dex towards higher [O/H] values.
When only Boesgaard’s stars are considered, the data after 3D correction can be interpreted by a linear relation between log(Be/H) and [O/H] with a slope of 0.77. Alternatively a two-slope relation (see Boesgaard et al. 2011) with a slope of 0.95 in the interval − 1.5 < [O/H] < 0.0 and a slope of 0.58 at lower metallicity can be used.
In Fig. 9A or B, 2MASS J1808-5104 and BD + 44°493 do not fit the general trend. The star BD + 44°493 has an oxygen abundance close to the oxygen abundance of G 64-12, and 2MASS J1808-5104 has about the same as G 275-4 and G 64-37, but 2MASS J1808-5104 like BD + 44°493 are clearly more deficient in Be. The Be abundance expected in 2MASS J1808-5104, from the mean relations in Fig. 9, would be in all the cases A(Be) ≈ −1.6, a value excluded from the observed spectrum (see Fig. 6).
Since BD + 44°493 is a C-rich star it could be possible that the high CNO abundances in this star are the result of a mass transfer from a “now dead” AGB companion. But since the star is a CEMP-no (no enrichment of the neutron capture elements) this interpretation is unlikely. Moreover, following Gaia Collaboration (2018), the radial velocity of BD + 44°493 does not seem variable, i.e. RV = − 147.9. As a consequence, the existence of a former pollution of the atmosphere of BD + 44°493 by a massive companion in its AGB phase is questionable. It is highly probable that the abundance of C, N and O in the atmosphere of BD + 44°493 is a good witness of the abundances in the cloud which formed the star.
For galactic stars, log(Be/H) vs. [O/H] following Boesgaard et al. (2011; blue filled circles). The upper limit of the abundance of Be in 2MASS J1808-5104 and BD + 44°493 are indicated with big red and blue open circles. Panel A: the oxygen abundance was simply computed with the 1D LTE hypothesis, as in Boesgaard et al. (2011). Panel B: this abundance has been corrected for 3D effects. The blue dashed line represents the mean relation and the red dashed line the two-slope solution with a change of the slope around [O/H] = − 1.5 dex as in Boesgaard et al. (2011). The positions of BD + 44°493 and 2MASS J1808-5104 in this diagram are hardly compatible with the mean relations.
H and He nuclei in cosmic rays hit CNO nuclei in the ambient interstellar gas (secondary process).
CNO nuclei in the cosmic rays hit H and He nuclei in the ambient interstellar gas (primary process).
If Be (and B) were formed preferentially by the secondary process we would expect a quadratic dependence of the Be (B) abundance on the oxygen abundance, hence a slope of two in the logarithmic plane. The primary process, on the other hand, would imply a slope of one, as implied by the observations of both Be and B. The secondary process was probably invoked for the first time as the main process for the production of B (and Be by extension) by Duncan et al. (1992) to explain their B observations. Further considerations on this point can be found in Duncan (1997); Molaro et al. (1997) and Rich & Boesgaard (2009). However, from the theoretical point of view Suzuki et al. (1999) and Suzuki & Yoshii (2001) argued that the primary process is the main source of all the observed B and Be.
Boesgaard et al. (2011) suggested that the balance shifted from primary to secondary in the course of time. In the early days of Galactic evolution, the acceleration of CNO atoms from SNe II should be the main phenomenon and the number of Be atoms should be proportional to the number of SNe II and thus to the number of O atoms. Later the number of O atoms is proportional to the cumulative number of SN II, while the energetic protons are proportional to the instantaneous number of SN II. As a consequence the slope of the relation log(Be/H) versus [O/H] is expected to change, and for this reason Boesgaard et al. (2011) tried to describe the Galactic evolution of Be with two straight lines and a break at a metallicity around − 1.5. The slopes of the different relations in Fig. 9B are slightly different from those of Boesgaard et al. (2011) since we correct the abundance of oxygen for 3D effects.
In Bonifacio et al. (2015) we argued that low-carbon band CEMP stars, such as BD + 44°493, were formed from gas that was polluted by SNe that experienced a large fall-back of material onto the compact remnant, resulting in very high ratios of CNO elements to iron. We referred to these as “faint supernovae” (SNe) because we made the implicit assumption that the luminosities of these stars would also be lower than those of SNe that do not experience fall-back. Observationally this same name is given to type II SNe that are under-luminous, such as SN 1997D (de Mello et al. 1997), which was also characterised by relatively low expansion velocities and a low mass of ejected 56Ni (Turatto et al. 1998). It is interesting to note that SN 1997D should not have been able to produce light elements via spallation. The cross section for production of 9Be via spallation of oxygen drops drastically below energies of a few (MeV/A) of the projectile (see Fig. 1 of Suzuki & Yoshii 2001), and, translated into velocity of the O nuclei, this requires velocities in excess of 4000 km s−1. A typical type II SNe shows velocities of the ejecta that are of the order of 10 000 km s−1, thus in the useful range for Be production. On the other hand SN 1997D showed an expansion velocity of the ejecta of only 1200 km s−1 (Turatto et al. 1998), which is clearly insufficient for Be production. The upper limit of BD + 44°493 seems to be consistent with the hypothesis that it was formed from a faint SNe, characterised by strong fall-back, responsible for the high CNO to Fe ratios, and low velocity of the ejecta, resulting in a Be content that is clearly lower than that of stars of similar [O/H]. In fact it could well be that BD + 44°493 is completely devoid of Be, and that the fact that its upper limit on its Be abundance falls exactly on the expected line of Be–Fe evolution, is fortuitous. It would be of paramount importance to be able to push down the upper limit on the abundance of Be in BD + 44°493, even by only 0.3 dex. As a corollary, measurements of Be in other lower carbon CEMP unevolved stars are strongly encouraged. If our scenario is correct, all lower carbon CEMP unevolved stars should show a lower Be abundance than carbon-normal stars of similar [O/H]. The unevolved lower carbon band CEMP star, HE 1327-2326, has an upper limit on the Be abundance log (Be/H) < −13.2 and a 3D corrected [O/H] = − 2.64 (Frebel et al. 2008, for this star the 3D correction is − 0.72 dex). This upper limit is inconclusive since it is above the Be abundance measured in stars of comparable O abundance, and also above both the two-slope model and the one-slope model. It would be extremely important to be able to push down this upper limit by 0.3–0.4 dex. A detection of Be at the same level as that in stars of similar O abundance would invalidate our scenario on faint SNe.
While the low Be abundance in BD + 44°493 could be interpreted as a result of it being formed from ejecta of a faint SNe, the same cannot be invoked for 2MASS J1808-5104. As we have already argued, the Li abundance measured in 2MASS J1808-5104 is strong evidence that the Be in this star cannot have been significantly depleted. The fact that there are stars that have similar oxygen abundances but significantly different Be abundances is a real puzzle. A fundamental piece of information would, of course, come from a measure of the Be abundance in 2MASS J1808-5104, or at least an upper limit lower by 0.3 dex. This would at least ruleout the possibility that the difference is simply due to large observational errors in both Be and O abundances. A far more intriguing possibility is that in the early Galaxy, the tight correlation of Be with O breaks down: the scatter of the relation becomes larger. In a simple picture, 2MASS J1808-5104 and BD + 44°493 should be very old stars born in regions with anomalously high O, due to local inhomogeneities in the very early Galaxy.
Given the very low metallicity of 2MASS J1808-5104 we may assume that the SNe, that have produced the metals that we observe in its atmosphere, were Pop III stars, possibly even a single Pop III star or a few at most. If the velocities of the ejecta in these stars were higher than observed in normal Pop I and Pop II SNe, it may be that the lower mass spallation products, Li, Be and B, escape with a high enough velocity to escape the cloud that will give rise to the next generation of stars, such as 2MASS J1808-5104. If this were the case, we expect that stars at the metallicity of 2MASS J1808-5104 ([Fe/H] ≤ −3.5) are all devoid of Be and B.
This would also be an interesting diagnostic to distinguish true descendants of Pop III stars from stars of similar metallicity, but formed from clouds polluted by Pop II stars. This clearly prompts for new observations: on the one hand, it is important to measure Be and B in 2MASS J1808-5104 and other stars of similarly low metallicity and, on the other hand, one should increase the number of stars with measured Be and B in the metallicity range [Fe/H] ≤−2.0. A single or a few Pop III SNe can pollute a gas cloud to such high metallicities and a measure of Be could allow us to detect such true Pop IIIdescendants.
A.J.G. would like to acknowledge support by Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 881 “The Milky Way System” (subproject A5) of the German Research Foundation (DFG). This work uses results from the European Space Agency (ESA) space mission Gaia. Gaia data are being processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC is provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia MultiLateral Agreement (MLA). The Gaia mission website is https://www.cosmos.esa.int/gaia. The Gaia archive website is https://archives.esac.esa.int/gaia.
Note added in proof. The relation between Be and Fe found in Sect. 7.1 is almost identical to the predictions of the model b of Vangioni-Flam et al. (1998). In this model, Be is produced by standard GCR from ejecta of individual SN II with progenitors in the same mass range as that responsible for Fe production (M > 8 M⊙).
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0.999959 |
How does the slingshot effect work to change the orbit of a spacecraft?
Spacecraft taking advantage of a gravity assist use the same principles that underlie orbital changes occurring regularly among moons and smaller bodies in the solar system. Comets from outlying regions, for instance, are often thrown into the inner solar system by the major planets, frequently Jupiter.
Absent any other influence, a moon or a spacecraft traces an elliptical path around a larger body, called the primary body, with constant orbital energy and angular momentum. But when a spacecraft comes close to a moon that is also circling the same primary body, the two smaller objects exchange orbital energy and angular momentum. Because the total orbital energy remains constant, if the spacecraft gains orbital energy, that of the moon decreases. Orbital period, the time required to complete one revolution, is proportional to orbital energy. Therefore, as the spacecraft's orbital period lengthens (the slingshot effect), that of the moon grows shorter.
Because a spacecraft is much, much smaller than a moon, the effect on its orbit is far greater than on that of a moon. For example, the Cassini spacecraft to Saturn is about 3,000 kilograms, whereas Titan, the largest of the ringed planet's satellites, weighs some 1023 kilograms. The effect of a slingshot maneuver on Cassini is thus about 20 orders of magnitude greater than that on Titan.
A spacecraft that passes “behind” the moon gets an increase in its velocity (and orbital energy) relative to the primary body, which gives the appearance of a slingshot throwing it into a larger orbit. We can also fly a spacecraft “in front” of a moon, to decrease its velocity (and orbital energy). Moreover, traveling “above” or “below” a moon can alter the direction of the spacecraft's velocity, modifying only its orbital orientation (and angular momentum magnitude). Intermediate flyby orientations change both energy and angular momentum. Of course, all such adjustments precipitate an inverse change in the energy and angular momentum of the moon, but its larger mass results in changes so small that they are undetectable among all the other forces that affect a moon's orbit.
Simply put, wind is the motion of air molecules. Two concepts are central to understanding what causes wind: air and air pressure.
Air contains molecules of nitrogen (about 78 percent by volume), oxygen (about 21 percent), water vapor and other trace elements. All these air molecules move about very quickly, colliding readily with one another and with any objects at ground level.
Air pressure is defined as the amount of force that these molecules impart on a given area. In general, the more air molecules present, the greater the air pressure. Wind, in turn, is driven by what is called the pressure gradient force.
Changes in air pressure, such as those caused by the dynamics of storm systems and uneven solar heating, in a given horizontal area force air molecules from the region of relatively high air pressure to rush toward the area of low pressure.
The areas of high and low pressure displayed on a weather map in large part drive the gentle breezes we usually experience. The pressure differences behind this wind are only about 1 percent of the total atmospheric pressure, and these changes occur over the range of multiple states. The winds in severe storms, in contrast, result from much larger and more concentrated areas of pressure change.
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Multithreaded, futuristic HTTP benchmarking tool.
Use soniq to estimate your server's response latency under different levels of load.
soniq can be used from the command-line, but you can also embed its API into your own applications.
-h, --[no-]help Print this help information.
-f, --format The format to print results in. Allowed: ["json", "stdout"]..
-j, --threads The number of isolates (threads) to run tests in.
-c, --connections The number of concurrent connections to maintain.
-x, --command An optional shell command to run prior to testing.
-d, --duration The length, in milliseconds, of the stress test.
-o, --out A file path to write results to.
-p, --profile The name of the profile to run, if any.
Instead of manually specifying options on each run, you can create a soniq.yaml file with multiple profiles.
format: stdout # Can also be "json"
connections: 5 # Total number of HTTP connections to maintain. Each thread maintains (connections / threads).
command: # Runs *asynchronously* before testing. Use this to start a server or other process whenever you test.
duration: 30000 # In milliseconds. Converted to a Dart `Duration`.
In the above case, running soniq -p json would be the same as running soniq -c 10 -t 10 http://localhost:3000/api/json.
Command-line options will override options from a soniq.yaml, you can still run something like soniq -p json -c 20.
To make integration easier on yourself, just use the Runner class, and pass it a Configuration object. The return value will be a RunnerResult report with statistics and tallied data attached.
The Configuration class directly corresponds to the YAML configuration specified earlier in this document. There are several factory constructors available to build configurations at your convenience.
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I've been thinking lately about the technology with which I choose to surround myself. If you're curious, it's an awful lot: no fewer than 4 computers, 4 tablets, 2 phones (one of which I no longer use), and various assorted gadgets. I didn't purchase these (or receive them as a gifts) to make a statement about my own personality, but it turns out that they do.
Let me set some context: my girlfriend has an iPhone, while I have an Android. My parents are similarly divided between Android and iOS. I have both Android tablets and an iPad, both a Mac and PCs. I use a ChromeCast and Nexus Player for my TVs, but Airport Expresses to stream audio to my stereos. As a contributing author of some helpful tools for educators, I need to understand both app design and user experience, and this led me to thinking deeply about the topic.
What started this line of inquiry was a debate between my parents, using voice recognition to get information from their phones. My father uses an almost-robotic voice, and dictates the exact phrase he would use were he typing it into a search engine. My step-mother, on the other hand, has a more conversational tone with her phone, almost chatting to it and asking a question as you would to another person.
This, in my opinion, is a definitive line between two design philosophies: outcome-oriented, or experience-oriented. It took me quite a while to define those terms, so let me explain.
Outcome-experience focus is design with a goal of getting a user to the exact outcome they seek. User experience is certainly not ignored, but the user is expected to behave in a certain way. A user is anticipated to understand the tool, and to be able to navigate the interface quickly. No muss, no fuss, just results.
User-experience focus is less about destination, and more about journey. Sure, it may take a little longer to get you what you want, but you'll enjoy the process. A user is anticipated to be less comfortable with the interface, but to pick it up quickly.
There is no right or wrong approach here. One philosophy is not superior to another. Rather, one philosophy is superior to another on a per-person basis. I'm very much someone who likes to get into things, fiddle around, break stuff, fix it, break it again, and eventually develop an understanding of how it works. This is especially true for me in regards to technology, where I'm not content to accept things as they are, but instead I want to mess around with making things as good as they can be.
For me, the journey is not navigating through a user interface. Nor is the journey the quick access to results. My journey is different - I enjoy exploration, confusion, and the experience of discovery. This would also explain the odd mixture of hardware devices that adhere to either of the above philosophies - I'm more interested in working with these devices to see what they can do.
Understanding the design philosophy behind technology helps make better choices about purchasing and using the right device to meet your needs. So, while your tech might say something about your personality, does your personality say something about your technology?
I’ve never been a reckless adventurer. I didn’t take unnecessary risks in sports, didn’t raise my hand in class if I didn’t know the answer.
But there’s a different kind of adventure. One that I’ve embraced only after reaching maturity. One that takes that sense of reckless abandon (tempered with common sense) that can sometimes lead to disaster.
My adventure is to say yes first. If someone asks me if I can do something, the answer is yes. Even if I don’t know how, the answer is yes.
Say yes first, figure it out after.
Sadly, this is a lesson that I learned once I was an adult, and I think it behooves us all to ensure our kids know this. Not just that they’re told this, but that we show it in as many ways as we can.
I could write many thousands of words about how I struggled with being “weird,” “strange,” and “not normal” when I was younger. But I suspect that we all have these types of stories: of struggling to fit in, of worrying about being too different. It’s nice to see society developing an appreciation for “weirdness,” even if such efforts can be sadly misguided.
These measures are fine if your numbers are all central (that is, pretty closely grouped together). The average will be a good indicator of an overall trend. But the big lie is that our numbers aren’t all central. When we’re talking about measuring learning, there are so many different ways of measuring, and different skills to measure. Gardner’s multiple intelligences2 are a great example of how we understand that intelligence (this big, messy idea) isn’t something that’s easy to quantify, and doesn’t have a “typical” characteristic.
The mathematical model doesn't work on humans.
Instead, what is “average” or “normal” intelligence is simply a line-of-best-fit, that approximates what we have measured. When you look at how big the spread of data becomes, the average represents a theoretical rather than a practical piece of information. After all, who can have 1.1 children? In this context, the average can tell us a bit about the population, but nothing about the individual families that make up the statistic.
Normalizing against a population can tell us more about an assessment than it can about any individual student. I love using assessment as an educator to gauge my efficacy on a macro level, but in terms of individual students, I much prefer comparing growth over time. A grade of 70% can tell you much more about a student’s ability when compared to earlier results: Have they shown improvement? Are they regressing? Is the measure consistent? If not, what was different about this assessment?
These are all time-intensive questions, but they can inform teaching and learning in a deep and meaningful way. In my experience, however, spending time creating and evaluating group-wide assessment eats into the available time to spend reflecting on these questions.
There are so many problems with standardized assessments.
I could write an awful lot about standardized testing in education, but I'd much rather watch this video. (Warning: some content included in the video may be inappropriate) Jump to the 12:13 mark for yet another reason why these assessment are an invalid indicator of student learning (aside from notable issues with the selection of evaluators).
If we’re differentiating learning for our students, why are we assessing them against a normalized measure? Should we not be assessing using differentiation? When we’re looking for consistency, we should be thinking of a longitudinal sample for each child, rather than a population sample. Statisticians would riot in the streets, and parents would likely have a hard time making the change from what they experienced in school, but sometimes change is a good thing, even if people complain about it.
This is a question I ask myself often. Especially now, midnight on a Thursday, when I should be sleeping. Why am I here, seated at my computer (where I spend all day), still working? And not working on anything particularly useful to anyone else?
There are a few reasons I write, and why I enjoy the act of writing. It's about time I put them in some sort of order, to explain the value I get from writing these posts.
No, not discipline in the form of "not getting in trouble." I’d be fine and dandy were I not to write a single word. I’m using discipline in the sense of building a self-reliant practice, for the purpose of self improvement. It’s what I imagine martial arts is to some people: a means to develop one’s self. In my case, writing helps me put my thoughts into order, explore ideas more deeply, and find out if I’m right (or, as is often the case, to learn more about why I’m wrong).
It’s immensely satisfying to put together a thoughtful piece of work. That’s why I enjoy doing my job - it allows me to develop an idea from a hazy notion to a fully developed package. Often, when I start a project, I have a clear idea of what I want to accomplish, but haven’t yet mastered a full vision of the form it will take. Seeing something through from start to finish is a good feeling, whether it’s creating a piece of software, developing a learning experience, or just getting all my thoughts into a coherent whole. I enjoy not just the act of creating, but of then releasing my creation to the world-at-large. I suspect the “world-at-large” isn’t as large as I’d like, but I continue nonetheless.
I use the act of writing to look carefully at my own learning, and reflect on how I’ve arrived at my opinions. Through carefully explaining and revising, I can actually gain a lot of insight into how I learn. Instead of simply accepting something, I want to explore ideas deeply, investigate, and follow my curiosity, and the act of writing affords me the opportunity to follow those pursuits. I find that when I write, I spend a lot of time investigating, researching, and refining my thoughts.
When I spend time writing, it allows me to organize my thoughts. I can carefully consider the vocabulary, tone, and structure of how I put together a convincing justification of my opinion. This helps me when discussing big, complicated ideas with friends and colleagues: I have already invested effort into developing my own perspective. Since I have such a strong foundation from which to work, new ideas, challenges to my opinion, or conflicting perspectives are easier to examine. I’m confident in my own thought, so it allows me the freedom and security to explore thoughts and opinions different from my own.
Ultimately, I write because I enjoy it. I’m not writing for an audience, I’m writing as a part of my own learning process. I enjoy sharing because I’ve put effort into creating what I share. I enjoy writing because that effort help me develop clarity of opinion.
When I Grow Up, I Don't Want to be a "Grown Up"
By all accounts, I’m officially a grown-up. I have a steady job, two kids, bills, the whole deal. I seem to do an awful lot of chores, but they don’t grate on my nerves the way I did when I was a kid. Days seem shorter, my list of goals is focused, and quite often I hear my father’s words coming out of my own mouth.
Calvin and Hobbes taught me that from an early age, and I still venturing off the beaten path. Quite literally, I will actually being walking through the woods at times, and decide to just take a left turn and see where it goes. You may not actually want to traipse through a bunch of scratchy thorn bushes, but remember that you don’t always have to take the shortest route to your destination. Sometimes the distractions are worth the time.
Getting dirty can be fun.
This is one that I too often forget. Sometimes, it’s worth it to get your hands dirty, rip holes in the knees of your pants, or just splash in the big puddle. My own children remind me of this quite frequently. There’s always hot chocolate, fresh clothes, and a warm bath waiting for you if you need it.
Creativity can be its own end.
Sometimes starting a project without a final destination in mind is actually more fun that working toward a goal. It can be refreshing, and even liberating, to begin a project without a plan. Adjust things as you go, and let your vision of the finished product evolve. It's a great way to learn.
The only thing that’s worth striving for is to be a better version of yourself when you go to sleep, than you were when you woke up. Competition among peers isn’t a way to self-fulfillment (at least, it’s not for me). When you don't compete with others, you start to enjoy their successes as much as your own. Life is not a zero-sum game: We can all win.
Learning is supposed to be fun.
Take the time to play around with things. Explore. After all, what’s the worst that could happen? You could be wrong? See #4 if that happens. But if you're right, or you discover something new, it can be so rewarding. Give yourself a sandbox, and allow yourself to play in it.
In all honesty, most kids have a lot of “adult” traits, even if it’s in a slightly less robust form. Kids are responsible. Kids are honest. Kids are kind, caring, thoughtful. They can certainly lose these traits if we don’t nurture them, but I believe that every child aims to be a good and happy person.
We can do all of these things as adults, but we don’t need to do them exclusively. Adulting is hard sometimes - don’t be afraid to stop adulting and just enjoy life in the moment. Being a grown up means a lot of responsibility, but don’t forget that it also means that you have the freedom to retain the great things about being a kid.
I've been thinking a lot lately of questions. Not specific questions, but the nature and purpose of questions. The purpose and characteristics of finely crafted questions. Ones that do not have easy answers, but instead provoke curiosity. If you’re impatient, skip the following section on democratic education and jump right to the question section (and I hope you’ll be interested enough to come back and read the first part).
How does this relate to democratic education?
"Democratic education is an educational ideal in which democracy is both a goal and a method of instruction. It brings democratic values to education and can include self-determination within a community of equals, as well as such values as justice, respect and trust."
Take a moment and let that sink in. There's a lot going on in just two sentences, and it's worth reading carefully and critically. In fact, it's worth reading the entire page on Wikipedia (for many of us, it will probably be a refresher for things we've studied).
Real democracy in the classroom requires an awful lot of confidence, both from a teacher and from students. This might be surprising, but it’s certainly true that voicing opinions that may be unpopular can be a challenge for many of us. I put myself squarely in that group: I’m a people-pleaser, and most people aren’t pleased to hear that I think they might be wrong. It’s also pretty hard to hear that you might be wrong. Even harder is to truly listen when you’re being told why you’re wrong. All of those things require a lot of self-confidence, but also a specific kind of self confidence. You don’t need to be confident in your opinions, but instead, you must be confident in your ability to learn, grow, adapt and reflect.
Being wrong is okay. Staying wrong isn’t.
A lot of democratic interaction can be uncomfortable. Going against the popular opinion can be… unpopular, to say the least! Every single person in a democratic classroom must keep a positive perspective: both in attempts to explain your own opinion, but also in hearing critical analysis of it. We’re not disagreeing to be disagreeable - there’s a purpose to disagreement: resolution and growth. It’s easy to have an opinion, but it’s a lot more difficult to defend it without getting defensive. It’s important to have positive intentions, but also to assume that others have the same positive intentions, even if their methods, opinions, or decisions are counter to your own.
Are you noticing a theme happening here? Confidence and positivity are key to the good type of dissent. Dissent leads to dialogue (at least, in a democratic classroom, it should). Typically, dissent is seen in a negative light - something that’s motivated by frustration or anger. In my opinion, that frustration and anger can usually be attributed to the fact that opinions aren’t being heard.
Good, because it’s been a bit of a meander to arrive at the answer to my earlier question: what makes a good question a “good question?” Also, how do good questions relate to democratic classrooms? I believe good questions are at the heart of a good democratic classroom, in many ways. Questions are key - answers, not so much. Ever try to compete against the internet as a source for answers? You’ll likely fall short. As teachers, we don’t really need to be skilled answer-givers; we need to be skilled question-askers. We need to teach students to be question-askers, and we need to model effective questions. Questions that can exist because of a confident, positive and respectful classroom culture that welcomes productive dissent.
As teachers, when we ask questions, we have the opportunity to start students on a path of curiosity, to develop intrinsic motivation, and to encourage deeper inquiry. We need to ask questions that respond to a student’s needs, but also that have no easy answer. Questions that require students to investigate, form an opinion, and defend that opinion with fact.
When I go to visit my parents (who live 500 km away), should I drive or fly?
There’s no easy answer to that question. It is, at its heart, an opinion, but I want students to justify their conclusions. They need to determine the variables that they consider important. They need to explain what factors influence their decision. They need to investigate the topic further. This is, on the surface, a simple question, but when it is critically considered, it becomes much less clear. It’s a big, messy problem without an answer key; a fuzzy concept that will ask students to work to define the boundaries of the question and the concepts it involves.
I love questions that don’t have an answer key included.
It’s important to remember that kids have a lot less experience than we do with good questions. In fact, I suspect that the bulk of their “question experience” relates to low-quality questions. Ones that make few cognitive demands, and can be quickly and easily assessed as right or wrong. Questions with an answer key. They might not be easy (especially in a test setting where you can’t just Google it), but they’re lousy.
I was doing a history review before the final exam. It was long. It was lecture-style. The kids were bored. Even I was bored. It was, plain and simple, not a good lesson. I had a student raise her hand, and she told me “I’m really not feeling this.” I thought for a moment, and then answered her honest expression with my own honesty: “I’m not either.” I changed tactics, and instead of lecturing, had that student lead the group in a game to review the content.
This was an example of a question (okay, loosely speaking, it’s a question) that I could have taken as a personal attack on my teaching. However, it wasn’t. Even kids who make it personal usually aren’t making it about you, personally. I always keep in mind that, as an educator, it’s not about me: it’s about my students.
I think that’s a really good question.
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The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, the see that churches must be in communion with in order to be a part of the Anglican Communion.
The current archbishop is the Most Reverend Rowan Williams. He is the 104th in a line that goes back more than 1400 years to St Augustine of Canterbury, who founded the oldest see in England in the year 597.
From the time of St Augustine until the 16th century, the Archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome and thus received the pallium. During the English Reformation the church broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, at first temporarily under Henry VIII and Edward VI and later permanently during the reign of Elizabeth I.
In the Middle Ages there was considerable variation in the methods of nomination of the Archbishop of Canterbury and other bishops. At various times the choice was made by the canons of Canterbury Cathedral, the King of England, or the Pope. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has been more explicitly a state church and the choice is legally that of the British crown; today it is made in the name of the Sovereign by the Prime Minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission.
He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, which covers the east parts of the County of Kent. Founded in 597, it is the oldest see in the English church.
He is the metropolitan archbishop of the Province of Canterbury, which covers the southern two-thirds of England.
As Primate of All England, he is the senior primate and chief religious figure of the Church of England (the British sovereign is the "Supreme governor" of the church). Along with his colleague the Archbishop of York he chairs the General Synod and sits or chairs many of the church's important boards and committees; power in the church is not highly centralised, however, so the two archbishops can often lead only through persuasion. The Archbishop of Canterbury plays a central part in national ceremonies such as coronations; due to his high public profile, his opinions are often in demand by the news media.
As spiritual leader of the Anglican Communion, the archbishop, although without legal authority outside England, is recognised by convention as primus inter pares (first among equals) of all Anglican primates worldwide. Since 1867 he has convened more or less decennial meetings of worldwide Anglican bishops, the Lambeth Conferences.
In the last two of these functions he has an important ecumenical and interfaith role, speaking on behalf of Anglicans in England and worldwide.
The current Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.
The archbishop's main residence is Lambeth Palace in the London Borough of Lambeth. He also has lodgings in the Old Palace, Canterbury, located beside Canterbury Cathedral, where the Chair of St. Augustine sits.
As holder of one of the "five great sees" (the others being York, London, Durham and Winchester), the Archbishop of Canterbury is ex officio one of the Lords Spiritual of the House of Lords. He is one of the highest-ranking men in England and the highest ranking non-royal in the United Kingdom's order of precedence.
Since Henry VIII broke with Rome, the Archbishops of Canterbury have been selected by the English (British since the Act of Union in 1707) monarch. Today the choice is made in the name of the monarch by the prime minister, from a shortlist of two selected by an ad-hoc committee called the Crown Nominations Commission. Since the twentieth century, the appointment of Archbishops of Canterbury conventionally alternates between more moderate Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals.
The current archbishop, the Most Reverend and Right Honourable Rowan Douglas Williams, is the 104th Archbishop of Canterbury. He was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 27 February 2003. As archbishop he signs himself as + Rowan Cantuar. Immediately prior to his appointment to Canterbury he was the Bishop of Monmouth in Wales. Whilst at Monmouth he was later, for a shorter period, also the Archbishop of Wales.
Arms of the see of Canterbury. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, the arms still depict the pallium, a symbol of the authority of the Pope.
It has been suggested that the Roman province of Britannia had four archbishops, seated at London, York, Lincoln and Cirencester. However, in the 5th and 6th centuries Britannia began to be overrun by pagan, Germanic peoples who came to be known collectively as the Anglo-Saxons. Of the kingdoms they created, Kent arguably had the closest links with European politics, trade and culture, due to the fact that it was conveniently sited for communication with the Continent. In the late 6th century, King Æthelberht of Kent married a Christian Frankish princess named Bertha, possibly before becoming king, and certainly a number of years before the arrival of the first Christian mission to England. He permitted the preaching of Christianity.
The first Archbishop of Canterbury was St Augustine (not to be confused with St Augustine of Hippo), who arrived in Kent in 597 AD, having been sent by Pope Gregory I on a mission to the English. He was accepted by King Æthelbert, on his conversion to Christianity, about the year 598. It seems that Pope Gregory, ignorant of recent developments in the former Roman province, including the spread of the Pelagian heresy, had intended the new archiepiscopal sees for England to be established in London and York. In the event, Canterbury was chosen instead of London, owing to political circumstances. Since then the Archbishops of Canterbury have been referred to as occupying the Chair of St. Augustine.
Before the break with papal authority in the 16th century, the Church of England was an integral part of the Western European church. Since the break the Church of England, an established national church, still considers itself part of the broader Western Catholic tradition as well as being the "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
The Archbishop of Canterbury exercises metropolitical (or supervisory) jurisdiction over the Province of Canterbury, which encompasses thirty of the forty-four dioceses of the Church of England, with the rest falling within the Province of York. The four dioceses of Wales were formerly also under the Province of Canterbury until 1920 when they were transferred from the established Church of England to the disestablished Church in Wales.
View of Canterbury Cathedral from the north west circa 1890-1900.
The Archbishop of Canterbury has a ceremonial provincial curia, or court, consisting of some of the senior bishops of his province. The Bishop of London—the most senior cleric of the church with the exception of the two archbishops—serves as Canterbury's Provincial Dean, the Bishop of Winchester as Chancellor, the Bishop of Lincoln as Vice-Chancellor, the Bishop of Salisbury as Precentor, the Bishop of Worcester as Chaplain and the Bishop of Rochester as Cross-Bearer.
Along with primacy over the Archbishop of York, the Archbishop of Canterbury also has a precedence of honour over the other bishops of the Anglican Communion. He is recognised as primus inter pares, or first amongst equals. The Archbishop of Canterbury, however, does not exercise any direct authority in the provinces outside England.
The Bishop of Dover is given the additional title of "Bishop in Canterbury" and empowered to act almost as if he were the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, since the Archbishop is so frequently away fulfilling national and international duties.
The Bishop of Maidstone is a second assistant working in the diocese.
Two further suffragans, the Bishop of Ebbsfleet and the Bishop of Richborough, are provincial episcopal visitors for the whole Province of Canterbury, licensed by the Archbishop as "flying bishops" to visit parishes throughout the province who are uncomfortable with the ministrations of their local bishop who has participated in the ordination of women.
The Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York are both styled as "The Most Reverend"; retired archbishops are styled as "The Right Reverend". Archbishops are, by convention, appointed to the Privy Council and may, therefore, also use the style of "The Right Honourable" for life (unless they are later removed from the council). In formal documents, the Archbishop of Canterbury is referred to as "The Most Reverend Father in God, Forenames, by Divine Providence Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of All England and Metropolitan". In debates in the House of Lords, the archbishop is referred to as "The Most Reverend Primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury". "The Right Honourable" is not used in either instance. He may also be formally addressed as "Your Grace"—or, more often these days, simply as "Archbishop", "Father" or (in the current instance) "Dr Williams".
The Archbishop of Canterbury's official London residence is Lambeth Palace, photographed looking east across the River Thames.
The surname of the Archbishop of Canterbury is not always used in formal documents; often only the first name and see are mentioned. The archbishop is legally entitled to sign his name as "Cantuar" (from the Latin for Canterbury). The right to use only a title as a legal signature is only permitted to bishops, Peers of the Realm and peers by courtesy. The current Archbishop of Canterbury usually signs as "+Rowan Cantuar:".
In the English order of precedence, the Archbishop of Canterbury is ranked above all individuals in the realm, with the exception of the Sovereign and members of the Royal Family. Immediately below him is the Lord Chancellor and then the Archbishop of York.
The Archbishop of Canterbury's official residence in London is Lambeth Palace. He also has a residence next to Canterbury Cathedral on the site of the medieval Archbishop's Palace. The archbishops had palaces on the periphery of London and on the route between London and Canterbury.
Croydon Palace : the summer residence of the Archbishops from the 15th to the 18th centuries.
Addington Palace : purchased as a replacement for Croydon Palace in 1807; sold in 1897.
Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone : constructed in the 1390s, the palace was seized by the Crown at the time of the Reformation.
Otford Palace : a medieval palace, rebuilt by Archbishop Warham c. 1515 and forfeited to the Crown by Thomas Cranmer in 1537.
Archbishop's Palace, Charing : a palace existed from at least the 13th century; seized by the Crown after the Dissolution.
Knole House : built by Archbishop Bourchier in the second half of the 15th century, it was forfeited to the Crown by Archbishop Cranmer in 1538.
^ Archbishop's Roles and Responsibilities, Archbishop of Canterbury website . Retrieved 8 February 2008.
^ The Archbishop of Canterbury, website of the Archbishop of York. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
^ "Register of Lords' interests". House of Lords. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldreg/reg06.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
^ "Archbishop installed as first Chancellor". Canterbury Christ Church University. 2005-12-12. http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/News/newsRelease.asp?newspk=597. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
^ Wacher, J., The Towns of Roman Britain, Batsford, 1974, especially pp. 84-6.
^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, i, 25.
^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, i, 29.
^ Brooks, N., The Early History of the Church of Canterbury, Leicester University Press, 1984, pp. 3-14.
The supreme head of the Church of England.
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the spiritual leader of the Church of England and the Anglican Communion. He is the head of the Church, and lives in the English city of Canterbury. The Archbishop is chosen by the English monarch, under guidance from senior bishops.
The office of Archbishop of Canterbury began in the year 597. In that year, Saint Augustine came to England, to the area called Kent. He had been sent by the Pope to convince the local people to become Christians. The people accepted him and Christianity when their King (Ethelbert of Kent) became a Christian. Since then, there has been an Archbishop at Canterbury in Kent.
The Archbishop of Canterbury used to be head of the Roman Catholic Church in England, but in the 1500s the English church broke away from the Roman church. The new church called itself the Church of England, and now the Archbishop is the leader of that church. The current Archbishop is Rowan Williams.
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Wynettas Story Consider the following case: Wynetta is a 45-year-old black woman who was diagnosed with breast cancer a t age 3 2 and treated with a lumpectomy and radiotherapy. Six years Iat- er, a tumor was detected in her contralateral breast, and she elected to have both breasts removed before being treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. After this second diagnosis, her surgeon asked if anyone else in the family had been diagnosed with cancer. Wynetta listed several rel.itives, including her mother w h o had had ovarian cancer a t agc 46.
The surgeon referred Wynetta to the cancer risk assess- ment clinic for an evaluation to determine whether her fani- ily history was part of a hereditary breast and ovarian can- cer syndrome (see Gauging Family Risk).
Unfortunately, Wynettas health insurance plan wouldnt pay for the visits to the cancer risk assessment clinic. Addi- tionally, Wynetta was a single mother raising a disabled child while working toward a college degree. In addition to understanding her own breast cancer concerns, Wynetta also had to decide where cancer risk assessment fit within her list of priorities.
Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Among American women, breast cancer is the most corn- rnonly diagnosed cancer after non-melanoma skin cancer and is the number t w o cancer killer of women each year, just after lung cancer. Each year, more than 180,000 women in the US. will learn that they have breast cancer, and 44,000 women annually will die from this disease (American Cali- cer Society [ACSI, 2001) .
In some families, breast cancer seems to be passed down through the generations or is inherited. Yet, its important for women to understand that some 80 t o 90 percent of all breast cancers are diagnosed in women with no family his- tory of hreast cancer. As such, hereditary cancer represents approximately 5 to 10 percent of all cancer cases diagnosed and may account for about 90,000 new cancer occurrences annually in the U.S. (ACS, 2001) .
estrogens, such as in oral contraceptives and hormone re- placement therapy, although the links are not yet clearly under- stood (DeMasters, 2000). Additionally, there are those who believe that previous breast disease, reproductive and nien- strual history, diet and alcohol intake all affect risk as well.
Ovarian cancer is a relatively uncommon malignancy, but currently more than half of the 27,000 women annually who are diagnosed will die from the disease. Like breast cancer, as women age the risk of ovarian cancer increases: The risk of ovarian cancer before the age of 40 is 0.2 percent, with the greatest risk occurring between the ages of SO and 60, and peak- ing around age 7.5. The overall lifetime risk for women to devel- op ovarian cancer is about 1 in 70 or 1.4 percent (Daly, 1992).
For unknown reasons, ovarian cancer is more common in white women than among other population groups. A family history of ovarian cancer is strongly associated with an increased risk for the disease. There are very few known environ- mental or occupational risks for ovarian cancer. Talc particles found in ovarian tissue led to a study that implicated cos- metic talc, when applied to the genital area, as a risk factor for ovarian cancer (Cramer, 1999).
Talc was previously used by women to pre- serve diaphragms; this may have been its intro- duction to the ovaries. Additionally, studies showed that many talc products were contami- nated with asbestos, a proven carcinogen that is chemically similar to talc. Talc has subsequently been removed from most cosmetic products. Stud- ies that are more recent suggest that the risk from talc may not be as great as was originally thought (Cramer, 1999).
ian cancers have occurred in multiple generations within a family. Many hereditary cancer syndromes demonstrate an autosomal dominant inheritance characterized by transmis- sion of cancer predisposition from generation to generation with a chance of SO percent for first-degree relatives to inherit the predisposing genetic alteration. The susceptibili- ty may be inherited through either parents side of the fami- ly (see Typical Features of Hereditary Cancer Syndromes).
tribute in an additive way t o the development of most breast and ovarian cancers.
Genetic testing for these mutations is clini- cally available but is only appropriate for a small percentage o f patients. Testing should be offered only after careful counsel- ing regarding the risks, benefits, limitations and how the test results (either positive or nega- tive) will affect how a woman receives treat- ment and care. Its critical that providers understand that obtaining a true informed consent is the backbone of genetic coun- seling when discussing testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes.
Its important that when presenting the facts regarding hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, and the options avail- able for screening and surveillance for those who are identi- fied at increased risk, care providers d o so in a neutral man- ner or nondirective fashion. Avoid directing an individual toward a particular decision. Information, ideas, concepts and options must be presented in a balanced fashion so that, ethically, women and their family members make the most appropriate decision for their particular life circumstances.
Genetic counselors strive to avoid directing their clients based on their own personal opinions or feelings regarding what they think a client should or shouldnt do. Clients need to be helped to identify their personal goals and values M that they can make decisions in their own best interest. Inherent in this complex proceso is the need to provide ongo- ing support .for the individruls at risk while they work through their psychosocial problem, emotionally adjust to their new risk status and e ~ e n t u d y make their decisions.
One of the most difficult aspects of conducting a genetic counseling session is to arrive a t an outcome that meets the desires and goals of the individual, not those of the genetic counselor, referring care provider or other family members. Every health care professional counseling for hereditary can- cer syndromes should strive for this ideal.
Currently, there are no accepted guidelines on genetic counseling for cancer. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues branch of the Human Genome Project is sponsoring clinical investigations to determine how best to conduct the educa- tion and counseling required in genetic testing for inherited cancer risk. Extensive clinical guidelines for genetic counsel- ing have been published by many professional organizations including the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors (American College of Medical Genetics, 1999; McKinnon et al., 1997).
Despite the continuing debate regarding the characteris- tics of the ideal genetic counselor, its apparent that diverse interpersonal skills, extensive knowledge of cancer genetics and a clear understanding of the medical, psychological, social and economic considerations of hereditary cancer syn- dromes must be present. Ideally, good genetic counseling means effectively communicating the genetic facts to the individual while paying close attention to the emotional needs related to her or his reaction to the impact of being a t increased risk for cancer.
One of the most difficult aspects o f conducting a genetic counseling session is to arrive at an outcome that meets the desires and goals of the individual, not those of the genetic counselor, referring care provider or other family members.
A womans emotional status can strongly influence and shape the counseling process. Informal evaluations of a womans individual mental state should be made and docu- mented, at least a t the beginning and end of each genetic counseling session. This is particularly important when genetic testing results are being dixlosed.
counselor should be aware of signs of anxiety, hostility o r depression, which i f ignored might interfere with effective communication.
Educational level directly correlates with the amount of information retained by women advised about the patho- genesis, origin, genetics and surveillance options for heredi- tary breast and ovarian cancer. It might be easy to assume that the more educated a woman is, the better she will be at understanding, processing and assimilating complicated and unfamiliar biological concepts. However, very few people- even well-educated individuals-are comfortable with prob- ability. Its helpful, then, to use special techniques such as graphs, figures and visual diagrams to communicate these ideas.
Regarding socioeconomic status, its important to recog- nize that few people have access to genetic counseling-and often, because of the risks of insurance discrimination, some women opt to pay for such counseling themselves.
Cultural attitudes and practices, like religious values, may influence how a woman responds to a health incidence, as well as how she interprets medical and genetic informa- tion. This is especially vital when modification of tradition- al medical practices may be necessary. Research has shown that if a cultural group stigmatizes cancer, individuals with- in that group are less likely to admit that they, or a family member, have cancer and, therefore, may not seek medical attention.
myths about cancer-even if they have never been near someone with the disease. These ideas or concepts are often erroneous and should be addressed early in the counseling session so that they can be eliminated and/or corrected. To correct misconceptions, its helpful to point them out, while being sensitive to the individuals cultural, religious and eth- nic beliefs. The counselor should then state clearly what facts are known and what remains unknown about heredi- tary breast and ovarian cancer.
The job of providing comprehensive genetic counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is a challenging one. The complexities that arise when advising individuals and their families are even greater when cultural differences exist be- tween the counselor and the woman. Special efforts and knowledge are required to ensure that the counseling tech- niques are adapted to special circumstances. All health care providers advising women about their risks of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer must integrate an appreciation o f culture that blends an awareness of history, geography and religion. In addition, counselors should be prepared to assist these patients in selecting options that are best for them giv- en their diverse cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds.
ceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer: Assessment. counseling and testing guidelines. Bethesda, MD: Author.
American Society of Human Genetics Ad Hoc Committee on Genetic Counseling. ( 1975). Genetic counseling. American ]ournal of Hitman Genetics, 2 7 , 240-242.
Cramer, D. W. (1999). Peritoneal talc exposure and subse- quent epithelial ovarian cancer: A case-control study. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 94( 1 ), 160- 16 1 .
DelMasters, J. (2000). HRT and menopause: A clinicians guide to understanding the dilemma. AWHONN Life- lines, 4 , 27-35.
Ford, D., Easton, D. F., Stratton, M., Narod, S., Goldgar, D., Devilee, P., Bishop, D. T., Weber, B., Lenoir, G., Chang-Claude, J., Sobol, H., Teare, M. D., Struewing, J., Arason, A., Scherneck, S., Peto, J., Rebbeck, T. R., Tonin, P., Neuhausen, S., Barkardottir, R., Eyfjord, J., Lynch, H., Ponder, B. A., Gayther, S. A., Zelada-Hed- man, M., et al. (1998). Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCAl and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. American Journal of Human Genetics, 62(3), 676-689.
McKinnon, W. C., Baty, B. J., Bennett, R. L., Magee, IM., Neufeld-Kaiser, W. A., Peters, K. F., Sawyer, J. C., & Schneider, K. A. (1997). Predisposition genetic testing for late-onset disorders in adults. A position paper of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. ]oztriial of the American Medical Association, 278, 1217- 1220.
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How do I Get Rid of Crickets in my house?
Crickets commonly invade homes during the fall months. Learning how to get rid of crickets in the house is the first step toward having a pest-free home. Buildings offer a source of warmth and protection from the elements. These insects can range in color from black to light brown. They enter homes through poorly sealed doors and cracks around windows, pipes, and the foundation. Cricket eggs take a year to hatch, making it difficult to detect an ongoing infestation.
Crickets can be very damaging to a home. They destroy fabrics including silk, cotton, furniture, and wallpaper. If crickets make it into the pantry they can chew through plastic and cardboard to gain access to food. There are several accounts of people finding small crickets in their morning cereal! A single cricket chirping in a home is extremely loud and can interrupt sleep. Ignoring crickets in the home can lead to serious damage to clothes, furniture, and food.
To remove crickets from the house, begin by eliminating dark and damp spaces. Clean up clutter, mop up standing water, and use a dehumidifier. Crickets are large, making them easy to kill or capture. Sticky glue traps have proved effective against crickets. Cricket traps are available, and can keep crickets from entering the home when placed on windowsills and other entry points. Indoor insecticides and bug sprays are effective at killing crickets. Apply these chemicals in cracks, corners, and other areas known for cricket activity. To prevent the return of crickets, plug up any cracks that lead into the house from the outside. Crickets are attracted to bright lights during the night. Replacing outdoor light bulbs with soft light or bug bulbs will reduce the amount of crickets that enter your home.
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0.998214 |
Write a poem based on a painting/picture/sculpture that has haunted you for a long time.
Farewell to . . .
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0.999999 |
Do you want to explore the great American west on your road trip? If you're taking a car you're in for a serious journey. This list contains some of the essentials to bring so as to have the trip of a lifetime.
1. Car Backup Camera: When you costing extended periods of time in a car, it's nice to have a bigger car rather than a smaller one. RV's are especially convenient and can add another dimension to your travels. But when you drive these large cars, it's necessary to have a car camera system or truck back up camera. That way you can see behind you if you need to squeeze into a tight parking place.
2. CDs: A road trip without music is boring. And in some parts of some country there just aren't any radio stations there. So having a nice rotation of country, blues, jazz and rock 'n' roll (all quintessential American genres) is necessary.
3. Sunglasses: You may be heading through kinds of different terrains and it helps to be able to protect your eyes from the desert sun as well as the blinding white of snow in mountain.
4. Sunscreen: And when you're out and about, walking and adventuring, it's very important to protect your skin. Sunscreen will avoid you sun burning, and complete your non-wrinkly skin will thank you.
5. Cooler: Sometimes you cannot to stop at a diner. In these cases, it helps to be able to make sandwiches and eat an Arcadian picnic. Stock your cooler with bottled water, sandwich fixings, and whatever else you consider important.
6. Camera: It's useful device to store the memories. You'll probably keep in mind this road trip forever, but you may forget the beautiful desert flowers in bloom. So snap photos of them so you never forget.
7. Maps: No matter you prefer GPS or paper, it's necessary to know where you're going. Keep an eye out for the national parks and monuments that abound and don't be afraid to be able to find out a pit stop.
8. Hiking Shoes: Even hardy sneakers can get the job done. You may prefer to go out and explore, and proper footwear is very important as well.
Before you start off, check that your car is in good service and maintained and try to keep your gas tank full throughout the trip. In rural areas, gas stations can be sparse, so it's better to be safe than sorry.
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You will be offered such food as tasty hamburgers, charcoal chicken and salads, don't hesitate to try them. At this bbq, you can order dishes as a takeout. Pay reasonable prices for eating at Phoenix Charcoal Chicken. As for the Google rating, this place received 4.5.
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0.952382 |
The New York City Police Museum (NYCPM) celebrates the history and contributions of the New York City Police Department, established in 1845. The museum is located in Lower Manhattan in New York City, near Wall Street and the South Street Seaport. While one of the museum's primary focuses is a memorial to September 11th, the museum contains a wide range of information on the history of the NYPD. The museum, which grew from a gallery housed at the New York City Police Academy, opened at 26 Broadway at Bowling Green in January 2000 and re-opened in a new location at 100 Old Slip, former home of the First Precinct, in January 2002. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy caused substantial damage at 100 Old Slip, and the museum reopened on October 24, 2013 at 45 Wall Street. That location closed in 2014 and the museum's future plans are unclear.
It also allows visitors to simulate a police firefight, and judges whether or not the shooting was correct, allowing civilians to have some understanding of situations that police face and provide them with a better understanding of the work of police officers than that provided by the media. Its exhibits are not without controversy, and city historians have accused the museum of omitting coverage of more controversial aspects of NYPD history.
On February 16, 1998, plans for a police museum were unveiled when then-Police Commissioner Howard Safir and the Alliance for Downtown New York (the local Business improvement district) made $5 million available for the museum in return for a new police substation in Lower Manhattan. Funding for the museum was criticized and classified by some as the buying of police protection for a given area at the expense of another that could not afford to broker a similar deal. As a result, Mayor Rudy Giuliani cancelled the funding for the museum two days later. In March of the same year, the New York City Police Museum non-profit corporation was created, and in April 1999, the museum opened, although the official unveiling was not held until January 19, 2000.
As of its January 2000 opening, the museum was privately run with support from the city, including more than ten years of free rent and staffing by police officers. Private donors provided more than $2 million for the construction of the museum, while the city contributed $1 million. The museum has been criticized by some who believe it glosses over some of the low moments of the department in its quest to show the good work of the Department.
The new museum replaced a small gallery that had been housed in the police academy on East 20th Street. Among the exhibits brought to the new museum are: a display of the evolution of police uniforms since their inception in 1853, a gun used by Al Capone's gang in the 1928 murder of Frankie Yale, the first machine gun used in a gangland killing in New York, and a gift from Italy to the City of New York following the assassination of Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino in Sicily in 1909, the only member of NYPD to be killed in the line of duty on foreign soil. Other exhibits include a green and white radio car, antique firearms and a wooden desk from the 46th Precinct in Morris Heights, The Bronx.
Its new exhibits included a 1972 Plymouth Fury, a model of a jail cell, a timeline of transportation, lock-picking tools belonging to Willie Sutton, an extensive exhibit on September 11 that occupies the museum's third floor, and a Hall of Heroes that includes the name and badge of every NYPD officer killed in the line of duty, starting with David Martin on August 6, 1861. Although the new museum was significantly larger, it is still not comprehensive, its omissions of controversial incidents receiving the same criticism it did at its previous location. The exhibit that the museum assembled for the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks allowed visitors to gain an immediate impression of the physical damage caused by the attacks and the debris that fell around Ground Zero.
^ Verenea Dobnik (2001-12-28). "New York Police Museum will Memorialize Sept. 11". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Verena Dobnik (2001-12-27). "Police Museum Opens Blocks from World Trade Center site". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ a b "Brief History of the New York City Police Museum". New York Daily News. 2001-04-22. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ a b c d e Kevin Flynn (2000-01-23). "New York's 'Finest': A Burnished History; Police Museum's Unabashed Mission Is to Back Up a Nickname". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Jayson Blair (2000-01-20). "City Police Museum Opens Downtown". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ a b John Marzulli (2000-01-20). "Finest Show in Town". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ The brothers, who established their partnership in 1901, and were better known for their elegant Long Island and Newport residences, were the sons of Richard Morris Hunt.
^ Landmarks Preservation Commission: First Precinct Police station, 20 September 1977 Accessed 2 December 2008.
^ New York Architectural Images: First Precinct Building.
^ a b Robert F. Worth (2001-12-26). "On Display, Once Again, Artifacts of Police Past". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ a b "Police Museum Opens Blocks from World Trade Center". Fox News. 2001-12-26. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ David W. Dunlap (2001-07-31). "Old Station House Returns to Police Duty; Headquarters of First Precinct Until 1973 Will House the Police Museum". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Seth Kugel (2007-02-04). "Loitering in the Halls of Justice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ Clem Richardson (2002-09-09). "9/11 Display Stands Out". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
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0.997722 |
I recently acquired a bale of hay (not straw) from a school nativity play. I had imagined using this in my compost heap. Is this OK? Any tips would be useful!
Hay is fine to add to the garden compost heap. It has a high source of carbon and significant amounts of potassium. We recommend that you chop or shred the hay first (spread it out and run the mower over it). Remember to mix the hay with green material which will heat up the heap and help it to decompose quicker. Make sure the hay is not too dry, soak with water, if necessary.
Hay can also be used as a mulch around fruit trees during the spring and summer months, providing food and retaining moisture in the soil.
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0.968198 |
Customers will sometime ask me if a bug deflector will help prevent windshield damage ? I have done many repairs on windshields that have bug deflectors on them. It may protect the paint on the hood and in some cases they could help deflect a rock, but most of the time the rock will bounce up off the road over the bug deflector and impact the windshield, To sum it up It can’t hurt to have one.
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0.967843 |
Which map in c8 drop gold and crystals?
Your question is a little confusing to me but I will answer it the way I am reading it. First there is no C8; it stops at C7 then you go to onslaught 30+ to rarely pickup C8 Amps to upgrade your relics to C8.
For the last half: Gold Bars (I'm assuming cause gold drops everywhere) can be found in Spooky maps (I usually farm Siphon D Site) and then crystals like the Shiny Ruby clusters can be found in Dungeon style maps like Unholy catacombs would probably be the most popular one.
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0.999356 |
The beginning of a new school term means lazy summer mornings are quickly replaced by the frantic rush to catch the school bus. Dentists say that in the daily hustle and bustle of getting to school, dental care can often fall by the wayside.
Here are a few steps that parents and children can take to ensure their teeth stay health and cavity-free.
Brush before breakfast: It is not necessary to wait until after breakfast to brush. Since cavities form in an acidic environment, the goal of brushing is to prevent pH of the mouth from dropping to an unsafe acidic zone. Studies show that if we brush before we eat, then the mouth's pH will not dip low enough to form cavities.
Consider diet: School meals may contain processed and sugary foods. Parents who pack their child's lunch should focus on sending perishable items, such as fruits and vegetables, which will provide children with healthy alternatives.
Consider shelf life: Packaged foods that can sit on the shelf for a long period of time, such as crackers and pretzels, contain starch. Starch coats the teeth and can breed cavity-causing bacteria. Since kids may get these snacks at school, parents should avoid adding them to their pantry at home. Instead, opt for fresh fruits and vegetables or dried fruits like raisins.
Choose water: Juice often contains more sugar than children should have in an entire day. This sugar can coat the teeth, promoting tooth decay. Sugar can also lead to an afternoon crash, which interferes with schoolwork. Instead of juice, give kids fruit and teach children to drink water.
Seek help: Children who fall on their face should visit the dentist. Sometimes issues can develop slowly. A minor problem could actually affect the root of a tooth. If a permanent tooth is knocked out it must be replaced within 30 minutes. Never scrub a tooth that has fallen out, even if it looks dirty. This could kill its root.
Be careful about braces: Dental care for those with braces is even more important. It can be tough to brush around braces and plaque can build up, leading to permanent damage. Teens often wear braces and hormonal changes that take place during adolescence can alter bacteria in the mouth.
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0.973276 |
Control my home music with my blackberry?
I've cobbled together a whole house audio system which basically has my music living on my windows PC upstairs that streams to an apple TV downstairs connected to two audio receivers with multiple pairs of speakers. With my wife's iPod/iPad I have access to control the music using it's remote application and it's really slick when it works. I can search/find songs play lists and out comes the music. Success is 50/50, sometimes I need to reboot the apple TV and sometimes restart iTunes.
I'm now looking for something more blackberry friendly. I've got a bold 9900 and a playbook on the way. Ideally I'd have an application running on my PC and a device downstairs plugged into my stereo that I can stream to. I'd use my playbook/bold as a remote where I can view all my tunes and select which ones I want to play/queue.
Anyone got any good low cost suggestions that are blackberry friendly? The apple TV was a great deal at $99.
If I can't find anything good I may need to go out and buy a used iTouch just for a remote as my wife complains everytime I snag one of her devices to play music... she's been trying to convince me to go iphone/pad but I'm resisiting.
BTW I'm open to running Linux and also have a PS3/Wii I could stream to but in past experience I always needed to have the TV on to view the music through these devices, I want to avoid that by seeing the playlists/songs on the Playbook/Bold. I'd also like to avoid streaming from the device itself to save on battery and not tie up any one device for playing music. What I'm really looking for is song control that is cross compatible with the bold or playbook depending on which one I have in my hand at any given time.
I'm not sure how Apple TV works, but Tiggit Controller for iTunes works great for controlling iTunes on your home computer using your BlackBerry. if AppleTV just streams whatever is playing on iTunes on your computer, this should work for you. I believe Tiggit has a free trial you can use before you buy it.
That's why I'm patiently waiting for PlayBook to have A2DP. My whole house system is bluetooth enabled. I can (and do) use my BB phone to control and stream music through my house, but the bluetooth range is limited, and I like to have my phone on me. The playbook would make an awesome touch screen music server. Stereo Bluetooth is on the list of "coming" features. Just get here already.
I downloaded and gave Tiggit a try, it doesn't remove the flakey iTunes from the equation but I'm at least getting basic music control and I can target the apple TV as a speaker device. A question though on Tiggit, what's the difference between the demo and full version? The demo only allows me to browse by songs which is a real pain with 8k+ songs. Ideally I'd like to browse by artist or album much like I can on Apple products.
Also does anyone know if Tiggit is being ported to the playbook?
Still looking for better options other then having to leverage iTunes+Apple TV if anyone has any!
i like to use remote desktop enterprise android app on the playbook 2.0 beta to control my comoiter which is connected to the flat screen through hdmi. its a great solution for more than just music.
if your still in 1.08 i used to use teamviewer.com which is a free flash based remote desktop device to control your media pc through your playbook.
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0.996156 |
How we can protect marine life from extinction Extinction means that the loss of species or other taxonomic unit occurring when there are no surviving individuals elsewhere. Every species however small may have an important role in maintaining a well-balanced ecosystem. Recent surveys suggest that the number of species in an area may enhance ecosystem productivity and stability; hence the loss of any species could be detrimental to the ecosystem. Direct effects and indirect effects as a result of climate change and perturbations of ocean biogeochemistry have been the major reasons for species extinction.
There is evidence that regional ecosystems such as estuaries, coral reefs, and coastal and oceanic fish communities are undergoing rapid losses whether in individuals, whole species or entire functional groups. As a result there was several ways that we can do to protect the marine life from extinction. First and foremost, government can organise some speech that refer to the important of marine life or the negative effect that marine life being extinction.
By using this method, as a citizen we can get more information about the serious consequences of the marine life being extinction. Inch by inch, people will try many ways to protect the marine life of being extinction. There are several example that we can refer is the cultivation of sea turtle, anti-shark fin activity and more. As a result, marine life can have a lower percentage to being extinction. In addition, government also can set up a protection zone for the marine life and rendition the law sanction to those who trespass those area.
In this way more marine life can live in a safety area and adhere to the law of ecosystem without disturb from human being. Not only that, we also can attend some activity that conduct by the animals association such WWF, PERHILITAN, and more. This is because these animals association has their correct way, higher productiveness way to avoid marine animals from being extinction. Besides, not only the government or private animals association have to paid affects to avoid the marine animals being extinction but it also can be done by a normal citizen like us.
For example, never throw toxic materials, rubbish into ocean, because it may pollute the ocean and increase the chance of the marine life getting extinction. By the innovation of 3R reduce, reuse, recycle not only can help us to maintain our environment pollution but it also can help us to reduce the average of marine life being extinction by having unpolluted environment for to marine life. In conclusion, protect marine animals from being extinction not a event that can don’t in a short duration instead this need to be underway for a long period of time with the cooperate from different organization.
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0.981788 |
What are the best schools near Skagit County?
Some of the best schools near Skagit County, Washington are Lyman Elementary School, Anacortes Middle School and Anacortes High School. Discover all top-rated schools in and around Skagit County and consider buying a home near a school.
Skagit County is a county in Washington and consists of 22 cities. There are 849 homes for sale, ranging from $5K to $6M.
In February 2019 the housing market in Skagit County, WA is a buyer's market, which means there are roughly more active homes for sale than there are buyers. Buyer's markets are generally more advantageous for buyers rather than sellers.
There are 68 schools in Skagit County, WA. There are 29 elementary schools, 17 middle schools, 16 high schools and 6 private & charter schools.
There are 849 homes for sale in Skagit County, WA, 73 of which were newly listed within the last week. Additionally, there are 44 rentals, with a range of $724 to $5K per month.
There are 22 cities in Skagit County. Edison has a median listing price of $549.2K, making it the most expensive city. Concrete is the most affordable city, with a median listing price of $80.5K.
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0.997217 |
What are the best dream eaters, spells and abilities to get?
I'm playing on normal and am just looking to finish the game, I have this on ps4 but it's board is dead. Trying to finish it real quick before I start 3.
Spirits: This varies depending on play style and what part of the game you're at, but usually, Skelterwild, Lord Kyroo, and Frootz Cat are a good team for general use (with Frootz Cat on the bench). Some people like to swap in Yoggy Ram for Lord Kyroo for boss battles, because it uses Spirit Roar more often. I've never needed to use him, though, even on Critical mode. Keep in mind that you can't upgrade their rank once they're made, so try to make the star rank right away (find Risky Winds forecast to use less pieces).
Spells: All the fire spells are good choices (Firaga, Firaga Burst, Dark Firaga). The Balloon spells are also pretty popular, although I don't use them. Make sure to also have several Curagas in your deck.
Abilities: For the end game, you'll eventually want Superglide for Sora, and Dark Roll for Riku, as those are their best ways to dodge attacks (Sora also has his own dodge roll, but it's not very good). Dark Barrier for Riku is also pretty good to get, as it blocks attacks from all directions. The most essential ones for both of them are Second Chance, Once More, and Leaf Bracer. Fire Screens can also be useful, as there are multiple bosses that use fire (Riku will likely face 2 in a row). You'll also need Lightning Screens and some status blocks if you plan on taking on Julius.
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The 26th Air Refueling Squadron (26 AREFS) was a squadron of the United States Air Force that flew the KC-97E/F/G Stratofreighter, An early Cold War air refueling squadron, it primarily supported B-47 Stratojets of the Strategic Air Command Eighth Air Force during the 1950s and early 1960s. The squadron was inactivated in September 1964 as part of the phaseout of the KC-97 from SAC.
The 26th Air Refueling Squadron was formed at Lockbourne Air Force Base Ohio in May 1952. Equipped with the new Boeing KC-97 Stratotanker, it was assigned as the air refueling component of the 26th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, primarily supporting the wing's Boeing RB-47 Stratojets. It provided air refueling support for a variety of Strategic Air Command (SAC) directed exercises and operations that included numerous simulated combat missions and deployments, ranging from a few days to a few months. The exercises took the squadron's aircraft to such bases as Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska; Thule Air Base, Greenland; Royal Air Force stations at Upper Heyford and Fairford, United Kingdom; Sidi Slimane Air Base in Morocco; Goose Bay Airport, Laborador; and Lajes Field in the Azores.
In August 1953, the squadron refueled Republic F-84G Thunderjet fighters from the 508th Strategic Fighter Wing participating in the Operation Long Stride. They refueled seventeen F-84Gs from Turner Air Force Base, Georgia to RAF Lakenheath, Great Britain during a non-stop 4,485-mile trip. During the second phase of Operation Long Stride in October 1953, the 26th helped refuel eight F-84s of the 31st Strategic Fighter Wing from Turner to Nouasseur Air Base, French Morocco. The aircraft covered 3,800 miles in 10 hours and 20 minutes, thanks to in-flight refueling in the vicinity of Bermuda and the Azores. Crews and aircraft from the 26th deployed to Lajes in September 1954 for 45 days to refuel the 26th Wing's reconnaissance aircraft.
In April 1955, the squadron was reassigned to the new 4050th Air Refueling Wing under the SAC 57th Air Division at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts. From Westover, the squadron carried out air refueling primary for Eighth Air Force B-47s transiting the Atlantic from either the United States or returning from SAC's REFLEX bases in Europe and North Africa. On 22 May 1957, the 26th was moved from Westover to Plattsburgh AFB, New York, being reassigned to the 380th Bombardment Wing under the 820th Air Division.
From its base at Plattsburgh, the squadron continued to support training in air refueling for B-47 and B-52 crews as well as deploying to bases in Newfoundland and Greenland. Aircraft and crews were at Sondrestrom, Greenland, when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, to guard against any potential "sucker punch" that the USSR might try while our country grieved. The squadron was inactivated in September 1964 as part of the retirement of the KC-97 from SAC service.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emblems of United States Air Force air refueling squadrons.
^ "Factsheet 820 Strategic Aerospace Division". Air Force Historical Research Agency. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
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Do you have to break my toe to fix a hammertoe?
The correction of a hammertoe deformity requires a procedure called an arthroplasty or arthrodesis. These procedures involve the removal of bone and soft tissue with meticulous surgical technique and instruments.
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The five ascending levels of intellect: Smart, Intelligent, Brilliant, Genius, Simple.
Beyond the genius of secure computation, there is the simplicity of its use. Previous approaches to secure computation have developed their own programming languages and new type systems. We go a step further: now you can securely compute on your original code without introducing breaking changes, faithfully respecting the standard Java language and thus maintaining retro-compatibility with all your previous code. Ultimately, we aim to multiply developer productivity by enabling the easy refactorization of Java code for secure computation. Additionally, all your previous developer tooling will still be compatible with Obliv-Java: static analyzers, developer environments, and unit testing frameworks, among many others.
In the previous code fragment, inputA is the field to be securely assigned a value by party 1, inputB is the field for party 2 and compResult is the field used for both parties to obtain the resulting value during its revelation at the end of the secure computation (thus assigned party 0, that is, any of the parties in the secure computation). The developer can use the fields defined as oblivious as usual (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, casting to other oblivious variables, …) obviating any cryptographic details about their secure computation and thus freeing their mind to solve challenging programming tasks, much like memory safe languages help to improve developer productivity by taking care of all the tasks related to memory management.
For secure computation, we use modern implementations of Secure Multi-Party Computation protocols (SMPC), one of the best well-kept secrets of the toolbox of the modern cryptographer: after achieving a speed-up of 700.000x over the previous decade, MPC protocols are orders of magnitude faster than homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge protocols. The latest research advances have produced MPC protocols specially tailored for decentralized settings where all parties could be malicious, as with blockchain environments (e.g., Global-Scale Secure Multiparty Computation).
Lines 2-7: variables definitions with the “@Obliv” type annotation.
Lines 10-11: input variables from command line (args, args) are converted to floating point type. Then, they are internally converted for secure computation during their assignment to oblivious variables inputA, inputB.
Lines 15: the variable compResult is retrieved using Java reflection, and the new method revealOblivFloat returns its unencrypted value to both parties because it was defined with party identifier 0.
Lines 22-25: this is where all the magic happens. The variable compResult is equal to inputA minus the inputB if inputA is bigger than inputB, or equal to inputA plus inputB if inputA is less than inputB: secure computation uses exactly the same source code and there is no need to introduce any modification.
Moreover, the JML annotations in lines 18-19 can be converted to proof obligations that other parties can check before executing non-trusted code (although this would be the subject of another post). All your tools for proving the software correct remains as useful as ever.
Vickrey Auctions: a truthful auction where bidders are incentivized to bid their true valuation and the auctioneer ends up maximizing its revenue. It’s a sealed-bid auction so it can’t be run on permissionless blockchains because all the bids are open to everyone.
The method getWinner() returns the high bidder and the method computeSecondPrice() obtains the second maximum price in the variable secondMax. In Obliv-Java, you’ll only need to annotate the class fields secondMax and max with “@Obliv”, as well as each of the bids: no other modifications are needed.
On permissionless blockchains, all transfers are publicly visible to all participants including those made when participating in an ICO, creating all kind of unintended consequences. For example, a clever participant could play a wait-and-see approach to learn from the bids of other participants to better reason about price formation: how many whales are participating? What are the general statistics of the bids -mean, median, mode…- ? Is it going to be over-subscribed?
But not so with Obliv-Java. A simple example to check whether private contributions have reached a secret cap is as follows.
In decentralized exchanges, all orders are publicly visible to all traders so front-running attacks get even worse than those that could be carried out by a broker in traditional exchanges: everyone is out to get you. This issue has been noticed many times before, with some even creating practical attacks (“Implementing Ethereum trading front-runs on the Bancor exchange in Python”). Solutions are very unsatisfactory: for example, taking the order book off-chain re-introduces centralization issues and front-running from the matcher.
As with previous cases, annotating the involved variables as “@Obliv” would be enough to refactor the previous algorithm for secure computation.
We’re happy to open-source Obliv-Java: stay tuned for the coming Initial Distribution.
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Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs were a frat rock band led by Domingo "Sam" Samudio that became famous during the mid 1960s for their lovably goofy songs. As a live act, they were known for their comical onstage routines and ancient Egyptian-themed costumes, and they often hauled their gear around in a 1952 Packard hearse while touring.
The band's origins date to 1963 when Samudio joined a Louisiana-based group known as Andy & The Nightriders led by Andy Anderson. After Anderson left later that year, Samudio became the lead singer and renamed the band Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs. At that time, The Pharaohs consisted of David A. Martin (ca. 1937 - August 2, 1987), Jerry Patterson, and Ray Stinnett, with Butch Gibson joining shortly thereafter. In late 1965, all The Pharaohs members left the band over disagreements and were replaced by Billy Bennett, Frankie Carabetta, Tony "Butch" Gerace, and Andy Kuha. At the height of their fame, Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs toured the world and opened for such top acts as The Beach Boys, James Brown, Sonny & Cher, and Peter & Gordon.
Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs debuted on the Pop/Rock charts in early 1965 with the raucous party rocker, "Wooly Bully," which shot up to #2 on the Billboard 100 and went on to sell over 3 million copies. This smash was followed later that year by two Top 40 hits, "Ju Ju Hand" and "Ring Dang Doo," and "Red Hot" in early 1966. The band had another smash hit in 1966 with "Lil' Red Riding Hood" which went gold shortly thereafter. Two more Top 40 hits followed later that year, "The Hair On My Chinny Chin Chin" and "How Do You Catch A Girl." Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs' string of mostly novelty hits, which continued through 1968, also included "Oh That's Good, No That's Bad" (1967), "Black Sheep" (1967), and their cover of The Coasters' "Yakety Yak" (1967).
Sam The Sham & The Pharaohs also had a live Revue that featured an all-female trio, Fran Curcio, Lorraine Gennaro, and Jane Anderson. Known as The Shamettes, they served as backup singers and also acted as the band's sidekicks. After "Lil' Red Riding Hood" became a hit, they were called upon to record an answer song, "(Hey There) Big Bad Wolf."
Samudio went on to record solo in 1970 and released an album the following year titled "Sam, Hard And Heavy," which featured The Dixie Flyers and famed guitarist Duane Allman and won a Grammy Award for Best Album Notes. He recorded several other albums over the years and, during the early 1980s, collaborated with Freddy Fender and Ry Cooder on the soundtrack to the 1982 movie, "The Border."
Domingo Samudio discusses how he got the stage name Sam The Sham, the band's transition from R&B to novelty, the true meaning of "Wooly Bully," and other topics in an interview with Gary James on classicbands.com.
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Tipu Sultan was born in Devanhalli, Karnataka, on 10 December 1750. His parents were Hyder Ali and his second wife, Fatima.
His father had usurped the throne of the royal Wadiyar (or Wodeyar) family of Mysore in 1761 and had declared himself sultan of Mysore, completely controlling the kingdom.
Tipu was trained to be a warrior from his early teens, and he accompanied his father on campaigns against rivals such as the British East India Company, the Marathas, and the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Tipu was a man of learning and was proficient in multiple languages. He was also a proficient war strategist as is evident from his early victories in battle.
His primary rivals continued to be the British. He fought several successful wars against the East India Company, starting in 1766 when he participated in a campaign at the age of fifteen, accompanying his father.
Another war in 1779 saw Tipu dispatched by Hyder to fight the British after their capture of the French fort of Mahe, which was under the protection of Mysore.
In 1780, Tipu defeated Colonel Baille of the East India Company at the Battle of Pollilur. The following year he seized Chittur from the British, and in 1782 he defeated Colonel Braithwaite at the Battle of Annagudi, near Tanjore.
Tipu was able to force forced the Treaty of Mangalore on the British in 1784, with the help of the French. The French were also able to convert Tipu's army into a modern fighting force, equipped with artillery and rockets. To his enemies, Tipu Sultan was a ruthless foe, but to his loyalists and subjects he was a benevolent king.
Tipu also introduced a new coinage, a new calendar, and a new system of weights and measures based on the French methods. After the death of his father in 1782, Tipu became sultan of Mysore.
In 1789, Tipu invaded Travancore, an ally of the British. They had taken over two forts belonging to the king of Cochin who was a vassal of Mysore. This final act, which was a defeat, resulted in an alliance between all of his old rivals; the British, the Marathas, and the Nizam of Hyderabad, whose collective strength inflicted a crushing defeat on Tipu. His allies, the French, failed to support him in his hour of need, distracted as they were by the pre-Revolutionary crisis at home in the same year.
Tipu died on 4 May 1799, fighting valiantly in battle at Seringapatam, facing British forces commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley, the future duke of Wellington.
Tipu Sultan was not just famous as a great general, but also as a good administrator. He built several buildings, roads, etc, and improved the infrastructure of his city.
He left behind sixteen sons and eight daughters from his four wives. They, along with the rest of Tipu's family, were exiled to Calcutta after his death.
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"Gene Autry on Melody Ranch"
Gene Autry, America's Yodeling Cowboy, was "back in the saddle again" for 16 years on radio, sponsored by Wrigley's Doublemint Gum. His background as a singing cowboy in the Republic westerns of the 1930s made him a singing cowboy movie star with fans of all ages, and his 1932 hit "That Silver-Haired Daddy of Mine", his first gold record, established his reputation as a recording artist. He got on radio via a Chicago radio station with a show sponsored by Sears, and then went to the very popular The National Barn Dance. Sears catalogs kept featuring his records, so his fame grew as a singing star throughout the 1930s.
By 1940 Gene Autry was one of the four most popular movie stars in America, a major network radio star, and a top-selling recording artist and proud to have be on the air doing "Gene Autry's Melody Ranch," a radio version of his pictures. That is, a few songs, some rip-snortin' action that was like a mini-Republic movie within the show, and some knee-slappin' humor with the boys, especially his sidekick Pat Buttram. Johnny Bond was Gene's singing duo "pardner" and did the comedy, too. Carl Cotner was the steel guitar slinger extraordinarily. There were many featured singing groups through the years, including the King Sisters, the sister act that is associated with Alvino Rey, who married Louise King. Gene went on to do The Gene Autry Show on TV, and along the way had becoming a savvy investor and businessman. Gene had written many tunes, including "Here Comes Santa Claus," in 1949 but earlier in his career via his association with the Wrigley family of Doublemint and Chicago Cubs fame in Chicago, he had learned that owning a sports teams was a great investment.
Gene went west again, to rope the ownership of Major League Baseball's California Angels, along with a number of radio and television stations. Autry's career included nearly a hundred movies, 16 years on radio, more than 600 records that sold millions (seven gold and two platinum), nearly a hundred TV shows, and more than thirty years of personal appearances across the country and overseas, Gene Autry was pushing 91 at the time of his death in 1998. He remains the only Western star on the top ten all-time box office moneymaker list. As the boys at the Melody Ranch might say, "That Yodeling Cowboy dun' real good!"
For more Autrey performance, see also the Melody Ranch and Melody Roundup recordings. See also the adventures of Gene's horse: Adventures of Champion.
Be the first to comment on "Gene Autry"
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A green ban is a form of strike action, usually taken by a trade union or other organised labour group, which is conducted for environmentalist or conservationist purposes.
Green bans were first conducted in Australia in the 1970s by the New South Wales Builders Labourers Federation (BLF). Green bans were never instigated unilaterally by the BLF, all green bans were at the request of, and in support of, residents' groups. The first green ban was put in place to protect Kelly's Bush, the last remaining undeveloped bushland in the Sydney suburb of Hunters Hill. A group of local women who had already appealed to the local council, mayor, and the Premier of New South Wales, approached the BLF for help. The BLF asked the women to call a public meeting, which was attended by 600 residents, and formally asked the BLF to prevent construction on the site. The developer, A V Jennings, announced that they would use non-union labour as strike-breakers. In response, BLF members on other A V Jennings construction projects stopped work. A V Jennings eventually abandoned all plans to develop Kelly's Bush.
The BLF was involved in many more green bans. Not only did the BLF represent all unionised builders' labourers in the construction industry; but the BLF also influenced the opinion of other unionised construction workers, and acted as a political leadership of the construction unions in the era. Forty-two bans were imposed between 1971 and 1974. Green bans helped to protect historic nineteenth century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to make way for office towers, and prevented the Royal Botanic Gardens from being turned into a carpark for the Sydney Opera House. The BLF stopped conducting green bans in 1974 after the federal leadership under Norm Gallagher dismissed the leaders of the New South Wales branch.
One of the last bans to be removed was to prevent development of Victoria Street in the suburb of Potts Point. This ban involved hundreds of residents, trade union members, and other activists and was successful for a number of years, despite facing a well-connected developer who employed thugs to harass residents. Arthur King, the head of the residents' action group, was kidnapped in 1973. It was suspected, though never proved, that the men who kidnapped him had been hired by the property developer, Frank Theeman. The New South Wales Police collaborated with Theeman and his employees during the ban and eventually carried out a forced mass eviction of squatters and residents, which saw squatters barricade themselves in a siege for 2 days. The green ban was broken in 1974 when the conservative federal leadership of the BLF, under pressure from New South Wales politicians, dismissed the leaders of the New South Wales branch, and replaced them with more conservative people who did not support the ban. Activists, led by activist, resident, and journalist Juanita Nielsen, then convinced another union, the Water Board Employees Union, to impose a ban which was continued for some time. Nielsen was then kidnapped and murdered in 1975. The struggle ended with a stand-off in 1977. The developer had been forced to alter his plans, but the residents had been forced out.
Although green bans have been implemented on a number of occasions since the 1970s, they have not been so prevalent, nor so comprehensive in their effect. One estimate of the effect of the BLF's green bans puts the amount of development prevented at A$3 billion between 1971 and 1974 (approximately A$18 billion in 2005 money).
In February 1973, Jack Mundey coined the term ‘Green Ban’ in order to distinguish between the traditional union ‘Black Bans'. Mundey argued that the term ‘Green Ban’ was more appropriate as they were in defence of the environment. Green Bans saved many vital urban spaces and over 100 buildings were considered by the National Trust to be worthy of preservation.
Another example of a Green Ban in Sydney was the proposed North-Western Expressway that was planned by the Department of Main Roads in the early 1970s. The expressway would have cut through the working class residential areas of Ultimo, Glebe, Annandale, Rozelle and Leichhardt. In July 1972, the Save Lyndhurst Committee requested a Green Ban from the Builders Labourers' Federation to prevent the destruction of historic Lyndhurst (built 1833-1835) in Darghan Street, Glebe. Many battles with police took place, including a confrontation between police and squatters on 18 August 1972. The Federal Labor Whitlam Government purchased the Glebe estate in 1973 from the Anglican Diocese of Glebe to preserve the area. In 1978, the Wran-Labor Government decided to abandon much of the inner-urban expressway link and the 19th century character of Glebe remains intact.
Green Ban influenced local NSW planning structures as well as national planning systems. “The Green ban movement in Sydney and Melbourne of the early 1970s, led by the Builder Labourers Federation, was the most profound external indication of the need for planning reform’. In 1977 an editorial from the Australian quoted “bans were an inevitable result of official attitudes which regarded people as irrelevant factors to development”. He also indicated that the decision making process then was devoid of appropriate involvement by relevant communities and individuals.
The green bans in the 1970s initiated a democratic National and State planning systems in which heritage as well as environmentally significant sites became a part of a development proposal. ‘In 1997 the Director of the Urban Research Unit of the Australian National University, stated that the Green Bans of the New South Wales Builders Labourers' Federation (NSW BLF) had a "subtle influence" in transforming the culture of urban planning in ways that now evince greater sensitivity to environmental concerns, better appreciation of heritage, the need to publicise proposed developments well in advance and to seek approval from the people affected’. Similar union bans were started in other cities in Australia including Brisbane, Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra and Hobart however to a lesser level than Sydney. The Green Ban movement became a powerful tool of influencing city developments by involving the wider community to sign petitions in order to prevent destruction of a heritage or environmentally significant sites. Ultimately, the Green Bans led to the Wran government introducing two acts, Firstly the Heritage legislation- The Heritage Act 1977 and secondly Environmental Planning and Assessment Act (EP&A) 1979.
Although green bans were conducted for only 3 to 4 years in Australia, they influenced international politics significantly because this movement is considered to have contributed to the integration of the word “green” into the world’s political idioms.
A German Petra Kelly, who came to Australia around the middle of the 1970s, witnessed green bans opposing undesirable development in Sydney by the cooperation between the BLF and local citizens. She was very impressed with this movement, the connection accomplished between environmentalists and the BLF, and the success they made in many campaigns. It is also known that she often stated that green bans had a great impact on both herself and her philosophy. Subsequently, she brought back the idea of green bans as well as the terminology “green” to Germany, and established the German Green Party in 1979. This is regarded as the point at which the word “green” was first applied to politics in Europe. Petra Kelly acknowledged that Australian green bans broadened the possibilities of the environmental movement as well as gave it a new dimension, and they made it possible to involve a much broader range of the population in environmental groups and ecological actions. Therefore, green bans in Australia were significant events not only locally and nationally but also internationally.
^ "A perspective on Sydney's Green ban Campaign, 1970-74". Teaching Heritage. Archived from the original on June 18, 2005. Retrieved September 2, 2005.
↑ Haskell, M. A. (1977). Green Bans: Worker Control and the Urban Environment. [Article]. Industrial Relations, 16(2), 205-214.
1 2 Freestone, R. (1995), From icons to institutions: Heritage conservation in Sydney, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 1 (2): 79-90.
↑ Mallory, G. (1999), Review: GREEN BANS, RED UNION: Environmentalism and the New South Wales Builders Labourers' Federation, The Australian Journal of Politics and History,45.
↑ Bevan, RA (2001), Petra Kelly: The Other Green, New Political Science, vol. 23, no. 2, November,pp. 181-202.
Irving, Terry and Rowan Cahill, Radical Sydney: Places, Portraits, and Unruly Episodes, Sydney: UNSW Press, 2010, pp. 305–313.
In Memory of Victoria Street A contemporary account by two founders of the Victoria Street Kings Cross Resident Action Group of life in the street under the 1973 green ban.
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Cue-induced reinstatement of extinguished drug seeking is a preclinical model of relapse. However, relapse typically occurs after abstinence rather than explicit extinction training. We show that inactivation of the dorsolateral caudate–putamen, but not other structures previously implicated in reinstatement, attenuates cocaine seeking after abstinence. This suggests that there is limited overlap in the substrates of cocaine seeking after abstinence versus extinction, and that habit learning exerts greater control over drug seeking than regions implicated in stimulus–reward associations.
Exposure to drug-associated stimuli elicits craving and increases the likelihood of relapse in cocaine users (O'Brien et al., 1998). The extinction/reinstatement paradigm is a preclinical model used to investigate the neural mechanisms of relapse (Shalev et al., 2002). In this model, animals respond for drug infusions in a distinct context or in the presence of discrete stimuli. The animals then undergo extinction training (no drug or cues) to decrease response rates and demonstrate reinstatement of drug seeking in response to drug-associated cues. However, relapse in humans typically occurs after a drug-free period, or abstinence, as opposed to explicit extinction training. Extinction not only reduces the baseline rate of responding but also suppresses the possible contribution of several exogenous variables (i.e., habit, stress, and exploratory behavior) toward lever pressing and produces neuroadaptive changes (Sutton et al., 2003). Thus, different neural substrates likely mediate cocaine seeking after extinction versus abstinence.
The functional integrity of several structures, including the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), is necessary for explicit cue- or context-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking (McLaughlin and See, 2003; Fuchs et al., 2005). The present study assessed the effects of inactivation of these structures on cocaine seeking after abstinence. The focus of investigation was also extended to the dorsolateral caudate–putamen (dlCPu), a region that undergoes extensive reorganization during habit learning (Jog et al., 1999) that may underlie compulsive drug seeking (Gerdeman et al., 2003).
Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 69; Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA), weighing 300–325 g at the start of the experiment, were individually housed in a temperature- and humidity-controlled vivarium on a reversed light/dark cycle. Rats were maintained on 20–25 g of rat chow per day and ad libitum water. The housing and treatment of the rats followed the guidelines of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Rats (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources on Life Sciences, National Research Council, 1996). Rats were given 5 d for adaptation before the start of the experiment.
Rats were trained to lever press on a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of food reinforcement (45 mg pellets; Noyes, Lancaster, NH) in self-administration chambers (30 × 20 × 24 cm high; Med Associates, St. Albans, VT) during a 16 h overnight training session. The chambers were equipped with two retractable levers, a stimulus light above each lever, a food pellet dispenser, a house light on the wall opposite to the levers, and a speaker connected to a tone generator (ANL-926; Med Associates). During the session, each active lever press resulted in delivery of a food pellet only. Lever presses on the inactive lever had no programmed consequences. After food training, pellet dispensers were removed from the chambers.
Forty-eight hours after lever training, rats were anesthetized using ketamine and xylazine (66.6 and 1.3 mg/kg, i.p., respectively) followed by equithesin (1 ml/kg, i.p., of a solution of 9.72 mg/ml pentobarbital sodium, 42.5 mg/ml chloral hydrate, and 21.3 mg/ml magnesium sulfate heptahydrate dissolved in a 44% propylene glycol and 10% ethanol). Indwelling catheters were constructed as described previously (Fuchs et al., 2004b). The end of the catheter was inserted into the right jugular vein. The catheter ran subcutaneously and exited on the rat's back, posterior to the shoulder blades.
Immediately after the catheter surgery, the rats received bilateral stainless steel guide cannulas (26 gauge; Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) aimed dorsal to the BLA [−2.7 mm anteroposterior (AP), ±5.0 mm mediolateral (ML), −6.6 mm dorsoventral (DV)], dmPFC (+3.0 mm AP, ±0.6 mm ML, −1.6 mm DV), and dlCPu (+1.2 mm AP, ±3.8 mm ML, −3.4 mm DV) using standard stereotaxic procedures. Three small screws and cranioplastic cement secured the guide cannulas to the skull. Stylets (Plastics One) were placed into the cannulas and catheter to prevent occlusion.
To extend catheter patency, the catheters were flushed daily for 5 d after surgery with 0.1 ml of cefazolin (10.0 mg/ml; Schein Pharmaceutical, Florham Park, NJ) dissolved in heparinized saline (70 U/ml; Elkins-Sinn, Cherry Hill, NJ). Thereafter, catheters were flushed with 0.1 ml of heparinized saline (10 U/ml) before each self-administration session and with 0.1 ml of the cefazolin solution and 0.1 ml of heparinized saline after each session. Catheter patency was periodically verified by infusing 0.08–0.10 ml of methohexital sodium (20 mg/ml, i.v.; Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, IN), which produces a rapid loss of muscle tone.
Self-administration was conducted during 2 h sessions on consecutive days during the rats' dark cycle and continued until the rats self-administered a minimum of 10 infusions per session for a minimum of 10 d (acquisition criterion). Rats were trained to lever press according to an FR1 schedule of cocaine reinforcement (cocaine hydrochloride; 0.2 mg/0.05 ml; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Research Triangle Park, NC). After each infusion, responses on the active lever had no consequences during a 20 s timeout period. Responses on the inactive lever had no programmed consequences. Data collection and reinforcer delivery were controlled using MedPC software version IV (Med Associates).
For intracranial infusions, injection cannulas (33 gauge; Plastics One) were inserted to a depth of 1 mm (dmPFC) or 2 mm (dlCPu and BLA) below the tip of the guide cannulas. A combination of baclofen and muscimol (B/M) (0.1 and 1.0 mm, respectively) or PBS vehicle were infused bilaterally into each region over 2 min, using 10 μl Hamilton (Reno, NV) syringes and an infusion pump (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA). Dose–response analyses revealed that this concentration of B/M elicits maximal suppression of cocaine-primed reinstatement (McFarland and Kalivas, 2001) and inhibits conditioned-cued reinstatement after infusion at volumes of 0.3–0.6 μl/side (Fuchs et al., 2004a,b). As an alternative to multiple infusion sites, infusion volume was adjusted to result in larger areas of drug spread in larger brain regions. Infusions were made bilaterally at a volume of 0.3 (dmPFC), 0.5 (BLA), or 0.6 (dlCPu) μl/hemisphere over 2 min. The infusion cannulas were left in place for 1 min before and after the infusion.
Experiment 1: inactivation effects on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior after abstinence.
Rats (n = 29) were trained to self-administer cocaine, whereby active lever presses resulted in a 2 s activation of the infusion pump only. The house light was illuminated throughout each session. After the last self-administration day, rats remained in the colony room on post-cocaine days 1–7. On post-cocaine days 8–14, rats were transported to a procedure room that was distinctly different from the self-administration testing room and were placed into clear plastic holding chambers equipped with filter tops (27 × 16 × 20 cm high; Allentown Caging, Allentown, PA) for 2 h/d. Daily handling and exposure to the alternate environment were conducted to minimize the impact of dishabituation on cocaine seeking on subsequent test days without extinguishing the motivational effects of the cocaine-paired environment. To accustom rats to the intracranial infusion procedure, injection cannulas were bilaterally inserted into the guide cannulas for 4 min, but fluid was not infused, before placement into the alternate environment on post-cocaine day 11.
On post-cocaine days 15 and 19, the rats were transported to the self-administration testing room. The rats received bilateral microinfusions of B/M or vehicle into the BLA (n = 10), dmPFC (n = 11), or dlCPu (n = 8) immediately before placement into the previously cocaine-paired (i.e., self-administration) context. Using a within-subjects design, the order of B/M and vehicle infusions was counterbalanced across two test sessions based on cocaine intake history. During testing, lever presses were recorded but had no scheduled consequences. On the days intervening test sessions, the rats were exposed to the alternate environment. The length of the inter-test interval was determined based on previous reinstatement studies, in which rats needed an average of 3 d to reach the extinction criterion and become eligible for additional testing.
Experiment 2: inactivation effects on context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction.
In experiment 1, inactivation of the dlCPu, but not the BLA or dmPFC, attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior in a drug-associated context after abstinence. These findings were interesting because we have shown that the BLA and dmPFC play critical roles in context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction (Fuchs et al., 2005). Experiment 2 extended this line of research by assessing the potential contribution of the dlCPu to context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction.
A separate group (n = 8) received guide cannula implants into the dlCPu. In addition, an additional group (n = 13) had bilateral cannulas implanted in the overlying somatosensory cortex (SS) (1.2 mm AP, ±5.0 mm ML, −2.2 mm DV), which served as an anatomical control region to the dlCPu. Infusion parameters were the same as described above for the dlCPu. Subjects were trained to self-administer cocaine in one of two distinctly different contexts. Context 1 consisted of a modified operant conditioning chamber that contained a red house light, a clicking auditory stimulus (78 dB, 10 Hz), and a vanilla-scented odor dish beneath a black, rough-textured floorboard. Context 2 consisted of a chamber that contained a blinking, white stimulus light, a pure tone auditory stimulus (78 dB, 2 kHz), and a sandalwood-scented odor dish beneath a clear, smooth floorboard. These salient contextual stimuli were presented throughout each session independent of responding to facilitate context-reward learning, as described previously (Fuchs et al., 2005). Assignment for training in context 1 versus 2 was randomized. Active lever presses resulted in a 2 s activation of the infusion pump only.
After self-administration training, rats underwent 2 h extinction sessions on at least 10 consecutive days. During extinction training, responses on either lever had no programmed consequences. Extinction sessions were conducted in context 1 for rats that had been trained to respond for cocaine in context 2, and in context 2 for rats that had been trained to respond for cocaine in context 1. To accustom rats to the intracranial infusion procedure, injection cannulas were bilaterally inserted into the guide cannulas for 4 min, but fluid was not infused, before placement into the chamber on extinction day 7. Extinction sessions were terminated when the rats reached the extinction criterion (i.e., ≤25 responses per session on 2 consecutive days).
On the test day, rats received bilateral microinfusions of B/M or vehicle into the dlCPu or overlying SS, immediately before placement into the context in which they previously self-administered cocaine. The order of B/M and vehicle infusions was counterbalanced across two test sessions based on cocaine intake history. During testing, lever presses were recorded but had no scheduled consequences. Between the two test sessions, the rats underwent additional extinction sessions in the alternate, non-cocaine-paired context until they reached the extinction criterion described above. This resulted in an average 3 d intertest interval.
Experiment 3: inactivation effects on explicit conditioned stimulus-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction.
In experiment 2, inactivation of the dlCPu, but not the overlying SS, impaired context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction training. To examine whether this effect was selective to contextual stimuli and to extend the functional comparison between the dlCPu and the BLA and dmPFC, experiment 3 assessed the effects of dlCPu inactivation on explicit conditioned stimulus (CS)-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction.
New groups of rats (n = 19) received guide cannula implants into the dlCPu or SS and were trained to self-administer cocaine. The house light was illuminated throughout each session. Lever presses on the active lever resulted in a 2 s activation of the infusion pump and a 5 s presentation of a CS complex, consisting of activation of the white stimulus light above the active lever and the tone generator (78 dB, 10 kHz). On post-cocaine days 8–14, rats underwent 2 h extinction sessions on a minimum of 7 consecutive days. During extinction training, lever presses had no programmed consequences. On post-cocaine days 1–7, rats remained in the home cage to maximize the similarity between experiments 1 and 3 in the length of the post-cocaine period that preceded the test of cocaine seeking. To accustom rats to the intracranial infusion procedure, injection cannulas were bilaterally inserted into the guide cannulas for 4 min, but fluid was not infused, before placement into the chamber on extinction day 4. Extinction sessions were terminated when the rats reached the extinction criterion (≤25 responses per session during 2 consecutive days).
Two extinction tests and two reinstatement tests were conducted using a counterbalanced within-subjects design. The extinction tests were conducted to examine the effects of dlCPu or SS inactivation on baseline operant behavior in the absence of the CS, whereas the reinstatement tests were conducted to examine the effects of inactivation on the ability of the light–tone CS complex to reinstate responding. On each test day, rats received bilateral infusion of B/M or vehicle into the dlCPu (n = 9) or SS (n = 10) before placement into the chamber for a 2 h session. During the extinction test sessions, lever responses had no programmed consequences. During the reinstatement test sessions, active lever responses resulted in 5 s presentations of the light–tone CS complex in the absence of cocaine reinforcement. Each CS presentation was followed by a 20 s timeout period. Inactive lever responses had no programmed consequences. The order of B/M versus vehicle infusions was counterbalanced across the two test days of each test type based on cocaine intake history. On the days intervening the test days, rats underwent additional extinction sessions until they reached the extinction criterion described above. This resulted in an average 3 d intertest interval.
Experiment 4: inactivation effects on locomotor activity.
Motor-suppressing effects of intracranial treatments can attenuate lever-pressing behavior. To assess possible motor-impairing effects of B/M administered into the dlCPu or SS, we examined the effects of B/M or vehicle infused into these brain regions on locomotor activity in a novel environment in a subset of the rats from experiments 1–3. At the minimum 48 h after the last test of cocaine seeking, locomotor activity was assessed in Plexiglas chambers (40.8 × 40.8 × 37.5 cm) equipped with an array of eight photodetectors and corresponding light sources that emitted photobeams 8 cm apart 4.5 cm above the chamber floor. A computerized activity system (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA) recorded the number of times neighboring photobeams were broken consecutively by a rat moving in the chamber. Each rat was tested once during a 1 h session, using a between-subjects design. Before placement into the apparatus, rats received bilateral intracranial infusion of B/M or vehicle into the dlCPu (n = 8, 8 per group, respectively) or SS (n = 10, 10 per group, respectively). Assignment to B/M versus vehicle pretreatment was randomized.
Rats were transcardially perfused with PBS and 10% formaldehyde solution. The brains were dissected out, sectioned in the coronal plane at a thickness of 75 μm, and stained with cresyl violet (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY). The sections were examined under light microscope to determine cannula placement. The most ventral point of each cannula track was mapped onto schematics from the rat brain atlas (Paxinos and Watson, 1997).
ANOVAs were used to analyze lever response. Statistically significant interaction effects were further investigated using Tukey's honestly significant difference tests with the α set at 0.05.
Cannula placements were verified in the target brain regions (Fig. 1). In experiment 1, during cocaine self-administration, there was no difference between groups of rats in cocaine-paired active lever responding (ANOVA; group main effect, F(2,26) = 0.79; p = 0.46) or cumulative total cocaine intake (mean ± SEM, 17.14 ± 0.66 mg/kg per session; F(2,26) = 0.32; p = 0.73). Cocaine self-administration was followed by a 14 d drug-free abstinence period. Subsequently, reexposure to the drug-paired chamber in the absence of cocaine reinforcement resulted in robust active lever pressing under control conditions (Fig. 2). After vehicle pretreatment administered into the dlCPu, rats exhibited an increase in active lever pressing during reexposure to the cocaine-paired environment relative to self-administration (F(2,14) = 6.68; p = 0.01; Tukey's test, p < 0.05), and B/M inactivation of the dlCPu attenuated lever pressing relative to vehicle (Tukey's test, p < 0.05). Significantly greater responding over self-administration levels was also seen after vehicle pretreatment in the BLA (F(2,18) = 5.80; p = 0.01; Tukey's test, p < 0.05) or dmPFC (F(2,20) = 6.21; p = 0.01; Tukey's test, p < 0.05). However, B/M inactivation of these structures failed to alter active lever pressing relative to vehicle. Furthermore, B/M inactivation of any of the three structures failed to alter inactive lever responding relative to vehicle (data not shown).
Location of intracranial infusion cannulas, as verified on cresyl violet-stained coronal sections. The symbols represent the most ventral point of the infusion cannula tract for each rat in experiment 1 (♦), experiment 2 (□), and experiment 3 (▵). Numbers represent distance from bregma (in millimeters) based on the rat brain atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1997).
Inactivation of the dlCPu attenuates cocaine seeking after abstinence. Active lever presses (±SEM) are shown during self-administration (SA) and the test for cocaine seeking after abstinence. On the test day, rats received pretreatment with intracranial B/M or vehicle (VEH) and returned to the previously cocaine-paired environment (n = 8–11 per region). dlCPu-cannulated subjects showed a significant increase in lever pressing relative to self-administration (Tukey's test, *p < 0.05), and this effect was blocked by inactivation (Tukey's test, †p < 0.05). In contrast, BLA- and dmPFC-cannulated subjects showed a significant increase in lever pressing relative to self-administration (Tukey's test, *p < 0.05), but this effect was not altered by B/M.
In experiment 2, self-administration was conducted in a distinct context that contained salient, passively presented background stimuli. There was no difference between the groups in total cumulative cocaine intake (t(19) = 0.57; p = 0.55). After self-administration in one context, rats underwent extinction in a distinctly different context. They were then reexposed to the cocaine-paired context in the absence of cocaine reinforcement. After vehicle pretreatment administered into the dlCPu or SS, rats exhibited an increase in active lever responding during exposure to the cocaine-paired context relative to extinction (ANOVA; dlCPu, F(2,14) = 10.40, p = 0.002; SS, F(2,24) = 7.27, p = 0.003; Tukey's test, p < 0.05) (Fig. 3a). B/M inactivation of the dlCPu, but not the SS, significantly attenuated active lever responding in the cocaine-associated context relative to vehicle (Tukey's test, p < 0.05). In addition, B/M inactivation of either structure failed to alter inactive lever responding relative to vehicle (data not shown).
Inactivation of the dlCPu attenuates context- or explicit CS-induced reinstatement after extinction. Active lever presses (±SEM) are shown for reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking after pretreatment with B/M or vehicle (VEH) into the dlCPu or the overlying SS. a, Context-induced reinstatement. Rats underwent extinction (EXT) in a context distinctly different from the cocaine-paired context. On the reinstatement tests, rats (n = 8–13 per region) were reexposed to the previously cocaine-paired context. Both groups exhibited increased lever pressing relative to extinction after vehicle pretreatment (Tukey's test, *p < 0.05), but only dlCPu inactivation blocked context-induced reinstatement (Tukey's test, †p < 0.05 relative to vehicle). b, CS-induced reinstatement. Rats (n = 9–10 per region) underwent extinction in the self-administration chambers in the absence of the CS and were then infused with B/M or vehicle before an extinction test (no CS) or reinstatement test (CS). After vehicle pretreatment, both groups exhibited increased lever pressing in the response-contingent presence, versus the absence, of the CS (Tukey's test, *p < 0.05), but only dlCPu inactivation blocked CS-induced reinstatement (Tukey's test, †p < 0.05 relative to vehicle).
In experiment 3, rats were trained to lever press for cocaine infusions and 5 s presentations of a light–tone CS complex. There was no difference between the groups in total cocaine intake (t(17) = 0.35; p = 0.73). After self-administration, the rats underwent extinction training in the same context. After extinction, rats were allowed to lever press in the absence of the CS (extinction test day) or in the response-contingent presence of the CS (reinstatement test day). After vehicle treatment, all rats exhibited more responses in the presence versus absence of the CS (ANOVA, test day main effect, dlCPu, F(1,7) = 11.46, p = 0.02; SS, F(1,9) = 17.8, p = 0.002) (Fig. 3b). B/M inactivation of the dlCPu attenuated (ANOVA, test day × treatment interaction, F(1,7) = 5.54, p = 0.05; Tukey's test, p < 0.05), whereas inactivation of the SS failed to alter (F(1,9) = 0.11, p = 0.92), active lever responding in the presence of the CS relative to vehicle. Additionally, B/M inactivation of either structure failed to alter inactive lever responding relative to vehicle (data not shown).
To examine whether the attenuation in active lever pressing after dlCPu inactivation in experiments 1–3 was attributable to motor suppression, effects of B/M versus vehicle pretreatment on locomotion were assessed in a subset of dlCPu- and SS-cannulated rats that had been used in experiments 1–3. B/M administered into the dlCPu or SS did not alter locomotor activity relative to vehicle (ANOVA, group effect, dlCPu, F(1,14) = 0.09, p = 0.76; SS, F(1,18) = 1.6, p = 0.22; group × time interaction, dlCPu, F(5,70) = 2.23, p = 0.06; SS, F(5,90) = 0.37, p = 0.87; data not shown).
Functional inactivation of the BLA or dmPFC impairs explicit cue-induced and/or context-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking after extinction (McLaughlin and See, 2003; Fuchs et al., 2004b, 2005). Remarkably, in the present study, inactivation of these structures failed to alter cocaine seeking in a cocaine-paired environment after a 14 d drug-free abstinence period and no extinction training. In contrast, inactivation of the dlCPU attenuated cocaine-seeking behavior after abstinence and inhibited explicit CS- and context-induced reinstatement after extinction training. Impairment in cocaine seeking was not attributable to nonspecific motor effects, because it was stimulus specific (i.e., not present when the CS was absent) and lever specific. Together, these findings suggest that different neural substrates control cocaine seeking after abstinence versus extinction. The dlCPu, a mediator of stimulus–response associations (Jog et al., 1999), exerts more fundamental influence over cocaine seeking after abstinence than brain regions previously implicated in stimulus–reward associations. Thus, cocaine seeking after both extinction and abstinence seems to come under the control of stimulus–response associations.
The finding that the BLA and dmPFC play differential roles in cocaine seeking after abstinence versus extinction likely signifies elemental differences between these behaviors. Cocaine seeking after abstinence may reflect a variety of exogenous variables, including stress, exploratory behavior, and response habit, in addition to cue-induced incentive motivation. Stress is unlikely to have been the critical factor, because rats were handled and exposed to an alternate environment during abstinence to minimize stress-induced cocaine seeking. Furthermore, inactivation of the dmPFC, a structure critical for footshock-induced reinstatement (McFarland et al., 2004), failed to alter responding. It is also unlikely that exploratory behavior explains the results, because dlCPu inactivation had no effect on locomotion in a novel environment. We suggest that lever pressing after abstinence reflects habitual cocaine seeking, because the dlCPu has been extensively implicated in habit learning (Jog et al., 1999). Consistent with this idea, in primates, cocaine-induced neural activation of the dorsal striatum dramatically increases in the course of chronic cocaine self-administration (Porrino et al., 2004), which may indicate the development of habitual drug use. In cocaine-dependent humans, exposure to cocaine-associated stimuli or cocaine itself triggers neural activation in the striatum (Garavan et al., 2000). Similarly, in rats, response-contingent presentation of a cocaine-paired CS during cue-controlled cocaine seeking results in dopamine release in the dlCPu (Ito et al., 2002).
The present findings precipitate several interesting questions. First, cocaine seeking was assessed after a 14 d drug-free period, which is sufficient for the development of “the incubation effect,” a time-dependent increase in the magnitude of reward seeking (Tran-Nguyen et al., 1998; Grimm et al., 2001). Habit learning occurs during self-administration training. Therefore, if the dlCPu contributes to cocaine seeking by mediating response habit, then the effects of dlCPu inactivation on cocaine seeking should be the same before versus after the development of incubation. However, dlCPu inactivation should not alter cocaine seeking before the development of incubation if it acts solely by disrupting incubation. Second, the dlCPu is an element of a larger neurocircuitry yet to be mapped. The substantia nigra is likely included in this circuitry, because dopamine in the dlCPu mediates cue-controlled cocaine seeking (Ito et al., 2002) and the substantia nigra is the primary source of dopamine in the dlCPu. Future studies will need to investigate these questions.
Cocaine seeking after abstinence may have stronger face validity for cue-induced relapse in humans relative to cocaine seeking after explicit extinction training. However, some nonexplicit extinction learning likely occurs whenever exposure to drug-predictive cues does not coincide with cocaine availability. In preclinical studies, explicit extinction training provides experimental control over extraneous variables and isolation of cocaine seeking elicited by the incentive motivational effects of cocaine-associated stimuli, which appear to be overshadowed by other competing behaviors after abstinence. However, extinction training also involves new learning- and experience-based neuroadaptations in several components of the relapse circuitry, including the BLA, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus (Sutton et al., 2003; Self et al., 2004). Thus, future studies will need to examine whether these learning processes and extinction-induced neuroadaptations may facilitate the ability of these brain regions to regulate cocaine seeking.
This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grants DA10462, DA15369, and DA17673 and National Institutes of Health Grant C06 RR015455. We thank Jacqueline McGinty and Peter Kalivas for their insightful comments, as well as Jennifer Jordan-Bear, Macon Parker, Jordan Case, and Ritu Mehta for competent technical assistance.
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